ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ

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    <title>ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ</title>
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      <timestamp>2005-12-31T15:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>56</id>
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      <comment>rv again</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cwynewtestament.JPG]]

==ᎹᏚ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ==
===ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏯᏙᎸᎢ===
 
# ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏁᏢᏔᏅᎡ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᏕᏫ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎤᏪᏥ.
# ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎡᏏᎩ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎡᏏᎩᏃ ᏤᎦᏡ ᎤᏕᎾᎳᎢ, ᏤᎦᏡᏃ ᎤᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎬᏩᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎤᏓᏃ ᏇᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎳ ᎬᏩᏕᏁᎳᎢ ᏖᏑ ᏙᎾᏄᎪᏫᏎᎢ; ᏇᎵᏏᏃ ᎢᏏᎳᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎢᏏᎳᎻᏃ ᎡᎵᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎡᎵᎻᏃ ᎡᎻᏂᏓᏡ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎡᎻᏂᏓᏡᏃ ᎾᏐᏂ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎾᏐᏂᏃ ᏌᎵᏑ ᎤᏕᏁᎴᎢ; 
# ᏌᎵᏑᏃ ᏉᏏ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ ᎴᎭᏫ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏫᏎᎢ; ᏉᏏᏃ ᎤᏇᏗ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ ᎷᏏ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏫᏎᎢ; ᎤᏇᏗᏃ ᏤᏏ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᏤᏏᏃ ᏕᏫ ᎤᎬᏫᏨᎯ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᏕᏫᏃ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏐᎵᏑᏅ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ ᏳᎳᏯ ᎤᏓᏴᏛ ᎤᎾᎸᎪᏫᏎᎢ; 
# ᏐᎵᏑᏅᏃ ᎶᏉᏑ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎶᏉᏑᏃ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎡᏆᏯᏃ ᎡᏏ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎡᏏᏃ ᏦᏏᏆ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ. ᏦᏏᏆᏃ ᏦᎳᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᏦᎳᎻᏃ ᎣᏌᏯ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎣᏌᏯᏃ ᏦᏓᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᏦᏓᎻᏃ ᎡᎭᏏ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎡᎭᏏᏃ ᎮᏏᎦᏯ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎮᏏᎦᏯᏃ ᏑᎾᏏ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᏑᎾᏐᏃ ᎠᏱᏂᏃ ᏦᏌᏯ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᏦᏌᏯᏃ ᏤᎪᎾᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎬᏩᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎾᎯᏳ ᏓᏗᎶᏂ ᎯᏫᏗᎨᎦᏘᏅᏍᏔᏁᎢ; 
# ᏓᏗᎶᏂᏃ ᏫᏗᎨᎦᏘᏃᎸ ᏤᎪᎾᏯ ᏌᎳᏓᏱᎵ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᏌᎳᏓᏱᎵᏃ ᏤᎳᏇᎵ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᏥᎳᏇᎵᏃ ᎠᏆᏯᏗ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ, ᎠᏆᏯᏗᏃ ᎢᎳᏯᎩᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎢᎳᏯᎩᎻᏃ ᎡᏐ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎡᏐᏃ ᏎᏙᎩᏃ ᎡᎩᎻ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎡᎩᎻᏃ ᎢᎳᏯᏗ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; 
# ᎢᎳᏯᏗᏃ ᎢᎵᎡᏌ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ; ᎢᎳᎡᏌᏃ ᏑᏓᏂ ᎤᏕᏁᎴᎢ; ᏑᏓᏂᏃ ᏤᎦᏡ ᎤᏕᏁᎴᎢ; 
# ᏤᎦᏡᏃ ᏦᏩ ᎤᏕᏁᎳᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎺᎵ ᎤᏰᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏄᎪᏫᏎ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏣᏃᏎᎰᎢ. 
# ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎸᎾᏓᏁᏟᏴᏒ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᏤᎮ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏅᏓᎬᏩᏓᎴᏅᏛ ᏕᏫᏃ ᏤᎮ ᏅᏛᏍᏘ ᏂᎦᏚ ᎸᎾᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎢ; ᏕᏫᏃ ᏤᎮ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏅᏓᎬᏩᏓᎴᏅᏛ ᏓᏗᎶᏂᏃ ᏥᏫᏗᎨᎦᏘᏅᏍᏔᏁ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅᏛ ᏥᏌᏃ ᏧᏕᏁ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏅᏛᏍᏘ ᏂᎦᏚ ᏄᎾᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎢ. 
# ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎺᎵ ᏥᏌ ᎤᏥ ᏦᏩ ᎤᏓᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏏᏉ ᏂᏓᎾᏤᎬᎾ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᎤᏁᎵᏤ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸᎯ. 
# ᏦᏩ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᎾᏨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘᏳ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏚᎵᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏙᏗᏱ, ᎤᏕᎵᏛᏉ ᎢᏴᏛ ᏮᏓᏥᏯᎳᎼ. ᎢᏪᎵᏎᎢ. 
# ᎠᏎᏃ ᎠᏏᏉ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏕ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎨᎢ, ᎬᏂᏳᏉ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏚᏗᎯ ᏱᎰᏩ ᎤᏅᏏᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏛᏁᎳ ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏍᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᏪᏍᎨᎢ; ᏦᏩ, ᏕᏫ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏞᏍᏗ ᏣᏍᎦᎸ ᎯᏯᏅᏗᏱ ᎺᎵ ᏣᏓᏴᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏰᏃ Ꮎ ᏥᎦᏁᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸᎯ; 
# ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏏ ᎠᏧᏣ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎯᏲᎢᎭ, ᏧᏤᎵᏰᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏛᏍᏕᎸᎯ ᏙᏓᏧᏓᎴᏏ ᎤᏂᏍᎦᏅᏨᎢ. 
# ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏗᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎸᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏪᏎ ᏱᎰᏩ ᎠᏙᎴᎰᏍᎩ ᎠᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ; 
# ᎬᏂᏳᏉ ᎠᏛ ᎾᏥᏳᎲᎾ ᎦᏁᎵᏛ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏏ ᎠᏧᏣ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᎢᏑᏄᎡᎵ ᎠᏃᎭᎮᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎦ, Ꭴ ᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎨᎳᏗᏙᎭ. 
# ᏦᏩᏃ ᎤᏰᏦ ᎤᎸᎤᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᏱᎰᏩ ᎤᏓᏳᎤᏏᏛ ᏄᏪᏎᎸ ᏄᏛᏁᎴᎢ, ᎤᏯᏅᎮᏉ ᎤᏓᏴᏍᏗ.
# ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᏳᎦᏙᎥᏎᎢ ᎬᏂ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎢᏒᏱ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴᏣ, ᏥᏌᏃᏚᏬᎡᎢ.

===2Ꮑ ᎠᏯᏙᎸᎢ===

# ᏥᏌᏃ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎦᏚᏱ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏗᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏤᎭ ᎡᎶᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎬᏂᏳᏉ ᎤᏂᎷᏤ ᏥᎷᏏᎵᎻ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎿᎢ ᎤᏙ ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎶᏎᎢ,
# ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᏪᏎᎢ; ᎭᏢ Ꮎ ᏧᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏂᏧᏏ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎦ, ᎣᎩᎪᎲᏰᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏓᏙᎵᏍᏓᏁᎵᎦ.
# ᎡᎶᏛᏃ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏪᎵᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏓᏕᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᎷᏏᎵᎻ ᎠᏁᎯ.
# ᏚᎳᏫᏛᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏃᏪᎳᏁᎯ, ᎦᏛᏛᏁᎢ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏕᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ.
# ᎯᎠᏃ ᏥᎬᏩᏪᏌᎴᎢ; ᏧᏗᏱ ᎦᏚᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ; ᎠᏓᏰᏃ ᏄᏩᏅ ᎤᏬᏪᎳ ᎠᏙᎴᎰᏍᎩ;
# ᎠᎴ ᏥᎯ ᎦᏚᏱ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏧᏗᏱ, ᎥᏝᏍᎩᏂ ᏣᏍᏗᎧᏂ ᏱᎩ, ᏥᏣᏧᏑᏯ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏧᏗᏱ ᏂᎯᏰᏃ ᏓᏣᏄᎪᏥ ᏗᏆᏴᏫ ᎢᏏᎵ-ᏗᎧᏁᏤᎯ.
# ᎿᏉᏃ ᎡᏣᏛ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᏫᏚᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎿᎢ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏛᏘᏌᏁ ᎢᏳᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
# ᎠᎴ ᏚᏅᏎ ᎦᏚᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎢ; ᎢᏤᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏪᏥᏲᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏥᏩᎲᎭ, ᎢᏍᎩᏃᏁᎵᎸᎭ, ᎠᏴᏃ ᎾᏍᏉ ᎾᏥᎷᏨᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏯᏓᏙᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸᎭ.
# ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏃᏁᎸᏃ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏎᎢ, ᎬᏂᏳᏉᏃ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎯ ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏁᎤᎡᎴᎢ, ᎡᏂ ᏭᎷᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎡᎲᎢ.
# ᎤᏂᎪᎲᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏣᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎮᎵᏤᎢ.
# ᎠᏓᏁᎸᏃ ᎤᏂᏴᎸ ᎤᏂᎪᎮ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥ ᎺᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏅᏁᎢ, ᎤᎾᏓᏙᎵᏍᏓᏁᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎳᏅᏛ ᏚᏂᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎤᏂᏁᎸᏁ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᏕᎸ-ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᏜ, ᎠᎴ ᎻᎳ.
# ᎠᎾᏍᎩᏓᏍᎬᏃ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏚᏁᏤᎸ ᎡᎶᏛᏱ ᏭᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᏂᏉ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏭᏂᎶᏎ ᎢᎤᏁᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎪᎯ.
# ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏒᏃ ᎡᏂᏳᏉ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏏᏛ ᏱᎨᏩ ᎡᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏛᏁᎴ ᏦᏩ ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏍᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎴᎢ; ᏔᎴᎲᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᏘᏄᎦ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎭᎵᏘ, ᎢᏥᏈ ᎾᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿᏃ ᏪᎮᏍᏗ ᎬᏂ ᏫᎬᏁᏤᎸᎭ, ᎡᎶᏛᏰᏃ ᎠᏎ ᏛᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎯᏍᏗᏱ.
# ᎿᏉᏃ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎤᏘᏅᎭᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏥᏈᏱ ᏭᎶᏎᎢ.
# ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏪᎮ ᎬᏂ ᎡᎶᏛ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏁ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᏙᎴᎨᏍᎩ ᏓᏮᏔᏁᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏪᏎᎢ; ᎢᏥᏈᏱ ᏫᏥᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏇᏥ.
# ᎿᏉᏃ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏁ ᏤᎵᎹᏯ ᎠᏙᎴᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎯ, ᎯᎠᏥᏄᎮᏎᎢ;
# ᎴᎹᏱ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅᎩ, ᏓᏂᏴᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏠᏱᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏘ ᎤᏁᎷᎬᎢ; ᎠᏥᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᏂᎲ ᏓᎮᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏚᎵᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏄᏬᎯᏍᏗᏱ, ᎤᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏁᎲᎾᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ.
# ᎿᏉᏃ ᎡᎶᏛ ᎤᏙᎴᎰᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎿᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎢ, ᎤᏣᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏎ ᏫᏚᏂᎰᏁ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏳᎵ ᎦᏚᏱ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎾᎿᏂ, ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏕᏘᏴᏛ ᏩᏍᏘ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅᏛ ᏥᏓᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏓᏁᎮ ᏥᏓᏛᏛᏢᎸᎢᏍᎨ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎿᎢ.
# ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎳᎢ; ᏔᎴᎲᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏘᏄᎦ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎮᎾ ᎢᏏᎵᏱ, ᎿᏉᏰᏃ ᏚᏂᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎬᏅ ᏧᏂᏲᎲᎩ.
# ᏚᎴᏅᏃ ᎤᏘᏅᏎ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏏᎵᏱ ᏭᎷᏤᎢ.
# ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᏓ ᎡᎶᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎢᏴᏍᏓᏁᎸᎢ, ᎤᏍᎦᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏭᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ; ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏯᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᏓᎬᎢ, ᎨᎵᎵ ᏭᎪᎸᏍᏔᏁᎢ;
# ᎦᏚᎲᏃ ᎾᏎᎵᏗ ᏧᏙᎢᏛ ᏭᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎮᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᏙᎯᏴᏁ ᎠᎾᏙᎴᎰᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᏁᏤᎢ, ᎾᏎᎵᏗ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎪᏎᎮᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏛᏁᎢ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:MediaWiki interface messages</title>
    <id>7</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4187</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-30T00:16:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>meta: link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All the interface text can be translated trough the MediaWiki namespace special pages; for a full list of messages look at [[Special:Allmessages]]

For example to localize &quot;Main Page&quot;, go to [[Special:Allmessages]], find the special mediawiki message for it (it is [[MediaWiki:mainpage]]), and put the localized value (eg: '''ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ'''); then the default page is called like that (no more need to make &quot;Main_Page&quot; a redirect) and ''ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ'' now appear on the navigation box...

Now go and complete all the others :)
Maybe [[MediaWiki:sitetitle]] and put ''ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ''?

'''NOTE:''' namespaces themselves (eg: Wikipedia:, Talk:, User:,...) can't be translated that way; you need to contact a developper in order to create a LanguageChr.php file with those if you want namespaces to be localized too.

See also [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_in_other_languages meta:Wikipedia_in_other_languages], and you can complete the text ''the free encyclopedia'' in tsalagi, and ask for a localized logo to be made.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Mainpage</title>
    <id>9</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7914</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T10:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Srtxg</title>
    <id>10</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7883</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T12:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rv vandalism</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[en:User:Srtxg]]
[[wa:Uzeu:Pablo]]
{{Babel-6|chr-0|wa|es|fr|en-1|eo-1}}

I don't speak Tsalagi, so I won't be very often here; if you want to send me a message use my talk pages on [[:en:User talk:Srtxg|English]] or [[:wa:Uzeu copene:Pablo|Walloon]] wikipedias instead.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:About</title>
    <id>12</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4192</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:32:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutpage</title>
    <id>13</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4193</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:33:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia</title>
    <id>14</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4194</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Actioncomplete</title>
    <id>57</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4237</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:All</title>
    <id>63</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4243</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏂᎦᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Article</title>
    <id>75</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4255</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:50:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏓᏡᎬ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Currentevents</title>
    <id>150</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4330</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:04:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏗᏤᎢ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Defemailsubject</title>
    <id>159</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4339</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:05:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ e-mail</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Faqpage</title>
    <id>218</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4398</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:45:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:FAQ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Go</title>
    <id>232</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4412</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:40:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎮᎦ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Help</title>
    <id>237</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4417</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:History</title>
    <id>243</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4423</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏆᏥ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:History short</title>
    <id>244</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4424</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:52:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Ilsubmit</title>
    <id>249</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4429</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:39:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Navigation</title>
    <id>382</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4562</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Nstab-category</title>
    <id>432</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4612</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏗᎦᎪᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Nstab-main</title>
    <id>435</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4615</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:51:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏓᏡᎬ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Otherlanguages</title>
    <id>448</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8753</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Portal</title>
    <id>460</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8744</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:15:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Powersearch</title>
    <id>464</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8754</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Printableversion</title>
    <id>479</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8751</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess</title>
    <id>495</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4675</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo</title>
    <id>500</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4680</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages</title>
    <id>503</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4683</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏤᎵᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Randompage</title>
    <id>506</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8750</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Recentchanges</title>
    <id>519</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8743</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked</title>
    <id>521</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8747</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Search</title>
    <id>555</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4735</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:40:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Searchresultshead</title>
    <id>561</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8755</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:28:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏯᏍᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitesupport</title>
    <id>586</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4766</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Specialpages</title>
    <id>594</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8746</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:20:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Talk</title>
    <id>610</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4790</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:47:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Toolbox</title>
    <id>624</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8745</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Upload</title>
    <id>703</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8748</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere</title>
    <id>750</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8749</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎭᏂ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Nihoni.png</title>
    <id>774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4954</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-31T20:10:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Japan

I, Etse, authored this map for my own website. I freely allow it to be used and edited on Wikipedia ᏣᎳᎩ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Upload log</title>
    <id>775</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>4955</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded &quot;Cwynewtestament.JPG&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;03:58, 28 Aug 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Cwynewtestament.JPG|Cwynewtestament.JPG]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:32, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Leastchipmunk.jpg|Leastchipmunk.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:32, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Chipmunkcanada_rs_300x.jpg|Chipmunkcanada_rs_300x.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:32, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Chipmunk.png|Chipmunk.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:28, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:200px-Leastchipmunk.jpg|200px-Leastchipmunk.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:28, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:200px-Chipmunkcanada_rs_300x.jpg|200px-Chipmunkcanada_rs_300x.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:27, 3 Aug 2004 [[User:BrahnTelpefin|BrahnTelpefin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:200px-Chipmunk.png|200px-Chipmunk.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;14:46, 12 Jul 2004 [[User:20040302|20040302]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Wiki.png|Wiki.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Cherokee Wikipedia Logo)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;14:43, 12 Jul 2004 [[User:20040302|20040302]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Nohat-Logo-X-chr.png|Nohat-Logo-X-chr.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Wikipedia Logo (cherokee))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:43, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Japan_global_locator.png|Japan_global_locator.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:21, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:LocationJapan.png|LocationJapan.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:19, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Japan_flag_large.png|Japan_flag_large.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:19, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Japan_flag_large.png|Japan_flag_large.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:19, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Japan_coa.png|Japan_coa.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;01:21, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Vimy_-_Weeping_Woman_statue.jpg|Vimy_-_Weeping_Woman_statue.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;01:17, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Wiktionary.png|80px-Wiktionary.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Better version of the pic)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;01:17, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Nerves.jpg|Nerves.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;01:11, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_owens_river.jpg|Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_owens_river.jpg]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;01:02, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Us_supreme_court.jpg|Us_supreme_court.jpg]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Picture taken by AstroNomer. This copy released under GFDL.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:49, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Wiktionary.png|80px-Wiktionary.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(wiktionary)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:49, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Wiki-textbook.png|80px-Wiki-textbook.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(wiki-textbook)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:49, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Wikiquote.png|80px-Wikiquote.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(wikiquote)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:48, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Wiki-meta.png|80px-Wiki-meta.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(wiki-meta)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:48, 29 Jun 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:80px-Sourceberg.jpg|80px-Sourceberg.jpg]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Sourceberg)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;20:15, 31 May 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Nihoni.png|Nihoni.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;20:14, 31 May 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Nihoni.png|Nihoni.png]]&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;20:09, 31 May 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Nihoni.png|Nihoni.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Japan)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:All system messages</title>
    <id>778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4958</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-05T09:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>Template namespace initialisation script</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:All system messages]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:GerardM</title>
    <id>779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4959</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-29T19:37:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GerardM</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ᏣᎳᎩ on nl:wiktionary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello,&lt;br&gt;
I have copied the text next to the language on the main page for languages like Englisch ᏲᏁᎦ/ᎩᎢᏏ. I take it that it is the noun meaning &quot;English&quot;.

I am working on a list with as many languages and translations on it as possible. My base is nl:wiktionary, you can also find me on nl:wikipedia. Thanks, [[User:GerardM|GerardM]] 06:51, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

===What there is in Cherokee on nl:wiktionary===
[http://nl.wiktionary.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Speciaal:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Sjabloon%3AChr Words in Cherokee] The lemma's starting with WikiWoordenboek: are technical; they are there to help find what messages there are. (I use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{chr}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; to indicate a Cherokee translation. Translations in other languages all start with the ISO 639-1 code or when there is none the ISO 639-2 code. [[User:GerardM|GerardM]] 13:15, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

===Update on Cherokee on nl:wiktionary===
[http://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9 ᏣᎳᎩ] is the second word in Cherokee on nl:wiktionary. We will and more when we know them :).  [[User:GerardM|GerardM]] 19:37, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipedialang</title>
    <id>780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6283</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-01T21:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>en: link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
{|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| ''ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 10,000+ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ:''
|
[[:en:|ᎩᎵᏏ (English)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:eo:|Esperanto]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:da:|ᏓᏂ (Dansk)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:de:|ᎠᏛᏥ (Deutsch)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:es:|ᏍᏆᏂ (Espa&amp;ntilde;ol)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:fr:|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ (Français)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:it:|ᎢᏔᎵᎠᏃ (Italiano)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ja:|ᏂᎰᏂ (&amp;#26085;&amp;#26412;&amp;#35486;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:pl:|ᏉᎸᏍᎦ (Polski)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sv:|ᏑᏪᏗ (Svenska)]] 
|}
''ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ:'' &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
[[:af:|ᎠᏇᎧᏂ (Afrikaans)]] &amp;ndash;
[[:ar:|ᎠᎳᏈ (&amp;#8238;&amp;#1575;&amp;#1604;&amp;#1593;&amp;#1585;&amp;#1576;&amp;#1610;&amp;#1577;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#8236;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:bs:|ᏉᏌᏂ (Bosanski)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:bg:|ᏉᎸᎦᎵ (&amp;#1041;&amp;#1098;&amp;#1083;&amp;#1075;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1088;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1082;&amp;#1080;)]] &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ca:|ᎧᏔᎳ (Catal&amp;agrave;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:cs:|ᏤᏍᎩ (&amp;#268;e&amp;#353;tina)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:csb:|ᎧᏑᏈ (Kaszëbsczi)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:cy:|ᏪᎸᏏ (Cymraeg)]] 
[[:et:|ᎡᏍᏙᏂ (Eesti)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:eu:|ᏆᏍᎩ (Euskara)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:fi:|ᏑᎣᎻ (Suomeksi)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:fy:|ᏈᏥᎵ (Frysk)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:gl:|ᎦᎵᎧ (Galego)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:el:|ᎬᎵᎧ (&amp;#917;&amp;#955;&amp;#955;&amp;#951;&amp;#957;&amp;#953;&amp;#954;&amp;#940;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:he:|ᎮᏊ (&amp;#1506;&amp;#1489;&amp;#1512;&amp;#1497;&amp;#1514;)]] &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:hi:|ᎯᏅᏗ (&amp;#2361;&amp;#2367;&amp;#2344;&amp;#2381;&amp;#2342;&amp;#2368;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:hr:|ᎧᎶᎠᏥ (Hrvatski)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:hu:|ᎲᎦᎵ (Magyar)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:is:|ᎢᏍᎳᏅᏗ (Íslenska)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:id:|ᎢᏅᏙᏂᏥᏯ (Bahasa Indonesia)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ia:|Interlingua]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ga:|ᎠᎢᎥᎳᏂ (Gaeilge)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ko:|ᎪᎵᎥ (&amp;#54620;&amp;#44397;&amp;#50612;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ku:|ᎫᎸᏗ (Kurdî)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:la:|ᎳᏘᎾ (Latina)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:lt:|ᎵᏚᏩᏂ (Lietuvi&amp;#x0173;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:lv:|ᎳᏛᏈ (Latvie&amp;#353;u)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ms:|ᎺᎴ (Bahasa Melayu)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ml:|ᎹᎴᏯᎵ (&amp;#3374;&amp;#3378;&amp;#3375;&amp;#3390;&amp;#3379;&amp;#3330;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:mn:|ᎹᏅᎪᎵᎠᏂ (&amp;#1052;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1085;&amp;#1075;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1083;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:mi:|ᎹᎣᎵ (Maori)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:nah:|ᎾᎱᎠᏢ (Nahuatl)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:nds:|(ᎠᏛᏥ, ᎡᎳᏗ) Plattdüütsch]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:nl:|ᎠᏛᏥ, ᏁᏓᎳ (Nederlands)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:no:|ᏃᏪᏥ (Norsk)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:oc:|ᎣᎩᏔᏂ (Occitan)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:fa:|ᏇᎸᏏ (&amp;#1601;&amp;#1575;&amp;#1585;&amp;#1587;&amp;#1740;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 
[[:pt:|ᏊᎸᏚᎦᎵ (Portugu&amp;ecirc;s)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ro:|ᎶᎹᏂ (Rom&amp;#226;n&amp;#259;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 
[http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/ ᎠᎶᎹᏂ (Armâneashti)]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ru:|ᎷᏏᎥ (&amp;#1056;&amp;#1091;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1082;&amp;#1080;&amp;#1081;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:qu:|''Qhishwa'' (Runa Simi)]]
[[:simple:|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏲᏁᎦ (Simple English)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sk:|ᏍᎶᏆᎩ (Sloven&amp;#269;ina)()]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sl:|ᏍᎶᏇᏂ (Sloven&amp;scaron;&amp;#269;ina)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sr:|ᏎᎸᏈ (&amp;#1057;&amp;#1088;&amp;#1087;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1082;&amp;#1080;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sq:|ᎠᎸᏆᏂ (Shqip)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:sw:|ᏍᏩᎯᎵ (Kiswahili)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ta:|ᏔᎻᎵ (&amp;#2980;&amp;#2990;&amp;#3007;&amp;#2996;&amp;#3021;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:tl:|ᏔᎪᎶᎩ (Tagalog)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:tt:|ᏔᏔᎵ (Tatar&amp;ccedil;a)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:th:|ᏔᎢ (&amp;#3652;&amp;#3607;&amp;#3618;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:tpi:|ᏙᎧ ᏈᏏᏅ (Tok Pisin)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:tr:|ᏚᎸᎩ (T&amp;uuml;rk&amp;ccedil;e))]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:ur:|ᎤᎸᏚ (&amp;#1575;&amp;#1585;&amp;#1583;&amp;#1608;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:vi:|ᏈᎠᏔᎾᎻ (Ti&amp;#7871;ng Vi&amp;#7879;t)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 
[[:vo:|ᏉᎳᏊᎩ (Volap&amp;uuml;k)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:wa:|ᏩᎷᏂ (Walon)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:zh:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5|ᏥᏂᏍ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ (&amp;#31616;&amp;#20307;&amp;#20013;&amp;#25991;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[:zh:%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81|ᏥᏂᏍ, ᏃᏅᎬ ᎪᏅᎬ (&amp;#32321;&amp;#39636;&amp;#20013;&amp;#25991;)]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
'''... [[:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipediasister</title>
    <id>781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4961</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T00:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Wikipedia is run by the non-profit [[Wikimedia]] Foundation.  Wikimedia operates several other  [[Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|multilingual]] and [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|open-content]] wiki projects:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:80px-Wiki-meta.png|80px|Meta-Wiki]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:80px-Wiktionary.png|80px|Wiktionary]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:80px-Wiki-textbook.png|80px|Wikibooks]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:80px-Wikiquote.png|80px|Wikiquote]]
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:80px-Sourceberg.jpg|80px|Wikisource]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://meta.wikipedia.org/ '''Meta-Wiki''']&lt;br/&gt;''Coordination of all Wikimedia projects''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://en.wiktionary.org/ '''Wiktionary''']&lt;br/&gt;''A dictionary and thesaurus''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page '''Wikibooks''']&lt;br/&gt;''Free textbooks and manuals''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://quote.wikipedia.org/ '''Wikiquote'''] &lt;br/&gt;''A collection of quotations.''
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [http://sources.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page:English '''Wikisource''']&lt;br/&gt;''Free source documents, with Cherokee texts being uploaded. Upload yours!''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:80px-Sourceberg.jpg</title>
    <id>782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4962</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T00:48:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sourceberg</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sourceberg</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:80px-Wiki-meta.png</title>
    <id>783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4963</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T00:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wiki-meta</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">wiki-meta</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:80px-Wikiquote.png</title>
    <id>784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4964</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T00:49:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikiquote</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">wikiquote</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:80px-Wiki-textbook.png</title>
    <id>785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4965</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T00:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wiki-textbook</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">wiki-textbook</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:80px-Wiktionary.png</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>wiktionary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">wiktionary</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Image:Us supreme court.jpg</title>
    <id>788</id>
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      <timestamp>2004-06-29T01:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Picture taken by AstroNomer. This copy released under GFDL.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Picture taken by AstroNomer. This copy released under GFDL.</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;
[[Template:Wikipediatoc with icons|With icons]]&lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Main page|Category tree]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Nature and the Natural sciences'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[:Category:Nature]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Astronomy]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Biology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Geography]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Chemistry]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Earth science]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Ecology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;  [[Nature]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Natural sciences]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Physics]] 

&lt;big&gt;'''Technology, Engineering, Software, and Mathematics'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[:Category:Technology]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Agriculture]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Architecture]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Automobile]]s&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Computer science]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Engineering]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Internet]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Logic]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Mathematics]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Software engineering]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Technology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Transport]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Statistics]]

&lt;big&gt;'''Humans, Health, and Personal life'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[:Category:Person]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Anthropology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Archaeology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Education]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Family]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Food]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Health]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Home]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Human]]s&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Linguistics]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Medicine]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Personal life]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Psychology]]

&lt;big&gt;'''Society, Social sciences, and State'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[:Category:Social sciences]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Business]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Communication]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Economics]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[History]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Government]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Law]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Mass media|Media]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Politics]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Public affairs]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Society]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Social Sciences]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Sociology]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[State]]

&lt;big&gt;'''Culture, Religion, Philosophy, Entertainment'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;small&gt;([[:Category:Culture]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Culture]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Dance]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Entertainment]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Fine arts]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Music]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Philosophy]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Poetry]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Religion]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Visual arts and design]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
[[Game]]s&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Hobby|Hobbies]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Humor]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;  [[Recreation]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 
[[Sport]]s&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; [[Television]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:LocationJapan.png]]

[[ᏂᎰᏂ]] -- ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏣᎳᎩ!</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Unicode</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cherokee-compatible Unicode fonts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Table Unicode}}

In [[computing]], '''Unicode''' is the international standard whose goal is to specify a [[code]] matching every [[character (computing)|character]] needed by every written human language to a single unique [[integer]] number, called a '''code point'''.

Despite several technical limitations, problems, and criticisms, Unicode has emerged as the dominant encoding scheme in [[internationalization]] of software and multilingual environments. [[Microsoft Windows NT]] and its descendants [[Windows 2000]] and [[Windows XP]] make extensive use of Unicode, more specifically [[UTF-16]], as an internal representation of text. UNIX-like operating systems such as [[Linux]], [[BSD]] and [[Mac OS X]] have adopted Unicode, more specifically [[UTF-8]], as the basis of representation of multilingual text.


== Cherokee-compatible Unicode fonts ==

Cherokee Speaking Internet users editing in the Cherokee language use the Sequoyah syllabary in daily communications. To do this more effectively, ''Unicode-compatible'' Cherokee fonts have become available on the internet. The popular Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma font works well for printed Cherokee. However, this font is not compatible with the Unicode standard widely adopted for Internet use. The use of Unicode makes using Cherokee on the Internet ''infinitely'' easier.

Listed below are some recommended Unicode fonts that support Cherokee and the Sequoyah Syllabary. Only one of the listed fonts are required to view ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ. The following (free) fonts are available:

* Christopher Harvey's [http://www.languagegeek.com/font/abserif.zip Aboriginal Serif]
* Christopher Harvey's [http://www.languagegeek.com/font/absans.zip Aboriginal Sans]
* Michael Everson's [http://www.evertype.com/emono/evermono.zip Everson Mono]
* James Kass's font, [http://www.wikigadugi.org/uni/CODE2000.ZIP Code2000].
* [[Apple|Apple's]] font [http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=301033 Plantagenet Cherokee] ships with every copy of [[Mac OS X]].
* David McCreedy's [http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Cherokee.html helpful site], now part of WAZU JAPAN.
* [http://www.xenotypetech.com/osxCherokee.html Xenotype Tech].

== Typing with Cherokee Unicode fonts ==

* Christopher Harvey's [http://www.languagegeek.com/keyboardmaps/tsalagikbd.html keyboards]
* Xenotype's [http://www.xenotypetech.com/osxCherokee.html Cherokee-Language Kit]

== Code 2000 Cherokee Unicode Font Installation ==

''These instructions are based on Windows XP Professional SP2 and Internet Explorer 7. Menu layout may vary if you are using another operating system and/or browser.''

Once you have added the font to your Control Panel &gt; Fonts folder, you may still not see the characters properly.

If so, go to &quot;Tools&quot; menu &gt; Internet Options &gt; &quot;Fonts&quot; button. Then select &quot;Cherokee&quot; from the &quot;Language script&quot; drop-down list. Click &quot;Code2000&quot; in the Webpage font, then click OK twice. At this point the characters should be displayed properly.

If the characters are difficult to read, try:
*increasing the text size in the &quot;View&quot; menu &gt; &quot;Text size&quot; option.
*smoothing your screen fonts by going to Control Panel &gt; Display &gt; &quot;Appearance&quot; tab &gt; &quot;Effects&quot; button. Check &quot;Use the following method to smooth...&quot; and select &quot;ClearType&quot; from the dropdown list, then click OK twice.

== Motive ==

It is the explicit aim of Unicode to transcend the limitations of traditional [[character encoding]]s such as those defined by the [[ISO 8859]] standard, which are used in the various countries of the world, but are largely incompatible with each other.  One problem with traditional character encodings is that they allow for bilingual computer processing (usually Roman characters and the local language), but not for multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary languages mixed with each other).

Unicode in intent encodes the underlying characters and not variant glyphs for such characters.  In the case of [[Chinese character]]s, this sometimes leads to controversies over what is the underlying character and what is the variant glyph (see [[Han unification]]).

Unicode aims to provide a code point for each character, but not for each glyph&amp;#8212;or to put this in more common (but less accurate) terms, Unicode aims to provide a unique number for each letter, without regard to typographic variations used by printers.

This simple aim is greatly complicated by another aim, which is to provide lossless conversion amongst different existing encodings.

== Unicode Consortium ==

The [[California]]-based [[Unicode Consortium]] first published &quot;[[The Unicode Standard]]&quot; in [[1991]], and continues to develop standards based on that original work. Unicode was developed in conjunction with the [[ISO|International Organization for Standardization]] and it shares its character repertoire with [[ISO/IEC 10646]]. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are equivalent as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering, in depth, topics such as bitwise encoding, [[collation]], and rendering, and enumerating a multitude of character properties, including those needed for [[BiDi]] support. The two standards also have slightly different terminology.

== Repertoire ==

Unicode reserves 1114112 (= 2&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;+2&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;) code points, and currently assigns characters to more than 96000 of those code points. The first 256 codes precisely match those of [[ISO 8859-1]], the most popular 8-bit character encoding in the &quot;Western world&quot;; as a result, the first 128 characters are also identical to [[ASCII]].

The Unicode code space for characters is divided into 17 &quot;planes&quot; and each plane has 65536 (= 2&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;) code points. The first plane (plane 0), the ''Basic Multilingual Plane'' (BMP), is where most characters have been assigned, so far. The BMP contains characters for almost all modern languages, and a large number of special characters. Most of the allocated code points in the BMP are used to encode [[CJK]] characters.

Two more planes are used for &quot;graphic&quot; characters. Plane 1, the ''Supplementary Multilingual Plane'' (SMP) is mostly used for historic scripts such as [[Linear B]], but is also used for musical and mathematical symbols. Plane 2, the ''Supplementary Ideographic Plane'' (SIP) is used for about 40000 rare [[Chinese character]]s that are mostly historic, although there are some modern ones. Plane 14 currently contains some non-recommended language tag characters and some variation selection characters. Plane 15 and Plane 16 are open for any private use.

There is much controversy among [[CJK]] specialists, particularly Japanese ones, about the desirability and technical merit of the &quot;[[Han unification]]&quot; process used to map multiple Chinese and Japanese character sets into a single set of unified glyphs. (See [[Chinese character encoding]])

The cap of ~2&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt; code points exists in order to maintain compatibility with the UTF-16 encoding, which can only address that range (see below). There is only ten percent current utilization of the Unicode code space. Furthermore, ranges of characters have been tentatively blocked out for every known unencoded script (see [http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/]), and while Unicode may need another plane for ideographic characters, there are ten planes that could only be needed if previously unknown scripts with tens of thousands of characters are discovered. Short of discovery of a interstellar community, this ~20 bit limit is unlikely to be reached in the near future.

== Ready-made vs. composite characters ==

Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape and so greatly extending the supported glyph repertoire. This is the use of [[combining diacritical mark]]s. They are inserted after the main character (it is possible to stack several combining diacritics over the same character). However, for reasons of compatibility, Unicode also includes a large quantity of [[precomposed character]]s. So in many cases there are many ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of [[canonical equivalence]].

The similar situation is with [[Hangul]]. Unicode provides the mechanism for composing Hangul syllables with [[Hangul Jamo]]. However, the precomposed Hangul syllables (about 20,000 of them) are also provided.

The [[CJK]] ideographs currently are encoded only in their precomposed form. Still most of those ideographs are evidently made up of simpler elements, so in principle it would be possible to decompose them just as it is done with [[Hangul]]. This would greatly reduce the number of required codepoints, while allowing to display virtually every conceivable ideograph (and so doing away with all problems of the [[Han unification]]). A similar idea is used for some [[input method]]s, such as [[Cangjie method|Cangjie]] and [[Wubi method|Wubi]]. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs are not as simply decomposed or as regular as they seem.

Combining marks, like the complex script shaping required to properly render [[Arabic]] text and many other scripts, are usually dependent on complex font technologies, like [[OpenType]] (by [[Adobe]] and [[Microsoft]]), Graphite (by [[SIL International]]), and [[Apple Advanced Typography|AAT]] (by [[Apple Computers|Apple]]), by which a font designer includes instructions in a font telling software how to properly output different character sequences.  Another method sometimes employed in [[fixed-width]] fonts is to place the combining mark's glyph before its own left [[sidebearing]]; this method, however, only works for some diacritics and stacking will not occur properly.

[[As of 2004]], most software still cannot reliably handle many features not supported by older font formats, so combining characters generally will not work correctly. Hypothetically, &amp;#7703; (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and e&amp;#x304;&amp;#x301; (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) are identical in appearance, both giving an [[e]] with [[macron]] and [[acute accent]], but appearance can vary greatly across software applications.

== Issues ==

A number of issues arise in Unicode. Some people from Japan tend to oppose Unicode in general, noting technical limitations [http://www.hastingsresearch.com/net/04-unicode-limitations.shtml] (also see the response, [http://slashdot.org/features/01/06/06/0132203.shtml]) and political problems in process. Unicode is also criticized for failing to allow for older and alternate forms of kanji, this complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. In fact, there are several attempts to create an alternative to Unicode in those countries. [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html] Among them are [[TRON]] (Although it is not widely adopted in Japan, some, particularly those who need to handle historical Japanese text, favor this), [[UTF-2000]] and [[Giga Character Set]] (GCS).

Some note that one of the reasons for the complaints perhaps stems from the fact that the consortium was initially organized mostly by the US manufacturers like [[Microsoft]]. Among the most controversial is [[Han unification]], where one Chinese character was adopted into Japanese or Korean and there changed slightly, which Unicode is treating as one character in multiple font styles.

Thai language support has been criticized for its illogical ordering of Thai characters. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard, which worked in the same way. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process. [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html]

== Encodings ==

So far, it was only said that Unicode is a means to assign a unique number for all characters used by humans in written language. How these numbers are stored in text processing is another matter; problems result from the fact that much [[software]] in the west has so far been written to deal with 8-bit character encodings only, and Unicode support has only been added slowly in recent years. 

The internal logic of much 8-bit legacy software typically permits only 8 bits for each character, making it impossible to use more than 256 code points without special processing. Several mechanisms have therefore been suggested to implement Unicode; which one is chosen depends on available storage space, [[source code]] compatibility, and interoperability with other systems.

The mapping methods are called the UTF (Unicode Transformation Format), and among them are [[UTF-32]], [[UTF-16]], [[UTF-8]] and [[UTF-7]].

=== Unicode and e-mail ===

[[MIME]] defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in [[e-mail]], depending on whether the characters are in e-mail headers such as the &quot;Subject:&quot; or in the text body of the message.  In both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding.  For e-mail transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the [[Base64]] transfer encoding are recommended.  The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and are generally hidden from users of e-mail software.

The adoptation of Unicode in [[e-mail]] has been very slow. Most East-Asian text is still encoded in a local encoding such as [[Shift-JIS]], and many commonly used e-mail programs still cannot handle Unicode data correctly.

==Miscellaneous==

The Unicode standard also includes a number of related items, such as character properties, text normalisation forms, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts).

In [[1997]] a proposal was made by [[Michael Everson]] to encode the characters of the [[Klingon language]] in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2. The proposal was rejected in [[2001]] as &quot;inappropriate for encoding&quot; &amp;#8212; not because the proposal was technically faulty, but because users of Klingon normally read and write and exchange data in [[Latin]] transliteration. The [[Elves (Middle-earth)|elvish]] scripts [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] setting were proposed for inclusion in Plane 1 in [[1993]].  The draft was repealed to incorporate changes suggested by [[Tolkienist]]s, and is [[as of 2004]] still under consideration.

== Unicode on the web ==

Recent web browsers display web pages using Unicode if an appropriate [[font]] is installed (see [[Unicode and HTML]]).

Although syntax rules may affect the order in which characters are allowed to appear, both HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0 documents are, by definition, comprised of characters from the entire range of Unicode code points, minus only a handful of disallowed control characters and the permanently-unassigned code points D800-DFFF and FFFE-FFFF. These characters manifest either directly as [[byte]]s according to document's encoding, if the encoding supports them, or they may be written as numeric character references based on the character's Unicode code point, as long as the document's encoding supports the digits and symbols required to write the references (all encodings approved for use on the Internet do). For example, the references &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#916;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1049;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1511;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#1605;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#3671;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#12354;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#21494;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#33865;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#45307;&lt;/code&gt; (or the same numeric values expressed in hexadecimal, with &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#x&lt;/code&gt; as the prefix) display on your browser as &amp;#916;, &amp;#1049;, &amp;#1511;, &amp;#1605;, &amp;#3671;, &amp;#12354;, &amp;#21494;, &amp;#33865; and &amp;#45307; -- if you have the proper fonts, these symbols look like the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] capital letter &quot;Delta&quot;, [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] capital letter &quot;Short I&quot;, the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter &quot;Meem&quot;, the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] letter &quot;Qof&quot;, [[Thai language|Thai]] [[numeral]] 7, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hiragana]] &quot;A&quot;, [[simplified Chinese]] &quot;[[Leaf]]&quot;, [[traditional Chinese]] &quot;Leaf&quot;, and a [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Hangul]] syllable &quot;Nyaerh&quot;, respectively.

== Unicode fonts ==

Free and retail fonts based on Unicode are common, since first [[TrueType]] and now [[OpenType]] use Unicode. These font formats map Unicode code points to glyphs.

There are thousands of fonts on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire; these fonts are sometimes described as pan-Unicode. Instead, Unicode based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. There are several reasons for this: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to be resource hogs in computing environments; and operating systems and applications are becoming increasingly intelligent in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as they are needed. Furthermore, it is a monumental task to design a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns.

== Unicode revision history ==

* [[1991]] Unicode 1.0
* [[1993]] Unicode 1.1
* [[1996]] Unicode 2.0
* [[1998]] Unicode 2.1
* [[2000]] Unicode 3.0
* [[2001]] Unicode 3.1
* [[2002]] Unicode 3.2
* [[2003]] Unicode 4.0
* [[2004]] Unicode 4.01

== External links ==

* [http://www.unicode.org The Unicode Consortium]
** Unicode versions: [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr27/ 3.1], [http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr28/ 3.2], [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0 4.0]
** [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html Proposed new characters], [http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html scripts] and [http://www.unicode.org/alloc/investigation.html characters and scripts under investigation]
** [http://www.unicode.org/charts/ Code Charts]
* [http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/charts.html UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 Code Charts] and a [http://www-atm.physics.ox.ac.uk/user/iwi/charmap.html character map]
* [http://www.eki.ee/letter/ The Letter Database] Uses forms to present groups in list or grid format by hexadecimal.
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/ Example text files using Unicode]
* Michael Everson's [http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn4/everson-iuc21pap.pdf &quot;Leaks in the Unicode pipeline: script, script, script…&quot;] PDF 2MB
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/ ConScript Unicode Registry] a project to standardize part of the Private Use Area for use with artificial scripts and artificial languages.  An explanation of how to propose character names in Unicode is available here.
* [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/unicode/library/u-secret.html The secret life of Unicode] &quot;A peek at Unicode's soft underbelly&quot;  Describes problems requiring resolution.  Includes links to Unicode resources.
* Tim Bray's [http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF Characters vs Bytes] explains how the different encodings work.
* [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ Alan Wood's Unicode Resources] Contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids.
* Fonts and tools:
** [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html Unicode fonts and tools] for the X Window System
** Unicode TTF fonts: Arial Unicode MS, Code2000: [http://home.att.net/~jameskass/ license info and download link], Junicode: [http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/junicode/junicode.html license info and download link], Titus Cyberbit Basic: [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/unicode/unitest2.htm license info] &amp; [http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/unicode/tituut.asp download link]
** [http://earthlingsoft.net/UnicodeChecker/ UnicodeChecker], a Unicode character browser for Mac OS X
* Software engineering:
** [http://icu.sourceforge.net/ International Components for Unicode (ICU)] An open source set of libraries that provide robust and full-featured Unicode services for your applications on a wide variety of platforms.
** [http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!)] by Joel Spolsky of JoelonSoftware.com
** [http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software_2futf_2d8 Freedesktop.Org’s Project UTF-8]’s purpose is to document and promote proper Unicode support in free and Open Source software.

[[en:Help:Multilingual support]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Table Unicode</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| align=right id=toc style=&quot;margin-left: 15px;&quot;
|align=center bgcolor=#ccccff| '''Unicode&lt;br&gt;series'''
|-
| [[Unicode]]
|-
| [[UTF-7]]
|-
| [[UTF-8]]
|-
| [[UTF-16]]
|-
| [[UTF-32]]
|-
| [[Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode|SCSU]]
|-
| [[Punycode]]
|-
| [[Bi-directional text|BiDi]]
|-
| [[Byte Order Mark|BOM]]
|-
| [[Unicode Consortium|Consortium]]
|-
| [[Universal character set|UCS]]
|-
| [[Han unification]]
|}</text>
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  </page>
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      <timestamp>2006-08-31T13:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>61.85.57.217</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Use Commons import.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Japan flag large.png</title>
    <id>802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7892</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T14:21:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm {{delete}} tag</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:LocationJapan.png</title>
    <id>803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7276</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-27T09:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pmsyyz</username>
        <id>82</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>delete, usage image from commons</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{delete}}

Use image from Commons.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Japan global locator.png</title>
    <id>804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4983</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T03:43:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:All system messages</title>
    <id>822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5001</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-29T23:06:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ᏏᏳ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{int:allmessagestext}}

&lt;table border=1 width=100%&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
'''Name'''
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
'''Default text'''
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
'''Current text'''
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&amp;action=edit 1movedto2]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 moved to $2
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:1movedto2}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2_redir&amp;action=edit 1movedto2_redir]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2_redir|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 moved to $2 over redirect
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:1movedto2_redir}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&amp;action=edit Monobook.css]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Monobook.css|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
/* edit this file to customize the monobook skin for the entire site */
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Monobook.css}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.js&amp;action=edit Monobook.js]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Monobook.js|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
/* tooltips and access keys */
ta = new Object();
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-userpage&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;.&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;My user page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-anonuserpage&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;.&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;The user page for the ip you\&amp;#39;re editing as&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-mytalk&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;n&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;My talk page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-anontalk&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;n&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Discussion about edits from this ip address&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-preferences&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;My preferences&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-watchlist&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;l&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;The list of pages you\&amp;#39;re monitoring for changes.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-mycontris&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;y&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;List of my contributions&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-login&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;o&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-anonlogin&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;o&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;pt-logout&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;o&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Log out&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-talk&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;t&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Discussion about the content page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-edit&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;e&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-addsection&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;+&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Add a comment to this discussion.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-viewsource&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;e&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;This page is protected. You can view its source.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-history&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;h&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Past versions of this page.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-protect&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;=&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Protect this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-delete&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;d&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Delete this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-undelete&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;d&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-move&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;m&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Move this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nomove&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;You don\&amp;#39;t have the permissions to move this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-watch&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;w&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Add this page to your watchlist&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-unwatch&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;w&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Remove this page from your watchlist&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;search&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;f&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Search this wiki&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;p-logo&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Main Page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-mainpage&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;z&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Visit the Main Page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-portal&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;About the project, what you can do, where to find things&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-currentevents&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Find background information on current events&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-recentchanges&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;r&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;The list of recent changes in the wiki.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-randompage&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;x&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Load a random page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-help&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;The place to find out.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;n-sitesupport&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Support us&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-whatlinkshere&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;j&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;List of all wiki pages that link here&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-recentchangeslinked&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;k&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Recent changes in pages linking to this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;feed-rss&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;RSS feed for this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;feed-atom&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Atom feed for this page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-contributions&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the list of contributions of this user&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-emailuser&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Send a mail to this user&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-upload&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;u&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;Upload images or media files&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;t-specialpages&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;q&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;List of all special pages&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-main&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the content page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-user&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the user page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-media&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the media page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-special&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;This is a special page, you can\&amp;#39;t edit the page itself.&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-wp&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;a&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the project page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-image&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the image page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-mediawiki&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the system message&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-template&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the template&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-help&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the help page&amp;#39;); 
ta&amp;#91;&amp;#39;ca-nstab-category&amp;#39;] = new Array(&amp;#39;c&amp;#39;,&amp;#39;View the category page&amp;#39;); 

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Monobook.js}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&amp;action=edit about]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
About
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:About}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&amp;action=edit aboutpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Aboutpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&amp;action=edit aboutwikipedia]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Aboutwikipedia}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&amp;action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
v
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&amp;action=edit accesskey-minoredit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
i
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accesskey-minoredit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&amp;action=edit accesskey-preview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
p
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accesskey-preview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&amp;action=edit accesskey-save]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
s
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accesskey-save}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&amp;action=edit accesskey-search]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
f
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accesskey-search}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&amp;action=edit accmailtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The Password for &amp;#39;$1&amp;#39; has been sent to $2.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accmailtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&amp;action=edit accmailtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Password sent.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Accmailtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Acct_creation_throttle_hit&amp;action=edit acct_creation_throttle_hit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Acct_creation_throttle_hit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can&amp;#39;t make any more.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Acct_creation_throttle_hit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&amp;action=edit actioncomplete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Action complete
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Actioncomplete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&amp;action=edit addedwatch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Added to watchlist
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Addedwatch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&amp;action=edit addedwatchtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The page &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; has been added to your &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Watchlist&amp;#124;watchlist]].
Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there,
and the page will appear &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;bolded&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; in the &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Recentchanges&amp;#124;list of recent changes]] to
make it easier to pick out.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &amp;quot;Stop watching&amp;quot; in the sidebar.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Addedwatchtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&amp;action=edit addsection]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
+
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Addsection}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&amp;action=edit administrators]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Administrators
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Administrators}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&amp;action=edit affirmation]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
I affirm that the copyright holder of this file
agrees to license it under the terms of the $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Affirmation}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&amp;action=edit all]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
all
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:All}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&amp;action=edit allmessages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
All system messages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Allmessages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&amp;action=edit allmessagestext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Allmessagestext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&amp;action=edit allpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
All pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Allpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&amp;action=edit alphaindexline]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 to $2
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Alphaindexline}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&amp;action=edit alreadyloggedin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;font color=red&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Alreadyloggedin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&amp;action=edit alreadyrolled]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Cannot rollback last edit of &amp;#91;&amp;#91;$1]]
by &amp;#91;&amp;#91;User:$2&amp;#124;$2]] (&amp;#91;&amp;#91;User talk:$2&amp;#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. 

Last edit was by &amp;#91;&amp;#91;User:$3&amp;#124;$3]] (&amp;#91;&amp;#91;User talk:$3&amp;#124;Talk]]). 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Alreadyrolled}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&amp;action=edit ancientpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Oldest pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ancientpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&amp;action=edit and]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
and
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:And}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&amp;action=edit anontalk]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Talk for this IP
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Anontalk}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&amp;action=edit anontalkpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
----&amp;#39;&amp;#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &amp;#91;&amp;#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Userlogin&amp;#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&amp;#39;&amp;#39; 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Anontalkpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&amp;action=edit anonymous]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Anonymous user(s) of ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Anonymous}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&amp;action=edit article]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Content page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Article}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&amp;action=edit articleexists]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
A page of that name already exists, or the
name you have chosen is not valid.
Please choose another name.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Articleexists}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&amp;action=edit articlepage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View content page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Articlepage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&amp;action=edit asksql]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
SQL query
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Asksql}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&amp;action=edit asksqltext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Use the form below to make a direct query of the
database.
Use single quotes (&amp;#39;like this&amp;#39;) to delimit string literals.
This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use
this function sparingly.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Asksqltext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&amp;action=edit autoblocker]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;. Reason &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Autoblocker}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&amp;action=edit badarticleerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This action cannot be performed on this page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badarticleerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&amp;action=edit badfilename]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image name has been changed to &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badfilename}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&amp;action=edit badfiletype]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;quot;.$1&amp;quot; is not a recommended image file format.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badfiletype}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&amp;action=edit badipaddress]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Invalid IP address
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badipaddress}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&amp;action=edit badquery]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Badly formed search query
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badquery}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&amp;action=edit badquerytext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
We could not process your query.
This is probably because you have attempted to search for a
word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported.
It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for
example &amp;quot;fish and and scales&amp;quot;.
Please try another query.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badquerytext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&amp;action=edit badretype]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The passwords you entered do not match.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badretype}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&amp;action=edit badtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bad title
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&amp;action=edit badtitletext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The requested page title was invalid, empty, or
an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Badtitletext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&amp;action=edit blanknamespace]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Main)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blanknamespace}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&amp;action=edit blockedtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1.
The reason given is this:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$2&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other
&amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Administrators&amp;#124;administrators]] to discuss the block.

Note that you may not use the &amp;quot;email this user&amp;quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Preferences&amp;#124;user preferences]].

Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make.

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockedtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&amp;action=edit blockedtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User is blocked
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockedtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&amp;action=edit blockip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Block user
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&amp;action=edit blockipsuccesssub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Block succeeded
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockipsuccesssub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&amp;action=edit blockipsuccesstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; has been blocked.
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;See &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Ipblocklist&amp;#124;IP block list]] to review blocks.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockipsuccesstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&amp;action=edit blockiptext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Use the form below to block write access
from a specific IP address or username.
This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in
accordance with &amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Policy&amp;#124;policy]].
Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular
pages that were vandalized).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blockiptext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&amp;action=edit blocklink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
block
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blocklink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&amp;action=edit blocklistline]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blocklistline}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&amp;action=edit blocklogentry]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
blocked &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; with an expiry time of $2
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blocklogentry}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&amp;action=edit blocklogpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Block_log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blocklogpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&amp;action=edit blocklogtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically 
blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Ipblocklist&amp;#124;IP block list]] for
the list of currently operational bans and blocks.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Blocklogtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&amp;action=edit bold_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bold text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bold_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&amp;action=edit bold_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bold text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bold_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&amp;action=edit booksources]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Book sources
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Booksources}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&amp;action=edit booksourcetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below is a list of links to other sites that
sell new and used books, and may also have further information
about books you are looking for.ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and
this list should not be construed as an endorsement.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Booksourcetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&amp;action=edit brokenredirects]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Broken Redirects
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Brokenredirects}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&amp;action=edit brokenredirectstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following redirects link to a non-existing pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Brokenredirectstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&amp;action=edit bugreports]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bug reports
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bugreports}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&amp;action=edit bugreportspage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Bug_reports
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bugreportspage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&amp;action=edit bureaucratlog]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bureaucrat_log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bureaucratlog}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&amp;action=edit bureaucratlogentry]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rights for user &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; set &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bureaucratlogentry}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&amp;action=edit bureaucrattext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The action you have requested can only be
performed by sysops with  &amp;quot;bureaucrat&amp;quot; status.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bureaucrattext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&amp;action=edit bureaucrattitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Bureaucrat access required
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bureaucrattitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&amp;action=edit bydate]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
by date
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bydate}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&amp;action=edit byname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
by name
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Byname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&amp;action=edit bysize]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
by size
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Bysize}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&amp;action=edit cachederror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Cachederror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&amp;action=edit cancel]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Cancel
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Cancel}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&amp;action=edit cannotdelete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Cannotdelete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&amp;action=edit cantrollback]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Cantrollback}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&amp;action=edit categories]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Categories
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Categories}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&amp;action=edit category]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
category
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Category}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&amp;action=edit category_header]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Articles in category &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Category_header}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categoryarticlecount&amp;action=edit categoryarticlecount]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Categoryarticlecount|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There are $1 articles in this category.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Categoryarticlecount}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&amp;action=edit changepassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Change password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Changepassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&amp;action=edit changes]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Changes}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Clearyourcache&amp;action=edit clearyourcache]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Clearyourcache|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Note:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; After saving, you have to clear your browser cache to see the changes: &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Mozilla:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; click &amp;#39;&amp;#39;reload&amp;#39;&amp;#39;(or &amp;#39;&amp;#39;ctrl-r&amp;#39;&amp;#39;), &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;IE / Opera:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; &amp;#39;&amp;#39;ctrl-f5&amp;#39;&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Safari:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; &amp;#39;&amp;#39;cmd-r&amp;#39;&amp;#39;, &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Konqueror&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; &amp;#39;&amp;#39;ctrl-r&amp;#39;&amp;#39;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Clearyourcache}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&amp;action=edit columns]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Columns
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Columns}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&amp;action=edit commentedit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
 (comment)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Commentedit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&amp;action=edit compareselectedversions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Compare selected versions
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Compareselectedversions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&amp;action=edit confirm]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Confirm
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirm}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&amp;action=edit confirmcheck]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Yes, I really want to delete this.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmcheck}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&amp;action=edit confirmdelete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Confirm delete
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmdelete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&amp;action=edit confirmdeletetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You are about to permanently delete a page
or image along with all of its history from the database.
Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the
consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with
&amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Policy]].
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmdeletetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&amp;action=edit confirmprotect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Confirm protection
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmprotect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&amp;action=edit confirmprotecttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Do you really want to protect this page?
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmprotecttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&amp;action=edit confirmunprotect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Confirm unprotection
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmunprotect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&amp;action=edit confirmunprotecttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Do you really want to unprotect this page?
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Confirmunprotecttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&amp;action=edit contextchars]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Characters of context per line
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Contextchars}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&amp;action=edit contextlines]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Lines to show per hit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Contextlines}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&amp;action=edit contribslink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
contribs
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Contribslink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&amp;action=edit contribsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
For $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Contribsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&amp;action=edit contributions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User contributions
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Contributions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&amp;action=edit copyright]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Content is available under $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Copyright}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&amp;action=edit copyrightpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Copyrights
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Copyrightpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&amp;action=edit copyrightpagename]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ copyright
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Copyrightpagename}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&amp;action=edit copyrightwarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Please note that all contributions to ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ are
considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License
(see $1 for details).
If you don&amp;#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed
at will, then don&amp;#39;t submit it here.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a
public domain or similar free resource.
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Copyrightwarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&amp;action=edit couldntremove]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Couldn&amp;#39;t remove item &amp;#39;$1&amp;#39;...
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Couldntremove}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&amp;action=edit createaccount]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Create new account
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Createaccount}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&amp;action=edit createaccountmail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
by email
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Createaccountmail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Creditspage&amp;action=edit creditspage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Creditspage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Page credits
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Creditspage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&amp;action=edit cur]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
cur
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Cur}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&amp;action=edit currentevents]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Current events
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Currentevents}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&amp;action=edit currentrev]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Current revision
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Currentrev}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&amp;action=edit databaseerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Database error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Databaseerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&amp;action=edit dateformat]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Date format
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Dateformat}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&amp;action=edit dberrortext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
A database query syntax error has occurred.
This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5),
or it may indicate a bug in the software.
The last attempted database query was:
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;
from within function &amp;quot;&amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&amp;quot;.
MySQL returned error &amp;quot;&amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;$3: $4&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Dberrortext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&amp;action=edit dberrortextcl]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
A database query syntax error has occurred.
The last attempted database query was:
&amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
from within function &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;.
MySQL returned error &amp;quot;$3: $4&amp;quot;.

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Dberrortextcl}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&amp;action=edit deadendpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Dead-end pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deadendpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&amp;action=edit debug]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Debug
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Debug}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&amp;action=edit defaultns]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search in these namespaces by default:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Defaultns}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&amp;action=edit defemailsubject]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ e-mail
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Defemailsubject}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&amp;action=edit delete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Delete
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Delete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&amp;action=edit deletecomment]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reason for deletion
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletecomment}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&amp;action=edit deletedarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
deleted &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletedarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&amp;action=edit deletedtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; has been deleted.
See $2 for a record of recent deletions.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletedtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&amp;action=edit deleteimg]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
del
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deleteimg}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&amp;action=edit deletepage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Delete page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletepage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&amp;action=edit deletesub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Deleting &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletesub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&amp;action=edit deletethispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Delete this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletethispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&amp;action=edit deletionlog]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
deletion log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Deletionlog}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&amp;action=edit dellogpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Deletion_log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Dellogpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&amp;action=edit dellogpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below is a list of the most recent deletions.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Dellogpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&amp;action=edit developerspheading]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
For developer use only
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Developerspheading}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&amp;action=edit developertext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The action you have requested can only be
performed by users with &amp;quot;developer&amp;quot; status.
See $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Developertext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&amp;action=edit developertitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Developer access required
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Developertitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&amp;action=edit diff]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
diff
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Diff}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&amp;action=edit difference]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Difference between revisions)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Difference}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&amp;action=edit disambiguations]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Disambiguation pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Disambiguations}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&amp;action=edit disambiguationspage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Links_to_disambiguating_pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Disambiguationspage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&amp;action=edit disambiguationstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages link to a &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;disambiguation page&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Links from other namespaces are &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;not&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; listed here.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Disambiguationstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&amp;action=edit disclaimerpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:General_disclaimer
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Disclaimerpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&amp;action=edit disclaimers]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Disclaimers
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Disclaimers}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&amp;action=edit doubleredirects]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Double Redirects
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Doubleredirects}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&amp;action=edit doubleredirectstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Attention:&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Doubleredirectstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&amp;action=edit edit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Edit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Edit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&amp;action=edit editcomment]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The edit comment was: &amp;quot;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editcomment}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&amp;action=edit editconflict]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Edit conflict: $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editconflict}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&amp;action=edit editcurrent]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Edit the current version of this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editcurrent}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&amp;action=edit edithelp]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Editing help
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Edithelp}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&amp;action=edit edithelppage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Help:Editing
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Edithelppage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&amp;action=edit editing]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Editing $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editing}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&amp;action=edit editingold]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date
revision of this page.
If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;\n
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editingold}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&amp;action=edit editsection]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
edit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editsection}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&amp;action=edit editthispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Edit this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Editthispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&amp;action=edit emailflag]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Disable e-mail from other users
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailflag}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&amp;action=edit emailforlost]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Fields marked with a star (*) are optional.  Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your 
email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailforlost}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&amp;action=edit emailfrom]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
From
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailfrom}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&amp;action=edit emailmessage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Message
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailmessage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&amp;action=edit emailpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
E-mail user
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&amp;action=edit emailpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in
his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message.
The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear
as the &amp;quot;From&amp;quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able
to reply.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&amp;action=edit emailsend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Send
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailsend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&amp;action=edit emailsent]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
E-mail sent
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailsent}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&amp;action=edit emailsenttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your e-mail message has been sent.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailsenttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&amp;action=edit emailsubject]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Subject
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailsubject}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&amp;action=edit emailto]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
To
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailto}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&amp;action=edit emailuser]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
E-mail this user
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Emailuser}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&amp;action=edit enterlockreason]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate
of when the lock will be released
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Enterlockreason}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&amp;action=edit error]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Error}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&amp;action=edit errorpagetitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Errorpagetitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&amp;action=edit exbeforeblank]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
content before blanking was:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Exbeforeblank}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&amp;action=edit exblank]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
page was empty
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Exblank}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&amp;action=edit excontent]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
content was:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Excontent}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&amp;action=edit explainconflict]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Someone else has changed this page since you
started editing it.
The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists.
Your changes are shown in the lower text area.
You will have to merge your changes into the existing text.
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Only&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you
press &amp;quot;Save page&amp;quot;.
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Explainconflict}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&amp;action=edit export]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Export pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Export}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&amp;action=edit exportcuronly]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Include only the current revision, not the full history
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Exportcuronly}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&amp;action=edit exporttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You can export the text and editing history of a particular
page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another
wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private
amusement.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Exporttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&amp;action=edit extlink_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
http&amp;#58;//www.example.com link title
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Extlink_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&amp;action=edit extlink_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
External link (remember http&amp;#58;// prefix)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Extlink_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&amp;action=edit faq]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
FAQ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Faq}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&amp;action=edit faqpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:FAQ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Faqpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&amp;action=edit feedlinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Feed:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Feedlinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&amp;action=edit filecopyerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not copy file &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filecopyerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&amp;action=edit filedeleteerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not delete file &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filedeleteerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&amp;action=edit filedesc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Summary
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filedesc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileexists&amp;action=edit fileexists]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Fileexists|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Fileexists}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&amp;action=edit filename]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Filename
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filename}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&amp;action=edit filenotfound]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not find file &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filenotfound}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&amp;action=edit filerenameerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not rename file &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filerenameerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&amp;action=edit filesource]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Source
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filesource}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&amp;action=edit filestatus]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Copyright status
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Filestatus}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&amp;action=edit fileuploaded]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
File &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; uploaded successfully.
Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill
in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was
created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Fileuploaded}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&amp;action=edit formerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Error: could not submit form
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Formerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&amp;action=edit fromwikipedia]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
From ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Fromwikipedia}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&amp;action=edit getimagelist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
fetching image list
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Getimagelist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&amp;action=edit go]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Go
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Go}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&amp;action=edit googlesearch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;

&amp;lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;FORM method=GET action=&amp;quot;http&amp;#58;//www.google.com/search&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;TABLE bgcolor=&amp;quot;#FFFFFF&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http&amp;#58;//www.google.com/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;IMG SRC=&amp;quot;http&amp;#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&amp;quot;
border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; ALT=&amp;quot;Google&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&amp;quot;Google Search&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;font size=-1&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&amp;quot;http&amp;#58;//chr.wikipedia.org&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt; WWW &amp;lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&amp;quot;http&amp;#58;//chr.wikipedia.org&amp;quot; checked&amp;gt; http&amp;#58;//chr.wikipedia.org &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;input type=&amp;#39;hidden&amp;#39; name=&amp;#39;ie&amp;#39; value=&amp;#39;$2&amp;#39;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;input type=&amp;#39;hidden&amp;#39; name=&amp;#39;oe&amp;#39; value=&amp;#39;$2&amp;#39;&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/FORM&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Googlesearch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&amp;action=edit guesstimezone]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Fill in from browser
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Guesstimezone}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&amp;action=edit headline_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Headline text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Headline_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&amp;action=edit headline_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Level 2 headline
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Headline_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&amp;action=edit help]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Help
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Help}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&amp;action=edit helppage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Help:Contents
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Helppage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&amp;action=edit hide]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
hide
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Hide}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&amp;action=edit hidetoc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
hide
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Hidetoc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&amp;action=edit hist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
hist
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Hist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&amp;action=edit histlegend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;
Legend: (cur) = difference with current version,
(last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Histlegend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&amp;action=edit history]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Page history
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:History}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_copyright&amp;action=edit history_copyright]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:History_copyright|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
-
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:History_copyright}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&amp;action=edit history_short]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
History
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:History_short}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&amp;action=edit historywarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Historywarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&amp;action=edit hr_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Horizontal line (use sparingly)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Hr_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&amp;action=edit ignorewarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Ignore warning and save file anyway.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ignorewarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&amp;action=edit ilshowmatch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show all images with names matching
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ilshowmatch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&amp;action=edit ilsubmit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ilsubmit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&amp;action=edit image_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Example.jpg
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Image_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&amp;action=edit image_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Embedded image
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Image_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&amp;action=edit imagelinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image links
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imagelinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&amp;action=edit imagelist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image list
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imagelist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&amp;action=edit imagelisttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imagelisttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&amp;action=edit imagepage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View image page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imagepage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&amp;action=edit imagereverted]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Revert to earlier version was successful.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imagereverted}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&amp;action=edit imgdelete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
del
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imgdelete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&amp;action=edit imgdesc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
desc
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imgdesc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&amp;action=edit imghistlegend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete
this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imghistlegend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&amp;action=edit imghistory]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image history
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imghistory}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&amp;action=edit imglegend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Imglegend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&amp;action=edit import]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Import pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Import}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&amp;action=edit importfailed]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Import failed: $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Importfailed}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&amp;action=edit importhistoryconflict]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Importhistoryconflict}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&amp;action=edit importnotext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Empty or no text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Importnotext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&amp;action=edit importsuccess]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Import succeeded!
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Importsuccess}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&amp;action=edit importtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Importtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&amp;action=edit infobox]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Click a button to get an example text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Infobox}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&amp;action=edit infobox_alert]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Infobox_alert}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&amp;action=edit internalerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Internal error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Internalerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&amp;action=edit intl]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Interlanguage links
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Intl}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&amp;action=edit ip_range_invalid]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Invalid IP range.

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ip_range_invalid}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&amp;action=edit ipaddress]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
IP Address/username
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipaddress}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&amp;action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Expiry time invalid.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&amp;action=edit ipbexpiry]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Expiry
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipbexpiry}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&amp;action=edit ipblocklist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
List of blocked IP addresses and usernames
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipblocklist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&amp;action=edit ipbreason]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reason
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipbreason}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&amp;action=edit ipbsubmit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Block this user
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipbsubmit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&amp;action=edit ipusubmit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unblock this address
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipusubmit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&amp;action=edit ipusuccess]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; unblocked
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ipusuccess}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&amp;action=edit isbn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ISBN
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Isbn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&amp;action=edit isredirect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
redirect page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Isredirect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&amp;action=edit italic_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Italic text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Italic_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&amp;action=edit italic_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Italic text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Italic_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&amp;action=edit iteminvalidname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Problem with item &amp;#39;$1&amp;#39;, invalid name...
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Iteminvalidname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&amp;action=edit largefile]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Largefile}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&amp;action=edit last]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
last
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Last}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&amp;action=edit lastmodified]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page was last modified $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lastmodified}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&amp;action=edit lastmodifiedby]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page was last modified $1 by $2.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lastmodifiedby}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&amp;action=edit lineno]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Line $1:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lineno}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&amp;action=edit link_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Link title
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Link_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&amp;action=edit link_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Internal link
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Link_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&amp;action=edit linklistsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(List of links)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Linklistsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&amp;action=edit linkshere]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages link to here:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Linkshere}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&amp;action=edit linkstoimage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages link to this image:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Linkstoimage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&amp;action=edit linktrail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
/^(&amp;#91;a-z]+)(.*)\$/sD
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Linktrail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listadmins&amp;action=edit listadmins]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Listadmins|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Admins list
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Listadmins}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&amp;action=edit listform]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
list
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Listform}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&amp;action=edit listusers]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User list
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Listusers}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&amp;action=edit loadhist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Loading page history
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loadhist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&amp;action=edit loadingrev]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
loading revision for diff
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loadingrev}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&amp;action=edit localtime]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Local time display
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Localtime}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&amp;action=edit lockbtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Lock database
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockbtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&amp;action=edit lockconfirm]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Yes, I really want to lock the database.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockconfirm}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&amp;action=edit lockdb]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Lock database
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockdb}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&amp;action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Database lock succeeded
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&amp;action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The database has been locked.
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&amp;action=edit lockdbtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Locking the database will suspend the ability of all
users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and
other things requiring changes in the database.
Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will
unlock the database when your maintenance is done.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lockdbtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&amp;action=edit locknoconfirm]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You did not check the confirmation box.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Locknoconfirm}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&amp;action=edit login]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Log in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Login}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&amp;action=edit loginend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&amp;action=edit loginerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Login error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&amp;action=edit loginpagetitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User login
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginpagetitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&amp;action=edit loginproblem]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;There has been a problem with your login.&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Try again!
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginproblem}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&amp;action=edit loginprompt]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must have cookies enabled to log in to ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginprompt}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&amp;action=edit loginreqtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must &amp;#91;&amp;#91;special:Userlogin&amp;#124;login]] to view other pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginreqtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&amp;action=edit loginreqtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Login Required
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginreqtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&amp;action=edit loginsuccess]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You are now logged in to ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ as &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginsuccess}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&amp;action=edit loginsuccesstitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Login successful
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Loginsuccesstitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&amp;action=edit logout]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Log out
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Logout}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&amp;action=edit logouttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You are now logged out.
You can continue to use ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ anonymously, or you can log in
again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may
continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear
your browser cache

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Logouttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&amp;action=edit logouttitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User logout
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Logouttitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&amp;action=edit lonelypages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Orphaned pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Lonelypages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&amp;action=edit longpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Long pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Longpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&amp;action=edit longpagewarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some
browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb.
Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Longpagewarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&amp;action=edit mailerror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Error sending mail: $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mailerror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&amp;action=edit mailmypassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Mail me a new password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mailmypassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&amp;action=edit mailnologin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No send address
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mailnologin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&amp;action=edit mailnologintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must be &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;logged in&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
and have a valid e-mail address in your &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&amp;quot;&amp;gt;preferences&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
to send e-mail to other users.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mailnologintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&amp;action=edit mainpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Main Page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mainpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&amp;action=edit mainpagedocfooter]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Please see &amp;#91;http&amp;#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface]
and the &amp;#91;http&amp;#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mainpagedocfooter}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&amp;action=edit mainpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Wiki software successfully installed.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mainpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&amp;action=edit maintenance]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Maintenance page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Maintenance}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&amp;action=edit maintenancebacklink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Back to Maintenance Page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Maintenancebacklink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&amp;action=edit maintnancepagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Maintnancepagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&amp;action=edit makesysop]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Make a user into a sysop
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysop}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&amp;action=edit makesysopfail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;User &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysopfail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&amp;action=edit makesysopname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Name of the user:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysopname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&amp;action=edit makesysopok]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;User &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; is now a sysop&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysopok}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&amp;action=edit makesysopsubmit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Make this user into a sysop
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysopsubmit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&amp;action=edit makesysoptext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. 
Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysoptext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&amp;action=edit makesysoptitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Make a user into a sysop
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Makesysoptitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&amp;action=edit matchtotals]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The query &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; matched $2 page titles
and the text of $3 pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Matchtotals}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&amp;action=edit math]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rendering math
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&amp;action=edit math_bad_output]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Can&amp;#39;t write to or create math output directory
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_bad_output}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&amp;action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Can&amp;#39;t write to or create math temp directory
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&amp;action=edit math_failure]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Failed to parse
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_failure}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&amp;action=edit math_image_error]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_image_error}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&amp;action=edit math_lexing_error]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
lexing error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_lexing_error}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&amp;action=edit math_notexvc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_notexvc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&amp;action=edit math_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Insert formula here
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&amp;action=edit math_syntax_error]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
syntax error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_syntax_error}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&amp;action=edit math_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Mathematical formula (LaTeX)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&amp;action=edit math_unknown_error]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
unknown error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_unknown_error}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&amp;action=edit math_unknown_function]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
unknown function 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Math_unknown_function}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&amp;action=edit media_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Example.mp3
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Media_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&amp;action=edit media_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Media file link
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Media_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&amp;action=edit minlength]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image names must be at least three letters.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Minlength}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&amp;action=edit minoredit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This is a minor edit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Minoredit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&amp;action=edit minoreditletter]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
M
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Minoreditletter}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&amp;action=edit mispeelings]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Pages with misspellings
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mispeelings}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&amp;action=edit mispeelingspage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
List of common misspellings
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mispeelingspage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&amp;action=edit mispeelingstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mispeelingstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&amp;action=edit missingarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The database did not find the text of a page
that it should have found, named &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a
page that has been deleted.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software.
Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Missingarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&amp;action=edit missingimage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Missing image&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Missingimage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&amp;action=edit missinglanguagelinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Missing Language Links
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Missinglanguagelinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&amp;action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Find missing language links for
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&amp;action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
These pages do &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;not&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;not&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; shown.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&amp;action=edit moredotdotdot]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
More...
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Moredotdotdot}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&amp;action=edit move]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Move}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&amp;action=edit movearticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movearticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&amp;action=edit movedto]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
moved to
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movedto}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&amp;action=edit movenologin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not logged in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movenologin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&amp;action=edit movenologintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must be a registered user and &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;logged in&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
to move a page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movenologintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&amp;action=edit movepage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movepage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&amp;action=edit movepagebtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movepagebtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&amp;action=edit movepagetalktext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;unless:&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;
*You are moving the page across namespaces,
*A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or
*You uncheck the box below.

In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movepagetalktext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&amp;action=edit movepagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Using the form below will rename a page, moving all
of its history to the new name.
The old title will become a redirect page to the new title.
Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to
&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Maintenance&amp;#124;check]] for double or broken redirects.
You are responsible for making sure that links continue to
point where they are supposed to go.

Note that the page will &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;not&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; be moved if there is already
a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no
past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where
it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite
an existing page.

&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;WARNING!&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page;
please be sure you understand the consequences of this before
proceeding.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movepagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&amp;action=edit movetalk]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move &amp;quot;talk&amp;quot; page as well, if applicable.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movetalk}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&amp;action=edit movethispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Movethispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&amp;action=edit mycontris]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
My contributions
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mycontris}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&amp;action=edit mypage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
My page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mypage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&amp;action=edit mytalk]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
My talk
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Mytalk}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&amp;action=edit navigation]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Navigation
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Navigation}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&amp;action=edit nbytes]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 bytes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nbytes}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&amp;action=edit nchanges]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nchanges}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&amp;action=edit newarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(New)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&amp;action=edit newarticletext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You&amp;#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&amp;#39;t exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below 
(see the &amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Help&amp;#124;help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&amp;#39;s &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;back&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; button.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newarticletext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&amp;action=edit newmessages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newmessages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&amp;action=edit newmessageslink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
new messages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newmessageslink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&amp;action=edit newpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
New page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&amp;action=edit newpageletter]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
N
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newpageletter}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&amp;action=edit newpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
New pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&amp;action=edit newpassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
New password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newpassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&amp;action=edit newtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
To new title
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&amp;action=edit newusersonly]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
 (new users only)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newusersonly}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newwindow&amp;action=edit newwindow]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Newwindow|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(opens in new window)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Newwindow}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&amp;action=edit next]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
next
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Next}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&amp;action=edit nextn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
next $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nextn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&amp;action=edit nlinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 links
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nlinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&amp;action=edit noaffirmation]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noaffirmation}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&amp;action=edit noarticletext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(There is currently no text in this page)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noarticletext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&amp;action=edit noblockreason]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must supply a reason for the block.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noblockreason}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&amp;action=edit noconnect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
$1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noconnect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&amp;action=edit nocontribs]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No changes were found matching these criteria.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nocontribs}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&amp;action=edit nocookieslogin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nocookieslogin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&amp;action=edit nocookiesnew]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The user account was created, but you are not logged in. ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nocookiesnew}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&amp;action=edit nocreativecommons]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nocreativecommons}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocredits&amp;action=edit nocredits]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nocredits|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There is no credits info available for this page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nocredits}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&amp;action=edit nodb]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Could not select database $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nodb}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&amp;action=edit nodublincore]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nodublincore}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&amp;action=edit noemail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There is no e-mail address recorded for user &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noemail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&amp;action=edit noemailtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This user has not specified a valid e-mail address,
or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noemailtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&amp;action=edit noemailtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No e-mail address
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noemailtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&amp;action=edit nogomatch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nogomatch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&amp;action=edit nohistory]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There is no edit history for this page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nohistory}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&amp;action=edit nolinkshere]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No pages link to here.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nolinkshere}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&amp;action=edit nolinkstoimage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There are no pages that link to this image.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nolinkstoimage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&amp;action=edit noname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have not specified a valid user name.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Noname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&amp;action=edit nonefound]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Note&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;: unsuccessful searches are
often caused by searching for common words like &amp;quot;have&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;from&amp;quot;,
which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages
containing all of the search terms will appear in the result).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nonefound}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&amp;action=edit nospecialpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have requested a special page that is not
recognized by the wiki.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nospecialpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&amp;action=edit nosuchaction]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No such action
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nosuchaction}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&amp;action=edit nosuchactiontext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The action specified by the URL is not
recognized by the wiki
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nosuchactiontext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&amp;action=edit nosuchspecialpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No such special page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nosuchspecialpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&amp;action=edit nosuchuser]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There is no user by the name &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nosuchuser}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&amp;action=edit notacceptable]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The wiki server can&amp;#39;t provide data in a format your client can read.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notacceptable}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&amp;action=edit notanarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not a content page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notanarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&amp;action=edit notargettext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have not specified a target page or user
to perform this function on.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notargettext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&amp;action=edit notargettitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No target
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notargettitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&amp;action=edit note]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Note:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Note}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&amp;action=edit notextmatches]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No page text matches
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notextmatches}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&amp;action=edit notitlematches]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
No page title matches
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notitlematches}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&amp;action=edit notloggedin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not logged in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Notloggedin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&amp;action=edit nowatchlist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have no items on your watchlist.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nowatchlist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&amp;action=edit nowiki_sample]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Insert non-formatted text here
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nowiki_sample}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&amp;action=edit nowiki_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Ignore wiki formatting
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nowiki_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&amp;action=edit nstab-category]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Category
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-category}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&amp;action=edit nstab-help]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Help
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-help}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&amp;action=edit nstab-image]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Image
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-image}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&amp;action=edit nstab-main]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Article
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-main}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&amp;action=edit nstab-media]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Media
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-media}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&amp;action=edit nstab-mediawiki]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Message
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-mediawiki}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&amp;action=edit nstab-special]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Special
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-special}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&amp;action=edit nstab-template]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Template
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-template}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&amp;action=edit nstab-user]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-user}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&amp;action=edit nstab-wp]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
About
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nstab-wp}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&amp;action=edit nviews]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 views
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Nviews}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&amp;action=edit ok]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
OK
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ok}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&amp;action=edit oldpassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Old password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Oldpassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&amp;action=edit orig]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
orig
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Orig}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&amp;action=edit orphans]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Orphaned pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Orphans}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&amp;action=edit othercontribs]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Based on work by $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Othercontribs}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&amp;action=edit otherlanguages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Other languages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Otherlanguages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Others&amp;action=edit others]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Others|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
others
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Others}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&amp;action=edit pagemovedsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Move succeeded
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Pagemovedsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&amp;action=edit pagemovedtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Page &amp;quot;&amp;#91;&amp;#91;$1]]&amp;quot; moved to &amp;quot;&amp;#91;&amp;#91;$2]]&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Pagemovedtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&amp;action=edit pagetitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 - ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Pagetitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&amp;action=edit passwordremindertext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Someone (probably you, from IP address $1)
requested that we send you a new ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ login password.
The password for user &amp;quot;$2&amp;quot; is now &amp;quot;$3&amp;quot;.
You should log in and change your password now.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Passwordremindertext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&amp;action=edit passwordremindertitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Password reminder from ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Passwordremindertitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&amp;action=edit passwordsent]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
A new password has been sent to the e-mail address
registered for &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
Please log in again after you receive it.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Passwordsent}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&amp;action=edit perfcached]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Perfcached}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&amp;action=edit perfdisabled]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled
because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use
the wiki.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Perfdisabled}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&amp;action=edit perfdisabledsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Here&amp;#39;s a saved copy from $1:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Perfdisabledsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&amp;action=edit personaltools]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Personal tools
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Personaltools}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&amp;action=edit popularpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Popular pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Popularpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&amp;action=edit portal]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᎾᎥ ᎾᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Portal}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&amp;action=edit portal-url]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᎾᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Portal-url}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&amp;action=edit postcomment]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Post a comment
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Postcomment}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&amp;action=edit poweredby]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ is powered by &amp;#91;http&amp;#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Poweredby}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&amp;action=edit powersearch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Powersearch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&amp;action=edit powersearchtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;

Search in namespaces :&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
$1&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
$2 List redirects &amp;amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Powersearchtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&amp;action=edit preferences]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Preferences
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Preferences}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&amp;action=edit prefs-help-userdata]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Real name&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Email&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your 
email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefs-help-userdata}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&amp;action=edit prefs-misc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Misc settings
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefs-misc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&amp;action=edit prefs-personal]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User data
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefs-personal}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&amp;action=edit prefs-rc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Recent changes and stub display
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefs-rc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&amp;action=edit prefslogintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You are logged in as &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;.
Your internal ID number is $2.

See &amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefslogintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&amp;action=edit prefsnologin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not logged in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefsnologin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&amp;action=edit prefsnologintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must be &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;logged in&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
to set user preferences.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefsnologintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&amp;action=edit prefsreset]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Preferences have been reset from storage.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prefsreset}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&amp;action=edit preview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Preview
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Preview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&amp;action=edit previewconflict]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This preview reflects the text in the upper
text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Previewconflict}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&amp;action=edit previewnote]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved!
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Previewnote}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&amp;action=edit prevn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
previous $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Prevn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&amp;action=edit printableversion]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Printable version
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Printableversion}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&amp;action=edit printsubtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(From http&amp;#58;//chr.wikipedia.org)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Printsubtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&amp;action=edit protect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Protect
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&amp;action=edit protectcomment]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reason for protecting
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectcomment}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&amp;action=edit protectedarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
protected &amp;#91;&amp;#91;$1]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectedarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&amp;action=edit protectedpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Protected page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectedpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&amp;action=edit protectedpagewarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
WARNING:  This page has been locked so that only
users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&amp;#39;&amp;gt;protected page
guidelines&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectedpagewarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&amp;action=edit protectedtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are
a number of reasons why this may be so, please see
&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]].

You can view and copy the source of this page:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectedtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&amp;action=edit protectlogpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Protection_log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectlogpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&amp;action=edit protectlogtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below is a list of page locks/unlocks.
See &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectlogtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&amp;action=edit protectpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Protect page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&amp;action=edit protectreason]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(give a reason)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectreason}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&amp;action=edit protectsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Protecting &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&amp;action=edit protectthispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Protect this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Protectthispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&amp;action=edit proxyblocker]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Proxy blocker
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Proxyblocker}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&amp;action=edit proxyblockreason]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Proxyblockreason}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&amp;action=edit proxyblocksuccess]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Done.

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Proxyblocksuccess}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&amp;action=edit qbbrowse]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Browse
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbbrowse}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&amp;action=edit qbedit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Edit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbedit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&amp;action=edit qbfind]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Find
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbfind}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&amp;action=edit qbmyoptions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
My pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbmyoptions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&amp;action=edit qbpageinfo]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Context
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbpageinfo}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&amp;action=edit qbpageoptions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbpageoptions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&amp;action=edit qbsettings]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Quickbar settings
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbsettings}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettingsnote&amp;action=edit qbsettingsnote]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettingsnote|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This preference only works in the &amp;#39;Standard&amp;#39; and the &amp;#39;CologneBlue&amp;#39; skin.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbsettingsnote}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&amp;action=edit qbspecialpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Special pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Qbspecialpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&amp;action=edit querybtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Submit query
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Querybtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&amp;action=edit querysuccessful]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Query successful
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Querysuccessful}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&amp;action=edit randompage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Random page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Randompage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&amp;action=edit range_block_disabled]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Range_block_disabled}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&amp;action=edit rchide]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rchide}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&amp;action=edit rclinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;$3
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rclinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&amp;action=edit rclistfrom]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show new changes starting from $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rclistfrom}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&amp;action=edit rcliu]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
; $1 edits from logged in users
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rcliu}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&amp;action=edit rcloaderr]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Loading recent changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rcloaderr}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&amp;action=edit rclsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(to pages linked from &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rclsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&amp;action=edit rcnote]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below are the last &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; changes in last &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; days.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rcnote}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&amp;action=edit rcnotefrom]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below are the changes since &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; (up to &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; shown).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rcnotefrom}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&amp;action=edit readonly]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Database locked
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Readonly}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&amp;action=edit readonlytext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The database is currently locked to new
entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance,
after which it will be back to normal.
The administrator who locked it offered this explanation:
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;$1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Readonlytext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&amp;action=edit readonlywarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance,
so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste
the text into a text file and save it for later.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Readonlywarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&amp;action=edit recentchanges]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Recent changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Recentchanges}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&amp;action=edit recentchangescount]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Number of titles in recent changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Recentchangescount}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&amp;action=edit recentchangeslinked]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Related changes
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Recentchangeslinked}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&amp;action=edit recentchangestext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Recentchangestext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&amp;action=edit redirectedfrom]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Redirected from $1)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Redirectedfrom}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&amp;action=edit remembermypassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Remember my password across sessions.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Remembermypassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&amp;action=edit removechecked]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Remove checked items from watchlist
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Removechecked}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&amp;action=edit removedwatch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Removed from watchlist
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Removedwatch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&amp;action=edit removedwatchtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The page &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; has been removed from your watchlist.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Removedwatchtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&amp;action=edit removingchecked]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Removing requested items from watchlist...
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Removingchecked}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&amp;action=edit resetprefs]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reset preferences
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Resetprefs}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&amp;action=edit restorelink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 deleted edits
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Restorelink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&amp;action=edit resultsperpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Hits to show per page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Resultsperpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&amp;action=edit retrievedfrom]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Retrieved from &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Retrievedfrom}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&amp;action=edit returnto]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Return to $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Returnto}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&amp;action=edit retypenew]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Retype new password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Retypenew}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&amp;action=edit reupload]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Re-upload
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Reupload}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&amp;action=edit reuploaddesc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Return to the upload form.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Reuploaddesc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&amp;action=edit reverted]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reverted to earlier revision
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Reverted}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&amp;action=edit revertimg]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
rev
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revertimg}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&amp;action=edit revertpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revertpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&amp;action=edit revhistory]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Revision history
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revhistory}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&amp;action=edit revisionasof]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Revision as of $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revisionasof}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&amp;action=edit revnotfound]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Revision not found
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revnotfound}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&amp;action=edit revnotfoundtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found.
Please check the URL you used to access this page.

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Revnotfoundtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&amp;action=edit rfcurl]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
http&amp;#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rfcurl}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&amp;action=edit rights]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rights:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rights}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&amp;action=edit rollback]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Roll back edits
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rollback}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&amp;action=edit rollback_short]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rollback
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rollback_short}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&amp;action=edit rollbackfailed]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rollback failed
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rollbackfailed}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&amp;action=edit rollbacklink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
rollback
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rollbacklink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&amp;action=edit rows]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Rows
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Rows}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&amp;action=edit savearticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Save page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Savearticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&amp;action=edit savedprefs]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your preferences have been saved.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Savedprefs}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&amp;action=edit savefile]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Save file
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Savefile}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&amp;action=edit saveprefs]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Save preferences
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Saveprefs}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&amp;action=edit search]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Search}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&amp;action=edit searchdisabled]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchdisabled}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&amp;action=edit searchhelppage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Searching
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchhelppage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&amp;action=edit searchingwikipedia]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Searching ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchingwikipedia}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&amp;action=edit searchquery]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
For query &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchquery}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&amp;action=edit searchresults]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search results
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchresults}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&amp;action=edit searchresultshead]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search result settings
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchresultshead}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&amp;action=edit searchresulttext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
For more information about searching ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ, see $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Searchresulttext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&amp;action=edit sectionedit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
 (section)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sectionedit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&amp;action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Select a newer version for comparison
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&amp;action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Select an older version for comparison
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&amp;action=edit selectonly]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Only read-only queries are allowed.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Selectonly}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&amp;action=edit selflinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Pages with Self Links
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Selflinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&amp;action=edit selflinkstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Selflinkstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&amp;action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&amp;action=edit servertime]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Server time is now
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Servertime}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&amp;action=edit set_rights_fail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;User rights for &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Set_rights_fail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&amp;action=edit set_user_rights]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Set user rights
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Set_user_rights}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&amp;action=edit setbureaucratflag]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Set bureaucrat flag
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Setbureaucratflag}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&amp;action=edit shortpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Short pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Shortpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&amp;action=edit show]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
show
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Show}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&amp;action=edit showhideminor]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 minor edits &amp;#124; $2 bots &amp;#124; $3 logged in users 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showhideminor}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&amp;action=edit showingresults]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Showing below &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; results starting with #&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showingresults}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&amp;action=edit showingresultsnum]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Showing below &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$3&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; results starting with #&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showingresultsnum}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&amp;action=edit showlast]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show last $1 images sorted $2.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showlast}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&amp;action=edit showpreview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show preview
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showpreview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&amp;action=edit showtoc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
show
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Showtoc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&amp;action=edit sig_tip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your signature with timestamp
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sig_tip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&amp;action=edit sitestats]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Site statistics
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sitestats}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&amp;action=edit sitestatstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There are &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$1&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; total pages in the database.
This includes &amp;quot;talk&amp;quot; pages, pages about ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ, minimal &amp;quot;stub&amp;quot;
pages, redirects, and others that probably don&amp;#39;t qualify as content pages.
Excluding those, there are &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$2&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; pages that are probably legitimate
content pages.

There have been a total of &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$3&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; page views, and &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$4&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; page edits
since the wiki was setup.
That comes to &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$5&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; average edits per page, and &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$6&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; views per edit.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sitestatstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&amp;action=edit sitesubtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The Free Encyclopedia
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sitesubtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&amp;action=edit sitesupport]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sitesupport}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&amp;action=edit sitetitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sitetitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&amp;action=edit siteuser]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ user $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Siteuser}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&amp;action=edit siteusers]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ user(s) $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Siteusers}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&amp;action=edit skin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Skin
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Skin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&amp;action=edit spamprotectiontext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. 

You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked:
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Spamprotectiontext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&amp;action=edit spamprotectiontitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Spam protection filter
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Spamprotectiontitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&amp;action=edit specialpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Special Page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Specialpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&amp;action=edit specialpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Special pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Specialpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&amp;action=edit spheading]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Special pages for all users
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Spheading}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&amp;action=edit sqlislogged]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Please note that all queries are logged.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sqlislogged}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&amp;action=edit sqlquery]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Enter query
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sqlquery}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&amp;action=edit statistics]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Statistics
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Statistics}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&amp;action=edit storedversion]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Stored version
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Storedversion}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&amp;action=edit stubthreshold]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Threshold for stub display
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Stubthreshold}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&amp;action=edit subcategories]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Subcategories
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Subcategories}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategorycount&amp;action=edit subcategorycount]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategorycount|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There are $1 subcategories to this category.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Subcategorycount}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&amp;action=edit subject]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Subject/headline
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Subject}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&amp;action=edit subjectpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View subject
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Subjectpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&amp;action=edit successfulupload]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Successful upload
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Successfulupload}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&amp;action=edit summary]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Summary
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Summary}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&amp;action=edit sysopspheading]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
For sysop use only
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sysopspheading}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&amp;action=edit sysoptext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The action you have requested can only be
performed by users with &amp;quot;sysop&amp;quot; status.
See $1.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sysoptext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&amp;action=edit sysoptitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Sysop access required
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Sysoptitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&amp;action=edit tableform]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
table
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tableform}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&amp;action=edit talk]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Discussion
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talk}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&amp;action=edit talkexists]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The page itself was moved successfully, but the
talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new
title. Please merge them manually.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talkexists}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&amp;action=edit talkpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Discuss this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talkpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&amp;action=edit talkpagemoved]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The corresponding talk page was also moved.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talkpagemoved}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&amp;action=edit talkpagenotmoved]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The corresponding talk page was &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;not&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; moved.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talkpagenotmoved}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&amp;action=edit talkpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Talkpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&amp;action=edit textboxsize]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Textbox dimensions
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Textboxsize}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&amp;action=edit textmatches]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Page text matches
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Textmatches}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&amp;action=edit thisisdeleted]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View or restore $1?
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Thisisdeleted}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&amp;action=edit thumbnail-more]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Enlarge
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Thumbnail-more}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonelegend&amp;action=edit timezonelegend]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonelegend|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Time zone
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Timezonelegend}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&amp;action=edit timezoneoffset]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Offset
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Timezoneoffset}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&amp;action=edit timezonetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Enter number of hours your local time differs
from server time (UTC).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Timezonetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&amp;action=edit titlematches]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Article title matches
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Titlematches}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&amp;action=edit toc]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Table of contents
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Toc}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&amp;action=edit toolbox]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Toolbox
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Toolbox}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&amp;action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &amp;#91;alt-v]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&amp;action=edit tooltip-minoredit]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Mark this as a minor edit &amp;#91;alt-i]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tooltip-minoredit}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&amp;action=edit tooltip-preview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &amp;#91;alt-p]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tooltip-preview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&amp;action=edit tooltip-save]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Save your changes &amp;#91;alt-s]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tooltip-save}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&amp;action=edit tooltip-search]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Search this wiki &amp;#91;alt-f]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Tooltip-search}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&amp;action=edit uclinks]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uclinks}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&amp;action=edit ucnote]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below are this user&amp;#39;s last &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$1&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; changes in the last &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; days.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Ucnote}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&amp;action=edit uctop]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
 (top)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uctop}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&amp;action=edit unblockip]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unblock user
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unblockip}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&amp;action=edit unblockiptext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Use the form below to restore write access
to a previously blocked IP address or username.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unblockiptext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&amp;action=edit unblocklink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
unblock
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unblocklink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&amp;action=edit unblocklogentry]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
unblocked &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unblocklogentry}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&amp;action=edit undelete]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Restore deleted page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undelete}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&amp;action=edit undelete_short]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Undelete $1 edits
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undelete_short}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&amp;action=edit undeletearticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Restore deleted page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletearticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&amp;action=edit undeletebtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Restore!
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletebtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&amp;action=edit undeletedarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
restored &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletedarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&amp;action=edit undeletedtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;#91;&amp;#91;$1]] has been successfully restored.
See &amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletedtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&amp;action=edit undeletehistory]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history.
If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored
revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page
will not be automatically replaced.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletehistory}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&amp;action=edit undeletepage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View and restore deleted pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletepage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&amp;action=edit undeletepagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and
can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeletepagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&amp;action=edit undeleterevision]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Deleted revision as of $1
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeleterevision}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&amp;action=edit undeleterevisions]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
$1 revisions archived
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Undeleterevisions}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&amp;action=edit unexpected]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unexpected value: &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;=&amp;quot;$2&amp;quot;.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unexpected}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&amp;action=edit unlockbtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unlock database
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockbtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&amp;action=edit unlockconfirm]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Yes, I really want to unlock the database.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockconfirm}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&amp;action=edit unlockdb]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unlock database
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockdb}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&amp;action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Database lock removed
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&amp;action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The database has been unlocked.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&amp;action=edit unlockdbtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all
users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and
other things requiring changes in the database.
Please confirm that this is what you intend to do.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unlockdbtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&amp;action=edit unprotect]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unprotect
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unprotect}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&amp;action=edit unprotectcomment]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Reason for unprotecting
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unprotectcomment}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&amp;action=edit unprotectedarticle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
unprotected &amp;#91;&amp;#91;$1]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unprotectedarticle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&amp;action=edit unprotectsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Unprotecting &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unprotectsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&amp;action=edit unprotectthispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unprotect this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unprotectthispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&amp;action=edit unusedimages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unused images
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unusedimages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&amp;action=edit unusedimagestext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with
a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being
in active use.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unusedimagestext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&amp;action=edit unwatch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Unwatch
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unwatch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&amp;action=edit unwatchthispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Stop watching
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Unwatchthispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&amp;action=edit updated]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(Updated)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Updated}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&amp;action=edit upload]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload file
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Upload}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&amp;action=edit uploadbtn]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload file
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadbtn}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&amp;action=edit uploaddisabled]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Sorry, uploading is disabled.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploaddisabled}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&amp;action=edit uploadedfiles]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Uploaded files
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadedfiles}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&amp;action=edit uploadedimage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
uploaded &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadedimage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&amp;action=edit uploaderror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload error
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploaderror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&amp;action=edit uploadfile]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload images, sounds, documents etc.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadfile}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&amp;action=edit uploadlink]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload images
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadlink}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&amp;action=edit uploadlog]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
upload log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadlog}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&amp;action=edit uploadlogpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload_log
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadlogpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&amp;action=edit uploadlogpagetext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below is a list of the most recent file uploads.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;
&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadlogpagetext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&amp;action=edit uploadnologin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not logged in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadnologin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&amp;action=edit uploadnologintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must be &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;logged in&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
to upload files.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadnologintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&amp;action=edit uploadtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;STOP!&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Before you upload here,
make sure to read and follow the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;image use policy&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already
exists on the wiki, it&amp;#39;ll be replaced without warning.
So unless you mean to update a file, it&amp;#39;s a good idea
to first check if such a file exists.
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;To view or search previously uploaded images,
go to the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&amp;quot;&amp;gt;list of uploaded images&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.
Uploads and deletions are logged on the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&amp;quot;&amp;gt;upload log&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.
&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in
illustrating your pages.
On most browsers, you will see a &amp;quot;Browse...&amp;quot; button, which will
bring up your operating system&amp;#39;s standard file open dialog.
Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text
field next to the button.
You must also check the box affirming that you are not
violating any copyrights by uploading the file.
Press the &amp;quot;Upload&amp;quot; button to finish the upload.
This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection.
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG
for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds.
Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion.
To include the image in a page, use a link in the form
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Image:file.jpg]]&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Image:file.png&amp;#124;alt text]]&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
or &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Media:file.ogg]]&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; for sounds.
&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or
delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and
you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&amp;action=edit uploadwarning]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Upload warning
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Uploadwarning}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usenewcategorypage&amp;action=edit usenewcategorypage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Usenewcategorypage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
1

Set first character to &amp;quot;0&amp;quot; to disable the new category page layout.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Usenewcategorypage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&amp;action=edit user_rights_set]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;User rights for &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot; updated&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:User_rights_set}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&amp;action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Tip:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Use the &amp;#39;Show preview&amp;#39; button to test your new css/js before saving.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&amp;action=edit usercsspreview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Usercsspreview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&amp;action=edit userexists]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userexists}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&amp;action=edit userjspreview]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userjspreview}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&amp;action=edit userlogin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Log in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userlogin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&amp;action=edit userlogout]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Log out
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userlogout}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&amp;action=edit usermailererror]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Mail object returned error: 
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Usermailererror}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&amp;action=edit userpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View user page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&amp;action=edit userstats]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
User statistics
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userstats}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&amp;action=edit userstatstext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
There are &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$1&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; registered users.
&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;$2&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&amp;#39; of these are administrators (see $3).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Userstatstext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&amp;action=edit version]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Version
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Version}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&amp;action=edit viewcount]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This page has been accessed $1 times.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Viewcount}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&amp;action=edit viewprevnext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View ($1) ($2) ($3).
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Viewprevnext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&amp;action=edit viewsource]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View source
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Viewsource}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&amp;action=edit viewtalkpage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View discussion
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Viewtalkpage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&amp;action=edit wantedpages]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Wanted pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wantedpages}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&amp;action=edit watch]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Watch
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watch}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&amp;action=edit watchdetails]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
($1 pages watched not counting talk pages;
$2 total pages edited since cutoff;
$3...
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;#39;$4&amp;#39;&amp;gt;show and edit complete list&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchdetails}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&amp;action=edit watcheditlist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Here&amp;#39;s an alphabetical list of your
watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove
from your watchlist and click the &amp;#39;remove checked&amp;#39; button
at the bottom of the screen.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watcheditlist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&amp;action=edit watchlist]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
My watchlist
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchlist}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&amp;action=edit watchlistcontains]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your watchlist contains $1 pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchlistcontains}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&amp;action=edit watchlistsub]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
(for user &amp;quot;$1&amp;quot;)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchlistsub}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&amp;action=edit watchmethod-list]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
checking watched pages for recent edits
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchmethod-list}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&amp;action=edit watchmethod-recent]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
checking recent edits for watched pages
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchmethod-recent}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&amp;action=edit watchnochange]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchnochange}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&amp;action=edit watchnologin]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Not logged in
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchnologin}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&amp;action=edit watchnologintext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You must be &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;logged in&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;
to modify your watchlist.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchnologintext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&amp;action=edit watchthis]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Watch this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchthis}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&amp;action=edit watchthispage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Watch this page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Watchthispage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&amp;action=edit welcomecreation]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;Welcome, $1!&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Your account has been created.
Don&amp;#39;t forget to change your ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ preferences.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Welcomecreation}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&amp;action=edit whatlinkshere]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
What links here
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whatlinkshere}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&amp;action=edit whitelistacctext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Userlogin&amp;#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistacctext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&amp;action=edit whitelistacctitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You are not allowed to create an account
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistacctitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&amp;action=edit whitelistedittext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Userlogin&amp;#124;login]] to edit pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistedittext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&amp;action=edit whitelistedittitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Login required to edit
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistedittitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&amp;action=edit whitelistreadtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
You have to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Special:Userlogin&amp;#124;login]] to read pages.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistreadtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&amp;action=edit whitelistreadtitle]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Login required to read
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Whitelistreadtitle}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&amp;action=edit wikipediapage]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
View project page
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wikipediapage}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&amp;action=edit wikititlesuffix]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wikititlesuffix}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&amp;action=edit wlnote]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Below are the last $1 changes in the last &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;$2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; hours.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wlnote}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&amp;action=edit wlsaved]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
This is a saved version of your watchlist.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wlsaved}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&amp;action=edit wlshowlast]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Show last $1 hours $2 days $3
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wlshowlast}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&amp;action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Function: $1&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Query: $2

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&amp;action=edit wrongpassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again.
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Wrongpassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&amp;action=edit yourdiff]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Differences
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourdiff}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&amp;action=edit youremail]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your email*
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Youremail}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&amp;action=edit yourname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your user name
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&amp;action=edit yournick]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your nickname (for signatures)
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yournick}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&amp;action=edit yourpassword]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourpassword}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&amp;action=edit yourpasswordagain]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Retype password
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourpasswordagain}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&amp;action=edit yourrealname]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your real name*
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourrealname}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&amp;action=edit yourtext]&lt;br&gt;
[[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
Your text
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{int:Yourtext}}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎾᎻ</title>
    <id>824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8002</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-18T05:42:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/211.223.54.17|211.223.54.17]] to last version by Hégésippe Cormier</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏗᏧᎾᎻ ᎠᎹᏉᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏉ.

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᏣᏆᏂ</title>
    <id>825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8181</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-09T07:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/66.46.183.16|66.46.183.16]] to last version by Jon Harald Søby</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Just because you wish to make up new Cherokee names for countries contrary to the ones already in popular use doesn't mean you get to use them on Wikipedia.

** Is there an official Cherokee name for Japan?  If not, Wikipedia seems a perfect place to put a new one in circulation, though it should probably be confirmed by [http://www.cherokee.org the Cherokee Nation] first.  ''Nihoni'' makes perfect sense for 'Japan'.  --[[User:DarkFantasy|DarkFantasy]] 23:51, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

***No; there is a popular one though. ''nihoni'' makes as much sense to the average Cherokee speaker as ''lasdfkasdfasdf'' makes to the average English speaker; even though not all Cherokees may not be able to pinpoint Japan on a map, they'll at least be familiar with the more traditional Cherokee name. Also, since Cherokee speakers are generally bilingual in English, a name sounding similar to &quot;Japan&quot; will be more immediately recognizable to them than the term invented by Etse, perhaps ᏣᎭᏂ. ''Tsaquani'' does indeed sound somewhat sucky, thus I propose something more along the lines of ''yahani'', ''yahuani'', ''siahuani'', ''siahani'', ''tsahani'', ''tsahuani'', etc. Another alternative, although it's definitely unfavorable, would be to use the English word because it'd have more universal recognition compared to any Cherokee alternative. This would of course be more viable if Wikipedia didn't use syllabary (I'm not advocating that at all); it's still an option to consider. The problem with confirming it with &quot;the cherokee nation&quot; is that there is no one Cherokee nation. I believe cherokee.org belongs to the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. There are a few others, though, some of them unrecognized, some of them recognized, with one in Mexico even (they migrated there fairly recently, though)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Etse</title>
    <id>826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8928</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-17T17:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Translation Request (2 sentences) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__
== adminship ==
I am requesting adminship on Meta for the account [[:m:User:Etse]]. [[User:Etse|Etse]] 23:27, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)
:Don't you rather need adminship on this wikipedia here? Then you have to put your request on [[:meta:Requests_for_permissions]]. 
:But the question I came here for: When exactly have you started this wikipedia? 22 Jun 2004? I'd like to write an announcement on the news page of the German wikipedia. good luck and may the Cherokee wikipedia grow fast :-) --[[:meta:User:Elian]]


Etse, I know nothing of anything but saw your request for a logo change. ([[User:20040302|20040302]])
[[image:Wiki.png]]

Hello. Please can you protect [[:Image:Wiki.png]] so the logo can be switched as requested at [[m:Requests for logos]]. Thank you. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 00:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
:Don't worry, I've done this now. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 19:07, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Cool. Thanks, Angela. --[[User:Etse|Etse]] 20:49, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

==Hi==

Hi Etse,
I'm a bit curious as to why you protected the Main Page since there hasn't been any vandalism to it, at least that I can see.

Also, I'm a bit surprised that you say we have ''many'' articles partly or completely in Cherokee - we only have one with more than a couple of words in Cherokee, and we have *none* that are completely in Cherokee.

I was also wondering about your approach to translation.

Generally, what I would expect (and has been done at most Wikipedias) is a progressive approach. Start with small stubs completely in Cherokee, such as &quot;Japan is a country in Asia&quot;, and expand on them. Rather than translating the entire English article word-by-word, the best idea, at least for a relatively new Wikipedia, is to use stubs. Add information from the English wikipedia a sentence at a time, and be sure the sentences are translated completely before you add them.

A stub for Guantanamo Bay could feature the text (in Cherokee, of course) &quot;'''Guantanamo Bay''' is a [[United States]] army base in [[Cuba]]&quot; or something similar, the article for Pakistan could feature the text &quot;'''Pakistan''' is a country in [[Asia]]. The predominant religion is [[Islam]]. The [[list of official languages|official language]] is [[Urdu]]&quot; or something similar (or shorter).

The key to this is that the first sentence you put for a stub should give a reader a vague idea of what something is. Saying that a country is in Asia, for example, will help at least to distinguish it from, say, African countries. After that, add a characteristic that distinguishes it from countries the previous sentence did not distinguish it from. Continue to do this until the description could only refer to that country, and you will have a reasonable (but still stub-ish) article.

If you don't know how to say something along the lines of &quot;___ is a country in Asia&quot;, that's the kind of thing that would be simple enough you could ask a native speaker without causing them much trouble.

== My reply ==

Hi there. I'm not sure exactly who it was who left this message, so if I've mis-identified anybody, sorry! Good comments and ideas--I'll keep them in mind. You'll have to forgive me. I'm new to this. ;-) --[[User:Etse|Etse]] 03:37, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

:Hi Etse. It wasn't me who left the above message. I expect it may have been [[:en:User:Node ue]]. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 03:39, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

== Oh, yeah ==

Oh, yeah, humorously enough, I've learned how to say &quot;Japan is a country in Eastern Asia&quot; since my last visit. lol. ᏂᎰᏂ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᏲᎢ. ᎭᎭ. Native speakers are helpful, and my Cherokee is getting better and better.

== Hi ==

Hi Etse!

I just wanted to let you know I set up the Navajo Wikipedia at [[:nv:|nv.wikipedia.org]]

It sort of sucks (like my Navajo), but there's enough that if someone comes along later they'll be able to improve it; also the &quot;dinétah&quot; article is fairly extensive... hmm.

Just thought you'd want to know...

Oh, also, not to rush you or anything, but do you have any of those original syllabary characters ready yet?

Best,
[[User:Node ue|Node ue]] 05:45, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)


==Translation of the week==
Currently we have started a project on meta.wikipedia to get an article translated in as many wikipedias as possible every week. The article will be about a subject that usually gets rarely translated and has a lot of links to other subjects. Currently we have no-one to translate in your language. If someone is interested to participate please see: [[:meta:Translation of the week]] You can also submit articles from your own languages there that you think deserve translation, but have a small chance of it. The articles must not be to short and not to long and have lots of links to possible other articles! [[:en:user:Waerth]]

==Coordination==
Hi, Etse. I'm the QUechua-wiki administrator. We've put separatly in the top of the list of wikis of the Main Page the links to the Native American Languages Wikipedias, as in Inuktitut and nerly in Nawatl. We've been wondering if could you do same way in Cherokee Wiki? We're triying to make colaboration group among us. Thanks. --[[:qu:User:Huhsunqu|Huhsunqu]] 03:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

== [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] ==

* Halló Etse! I want to let you know about [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=30&amp;minor=1&amp;search=Wikipedia '''GlobalWPSearch''' Wikipedia] made by [[:de:Benutzer:Aka]]. I was searching for examples like [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=30&amp;minor=1&amp;search=Esperanto '''GlobalWPSearch''' Esperanto] but find the first more apropriate.
* '''GlobalWPSearch''' is a tool to find pages with the same name. Depending on what you find you can add interlanguage links.
* [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] does not have interlanguage links. Could you please expand the stub a litle bit and link it to some of the other languages? I made a redirect from ''[[Wikipedia]]'' to [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]]. Hope that this is OK. Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] | [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:User talk:Gangleri|action=history}} Th] | [[{{ns:User_talk}}:Gangleri|T]] 17:20, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

== [[India]] page ==

Hi Etse, I am currently trying to add as many interwiki links to the [[w:India]] page. Would you be kind enough to make a new page based on the cherokee script for India (a sentence there would be enough), and link it up to [[w:India]]? Thanks for your efforts, [[w:User:Nichalp]]

== ᎭᏡ ᎦᏧ ᎭᏢ ==

ᎭᏡ ᎦᏧ ᎭᏢ ᎡᏤ????? --[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 09:27, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

== [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science_pearls  Science pearls]  ==

 
Hi,

I address you as the ambassador of your wikipedia.
Please notice the above project.

This project, more than other projects, will benefit from inter-wiki cooperation.
Can you post a message regarding this project at your wikipedia village pump.

Thanks for your help,
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:APH  APH from the English wiki]

== Wikizine ==


Hi, I am [[w:nl:gebruiker:Walter]] of the dutch Wikipedia. I am writing you because your are listed as ambassador of your wiki. I have something to say that I think you will find useful and possibly others of your wiki also.

You know it is not easy for the members of a local wiki to be informed about what is going on in the higher levels of the Wikimedia family. This because of the language problem and the high level of fragmentation of places where you can find information.

I am now making a weekly news letter (Wikizine) that attempts to provide the news of the Wikimedia projects. The concept is to list only a very short description of the news an give the relevant url to the subject. I want it to be short, only give the news that is important for all projects. The target audience include the ambassadors. It is for people who are interested in what it going on outside there own wiki. I emphasize on the news that is practical-technical. The information comes form several &quot;news&quot;-pages on several wikis, the mailinglists and IRC. There will be news I can not discover. If you have news found somewhere or from you own wiki please let my know. wikizine AT wikipedia.be

I can only create one version in something that supposed to be English. I count on the readers to inform there local wiki about the news in there own language.

Wikizine is send by use of the mailinglist Announce-l. It is only used for this. So people can subscribe without being swamped by emails like the lists.

http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/announce-l

I hope that you and others of your wiki will subscribe to Wikizine and give feedback. So that Wikizine can become really a source where Wikimedians can find out what is going on. Greetings, [[w:nl:gebruiker:Walter]] ''PS: do not repond here. I will not see it.''

== [[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] ==
I am John Conner. I would like to improve Wikipedia. But lately, Wikipedia was frequently attacked by destruction-bots. I would like to participate actively and will not bear that. Because for the moment unfortunately too few possibilities for it are ordered to me, I would like to apply as the second administrator. --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 13:13, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

== Translation Request (2 sentences) ==

For the front page of the [http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Test-wp/nov/ Novial Test Wikipedia] it would be nice to have a Cherokee translation of the following 2 sentences:

&lt;&gt;

Welcome to the Wikipedia in the Novial language!

You can read about the international auxiliary language Novial here.

&lt;&gt;

See the original request at Wikimedia Incubator [http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Community_Portal#Multilingual_translation_request_.282_sentences.29 here].

Which flag or other symbol should I use next to the Cherokee translation? (I'm using flags for most languages.) 

Thank you, Nov_ialiste

:Since Novial is not a spoken language, but a artificial one,  have no interest in providing translations for it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:ᏃᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ</title>
    <id>827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8615</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T19:55:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here is the sandbox.

ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥᎦᎧᎨᎩᎪᎫᎬᎭᎮᎯᎰᎱᎲᎳᎴᎵᎶᎷᎸᎹᎺᎻᎼᎽᎾᎿᏀᏁᏂᏃᏄᏅᏆᏇᏈᏉᏊᏋᏌᏍᏎᏏᏐᏑᏒᏓᏔᏕᏖᏗᏘ
ᏙᏚᏛᏜᏝᏞᏟᏠᏡᏢᏣᏤᏥᏦᏧᏨᏩᏪᏫᏬᏭᏮᏯᏰᏱᏲᏳᏴ

Great.

Who actually uses the sandbox, anyway?


I'll use it.  I guess.  Every once in a while.  --[[User:DarkFantasy|DarkFantasy]] 23:55, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ
ᎢᎦᎫᏴᎮᎢ
ᎿᏉᏦᎡᏫᏳᎶᏎ
ᎢᎦᎫᏴᎰᏅ
--[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 8 July 2005 18:37 (UTC)

ᎧᎨᎩᎪᎫᎬᎭᎮᎯᎰᏩᏪᏫᏬᏭᏮᏯᏰᏄᏅᏆᏇᏈᏉᏊᏋᏌᏍᏎᏏᏐᏑᏒ :D --[[User:151.37.27.80|151.37.27.80]] 21:13, 1 January 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ</title>
    <id>828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9519</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T02:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[mr:विकिपीडिआ:चावडी/प्रगती/जुनी चर्चा ६]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Template:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ}}
Hi there. I am a graduate student at Georgia Tech studying the global aspect of Wikipedia with a special interest in indigneous languages. If you are interested in being interviewed, please read the study description and consent form at : http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2005/cs6470_spring/researchstudy/webconsent_wikipedia_study1.html Thanks! [[User:Mcm|Mcm]] 


What exactly is this page for? --[[User:DarkFantasy|DarkFantasy]] 20:08, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Things seem to be slowing down considerably.  Any ideas on how to get others interested in ''wigiquediya''? --[[User:DarkFantasy|DarkFantasy]] 20:08, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, somewhere here have discussion and pooling of minds on large problems of displaying and entering things entirely in Unicode. On my computer, even at 250% magnification, some of the characters cannot be distinguished, and I haven't yet done any of the vast work needed to *enter* in the syllabary. You might look at the talk page here in regards to Unicode.


What &quot;it&quot; exists, that we need/needed to contact all the entities about? (here just below)

Yes, yes, it does exist. I haven't been able to do anything with it lately until now. I would recommend calling and e-mailing all governmental Cherokee tribal groups you can. I'm going to be doing the same. --[[User:Etse|Etse]] 16:26, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)


==ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ namespace doesn't exist yet==
The namespace &quot;Wikipedia:&quot; hasn't been translated to &quot;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:&quot;, so it is a bad idea to use its translation now.
You should contact a developper and ask him to put &quot;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ&quot;  for the &quot;Wikipedia&quot; namespace in the LanguageChr.php file on the server.
Once it is done, then [[{{ns:4}}:Foo]] would expand to &quot;ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:Foo&quot;
[[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] 02:44, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

==Translations==
Is there a comprehensive list of all translated namespaces, etc.? I would like to make basic items like stub notices except I don't know if they have been translated or not. [[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 22:56, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

==New pages==

As far as I can see, relevant new pages are and should be welcome both in Cherokee and not. I see no evidence of a valid policy contrary to this.

Obviously, content in the language, in the syllabary, is best. Wigiqediya osdadv !


== Wigiquedia -- wouldn't Wikiquidia be better?==

Even though some of us have a hard time visually distinguishing qui from tlu, qui (rhymes with &quot;tree&quot; ) is much closer in sound than is que (rhymes with &quot;day&quot;). It seems much better to say wigi-kwee-diya for Wikipedia than to say wigi-quay-diya. In other words, the 3rd vowel of the usual chart rather than the 2nd.


==Robot vandalism==

:&quot;John Conner 1967&quot; was the person running these bots. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon]] [[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|Harald]] [[Special:Contributions/Jon Harald Søby|Søby]] 16:39, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

== Interwiki Bot Status ==

Hi. I would like to get my interwiki bot [[user:YurikBot|YurikBot]] marked as a bot in your language. The bot is already operating in almost 50 languages, and it would lower the server load and improve the quality of articles if all interwikies are updated at the same time. You can read more or ask questions [[:en:user talk:Yurik|here]]. I always run the latest version of the [[meta:Pywikipediabot|Pywikipediabot]] (i am also one of the developers of this project). The request for the bot status is [[meta:Requests for bot status#en:User:YurikBot|here]].  Please support. Thank you. --[[:en:user:Yurik|Yurik (en)]] 20:09, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
:I don't think that should be a problem. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon]] [[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|Harald]] [[Special:Contributions/Jon Harald Søby|Søby]] 20:01, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
:No objection too. [[User:Korg|Korg]] 22:06, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

==Wikimania notices==
How about removing the Wikimania registration notices (an event long over)? --[[User:Fang Aili|Fang Aili]] 18:11, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
==Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin==
Published by the Wikimania 2007 Taipei Team, ''[http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin]'' provides the latest news of the Team's organizing work to everyone who is interested in Wikimania; it also gives the Team chances to announce calls for help/participation, so assistance in human and other resources can be sought in a wider range. ''Team Bulletin'' is published at [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/  the official website of Wikimania 2007] and released to the public domain. [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061021 Issue 1] and [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061028 Issue 2] has already published.--[[User:218.166.212.246|218.166.212.246]] 01:49, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

==Font?==
It appears to be all question marks to me. [[User:204.52.215.107|204.52.215.107]] 04:04, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

[[cv:Википеди:Канашлу]]
[[mr:विकिपीडिआ:चावडी/प्रगती/जुनी चर्चा ६]]
[[new:विकिपिडिया:थ दबु]]
[[os:Википеди:Ныхас]]
[[roa-rup:Uichipedia:Fântâna]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:How to edit a page</title>
    <id>831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6214</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-28T16:52:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>12.172.37.45</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">To edit a page, first go to that page. If the link to it is red, it has not yet been created. That is OK. Click on the tab which says &quot;edit&quot;, which will have a box of text with formatting buttons on the top. If you are editing a Cherokee page there will be a copy of the syllabary for reference.

To make a link, put two square brackets around the name of the article and the link will be created for you.

Now that you have created your page, make a summary (optional) and click &quot;save page&quot;. You may need JavaScript enabled to do this.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:What is an article</title>
    <id>833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5011</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-11T15:56:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.186.144.226</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An article is a page about a specific topic, for example Japan ([[ᏂᎰᏂ]]). This page will have information about that topic.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers</title>
    <id>836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5014</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-11T16:14:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.186.144.226</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See the [[ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ]] for information on the Cherokee/ᏣᎳᎩ Wikipedia.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏎᎸᏯ</title>
    <id>837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5015</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-07T22:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᏎᎸᏈᏯ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wikiacc</title>
    <id>844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5022</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-31T19:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am a Wikipedia maniac with an account on the English site. I am not Cherokee. I only know a tiny bit of the language. I still want to contribute.

I originally worked on creating articles when I first arrived, but now here I tend toward infrastructure development and similar things.

A few projects run by me. Feel free to contribute.
*[[/List test]]

[[en:User:Wikiacc]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Nohat-Logo-X-chr.png</title>
    <id>845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7836</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T11:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Wikipedia Logo (cherokee)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Wiki.png</title>
    <id>846</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>5024</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-12T14:46:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>20040302</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cherokee Wikipedia Logo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Cherokee Wikipedia Logo</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎺᎢ</title>
    <id>848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9514</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-22T17:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hsb:Zjednoćene staty Ameriki]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᎺᎢ — ᎤᏴᏢᎢ-ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 290,000,000 ᎠᏂᎤᏁᎦ. It is governed by Executive, Legislative, and [[United States Supreme Court|Judicial]] branches.

[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb]]
[[Image:Map of USA showing unlabeled state boundaries.png|thumb]]

{{stub}}

but to

[[af:Verenigde State]]
[[als:USA]]
[[am:አሜሪካ]]
[[an:Estatos Unitos]]
[[ang:Geānlǣht Rīcu American]]
[[ar:الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية]]
[[ast:Estaos Xuníos d'América]]
[[az:Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları]]
[[bat-smg:JAV]]
[[be:Злучаныя Штаты Амэрыкі]]
[[bg:Съединени американски щати]]
[[bn:মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]]
[[bpy:তিলপারাষ্ট্র]]
[[br:Stadoù-Unanet Amerika]]
[[bs:Sjedinjene Američke Države]]
[[ca:Estats Units d'Amèrica]]
[[cs:Spojené státy americké]]
[[cv:Америкăри Пĕрлешӳллĕ Штатсем]]
[[cy:Unol Daleithiau America]]
[[da:USA]]
[[de:Vereinigte Staaten]]
[[dv:އެމެރިކާ]]
[[el:Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής]]
[[en:United States]]
[[eo:Usono]]
[[es:Estados Unidos de América]]
[[et:Ameerika Ühendriigid]]
[[eu:Amerikako Estatu Batuak]]
[[fa:ایالات متحدهٔ امریکا]]
[[fi:Yhdysvallat]]
[[fo:USA]]
[[fr:États-Unis d'Amérique]]
[[frp:Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica]]
[[fur:Stâts Unîts di Americhe]]
[[fy:Feriene Steaten]]
[[ga:Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]]
[[gd:Na Stàitean Aonaichte]]
[[gl:Estados Unidos de América - United States of America]]
[[gu:સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકા]]
[[ha:Amurika]]
[[he:ארצות הברית]]
[[hi:संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]
[[hr:Sjedinjene Američke Države]]
[[hsb:Zjednoćene staty Ameriki]]
[[ht:Etazini]]
[[hu:Amerikai Egyesült Államok]]
[[hy:Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգներ]]
[[ia:Statos Unite de America]]
[[id:Amerika Serikat]]
[[ilo:Estados Unidos iti America]]
[[io:Usa]]
[[is:Bandaríkin]]
[[it:Stati Uniti d'America]]
[[iu:ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ]]
[[ja:アメリカ合衆国]]
[[jbo:mergu'e]]
[[ka:ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატები]]
[[km:សហរដ្ឋ]]
[[kn:ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ]]
[[ko:미국]]
[[ks:संयुक्त राज्‍य अमेरिका]]
[[ku:Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê]]
[[kw:Statys Unys]]
[[la:Civitates Foederatae Americae]]
[[lb:Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika]]
[[lg:Amereka]]
[[li:Vereinegde State van Amerika]]
[[lt:JAV]]
[[lv:Amerikas Savienotās Valstis]]
[[mk:Соединети Американски Држави]]
[[ml:അമേരിക്കന്‍ ഐക്യനാടുകള്‍]]
[[mo:Стателе Уните але Америчий]]
[[mr:अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने]]
[[ms:Amerika Syarikat]]
[[mt:Stati Uniti]]
[[mus:USA]]
[[my:အမေရိကန္‌ပ္ရည္‌ေထာင္‌စု]]
[[nah:Tlahtocayotl In Cepanca ihuicpa America]]
[[nds:USA]]
[[nds-nl:Verienigde Staoten van Amerika]]
[[ne:संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]
[[nl:Verenigde Staten]]
[[nn:USA]]
[[no:Amerikas forente stater]]
[[nov:Unionati States de Amerika]]
[[nrm:Êtats Unnis d'Améthique]]
[[nv:Wááshindoon bikéyah ałhidadiidzooígíí]]
[[oc:Estats Units d'America]]
[[os:Америкæйы Иугонд Штаттæ]]
[[pam:United States]]
[[pdc:Amerikaa]]
[[pl:Stany Zjednoczone]]
[[ps:د امريکا متحده ايالات]]
[[pt:Estados Unidos da América]]
[[qu:Hukllachasqa Amirika Suyukuna]]
[[rm:Stadis Unids da l'America]]
[[rn:Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]]
[[ro:Statele Unite ale Americii]]
[[ru:Соединённые Штаты Америки]]
[[rw:Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]
[[sa:संयुक्त राज्‍य अमेरिका]]
[[scn:Stati Uniti]]
[[sco:Unitit States]]
[[se:Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtat]]
[[sh:Sjedinjene Američke Države]]
[[simple:United States]]
[[sk:Spojené štáty]]
[[sl:Združene države Amerike]]
[[sq:Shtetet e Bashkuara]]
[[sr:Сједињене Америчке Државе]]
[[su:Amérika Sarikat]]
[[sv:USA]]
[[sw:Marekani]]
[[ta:ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்]]
[[tg:Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико]]
[[th:สหรัฐอเมริกา]]
[[tl:Estados Unidos]]
[[tpi:Yunaitet Stets]]
[[tr:Amerika Birleşik Devletleri]]
[[ty:Fenua Marite]]
[[ug:ئامېرىكا قوشما شتاتلىرى]]
[[uk:Сполучені Штати Америки]]
[[ur:ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکہ]]
[[uz:Amerika Qo`shma Shtatlari]]
[[vec:Stati Unìi d'Amèrica]]
[[vi:Hoa Kỳ]]
[[vo:Lamerikän]]
[[wa:Estats Unis]]
[[yi:פאראייניקטע שטאטן פון אמעריקע]]
[[yo:Orílẹ̀-Èdè Amẹ́ríkà]]
[[za:Meijgoz]]
[[zh:美國]]
[[zh-classical:美國]]
[[zh-min-nan:Bí-kok]]
[[zh-yue:美國]]
[[zu:IMelika]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎠᎺᎢ</title>
    <id>849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7551</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T20:44:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Talk:234sd]] moved to [[Talk:ᎠᎺᎢ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Creation was just to make the page there. I intend on lengthening the article later but it is just a placeholder for now. [[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 15:50, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ</title>
    <id>853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5031</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-13T20:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>expand my old signature to full correct version</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I don't know much Cherokee - could someone please explain what the subject of this page is? [[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 16:02, 12 Jul 2004

==Source document?==
This appears to be a source document (of a part of the Cherokee-language Bible). If so it should probably not be included here, as per Wikipedia policy. (I know there is a policy of the type on en: and I think there is one on meta.) However, my ᏣᎳᎩ is absolutely horrible so could somebody clear this up? [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 20:01, 13 May 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9205</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[pl:Język czirokeski]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cherokee lang.png|thumb|200px|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]

[[ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ]] ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎩ ''polysynthetic'' [[ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]].

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|-
|  &amp;#x13ED;|| 13ED|| Wu
|-
|  &amp;#x13EE;|| 13EE|| Wv
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|-
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|}

==ᏳᏂᎪᏛ==

ᏣᎳᎩ [[Unicode|ᏳᏂᎪᏛ]]: U+13A0 - U+13F4.  

{|
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|}


{{stub}}

[[de:Cherokee (Sprache)]]
[[en:Cherokee language]]
[[eo:Ĉeroka lingvo]]
[[es:Idioma cheroqui]]
[[fr:Cherokee (langue)]]
[[it:Lingua cherokee]]
[[ja:チェロキー語]]
[[ko:체로키어]]
[[ms:Bahasa Cherokee]]
[[nl:Cherokee (taal)]]
[[pl:Język czirokeski]]
[[sv:Cherokesiska]]
[[zh:切羅基語]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)</title>
    <id>856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9530</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T17:00:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ml:ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎩᎵᏏ''' (ᏲᏁᎦ) [[ᎠᏨᏍᏘᏱ]] [[ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎩᎵᏏᏃ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ [[ᎠᎺᎢ]], ᎩᎵᏏ, [[ᎠᎤᏍᏞᎢᏯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

{{stub}}

[[af:Engels (taal)]]
[[als:Englische Sprache]]
[[am:እንግሊዝኛ]]
[[an:Idioma anglés]]
[[ang:Nīwu Englisc sprǣc]]
[[ar:لغة إنجليزية]]
[[arc:ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܣܝܐ]]
[[ast:Inglés]]
[[az:İngilis dili]]
[[be:Ангельская мова]]
[[bg:Английски език]]
[[bn:ইংরেজি ভাষা]]
[[bpy:ইংরেজি ঠার]]
[[br:Saozneg]]
[[bs:Engleski jezik]]
[[ca:Anglès]]
[[cs:Angličtina]]
[[cv:Акăлчан чĕлхи]]
[[cy:Saesneg]]
[[da:Engelsk (sprog)]]
[[de:Englische Sprache]]
[[el:Αγγλική γλώσσα]]
[[en:English language]]
[[eo:Angla lingvo]]
[[es:Idioma inglés]]
[[et:Inglise keel]]
[[eu:Ingeles]]
[[fa:زبان انگلیسی]]
[[fi:Englannin kieli]]
[[fo:Enskt mál]]
[[fr:Anglais]]
[[frp:Anglès]]
[[fur:Lenghe inglese]]
[[fy:Ingelsk]]
[[ga:Béarla]]
[[gd:A' Bheurla]]
[[gl:Lingua inglesa]]
[[got:𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰]]
[[gu:અંગ્રેજી ભાષા]]
[[gv:Baarle]]
[[he:אנגלית]]
[[hi:अंग्रेज़ी]]
[[hr:Engleski jezik]]
[[hsb:Jendźelšćina]]
[[hu:Angol nyelv]]
[[hy:Անգլերեն]]
[[ia:Anglese]]
[[id:Bahasa Inggris]]
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[[zu:IsiNgisi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:DarkFantasy</title>
    <id>857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5034</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-21T13:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>changed link to en: wikipedia into a wiki link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'll be updating this page sometime in the (possibly) near future =)

Until then, look at my [[:en:User:DarkFantasy|user page at the English Wikipedia]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ</title>
    <id>859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9506</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-20T11:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[diq:Wikipediya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] [[ᏣᎳᎩ]].
{{stub}}

[[af:Wikipedia]]
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[[zh-yue:維基百科]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:DarkFantasy</title>
    <id>860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5037</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-25T20:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DarkFantasy</username>
        <id>12</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Hello other ᏣᎳᎩ user. Just wondering: are you 68.110.71.34, or do you at least who the person is?
- [[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]]

** Sorry, no, I'm not 68.110.71.34, and I don't know who it is.  Why do you ask? --[[User:DarkFantasy|DarkFantasy]] 20:14, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:24.186.144.226</title>
    <id>862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5039</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-25T16:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.186.144.226</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Wikiacc]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏣᎳᎩ</title>
    <id>863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9206</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[cs:Cherokee]] Modifying: [[pt:Cherokees]], [[tr:Cherokee]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ethnic group|
|group=Cherokee
|image=&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Cherokeenationalflagpublicdomainimage.gif|none|200px]]
Flag of the Cherokee Nation
[[Image:UKBflag2.png|none|200px]]
Flag of the United Keetoowah Band
[[Image:Easternbandcherokeeflag.png|none|200px]]
Flag of the Eastern Band Cherokee
|poptime=729,533 (2000)
|popplace=Enrolled members:&lt;br&gt;
[[Cherokee Nation|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]], Oklahoma (f):&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 250,000+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]], Oklahoma (f):&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 10,000&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]], North Carolina (f):&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 10,000+&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;(f) = federally recognized &lt;br&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|rels=Christianity(Southern Baptist),Traditional Ah-ni-yv-wi-ya
|langs=[[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]], [[Cherokee language|ᏣᎳᎩ]]
|related=[[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]], [[Five Civilized Tribes|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ]], [[Tuscarora (tribe)|Tuscarora]]
}}

:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Cherokee (disambiguation)|ᏣᎳᎩ (disambiguation)]].''

ᎯᎠ '''ᏣᎳᎩ''', ᎠᎴ [[Image:Cher.JPG]] (Unicode: ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ) (''ah-Ꮒ-yv-wi-Ꮿ'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee language|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎦᎪ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[16th century|16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Eastern United States|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] iyuwakodi ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ forcefully ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Ozark]] ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Five Civilized Tribes|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ]].

==ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ==
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ 250,000 [[Native Americans in the United States|ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ]] ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]] (ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Nation|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Cherokee, North Carolina|ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] ([[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]]). ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Missouri]] ᎠᎴ [[Alabama]]. ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arkansas|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ]], [[Missouri]], [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

[[1984]] KJRH-TV [[television documentary|ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]], &quot;''ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ''&quot; explored ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Keetoowah Nighthawk Society|Keetoowah Nighthawk ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ceremonies ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. Redbird ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Nighthawk ᎨᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ revitalized ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Keetoowah ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ, &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; (ᏣᎳᎩ) - ᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎾᏓᏛᏁᎸ phonetically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Portuguese (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ''barranquenho'' ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Soto]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''chalaque'', ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''cheraqui'', ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᏣᎳᎩ''.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ &quot;r&quot; ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮳ-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-Ꭹ (ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Jah-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-gee ᎠᎴ Cha-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-gee) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ trilled &quot;r&quot; ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ Europeans ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴ Spanish ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Georgia ᎠᎴ Alabama ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1700s.  ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni|Ah-Ꮒ-ku-Ꮤ-Ꮒ]] ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ 'r' ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Choctaw]] ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Choctaw ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;Cha-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-kee&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ''Ah-Ꮒ-yv-wi-Ꮿ'' (ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏴᏫ&quot;). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎪᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ.

==ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi==
{{main|Cherokee language}}

[[Image:Sequoyah.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sequoyah]]
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᎬ [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[syllabary]] ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sequoyah]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Syllabary Ꮎ predated Sequoyah ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Ani Kutani|ᎠᏂ Kutani]], ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ transliterated ᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ intercompatible ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ syllabary. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ [[Unicode]], ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ experiencing ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-unicode ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ online ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ online ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Phoenix|ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]]. 

[[Image:Cherokee_Syllabary.png]]

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#AAAAAA&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse; margin-left: 12px&quot;
|--
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#fee8ab&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| '''U.S. Population'''&lt;ref&gt;Population figures (rounded off) from Russell Thornton, ''American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 115.; 1990 population figure from the [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_006500_cherokee.htm ''Encyclopedia of North American Indians'']; 2000 population from a [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2002-02-13-indians.htm USA Today news story], which explains that the 2000 population figure increased so dramatically because of a greater effort to count everybody, and because multi-racial people were, for the first time, able to identify themselves as belonging to more than one group.&lt;/ref&gt;
|--
| style=&quot;background: #fff6d9;&quot; | '''Year'''
| style=&quot;background: #fff6d9;&quot; | '''Population'''
|--
| 1650
| align=right | 22,000
|--
| 1808
| align=right | 13,000
|--
| 1835
| align=right | 21,500
|--
| 1850
| align=right | 16,000
|--
| 1890
| align=right | 28,000
|--
| 1910
| align=right | 31,500
|--
| 1970
| align=right | 66,000&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;
|--
| 1980
| align=right | 232,000&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;
|--
| 1990
| align=right | 308,132&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;
|--
| 2000
| align=right | 729,533&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;
|--
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #fff6d9;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;*new counting methods used&lt;/small&gt;
|}

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unified ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ interrelated ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ&quot; Moytoy, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Alexander Cumming.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1730, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Moytoy Tellico ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.  Moytoy ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ recognise ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, George ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ.  ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ atsinuqowisgv Moytoy ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ avuncular ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ.   
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[American Revolutionary War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ]] (ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1700s), ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏗᎳᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ treaties, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ Missouri. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Francis ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ 1800. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ boundaries ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Chickamauga (tribe)|ᏥᎧᎹᎩ]]. ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Dragging Canoe|Dragging ᏥᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᏥᎧᎹᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Shawnee (tribe)|Shawnee]] ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ lyudetiyvda ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ. ᏐᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ, Sequoyah, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Dutch.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ Washington, D.C., ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ. ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ: ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. yvwatuwidv 1828, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ disobeyed ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ lobbied ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ignored ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Missouri ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ Conquered&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Northrup, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas E. ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ, &quot;ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ James Mooney)

[[Image:Chief John Ross.jpg|left|thumb|150px|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross]], c. [[1840]]]]
[[John Ross (Cherokee chief)|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ emigrated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Scotland ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ-ᎩᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Scotland. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1809. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1820, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1828 ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ iyuwakodi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1866.

ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ tsuqagutanvsv ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Georgia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Carolinas ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gold rush|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ]] yvwatuwidv [[Dahlonega, Georgia]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830'. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: [[Indian Removal|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], [[Cherokee Nation v. Georgia|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ v. Georgia]], ᎠᎴ [[Trail of Tears|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ  ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ]].

Samuel ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ''ᏣᎳᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ'', ᎪᏪᎵᎠ, &quot;ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ... ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ-walled ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ fanned atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, invading ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎲ iyuwakodi ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ prodded ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, threatened ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ resisted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Samuel ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ''ᏣᎳᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ: ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Betrayed'' (ᎢᏤ York: Doubleday, 1976, ISBN 0385067356), p. 232.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ [[Amazing Grace|Amazing ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, Amazing ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

[[Image:CNCourthouse1800.jpg|right|thumb|350px|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 1800'.]]
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ [[Indian Territory|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]] (ᎾᏊ [[Oklahoma|ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]]), ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ [[Blood Law|ᎩᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ignored. ᎾᎿ [[June 22|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 22]], [[1839]], ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ tribal ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ signers ᎯᎠ [[Treaty of New Echota|ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ  ᎢᏤ Echota]] ᎨᏒᎩ assassinated, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ drafter ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, [[Major Ridge|ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ]], ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[John Ridge|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏣᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)|Elias Boudinot]]. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ 15 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ [[civil war|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ survivors ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Stand Watie|ᎦᏙᎬ Watie]], ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ [[Confederate States of America|ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]] ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ&quot; Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ treaties ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1848]] ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ [[California]] ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Arkansas River|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ]] upstream [[Rocky Mountains|Rocky ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ [[Colorado]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᏙᏓᎸ northward ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ [[Wyoming]] ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ westward. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Trail|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ undertook [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᎤᏚᎩ ᎦᎬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California, ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, noticing [[placer mining|placer]] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tributaries ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Platte. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Colorado Gold Rush|Colorado ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ]] [[1859]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Trail of Tears|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ  ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ]].  William Holland Thomas, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Jackson County, North Carolina|Jackson ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Qualla ᎦᏚᎲ (ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ [[Cherokee, North Carolina|ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]]) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina citizenship.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 400 ᏐᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ hid ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ Snowbird ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Graham County, North Carolina|Graham ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leadership Tsali[http://www.cherokee-nc.com/history.php?Name=Tsali] (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ''[[Unto These Hills|Unto ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ]]'' ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ, NC).  ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ.  atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ Thomas, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ mustered ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 2,000 ansigaya ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Virginia, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏓᏚᏓᎸ[http://www.cherokee-nc.com/history.php?Name=Will%20Thomas]. Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ capturing [[Waynesville, North Carolina|Waynesville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] ᎾᎿ [[May 9|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 9]], [[1865]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.  ᎪᎯ, ᏔᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Stand Watie|ᎦᏙᎬ Watie]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 23, 1865, ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ.

[[Image:CherokeeOTSA.PNG|thumb|right|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Tribal ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎯᎠ [[Dawes Act|Dawes ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] 1887 ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tribal ᎦᏙᎯ alenvdidsv. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Curtis ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ [[1898]], ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ governmental iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎩ abolished ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ tribal ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ Statehood ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1907]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ leadership ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ convened ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1938]] ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ J. B. Milam ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Franklin Delano Roosevelt ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1941]]. 

[[Image:CNCourthouse1913.jpg|left|thumb|350px|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ 1913.]]
W. W. Keeler ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1949]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ W. W. Keeler ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[President Nixon|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Nixon]]. Keeler, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Phillips ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ succeeded ᎾᎥᎢ Ross Swimmer, [[Wilma Mankiller]], Joe Byrd ᎠᎴ [[Chad &quot;Corntassel&quot; Smith|Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Indian Reorganization Act|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] [[1934]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
“

==ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ  ==
[[Image:CNCourthouse.jpg|right|200px|thumb|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ[http://cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=commissions&amp;commission=CCC&amp;ID=THdmeJ7XRJo=]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi ᎤᎭ excelled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ugatohvsvi uprecedented ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leadership ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Chief Chad Smith|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ casino ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ [[Cherokee Nation Enterprises|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]], ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ contractor Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ.  

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ clinics ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, contributed ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ universities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, instilled ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[Gadugi]] ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-utugi gvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, revitalized ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ.  

[[Image:CherokeeWarriorsMemorial.jpg|left|thumb|125px|ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Pavalion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ 80,000 90,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ festivities.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Phoenix|ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]], tribal newpapers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1828, ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎦ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Sequoyah Syllabary.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Heritage Center|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Sundance ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, Utah, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi particpate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Wes Studi]].

===ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1992 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ-Tribal Environmental ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ([http://www.itecmembers.org/ ITEC]).ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ITEC ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ITEC ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ environmental ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ environmental ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎾᏊ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᏐᏁᎳ (39) ITEC ᎨᎳ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎢᏤ Mexico, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏓᎩ.

===ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ Controversies===
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ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 7, 2006, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ African ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Dawes ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s [http://www.cherokee.org/docs/news/Freedman-Decision.pdf].  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ viewed ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ racially ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ Freedmen ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ Citizenship ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ viewed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ freedmen ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Dawes ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900'.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎤᎭ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ Freedmen; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ Delaware ᎩᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ treaties ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ugatohvsv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ Statehood ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ upheld ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ammendments ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ Freedman ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ [[http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=chief&amp;ID=/aoDJcgHYwk=]].  ᎾᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ  ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎬ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Freedman ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ contributed ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᏐᎢ traditionalists ᎤᎭ asserted Ꮎ Freedmen ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ CNO.

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ===
[[Image:UKBflag2.png|right|200px]]
ᎯᎠ [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ceding tribal ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ unulvngi ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dismissed. ᎯᎠ UKB ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ HR ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv 3534, ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ Riverbed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ utlnvgi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ HR ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv 3534 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ruled ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏜᎩ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ casino ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ casinos), ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᏏᏇ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ tribal ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ casinos. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ dismissed, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ruled ᎯᎠ UKB ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ UKB ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ iyuwakodi ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ garnered ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ. ᎯᎠ UKB ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ UKB casino ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ reacted unfavorably ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏛᏍᎬᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ UKB. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ &quot;ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ. Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ criticized ᎯᎠ UKB ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ disgracing ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ behaving ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ &quot;ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ Societies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ UKB, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ democratic societies ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ UKB ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ criticized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ revered ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

===ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ===
[[Image:Easternbandcherokeeflag.png|right|200px]]
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ participated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cultural ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ Tribal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ involving councilers ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.  ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Keetoowah ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]] adversarial ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]] ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ unified ᎠᏓᏅᏙ [[Gadugi]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.  '''ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ-hi-yu-Ꭹ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ  ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ.  ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ '''ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ-hi-yu-Ꭹ''' ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

===ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ===

ᎾᎿ [[June 14|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 14]] [[2004]], ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Tribal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ [[gay marriage|ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ lesbian ᎠᏂᏔᎵ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏲᏒ ᎾᎿ [[May 13|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 13]]. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ outlawed ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[referendum]] ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004. ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎨᏒᎩ consulted ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. {{citation needed}}  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ. {{citation needed}} ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ &quot;ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ&quot; ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ cohabitate ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ. {{citation needed}} ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ.  {{citation needed}} ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi. {{citation needed}}

===ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Joe Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ 1997 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Controversies===
[[Image:JoeByrdBIA-USGImage1.gif|thumb|right|300px|ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1998 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, Joe Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ BIA ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎤᎦᏔᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ rooftops onto ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ  ᏣᎳᎩ lyudetiyvda, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ  BIA helicopter circled ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.]]
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Joe Byrd, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ 1995 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.  ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᏗᏲᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ wiretapping, ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. 

'''Joe Byrd''' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1995 1999 ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Chad &quot;Corntassel&quot; Smith|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1999 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee Nation|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ugatohvsvi nationwide ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ, ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ, ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.  Joe Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎤᏒᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ orchestrated ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ boarded ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ. Byrd ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Joe Byrd (Cherokee Chief)|Joe Byrd (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ)]].

== ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Sequoyah]], ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi. Sequoyah ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ [[writing system|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. Sequoyah ᎥᏝ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎧᏁᎬ, ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. [[Nancy Ward|Nancy ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. 

ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Chad &quot;Corntassel&quot; Smith|Chad &quot;ᎤᏥᏣᏔ&quot; ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], [[Wilma Mankiller]] ᎠᎴ [[Ross Swimmer]]. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ-ᏅᏯ guitarist [[Jimi Hendrix]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏏ, Nora ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ Moore. [[Oral Roberts|ᎧᏁᏨᎯ Roberts]], ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1990s, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ Choctaw ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏣᎳᎩ. 

===ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ===
{{sources}}
*[[Joe Byrd (Cherokee Chief)|Joe Byrd]], ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏗᎧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1990s ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deployment ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Tribal ᏗᎦᏙᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ.
*[[Bryan Callen]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Charisma Carpenter|Charisma ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Brad Carson|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Carson]], ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, Tribal ᎨᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[Ned Christie]], ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ ᎠᎴ Frontiersman ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ, Tribal ᎨᎳ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[Rita Coolidge]], ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ
*[[Jeff Davis Tahchee Cypert]], aka [[Chief Tahachee|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Tahachee]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Jerry Ellis]], nominated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1991 ᎪᏪᎵ ''ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ''
*ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ [[Ernest E. Evans]], Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ WWII ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ; awarded ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ
*[[John Nance Garner|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Nance ᎠᏓᎾᏅ]], ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᏔᎵᏁ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ
*[[Diane Glancy]], ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ
*[[Hawk Littlejohn|ᏔᏬᏗ Littlejohn]], [[Native American flute|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏤᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ
*[[Arnold Kimsey King|Arnold Kimsey ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]], [[University of North Carolina|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] administrator ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Thomas King|Thomas ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]], ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Sonny Landham]], Hollywood ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ
*[[Karen McDougal]][http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/playboy_video_centerfold_karen_mcdougal/dvd.php?select=3], ''[[Playboy]]'' [[Playmate|ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]]
*[[Jeffrey Vernon Merkey]], ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ Novell, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Multiprocessor NetWare ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi, Tribal ᎨᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[Charlie Musselwhite]], ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ bandleader
*[[Jimi Hendrix]], ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, guitarist
*[[Chuck Norris|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Norris]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Martial art|ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]]
*[[John Phillips (musician)|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Phillips]], ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏥ &amp; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᏓ
*[[Jay Red Eagle|ᏜᏴᎦ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏬᎭᎵ]], ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ flutist, Tribal ᎨᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[John Red Hat Duke (Keetoowah Leader)|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ alisquetuwo ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ (Keetoowah ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ)]] - ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ Keetoowah ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, tribal ᎨᎳ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[Burt Reynolds]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᏣᎳᎩ.
*[[Will Rogers|ᏫᎵ Rogers]], ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᎴ entertainer [http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/fed-indian-policy/]
*[[Keetoowah Nighthawk Society|Redbird ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ, Tribal ᎨᎳ, UKB
*[[Wes Studi]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ (ᎧᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ) Tribal ᎨᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
*[[Johnny Depp]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ/ᎦᏁᎳ/ᎠᏓᏥ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ)
*[[Don Frye|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ Frye]], [[mixed martial arts|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ [[professional wrestler|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]] (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ/ᎦᏁᎳ/Pensylvania Dutch ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ)

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[http://www.southerncherokeenation.net Southern Cherokee Nation]
*[[Cherokee society|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
*[[Cherokee mythology|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
*[[Cherokee Clans|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎦᏯ]]
*[[Cherokee Moons Ceremonies|ᏣᎳᎩ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ Ceremonies]]
*[[Cherokee Scout Reservation|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ]]
*[[Unto These Hills|Unto ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ]]
*[[Trail of Tears|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ  ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ]]
*[[Ani-kutani|ᎠᏂ-kutani]]
*[[Cherokee black drink|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ]]
*[[Stomp Dance|Stomp ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ]]
*[[Gadugi]]
*[[Cherokee Nation Warriors Society|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
*[[Keetoowah Nighthawk Society|Keetoowah Nighthawk ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
*[[Original Keetoowah Society|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ Keetoowah ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;references /&gt;


==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
* [[Robert Conley]], ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ UKB. ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ: ''ᎣᏓᎸ Windsong,'' ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ Goingsnake ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ,'' ᎠᎴ ''Ned Christie ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ.''[http://www.hanksville.org/storytellers/conley/]
* {{cite book|title=Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation|author=[[John Ehle|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ehle]]|publisher=Anchor Books|year=1988|id=ISBN 0-385-23954-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Mankiller: A Chief and Her People|author=[[Wilma Mankiller]], [[Michael Wallis]]|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|year=1999|id=ISBN 0-312-20662-3}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Deborah L. Duvall]]|title=Tahlequah: And the Cherokee Nation|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2000|id=ISBN 0738507822 }}
* {{cite book|author=[[John R. Finger|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ R. ᎦᏰᏌᏛ]]|title=Cherokee Americans: The Eastern Band of Cherokees in the Twentieth Century|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=1993|id=ISBN 0-803-26879-3}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Sarah H. Hill|Sarah H. ᎦᏚᏏ]]|title=Weaving New Worlds: Southeastern Cherokee Women and Their Basketry|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1997|id=ISBN 0-807-84650-3}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Jack Kilpatrick|ᏤᎩ Kilpatrick]] and [[Anna Gritts Kilpatrick]]|title=Friends of Thunder: Folktales of the Oklahoma Cherokees|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1995|id=ISBN 0-806-12722-8}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Howard Meredith]] and [[Mary Ellen Meredith]]|title=Reflection on Cherokee Literary Expression|publisher=Edwin Mellon Press|year=2003|id=ISBN 0-773-46763-7}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Rennard Stickland]]|title=Fire and the Spirits: Cherokee Law from Clan to Court|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1982|id=ISBN 0-806-11619-6}}

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.lostworlds.org/ocmulgee_videos.html LostWorlds.org | Cherokee Traditional Dancing Videos]
*[http://www.cherokee.org The Cherokee Nation]
*[http://www.unitedkeetoowahband.org/ United Keetoowah Band]
*[http://www.cherokee-nc.com/ Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (official site)]
*[http://www.lostcherokeenation.com The Lost Cherokee Nation of Arkansas and Missouri] (nota ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ)
*[http://www.comanchelodge.com/chickamauga-cherokee.html Arkansas Cherokee Indian Genealogy And History]
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/J84xSIx2x1xv07/ Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1885/86)], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ &quot;Midê'wiwin, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ Ojibwa, ᎾᎥᎢ W. J. Hoffman ᎠᎴ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ James Mooney
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/J84xSIx2x1xv19a/ Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1897/98: pt.1)], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ James Mooney
*[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2722 New Georgia Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.secci.com SouthEastern Cherokee]
*[http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/search/hb586.htm Bill for Recognition of SouthEastern Cherokee]
*[http://cherokee.oshkosh.net American Cherokee Confederacy]
*[http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2005_06/fulltext/sb212.htm Bill for Recognition of American Cherokee Confederacy]

[[Category:Native American tribes]]
[[Category:Cherokee tribe| ]]

[[ca:Cherokee (poble)]]
[[cs:Cherokee]]
[[da:Cherokee (folk)]]
[[de:Cherokee]]
[[en:Cherokee]]
[[eo:Ĉerokoj]]
[[es:Cheroqui]]
[[eu:Txeroki]]
[[fa:چروکی]]
[[fi:Cherokeet]]
[[fr:Cherokee]]
[[hr:Čeroki]]
[[it:Cherokee]]
[[ja:チェロキー]]
[[ko:체로키족]]
[[nl:Cherokee]]
[[no:Cherokee]]
[[pl:Czirokezi]]
[[pt:Cherokees]]
[[ru:Чероки]]
[[sh:Cherokee]]
[[simple:Cherokee]]
[[sv:Cherokeser]]
[[tr:Cherokee]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Community Portal</title>
    <id>864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5041</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-02T16:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikipedia:Community Portal moved to ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Protection log</title>
    <id>865</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>5042</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:30:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>unprotected [[ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;03:30, 28 Aug 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] unprotected [[ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ]]&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;21:00, 2 Aug 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] protected [[ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ]] &lt;em&gt;(Main page, of course)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;19:05, 2 Aug 2004 [[User:Angela|Angela]] protected [[Image:Wiki.png]] &lt;em&gt;(Now used as the site&amp;#39;s logo so needs to remain protected as explained at http&amp;#58;//meta.wikimedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Requests_for_logos)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Angela</title>
    <id>866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7894</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T14:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[User:Sadgadshasdh]] moved to [[User:Angela]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[en:User:Angela]]
[[:en:User:Angela]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Suisui</title>
    <id>867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5044</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T04:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suisui</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[ja:利用者:Suisui]] [[m:User:Suisui]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Suisui</title>
    <id>868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5045</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T04:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suisui</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi I'm Suisui usually active on ja.wikipedia.
If you have any message, write it [[:m:User talk:Suisui]] please.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᎤᎦ</title>
    <id>871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8631</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T18:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ aircraft, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[De Havilland Chipmunk|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Havilland ᎩᎤᎦ]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Chipmunks
| image = chipmunk.jpg
| image_width = 200px
|image_caption = ''[[Tamias striatus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| familia = [[Sciuridae]]
| tribus = [[Marmotini]]
| genus = '''''Tamias'''''
| genus_authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
23 species, see text
}}

'''ᎩᎤᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏍᏗ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[rodent]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ '''''Tamias''''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Sciuridae]]. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 23 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern [[Asia]], ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ spelled &quot;chitmunk&quot; (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''ajidamoo'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ cited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oxford ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1842) ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;chipmonk&quot;. ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ &quot;chipmuck&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;chipminck&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ striped ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Spermophilus]]'', ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ''Tamias'' ᎠᎴ ''Spermophilus'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ 13 [[genus|genera]] ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Sciuridae|sciurids]]. 

ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ tuya aniladisgi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ bulging atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[omnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ' ᏧᏪᏥ, fungi, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ stockpile ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]]. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[larder-hoarder|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[scatter-hoarder|ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ]]. ᎠᏓᎾᏅ hoarders ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ iyuwakodi [[spring (season)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[forest|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] [[ecosystem]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ activities ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[seedling|ᎠᏲᎵ]] ᎪᏢᏒᎢ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[fungi]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ symbiotic mycorrhizal ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dispersal ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ [[sporocarps]] (truffles) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[mycophagous]] gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᎩᎤᎦ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ opportunistic predators ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ [[nestling|ᎠᏲᎵ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Oregon]], [[Mountain Bluebird|ᎣᏓᎸ ᏣᏉᎳᏕ]](''Siala currucoides'') ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ energetically mobbing ᎩᎤᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ [[burrow|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ 
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᏍᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai ᎢᏳᏗᎾ
ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏚᏓᏅᏗᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ rodents, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ bacterial ᎥᏳᎩ.
==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
*[[Alpine Chipmunk|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias alpinus'' 
*[[Yellow pine Chipmunk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏃᏥ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias amoenus'' 
*[[Gray-footed Chipmunk|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias canipes'' 
*[[Gray-Collared Chipmunk|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-Collared ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias cinereicollis'' 
*[[Cliff Chipmunk|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias dorsalis'' 
*[[Merriam's Chipmunk|Merriam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias merriami''  
*[[Least Chipmunk|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias minimus''  
*[[California Chipmunk|California ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias obscurus'' 
*[[Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-cheeked ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias ochrogenys'' 
*[[Palmer's Chipmunk|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias palmeri''  
*[[Panamint Chipmunk|Panamint ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias panamintinus''  
*[[Long-eared Chipmunk|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-eared ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias quadrimaculatus'' 
*[[Colorado Chipmunk|Colorado ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias quadrivittatus'' 
*[[Red-Tailed Chipmunk|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias ruficaudus''  
*[[Hopi Chipmunk|Hopi ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias rufus''  
*[[Allen's Chipmunk|Allen ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias senex''  
*[[Siberian Chipmunk|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias sibiricus'' 
*[[Siskiyou Chipmunk|Siskiyou ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias siskiyou''  
*[[Sonoma Chipmunk|Sonoma ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias sonomae''  
*[[Lodgepole Chipmunk|Lodgepole ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias speciosus'' 
*[[Eastern Chipmunk|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias striatus''  
*[[Townsend's Chipmunk|Townsend ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias townsendii'' 
*[[Uinta Chipmunk|Uinta ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias umbrinus''

==ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==

===(Alvin ᎠᎴ) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1958]] [[Ross Bagdasarian]] (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᎥ [[David Seville]], ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Seville, Spain]]) ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; (&quot;ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ&quot;), ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏦᎢ-ᎢᎦᏛ nvwatohiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ cartoony ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ &quot;Alvin&quot;, &quot;Simon&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;Theodore&quot; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ [[Grammy Award|Grammy ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ&quot; ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[The Chipmunks|David Seville &amp; ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ]]&quot; ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1961]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[animation|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] [[television series|television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ]], ''ᎯᎠ Alvin ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ regained ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[1980s]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ Bagdasarian ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ [[Ross Bagdasarian, Jr.|Ross Jr.]]. ᎢᏤ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks|Alvin ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ]]'', debuted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1983]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (''ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ'', [[1987]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[direct-to-video|ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ--video]] ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1990s]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ. Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Dave, Alvin, ᎠᎴ Simon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ [[Janice Karman]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Theodore ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ Chipettes.

===Walt Disney===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ''[[The Emperor's New Groove|ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]]'', ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Kronk ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. Walt Disney ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎩᎤᎦ, [[Chip and Dale|ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1940'.

===ᏐᎢ===
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Flash cartoon|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] &quot;[[Happy Tree Friends|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ colourful ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.)

== ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:leastchipmunk.jpg|Least Chipmunk, ''Tamias minimus''
Image:Least Chipmunk1.jpg|Least Chipmunk (''Tamias minimus'')
Image:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|[[Siberian Chipmunk]] ''Tamias sibiricus''
Image:Chipmunkcanada rs 300x.jpg|Chipmunk, Western Canada, Rocky Mountains
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==

*Nichols, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ D. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Nyholm (1995). ''ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ Minnesota Ojibwe''. Minneapolis: ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Minnesota ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==

*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=chipmunk&amp;searchmode=none Etymology Online: Chipmunk]

[[Category:Squirrels]]

[[de:Streifenhörnchen]]
[[fr:Tamia]]
[[it:Tamias]]
[[lt:Burundukai]]
[[nl:Chipmunks]]
[[pl:Pręgowce]]
[[ru:Бурундук]]
[[simple:Chipmunk]]
[[fi:Maaoravat]]
[[chr:ᎩᎤᎦ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᏳᎦ</title>
    <id>872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9520</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T18:26:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[da:Jordegern]], [[sv:Jordekorrar]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ aircraft, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[De Havilland Chipmunk|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Havilland ᎩᎤᎦ]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Chipmunks
| image = Chipmunk 2006.jpg
| image_width = 200px
|image_caption = ''[[Tamias striatus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| familia = [[Sciuridae]]
| tribus = [[Marmotini]]
| genus = '''''Tamias'''''
| genus_authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
23 species, see text
}}

'''ᎩᎤᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏍᏗ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[rodent]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ '''''Tamias''''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Sciuridae]]. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 23 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern [[Asia]], ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ spelled &quot;chitmunk&quot; (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''ajidamoo'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ cited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oxford ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1842) ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;chipmonk&quot;. ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ &quot;chipmuck&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;chipminck&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ striped ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Spermophilus]]'', ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ''Tamias'' ᎠᎴ ''Spermophilus'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ 13 [[genus|genera]] ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Sciuridae|sciurids]]. 

ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ tuya aniladisgi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ bulging atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[omnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ' ᏧᏪᏥ, fungi, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ stockpile ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]]. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[larder-hoarder|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[scatter-hoarder|ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ]]. ᎠᏓᎾᏅ hoarders ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ iyuwakodi [[spring (season)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[forest|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] [[ecosystem]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ activities ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[seedling|ᎠᏲᎵ]] ᎪᏢᏒᎢ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[fungi]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ symbiotic mycorrhizal ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dispersal ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ [[sporocarps]] (truffles) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[mycophagous]] gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᎩᎤᎦ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ opportunistic predators ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ [[nestling|ᎠᏲᎵ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Oregon]], [[Mountain Bluebird|ᎣᏓᎸ ᏣᏉᎳᏕ]](''Siala currucoides'') ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ energetically mobbing ᎩᎤᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ [[burrow|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ 
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᏍᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai ᎢᏳᏗᎾ
ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏚᏓᏅᏗᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ rodents, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ bacterial ᎥᏳᎩ.
==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
*[[Alpine Chipmunk|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias alpinus'' 
*[[Yellow pine Chipmunk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏃᏥ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias amoenus'' 
*[[Gray-footed Chipmunk|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias canipes'' 
*[[Gray-Collared Chipmunk|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-Collared ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias cinereicollis'' 
*[[Cliff Chipmunk|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias dorsalis'' 
*[[Merriam's Chipmunk|Merriam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias merriami''  
*[[Least Chipmunk|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias minimus''  
*[[California Chipmunk|California ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias obscurus'' 
*[[Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-cheeked ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias ochrogenys'' 
*[[Palmer's Chipmunk|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias palmeri''  
*[[Panamint Chipmunk|Panamint ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias panamintinus''  
*[[Long-eared Chipmunk|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-eared ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias quadrimaculatus'' 
*[[Colorado Chipmunk|Colorado ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias quadrivittatus'' 
*[[Red-Tailed Chipmunk|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias ruficaudus''  
*[[Hopi Chipmunk|Hopi ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias rufus''  
*[[Allen's Chipmunk|Allen ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias senex''  
*[[Siberian Chipmunk|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias sibiricus'' 
*[[Siskiyou Chipmunk|Siskiyou ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias siskiyou''  
*[[Sonoma Chipmunk|Sonoma ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias sonomae''  
*[[Lodgepole Chipmunk|Lodgepole ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias speciosus'' 
*[[Eastern Chipmunk|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias striatus''  
*[[Townsend's Chipmunk|Townsend ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias townsendii'' 
*[[Uinta Chipmunk|Uinta ᎩᎤᎦ]], ''Tamias umbrinus''

==ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==

===(Alvin ᎠᎴ) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1958]] [[Ross Bagdasarian]] (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᎥ [[David Seville]], ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Seville, Spain]]) ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; (&quot;ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ&quot;), ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏦᎢ-ᎢᎦᏛ nvwatohiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ cartoony ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ &quot;Alvin&quot;, &quot;Simon&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;Theodore&quot; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ [[Grammy Award|Grammy ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ&quot; ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[The Chipmunks|David Seville &amp; ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ]]&quot; ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1961]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[animation|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] [[television series|television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ]], ''ᎯᎠ Alvin ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ regained ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[1980s]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ Bagdasarian ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ [[Ross Bagdasarian, Jr.|Ross Jr.]]. ᎢᏤ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks|Alvin ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ]]'', debuted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1983]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (''ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ'', [[1987]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[direct-to-video|ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ--video]] ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1990s]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ. Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Dave, Alvin, ᎠᎴ Simon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ [[Janice Karman]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Theodore ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ Chipettes.

===Walt Disney===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ''[[The Emperor's New Groove|ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]]'', ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Kronk ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. Walt Disney ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎩᎤᎦ, [[Chip and Dale|ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1940'.

===ᏐᎢ===
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Flash cartoon|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] &quot;[[Happy Tree Friends|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ colourful ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.)

== ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:leastchipmunk.jpg|Least Chipmunk, ''Tamias minimus''
Image:Least Chipmunk1.jpg|Least Chipmunk (''Tamias minimus'')
Image:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|[[Siberian Chipmunk]] ''Tamias sibiricus''
Image:Chipmunkcanada rs 300x.jpg|Chipmunk, Western Canada, Rocky Mountains
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==

*Nichols, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ D. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Nyholm (1995). ''ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ Minnesota Ojibwe''. Minneapolis: ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Minnesota ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==

*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=chipmunk&amp;searchmode=none Etymology Online: Chipmunk]

[[Category:Squirrels]]

[[cr:ᔖᔖᑯᓂᑯᒑᔥ]]
[[da:Jordegern]]
[[de:Streifenhörnchen]]
[[en:Chipmunk]]
[[fi:Maaoravat]]
[[fr:Tamia]]
[[it:Tamias]]
[[ja:シマリス]]
[[lt:Burundukai]]
[[nl:Chipmunks]]
[[pl:Pręgowce]]
[[ru:Сибирский бурундук]]
[[simple:Chipmunk]]
[[sv:Jordekorrar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎩᏳᎦ</title>
    <id>873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8042</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-10T13:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One question: Will we use Latin names in classification or Cherokee?
For Example: ᎦᎾᏝᎢ or Animalia?
==response==
I think it's appropriate to use Latin letters for the Latin scientific names because (1) Latin is a foreign language and (2) it is difficult, if not impossible, to convey precisely the Latin sounds with the Cherokee syllabary (3) it is customary in all languages to use Latin for scientific classification of plants and animals. --[[User:Aaron Walden|Aaron Walden]] 13:48, 10 February 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Chipmunk.png</title>
    <id>877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5054</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T17:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrahnTelpefin</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Chipmunkcanada rs 300x.jpg</title>
    <id>878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5055</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T17:32:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrahnTelpefin</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Leastchipmunk.jpg</title>
    <id>879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5056</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T17:32:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrahnTelpefin</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Domain</title>
    <id>880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5057</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏙᎹᏂ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Regnum</title>
    <id>881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5058</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎴᎬᎾᎻ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Phylum</title>
    <id>882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5059</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:21:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏆᎢᎳᎻ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Classis</title>
    <id>883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5060</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:22:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏗᎦᎪᏗ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ordo</title>
    <id>884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5061</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:23:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎣᎸᏙ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Familia</title>
    <id>885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5062</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-03T19:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrahnTelpefin</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏥᏓᎾᎷ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Genus</title>
    <id>886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5063</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>68.217.47.235</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎨᏄᏍ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ - ᎹᏚ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ</title>
    <id>888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5064</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ - ᎹᏚ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ moved to ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ - ᎹᏚ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ</title>
    <id>889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5065</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Talk:ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ - ᎹᏚ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ moved to Talk:ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:Cwynewtestament.JPG</title>
    <id>890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5066</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-28T03:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sandbox</title>
    <id>891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7873</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T02:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit of 201.129.129.126, changed back to last version by Node ue</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:ᏃᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Taxonomy</title>
    <id>892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5068</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-22T08:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>213.84.220.225</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Scientific Classification|Scientific Classification:]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Species</title>
    <id>893</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5069</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-22T08:36:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>213.84.220.225</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Species|Species:]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R Scientific Name</title>
    <id>894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5070</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-22T08:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>213.84.220.225</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&amp;nbsp;
----
This is a redirection from the Scientific name of a group of organisms to the Cherokee name.

e.g. [[Tamias]] redirects to [[ᎩᏳᎦ]].

[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:R Scientific Name|Other Scientific Name Redirects]]. [[Template:R Scientific Name|Edit the message]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Davidcannon</title>
    <id>896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5072</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-25T12:19:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Davidcannon</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ma'ame Michu</title>
    <id>897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5073</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-03T07:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ma'ame Michu</username>
        <id>19</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fr:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| rules=&quot;all&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom: 2px solid #999&quot;
|-
|
'''[[:fr:Utilisateur:Ma'ame Michu]]'''

Je parle et écris en '''français'''.&lt;br /&gt;But I can read and write '''English''' (but it's not easy).&lt;br /&gt;Und, manchmal, '''Deutsch''' lesen und schreiben (aber es ist schwer).
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Ma'ame Michu</title>
    <id>898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5074</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-03T07:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ma'ame Michu</username>
        <id>19</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fr:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| rules=&quot;all&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom: 2px solid #999&quot;
|-
|
'''[[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Ma'ame Michu]]'''

Je parle et écris en '''français'''.&lt;br /&gt;But I can read and write '''English''' (but it's not easy).&lt;br /&gt;Und, manchmal, '''Deutsch''' lesen und schreiben (aber es ist schwer).
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ma'ame Michu/monobook.css</title>
    <id>899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5075</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-03T07:18:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ma'ame Michu</username>
        <id>19</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>import monobook.css</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">@import url(http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilisateur:Ma%27ame_Michu/monobook.css&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css);</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ma'ame Michu/monobook.js</title>
    <id>900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5076</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-03T07:20:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ma'ame Michu</username>
        <id>19</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>import monobook.js</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">document.write('&lt;SCRIPT SRC=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Utilisateur:Ma%27ame_Michu/monobook.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript&quot;&gt;&lt;\/SCRIPT&gt;');</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏎᎸᏈᏯ</title>
    <id>901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9527</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T11:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[be:Сэрбія]], [[hsb:Serbiska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]]. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[ᏳᎪᏍᎳᏈ]].

{{stub}}

[[als:Serbien]]
[[an:Serbia]]
[[ar:جمهورية صربيا]]
[[arc:ܨܪܒܝܐ]]
[[ast:Serbia]]
[[bat-smg:Serbėjė]]
[[be:Сэрбія]]
[[bg:Сърбия]]
[[bs:Srbija]]
[[ca:Sèrbia]]
[[cs:Srbsko]]
[[cu:Срьбї]]
[[cy:Serbia]]
[[da:Serbien]]
[[de:Serbien]]
[[el:Σερβία]]
[[en:Serbia]]
[[eo:Serbio]]
[[es:Serbia]]
[[et:Serbia]]
[[eu:Serbia]]
[[fi:Serbia]]
[[fr:Serbie]]
[[fy:Servje]]
[[gl:Serbia - Србија]]
[[he:סרביה]]
[[hr:Srbija]]
[[hsb:Serbiska]]
[[hu:Szerbia]]
[[hy:Սերբիա]]
[[id:Serbia]]
[[io:Serbia]]
[[is:Serbía]]
[[it:Serbia]]
[[ja:セルビア]]
[[ka:სერბეთი]]
[[ko:세르비아]]
[[ku:Sirbistan]]
[[la:Serbia]]
[[li:Servië]]
[[lt:Serbija]]
[[lv:Serbija]]
[[mk:Србија]]
[[ms:Serbia]]
[[mt:Serbja]]
[[nap:Serbia]]
[[nds:Serbien]]
[[nds-nl:Servië]]
[[ne:सर्बिया]]
[[nl:Servië]]
[[nn:Serbia]]
[[no:Serbia]]
[[nrm:Sèrbie]]
[[oc:Serbia]]
[[pl:Serbia]]
[[pt:Sérvia]]
[[qu:Sirbya]]
[[ro:Serbia]]
[[roa-rup:Sãrghia]]
[[ru:Сербия]]
[[scn:Serbia]]
[[se:Serbia]]
[[sh:Srbija]]
[[simple:Serbia]]
[[sk:Srbsko]]
[[sl:Srbija]]
[[sq:Serbia]]
[[sr:Србија]]
[[sv:Serbien]]
[[th:ประเทศเซอร์เบีย]]
[[tl:Serbya]]
[[tr:Sırbistan]]
[[ug:سېربىيە]]
[[uk:Сербія]]
[[uz:Serbiya]]
[[vo:Särbän]]
[[zh:塞尔维亚]]
[[zh-min-nan:Srbija]]
[[zh-yue:塞爾維亞]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Deletion log</title>
    <id>903</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>5079</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-07T22:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>deleted &quot;Jomon&quot;: content before blanking was: 'An age in [[ᏂᎰᏂ]] history, roughly 8000 to 300 B.C.E. This time has been called the [[Neolithic]] Age of ᏂᎰᏂ. A very common artifact from ...'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;22:26, 7 Oct 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] deleted &quot;Jomon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(content before blanking was: &amp;#39;An age in &amp;#91;&amp;#91;ᏂᎰᏂ]] history, roughly 8000 to 300 B.C.E. This time has been called the &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Neolithic]] Age of ᏂᎰᏂ. A very common artifact from ...&amp;#39;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;22:19, 7 Oct 2004 [[User:Etse|Etse]] deleted &quot;Recent deaths&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Ꮭ ᎪᎯᎦ)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᎵᏏ</title>
    <id>904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5080</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-07T22:23:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Etse</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ᎩᎵᏏ moved to ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)</title>
    <id>907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7889</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T13:36:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rvv</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎩᎵᏏ, Arabic) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᎸᎬᎢ ᎡᏉ.

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏄᏲᎩ</title>
    <id>910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8305</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-23T16:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>88.73.43.29</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>interwikis</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏄᏲᎩ (ᎩᎵᏏ, NEW YORK) ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, [[ᎠᎺᎵ]].

[[Image:New York state flag.png|none|thumb]]

[[Image:Map of USA highlighting New York.png|none|thumb]]

{{stub}}

[[ang:Nīwe Eoforwic]]
[[ar:نيويورك (ولاية)]]
[[bg:Ню Йорк (щат)]]
[[ca:Estat de Nova York]]
[[cs:New York (stát)]]
[[cy:Talaith Efrog Newydd]]
[[da:New York]]
[[de:New York (Bundesstaat)]]
[[en:New York]]
[[eo:Nov-Jorkio]]
[[es:Nueva York]]
[[et:New Yorgi osariik]]
[[fi:New York (osavaltio)]]
[[fr:New York (État)]]
[[ga:New York]]
[[gl:Estado de Nova York]]
[[he:ניו יורק (מדינה)]]
[[hr:New York (savezna država)]]
[[id:New York]]
[[it:New York (stato)]]
[[ja:ニューヨーク州]]
[[ko:뉴욕 주]]
[[kw:Stat Evrek Nowydh]]
[[la:Novum Eboracum]]
[[lv:Ņujorka (štats)]]
[[mk:Њу Јорк (сојузна држава)]]
[[ms:New York]]
[[nds:New York]]
[[nl:New York (staat)]]
[[nn:Staten New York]]
[[no:New York State]]
[[pl:Nowy Jork (stan w USA)]]
[[pt:Nova Iorque (Estado)]]
[[ro:New York (stat)]]
[[ru:Нью-Йорк (штат)]]
[[simple:New York (state)]]
[[sk:New York (štát)]]
[[sl:New York (država)]]
[[sq:New York]]
[[sr:Њу Јорк]]
[[sv:New York (delstat)]]
[[th:มลรัฐนิวยอร์ก]]
[[tl:New York]]
[[tr:New York eyaleti]]
[[uk:Нью-Йорк (штат)]]
[[vi:Tiểu bang New York]]
[[zh:纽约州]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bgbot</title>
    <id>911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5087</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-15T13:04:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bgbot</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bgbot's main task</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bgbot''' is a bot which is primarily active on [[:bg:|Bulgarian Wikipedia]]. Its main task on other wikipedias consists of making of bg: interwikis.

The bot was developed by [[:bg:Потребител:Borislav|User:Borislav]], so any possible complaints about it should be [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Borislav|directed]] to him :-).

[[bg:Потребител:Bgbot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bgbot</title>
    <id>912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5088</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T08:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bgbot</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bgbot's talk page on bg:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Please, use the [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bgbot|'''Bgbot's talk page on bg:''']].&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:BrahnTelpefin</title>
    <id>913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5089</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-01T15:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>81.207.60.59</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[w:en:User_talk:Harðor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ</title>
    <id>914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9537</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T22:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ml:ദക്ഷിണ കൊറിയ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;270px&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 10px&quot;
|+&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;'''대한민국 (大韓民國) &lt;br/&gt; ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ'''&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; | {{border|[[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|125px]]}} || align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; height=&quot;130px&quot; | [[Image:South korea coa.png|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; | ([[LocationSouthKorea.png|In Detail]]) || align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; | ([[Coat of Arms of Korea|COA]])
|}
|-
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationSouthKorea.png]]
|-
| [[ᎠᏰᎵᎤ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ]] || [[Korean]]
|-
| [[ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] || [[Seoul]](서울)
|-
| ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ || [[Seoul]](서울)
|-
| [[ᏚᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎰᏂ|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]] || [[ᏂᎰᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎩᎯᏙ|ᎠᎩᎯᏙ]]
|-
| [[ᎠᏕᎳ]] || [[ᏱᏅ]]
|}

'''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎠᏏᎠ|ᎠᏏᏲᎢ]].

[[af:Suid-Korea]]
[[am:ደቡብ ኮርያ]]
[[an:Corea d'o Sur]]
[[ar:كوريا الجنوبية]]
[[ast:Corea del Sur]]
[[az:Koreya Respublikası]]
[[bg:Южна Корея]]
[[bo:ཁྲའོ་ཤན་ལྷོ་རྒྱུད]]
[[br:Republik Korea]]
[[bs:Južna Koreja]]
[[ca:Corea del Sud]]
[[cs:Jižní Korea]]
[[csb:Repùblika Kòreji]]
[[cy:De Corea]]
[[da:Sydkorea]]
[[de:Südkorea]]
[[el:Νότια Κορέα]]
[[en:South Korea]]
[[eo:Sud-Koreio]]
[[es:Corea del Sur]]
[[et:Lõuna-Korea]]
[[eu:Hego Korea]]
[[fa:کره جنوبی]]
[[fi:Korean tasavalta]]
[[fr:Corée du Sud]]
[[frp:Corê du Sud]]
[[gl:Corea do Sur - 한국]]
[[he:קוריאה הדרומית]]
[[hi:दक्षिण कोरिया]]
[[hr:Južna Koreja]]
[[hsb:Južna Koreja]]
[[ht:Kore disid]]
[[hu:Dél-Korea]]
[[hy:Հարավային Կորեա]]
[[ia:Corea del Sud]]
[[id:Korea Selatan]]
[[io:Sud-Korea]]
[[is:Suður-Kórea]]
[[it:Corea del Sud]]
[[ja:大韓民国]]
[[ka:სამხრეთი კორეა]]
[[km:កូរ៉េ (ត្បូង)]]
[[kn:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕೊರಿಯಾ]]
[[ko:대한민국]]
[[ku:Komara Korêyê]]
[[kw:Korea Dheghow]]
[[la:Respublica Coreae]]
[[li:Zuud-Korea]]
[[lt:Pietų Korėja]]
[[lv:Dienvidkoreja]]
[[mk:Јужна Кореја]]
[[ml:ദക്ഷിണ കൊറിയ]]
[[mo:Корея де Суд]]
[[ms:Korea Selatan]]
[[mt:Korea t'Isfel]]
[[nap:Corea d' 'o Sud]]
[[nds:Süüdkorea]]
[[nl:Zuid-Korea]]
[[nn:Sør-Korea]]
[[no:Sør-Korea]]
[[oc:Corèa del Sud]]
[[pam:South Korea]]
[[pl:Korea Południowa]]
[[ps:سوېلي کوريا]]
[[pt:Coreia do Sul]]
[[ro:Coreea de Sud]]
[[ru:Республика Корея]]
[[scn:Corea dû Sud]]
[[se:Mátta-Korea]]
[[sh:Južna Koreja]]
[[simple:South Korea]]
[[sk:Kórejská republika]]
[[sl:Južna Koreja]]
[[sq:Korea Jugore]]
[[sr:Јужна Кореја]]
[[sv:Sydkorea]]
[[sw:Korea Kusini]]
[[ta:தென்கொரியா]]
[[th:ประเทศเกาหลีใต้]]
[[tl:Timog Korea]]
[[tpi:Saut Korea]]
[[tr:Kore Cumhuriyeti]]
[[uk:Південна Корея]]
[[vi:Hàn Quốc]]
[[vo:Sulüda-Koreyän]]
[[war:Salatan nga Korea]]
[[wuu:韩国]]
[[zh:大韩民国]]
[[zh-classical:大韓民國]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hân-kok]]
[[zh-yue:大韓民國]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏥᎾ</title>
    <id>915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9150</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-08T05:07:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pmsyyz</username>
        <id>82</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rvv</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=right&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;  
  &lt;td&gt;[[Image:LocationPRChina.png|235px|]]&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td&gt;[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|163px|]]&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=2&gt;[[Image:Ch-map.png|400px|]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
'''ᏥᎾ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎠᏏᎠ|ᎠᏏᏲᎢ]].

{{stub}}

[[ar:صين]]
[[ast:China]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tiong-kok]]
[[bn:চীন]]
[[bs:Kina]]
[[bg:Китай]]
[[ca:Xina]]
[[cs:Čína]]
[[cy:Tsieina]]
[[da:Kina]]
[[pdc:Tscheine]]
[[de:China]]
[[et:Hiina]]
[[el:Κίνα]]
[[en:China]]
[[es:China]]
[[eo:Ĉinio]]
[[eu:Txina]]
[[fa:جمهوری خلق چین]]
[[fr:Chine]]
[[gl:China]]
[[got:𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰]]
[[ko:중국]]
[[hi:चीन]]
[[hr:Kina]]
[[io:Chinia]]
[[id:China]]
[[ia:China]]
[[is:Kína]]
[[it:Cina]]
[[he:סין]]
[[ks:चीन]]
[[kw:Cheyna]]
[[ht:Chin]]
[[la:Sina]]
[[jbo:jungug]]
[[hu:Kína]]
[[ms:China]]
[[nl:China]]
[[ja:中国]]
[[no:Kina]]
[[nrm:Chinne]]
[[pl:Chiny]]
[[pt:China]]
[[ru:Китай]]
[[sa:चीन]]
[[simple:China]]
[[sk:Čína (civilizácia)]]
[[sl:Kitajska]]
[[sr:Народна република Кина]]
[[fi:Kiina]]
[[sv:Kina]]
[[ta:சீனா]]
[[tr:Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti]]
[[ur:چائنہ]]
[[vi:Trung Quốc]]
[[zh-yue:中國]]
[[zh:中国]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sharedupload</title>
    <id>1019</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>7913</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-02T12:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>from [[en:]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 style=&quot;border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%; margin: .2em auto .2em auto;&quot;
|- 
| [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|20px|Wikimedia Commons logo]]
|This is a file from the [[Commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]]. The description on its '''[[Commons:Image:{{PAGENAME}}|description page there]]''' is shown below. 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</title>
    <id>1022</id>
    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>9271</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-21T21:40:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ</title>
    <id>1133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9532</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T17:38:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hsb:Ukraina]], [[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗtᎥ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]].

{{stub}}

[[af:Oekraïne]]
[[als:Ukraine]]
[[am:ዩክሬን]]
[[an:Ucraína]]
[[ang:Ucrægna]]
[[ar:أوكرانيا]]
[[arc:ܐܘܟܪܢܝܐ]]
[[ast:Ucrania]]
[[be:Украіна]]
[[bg:Украйна]]
[[br:Ukraina]]
[[bs:Ukrajina]]
[[ca:Ucraïna]]
[[cs:Ukrajina]]
[[cu:Ѹкраина]]
[[cv:Украина]]
[[cy:Wcráin]]
[[da:Ukraine]]
[[de:Ukraine]]
[[el:Ουκρανία]]
[[en:Ukraine]]
[[eo:Ukrainio]]
[[es:Ucrania]]
[[et:Ukraina]]
[[eu:Ukraina]]
[[fa:اوکراین]]
[[fi:Ukraina]]
[[fiu-vro:Ukraina]]
[[fo:Ukraina]]
[[fr:Ukraine]]
[[frp:Ucrayena]]
[[fy:Oekraïne]]
[[ga:An Úcráin]]
[[gl:Ucraína - Україна]]
[[he:אוקראינה]]
[[hi:युक्रेन]]
[[hr:Ukrajina]]
[[hsb:Ukraina]]
[[hu:Ukrajna]]
[[hy:Ուկրաինա]]
[[ia:Ukraina]]
[[id:Ukraina]]
[[ilo:Ukrainia]]
[[io:Ukrainia]]
[[is:Úkraína]]
[[it:Ucraina]]
[[ja:ウクライナ]]
[[ka:უკრაინა]]
[[kk:Украина]]
[[kl:Ukraine]]
[[ko:우크라이나]]
[[ku:Ukrayna]]
[[kw:Ukrayn]]
[[la:Ucraina]]
[[lb:Ukraine]]
[[li:Oekraïne]]
[[lt:Ukraina]]
[[lv:Ukraina]]
[[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]]
[[mo:Украина]]
[[ms:Ukraine]]
[[na:Ukraine]]
[[nds:Ukraine]]
[[nds-nl:Oekraïne]]
[[ne:युक्रेन]]
[[nl:Oekraïne]]
[[nn:Ukraina]]
[[no:Ukraina]]
[[nrm:Ukraîne]]
[[oc:Ucraïna]]
[[pam:Ukraine]]
[[pl:Ukraina]]
[[ps:اوکراين]]
[[pt:Ucrânia]]
[[qu:Ukranya]]
[[ro:Ucraina]]
[[roa-rup:Ucraina]]
[[ru:Украина]]
[[ru-sib:Украина]]
[[se:Ukraina]]
[[sh:Ukrajina]]
[[simple:Ukraine]]
[[sk:Ukrajina]]
[[sl:Ukrajina]]
[[sq:Ukraina]]
[[sr:Украјина]]
[[sv:Ukraina]]
[[tg:Украина]]
[[th:ประเทศยูเครน]]
[[tl:Ukraine]]
[[tr:Ukrayna]]
[[ug:ئۇكرائىنا]]
[[uk:Україна]]
[[ur:یوکرین]]
[[vi:Ukraina]]
[[vo:Lukrayän]]
[[wa:Oucrinne]]
[[yi:אוקריינע]]
[[zh:乌克兰]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ukrayina]]
[[zh-yue:烏克蘭]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏇᎳᎷᏒ</title>
    <id>1134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9516</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-22T23:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hsb:Běłoruska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|ᎦᏓᏘ]]'''ᏇᎳᎷᏒ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗtᎥ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]].
{{stub}}

[[am:ቤላሩስ]]
[[an:Belarrusia]]
[[ang:Belarus]]
[[ar:روسيا البيضاء]]
[[arc:ܒܠܪܘܣ]]
[[ast:Bielorrusia]]
[[bat-smg:Baltarusėjė]]
[[be:Беларусь]]
[[bg:Беларус]]
[[bn:বেলারুশ]]
[[br:Byelarus]]
[[bs:Bjelorusija]]
[[ca:Bielorússia]]
[[cs:Bělorusko]]
[[cu:Бѣла Рѹсь]]
[[cv:Белоруси]]
[[cy:Belarus]]
[[da:Hviderusland]]
[[de:Weißrussland]]
[[el:Λευκορωσία]]
[[en:Belarus]]
[[eo:Belorusio]]
[[es:Bielorrusia]]
[[et:Valgevene]]
[[eu:Bielorrusia]]
[[fa:بلاروس]]
[[fi:Valko-Venäjä]]
[[fiu-vro:Valgõvinne]]
[[fr:Biélorussie]]
[[frp:Bièlorussie]]
[[fy:Wyt-Ruslân]]
[[ga:An Bhealarúis]]
[[gl:Bielorrusia - Беларусь]]
[[he:בלארוס]]
[[hi:बेलारूस]]
[[hr:Bjelorusija]]
[[hsb:Běłoruska]]
[[ht:Byelorisi]]
[[hu:Fehéroroszország]]
[[hy:Բելառուս]]
[[ia:Bielorussia]]
[[id:Belarus]]
[[ilo:Belarus]]
[[io:Bielorusia]]
[[is:Hvíta-Rússland]]
[[it:Bielorussia]]
[[ja:ベラルーシ]]
[[ka:ბელარუსი]]
[[kk:Беларус]]
[[ko:벨라루스]]
[[ku:Rûsya Sipî]]
[[kw:Belarussi]]
[[la:Ruthenia Alba]]
[[lb:Wäissrussland]]
[[li:Wit-Rusland]]
[[lt:Baltarusija]]
[[lv:Baltkrievija]]
[[mk:Белорусија]]
[[mo:Беларус]]
[[mr:बेलारूस]]
[[ms:Belarus]]
[[na:Belarus]]
[[nds:Wittrussland]]
[[nds-nl:Wit-Ruslaand]]
[[ne:बेलारुस]]
[[new:बेलारुस]]
[[nl:Wit-Rusland]]
[[nn:Kviterussland]]
[[no:Hviterussland]]
[[oc:Bielorussia]]
[[pam:Belarus]]
[[pl:Białoruś]]
[[pms:Bielorussia]]
[[pt:Bielorrússia]]
[[qu:Bilarus]]
[[ro:Belarus]]
[[roa-rup:Arusia albã]]
[[ru:Белоруссия]]
[[ru-sib:Беларусь]]
[[sa:बेलारूस]]
[[scn:Bielorussia]]
[[sh:Belorusija]]
[[simple:Belarus]]
[[sk:Bielorusko]]
[[sl:Belorusija]]
[[sq:Bjellorusia]]
[[sr:Белорусија]]
[[sv:Vitryssland]]
[[sw:Belarus]]
[[ta:பெலாரஸ்]]
[[tg:Беларус]]
[[th:ประเทศเบลารุส]]
[[tl:Belarus]]
[[tr:Beyaz Rusya]]
[[ug:بېلورۇسىيە]]
[[uk:Білорусь]]
[[ur:بیلارس]]
[[vi:Belarus]]
[[vo:Vieta-Rusän]]
[[war:Bielorrusia]]
[[yi:בעלאָרוסיע]]
[[zh:白俄罗斯]]
[[zh-min-nan:Belarus]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎼᎸᏙᏩ</title>
    <id>1135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9314</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-28T00:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[frp:Moldavie (payis)]], [[mo:Молдова]], [[war:Moldavia]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎼᎸᏙᏩ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]].

{{stub}}

[[af:Moldawië]]
[[als:Moldawien]]
[[am:ሞልዶቫ]]
[[an:Moldabia]]
[[ar:مولدافيا]]
[[arc:ܡܘܠܕܦܝܐ]]
[[ast:Moldavia]]
[[az:Moldova]]
[[be:Малдова]]
[[bg:Молдова]]
[[br:Moldova]]
[[bs:Moldavija]]
[[ca:República de Moldàvia]]
[[cs:Moldavsko]]
[[cv:Молдави]]
[[cy:Moldofa]]
[[da:Moldavien]]
[[de:Moldawien]]
[[el:Μολδαβία]]
[[en:Moldova]]
[[eo:Moldava Respubliko]]
[[es:Moldavia]]
[[et:Moldova Vabariik]]
[[eu:Moldavia]]
[[fa:مولداوی]]
[[fi:Moldova]]
[[fiu-vro:Moldova]]
[[fr:République de Moldavie]]
[[frp:Moldavie (payis)]]
[[fy:Moldaavje]]
[[ga:An Mholdóiv]]
[[gl:Moldova]]
[[he:מולדובה]]
[[hi:मोल्दाविया]]
[[hr:Moldavija]]
[[ht:Moldavi]]
[[hu:Moldova]]
[[hy:Մոլդովա]]
[[id:Moldavia]]
[[io:Moldova]]
[[is:Moldóva]]
[[it:Moldavia]]
[[ja:モルドバ]]
[[ka:მოლდოვა]]
[[kk:Молдова]]
[[ko:몰도바]]
[[kw:Moldova]]
[[la:Moldavia]]
[[lb:Moldawien]]
[[li:Moldavië]]
[[lt:Moldavija]]
[[lv:Moldova]]
[[mk:Молдавија]]
[[mo:Молдова]]
[[mt:Moldovja]]
[[nds:Moldawien]]
[[nds-nl:Moldavië (laand)]]
[[ne:मोल्दोवा]]
[[nl:Moldavië (land)]]
[[nn:Moldova]]
[[no:Moldova]]
[[oc:Moldàvia]]
[[pam:Republic of Moldova]]
[[pl:Mołdawia]]
[[pms:Moldavia]]
[[pt:Moldávia]]
[[rm:Moldavia]]
[[ro:Republica Moldova]]
[[roa-rup:Moldova]]
[[ru:Молдавия]]
[[sa:मोल्दोवा]]
[[se:Moldávia]]
[[sh:Moldavija]]
[[simple:Moldova]]
[[sk:Moldavsko]]
[[sl:Moldavija]]
[[sq:Moldavia]]
[[sr:Молдавија]]
[[sv:Moldavien]]
[[th:ประเทศมอลโดวา]]
[[tl:Moldova]]
[[tr:Moldova]]
[[ug:مولدوۋا]]
[[uk:Республіка Молдова]]
[[war:Moldavia]]
[[yi:מאָלדאַװיע]]
[[zh:摩尔多瓦]]
[[zh-min-nan:Moldova]]
[[zh-yue:摩爾多瓦]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎶᎹᏂᏯ</title>
    <id>1136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9475</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T16:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[qu:Rumanya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎶᎹᏂᏯ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]].

{{stub}}

[[af:Roemenië]]
[[als:Rumänien]]
[[am:ሮማንያ]]
[[an:Rumanía]]
[[ar:رومانيا]]
[[arc:ܪܘܡܢܝܐ]]
[[ast:Rumanía]]
[[be:Румынія]]
[[bg:Румъния]]
[[bn:রোমানিয়া]]
[[bs:Rumunija]]
[[ca:Romania]]
[[cs:Rumunsko]]
[[cy:Rwmania]]
[[da:Rumænien]]
[[de:Rumänien]]
[[el:Ρουμανία]]
[[en:Romania]]
[[eo:Rumanio]]
[[es:Rumania]]
[[et:Rumeenia]]
[[eu:Errumania]]
[[fa:رومانی]]
[[fi:Romania]]
[[fiu-vro:Romaania]]
[[fr:Roumanie]]
[[frp:Roumanie]]
[[fy:Roemeenje]]
[[ga:An Rómáin]]
[[gd:Romàinia]]
[[gl:Romanía - România]]
[[he:רומניה]]
[[hi:रोमानिया]]
[[hr:Rumunjska]]
[[ht:Woumani]]
[[hu:Románia]]
[[hy:Ռումինիա]]
[[ia:Romania]]
[[id:Rumania]]
[[io:Rumania]]
[[is:Rúmenía]]
[[it:Romania]]
[[ja:ルーマニア]]
[[jbo:romanis]]
[[ka:რუმინეთი]]
[[ko:루마니아]]
[[ks:रोमानिया]]
[[ku:Romanya]]
[[kw:Roumani]]
[[la:Romania]]
[[lad:Rumania]]
[[lb:Rumänien]]
[[li:Roemenië]]
[[lt:Rumunija]]
[[lv:Rumānija]]
[[mk:Романија]]
[[mo:Ромыния]]
[[ms:Romania]]
[[mt:Rumanija]]
[[na:Romania]]
[[nds:Rumänien]]
[[nds-nl:Roemenië]]
[[ne:रोमानिया]]
[[nl:Roemenië]]
[[nn:Romania]]
[[no:Romania]]
[[nrm:Roumanie]]
[[oc:Romania]]
[[pam:Romania]]
[[pl:Rumunia]]
[[pms:Romanìa]]
[[pt:Roménia]]
[[qu:Rumanya]]
[[rm:Rumenia]]
[[rmy:Rumuniya]]
[[ro:România]]
[[roa-rup:Romãnia]]
[[ru:Румыния]]
[[sa:रोमानिया]]
[[scn:Rumanìa]]
[[sh:Rumunija]]
[[simple:Romania]]
[[sk:Rumunsko]]
[[sl:Romunija]]
[[sq:Rumania]]
[[sr:Румунија]]
[[sv:Rumänien]]
[[sw:Romania]]
[[ta:ருமேனியா]]
[[tet:Roménia]]
[[tg:Руминия]]
[[th:ประเทศโรมาเนีย]]
[[tl:Romania]]
[[tr:Romanya]]
[[ug:رومىنىيە]]
[[uk:Румунія]]
[[vi:Romania]]
[[vo:Rumän]]
[[wa:Roumaneye]]
[[war:Rumania]]
[[yi:ראמעניע]]
[[zh:羅馬尼亞]]
[[zh-min-nan:Lô-má-nî-a]]
[[zh-yue:羅馬尼亞]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ</title>
    <id>1137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9518</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T01:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]].

[[Image:LocationAlbania.png]]

[[Image:Satellite image of Albania in June 2000.jpg|thumb|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏄ]]

* [http://www.albaniantourism.com/  National Tourism Organization] Albania's official website for travel &amp; tourism information.
* [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ Look-for-albania.com guide, forum &amp; info]

{{stub}}

[[af:Albanië]]
[[als:Albanien]]
[[an:Albania]]
[[ang:Albania]]
[[ar:ألبانيا]]
[[arc:ܐܠܒܢܝܐ]]
[[ast:Albania]]
[[be:Альбанія]]
[[bg:Албания]]
[[bn:আলবেনিয়া]]
[[br:Albania]]
[[bs:Albanija]]
[[ca:Albània]]
[[cs:Albánie]]
[[cy:Albania]]
[[da:Albanien]]
[[de:Albanien]]
[[el:Αλβανία]]
[[en:Albania]]
[[eo:Albanio]]
[[es:Albania]]
[[et:Albaania]]
[[eu:Albania]]
[[fa:آلبانی]]
[[fi:Albania]]
[[fiu-vro:Albaania]]
[[fo:Albania]]
[[fr:Albanie]]
[[fur:Albanie]]
[[fy:Albaanje]]
[[ga:An Albáin]]
[[gd:Albàinia]]
[[gl:Albania - Shqipëria]]
[[he:אלבניה]]
[[hi:अल्बानिया]]
[[hr:Albanija]]
[[hsb:Albanska]]
[[ht:Albani]]
[[hu:Albánia]]
[[hy:Ալբանիա]]
[[ia:Albania]]
[[id:Albania]]
[[ilo:Albania]]
[[io:Albania]]
[[is:Albanía]]
[[it:Albania]]
[[ja:アルバニア]]
[[ka:ალბანეთი]]
[[km:អាល់បានី]]
[[ko:알바니아]]
[[ku:Elbanya]]
[[kw:Albani]]
[[la:Albania]]
[[lb:Albanien]]
[[li:Albanië]]
[[lt:Albanija]]
[[lv:Albānija]]
[[mg:Albania]]
[[mk:Албанија]]
[[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]]
[[ms:Albania]]
[[mt:Albanija]]
[[na:Albania]]
[[nds:Albanien]]
[[ne:अल्बानिया]]
[[nl:Albanië]]
[[nn:Albania]]
[[no:Albania]]
[[nov:Albania]]
[[oc:Albania]]
[[pam:Albania]]
[[pdc:Albaani]]
[[pl:Albania]]
[[pms:Albanìa]]
[[ps:البانيا]]
[[pt:Albânia]]
[[qu:Albanya]]
[[rmy:Shkiperiya]]
[[ro:Albania]]
[[roa-rup:Arbinishia]]
[[ru:Албания]]
[[ru-sib:Албания]]
[[sa:अल्बानिया]]
[[scn:Albanìa]]
[[se:Albánia]]
[[simple:Albania]]
[[sk:Albánsko]]
[[sl:Albanija]]
[[sq:Shqipëria]]
[[sr:Албанија]]
[[sv:Albanien]]
[[th:ประเทศแอลเบเนีย]]
[[tl:Albanya]]
[[tr:Arnavutluk]]
[[udm:Албания]]
[[ug:ئالبانىيە]]
[[uk:Албанія]]
[[vi:Albania]]
[[vo:Lalbanän]]
[[zh:阿尔巴尼亚]]
[[zh-min-nan:Shqipëria]]
[[zh-yue:阿爾巴尼亞]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ</title>
    <id>1138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8306</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-23T16:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>88.73.43.29</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>interwikis</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]]. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[ᏳᎪᏍᎳᏈ]].


{{stub}}

[[als:Makedonien]]
[[be:Македонія]]
[[da:Makedonien (flertydig)]]
[[de:Macedonia]]
[[el:Μακεδονία]]
[[en:Macedonia]]
[[es:Macedonia]]
[[eo:Makedonio]]
[[fr:Macédoine]]
[[gl:Macedonia]]
[[ko:마케도니아]]
[[it:Macedonia]]
[[nl:Macedonië]]
[[nn:Makedonia]]
[[nds:Makedonien]]
[[pl:Macedon (ujednoznacznienie)]]
[[ru:Македония]]
[[scn:Macedonia]]
[[sr:Македонија]]
[[fi:Makedonia]]
[[sv:Makedonien (olika betydelser)]]
[[uk:Македонія]]
[[zh:馬其頓 (消歧義)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏉᏍᏂᏯ</title>
    <id>1139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9467</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-13T01:33:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏉᏍᏂᏯ''' ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎡᎶᏆ]]. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[ᏳᎪᏍᎳᏈ]].

{{stub}}

[[als:Bosnien-Herzegowina]]
[[an:Bosnia y Erzegobina]]
[[ar:البوسنة و الهرسك]]
[[arc:ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܣܟ]]
[[ast:Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
[[be:Босьнія і Герцагавіна]]
[[bg:Босна и Херцеговина]]
[[bn:বসনিয়া ও হার্জেগোভিনা]]
[[br:Bosnia-ha-Herzegovina]]
[[bs:Bosna i Hercegovina]]
[[ca:Bòsnia i Hercegovina]]
[[cs:Bosna a Hercegovina]]
[[cu:Босна]]
[[cy:Bosna a Hercegovina]]
[[da:Bosnien-Hercegovina]]
[[de:Bosnien und Herzegowina]]
[[el:Βοσνία και Ερζεγοβίνη]]
[[en:Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[eo:Bosnio kaj Hercegovino]]
[[es:Bosnia y Herzegovina]]
[[et:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]]
[[eu:Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
[[fa:بوسنی هرزگووین]]
[[fi:Bosnia ja Hertsegovina]]
[[fiu-vro:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]]
[[fr:Bosnie-Herzégovine]]
[[frp:Bosnie-Hèrzègovena]]
[[fy:Bosnje]]
[[gl:Bosnia - Hercegovina - Босна и Херцеговина]]
[[he:בוסניה והרצגובינה]]
[[hi:बॉस्निया और हर्ज़ेगोविना]]
[[hr:Bosna i Hercegovina]]
[[hsb:Bosniska]]
[[hu:Bosznia-Hercegovina]]
[[hy:Բոսնիա և Հերցոգովինա]]
[[id:Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
[[io:Bosnia e Herzegovina]]
[[is:Bosnía og Hersegóvína]]
[[it:Bosnia-Erzegovina]]
[[ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ]]
[[ka:ბოსნია და ჰერცეგოვინა]]
[[ko:보스니아 헤르체고비나]]
[[ks:बास्निया]]
[[ku:Bosna Hersek]]
[[kw:Bosni–Hertsegovina]]
[[la:Bosnia et Herzegovina]]
[[lb:Bosnien-Herzegowina]]
[[li:Bosnië en Hercegovina]]
[[lt:Bosnija ir Hercegovina]]
[[lv:Bosnija un Hercegovina]]
[[mk:Босна и Херцеговина]]
[[ms:Bosnia dan Herzegovina]]
[[na:Bosnia me Herzegowina]]
[[nds:Bosnien-Herzegowina]]
[[ne:बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]]
[[nl:Bosnië en Herzegovina]]
[[nn:Bosnia-Hercegovina]]
[[no:Bosnia-Hercegovina]]
[[oc:Bòsnia e Ercegovina]]
[[pam:Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[pl:Bośnia i Hercegowina]]
[[pms:Bòsnia ed Erzegòvina]]
[[pt:Bósnia-Herzegovina]]
[[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]]
[[ro:Bosnia şi Herţegovina]]
[[roa-rup:Bosna shi Hertsegovina]]
[[ru:Босния и Герцеговина]]
[[sa:बास्निया]]
[[scn:Bosnia-Erzegovina]]
[[se:Bosnia-Hercegovina]]
[[sh:Bosna i Hercegovina]]
[[simple:Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[sk:Bosna a Hercegovina]]
[[sl:Bosna in Hercegovina]]
[[sq:Bosnja dhe Hercegovina]]
[[sr:Босна и Херцеговина]]
[[sv:Bosnien och Hercegovina]]
[[sw:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]
[[ta:பொசுனியாவும் எர்செகோவினாவும்]]
[[tg:Босния ва Ҳерсеговина]]
[[th:ประเทศบอสเนียและเฮอร์เซโกวีนา]]
[[tl:Bosnia at Herzegovina]]
[[tr:Bosna-Hersek]]
[[ug:بوسنىيە]]
[[uk:Боснія і Герцеґовина]]
[[vi:Bosna và Hercegovina]]
[[vo:Bosnän e Härzegovän]]
[[war:Bosnia ngan Herzegovina]]
[[zh:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]]
[[zh-min-nan:Bosna kap Hercegovina]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Wikiacc</title>
    <id>1140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8331</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-08T20:17:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Article request */ sorry!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm back from being missing! Hallelujah!

I noticed in the past 6 months the new logo has been pushed onto the site and the namespace has been changed. Wow.

I will not be doing much article work but more fundamental Wikipedia stuff, like basic template messages. This is because I only have basic knowledge of the syllabary, little to no vocabulary and absolutely no grammar knowledge. [[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 22:49, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

== English content ==

Hi Wikiacc,

Sorry for making quick changes to pages without discussing much but I monitor a long list of inactive Wikipedias, so when there is vandalism or some other objectionable edit, I usually just revert if it's by an IP, and if it's by a registered user I usually revert with a brief (and sometimes blunt) explanation.

You are indeed right that the Cherokee Wikipedia is a 'dead wiki'.

However, of all the &quot;dead Wikis&quot; I have seen become &quot;living Wikis&quot;, not a single one of them has had much content in English, and probably 90% of them I had worked on to turn them into the beginnings of a real Wikipedia in that language using no English (for an example that has yet to take off, check the Hawai`ian Wikipedia).

I am responsible for most of the country stubs here at the Cherokee Wikipedia - they're quick and easy to make, with such a short sentence it's easier to make sure it's correct, and chances are that even such basic information as &quot;China is a country in Asia' is likely to never have been published in Cherokee before. I personally think that all the English pages here should be deleted.

For inspiration look at the [[:ka:|Georgian Wikipedia]]. Just a couple of months ago, the only content it had was minimal stuff I added, and now it has well over 1000 pages.

More later.
[[User:Node ue|Node ue]] 21:59, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

:Hi Node ue,

:I understand what you are saying, and I agree with your points. The problem is not that this wiki is dead (which it is only in part, I would say more like &quot;coma&quot;) but that there is little contribution (besides that of anynonymous users) or discussion. I just have one suggestion: if it isn't too much of a hassle to you, could you please sign in to make your edits? (That way I can know it is you and not some vandalizing or unreasonable anonymous user.)

:Thanks. [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 19:51, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

==Tsalagisation and deletion threats and ᎭᏡ ᎦᏧ ᎭᏢ ᎡᏤ?????==
''From [[en:User talk:Wikiacc]]''

Do you have any idea how to get ahold of Etse and/or get another management type appointed for the Tsalagi Wikipedia, so at least a start can be made at replacing the static, outdated, woefully English content on the ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ with at least a facsimile of ᏣᎳᎩ? Did you see the recent activity there with broadband speedy deletion notices? --[[User:Dzidzelalic|Haruo]] 08:24, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

:Node ue has discussed the deletion notices and Tsalagisation with me previously; see [[User talk:Wikiacc]] and [[User talk:24.251.198.251]]. Etse has not responded to recent messages, and has not been very active on any Wikipedia (last activity was deletion of own userpage in May 2005). (Etse is the only admin; see [[Special:Listadmins]].) As Etse is not contactable via the Wikipedia email system, I would draw the conclusion that contact is not possible. --[[User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] [[User talk:Wikiacc|(talk)]] 19:30, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

==Article request==
'''Greetings Wikiacc'''!, Can you please help me write a stub for [http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%AF this article] which is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Just 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough and your help would be appreciated. (I do not know what the correct Cherokee title should be). Thanks.

Regrds -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 08:38 Monday 3 April 2006 (UTC)

:Sorry for the delay; I have not been on the Cherokee Wikipedia for a long time, mainly because I don't know the language. That is the same reason why I am unable to help you. Good luck on your article! [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] [[User talk:Wikiacc|(talk)]] 20:17, 8 May 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Stub</title>
    <id>1141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6044</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-01T06:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidelalic</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tsalagisation run amok</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;stub&quot;&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''This ᎤᏓᏡᎬ is a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]]. You can help ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ]''.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Stub]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Stub</title>
    <id>1142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5318</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-29T22:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Articles that are [[Wikipedia:Stub|stubs]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:List of articles Wikipedia should have</title>
    <id>1144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5320</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-08T23:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>complete transition from my namespace to Wikipedia namespace</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''From [[meta:List of articles all languages should have]] as of [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_articles_all_languages_should_have&amp;diff=0&amp;oldid=139146 June 5, 2005]''

This is a list of articles this Wikipedia should have.

Featured articles (The only one so far has been [[ᏂᎰᏂ]]) are in '''boldface''').

== Biography ==

At least three sentences on 100 key historical figures

=== Musicians ===

# [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
# [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
# [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
# [[Richard Wagner]]

=== Explorers ===

# [[Roald Amundsen]]
# [[Jacques Cartier]]
# [[Christopher Columbus]]
# [[James Cook]]
# [[Hernán Cortés]]
# [[Francis Drake]]
# [[Leif Ericsson]]
# [[Vasco da Gama]]
# [[Edmund Hilary]]
# [[Ferdinand Magellan]]
# [[Marco Polo]]
# [[Zheng He]]

=== Inventors and scientists ===

# [[Archimedes]]
# [[Carl Benz]]
# [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
# [[Marie Curie]]
# [[Charles Darwin]]
# [[Albert Einstein]]
# [[Thomas Alva Edison]]
# [[Enrico Fermi]]
# [[Richard Feynman]]
# [[Henry Ford]]
# [[Sigmund Freud]]
# [[Galileo Galilei]]
# [[Johann Gutenberg]]
# [[Edward Jenner]]
# [[Johannes Kepler]]
# [[John Maynard Keynes]]
# [[Carolus Linnaeus]]
# [[Isaac Newton]]
# [[Leonardo Da Vinci]]
# [[The Wright Brothers]]
# [[Buckminster Fuller]]
# [[Ole Christensen Roemer]]
# [[Tycho Brahe]]
# [[Hans Christian Oersted]]
# [[Niels Bohr]]
# [[Alexander Graham Bell]]
# [[Ernest Rutherford]]
# [[Nikola Tesla]]

=== Mathematicians, not listed elsewhere ===

# [[Leonhard Euler]]
# [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier]]
# [[Karl Friedrich Gauss]]
# [[Kurt Gödel]]
# [[David Hilbert]]
# [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]
# [[Gottfried Leibniz]]
# [[Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann]]
# [[Thales]]
# [[Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi]]

=== Writers and thinkers ===

# [[Aristotle]]
# [[Averroes]]
# [[Augustinus]]
# [[Matsuo Basho]]
# [[Dante Alighieri]]
# [[Rene Descartes]]
# [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]
# [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]
# [[Herodotus]]
# [[Hippocrates]]
# [[Homer]]
# [[Immanuel Kant]]
# [[Lao Tzu]]
# [[Li Po]]
# [[Martin Luther]]
# [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]
# [[Karl Marx]]
# [[Murasaki Shikibu]]
# [[Nagarguna]]
# [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
# [[Plato]]
# [[Pythagoras]]
# [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
# [[Bertrand Russell]]
# [[William Shakespeare]]
# [[Adam Smith]]
# [[Socrates]]
# [[Sun Tzu]]
# [[Tu Fu]]
# [[Thomas Aquinas]]
# [[Virgil]]
# [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
# [[Zeami]]
# [[Confucius]]
# [[Sima Qian]]

=== Artists ===
# [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]]
# [[Paul Cézanne]]
# [[Vincent van Gogh]]
# [[Katsushika Hokusai]]
# [[Claude Monet]]
# [[Pablo Picasso]]
# [[Jackson Pollock]]
# [[Nicolas Poussin]]
# [[Rembrandt van Rijn]]
# [[Auguste Rodin]]
# [[Rafael Sancho]]
# [[Andy Warhol]]

=== Past politicans and leaders ===

# [[Akbar the Great]]
# [[Alexander the Great]]
# [[Yasser Arafat]]
# [[Kemal Atatürk]]
# [[Cæsar Augustus]]
# [[Otto von Bismarck]]
# [[Simón Bolívar]]
# [[Charlemagne]]
# [[Winston Churchill]]
# [[Cleopatra]]
# [[Constantine the Great]]
# [[Franz Ferdinand]]
# [[Mohandas Gandhi]]
# [[Charles de Gaulle]]
# [[Genghis Khan]]
# [[Che Guevara]]
# [[Hammurabi]]
# [[Hannibal]]
# [[Hirohito, Emperor of Japan]]
# [[Adolf Hitler]]
# [[Thomas Jefferson]]
# [[Julius Caesar]]
# [[Lenin]]
# [[Abraham Lincoln]]
# [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]
# [[Nelson Mandela]]
# [[Mao Tse-tung]]
# [[Benito Mussolini]]
# [[Napoleon I]]
# [[Kwame Nkrumah]]
# [[Peter the Great]] (of Russia)
# [[Pol Pot]]
# [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
# [[Saladin]]
# [[Shaka Zulu]]
# [[Sitting Bull]]
# [[Josef Stalin]]
# [[Tamerlane]]
# [[Leo Trotsky]]
# [[Harry Truman]]
# [[Queen Victoria]] (UK)
# [[George Washington]]
# [[Emperor Wilhelm II]] (Germany)
# [[Qin Shihuang]]
# [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]]

=== Modern politicans and leaders ===

# [[Kofi Annan]]
# [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
# [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
# [[Tony Blair]]
# [[George W. Bush]]
# [[Fidel Castro]]
# [[Jacques Chirac]]
# [[Nelson Mandela]]
# [[Vladimir Putin]]
# [[Gerhard Schröder]]
# [[Queen Elizabeth II]] (UK)
# [[Lee Kuan Yew]]
# [[Mahatir Bin Muhammad]]

=== Women in history ===

#[[Cleopatra]]
#[[Hildegard von Bingen]]
#[[Indira Gandhi]]&lt;!--
#[[Sojourner Truth]]
#[[Germaine Greer]]--&gt;
#[[Gro Harlem Brundtland]]&lt;!--
#[[Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), Queen of Assyria]]--&gt;
#[[Nefertiti]]
#[[Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia]]
#[[Queen Elizabeth I]] (of England)
#[[Queen Victoria]] (of the United Kingdom)
#[[Queen Liliuokalani]]&lt;!--
#[[Makeda, Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia)]]--&gt;
#[[Kaahumanu]]
#[[Joan of Arc]]
#[[Rachel Carson]]
#[[Marie Curie]]
#[[Amelia Earhart]]&lt;!--
#[[Emma Goldman]]--&gt;
#[[Mary Harris]] (Mother Jones)&lt;!--
#[[Frida Kahlo]]
#[[Helen Keller]]--&gt;
#[[Rosa Luxemburg]]
#[[Golda Meir]]
#[[Florence Nightingale]]
#[[Rosa Parks]]
#[[Cixi]] (Tse Hsi, Tz'u-hsi) (The [[Dowager Empress]] of China, 1835 - 1908)
#[[Eva Peron]]&lt;!--
#[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]--&gt;
#[[Sappho]]&lt;!--
#[[Harriet Tubman]]--&gt;
#[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]&lt;!--
#[[Mary Dyer]]--&gt;

=== Computers and Internet ===

# [[Tim Berners-Lee]]
# [[Bill Gates]]
# [[Steve Jobs]]
# [[Donald Knuth]]
# [[Richard Stallman]]
# [[Alan Turing]]
# [[Linus Torvalds]]
# [[Dennis Ritchie]]

=== Terrorists ===

#[[Gavrilo Princip]]
#[[Osama bin Laden]]

== Countries, Law and Politics ==

# One sentence and the table on all countries in this list (203 articles): [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries]
&lt;!-- NOTE: anybody willing to convert and translate the above list to ᏣᎳᎩ? --&gt;
# [[Communist Manifesto]]
# [[Constitution]]
# [[Declaration of the Rights of Man]]
# [[Law]]
# [[Magna Carta]]
# [[Leviathan]]

== Domestics ==

# [[Agriculture]]
# [[Barley]]
# [[Bread]]
# [[Cheese]]
# [[Chocolate]]
# [[Cotton]]
# [[Honey]]
# [[Fruit]]
## [[Apple]]
## [[Banana]]
## [[Grape]]
## [[Lemon]]
## [[Orange]]
# [[Maize]]
# [[Oats]]
# [[Potato]]
# [[Rice]]
# [[Sorghum]]
# [[Soya bean]]
# [[Sugar]]
# [[Tobacco]]
# [[Vegetable]]
# [[Wheat]]

=== Beverages ===

# [[Alcohol]]
## [[Beer]]
## [[Wine]]
# [[Cola]]
# [[Coffee]]
# [[Tea]]
# [[Water]]
# [[Milk]]

== Geography ==

# [[Earth science]]

=== Continents ===

At least three sentences on each of the continents

# [[Africa]]
# [[Antarctica]]
# [[Asia]] 
# [[ᎡᎶᏆ]]
# [[North America]]
# [[Oceania]]
# [[South America]]

=== Other regions ===

# [[Latin America]]
# [[Middle East]]
# [[Oceania]]

=== Major cities ===
Cities with historical, economical, political and/or religious importance and significance

# [[Athens]]
# [[Bangkok]]
# [[Beijing]]
# [[Berlin]]
# [[Bombay]]
# [[Brussels]]
# [[Cairo]]
# [[Hong Kong]]
# [[Istanbul]]
# [[Jakarta]]
# [[Jerusalem]]
# [[London]]
# [[Manila]]
# [[Madrid]]
# [[Mecca]]
# [[Mexico City]]
# [[Moscow]]
# [[Nailobi]]
# [[New York]]
# [[New Delhi]]
# [[Paris]]
# [[Rio de Janiero]]
# [[Rome]]
# [[Shanghai]]
# [[Singapore]]
# [[St. Petersburg]]
# [[Sydney]]
# [[Tokyo]]
# [[Toronto]]
# [[Vienna]]
# [[Warsaw]]
# [[Washington, D.C.]]

=== Currency ===

# [[American Dollar]]
# [[British Pound]] (Sterling)
# [[Euro]]
# [[Yen]]
# [[Renminbi]]
# [[Rupee]]

=== Miscellaneous geographical concepts ===

# [[Capital]]
# [[City]]
# [[Continent]]
# [[Desert]]
# [[Ocean]]
# [[Rain forest]]
# [[River]]
# [[Sea]]
# [[Volcano]]

=== Geographical entities ===
==== Ocean, Sea ====

# [[Arctic Ocean]]
# [[Atlantic Ocean]]
# [[Baltic Sea]]
# [[Black Sea]]
# [[Great Barrier Reef]]
# [[Indian Ocean]]
# [[Mediterranean Sea]]
# [[North Sea]]
# [[Pacific Ocean]]
# [[Panama Canal]]
# [[Suez Canal]]
# [[Southern Ocean]]

==== Poles ====
# [[North Pole]]
# [[South Pole]]

==== Mountains, Vallay, Deserts and inland watery ====
# [[The Alps]]
# [[Amazon River]]
# [[Andes]]
# [[Aral Sea]]
# [[Caspian Sea]]
# [[Dead Sea]]
# [[Great Lakes]]
# [[Great Rift Valley]]
# [[Himalayas]]
# [[Kilimanjaro]]
# [[Mississippi River]]
# [[Mount Everest]]
# [[Niagara falls]]
# [[Nile River]]
# [[Rocky Mountains]]
# [[Sahara Desert]]
# [[Lake Baikal]]
# [[Lake Tanganyika]]
# [[Lake Titicaca]]
# [[Lake Victoria]]

== History ==

At least five sentences on:

# [[Archaeology]]
# [[Stone Age]]
# [[Bronze Age]]
# [[Sumer]]
# [[Ancient Egypt]]
# [[Iron Age]]
# [[Classical Greece]]
# [[Roman Empire]]
# [[Byzantine Empire]]
# [[Seljuk Empire]]
# [[Middle Ages]]
# [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]]
# [[The Vikings]]
# [[Crusades]]
# [[The Great Schism]]
# [[Ottoman Empire]]
# [[Renaissance]]
# [[Reformation]]
# [[Discovery of the Americas]]
# [[Colonization of North-east America]]
# [[Colonization of South America]]
# [[Spanish Inquisition]]
# [[English Civil War]]
# [[British Empire]]
# [[Slavery]]
# [[the Enlightenment]]
# [[French Revolution]]
# [[Industrial Revolution]]
# [[American Civil War]]
# [[Franco-Prussian War]]
# [[German unification]]
# [[The Scramble for Africa]]
# [[Meiji Restoration]]
# [[World War I]]
# [[Russian Revolution]]
# [[Russian Civil War]]
# [[Soviet Union]]
# [[Spanish Civil War]]
# [[World War II]]
# [[Holocaust]]
# [[Korean War]]
# [[Cold War]]
# [[Afghan Soviet War]]
# [[Outer space exploration]] ([[Sputnik]], [[Apollo programs]], [[shuttles]])
# [[Vietnam War]]
# [[Apartheid]]
# [[Gulf war]] (which one?)
# [[Han Dynasty]]
# [[Tang Dynasty]]
# [[Sung Dynasty]]
# [[Yuan Dynasty]]
# [[Qing Dynasty]]
# [[Ming Dynasty]]

== Politics ==

# [[Anarchism]]
# [[Anarchy]]
# [[Capitalism]]
# [[Communism]]
# [[Democracy]]
# [[Dictatorship]]
# [[Fascism]]
# [[Feminism]]
# [[Religious Fundamentalism]]
# [[Globalisation]]
# [[Imperialism]]
# [[Liberalism]]
# [[Monarchy]]
# [[Nationalism]]
# [[Racism]]
# [[Republic]]
# [[Socialism]]
#[[Separation of power]]:
##[[Judiciary]]
##[[Legislature]]
##[[Executive]]
#[[Political party]]
#[[Theocracy]]

== Human issues ==

#[[Abortion]]
#[[Birth control]]
#[[Capital punishment]]
#[[Homosexuality]]
#[[Human rights]]
#[[Sexism]]
#[[Slavery]]

== International ==
# [[ASEAN]]
# [[Arab League]]
# [[Antiglobalization]]
# [[Diplomacy]]
# [[European Union]]
# [[Freedom]]
# [[Globalization]]
# [[IMF]]
# [[NATO]]
# [[Nobel Prize]]
# [[Olympic Games]], preferably with a mention of the [[Paralympics]]
# [[OPEC]]
# [[Red Cross]]/[[Red Crescent]]/[[Red Star of David]]
# [[United Nations]]
## [[WHO]]
## [[UNICEF]]
## [[UNESCO]]
# [[World Bank]]

== Religion ==

# [[Religion]]

At least a five-sentence introduction to the religions:

# [[Baha'i ]]
## [[The Báb]]
## [[Bahá'u'lláh]]
# [[Buddhism]]
## [[Gautama Buddha]]
# [[Christianity]]
## [[ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]]
## [[The Pope]]
## [[Church]]
## [[Protestantism]]
# [[Confucianism]]
## [[Confucius]]
# [[ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
# [[Hinduism]]
## [[Brahma]]
## [[Vishnu]]
## [[Siva]]
# [[Islam]]
## [[Ali]]
## [[Muhammad]]
## [[Mosque]]
## [[Omar]]
## [[Mecca]]
# [[Jainism]]
# [[Judaism]]
## [[Moses]]
## [[Synagogue]]
## [[Jerusalem]]
## [[Israel]]
# [[Mythology]]
## [[Greek mythology]]
# [[Shinto]]
# [[Sikhism]]
## [[Nanak]]
# [[Spirits]]
# [[Taoism]]
# [[Voodoo]]
# [[Zoroastrianism]]
## [[Zoroaster]]

With necessary mention of non-religiousness:

# [[Agnosticism]]
# [[Atheism]]
# [[Humanism]]

== Culture ==

At least three sentences on:

# [[Art]]
## [[Architecture]]
## [[Painting]]
## [[Sculpture]]
# [[Astrology]]
# [[Culture]]
# [[Dance]]
# [[Film]]
## [[Actors]]
## [[Directors]]
### [[Ingmar Bergman]]
### [[Walt Disney]]
### [[Akira Kurosawa]]
### [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
# [[Gambling]]
# [[Game]]
## [[Chess]]
## [[Go]]
## [[Mancala]]
## [[Checkers]]
## [[Backgammon]]
# [[Literature]]
## [[Novel]]
### ''[[Don Quixote]]''
### [[Thousand and One Nights]]
## [[Poetry]]
### [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
### ''[[Iliad]]''
### [[Mahabharata]]
### ''[[Odyssey]]''
# [[Books]]
## [[The Bible]]
## [[The Qur'an]]
# [[Music]]
## [[CD]]
## [[Classical music]]
### [[Opera]]
### [[Symphony]]
## [[Jazz]]
## [[Pop music]]
## [[Reggae]]
## [[Soul and gospel]]
### [[Aretha Franklin]]
## [[Rock and roll]]
### [[The Beatles]]
### [[Heavy metal]]
### [[Elvis Presley]]
### [[The Rolling Stones]]
## [[Traditional]]
### [[Gamelan]]
### [[Indian classical music]]
# [[Musical Instrument]]s
## [[Drum]]
## [[Flute]]
## [[Guitar]]
## [[Piano]]
## [[String instrument]]
## [[Trumpet]]
## [[Violin]]/[[Fiddle]]
# [[Radio]]
# [[Television]]
# [[Theater]]
## [[Broadway]]
## [[Noh]]
# [[Tourism]]

== Science ==

At least a five-sentence introduction to the major fields:

=== Astronomy ===

# [[Astronomy]]
# [[Asteroid]]
# [[Big Bang]]
# [[Black hole]]
# [[Comet]]
# [[Earth]]
# [[Galaxy]]
# [[Jupiter]]
# [[Light year]]
# [[Mars]]
# [[Mercury]]
# [[Milky Way]]
# [[Moon]]
# [[Neptune]]
# [[Planet]]
# [[Pluto]]
# [[Saturn]]
# [[Solar System]]
# [[Star]]
# [[Sun]]
# [[Uranus]]
# [[Venus]]

=== Biology ===

# [[Biology]]

==== Biological materials ====

# [[DNA]]
# [[Enzyme]]
# [[Protein]]

==== Mammalian anatomy ====

# [[Digestive system]]
## [[Large intestine]]
## [[Small intestine]]
## [[Liver]]
# [[Respiratory system]]
## [[Lungs]]
# [[Skeletal system]]
# [[Nervous system]]
## [[Brain]]
## [[Sensory system]]
### [[Auditory system]]
#### [[Ear]]
### [[Visual system]]
#### [[Eye]]
### [[Olfactory system]]
### [[Gustatory system]]
### [[Somatosensory system]]
# [[Endocrine system]]
# [[Circulatory system]]
## [[Blood]]
## [[Heart]]
# [[Reproductive system]]
## [[Penis]]
## [[Vagina]]
# [[Integumentary system]]
## [[Skin]]
# [[Breast]]

==== Biological processes ====

# [[Digestion]]
# [[Evolution]]
# [[Excretion]]
# [[Photosynthesis]]
# [[Pregnancy]]
# [[Reproduction]]
# [[Respiration]]

==== Organisms ====

# [[Animal]]
## [[Chordate]]
### [[Amphibian]]
#### [[Frog]]
### [[Bird]]
#### [[Dove]]
#### [[Eagle]]
### [[Fish]]
#### [[Shark]]
### [[Mammal]]
#### [[Bat]]
#### [[Bear]]
#### [[Camel]]
#### [[Cat]]
#### [[Cattle]]
#### [[Dog]]
#### [[Dolphin]]
#### [[Elephant]]
#### [[Horse]]
#### [[Sheep]]
#### [[Lion]]
#### [[Mammoth]]
#### [[Monkey]]
#### [[Pig]]
#### [[Whale]]
### [[Reptile]]
#### [[Snake]]
## [[Insect]]
### [[Ant]]
### [[Bee]]
### [[Butterfly]]
## [[Arachnid]]
# [[Archea]]
# [[Bacterium]]
# [[Fungus]]
# [[Plant]]
## [[Flower]]
## [[Palm]]
## [[Tree]]
# [[Protist]]
# [[Cell]]

=== Chemistry ===

# [[Chemistry]]
# [[Element]]
# [[List of elements]]
# [[Biochemistry]]
# [[Organic chemistry]]
# [[Periodic table]]
# [[Aluminium]]
# [[Carbon]]
# [[Copper]]
# [[Gold]]
# [[Iron]]
# [[Helium]]
# [[Hydrogen]]
# [[Lithium]]
# [[Neon]]
# [[Nitrogen]]
# [[Oxygen]]
# [[Silver]]
# [[Zinc]]

=== Ecology ===

# [[Ecology]]
# [[Species]]
## [[Endangered species]]

=== Geology ===

# [[Basalt]]
# [[Flint]]
# [[Limestone]]
# [[Earth (Geology)]]

=== Medicine ===

# [[Medicine]]
# [[AIDS]]
# [[Alcoholism]]
# [[Cancer]]
# [[Cirrhosis of the liver]]
# [[Cholera]]
# [[Diabetes mellitus]]
# [[Dysentery]]
# [[Heart disease]]
# [[Hypertension]]
# [[Influenza]]
# [[Lung cancer]]
# [[Malaria]]
# [[Malnutrtion]]
# [[Obesity]]
# [[Sexually transmitted disease]]
# [[Smallpox]]
# [[Stroke]]
# [[Syphilis]]
# [[Tuberculosis]]
# [[Virus]]
# [[Blindness]]
# [[Mental Illness]]
# [[Deafness]]

=== Meterology ===

# [[Cloud]]
# [[El Niño]]
# [[Global Warming]]
# [[Tornado]]
# [[Tropical cyclone]]
# [[Rain]]
# [[Snow]]

=== Physics ===

# [[Physics]]
# [[Atom]]
## [[Electron]]
## [[Neutron]]
## [[Proton]]
# [[Energy]]
## [[Electromagnetic radiation]]
### [[Radio]]
### [[IR]]
### [[Visible]]
#### [[Spectrum]]
#### [[Black]]
#### [[White]]
#### [[Red]]
#### [[Yellow]]
#### [[Green]]
#### [[Blue]]
### [[UV]]
### [[Gamma]]
# [[Isotope]]
# [[Molecule]]
# [[Light]]
#[[Forces]]
##[[Gravitation]]
##[[Electromagnetism]]
##[[Weak nuclear force]]
##[[Strong nuclear force]]
#[[Acceleration]]
#[[Force]]
#[[Mass]]
#[[Speed]]
#[[Time]]
#[[Velocity]]
#[[Weight]]
#[[Quantum mechanics]]
#[[Theory of relativity]]

=== Human sciences ===
# [[Anthropology]]
# [[Education]]
## [[University]]
# [[Human]]
# [[Psychology]]
# [[Sociology]]

=== Resources ===

# [[Minerals]]
# [[Diamond]]
# [[Salt]]

==== Others ====
# [[Oil]]
# [[Gas]]
# [[Coal]]

=== SI units and others ===

# [[SI Unit System]]
# [[Metre]]
# [[Litre]]
# [[Kilogram]]
# [[Volt]]
# [[Watt]]
# [[Newton]]

=== Calendars and timekeeping===

# [[Calendar]]
# [[Day]]
## [[Gregorian calendar]]
### [[Day-of-week algorithm]]
### [[Calculation of date of Easter]]
### [[Leap year]]
# [[Month]]
&lt;!-- (article about each of the months of the year) --&gt;
## [[January]]
## [[February]]
## [[March]]
## [[April]]
## [[May]]
## [[June]]
## [[July]]
## [[August]]
## [[September]]
## [[October]]
## [[November]]
## [[December]]
# [[Time zone]]
## [[Daylight Saving Time]] / [[Summer Time]]
# [[Year]]

== Language ==

# [[ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
# [[Dialect]]
# [[Grammar]]
# [[Linguistics]]
# [[Pronunciation]]
# [[Syntax]]
# [[Word]]
&lt;!--(article about the language specific to that Wikipedia) --&gt;
# [[ᏣᎳᎩ]]
# [[ᎠᎳᏈ]]
# [[Bengal]]
# [[ᎩᎵᏏ]]
# [[Esperanto]]
# [[ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]]
# [[ᎠᏛᏥ]]
# [[ᎬᎵᎧ]]
# [[ᎮᏊ]]
# [[ᎯᏅᏗ]]
# [[ᏂᎰᏂ]]
# [[ᎳᏘᎾ]]
# [[ᎷᏏᎥ]]
# [[Sanskrit]]
# [[ᏍᏆᏂ]]
# [[ᏥᏂᏍ]] (deleted Mandarin, because it is a dialect of Chinese)
# [[ᏔᎻᎵ]]
# [[ᏚᎸᎩ]] &lt;!--(there is no Ural-Altaic language. It lacks a balance)--&gt;
&lt;!--# [[Mandinga]]
# [[Twi]]
# [[Hausa]]--&gt;
# [[ᏍᏩᎯᎵ]]
&lt;!--# [[Zulu]] --&gt;
# [[!Xóõ]] &lt;!--Most African languages aren't significant enough. Just maintained Swahili because it's quite widely spoken and understood; added !Xóõ, which has a unique phonology--&gt;

== Architecture ==
also [[civil engeering]]
# [[Architecture]]
# [[Arch]]
# [[Bridge]]
# [[Canal]]
# [[Dam]]
# [[Dome]]
# [[Nail]]
# [[Tower]]

&lt;!--
Historical / particular architectures
# [[Aswan Dam]]
# [[Great Wall of China]]
# [[Pyramids]]
# [[Taj Mahal]]
--&gt;

== Mathematics ==

# [[Mathematics]]
# [[Algebra]]
# [[Axiom]]
# [[Calculus]]
##[[Integration]]
##[[Differentiation]]
# [[Geometry]]
## [[Circle]]
### [[Pi]]
##[[Square]]
##[[Triangle]]
# [[Group theory]]
# [[Mathematical logic]]
# [[Mathematical proof]]
## [[Proof by deduction]]
## [[Proof by induction]]
## [[Proof by contradiction]]
# [[Number]]
## [[Complex number]]
## [[Integer]]
## [[Natural number]]
## [[Prime number]]
## [[Rational number]]
# [[Infinity]]
# [[Set theory]]
# [[Statistics]]
# [[Trigonometry]]

== Military ==

# [[Army]]
## [[Artillery]]
##[[Cavalry]]
## [[Infantry]]
# [[Navy]]
# [[Airforce]]

== Sport ==

# [[Sport]]
# [[Athletics]]
# [[Baseball]]
# [[Basketball]]
# [[Cricket]]
# [[Judo]]
# [[Soccer]]
# [[Motor racing]]
# [[Hockey]]
# [[Tennis]]
# [[Badminton]]
# [[Olympics]]
# [[Waterpolo]]

== Industry ==

# [[Manufacturing]]
# [[Mining]]
# [[Refining]]

== Technology ==

=== Computers ===
# [[Computer]]
## [[Processor]]
## [[RAM]]
## [[Motherboard]]
## [[Hard disk]]
## [[Boot loader]]
# [[Artificial Intelligence]]
# [[Computer science]]
## [[Algorithm]]
# [[Operating system]]
## [[Microsoft Windows]]
## [[Mac OS]]
## [[Linux]]
## [[Unix]]
# [[Programming language]]
## [[C]]
## [[Java]]
## [[Pascal]]
## [[PHP]]
# [[Software]]
# [[User interface]]
## [[Mouse]]
## [[Keyboard]]
## [[Monitor]]

=== Common technology ===

# [[Coinage]]
# [[Combustion engine]]
# [[Engineering]]
# [[Fire]]
# [[Inclined plane]]
# [[Lever]]
# [[Metallurgy]]
# [[Printing]]
# [[Pulley]]
# [[Screw]]
# [[Steam engine]]
# [[Wedge]]
# [[Wheel]]

=== Communication ===

# [[Letters]] / [[Alphabet]]
## [[Chinese character]]
## [[Cyrillic alphabet]]
## [[Greek alphabet]]
## [[Latin alphabet]]
## [[Literacy]]
# [[Information]]
# [[Internet]]
## [[E-mail]]
## [[Internet protocol]]
## [[TCP]]
## [[World Wide Web]]
### [[Web browser]]
## [[HTTP]]
## [[HTML]]
## [[Wiki]]
# [[Journalism]]
## [[Newspaper]]
## [[Mass media]]
## [[Radio]]
# [[Railroad]]
# [[Telegraph]]
# [[Telephone]]
## [[Mobile telephone]]
# [[Television]]
# [[Writing]]

=== Electricity ===

# [[Renewable sources]]
## [[Solar]]
## [[Hydro]]
## [[Wind]]
## [[Waves]]
## [[Wood]]
# [[Depletable sources]] and [[fossil fuels]]
## [[Coal]]
## [[Gas]]
## [[Oil]]
## [[Nuclear]]

=== Electronics ===
# [[Electronics]]
## [[Voltage]]
## [[Current]]
## [[Charge]]
## [[Frequency]]
## [[Phase]]
## [[Resistance]]
## [[Reactance]]
## [[Inductance]]
## [[Capacitance]]
## [[Gain]]
# [[Components]]
## [[Transistor]]
## [[Diode]]
## [[Resistor]]
## [[Capacitor]]
## [[Transformer]]
## [[Inductor]]

=== Materials ===

# [[Glass]]
# [[Paper]]
# [[Plastic]]

=== Transportation ===

# [[Transport]]
# [[Aeroplane]] / [[Airplane]]
# [[Automobile]]
# [[Bicycle]]
# [[Boat]]
# [[Ship]]
# [[Train]]

=== Weapons ===

# [[Axe]]
# [[Explosives]]
# [[Firearms]]
# [[Gunpowder]]
# [[Machine gun]]
# [[Martial arts]] (i.e. one's own body as a weapon)
# [[Nuclear weapon]]
# [[Sword]]
# [[Tank]]

== Disasters ==

# [[Avalanche]]
# [[Earthquake]]
# [[Flood]]
# [[Hurricane]]
# [[Nuclear meltdown]]
# [[ᏧᎾᎻ]]

== Philosophy ==
# [[Philosophy]]
# [[Western philosophy]]
# [[Eastern philosophy]]
# [[Scientific method]]
# [[Beauty]]
# [[Ethics]]
# [[Existence]]
# [[Experience]]
# [[Knowledge]]
# [[Moral]] (or [[Morality]])
# [[Logic]]
# [[Truth]]

== Economics ==
# [[Economics]]
# [[Money]]
# [[Supply &amp; Demand]]
# [[Free Market]]
# [[Capital]]
# [[Microeconomics]]
# [[Macroeconomics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Searching</title>
    <id>1145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5321</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-26T20:15:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formatting, en:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">To search type in your query in the search box, then click &quot;go&quot; or &quot;search&quot;. 

''See also:'' [[m:Help:Searching]]

[[en:Wikipedia:Searching]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Gangleri</title>
    <id>1146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5322</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-03T16:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gangleri</username>
        <id>26</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Gangleri</title>
    <id>1147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5323</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-03T16:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gangleri</username>
        <id>26</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__
===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] =====
[[Image:Redirect arrow.png|left]]

::* [[:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]]
::* [[:en:User:Gangleri]]
::* [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]]
::* [[:is:Notandi:Gangleri]]
::* [[:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]]
::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]'''

[[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia</title>
    <id>1148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5324</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-03T17:12:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gangleri</username>
        <id>26</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Richie</title>
    <id>1149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5325</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-03T18:15:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Richie</username>
        <id>25</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikipedia python library</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page.

I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/.

[[User:Richie|Richie]] 18:15, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;&quot;&gt;
'''My user pages:'''
[[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] |
[[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] |
[[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] |
[[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] |
[[:en:User:Richie|EN]] |
[[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] |
[[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] |
[[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] |
[[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] |
[[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] |
[[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] |
[[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] |
[[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] |
[[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] |
[[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] |
[[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] |
[[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] |
[[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] |
[[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] |
[[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] |
[[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] |
[[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] |
[[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]]
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:RCBot</title>
    <id>1150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5326</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-16T19:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RCBot</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>RCBot: Update user page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:28, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)


&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;&quot;&gt;
'''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia'''
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;
[[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | [[:ca:Usuari:RCBot|ca]] | [[:ce:User:RCBot|ce]] | [[:ch:User:RCBot|ch]] | [[:cho:User:RCBot|cho]] | [[:User:RCBot|chr]] | [[:chy:User:RCBot|chy]] | [[:co:User:RCBot|co]] | [[:commons:User:RCBot|commons]] | [[:cr:User:RCBot|cr]] | [[:cs:Wikipedista:RCBot|cs]] | [[:csb:User:RCBot|csb]] | [[:cv:User:RCBot|cv]] | [[:cy:Defnyddiwr:RCBot|cy]] | [[:da:Bruger:RCBot|da]] | [[:de:Benutzer:RCBot|de]] | [[:dv:User:RCBot|dv]] | [[:dz:User:RCBot|dz]] | [[:ee:User:RCBot|ee]] | [[:el:User:RCBot|el]] | [[:en:User:RCBot|en]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:RCBot|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:RCBot|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:RCBot|et]] | [[:eu:User:RCBot|eu]] | [[:fa:کاربر:RCBot|fa]] | [[:ff:User:RCBot|ff]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:RCBot|fi]] | [[:fj:User:RCBot|fj]] | [[:fo:Brúkari:RCBot|fo]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RCBot|fr]] | [[:fur:User:RCBot|fur]] | [[:fy:Meidogger:RCBot|fy]] | [[:ga:Úsáideoir:RCBot|ga]] | [[:gd:User:RCBot|gd]] | [[:gl:User:RCBot|gl]] | [[:gn:User:RCBot|gn]] | [[:got:User:RCBot|got]] | [[:gu:User:RCBot|gu]] | [[:gv:User:RCBot|gv]] | [[:ha:User:RCBot|ha]] | [[:haw:User:RCBot|haw]] | [[:he:משתמש:RCBot|he]] | [[:hi:सदस्य:RCBot|hi]] | [[:ho:User:RCBot|ho]] | [[:hr:User:RCBot|hr]] | [[:ht:User:RCBot|ht]] | [[:hu:User:RCBot|hu]] | [[:hy:User:RCBot|hy]] | [[:hz:User:RCBot|hz]] | [[:ia:Usator:RCBot|ia]] | [[:id:Pengguna:RCBot|id]] | [[:ie:User:RCBot|ie]] | [[:ig:User:RCBot|ig]] | [[:ii:User:RCBot|ii]] | [[:ik:User:RCBot|ik]] | [[:io:User:RCBot|io]] | [[:is:Notandi:RCBot|is]] | [[:it:Utente:RCBot|it]] | [[:iu:User:RCBot|iu]] | [[:ja:利用者:RCBot|ja]] | [[:jbo:User:RCBot|jbo]] | [[:jv:User:RCBot|jv]] | [[:ka:User:RCBot|ka]] | [[:kg:User:RCBot|kg]] | [[:ki:User:RCBot|ki]] | [[:kj:User:RCBot|kj]] | [[:kk:User:RCBot|kk]] | [[:kl:User:RCBot|kl]] | [[:km:User:RCBot|km]] | [[:kn:User:RCBot|kn]] | [[:ko:사용자:RCBot|ko]] | [[:kr:User:RCBot|kr]] | [[:ks:User:RCBot|ks]] | [[:ku:Bikarhêner:RCBot|ku]] | [[:kv:User:RCBot|kv]] | [[:kw:User:RCBot|kw]] | [[:ky:User:RCBot|ky]] | [[:la:Usor:RCBot|la]] | [[:lb:User:RCBot|lb]] | [[:lg:User:RCBot|lg]] | [[:li:Gebroeker:RCBot|li]] | [[:ln:User:RCBot|ln]] | [[:lo:User:RCBot|lo]] | [[:lt:User:RCBot|lt]] | [[:lv:User:RCBot|lv]] | [[:mg:User:RCBot|mg]] | [[:mh:User:RCBot|mh]] | [[:mi:User:RCBot|mi]] | [[:mk:User:RCBot|mk]] | [[:ml:User:RCBot|ml]] | [[:mn:User:RCBot|mn]] | [[:mo:User:RCBot|mo]] | [[:mr:User:RCBot|mr]] | [[:ms:Pengguna:RCBot|ms]] | [[:mt:User:RCBot|mt]] | [[:mus:User:RCBot|mus]] | [[:my:User:RCBot|my]] | [[:na:User:RCBot|na]] | [[:nah:User:RCBot|nah]] | [[:nds:Bruker:RCBot|nds]] | [[:ne:User:RCBot|ne]] | [[:ng:User:RCBot|ng]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:RCBot|nl]] | [[:nn:Brukar:RCBot|nn]] | [[:no:Bruker:RCBot|no]] | [[:nv:Choinish'įįhí:RCBot|nv]] | [[:ny:User:RCBot|ny]] | [[:oc:Utilisator:RCBot|oc]] | [[:om:User:RCBot|om]] | [[:or:User:RCBot|or]] | [[:pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:RCBot|pa]] | [[:pi:User:RCBot|pi]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:RCBot|pl]] | [[:ps:User:RCBot|ps]] | [[:pt:Usuário:RCBot|pt]] | [[:qu:User:RCBot|qu]] | [[:rm:User:RCBot|rm]] | [[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:roa-rup:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:sd:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:sw:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Mcm</title>
    <id>1151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5327</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-05T22:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mcm</username>
        <id>23</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi there. I am a graduate student at Georgia Tech studying the global aspect of Wikipedia with a special interest in indigneous languages. If you are interested in being interviewed, please read the study description and consent form at :
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2005/cs6470_spring/researchstudy/webconsent_wikipedia_study1.html
Thanks!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Manus</title>
    <id>1152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8789</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-24T17:35:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎹᏄᏍ ᏓᏩᏙᎠ. ᏣᎳᎩᏍ ᎯᏬᏂ?
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᏟ ᏥᏬᏂᏍᎩ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᏟ ᎪᎵᎦ.
ᏩᏙ!
ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎨ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎪᎯᎢᎦ. ᎤᎦᏃᏪᏍᏘ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ.
ᎩᏔᏯ ᏞᎩᏋ ᎬᏂᏍᎨᏍᏗ.
ᏚᎳᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏯᏁᏍᏔᏂ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ.
ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏬᏚᎯᏳ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᎠ.

ᎭᏢ ᎨᎦ? (Where am I going?)

Where are you going with this, the beautiful bird that sings?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia talk:List of articles Wikipedia should have</title>
    <id>1153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5329</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-08T23:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Who is in favor of a move to [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] (or, once the namespace is moved, [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:List of articles all languages should have]])? [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ]] 20:51, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
:Done. [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 23:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cleanup</title>
    <id>1155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7559</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T21:03:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[Template:Cleansda]] moved to [[Template:Cleanup]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;cleanup&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefff; margin: .5em 10%; padding: 0 1em; border: #9F9FFF 1px solid;&quot;&gt;
This article needs to be '''[[Wikipedia:Cleanup|cleaned up]]''' to conform to a [[Wikipedia:Style_and_How-to_Directory|higher standard]] of article quality. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;small&gt;See [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to Edit]] and [[Wikipedia:Style and How-to Directory|Style and How-to]] for help, or this article's [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]]. Remove this message when done.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Wikipedia cleanup|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wikipedia cleanup</title>
    <id>1156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7886</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T13:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit of 132132, changed back to last version by Wikiacc</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Articles that need [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|cleanup]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wikiacc/ᏣᎳᎩification</title>
    <id>1158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5334</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-31T19:57:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:ᎤᎦᏔ</title>
    <id>1159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6080</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-04T14:37:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ :ᎤᎦᏔ moved to Wikipedia:ᎤᎦᏔ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A ᎤᎦᏔ is a short ᎤᏓᏡᎬ that does not contain enough information to be considered a real ᎤᏓᏡᎬ. This is primarily due to lack of attention from editors. They are generally considered to be the first step an ᎤᏓᏡᎬ takes toward being complete.

== Finding ᎤᎦᏔ ==
ᎤᎦᏔ (which currently represent an overwhelming majority of ᏣᎳᎩ ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ) usually consist of less than two paragraphs.

== Tagging ᎤᎦᏔ ==
ᎤᎦᏔ should be tagged with &lt;nowiki&gt;{{stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, which displays the following message:
:{{stub}}
It also places the page in [http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Stub Category:Stub], which is provided to make stubs easier to find.

== Fixing ᎤᎦᏔ ==
It is advised that ᎤᎦᏔ are expanded into full ᎤᏓᏡᎬ. Whether or not to do this, though, is the decision of the editor.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:India</title>
    <id>1162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5338</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-26T19:41:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">When this page is fully ᏣᎳᎩ'd, remember to add an interwiki link at [[en:India]] to here. (Request from [[en:User:Nichalp]].) [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 19:41, 26 May 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎡᎶᏆ</title>
    <id>1163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9457</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-12T02:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ur:یورپ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎡᎶᏆ is a [[continent]] ᎤᏗᎵᎬᏱ of [[ᎠᏏᎠ]] and ᎤᏴᏢᎢ of [[Africa]]. 
[[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|ᎡᎶᏆ]]
* [[ᏎᎸᏈᏯ]]
* [[ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ]]
* [[ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]]
* [[ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]]
* [[ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]]
* [[ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]]
* [[ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ]]
* [[ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]]
* ...

[[Image:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|350px|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏄ]]

{{stub}}

[[af:Europa]]
[[als:Europa]]
[[am:አውሮፓ]]
[[an:Europa]]
[[ang:Europa]]
[[ar:أوروبا]]
[[arc:ܝܘܐܪܘܦܐ]]
[[ast:Europa]]
[[ay:Iwrupa]]
[[az:Avropa]]
[[bar:Europa]]
[[bat-smg:Euruopa]]
[[be:Эўропа]]
[[bg:Европа]]
[[bn:ইউরোপ]]
[[bo:ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་]]
[[br:Europa (kevandir)]]
[[bs:Evropa]]
[[ca:Europa]]
[[co:Europa]]
[[cs:Evropa]]
[[csb:Eùropa]]
[[cv:Европа]]
[[cy:Ewrop]]
[[da:Europa]]
[[de:Europa]]
[[el:Ευρώπη]]
[[en:Europe]]
[[eo:Eŭropo]]
[[es:Europa]]
[[et:Euroopa]]
[[eu:Europa]]
[[fa:اروپا]]
[[fi:Eurooppa]]
[[fo:Evropa]]
[[fr:Europe]]
[[frp:Eropa]]
[[fur:Europe]]
[[fy:Jeropa]]
[[ga:An Eoraip]]
[[gd:An Roinn-Eòrpa]]
[[gl:Europa]]
[[gn:Europa]]
[[gu:યુરોપ]]
[[gv:Yn Europey]]
[[haw:ʻEulopa]]
[[he:אירופה]]
[[hi:यूरोप]]
[[hr:Europa]]
[[hsb:Europa]]
[[ht:Ewòp]]
[[hu:Európa]]
[[ia:Europa]]
[[id:Eropa]]
[[io:Europa]]
[[is:Evrópa]]
[[it:Europa]]
[[ja:ヨーロッパ]]
[[jbo:rontu'a]]
[[ka:ევროპა]]
[[kk:Еуропа]]
[[kn:ಯೂರೋಪ್]]
[[ko:유럽]]
[[ksh:Europa (Kontinänt)]]
[[ku:Ewropa]]
[[kw:Europa]]
[[la:Europa]]
[[lb:Europa (Kontinent)]]
[[li:Europa]]
[[lij:Euròpa]]
[[lmo:Europa]]
[[lo:ເອີລົບ]]
[[lt:Europa]]
[[lv:Eiropa]]
[[mi:Ūropi]]
[[mk:Европа]]
[[mo:Еуропа]]
[[ms:Eropah]]
[[mt:Ewropa]]
[[my:ဥရောပ]]
[[na:Iurop]]
[[nah:Eutlocpan]]
[[nds:Europa]]
[[nds-nl:Europa (continent)]]
[[ne:युरोप]]
[[nl:Europa (continent)]]
[[nn:Europa]]
[[no:Europa]]
[[nov:Europa]]
[[nrm:Ûrope]]
[[oc:Euròpa]]
[[os:Европæ]]
[[pdc:Eiropaa]]
[[pl:Europa]]
[[pt:Europa]]
[[qu:Iwrupa]]
[[rm:Europa]]
[[rmy:Europa]]
[[ro:Europa]]
[[roa-rup:Europa]]
[[ru:Европа]]
[[ru-sib:Европа]]
[[sc:Europa]]
[[scn:Europa]]
[[sco:Europe]]
[[se:Eurohpá]]
[[sh:Evropa]]
[[simple:Europe]]
[[sk:Európa]]
[[sl:Evropa]]
[[so:Yurub]]
[[sq:Evropa]]
[[sr:Европа]]
[[st:Europa]]
[[sv:Europa]]
[[sw:Ulaya]]
[[ta:ஐரோப்பா]]
[[tg:Аврупо]]
[[th:ทวีปยุโรป]]
[[tk:Ýewropa]]
[[tl:Europa]]
[[tpi:Yurop]]
[[tr:Avrupa]]
[[udm:Европа]]
[[ug:ياۋروپا]]
[[uk:Європа]]
[[ur:یورپ]]
[[uz:Yevropa]]
[[vec:Eoropa]]
[[vi:Châu Âu]]
[[vls:Europa]]
[[wa:Urope]]
[[war:Europa]]
[[wo:Óróop]]
[[yi:אייראפע]]
[[yo:Yúróòpù]]
[[zh:欧洲]]
[[zh-classical:歐羅巴洲]]
[[zh-min-nan:Europa]]
[[zh-yue:歐洲]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Administrators</title>
    <id>1168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7852</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T11:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>...looks better like that</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Administrators are Wikipedians with ''sysop powers''. These powers include the ability to block or ban a user, delete a page, protect a page, edit a protected page and automatically revert edits.

ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ has only 3 administrator, [[User:Etse|Etse]], [[User:Brion VIBBER|Brion VIBBER]] and [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]

A current list of administrators can be seen [http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Listusers&amp;group=sysop here]

[[en:Wikipedia:Administrators]]


Hello, I am John Conner. I would like to improve Wikipedia. But lately, Wikipedia was frequently attacked by destruction-bots. I would like to participate actively and will not bear that. Because for the moment unfortunately too few possibilities for it are ordered to me, I would like to apply as an user with administrator rights. Thank you, --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 11:20, 30 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Hanxnoe</title>
    <id>1171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5347</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-30T08:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hanxnoe</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Need a volunteer?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">To the administrator:

  Can I help? I'm a long-time student of Cherokee (since 1979, written, only) and I have a BS in Computer Science, a large library of Cherokee (and other Iroquoian) resources, and time on my (retired) hands.

  I can enter data, transcribe syllabary or enter syllabary from transcription. Databases are my specialty!

  Please let me know if there's anything I might be able to do to help this site, OK?

  Very sincerely

Hank Snow
Oklahoma City, OK</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Harðor</title>
    <id>1172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5348</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-01T10:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Harðor</username>
        <id>32</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[w:en:User:Harðor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Harðor</title>
    <id>1173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5349</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-01T10:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Harðor</username>
        <id>32</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[w:en:User_talk:Harðor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:BrahnTelpefin</title>
    <id>1174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5350</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-01T15:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>81.207.60.59</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[w:en:User:Harðor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:24.251.198.251</title>
    <id>1175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5351</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-03T19:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==English pages==
Excerpt from edit summaries:
:It's OK to add content to old pages, but only add new pages in cherokee
::just because you say so doesn't make it policy. OK? (anyway there is no Template:Delete yet)
:It /is/ policy, Wikimedia-wide: the Wikipedia in a language is supposed to be /in that language/. You're not helping.
:What possible motivation could you have for adding these, anyways???

I would like to put discussion here and keep it here, so we can actually have a discussion. Thank you.

I can understand that the Cherokee Wikipedia should be in Cherokee, and I fully agree with that. I can also understand that you want new content to be in Cherokee for full conversion to occur, and after some thinking, I agree with that as well. You win here.

I do, however, find some offense with your implication that I was, for no reason, anglifying the already 90% English &quot;Cherokee&quot; Wikipedia. I will agree that certain articles, such as [[World War II]] and [[India]] (which was in fact created by an anonymous user), should not have been created unless they were in Cherokee. That was my mistake. What puzzled me was your implication that I should not have created an anniversary page unless in Cherokee. As far as I can understand, the anniversary page stood for almost 11 months before being updated. This is an obvious sign of a dead wiki, and it may drive potential contributors away. 

Oh, and I would recommend creating a speedy delete template before you reference it, because those pages currently give no information about their deletion status.

Please respond. [[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 19:59, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wikiacc/monobook.css</title>
    <id>1176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5352</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-08T23:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">/* 
   adapted from fr:
   like it because of the navigation and rounded tabs
*/

#content { background : #F8FCFF; }  // bleu ciel
#p-cactions li { background : #F8FCFF; }
#p-cactions li a { background : #F8FCFF; }

.ns-0 * #content { background : white; }
.ns-0 * #p-cactions li { background : white; }
.ns-0 * #p-cactions li a { background : white; }

.ns-1 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-1 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-1 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-2 * #content { background : white; }
.ns-2 * #p-cactions li { background : white; }
.ns-2 * #p-cactions li a { background : white; }

.ns-3 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-3 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-3 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-4 * #content { background : #F4F4F4; }
.ns-4 * #p-cactions li { background : #F4F4F4; }
.ns-4 * #p-cactions li a { background : #F4F4F4; }

.ns-5 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-5 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-5 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-7 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-7 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-7 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-8 * #content { background : #EEEEFF; }
.ns-8 * #p-cactions li { background : #EEEEFF; }
.ns-8 * #p-cactions li a { background : #EEEEFF; }

.ns-9 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-9 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-9 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-11 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-11 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-11 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

.ns-12 * #content { background : #FFEEEE; }
.ns-12 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFEEEE; }
.ns-12 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFEEEE; }

.ns-13 * #content { background : #FFEEEE; }
.ns-13 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFEEEE; }
.ns-13 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFEEEE; }

.ns-15 * #content { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-15 * #p-cactions li { background : #FFFFEE; }
.ns-15 * #p-cactions li a { background : #FFFFEE; }

/* 
 '0': 'article',
 '2': 'user',
 '4': 'wikipedia',
 '6': 'image',
 '8': 'mediawiki',
 '10':   '??',
 '12':   '??',
 '14':   'category'
*/


.pBody 
{
   padding: 0.3em 0.1em;
   -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em;
}
.portlet h5 
{
   background-color: #e0e3e6;
   border: thin solid silver;
   -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em;
}
#p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a 
{  
  -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em;
  -moz-border-radius-topleft: 0.5em;
}

div.egy_calendrier#cadre
{
        border:1px solid #CCCC99; 
        background: #FFFFFF; 
        text-align: center; 
        font-size: smaller;
}

div.egy_calendrier#lien
{
        background: #CCCC99; 
        padding: 0.2em; 
}

div.egy_calendrier#saison
{
}

div.egy_calendrier#mois
{
}

div.egy_calendrier#jour
{
        font-size: medium; 
}

table.egyleft
{
    float: right; 
    margin: 0.5em 0.5em 1em 1em; 
    border: 1px solid #ccccaa; 
    background: #efefdd; 
    text-align: center; 
    width: 170px;
}

/*
 * Divers
 */

.exposant { vertical-align: text-top; }

div.floatleft, table.floatleft
{
    float: left;
    position: relative;
    margin: 0, 0.5em, 0.5em, 0;
    border: 0;
}
div.floatright, table.floatright
{
    clear: right;
    float: right;
    position: relative;
    margin: 0, 0, 0.5em, 0.5em;
    border: 0;
}

div.alerte#style2 { padding:0.5em; background:#FFFFDD; }

div.alerte#style1 { padding:0.5em; }
div.alerte#style3 { padding:0.5em; border:solid 1px #808080; background:#F0F0F0; }
div.alerte#style4 { padding:0.5em; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:1px solid #8888aa; border-right-width:2px; border-bottom-width:2px; }
div.alerte#style5 { padding:0.5em; border: 1px red dashed; }
div.alerte#style6 { padding:0.5em; background: peachpuff; border: 1px solid #cdcdcd; }
div.alerte#style7 { padding:0.5em; border:dotted 1mm red; }
div.alerte#style8 { padding:0.5em; border:dotted 1mm red; background:yellow; }
div.alerte#style9 { padding:0.5em; background:#f0f0ff; }

//body.ns-0 div#p-logo a { background-image: url(/upload/7/7e/Wiki_original.png) !important; }


div.BoxenVerschmelzen, div.NavFrame {
     margin:0px;
     padding:2px;
     border:1px solid #AAAAAA;
     text-align:center;
     border-collapse:collapse;
     font-size:95%;
}

div.BoxenVerschmelzen div.NavFrame {
     border-style:none;
     border-style:hidden;
}

div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
     border-top-style:none;
     border-top-style:hidden;
}

div.NavPic {
     background-color:#FFFFFF;
     margin:0px;
     padding:2px;
     float:left;
}

div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
     height:1.6em;
     font-weight:bold;
     font-size:100%;
     background-color:#EFEFEF;
}

div.NavFrame p {
     font-size:100%;
}

div.NavFrame div.NavContent {
     font-size:100%;
}

div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
     font-size:100%;
}

div.NavEnd {
     margin:0px;
     padding:0px;
     line-height:1px;
     clear:both;
}


div.PointCarte
{
   position:absolute;
   width:1px;
   height:1px;
   background:#000000;
   border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;    
}


.j11, .j1er1, .j22, .j33, .j44, .j55, .j66, .j77, .j88, .j99, .j1010,
.j1111, .j1212, .j1313, .j1414, .j1515, .j1616, .j1717, .j1818, .j1919, .j2020,
.j2121, .j2222, .j2323, .j2424, .j2525, .j2626, .j2727, .j2828, .j2929, .j3030,
.j3131 
{
   background: #d7ecff !important
}

.avance_boite
{
   width: 100px; 
   background-color: lightgray; 
   border: solid 1px gray;
}
.avance_barre
{
   background-color: #A0A0FF;
   text-align: right;
   font-size: 100%;
   font-weight: bold;
}

/* Style boîte login */
form#userlogin {
  padding: 1em 1em .7em 1em;
  background-color: #ffffe6;
  border: 2px solid #fc6;
  color: #000;
  margin-right: 2em;
}

form#userlogin table {
  background-color: #ffffe6;
  color: #000;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten */

div.BoxenVerschmelzen,
div.NavFrame {
        margin: 0px;
        padding: 2px;
        border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
        text-align: center;
        border-collapse: collapse;
        font-size: 95%;
}
div.BoxenVerschmelzen div.NavFrame {
        border-style: none;
        border-style: hidden;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
        border-top-style: none;
        border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
        background-color: #ffffff;
        margin: 0px;
        padding: 2px;
        float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
        height: 1.6em;
        font-weight: bold;
        font-size: 100%;
        background-color: #efefef;
}
div.NavFrame p {
        font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent {
        font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
        font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
        margin: 0px;
        padding: 0px;
        line-height: 1px;
        clear: both;
}

.NavToggle {

   font-size: x-small;
   float:right;

}

/*</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Delete</title>
    <id>1177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8327</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-04T09:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>203.173.151.157</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|80px|left]]
&lt;div name=&quot;Deletion notice&quot; class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;delete&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fee; margin: 0 1em; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;
'''This page is a [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|candidate for speedy deletion]][[Template:Delete|.]]'''

If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]] or at [[Wikipedia:Speedy deletions]].  If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but do not remove this notice from articles that you have created yourself.

''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] - Remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|if anything links here]] and [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] ([{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]) before [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deleting].''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Candidates for speedy deletion</title>
    <id>1178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7823</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T08:38:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pmsyyz</username>
        <id>82</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rv v</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages that are candidates for speedy deletion by an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]].

See [[Wikipedia:Speedy deletions]] for more information.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wikiacc/List test</title>
    <id>1179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5355</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-08T23:09:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User:Wikiacc/List test moved to Wikipedia:List of articles Wikipedia should have</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:List of articles Wikipedia should have]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Wikiacc/List test</title>
    <id>1180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5356</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-08T23:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User talk:Wikiacc/List test moved to Wikipedia talk:List of articles Wikipedia should have</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia talk:List of articles Wikipedia should have]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎺᎵ</title>
    <id>1181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5357</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-09T00:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>both this and [[ᎠᎺᎢ]] mean the U.S., just different spellings and Cherokeeiziations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᎠᎺᎢ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dzidzelalic</title>
    <id>1608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6067</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-02T07:37:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidzelalic</username>
        <id>35</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ᏓᏆᏙᎥ ᏥᏤᎳᎵᏥ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏓᏆᏙᎥ ᏥᏤᎳᎵᏥ (d&lt;sup&gt;z&lt;/sup&gt;id&lt;sup&gt;z&lt;/sup&gt;əlalič). --[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 07:37, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi, my official name is Leland Bryant Ross. As &quot;Haruo&quot; or &quot;dzidzelalic&quot; (or, in Japanese, &quot;Rosharuo&quot;) I am active in a variety of Wikipedias, but primarily in the Esperanto Wikipedia. I know virtually no Tsalagi, but am eager to help here too.--[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 8 July 2005 05:02 (UTC)

'''Dzidelalic''' is a typo - the name ''should'' have a second z in it. Actually, it should be '''&lt;u&gt;d&lt;sup&gt;z&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/u&gt;id&lt;sup&gt;z&lt;/sup&gt;əlalič''', but I find that takes too much time to type and half the time the browser won't handle it anyway...

ᎠᎡᎢᎣᎤᎥ&lt;br&gt;
ᎦᎧᎨᎩᎪᎫᎬ&lt;br&gt;
ᎭᎮᎯᎰᎱᎲ&lt;br&gt;
ᎳᎴᎵᎶᎷᎸ&lt;br&gt;
ᎹᎺᎻᎼᎽ&lt;br&gt;
ᎾᎿᏀᏁᏂᏃᏄᏅ&lt;br&gt;
ᏆᏇᏈᏉᏊᏋ&lt;br&gt;
ᏌᏍᏎᏏᏐᏑᏒ&lt;br&gt;
ᏓᏔᏕᏖᏗᏘᏙᏚᏛ&lt;br&gt;
ᏜᏝᏞᏟᏠᏡᏢ&lt;br&gt;
ᏣᏤᏥᏦᏧᏨ&lt;br&gt;
ᏩᏪᏫᏬᏭᏮ&lt;br&gt;
ᏯᏰᏱᏲᏳᏴ&lt;br&gt;

[[en:user:Haruo]]
[[eo:user:Haruo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ</title>
    <id>1609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9529</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T16:55:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[sl:Amazing Grace]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ'''
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ&lt;br&gt;
ᎢᎦᎫᏴᎮᎢ&lt;br&gt;
ᎿᏉᏦᎡᏫᏳᎶᏎ&lt;br&gt;
ᎢᎦᎫᏴᎰᏅ&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
([[ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ]])

[[de:Amazing Grace]]
[[en:Amazing Grace]]
[[fr:Amazing Grace]]
[[hu:Amazing Grace]]
[[it:Amazing Grace]]
[[ja:アメイジンググレイス]]
[[sl:Amazing Grace]]
[[sv:Amazing Grace]]
[[zh:奇異恩典]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Dzidzelalic</title>
    <id>1610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8286</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-12T07:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>203.173.151.157</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Article request */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What I'm trying to figure out is why I can get to my User:Dzidzelalic page from my eo:Vikipediisto:Haruo page, but not from within the Cherokee Wikipedia itself (even though I'm logged in). Is it a capitalization issue or what (and if so, where is the glitch)?--[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 08:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

[[eo:user:Haruo]]

==Adminship==
Since Etse's disappearance, this wiki has been in extreme need of a sysop. You have shown yourself to be the most suited user here for such a position, due to these factors:

*Best command of Tsalagi of any user here (besides Etse)
*Experience in other wikis
*Excellent in dealing with rogue anons and vandals
*etc.

If you accumulate more contributions here (100 will be enough, especially in comparison to Etse's 129 and my 180) I will consider nominating you for adminship at [[m:Requests for permissions]] for the Cherokee Wikipedia. --[[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] 15:13, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

:I disagree with this nomination. It seems to me that Leland has no more than the most basic knowledge of Cherokee. It seems that he believes in pan-Native American nationalism, and that Cherokee to him is a hobby rather than a language he's really academically learning. He has only recently become involved with other Wikipedias (in the last few weeks), and I think his calling this probably well-meaning anon a &quot;vandal&quot; was extreme. I do not think a sysop is needed here -- what tasks are there that need a sysop? Interface translation, yes, but I really don't think he's up to that. This entire Wikipedia was created at the drop of a hat as the result of a request by somebody who admittedly spoke very little Cherokee in the first place. The articles Leland has contributed to follow the abandoned policy of word-by-word translation, rather than the more current and more sensible &quot;fully Cherokee stub&quot; policy which is followed at the pages on different countries, accounting for the majority of Cherokee content on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Node ue|Node ue]] 10:14, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

::Thank you both. I agree with [[User:Node ue|Node ue]] that I don't know enough Tsalagi to be a viable admin/sysop here, and it is unlikely that I will soon acquire enough of a command to be such. So I decline the nomination in advance. I don't know what evidence there is that I believe in &quot;pan-Native American nationalism&quot;, though; I think of myself as a nonnationalist, an Esperantist, and my Native American interest is mainly in Northwest languages, particularly Chinuk Wawa and dx&lt;sup&gt;w&lt;/sup&gt;ləšucid. But I do think that if the Cherokee Wikipedia is to become viable it needs an administrator, and there are a few little tasks that could be usefully done right now by someone with no knowledge of Tsalagi, such as changing &quot;Main Page&quot; in the column at left to read and link to &quot;ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ&quot;. Most of my &quot;Tsalagi&quot; additions have been word substitution stuff (which I agree is not the way to do it), but not all. I am happy to see the much abbreviated main page. --[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 17:05, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

==Article request==
'''Greetings Dzidzelalic'''!, Can you please help me write a stub for [http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%AF this article] which is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Just 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough and your help would be appreciated. (I do not know what the correct Cherokee title should be). Thanks.

Regrds -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 08:38 Monday 3 April 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dzidelalic</title>
    <id>1612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5900</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-20T17:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dzidelalic</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dzidelalic is a typo for [[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]]. --[[User:Dzidelalic|Dzidelalic]] 17:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏛᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ</title>
    <id>1614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7877</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T12:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rvv</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[ᎠᎩᏥ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᏙᏓ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᎸᎩ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᏙᎢ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᏠᎩ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᏚᏥ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᏚᏓ]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[ᎠᎩᎵᏏ]] &lt;br /&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏥᏍᏆ</title>
    <id>1615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8358</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-21T14:08:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>YurikBot</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[es:Aves]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Turkey vulture profile.jpg|thumb|ᏑᎵ]]

'''ᏥᏍᏆ'''

*[[ᏝᎢᎦ]]
*[[ᏑᎵ]]

{{stub}} [[category:animalia]]

[[af:Voël]]
[[ar:طائر]]
[[ast:Páxaru]]
[[bg:Птици]]
[[bo:བྱ་]]
[[ca:Ocell]]
[[chy:Ve'kese]]
[[cs:Ptáci]]
[[cy:Aderyn]]
[[da:Fugl]]
[[de:Vögel]]
[[en:Bird]]
[[eo:Birdoj]]
[[es:Aves]]
[[et:Linnud]]
[[fa:پرنده]]
[[fi:Linnut]]
[[fr:Oiseau]]
[[fy:Fûgels]]
[[ga:Éan]]
[[gl:Paxaro]]
[[he:עופות]]
[[hr:Ptice]]
[[hu:Madár]]
[[id:Burung]]
[[io:Ucelo]]
[[is:Fugl]]
[[it:Aves]]
[[ja:鳥類]]
[[ka:ფრინველები]]
[[ko:새]]
[[ku:Çûk]]
[[kw:Edhen]]
[[la:Avis]]
[[lb:Vullen]]
[[li:Veugel]]
[[lt:Paukščiai]]
[[mk:Птици]]
[[ms:Burung]]
[[nah:Tototl]]
[[nds:Vagel]]
[[nds-nl:Voegels]]
[[nl:Vogels]]
[[nn:Fugl]]
[[no:Fugler]]
[[nrm:Ouaîsé]]
[[oc:Aves]]
[[pdc:Voggel]]
[[pl:Ptaki]]
[[pt:Aves]]
[[ru:Птицы]]
[[scn:Aceddi]]
[[simple:Bird]]
[[sk:Vtáky]]
[[sl:Ptič]]
[[sr:Птице]]
[[sv:Fåglar]]
[[ta:பறவை]]
[[th:นก]]
[[tr:Kuşlar]]
[[uk:Птахи]]
[[vi:Chim]]
[[zh:鸟]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia talk:Speedy deletions</title>
    <id>1636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8896</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-06T09:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>87.210.83.170</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>let's keep the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">three of the 20 pages that were marked for speedy deletion ''and had their content removed'' should be reverted and the notice removed, as the notice itself says:
:This page is a candidate for speedy deletion.

:If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. '''If''' this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or '''you intend to fix it, please remove this notice''', but do not remove this notice from articles that you have created yourself.

:Administrators - Remember to check if anything links here and the page history (last edit) before deleting.

The three pages that should be exceptions to the rule are ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᎡᎶᏆ and United States Supreme Court. ᎠᎺᎢ should also be left alone to be worked on. Take Sid Vicious and Christianity, but leave these pages that are in process of improvement.

I do intend to improve these pages, am in fact working on doing so, but am unable to &quot;remove this notice&quot;. Whether this is because the anonymous tagger is an admin (albeit an anonymous one) or for whatever other reason, when I try to remove the tag in &quot;Edit this page&quot; there is nothing to remove, and when I try to edit the &quot;Candidates for speedy deletion&quot; category, I am unable to get an editable text.

Quite annoying. It's hard enough working for the smaller languages without people at Wikipedia of all places throwing curve balls at one.--[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 22:39, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Don't create pages in English. Either write them correctly or not at all. It is not acceptable to create pages in English and say that one day you'll get round to translating them. There should be no English content '''WHATSOEVER''' on this site. We have the English Wikipedia for that. [[User:86.134.209.115|86.134.209.115]] 00:29, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

:Where did you get these notions? There is non-English content on the English Wikipedia, why should there ''not'' be non-Tsalagi content on the Cherokee Wikipedia? In any event, if you feel so strongly about this principle, why are you posting here in English, and (if you are the one who wrote &quot;Wrong Language&quot; on several of the pages, why did you write that in English???? Certainly it is right that the English should diminish and the Tsalagi increase, but the approach used by the recent purger and advocated by you does damage to the Tsalagi content as well, and to its accessibility for Tsalagi readers and potential editors. Please replace English content with comparable Tsalagi content instead of just burning down the forest in an anglophonic anglophobic rage. ᎯᏣᎳᎩᏍ? ᏣᎳᎩᏍ Ꭿ ᏬᏂ?--[[User:Dzidzelalic|Dzidzelalic]] 07:14, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

== let's keep the page ==

I am able to contribute to the cherokee pages.
finding the time was difficult, but I have it.
I think it is highly important to get more information available in cherokee..


TysonT Cherokee</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎫᎾ</title>
    <id>1638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9009</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-25T07:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox | color = pink
| name = Badgers
| image = Badger.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[American Badger|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Mustelidae]]
| subfamilia = '''[[Melinae]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''[[Mellivorinae]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''[[Taxidiinae]]'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = 
&amp;nbsp;''[[Arctonyx]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Melogale]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Meles (genus)|Meles]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Mellivora]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;''[[Taxidea]]''
}}

'''ᎤᎫᎾ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[common name|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ gantlai ᏦᎢ subfamilies, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Mustelidae]]: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[mammal|gantlai]] [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ferret]], ᎯᎠ [[weasel|ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ]], ᎯᎠ [[otter|ᏥᏯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ [[Carnivora|carnivore]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 8 [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎤᎫᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ subfamilies: Melinae (ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ), Mellivorinae, (ᎯᎠ [[Ratel]] ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ), ᎠᎴ Taxideinae (ᎯᎠ [[American Badger|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ]]). ᎯᎠ Asiatic [[Javan Stink Badger|ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ]] ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Mydaus'' ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Melinae, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Skunk|ᏗᎳ]] (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mephitidae).

ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎫᎾ (''Meles'', ''Arctonyx'', ''Taxidea'' ᎠᎴ ''Mellivora'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[mandible|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ [[bone|ᏂᎯ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ locked ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ [[skull|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.

ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[carnivores]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]].

==ᏚᏙᎥ==

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''ᎤᎫᎾ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ'', ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ''blaireau'' ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎤᎫᎾ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ''brock'' ([[Old English|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ''brocc''), [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] loanword ([[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] ''broc'', [[Welsh language|ᎦᏁᎳ]] ''broch'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*brokko''). ᎯᎠ [[Proto-Germanic|Proto-ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''*þahsu-'' ([[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]] ''Dachs''), ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Proto-Indo-European language|ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]] [[root (linguistics)|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]] ''*tek'-'' &quot;ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ&quot;, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮝ digging [[sett|ᎫᏓᎸᏙ]](ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ).

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ''cete''.

==ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
*'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mustelidae'''
** Subfamily [[Otter|Lutrinae]]: ᏥᏯ
** '''Subfamily Melinae'''
*** [[Hog Badger|ᏏᏆ ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Arctonyx collaris''
*** [[Burmese Ferret Badger|Burmese Ferret ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Melogale personata'' 
*** [[Oriental Ferret Badger|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ Ferret ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Melogale orientalis'' 
*** [[Chinese Ferret Badger|Chinese Ferret ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Melogale moschata'' 
*** [[Everett's Ferret Badger|Everett ᎤᏤᎵ Ferret ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Melogale everetti''
*** [[Eurasian Badger|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Meles meles''
** '''Subfamily Mellivorinae'''
*** [[Ratel]] ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ, ''Mellivora capensis''
** '''Subfamily Taxideinae''':
*** [[American Badger|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Taxidea taxus''
** Subfamily [[Mustelinae]]: ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ, martens, ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mephitidae''
*** Indonesian ᎠᎴ [[Javan Stink Badger|Javan ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ]] (Teledu), ''Mydaus javanensis''
*** [[Palawan Stink Badger|Palawan ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ]], ''Mydaus marchei''

==Lifestyle ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ==
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ varies.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[stoat|ᎤᏲᎢ]], [[vole]]ᎠᎴ [[marmot|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[woodpecker|ᎫᎫᏣ]].  ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ), ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

==ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ==
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats|Berne ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ hunted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ perceived [[pest (animal) | ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎨᏒᎩ gassed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[1960s]] ᎠᎴ [[1970s]] ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ [[rabies|ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]]. Gassing ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ practised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]] iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[1980s]] ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ [[Tuberculosis#Animals|gantlai TB]]. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Protection of Badgers Act 1992|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ  ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1992]]. (ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ [[fox hunt|ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]ers ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ chased foxes ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hunting Act 2004|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004]]). ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ interfered ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ licence ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎯᏍᏗ [[bovine|gantlai]] [[tuberculosis]]. 

:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Eurasian badger|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ gantlai tuberculosis.''

===ᎤᎫᎾ digging===
ᎤᎫᎾ digging ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ digging ᎤᎫᎾ atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ. [[:Category:Badger baiting dog breeds|Badger baiting dog breeds]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ diggers ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ tries ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ transmitters ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

===ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ===
[[Badger-baiting|ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[blood sport|ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]] involving ᎯᎠ [[Bait (dogs)|ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ]] ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎥᏓᎵ, Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ psuedo-ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ. ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎭ extraordinarily ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ threatened. ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎩᏟ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ participant ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, captured ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ upward. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ [[timekeeper|ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᏟ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ clamped ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ onto ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ separated ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ.

[[Teastas Mor]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ gameness ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv [[dog|ᎩᏟ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Irish Kennel Club|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ensured ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[terrier|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ]] ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Teastas Mor. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1968]].

===ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ digging ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[Pueblo people|Pueblo ᏴᏫ]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎡᏆ healers ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[shaman|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]].

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[fidelity|ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[love|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[loyalty|ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]].{{fact}}

===ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Brian Jacques]]' [[Redwall]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ [[Badger Lord|ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Badger Mother|ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏂᏥ]]. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 'Brock' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[The Boy Who Talked to Badgers (1975 movie)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ  ᎤᎫᎾ (1975 ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ)]], [[The Tale of Mr. Tod|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ  ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]], [[The Wind in the Willows|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]], [[The Once and Future King|ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]], [[The Animals of Farthing Wood|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ  ᏅᎩᏁ ᎠᏓ]], [[Fantastic Mr. Fox|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏧᎳ]], [[The Book of Merlyn|ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ  Merlyn]], ᎠᎴ [[The Chronicles of Narnia|ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ  Narnia]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, [[Hufflepuff]], ᎨᏒᎢ symbolized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ.  ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Erin ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Warriors (book series)|Warriors: The New Prophecy]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.


==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[http://www.badger.org.uk/ The Badger Trust (formerly the National Federation of Badger Groups)]
*[http://www.badgerland.co.uk/ Badgerland - The Definitive On-Line Guide to Badgers (Meles meles) in the UK]
*[http://www.badgers.org.uk/badgerpages/index.html Steve Jackson's Badger Pages]
*[http://www.badgers.org/ The Virtual Badger Sett (Taxidea, North American Badgers)]
*[http://www.iberianature.com/material/badger.htm Badgers in Spain]
*[http://www.UWBadgers.com/ Official Athletic Department Site for the University of Wisconsin &quot;Badgers&quot;]
*[http://www.aigas.co.uk/Badger-Ecology-g.asp Aigas Field Centre badger ecology page]

[[Category:Badgers| ]]

[[frp:Tasson]]
[[ast:Melandru]]
[[cy:Broch]]
[[da:Grævling]]
[[de:Dachs]]
[[en:Badger]]
[[es:Tejón]]
[[eo:Melo]]
[[fa:گورکن]]
[[fr:Blaireau]]
[[ko:오소리]]
[[io:Daxo]]
[[he:גירית]]
[[nl:Dassen]]
[[ja:アナグマ]]
[[no:Grevling]]
[[pl:Borsuk]]
[[pt:Texugo]]
[[ru:Барсук]]
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[[wa:Taesson]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ</title>
    <id>1639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9543</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-25T01:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>65.27.180.128</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ''' - Ꮣsquare, square, square
{{stub}}

[[da:Trail of Tears]]
[[de:Pfad der Tränen]]
[[en:Trail of Tears]]
[[es:Sendero de Lágrimas]]
[[fr:Piste des Larmes]]
[[nl:Trail of tears]]
[[tr:Gözyaşı Yolu]]
[[qt:yamaha  klet]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏡᎬᎢ</title>
    <id>1640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9420</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T11:52:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ar:شجرة]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏡᎬᎢ'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ᎠᏍᏓᏯᎯ]]
*[[ᎠᏘᏒᎩ]]
*[[ᏧᏩᎩ]]
*[[ᎫᏒ]]
*[[ᎧᎶᏇᎩᏗ]]
*[[ᏩᏁᎢ]]
*[[ᏃᏥ]]

{{stub}} [[Category:plantae]]

[[af:Boom]]
[[ar:شجرة]]
[[bg:Дърво]]
[[bm:Yiri]]
[[bo:ཥིང་ཏོང་]]
[[bs:Drvo]]
[[ca:Arbre]]
[[cr:ᒥᔥᑎᒄ]]
[[cs:Strom]]
[[cy:Coeden]]
[[da:Træ (organisme)]]
[[de:Baum]]
[[en:Tree]]
[[eo:Arbo]]
[[es:Árbol]]
[[fa:درخت]]
[[fi:Puu]]
[[fr:Arbre]]
[[gd:Craobh]]
[[gl:Árbore]]
[[he:עץ (צמח)]]
[[id:Pohon]]
[[io:Arboro]]
[[it:Albero (botanica)]]
[[ja:木]]
[[ko:나무]]
[[la:Arbor]]
[[lt:Medis]]
[[ms:Pokok]]
[[nds:Boom]]
[[nl:Boom (plant)]]
[[nn:Tre]]
[[no:Tre]]
[[nrm:Bouais]]
[[os:Бæлас]]
[[pl:Drzewo]]
[[pt:Árvore]]
[[qu:Sach'a]]
[[ru:Дерево]]
[[simple:Tree]]
[[sk:Strom]]
[[sl:Drevo]]
[[sr:Дрво]]
[[su:Tangkal]]
[[sv:Träd]]
[[ta:மரம்]]
[[th:ต้นไม้]]
[[tr:Ağaç]]
[[ug:كۆچەت]]
[[uk:Дерево]]
[[zh:树]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiū]]
[[zh-yue:樹]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏍᏏᏆᏱ</title>
    <id>1642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8654</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-03T21:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>YurikBot</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[en:Sequoyah]], [[tr:Sequoyah]] Removing: [[chr:ᏍᏏᏆᏱ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Sequoyah.jpg|thumb|right|250px|SE-QUO-YAH –  [[lithograph]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''ᎠᏴᏫᏯ Tribes'', McKinney ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ, [[1856]]. ᎪᎯ lithograph ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[portrait|ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Charles Bird King|Charles ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1828]].]]
'''Sequoyah''' (ᏍᏏᏆᏱ ''Ssiquaya'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Cherokee language|ᏣᎳᎩ]])  (c.[[1767]] - ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂ [[1843]]), ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''George ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ''', '''ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ''' ᎠᎴ '''Gist''', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Cherokee|ᏣᎳᎩ]] [[silversmith]] ᎦᎪ invented ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ [[syllabary]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ earning ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[list of inventors of writing systems|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  inventors  ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ systems]]. 

==ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ==
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ Sequoyah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ unknown, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ. Speculation ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[historian]]ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ [[1760]] ᎠᎴ [[1776]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, speculation ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina|ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]], [[Alabama]] ᎠᎴ [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]]. [[James Mooney]], ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ [[anthropologist]] ᎠᎴ historian ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee|ᏣᎳᎩ]] ᏴᏫ, quotes ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ Sequoyah ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Tuskegee, Tennessee|Tuskegee]], ᏖᎾᏏ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Sequoyah ᎠᎴ Sikwâ'yǐ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏏᏆ ''siqua'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ '[[hog|ᏏᏆ]]'. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ childhood deformity ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Sequoyah [[Disability|disabled]].

ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏣᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Paint Clan|ᎦᎶᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ]]. Mooney ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏠᎩᏴ ᏣᎳᎩ [[Tribal chief|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]]. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[White (people)|ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]. ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ identity Sequoyah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Mooney) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[fur trader|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ [[Christopher Gist]], [[scout|ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[George Washington]]. 

ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Sequoyah ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎬ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ indication Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ [[1809]], Sequoyah ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Wills Valley|Wills ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] Alabama. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ silversmith. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Creek War|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎠᏰᎵ [[1813]] ᎠᎴ [[1814]] ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Red Sticks|ᎩᎦᎨ Sticks]]. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ disabled, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unlikely ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ historians ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ disability ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[battle|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ]] ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ.

==&quot;ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ&quot; ᎠᎴ syllabary==
[[Image:Cherokee-syllabary.png|thumb|left|150px|ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  characters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Sequoyah ᎤᏤᎵ syllabary. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏦᎢ characters ᎢᏧᎳ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ''tsalagi'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᏣᎳᎩ.&quot;]]
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ silversmith, Sequoyah dealt ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ whites ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ [[Settler|ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Americans ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[writing|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]], ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ.&quot; ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv [[1809]], Sequoyah ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. 

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ [[Ideogram|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ]], Sequoyah ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ [[syllables]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ syllable. Utilizing ᎯᎠ [[Roman alphabet|ᎶᎻ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ 85 [[Grapheme|characters]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ syllables. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ Sequoyah 12 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ amongst ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ worthiness ᎤᏤᎵ syllabary. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, Sequoyah ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ Ah-yo-ka ᎯᎳᎪ [[Reading (activity)|ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ amazing locals ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, Sequoyah ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ tribal [[Medicine man|ᏅᏬᏘ Ꭰansigaya]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ rebuffed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Spiritual possession|possessed]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ [[spirit|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]]. Sequoyah ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ [[Chickamauga (tribe)|Chickamaugan]] [[warrior|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ]]. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ syllabary ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ [[school|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ [[1823]] ᎯᎠ syllabary ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1825]].

==ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ==
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ acceptance ᎤᏤᎵ syllabary ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825, Sequoyah ᎠᎢᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏣᎳᎩ [[territory|ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arkansas|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[blacksmith|ᎪᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ syllabary ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1828]], Sequoyah journeyed [[Washington, D.C.]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[delegation]] ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Oklahoma|ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]]. 

ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ tribes ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ syllabary ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ tribes. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, Sequoyah ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ areas ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ [[Arizona]] ᎠᎴ [[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]] ᎤᎪᎲᎢ tribes ᎾᎿᎢ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, Sequoyah ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏒᎯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ splintered ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ reunited. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ Cherokees ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ [[Mexico]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ 1843 ᎠᎴ 1845.

==Sequoyah ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ==
*ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ Sequoyah ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Sequoyah ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1851]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, Ꮎ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Sequoyah County|Sequoyah ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]].
*ᎯᎠ [[Sequoia]] ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ commonly ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[botany|botanists]] ᎤᎭ challenged ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ.
*ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[State of Sequoyah|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ  Sequoyah]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ.

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://library.wcu.edu/CherokeePhoenix/Vol1/no24/pg2col1a-2a.htm Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet] ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ''
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v008/v008p149.html The Life and Work of Sequoyah; ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'']
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p003.html The Father of Sequoyah: Nathaniel Gist; ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'']
* [http://www.tiro.com/syllabics/Cherokee/Sequoyah.html Sequoyah] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tiro Typeworks
* [http://ngeorgia.com/people/sequoyah.html Sequoyah (aka George Gist), a North Georgia Notable]
* [http://www.cherokee.org The Cherokee Nation]
* [http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=culture&amp;culture=dldisplay&amp;ID=NJ1eYu1xTrA= The Official Cherokee Font]

[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:Cherokee people]]
[[Category:People with disabilities]]
[[Category:Inventors of writing systems]]

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[[zh:塞闊雅]]</text>
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|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!'''
|-
|'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here.
|-
| You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''.
|-
|
|-
|Thank you!
|}

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  <page>
    <title>User talk:YurikBot</title>
    <id>1657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6103</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-07T06:23:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!'''
|-
|'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here.
|-
| You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''.
|-
|
|-
|Thank you!
|}</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Wronglanguage</title>
    <id>1658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6111</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-19T16:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>66.202.2.252</ip>
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      <comment>deletebecause: it is not in Cherokee</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div name=&quot;Deletion notice&quot; class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;delete&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fee; margin: 0 1em; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;
'''This page is a [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|candidate for speedy deletion]][[Template:Delete|,]] because ''it is not in Cherokee.'''

If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]] or at [[Wikipedia:Speedy deletions]].  If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but do not remove this notice from articles that you have created yourself.

''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]] - Remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|if anything links here]] and [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] ([{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]) before [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deleting].''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Image talk:ᏑᎵ1.jpg</title>
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      <id>6113</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-19T17:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikiacc</username>
        <id>10</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">This image can be deleted, as it is on the Wikimedia Commons and as such is accessible on this Wikipedia, albeit by a different name (due to its adherence to Commons naming conventions, not ours). --[[User:Wikiacc|ᏫᎩᏯᎩ (Wikiacc)]] [[User talk:Wikiacc|(talk)]] 17:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)</text>
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    <restrictions>sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>8752</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T02:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per Jeff Merkey.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Jvano</title>
    <id>1691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6206</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-15T17:04:30Z</timestamp>
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http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano</text>
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    <title>User:Nickshanks</title>
    <id>1692</id>
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      <timestamp>2005-10-10T09:46:56Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Andre Engels</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: af, als, am, an, ang, ar, ast, av, az, bat-smg, be, bg, bi, bm, bn, bo, br, bs, ca, ceb, co, cr, cs, csb, cv, cy, da, de, dv, dz, el, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fj, fo, fr, frp, fur, fy, ga, gd, gl, gn, got, gu, gv, haw, he, hi,</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am an interwiki user from the Dutch Wikipedia.

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      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: av, az, bat-smg, frp, got, ilo, kk, ksh, lad, lij, lmo, ml, nap, nds-nl, nrm, pdc, tet, tg, tk, udm, vec, vls, war, wo, zh-yue</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Robbot is a robot, operated by [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]] and used for adding and correcting interwiki-links.

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[[tpi:User:Robbot]]
[[tr:Kullanıcı:Robbot]]
[[tt:Äğzä:Robbot]]
[[udm:Викиавтор:Robbot]]
[[ug:User:Robbot]]
[[uk:Користувач:Robbot]]
[[ur:صارف:Robbot]]
[[uz:User:Robbot]]
[[vec:Utente:Robbot]]
[[vi:Thành viên:Robbot]]
[[vls:User:Robbot]]
[[vo:User:Robbot]]
[[wa:Uzeu:Robbot]]
[[war:User:Robbot]]
[[wo:User:Robbot]]
[[xh:User:Robbot]]
[[yi:באַניצער:Robbot]]
[[yo:User:Robbot]]
[[zh:User:Robbot]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:Robbot]]
[[zh-yue:User:Robbot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Diagraph01</title>
    <id>1695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8362</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-25T16:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diagraph01</username>
        <id>49</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-3|ja|en-1|chr-0}}

&quot;Diagraph01&quot; lives in Tokyo, [[ᏣᏆᏂ|Japan]]. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006.

I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment &quot;+interwiki&quot; for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution.

See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-head</title>
    <id>1696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6262</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T16:04:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; | '''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''
|-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-6</title>
    <id>1697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6233</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{2}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{3}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{4}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{5}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{6}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-5</title>
    <id>1698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6234</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:53:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{2}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{3}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{4}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{5}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-4</title>
    <id>1699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6235</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:53:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{2}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{3}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{4}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-3</title>
    <id>1700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6236</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{2}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{3}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-2</title>
    <id>1701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:55:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|-
| {{User {{{2}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel-1</title>
    <id>1702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6238</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T13:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-head}}
| {{User {{{1}}}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field</title>
    <id>1703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6245</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:28:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; border:solid 1px {{{color 1}}}; margin:1px&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:{{{width|18.6em}}}; background-color:{{{color 2}}}&quot;
| style=&quot;width:3.52em; height:3.52em; background-color:{{{color 3|{{{color 1}}}}}}; text-align:center&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:{{{letter code size|1.5em}}}&quot;&gt;{{{letter code}}}&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;font-size:{{{text size|0.83em}}}; padding:0.47em; line-height:1.25em&quot; dir=&quot;{{{dir|ltr}}}&quot; | {{{text}}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field 1</title>
    <id>1704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6240</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T14:33:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#99B3FF|color 2=#E0E8FF|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}-1'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-1|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field 2</title>
    <id>1705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6241</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T14:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#77E0E8|color 2=#D0F8FF|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}-2'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-2|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field N</title>
    <id>1706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6242</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#6EF7A7|color 2=#C5FCDC|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field 0</title>
    <id>1707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6243</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#FFB3B3|color 2=#FFE0E8|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}-0'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-0|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field 3</title>
    <id>1708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6244</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#99B3FF|color 2=#E0E8FF|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}-3'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-3|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User eo-1</title>
    <id>1709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6246</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 1|
letter code=eo|
text=Ĉi tiu uzanto povas komuniki per '''[[:Category:User eo-1|baza]]''' nivelo de '''[[:Category:User eo|Esperanto]]'''.}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User en-1</title>
    <id>1710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6247</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:37:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 1|
letter code=en|
text=This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]].'''}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:UsersSpeak</title>
    <id>1711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6278</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T18:49:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
To translate the phrase into real tsalagi
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Babel field|color 1=#99B3FF|color 2=#E0E8FF|width=|letter code={{{1}}}|text={{{3|}}}&lt;hr /&gt;These users speak '''[[{{{2}}}]]'''.}}
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User chr</title>
    <id>1712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9001</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T23:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[id:Kategori:User chr]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|chr|ᏣᎳᎩ}}

[[en:Category:User chr]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur chr]]
[[id:Kategori:User chr]]
[[ja:Category:User chr]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 chr]]
[[lad:Category:User chr]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User es</title>
    <id>1713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7574</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T21:28:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit of 132132, changed back to last version by Srtxg</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field N|
letter code=es|
text=Este usuario tiene al '''[[:Category:User es|español]]''' como '''[[:Category:User es-N|lengua materna]].'''}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User fr</title>
    <id>1714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6253</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:52:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field N|
letter code=fr|
text=Cet utilisateur a pour '''[[:Category:User fr-N|langue maternelle]]''' le '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''.}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User wa</title>
    <id>1715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6254</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T15:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field N|
letter code=wa|
text=Cist uzeu chal est on '''[[:Category:User wa|walon]]'''-cåzant '''[[:Category:User wa-N|natif]]'''.}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User chr-1</title>
    <id>1716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8983</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-14T16:32:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>211.207.224.93</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-error</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 1|
letter code=chr|
text=The user is just starting and knows a couple of words '''[[:Category:User chr|ᏣᎳᎩ]]''' ᏣᎳᎩ ᏲᏁᎦ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ '''[[:Category:User chr-1|ᏲᏁᎦ]]'''.}}

[[ja:Template:User chr-1]]
[[ko:틀:User chr-1]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User chr-0</title>
    <id>1717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8694</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-07T19:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 0|
letter code=chr|
text=ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ Ᏹ[[:Category:User chr-0|'''ᎥᏝ Ᏹ''']] ᎪᎵᏍᏗ '''[[:Category:User chr|ᏣᎳᎩ]]'''.}}

[[Category:User chr| 0]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User chr-1</title>
    <id>1718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7887</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T13:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit of Rösi, changed back to last version by Srtxg</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User chr| 1]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User chr-0</title>
    <id>1719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8771</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-19T21:21:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bkell</username>
        <id>130</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>copied text from [[Category:User chr-0]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 0|
letter code=chr|
text=ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ Ᏹ'''[[:Category:User chr-0|ᎥᏝ Ᏹ]]''' ᎪᎵᏍᏗ '''[[:Category:User chr|ᏣᎳᎩ]]'''.}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[en:Template:User chr-0]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User wa</title>
    <id>1720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9379</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-31T18:04:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal wa]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|wa|ᏩᎷᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ|Ces uzeus chal compurdèt l' walon}}

[[am:Category:User wa]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer wa]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - Walon]]
[[de:Kategorie:User wa]]
[[en:Category:User wa]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto wa]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Valón]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur wa]]
[[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal wa]]
[[gn:Categoría:User wa]]
[[ja:Category:User wa]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 wa]]
[[lad:Category:User wa]]
[[mi:Category:User wa]]
[[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli wa]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker wa]]
[[ru:Категория:User wa]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник wa]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus wa]]
[[zh:Category:Wa 使用者]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User chr-2</title>
    <id>1721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6265</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T18:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User chr| 2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User chr-3</title>
    <id>1722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6267</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T18:20:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User chr| 3]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User eo</title>
    <id>1723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9408</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-04T19:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[fa:رده:User eo]] Removing: [[oc:Categoria:Utilisator eo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|eo|Esperanto|Ĉi tiuj uzantoj parolas Esperanton.}}

[[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker eo]]
[[als:Kategorie:User eo]]
[[am:Category:User eo]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User eo]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:User eo]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer eo]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - Esperanto]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User eo]]
[[cy:Categori:User eo]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere eo]]
[[de:Kategorie:User eo]]
[[en:Category:User eo]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto eo]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Esperanto]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Esperantoa (erabiltzaileak)]]
[[fa:رده:User eo]]
[[fi:Luokka:User eo]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur eo]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User eo]]
[[hu:Kategória:User eo]]
[[is:Flokkur:Notandi eo]]
[[ja:Category:User eo]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი eo]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 eo]]
[[lad:Category:User eo]]
[[lb:Category:User eo]]
[[mi:Category:User eo]]
[[na:Category:User eo]]
[[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli eo]]
[[nds:Kategorie:User eo]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker eo]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker eo]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User eo]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário eo]]
[[qu:Categoría:Ruwaq:eo]]
[[ro:Categorie:Utilizator eo]]
[[ru:Категория:User eo]]
[[simple:Category:User eo]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik eo]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник eo]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare eo]]
[[tr:Kategori:User eo]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus eo]]
[[yi:קאַטעגאָריע:באַניצער eo]]
[[zh:Category:Eo 使用者]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User eo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User en</title>
    <id>1724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9478</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T18:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ug:Category:User en]] Removing: [[bs:Kategorija:User en]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|en|ᎩᎵᏏ|These users speak '''English'''.}}

[[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker en]]
[[als:Kategorie:User en]]
[[am:Category:User en]]
[[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمون en]]
[[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Inglés]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User en]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:User en]]
[[bg:Категория:Потребител en]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer en]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - English]]
[[ce:Категория:User en]]
[[ceb:Category:User en]]
[[co:Category:User en]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User en]]
[[csb:Kategòrëjô:Brëkòwnik en]]
[[cv:Категори:User en]]
[[cy:Categori:User en]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere en]]
[[de:Kategorie:User en]]
[[en:Category:User en]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto en]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Inglés]]
[[et:Kategooria:User en]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Ingelesa (erabiltzaileak)]]
[[fa:رده:User en]]
[[fi:Luokka:User en]]
[[fo:Bólkur:Brúkari en]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur en]]
[[fur:Categorie:Utent en]]
[[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal en]]
[[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir en]]
[[gl:Category:Usuario en]]
[[gn:Categoría:User en]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User en]]
[[hsb:Kategorija:User en]]
[[hu:Kategória:User en]]
[[ia:Categoria:Usator en]]
[[id:Kategori:User en]]
[[io:Category:User en]]
[[it:Categoria:Utenti en]]
[[ja:Category:User en]]
[[jbo:Category:pilno en]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი en]]
[[kk:Санат:User en]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 en]]
[[ky:Category:User en]]
[[la:Categoria:Usor en]]
[[lad:Category:User en]]
[[lb:Category:User en]]
[[li:Categorie:Gebroeker en]]
[[lt:Kategorija:User en]]
[[lv:Kategorija:User en]]
[[mi:Category:User en]]
[[mn:Category:User en]]
[[na:Category:User en]]
[[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli en]]
[[nap:Categoria:Utenti en]]
[[nds:Kategorie:User en]]
[[nds-nl:Kattegerie:Gebruker en]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker en]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker en]]
[[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire en]]
[[pap:Category:User en]]
[[pdc:Category:Benutzer en]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User en]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário en]]
[[ru:Категория:User en]]
[[ru-sib:Category:User en]]
[[scn:Category:User en]]
[[sco:Category:User en]]
[[sd:Category:User en]]
[[se:Category:User en]]
[[simple:Category:User en]]
[[sk:Kategória:User en]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik en]]
[[sq:Category:User en]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник en]]
[[su:Kategori:User en]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare en]]
[[th:หมวดหมู่:User en]]
[[tk:Category:User en]]
[[tl:Category:User en]]
[[tr:Kategori:User en]]
[[ug:Category:User en]]
[[uk:Категорія:User en]]
[[uz:Category:User en]]
[[vi:Thể loại:User en]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus en]]
[[wuu:Category:User en]]
[[yi:קאַטעגאָריע:באַניצער en]]
[[zh:Category:En 使用者]]
[[zh-classical:Category:User en]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User en]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>1725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6275</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-31T18:45:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User fr</title>
    <id>1726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9484</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T23:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ta:பகுப்பு:User fr]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|fr|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ|Ces utilisateurs parlent '''français'''.}}

[[af:Kategorie:User fr]]
[[als:Kategorie:User fr]]
[[am:Category:User fr]]
[[ang:Category:User fr]]
[[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمون fr]]
[[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Francés]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User fr]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:Вікіпэдыйцы, якія ведаюць мову fr]]
[[bm:Catégorie:User fr]]
[[bs:Kategorija:User fr]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - Français]]
[[co:Category:User fr]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User fr]]
[[csb:Kategòrëjô:Brëkòwnik fr]]
[[cy:Categori:User fr]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere fr]]
[[de:Kategorie:User fr]]
[[el:Κατηγορία:User fr]]
[[en:Category:User fr]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto fr]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Francés]]
[[et:Kategooria:User fr]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Frantsesa (erabiltzaileak)]]
[[fa:رده:User fr]]
[[fi:Luokka:User fr]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur fr]]
[[fur:Categorie:Utent fr]]
[[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal fr]]
[[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir fr]]
[[gl:Category:Usuario fr]]
[[gn:Categoría:User fr]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User fr]]
[[hsb:Kategorija:User fr]]
[[ht:Category:User fr]]
[[hu:Kategória:User fr]]
[[hy:Category:User fr]]
[[ia:Categoria:Usator fr]]
[[id:Kategori:User fr]]
[[io:Category:User fr]]
[[it:Categoria:Utenti fr]]
[[ja:Category:User fr]]
[[jv:Kategori:User fr]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი fr]]
[[kk:Санат:User fr]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 fr]]
[[ku:Kategorî:User fr]]
[[kw:Category:User fr]]
[[la:Categoria:Usor fr]]
[[lad:Category:User fr]]
[[lb:Category:User fr]]
[[li:Categorie:Gebroeker fr]]
[[ln:Category:User fr]]
[[lt:Kategorija:User fr]]
[[lv:Kategorija:User fr]]
[[mg:Category:User fr]]
[[mi:Category:User fr]]
[[mn:Category:User fr]]
[[mt:Category:User fr]]
[[na:Category:User fr]]
[[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli fr]]
[[nap:Categoria:Utenti fr]]
[[nds:Kategorie:User fr]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker fr]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker fr]]
[[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire fr]]
[[pdc:Category:Benutzer fr]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User fr]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário fr]]
[[qu:Categoría:Ruwaq:fr]]
[[ru:Категория:User fr]]
[[scn:Category:User fr]]
[[sco:Category:User fr]]
[[sh:Category:User fr]]
[[simple:Category:User fr]]
[[sk:Kategória:User fr]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik fr]]
[[sm:Category:User fr]]
[[sq:Category:User fr]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник fr]]
[[su:Kategori:User fr]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare fr]]
[[sw:Category:User fr]]
[[ta:பகுப்பு:User fr]]
[[th:หมวดหมู่:User fr]]
[[tl:Category:User fr]]
[[tr:Kategori:User fr]]
[[uk:Категорія:User fr]]
[[ur:زمرہ:User fr]]
[[uz:Category:User fr]]
[[vi:Thể loại:User fr]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus fr]]
[[zh:Category:Fr 使用者]]
[[zh-min-nan:Category:User fr]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User fr]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User es</title>
    <id>1727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9485</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T23:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ta:பகுப்பு:User es]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|es|ᏍᏆᏂ|Estos usuarios hablan '''español'''.}}

[[als:Kategorie:User es]]
[[am:Category:User es]]
[[an:Categoría:Usuario es]]
[[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمون es]]
[[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Español]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User es]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:User es]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer es]]
[[bs:Kategorija:User es]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - Español]]
[[ceb:Category:User es]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User es]]
[[cv:Категори:User es]]
[[cy:Categori:User es]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere es]]
[[de:Kategorie:User es]]
[[el:Κατηγορία:Χρήστης es]]
[[en:Category:User es]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto es]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Español]]
[[et:Kategooria:User es]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Gaztelania (erabiltzaileak)]]
[[fa:رده:User es]]
[[fi:Luokka:User es]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur es]]
[[fur:Categorie:Utent es]]
[[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir es]]
[[gl:Category:Usuario es]]
[[gn:Categoría:User es]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User es]]
[[hsb:Kategorija:User es]]
[[hu:Kategória:User es]]
[[id:Kategori:User es]]
[[io:Category:User es]]
[[ja:Category:User es]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი es]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 es]]
[[lad:Category:User es]]
[[lb:Category:User es]]
[[li:Categorie:Gebroeker es]]
[[lt:Kategorija:User es]]
[[lv:Kategorija:User es]]
[[mi:Category:User es]]
[[ms:Kategori:User es]]
[[na:Category:User es]]
[[nds:Kategorie:User es]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker es]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker es]]
[[oc:Categoria:Utilizaire es]]
[[pap:Category:User es]]
[[pdc:Category:Benutzer es]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User es]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário es]]
[[qu:Categoría:Ruwaq:es]]
[[ru:Категория:User es]]
[[scn:Category:User es]]
[[simple:Category:User es]]
[[sk:Kategória:User es]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik es]]
[[sq:Category:User es]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник es]]
[[su:Kategori:User es]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare es]]
[[ta:பகுப்பு:User es]]
[[th:หมวดหมู่:User es]]
[[tl:Category:User es]]
[[tr:Kategori:User es]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus es]]
[[zh:Category:Es 使用者]]
[[zh-min-nan:Category:User es]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User es]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User ja</title>
    <id>1728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9382</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-31T19:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal ja]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{UsersSpeak|ja|ᏂᎰᏂ|以下の利用者は'''日本語'''を話します。}}

[[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ja]]
[[als:Kategorie:User ja]]
[[am:Category:User ja]]
[[ar:تصنيف:مستخدمون ja]]
[[ast:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Xaponés]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User ja]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:User ja]]
[[bg:Категория:Потребител ja]]
[[br:Rummad:Implijer ja]]
[[bs:Kategorija:User ja]]
[[ca:Categoria:Usuaris per idioma - 日本語]]
[[ce:Категория:User ja]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User ja]]
[[cy:Categori:User ja]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere ja]]
[[de:Kategorie:User ja]]
[[en:Category:User ja]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Vikipediisto ja]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Japonés]]
[[et:Kategooria:User ja]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Japoniera (erabiltzaileak)]]
[[fa:رده:User ja]]
[[fi:Luokka:User ja]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ja]]
[[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal ja]]
[[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir ja]]
[[gn:Categoría:User ja]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User ja]]
[[ht:Category:User ja]]
[[hu:Kategória:User ja]]
[[ia:Categoria:Usator ja]]
[[id:Kategori:User ja]]
[[io:Category:User ja]]
[[is:Flokkur:Notandi ja]]
[[it:Categoria:Utenti ja]]
[[ja:Category:User ja]]
[[ka:კატეგორია:მომხმარებელი ja]]
[[kk:Санат:User ja]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 ja]]
[[ku:Kategorî:User ja]]
[[kw:Category:User ja]]
[[la:Categoria:Usor ja]]
[[lad:Category:User ja]]
[[lb:Category:User ja]]
[[ln:Category:User ja]]
[[lt:Kategorija:User ja]]
[[lv:Kategorija:User ja]]
[[mg:Category:User ja]]
[[mi:Category:User ja]]
[[mn:Category:User ja]]
[[na:Category:User ja]]
[[nah:Categoría:Usuarios ic tlahtōlli ja]]
[[nds:Kategorie:User ja]]
[[nds-nl:Kattegerie:Gebruker ja]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker ja]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker ja]]
[[oc:Categoria:Utilisator ja]]
[[pdc:Category:Benutzer ja]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User ja]]
[[ps:Category:User ja]]
[[pt:Categoria:Usuário ja]]
[[qu:Categoría:Ruwaq:ja]]
[[ru:Категория:User ja]]
[[scn:Category:User ja]]
[[sh:Category:User ja]]
[[simple:Category:User ja]]
[[sk:Kategória:User ja]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ja]]
[[sq:Category:User ja]]
[[sr:Категорија:Корисник ja]]
[[su:Kategori:User ja]]
[[sv:Kategori:Användare ja]]
[[tg:Гурӯҳ:User ja]]
[[th:หมวดหมู่:User ja]]
[[tl:Category:User ja]]
[[tr:Kategori:User ja]]
[[ug:Category:User ja]]
[[uk:Категорія:User ja]]
[[ur:زمرہ:User ja]]
[[uz:Category:User ja]]
[[vi:Thể loại:User ja]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus ja]]
[[zh:Category:Ja 使用者]]
[[zh-min-nan:Category:User ja]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User ja]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User ja-N</title>
    <id>1729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9381</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-31T19:03:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal ja-M]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User ja]]

[[af:Kategorie:Gebruiker ja-N]]
[[als:Kategorie:User ja-M]]
[[am:Category:User ja-N]]
[[az:Kateqoriya:User ja-A]]
[[be:Катэгорыя:User ja-N]]
[[bs:Kategorija:User ja-N]]
[[cs:Kategorie:User ja-N]]
[[da:Kategori:Brugere ja-N]]
[[de:Kategorie:User ja-M]]
[[en:Category:User ja-N]]
[[es:Categoría:Usuarios por idioma - Japonés nativo]]
[[et:Kategooria:User ja-N]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Japoniera ama hizkuntza]]
[[fi:Luokka:User ja-N]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur ja-M]]
[[fy:Kategory:Meidogger/Taal ja-M]]
[[ga:Catagóir:Úsáideoir ja-L]]
[[he:קטגוריה:User ja-N]]
[[ht:Category:User ja-N]]
[[hu:Kategória:User ja-N]]
[[ia:Categoria:Usator ja-N]]
[[id:Kategori:User ja-N]]
[[io:Category:User ja-N]]
[[ja:Category:User ja-N]]
[[kk:Санат:User ja-N]]
[[ko:분류:사용자 ja-M]]
[[ku:Kategorî:User ja-N]]
[[lad:Category:User ja-N]]
[[lb:Category:User ja-M]]
[[lt:Kategorija:User ja-N]]
[[lv:Kategorija:User ja-N]]
[[mg:Category:User ja-N]]
[[mi:Category:User ja-N]]
[[mn:Category:User ja-N]]
[[na:Category:User ja-N]]
[[nds-nl:Kattegerie:Gebruker ja-M]]
[[nl:Categorie:Gebruiker ja-M]]
[[no:Kategori:Bruker ja-N]]
[[pl:Kategoria:User ja-N]]
[[ps:Category:User ja-N]]
[[ru:Категория:User ja-N]]
[[scn:Category:User ja-N]]
[[sh:Category:User ja-N]]
[[simple:Category:User ja-N]]
[[sk:Kategória:User ja-N]]
[[sl:Kategorija:Uporabnik ja-N]]
[[sq:Category:User ja-N]]
[[su:Kategori:User ja-N]]
[[tg:Гурӯҳ:User ja-N]]
[[th:หมวดหมู่:User ja-N]]
[[tl:Category:User ja-N]]
[[ug:Category:User ja-N]]
[[uk:Категорія:User ja-N]]
[[ur:زمرہ:User ja-N]]
[[uz:Category:User ja-N]]
[[vi:Thể loại:User ja-N]]
[[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus ja-N]]
[[zh:Category:Ja 母語使用者]]
[[zh-yue:Category:User ja-N]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User ja</title>
    <id>1730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6286</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-01T21:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field N|
letter code=ja|
text=この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''を'''[[:Category:User ja-N|母語]]''' としています。}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User wa-N</title>
    <id>1731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6287</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-01T21:39:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User wa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:User en-1</title>
    <id>1732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6288</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-01T21:40:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:User en]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ᎤᎦᏔ</title>
    <id>1733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6290</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-01T22:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:stub]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Babel field 4</title>
    <id>1734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6302</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-02T15:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field|color 1=#99FFFF|color 2=#E0FFFF|letter code='''{{{letter code}}}-4'''|text={{{text}}}
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:User {{{letter code}}}-4|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Incelemeelemani</title>
    <id>1775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7888</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T13:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit of 132132, changed back to last version by Incelemeelemani</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Hakkımda==
Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ&lt;br&gt;

== Kullanılabilen değişkenler ==

Sayfa içi indeks için &lt;nowiki&gt;:{{msg:compactTOC}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;

== TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ ==

[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]&lt;br&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''Kodu:''' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;


== KARAKTERLER ==
&lt;table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption&gt;Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;tr align=right style=&quot;background:khaki&quot;&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Harf&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Kod #&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Harf&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Kod #
&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ç &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 231 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Ç &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 199
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ğ &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 287 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Ğ &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 286
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ı &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 305 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; İ &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 304
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ö &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 246 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Ö &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 214
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ş &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 351 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Ş &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 350
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; ü &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 252 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Ü &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 220
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; â &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 226 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Â &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 194
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; î &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 238 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Î &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 206
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; û &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 251 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &amp;nbsp; Û &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; 219
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

== GEREKLİ SAYFALAR ==
&lt;table width=&quot;70%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
[http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&amp;ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
[http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;


&lt;!--interwiki--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Taichi</title>
    <id>1777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7572</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T21:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[User:Taichi6324364255]] moved to [[User:Taichi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|chr-0}}

Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak cherokee; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]].

[[es:Usuario:Taichi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Korg</title>
    <id>1778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7533</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T19:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rv vandalism</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello!

I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|French Wikipedia]].


[[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[:en:User:Korg]]

[[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Korg/monobook.js</title>
    <id>1779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6393</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-27T18:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">document.write('&lt;SCRIPT SRC=&quot;http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript&quot;&gt;&lt;\/SCRIPT&gt;');</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User ja-1</title>
    <id>1780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6394</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-28T02:17:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 1|
letter code=ja|
text=この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja-1|簡単]]'''な'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''を話します。}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User en-2</title>
    <id>1781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6395</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-28T02:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Srtxg</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel field 2|
letter code=en|
text=This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]].'''}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:62.65.226.213</title>
    <id>1801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6518</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-05T20:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>145.97.196.186</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Will you quit already?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Miaow Miaow</title>
    <id>1814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6537</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-18T18:15:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Miaow Miaow</username>
        <id>57</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>a visitor from cs: wiki</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[:Commons:User:Miaow Miaow|Miaow Miaow]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:John Conner 1967</title>
    <id>2013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7865</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T20:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>65.87.191.214</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedian */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi I just asked a admin but i think he is away ...

We have to repair this page .. The bots Destroyed it completly...

thx for restoring this page

==Wikipedian==
What are your username in other Wikipedias? [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon]] [[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|Harald]] [[Special:Contributions/Jon Harald Søby|Søby]] 11:35, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

:Did you get any inspiration from my userpage? -- [[en:User:Nickptar]] 20:28, 30 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userpage</title>
    <id>2014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7042</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Userpage</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;text-align:center; border: 1px solid #ffc9c9; background-color:#FFFFF3&quot;
|-  padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;&quot; 
|style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;|'''This is a &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#87;&amp;#105;&lt;!-- Wikipedia --&gt;&amp;#107;&amp;#105;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#112;&amp;#101;&amp;#100;&amp;#105;&amp;#97;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; user page.'''

If you find this page on any site other than &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#87;&amp;#105;&lt;!-- Wikipedia --&gt;&amp;#107;&amp;#105;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#112;&amp;#101;&amp;#100;&amp;#105;&amp;#97;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; you are viewing a mirror site. Be aware that the page may be outdated, and that the user this page belongs to may have no personal affiliation with any site other than &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#87;&amp;#105;&lt;!-- Wikipedia --&gt;&amp;#107;&amp;#105;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#112;&amp;#101;&amp;#100;&amp;#105;&amp;#97;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; itself. The original page is located at &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;[http://en.wiki&lt;!----&gt;pedia.org/wiki/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAMEE}} &lt;span&gt;http://en.wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;span&gt;pedia.org/wi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ki/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAMEE}}&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/span&gt;
|[[Image:Wikimedia.png|60px|none|Wiki&lt;!----&gt;media Foundation]]
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Boschmeter</title>
    <id>2015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7043</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Current [[:Template talk:Boschmeter|Boschmeter]] [[m:Wikistress|Wikistress]] level:'''
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Image:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - {{{1}}}.jpg|{{{2}}}px]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|{{{3}}}
|}
[[Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level {{{1}}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User en</title>
    <id>2018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7051</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
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{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#c5fcdc;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#6ef7a7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;&quot; | '''[[English language|en]]'''
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;&quot; | This user is a '''[[:Category:User en-N|native]]''' speaker of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:User de</title>
    <id>2019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7053</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;border:solid #6EF7A7 1px;margin:1px&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#C5FCDC&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt&quot; | '''[[German language|de]]'''
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | Dieser Benutzer spricht '''[[:Category:User de|Deutsch]]''' als '''[[:Category:User de-N|Muttersprache]]'''. [[Category:User de|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User de-N|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Nickptar/MyBabel</title>
    <id>2020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7064</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- 
| {{User en-3}}
|- 
| {{User de}}
|-
| {{User fr-1}}
|- 
| &lt;div style=&quot;float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#E0E8FF&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt&quot; | 
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | |}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:User en-3</title>
    <id>2021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7055</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
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{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#E0E8FF&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt&quot; | '''[[English language|en]]-3'''
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-3|advanced]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-3|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:User fr-1</title>
    <id>2022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7056</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T10:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#F0F8FF&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt&quot; | '''[[French language|fr]]-1'''
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau '''[[:Category:User fr-1|élémentaire]]''' de '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-1|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|} &lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:John Conner 1967/Babel</title>
    <id>2024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7188</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T20:37:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background:#000000&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;float:right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- 
| {{User de}}
|- 
| {{User en}}
|- 
| {{User fr-1}}
|-
| {{User la-1}}
|-
|}&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:User:John Conner 1967]]

&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Adminbox</title>
    <id>2025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7138</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T12:11:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; border:solid #808080 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
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| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#ADADAD;text-align:center;font-size:11pt&quot; | [[Image:Admin mop.PNG|40px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | This user would like to become '''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrator]]''' on the [[Wikipedia]]. 
&lt;includeonly&gt; [[Category:Wikipedia administrators|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:W:bibliotecario]]
[[ko:Template:User admin]]
[[zh:Template:User admin]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>User:Cool Cat/CVU2-1</title>
    <id>2026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7090</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
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{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #F8F8FF;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #CCCCFF; font-size: 14pt;&quot; | [[Image:CVU2.5.PNG|43px]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot; | This user is a member of the&lt;br&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Counter Vandalism Unit|Counter Vandalism Unit]]'''.
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Category:Counter Vandalism Unit Member/{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Userbox browser</title>
    <id>2027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7091</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{switch
  |{{{1|}}}
  |case: mozilla firefox={{user firefox}}
  |case: mozilla={{userbox|green|lightgreen|[[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Mozilla]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Mozilla|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: microsoft internet explorer={{userbox|#0066FF|lightblue|[[Image:Blue_E.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Internet Explorer]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Microsoft Internet Explorer|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: konqueror={{userbox|#ff5555|#ffaaaa|[[Image:Konqueror-icon.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Konqueror]]'''|12}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Konqueror|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: opera={{userbox|id=[[Image:Nuvola apps opera.png|40px]]|info-fc=white|info-c=red|info=This user contributes using '''[[Opera (web browser)|Opera]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Opera users|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: netscape={{userbox|#008888|#0099FF|[[Image:Crystal netscape.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Netscape]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Netscape|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: safari={{userbox|gray|lightgray|[[Image:Apple Safari.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Safari|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: lynx={{userbox|#5D6F81|#7989BB|#lynx|This user contributes using '''[[Lynx (web browser)|Lynx]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Lynx|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: any other browser than microsoft internet explorer={{userbox|#C4C2D6|#FFFFFF|no&lt;s&gt;ie&lt;/s&gt;|This user contributes using any other [[web browser|browser]] than '''[[Internet Explorer]]'''.}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Any other browser than Microsoft Internet Explorer|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: epiphany={{userbox|lightgrey|white|[[Image:Gnomelogo.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Epiphany (web browser)|Epiphany]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser/Epiphany|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |case: k-meleon={{userbox|green|lightgreen|[[Image:K-meleonIcon.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[K-Meleon]]'''}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:K-Meleon users]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  |default={{userbox|3=web|4=This user is using a '''[[web browser]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Browser|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{esoteric}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User mad</title>
    <id>2028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7092</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border:solid #000000 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #FFFFFF;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #000000; text-align: center&quot; | [[Image:Mad_scientist_caricature.png|45px]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; text-align: left&quot; | This user is a [[mad scientist]].
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userbox religion</title>
    <id>2030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7096</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:16:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{switch
|{{{1|}}}
|case: infidel=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#737373
    |info-c=#dede23
    |id=inf
    |info=This user is an '''[[infidel]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Religion/Infidel|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  }}
|case: protestant=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#fffeff
    |info-c=#eeedee
    |id=[[Image:Christian cross.png|35px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Protestant]]''' '''[[Christian]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Protestant Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
    |id-s=20
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|case: roman catholic=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#eeeeaa
    |info-c=white
    |id=[[Image:Annulus piscatorius.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Roman Catholic]]''' '''[[Christian]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Roman Catholic Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: catholic=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#eeeeaa
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    |info=This user is a '''[[Catholic|Catholic]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Catholic Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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    |id=&lt;&gt;&lt;
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  {{userbox
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|
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  {{userbox
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    |info=This user is a an '''[[Agnosticism|agnostic]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Agnostic Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: secular humanist=
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|case: invisible pink unicorn=
  {{userbox
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    |info-c=#ffffff
    |id=[[Image:Invisible_Pink_Unicorn_Logo.png|40px]]
    |info=This user doesn't really worship the '''[[Invisible Pink Unicorn]]''' (bbhhh).&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Invisible Pink Unicorn Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: flying spaghetti monster=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#454555
    |info-c=#adadcd
    |id=[[Image:Flying Spaghetti Monster.jpg|40px|Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
    |info=This user believes in the Noodly Appendage of [[Flying Spaghetti Monsterism]].&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Flying Spaghetti Monsterist Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: muslim=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#dccd88
    |id-c=#edde99
    |info-c=#fffacc
    |id=[[Image:Green Shahada crescent.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Muslim]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Muslim Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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  |case: jew=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#adadee
    |id-c=#e9e9ff
    |info-c=#fafaff
    |id=[[Image:Israeli blue Star of David.png|35px]]
    |info=This user is '''[[Judaism|Jewish]]'''&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Jewish Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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  |case: buddhist=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#faad00
    |info-c=#fccd88
    |id-c=#fcad48
    |id=[[Image:Buddha.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Buddhist]]'''&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Buddhist Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: hindu=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#fab9ac
    |id-c=#fedccd
    |info-c=#fefdee
    |id=[[Image:Aum.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Hindu]]'''&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Hindu Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  }}
|case: unitarian universalist=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#636
    |id-c=#99c
    |info-c=#fefdee
    |id=[[Image:FlamingChalice.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Unitarian Universalist]]'''&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Unitarian Universalist Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: discordian=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=yellow
    |id-c=white
    |info-c=lightyellow
    |id=[[Image:Apple of Discord.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Discordianism|Discordian]]''' pope.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Discordian Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
   }}
|case: satanist=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#aa0000
    |id-c=#000000
    |info-fc=#ff3333
    |info-c=#343434
    |id=[[Image:Baphomet-sigil.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Satanist]]'''&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Satanist Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: pagan=
  {{userbox
    |border-c=#006400
    |id-c=green
    |info-c=palegreen
    |id=[[Image:Logo_montagne_yama.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Paganism|Pagan]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Pagan Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: quaker=
  {{userbox
    |id-c=white
    |border-c=#999999
    |id=[[Image:Quaker star.png|40px]]
    |info=This user is a '''[[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Quaker Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: emacs=
  {{userbox
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    |id-c=#ccbb99
    |info-c=#eeddbb
    |info=This user is devoted to '''[[The Church of Emacs]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Emacs users|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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|case: subgenius=
  {{userbox
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    |id-c=#ffffff
    |info-c=#ccffff
    |info=This user is a '''[[Church of the SubGenius|SubGenius]]'''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:SubGenius users|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  }}
  |case: oprahist=
  {{userbox
    |3=opr
    |4=This user follows [[Oprah Winfery|Oprahism]], a mainstream religion in [[Futurama|the year 3000]].&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Religion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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  |default=
  {{userbox
    |3=rel
    |4=This user is religious.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:User Religion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
  }}
|case: anglican =
  {{userbox
    |id-c=#fffeff
    |info-c=#eeedee
    |id=[[Image:Christian cross.png|35px]]
    |info=This user is an adherent of '''[[Anglicanism|Anglican Christianity]]. '''.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Anglican Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
    |id-s=20
  }}
}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Switch</title>
    <id>2031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7098</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{{case: {{{1|}}}|{{{default|}}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:If Templates|Switch]][[vi:Tiêu bản:Switch]][[ca:Template:Depenent]][[ru:Шаблон:Switch]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:If Templates</title>
    <id>2032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7099</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:19:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are templates used for &quot;if-then-else&quot; types of queries.

When adding a Category to a template, remember to wrap it within '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; &lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Otherwise all articles using the template will acquire the category. If you add &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;...&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the end of the template, please make sure that the opening &amp;lt;noinclude&gt; starts on the same line as the last char of the template code. Experiments revealed that some templates became seriously defunct when that rule was violated.

'''Be careful with them!'''  They are tricky to manipulate and shouldn't be edited recklessly.
When using those templates, you should add {{tl|esoteric}} to the '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt; &lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' of your template.
== Usage ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{qif
  |test=test
  |then=code if test is true
  |else=code if test is false
}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
|Result: &quot;{{qif
  |test=test
  |then=code if test is true
  |else=code if test is false
}}&quot;
|-
|&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{switch
  |data
  |case: data=yes
  |default=no
}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
|Result: &quot;{{switch
  |data
  |case: data=yes
  |default=no
}}&quot;
|-
|&lt;pre&gt;{{if defined
  |test=test
  |call=show1
  |1=1=foo
}}&lt;/pre&gt;
|Result: &quot;{{if defined
  |test=test
  |call=show1
  |1=1=foo
}}&quot;
|-
|&lt;pre&gt;{{unless defined
  |test=
  |call=show1
  |1=1=foo
}}&lt;/pre&gt;
|Result: &quot;{{unless defined
  |test=
  |call=show1
  |1=1=foo
}}&quot;
|}
'''test''' is a value, '''true''' if defined, false otherwise, a parameter is used as a test as &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{param|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, the ending '''|''' is important so it can default to '''false'''. 
For more complex test, use the boolean templates defined below.

Furthermore, you should always define index to arguments for those templates, otherwise you might get strange results, if you have a parameter with a '''=''' embeded (for example url's).

== Booleans ==
To make using {{tl|if}} easier, there are some boolean templates that can be used as first argument to '''if'''.

See [[:Category:Boolean Templates]] for full details:
In all this templates, argument is true if defined, false otherwise, it ''return'' '''1''' if true, '''undef''' otherwise.
; {{tl|booland}}  : if A '''and''' B is true, return true. 
; {{tl|boolor}}   : if A '''or''' B is true, return true.
; {{tl|boolxor}}  : if A '''or''' B is true, but not A '''and''' B, return true.
; {{tl|boolnxor}} : if A '''and''' B is false or A '''and''' B is true, return true.
; {{tl|boolnand}} : if A '''or''' B is false, return true.
; {{tl|boolnor}}  : if A '''and''' B is false, return true.
; {{tl|boolnot}}  : if A is false, return true, else return false.

=== Equals operators ===

; {{tl|booleq}} : Returns true if A and B equals.
; {{tl|boolne}} : Returns false if A and B equals.
[[Category:Wikipedia special effects templates]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User la-1</title>
    <id>2033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7126</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T11:50:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#F0F8FF&quot;
| style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt&quot; | '''[[Latin|la]]-1'''
| style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot; | Hic usor '''[[:Category:User la-1|simplice]]''' '''[[:Category:User la|latinitate]]''' contribuere potest.[[Category:User la|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User la-1|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Conner 1967</title>
    <id>2034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7840</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T11:06:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>(misstake) z to c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;background: transparent&quot;
|
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: solid; border-color:#808000; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 0.1em; margin-bottom:0.4em&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#C0C0FF&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#808000&quot;&gt;'''{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, [[{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}]], [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] @ &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;{{CURRENTTIME}}&lt;/font&gt; (UTC)&lt;/font&gt;
|}
|-
|
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid grey; border-collapse: collapse; background: #F8FCFF; margin-right:0px; float:right&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|{{Adminbox}}
|-
|{{userbox|#AAAA00|#FFFF00|[[Image:Crystal tux.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Linux]]'''}}
|-
|{{userbox|#0066FF|#0099FF|[[Image:Crystal win apps.png|40px]]|This user contributes using '''[[Microsoft Windows]]'''}}
|-
|{{User IE}}
|-
|{{User:Cool Cat/CVU2-1|wikipedia/en}}
|-
|{{User mad}} 
|-
|{{User male}} 
|-
|{{User Recycling}} 


|}
|}


'''Hello, Welcome on my Userpage!'''


I have been a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedian|Wikipedian]] since [[December 2005]] ([[Special:Contributions/John Conner 1967|my contribs]]). 

I inform German. I don't edit anywhere near as much as I used to, due both to drift of interest and some growing negative trends I've been noticing here, but I still support the project and will occasionally correct something or fight a vandal.

We have to build up this Wikipedia and I will do all I can. &quot;Are you doing all you can?&quot;


&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;


{{User:John Conner 1967/Babel}}

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;background: white; border: 0px solid black; padding: 1em;&quot;&gt; 

{| align=center border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 
|-
|[[Image:Villianc.jpg|75px|left|]]
'''Working on:''' [[Main Page]] – [[Wikipedia:Community Portal]] – [[Wikipedia:General disclaimer]] – [[Current events]] – [[Wikipedia]] – [[Wikipedia:Site support]] – [[Help:Use]]
'''Eyes on:''' Everything! BOTS are a big problem...
|}
&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
__NOTOC__

{{wstress3d|1|180|All Quiet on the Western Front}}

[[Category:Linux users|Nickptar]]
[[Category:Wikipedian programmers|John Conner 1967]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userbox</title>
    <id>2037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7192</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border:solid {{{1|{{{border-c|{{{id-c|#999999}}}}}}}}} 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: {{{2|{{{info-c|#eeeeee}}}}}};&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: {{{1|{{{id-c|#dddddd}}}}}}; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|black}}};&quot; | '''{{{3|{{{id|id}}}}}}'''
| style=&quot;font-size: {{{info-s|8}}}pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: {{{info-fc|black}}};&quot; | {{{4|{{{info|''info''}}}}}}
|}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wikipedia userboxes|Userbox]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wstress3d</title>
    <id>2038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7198</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:31:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
==This is a Template File==
For usage details &amp; instructions - refer to [[Template_talk:Wstress3d]]
==Usage Instructions==
To use this template to insert a copy of the Wikistress meter into a page, use the following format:
&lt;code&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wstress3d|&lt;&lt;A&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;B&gt;&gt;|&lt;&lt;C&gt;&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/code&gt;
:Where:
::&lt;code&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;A&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/code&gt; = The required stress level
:::'''Required'''
:::Valid values are &quot;1&quot;,&quot;NoPants&quot;,&quot;numb&quot;,&quot;2&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,&quot;4&quot;,&quot;4a&quot;,&quot;5&quot;.
::&lt;code&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;B&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/code&gt; = The required width of the image (in pixels)
:::''Optional''
::&lt;code&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;C&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/code&gt; = Text to be displayed below the image
:::''Optional''
==Pages Using This Template==
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 1]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 1a]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 2]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 3]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 4]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 4a]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level 5]]

[[zh:Template:Wstress3d]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Image:Wikistress3D {{{1}}} v3.jpg|{{{2}}}px|right|thumbnail|{{{3}}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedians with wikistress level {{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userbox IE</title>
    <id>2039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7204</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border:solid #0066FF 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: lightblue;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #0066FF; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|black}}};&quot; | '''[[Image:Crystal package network.png|40px]]'''
| style=&quot;font-size: {{{info-s|8}}}pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: {{{info-fc|black}}};&quot; | This user contributes using '''[[Internet Explorer]]'''
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Internet Explorer users]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User IE</title>
    <id>2040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7205</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border:solid #0066FF 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: lightblue;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #0066FF; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}pt; color: {{{id-fc|black}}};&quot; | '''[[Image:Crystal package network.png|40px]]'''
| style=&quot;font-size: {{{info-s|8}}}pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: {{{info-fc|black}}};&quot; | This user contributes using '''[[Internet Explorer]]'''
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Internet Explorer users]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Conner 1967/links</title>
    <id>2041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7207</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:46:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;Talk-Notice&quot;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;[[Image:Finder icon.png|30px]] [[User:HereToHelp|Userpage]] [[Image:Apple Stickies.png|30px]] [[User talk:HereToHelp|Talk]] [[Image:Apple Remote Desktop Agent 2.png|30px]] [[Special:Watchlist/HereToHelp|Watchlist]] [[Image:Apple Dictionary Icon.png|30px]] [[Special:Contributions/HereToHelp|Contributions]] [[Image:Apple-logo.png|30px]] [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Macintosh|WikiProject Macintosh]] [[Image:Jar Launcher.png|30px]] [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Macintosh|Talk]] &lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User male</title>
    <id>2042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7212</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: solid #6699FF 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; color: #000000; background: #6699FF;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt;&quot; |[[Image:Male.png|40px]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot; | This user is '''&lt;font style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[:Category:Male Wikipedians|male]]&lt;/font&gt;'''.
[[Category:Male Wikipedians|{{PAGENAME}}]]
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;clear: both; padding-top: 2em&quot;&gt;
Adds the page to the following categories:
*[[:Category:Male Wikipedians]]

See also {{tl|User female}}
&lt;/p&gt;

[[Category:Male Wikipedians|*]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User Recycling</title>
    <id>2043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7217</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T22:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{User blank|[[Image:RecyclingSymbolGreen1.png|40px]]|This user supports [[recycling]].}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:User blank</title>
    <id>2044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7214</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
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{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #c5fcdc;&quot;
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:RecyclingSymbolGreen.png</title>
    <id>2045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7215</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T21:55:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Recycling Symbol</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Recycling Symbol</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Image:RecyclingSymbolGreen1.png</title>
    <id>2046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7216</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T22:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Recycling Symbol</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Recycling Symbol</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pmsyyz</title>
    <id>2054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7578</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-29T05:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>172.153.172.189</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Babel box</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-2|en|chr-0|}}
Hi, I'm Phillip Stewart.

This Wikipedia for the [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee (Tsalagi) language]] was assaulted by vandal bots on 24 Dec 2005.  I've tried to clean some of it up, but more work needs to be done.

But how many Cherokee speakers are active here?  Unless there are a few I don't think this Wikipedia will ever get off the ground.  Maybe it should change to a [[m:Test-wp|test Wikipedia]] on [[m:|Meta]].

The [[Unicode]] article links to free Cherokee fonts.

== External links ==

* http://www.cherokee.org/
* http://www.cherokeeobserver.org/

[[en:User:Pmsyyz]]
[[io:User:Pmsyyz]]
[[ja:User:Pmsyyz]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏏᎠ</title>
    <id>2161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9513</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-22T04:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ur:ایشیا]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎠᏏᎠ ...

* [[ᏥᎾ]]
* [[ᏣᏆᏂ]]
* [[ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]]
* ...

{{stub}}

[[af:Asië]]
[[an:Asia]]
[[ar:آسيا]]
[[arc:ܐܣܝܐ]]
[[ast:Asia]]
[[az:Asiya]]
[[bar:Asien]]
[[bat-smg:Azėjė]]
[[bg:Азия]]
[[bn:এশিয়া]]
[[bo:ཡ་ཀྲོའུ་གླིང་]]
[[bpy:এশিয়া]]
[[br:Azia]]
[[bs:Azija]]
[[ca:Àsia]]
[[ceb:Asya]]
[[cs:Asie]]
[[csb:Azëjô]]
[[cy:Asia]]
[[da:Asien]]
[[de:Asien]]
[[el:Ασία]]
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[[fy:Aazje]]
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[[gu:એશિયા]]
[[he:אסיה]]
[[hi:जंबुद्वीप]]
[[hr:Azija]]
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[[ht:Azi]]
[[hu:Ázsia]]
[[ia:Asia]]
[[id:Asia]]
[[io:Azia]]
[[is:Asía]]
[[it:Asia]]
[[ja:アジア]]
[[jbo:zdotu'a]]
[[ka:აზია]]
[[kn:ಏಷ್ಯಾ]]
[[ko:아시아]]
[[ku:Asya]]
[[kw:Asi]]
[[la:Asia]]
[[lad:Asia]]
[[lb:Asien]]
[[li:Azië]]
[[lij:Stati de l'Asia]]
[[lo:ອາຊີ]]
[[lt:Azija]]
[[lv:Āzija]]
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[[mk:Азија]]
[[ml:ഏഷ്യ]]
[[mo:Асия]]
[[ms:Asia]]
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[[my:အာရ္ဟတိုက္‌]]
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[[qu:Asya]]
[[ro:Asia]]
[[ru:Азия]]
[[sa:एशिया]]
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[[sd:ايشيا]]
[[se:Ásia]]
[[sh:Azija]]
[[si:ආසියාව]]
[[simple:Asia]]
[[sk:Ázia]]
[[sl:Azija]]
[[so:Aasiya]]
[[sq:Azia]]
[[sr:Азија]]
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[[sv:Asien]]
[[sw:Asia]]
[[ta:ஆசியா]]
[[tg:Осиё]]
[[th:ทวีปเอเชีย]]
[[tk:Aziýa]]
[[tl:Asya]]
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[[tr:Asya]]
[[udm:Азия]]
[[ug:ئاسىيا]]
[[uk:Азія]]
[[ur:ایشیا]]
[[vi:Châu Á]]
[[war:Asya]]
[[yi:אזיע]]
[[zh:亚洲]]
[[zh-classical:亞細亞洲]]
[[zh-min-nan:A-chiu]]
[[zh-yue:亞洲]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jon Harald Søby</title>
    <id>2163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8250</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-31T20:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>interwiki</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]].

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[[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]]
[[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]]
[[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Essjay</title>
    <id>2177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8020</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-04T11:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>217.225.103.137</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 3px solid navy;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|75px]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=navy&gt;'''For more information about me, please see my [[m:User:Essjay|Meta User Page.]]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Essjay</title>
    <id>2178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8019</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-04T11:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>217.225.103.137</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;table cellpajavascript:insertTags('','','');
Your signature with timestampdding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 3px solid navy;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|75px]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=navy&gt;'''Please leave any messages at my [[m:User talk:Essjay|Meta Talk Page]].'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2185</id>
    <restrictions>edit=sysop:move=sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>9525</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T02:32:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ (Featured Article)'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;Note:  You must be using Cherokee Unicode Supported Fonts to view this site.  Information on installing Code2000 Cherokee Unicode Fonts is available on the Cherokee [[Unicode]] page.&lt;/small&gt;


[[Image:DrumMozartRegiment.jpg|thumb|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Unger, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ B, 40th ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᏤ York lyudetiyvda ᏫᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Mozart ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 20, 1863 ]]
[[Image:Drums for sale at the National Museum of the American Indian.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Amerindians|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ]]-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Museum of the American Indian|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ]].]]

'''ᎠᎱᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[musical instrument|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Percussion instrument|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[membranophone]]. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ [[Skin|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[drumhead|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''drumskin'', Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[drumstick]], ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭ gvwatuwidv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ varies ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[cylinder|ᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[timpani]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[bowl|ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]]-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ([[tar (drum)|ᎠᏜ]]), ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ([[bongo drums|bongo ᎠᎱᎵ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ([[talking drum|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ]]).

ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[timbales]]), ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ resonating ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ African ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hollowed-atsinuqowisgv ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[steel pan|Caribbean ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎱᎵ]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ceremonies. ᎯᎠ [[sound of a drum|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ   ᎠᎱᎵ]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ.

ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[popular music|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[jazz]], ''ᎠᎱᎵ'' ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[drum kit|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᎴ ''[[drummer|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ]]'' ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ percussionists ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎱᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[communication|ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ Africa ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.- ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[drum (communication)|ᎠᎱᎵ (ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ)]].

lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3000 BC.[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1895569907&amp;id=JcaxjYL1fzwC&amp;pg=PT9&amp;lpg=PT9&amp;dq=%22first+drums%22&amp;sig=dTJfX95Tm8gEmJo_zLOW731MeJA]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{commonscat|Drums}}
* [[Chenda]]
* [[Double drumming|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]
* [[Drum and bass|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Drum beat|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Drum kit|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ)
* [[Drum machine|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ]]
* [[Drum replacement|ᎠᎱᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]]
* [[Hand drum|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[Hearing the shape of a drum|ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ   ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[List of drummers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ]]
* [[Musical instrument|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Musical notation#Drums|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[Percussive Arts Society|Percussive ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Tabla]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Drum.ogg|2005-04-13}}
* [http://www.drummeressentials.com Drum lessons eBook] - 45+ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ eBook ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ PDF
* [http://www.drum-videos.com/drum-videos.html Drum Video Lessons] - ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎱᎵ instructional videos.
* [http://www.drumminmen.com/ Drummin' Men] - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Resource ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
* [http://www.drumtopia.com/ Drumtopia Drum News]- ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ, ᎠᎱᎵ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
* [http://www.drum-dvds.com/drum-dvds.html Instructional Drum DVDs]- ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
* [http://www.drummerworld.com/ Drummer World]- ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ online ᎠᎱᎵ clinics ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ videos.
* [http://www.rockdrummingsystem.com Rock Drum Lessons] - ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ PDF, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ.
[[Category:Drums|*]]

[[da:Tromme]]
[[de:Trommel]]
[[eo:Tamburo]]
[[en:Drum]]
[[es:Tambor]]
[[fi:Rumpu]]
[[fr:Tambour (musique)]]
[[he:תוף]]
[[is:Trommur]]
[[it:Tamburo]]
[[ja:太鼓]]
[[nl:Trommel]]
[[nn:Tromme]]
[[no:Tromme]]
[[pl:Bęben]]
[[pt:Tambor]]
[[sl:Boben]]
[[sv:Trumma]]
[[tr:Davul]]
[[zh:鼓]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ᎣᎩᏙᏓ (ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ)</title>
    <id>2193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7562</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T21:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[24rs23]] moved to [[ᎣᎩᏙᏓ (ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏕᏣᏙᎥᎢ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᏣᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒ ᏫᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎠᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏫᏥᎦᎵᏍᏓ ᎭᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬᎢ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏈᏒ ᎣᎦᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏍᎩᎥᏏ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᏗᎨᏍᎩᎥᏏᏉᏃ ᏕᏍᎩᏚᎬᎢ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᏥᏗᎦᏲᏥᎾᎰ ᏦᏥᏚᎩ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎠᎴ ᏝᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎪᎴᏰᏗᏱ ᎨᏒ ᏫᏗᏍᎩᏯᏘᏅᏍᏔᏅᎩ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᏍᎩᏳᏓᎴᏍᎨᏍᏗᏉᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏲ ᎨᏒᎢ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᏣᏤᎵᎦᏰᏃ ᏣᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎠᎴ ᏣᎵᏂᎩᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ, &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎠᎴ ᎡᏣᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ. &lt;BR /&gt;
ᎡᎺ:Ꮕ. &lt;BR /&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ</title>
    <id>2199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7576</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-28T21:33:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>interwikis for [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[af:Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]] 	
[[ar:ويكيبيديا:الميدان]]
[[bg:Уикипедия:Разговори]]
[[br:Wikipedia:An ti-chopin]]
[[bs:Wikipedia:Kahvana]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Pod lípou]]
[[cy:Wicipedia:Y Caffi]]
[[da:Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden]]
[[de:Wikipedia:Forum]]
[[en:Wikipedia:Village pump]]
[[eo:Vikipedio:Babilejo]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Café]]
[[et:Vikipeedia:Üldine arutelu]]
[[eu:Wikipedia:Txokoa]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Le Bistro]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone]]
[[fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis side]]
[[ga:Vicipéid:Halla baile]]
[[gl:Wikipedia:A Taberna]]
[[gu:Wikipedia:ચોતરો]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון]]
[[hi:विकिपीडिया:गाँव का पम्प]]
[[hr:Wikipedia:Kafić]]
[[hu:Wikipédia:Kocsmafal]]
[[ia:Wikipedia:Taverna]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]]
[[is:Wikipedia:Potturinn]]
[[it:Wikipedia:Bar]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:井戸端]]
[[ko:위키백과:사랑방]]
[[la:Wikipedia:Taberna]]
[[lb:Wikipedia:De Stamminet]]
[[li:Wikipedia:De kaffee]]
[[mi:Wikipedia:Körero]]
[[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Chhiū-á-kha]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Kedai Kopi]]
[[nah:Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan]]
[[nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg]]
[[no:Wikipedia:Tinget]]
[[nn:Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset]]
[[oc:Oiquipedià:La tavèrna]]
[[pl:Wikipedia:Kawiarenka pod Wesołym Encyklopedystą]]
[[pt:Wikipedia:Esplanada]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Cafenea]]
[[roa-rup:Uichipedia:Fântâna]]
[[ru:Википедия:Форум]]
[[scn:Wikipedia:Circulu]]
[[simple:Wikipedia:Simple talk]]
[[sk:Wikipédia:Krčma]]
[[sl:Wikipedija:Pod lipo]]
[[sq:Wikipedia:Kuvendi]]
[[sr:Википедија:Трг]]
[[su:Wikipédia:Padungdengan]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Bybrunnen]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]]
[[vi:Wikipedia:Thảo Luận]]
[[zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Brion VIBBER</title>
    <id>2201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7581</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-29T18:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am John Conner. I would like to improve Wikipedia. But lately, Wikipedia was frequently attacked by destruction-bots. I would like to participate actively and will not bear that. Because for the moment unfortunately too few possibilities for it are ordered to me, I would like to apply as the second administrator. --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 18:13, 29 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Contents</title>
    <id>2223</id>
    <restrictions>edit=sysop:move=sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>9356</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-30T06:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Help:Contents]]&quot;: spamming [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__
{| cellspacing=&quot;3&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot; 
|width=&quot;85%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot;|

ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ|ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏲᎢ]]! ᏣᎳᎩᏍ ᎯᏬᏂᏍᎩ? Wikipedia is a project to build an [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|open-content]] [[encyclopaedia]] in [[#ᎠᏂᏐᎢ|many languages]]. This Cherokee edition, called [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]], was started in May of 2004, and we are now working on [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[Wikipedia:What is an article|articles]]. You can help! Simply click the &quot;edit&quot; button and fly away!

Learn [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|how to edit pages]], experiment in the  [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|ᏃᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]], and visit our [[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Community Portal]] to find out how '''you''' can participate in the development of Wikipedia.

''Important Note:'' To view these pages correctly, you will need a [[Unicode|Unicode-compatible Cherokee font]].

== Example articles (needing improvement): ==
* '''countries/cities''':
** '''[[ᎠᏏᎠ]]''': [[ᏥᎾ]], [[ᏣᏆᏂ]], [[ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]]
** '''[[ᎡᎶᏆ]]''': [[ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]], [[ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ]], [[ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]], [[ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]], [[ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]], [[ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]], [[ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ]], 
** '''ᎠᎺᎵᎦ''': [[ᎠᎺᎢ]], [[ᏄᏲᎩ]],
* '''languages''': [[ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]], [[ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]], [[ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]],
* '''animals/plants''': [[ᏥᏍᏆ]], [[ᏡᎬᎢ]], [[ᎩᏳᎦ]]
* '''[[ᏣᎳᎩ]]''': [[ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ]], [[ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ]], [[ᏍᏏᏆᏱ]], [[ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]],
* '''religion''': [[ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ]], 
* '''other''': [[ᎣᎩᏙᏓ (ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ)]], [[ᎤᏐᎪᏍᏓᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎭᎳ]], [[ᏛᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ]], [[ᎤᎫᎾ]], [[ᏧᎾᎻ]], 


&lt;!--{| cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; 
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|width=&quot;55%&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ffc9c9; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3&quot;|
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: .4em .9em .9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;ᎪᎯᎢᎩ ᏫᏚᏪᏗ article&lt;/h3&gt;
{{Feature}}

&lt;h3&gt;Selected anniversaries&lt;/h3&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries}}
&lt;/div&gt;
|width=&quot;45%&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; color: #000; background-color: #f0f0ff&quot;|
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: right; text-align: left; float: right; padding: .4em .9em .9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;In the news&lt;/h3&gt; {{In the news}}
&lt;h3&gt;Did you know...&lt;/h3&gt; {{Did you know}} 
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;div class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;padding: .5em 1em 0; margin: 0 3px 3px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc&quot;&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;lang&quot;&gt;ᎠᏂᏐᎢ&lt;/h3&gt;
{{Wikipedialang}} 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 3px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--&lt;h3 id=&quot;sister&quot;&gt;Wikipedia — ᏦᏍᏛᏓᎸ&lt;/h3&gt;
{{Wikipediasister}}
If you find Wikipedia or its sister projects useful, please consider making a [http://wikimediafoundation.org/ fundraising donation]. Donations are used primarily for purchasing computer equipment and launching new [[m:Complete_list_of_wikimedia_projects#Proposed_projects|projects]].
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:left&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;

[[chy:]]
[[nv:]]
[[mus:]]
&lt;!-- [[oj:]] doesn't exist --&gt;
[[cr:]]
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[[zh:]]
[[zh-min-nan:]]
[[zu:]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jon Harald Søby</title>
    <id>2264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7863</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-30T12:20:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added comment</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I need some help to restore old pages !

Please help a little ...

( my user nick is RESTORE ... I don't realy understand Cherokeen language ... )


Hello Jon Harald Soby.I am John Conner. I would like to improve Wikipedia. But lately, Wikipedia was frequently attacked by destruction-bots. I would like to participate actively and will not bear that. Because for the moment unfortunately too few possibilities for it are ordered to me, I would like to apply as an user with administrator rights. I already asked an admin but he did not answered :( --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 10:55, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

:Hiya! I'm trying to fix the current bot problems right now ([[m:User:Anthere|Anthere]] on [[m:|Meta]] granted me adminship). If they are back after this round, there will definately be need for even more force. To become admin then, make a request at [[Wikipedia:Administrators]], and notify a steward about it at [[m:Requests for permissions]]. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon]] [[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|Harald]] [[Special:Contributions/Jon Harald Søby|Søby]] 11:02, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

One minute ago, I created a new user on Meta-Wiki. --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 12:20, 30 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:RESTORE</title>
    <id>2266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7817</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-29T21:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John Conner 1967</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Comment</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello &quot;RESTORE&quot;

I am John Conner. I saw that you are repairing this wikipedia. I am also repairing, but it is not easy. We can cooperate and ask an admin for admin-rights. For the moment it takes too much time to restore everything. Thanks, --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 21:07, 29 December 2005 (UTC)


I hope that an admin will answer. Until then we should try to repair the most necessary. Thanks, --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 21:49, 29 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Korg</title>
    <id>2267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7875</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T05:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello Korg. I am John Conner. I would like to improve Wikipedia. But lately, Wikipedia was frequently attacked by destruction-bots. I would like to participate actively and will not bear that. Because for the moment unfortunately too few possibilities for it are ordered to me, I would like to apply as an user with administrator rights. Thanks, --[[User:John Conner 1967|John Conner 1967]] 10:53, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
:Hi. I'd like to ask you the same question as Jon Harald: what is your user name on other Wikimedia projects? [[User:Korg|Korg]] 05:07, 31 December 2005 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᏂᎰᏂ</title>
    <id>2282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7912</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-02T08:24:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There was a pretty large article here in Cherokee on Japan.  Maybe it got deleted because of vadalism. --[[User:Pmsyyz|Pmsyyz]] 21:31, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

:It is on [[ᏣᏆᏂ]] now. Perhaps there should be a redirect? (Or perhaps that one should be moved here?) [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon]] [[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|Harald]] [[Special:Contributions/Jon Harald Søby|Søby]] 08:24, 2 January 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏂᎰᏂ</title>
    <id>2283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7915</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T10:33:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jon Harald Søby</username>
        <id>88</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#redirect [[ᏣᏆᏂ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[ᏣᏆᏂ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Interwiki de</title>
    <id>2318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7987</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T19:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interwiki de</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Special:Contributions/Interwiki_de|My contributions]]

{{User de}}{{User en-2}}{{User chr-0}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Protected page</title>
    <id>2330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8017</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-20T17:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Korg</username>
        <id>56</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>blanking - spam</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Koavf</title>
    <id>2331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8018</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-23T03:24:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>102</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!]

[[en:User:koavf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎾᏆᏍᏛᏉᎦᏥᏍᎦᏂ</title>
    <id>2332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8299</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-22T21:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.142.130.38</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[m] proper stanzas</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎾᏆᏍᏛᏉᎦᏥᏍᎦᏂ&lt;br&gt;
ᏣᎩᎬᎠᏆᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏛ&lt;br&gt;
ᎠᎴᎠᎩᏯᏂᏍᎬᏥᏌ&lt;br&gt;
ᏫᎬᎷᏥ, ᏫᎬᎷᏥ&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
ᎾᏆᏍᏛᏉᏍᎩᏕᎵᏍᎩ&lt;br&gt;
ᏂᏥᎦᏘᏗᏍᎬᎾᏃ&lt;br&gt;
ᏥᏍᎬᏅᎠᎩᎲᏍᏗᏱ&lt;br&gt;
ᏫᎬᎷᏥ, ᏫᎬᎷᏥ&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
ᎾᏆᏍᏛᏉᎠᎩᏲᎢ&lt;br&gt;
ᎬᏂᏛᎠᏆᏚᎵᏍᎬ&lt;br&gt;
ᎠᎴᏂᎦᎥᏉᏥᏌ&lt;br&gt;
ᏫᎬᎷᏥ, ᏫᎬᎷᏥ&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
ᎾᏆᏍᏛᏉᎠᏎᏂᎯ&lt;br&gt;
ᏓᏍᎩᏙᎵᏥᏉᎠᏴ&lt;br&gt;
ᎠᎴᏍᎩᏍᏕᎸᏗᏱᏥᏌ&lt;br&gt;
ᏫᎬᎷᏥ, ᏫᎬᎷᏥ&lt;br&gt;

([http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Woodworth.ogg ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ])


[[en:Just As I Am (hymn)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Aaron Walden</title>
    <id>2333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8112</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-22T12:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cherokeeflagwaving.gif|none|right]] 
ᎡᏯᏂ ᏩᎵᏕᎾ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ</title>
    <id>2334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8039</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-10T04:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joel7687</username>
        <id>106</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added link to English Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ
ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏕᏣᏙᎥᎢ
ᏣᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒ ᏫᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢ
ᎠᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏫᏂᎦᎵᏍᏓ ᎭᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬᎢ
ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ
ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏈᏒ ᎣᎦᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏍᎩᎥᏏ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ
ᏗᎨᏍᎩᎥᏏᏉᏃ ᏕᏍᎩᏚᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᏥᏗᎦᏲᏥᏁᎰ ᏦᏥᏚᎩ
ᎠᎴ ᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎪᎵᏰᏗᏱ ᎨᏒ ᏫᏗᏍᎩᏯᏘᏅᏍᏔᏅᎩ
ᏍᎩᏳᏓᎴᏍᎨᏍᏗᏉᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏲ ᎨᏒᎢ
ᏣᏤᎵᎦᏰᏃ ᏣᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ
ᎠᎴ ᏣᎵᏂᎩᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ
ᎠᎴ ᎡᏣᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ
ᎡᎺᏅ


[[ang:Fæder ūre]]
[[roa-rup:Tată a nostru]]
[[be:Ойча наш]]
[[ceb:Pangadye sa Ginoo]]
[[cs:Otčenáš]]
[[da:Fader vor]]
[[de:Vaterunser]]
[[et:Meieisapalve]]
[[en:Lord's Prayer]]
[[es:Padrenuestro]]
[[eo:Patro Nia]]
[[fo:Faðir vár]]
[[fr:Notre Père]]
[[fur:Pari Nestri]]
[[gd:Urnaigh an Tighearna]]
[[gl:Noso Pai]]
[[got:𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂]]
[[ko:주기도문]]
[[hi:विनय से स्वामी]]
[[id:Bapa Kami]]
[[io:Patro nia]]
[[is:Faðir vor]]
[[it:Padre Nostro]]
[[jv:Kanjeng Rama]]
[[kw:Pader]]
[[ku:Bavê me]]
[[la:Pater noster]]
[[hu:Miatyánk]]
[[mi:Lord's Prayer]]
[[my:Lord's Prayer]]
[[nl:Onzevader]]
[[nds:Vadderunser]]
[[ja:主の祈り]]
[[no:Fader vår]]
[[pl:Ojcze nasz]]
[[pt:Pai Nosso]]
[[ru:Отче Наш]]
[[sv:Herrens bön]]
[[tl:Ama Namin]]
[[th:การอธิษฐานของศาสนาคริสต์]]
[[vo:Pleked Söla]]
[[fiu-vro:Mi Esä]]
[[zh:主禱文]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎳ</title>
    <id>2335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8301</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-23T15:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>88.73.43.29</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>interwiki de</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᏧᎳ

[[Image:Rød ræv (Vulpes vulpes).jpg|thumb|ᏧᎳ]]


ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: 	''Animalia''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: 	''Chordata''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: 	''Mammalia''

ᎣᎸᏙ: 	''Carnivora''

ᏥᏓᎾᎷ: 	''Canidae''

ᎨᏄᏍ: 	''Vulpes''


[[Image:Vulpes macrotis mutica with pups.jpg|555px]]
[[Category:Animalia]]
{{stub}}
[[ast:Raposu]]
[[ca:Guineu]]
[[da:Ræv]]
[[de:Fuchs (Säugetier)]]
[[en:Fox]]
[[es:Zorro]]
[[fr:Renard]]
[[gd:Sionnach]]
[[he:שועל]]
[[io:Foxo]]
[[ja:キツネ]]
[[ko:여우]]
[[nl:Vossen]]
[[pl:Lis]]
[[pt:Raposa]]
[[ro:Vulpe]]
[[sv:Rävar]]
[[wa:Rinåd]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎩᏟ</title>
    <id>2336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8647</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-29T09:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>YurikBot</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[sh:Pas]], [[ta:நாய்]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎩᏟ (Canis lupus familiaris).

[[Image:Bloodhound duke 1.jpg|thumb|ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]]


[[Category:Animalia]]
{{stub}}

&lt;!-- interwiki --&gt;

[[af:Hond]]
[[an:Can]]
[[ar:كلب]]
[[ast:Perru]]
[[bg:Домашно куче]]
[[bm:Wùlù]]
[[bo:ཁྱི་]]
[[ca:Gos]]
[[cs:Pes domácí]]
[[cy:Ci]]
[[da:Hund]]
[[de:Haushund]]
[[en:Dog]]
[[eo:Hundo]]
[[es:Perro]]
[[et:Koer]]
[[eu:Txakur]]
[[fa:سگ]]
[[fi:Koira]]
[[fr:Chien]]
[[gd:Cù]]
[[gl:Can]]
[[got:𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃]]
[[he:כלב]]
[[hr:Domaći pas]]
[[hu:Kutya]]
[[ia:Can]]
[[id:Anjing]]
[[io:Hundo]]
[[it:Canis lupus familiaris]]
[[ja:イヌ]]
[[jv:Asu]]
[[ko:개]]
[[la:Canis]]
[[lb:Haushond]]
[[lt:Šuo]]
[[lv:Suns]]
[[ms:Anjing]]
[[nds-nl:Hond]]
[[nl:Hond]]
[[nn:Hund]]
[[no:Tamhund]]
[[nrm:Tchian]]
[[oc:Ca]]
[[pl:Pies domowy]]
[[pt:Cão]]
[[ro:Câine]]
[[ru:Собака домашняя]]
[[sh:Pas]]
[[simple:Dog]]
[[sk:Pes domáci]]
[[sl:Pes]]
[[sr:Пас]]
[[sv:Hund]]
[[ta:நாய்]]
[[th:สุนัข]]
[[tr:Köpek]]
[[ug:ئىت]]
[[uk:Собака]]
[[vi:Chó]]
[[zh:犬]]
[[zh-min-nan:Káu]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸᎢ</title>
    <id>2337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8038</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-09T22:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸᎢ'': ᏎᎷ, ᏚᏯ, ᎧᏯᏎᏆ

[[Image:Maize.jpg|thumb|ᏎᎷ]][[Image:Phaseolus vulgaris seed.jpg|thumb|ᏚᏯ]][[Image:USDA summer squash.jpg|thumb|ᎧᏯᏎᏆ]]

{{stub}}
[[fr:Trois sœurs (agriculture)]]
[[en:Three Sisters (agriculture)]]
[[nl:Drie zusters]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏥᏍᏚ</title>
    <id>2338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8303</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-23T16:05:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>88.73.43.29</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>interwikis</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:DSCF0395.JPG|thumb|ᏥᏍᏚ]]
'''ᏥᏍᏚ'''

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: 	''Animalia''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: 	''Chordata''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: 	''Mammalia''

ᎣᎸᏙ: 	''Lagomorpha''

ᏥᏓᎾᎷ: 	''Leporidae''

ᎨᏄᏍ: 	''Tamias''


[[de:Streifenhörnchen]]
[[en:Chipmunk]]
[[fr:Tamia]]
[[it:Tamias]]
[[lt:Burundukai]]
[[nl:Chipmunks]]
[[ru:Бурундук]]
[[simple:Chipmunk]]
[[fi:Maaoravat]]


{{stub}}

[[category:animalia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Animalia</title>
    <id>2339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8055</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-10T14:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Frans Snyders 002.jpg|thumb|100px]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎧᎹᎹ</title>
    <id>2340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8929</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-18T16:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Butterflies
| image = Viceroy Butterfly.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = A [[Viceroy butterfly|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]], mimic of the [[Monarch butterfly|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| divisio = [[Rhopalocera]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = 
* Superfamily [[Hesperioidea]]:
** [[Hesperiidae]]
* Superfamily [[Papilionoidea]]:
** [[Swallowtail Butterfly|Papilionidae]]
** [[Pieridae]]
** [[Brush-footed butterfly|Nymphalidae]]
** [[Lycaenidae]]
** [[Riodinidae]]
}}
'''ᎧᎹᎹ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Lepidoptera]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[superfamily|superfamilies]] [[Hesperioidea]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ) ᎠᎴ [[Papilionoidea]] (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ butterflies).  ᎢᎦᏛ [[authors|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ]] ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ superfamily [[Hedyloidea]], ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏩᏐᎳ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ [[life cycle|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]—proceeding ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]l ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[caterpillar|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ]]ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[metamorphosis (biology)|pupic metamorphisis]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-ᎩᎳ-ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[butterfly watching|ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.

&lt;!--The para below shouldn't be in the lead--&gt;
ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ butterflies (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[moth|ᏩᏐᎳ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[lepidopterist]]'' ᎠᎴ ''aurelians''.

==ᎧᏁᏨ==
ᎯᎠ [[Old English language|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''buttorfleoge'' ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ butterflies ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ᎠᎴ [[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]] originating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ - ᎧᎹᎹ.  

ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ [[folk etymology|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ]], ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ Britain, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ originated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᎪᏢᏅ-coloured tvga'' ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ''Gonepteryx rhamni'', ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[metathesis|ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] &quot;flutterby&quot;.

==ᎧᎹᎹ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ==
[[Image:Microphoto-butterflywing2.jpg|thumb|left|ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, microphotography]]
Butterflies ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ Lepidoptera ᎠᎴ '''ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ''' ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ('''''lepidos''''' = ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ '''''pteron''''' = ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). Butterflies ᎤᎭ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ colours ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ butterflies ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ colours ᎠᎴ camouflage ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tvga.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎢᎦᏛ lepidopterans ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sesiidae|Clearwing ᏩᏐᎳ (Sesiidae)]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Glasswing butterfly|Glasswing ᎧᎹᎹ]] ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ tattered ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ gantlai iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ developmental ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ processes Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

Butterflies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, spanning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, evolutionary ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (Boggs ''ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.'', 2003). ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ aposematism ᎠᎴ mimicry ᏚᎴᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nineteenth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ lepidopterists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ butterflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ H. F. Nijhout ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ.

==ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
{{wrapper}}
|[[Image:Blue morpho butterfly.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Morpho|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Morpho]], ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae]]
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|[[Image:Meadow Argus02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Meadow Argus|ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]],  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ  Australia]]
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|[[Image:Geitoneura klugii2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Geitoneura klugii]]'']]
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|[[Image:Bolboretas Galicia.gif|thumb|right|Butterflies]]
|}

ᎾᎯᏳᏊ butterflies ᎠᎴ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ superfamilies, [[Hesperioidea]], ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᏜ' ᎠᎴ [[Papilionoidea]] ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[sister taxon|ᎤᎸ taxa]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ butterflies ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[clade]].  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxonomists ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ superfamily Papilionoidea, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ butterflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi,  Papilionoidea ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Hesperiiformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Hesperiidae]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Papilioniformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ).
===ᎧᎹᎹ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ===
ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies ᎤᏠᏱᎭ recognised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Papilionoidea]] ᎠᎴ:-
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Papilionidae]]'', ᎯᎠ [[Swallowtail]]ᎠᎴ [[Birdwing]]. 
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Pieridae]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ.
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Lycaenidae]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Butterflies, 
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Riodinidae]]'', ᎯᎠ [[Metalmark butterfly|Metalmark butterflies]], 
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Nymphalidae]]'', ᎯᎠ [[Brush-footed butterfly|ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ butterflies]], 

===ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ/ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ===
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 15,000 ᎠᎴ 20,000 [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] butterflies ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:-
*[[Swallowtail]]ᎠᎴ [[Birdwing]], ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ '''Papilionidae'''
**[[Swallowtail|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ Swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon''
**[[Spicebush Swallowtail]], ''Papilio troilus''
**[[Papilio demoleus|ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ]], ''Papilio demoleus''
**[[Birdwing|''Ornithoptera'']] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (Birdwings; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ butterflies)
*[[Pieridae|ᎤᏁᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ '''Pieridae'''
**[[Small White|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ]], ''Pieris rapae''
**[[Green-veined White|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ]], ''Pieris napi''
**[[Delias eucharis|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ]], ''Delias eucharis''
*[[Lycaenidae|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Butterflies, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ '''Lycaenidae'''
**[[Xerces Blue|Xerces ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], ''Glaucopsyche xerces''
**[[Karner Blue|Karner ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], ''Lycaeides melissa samuelis'' (ᎦᏂᏰᎩ)
**[[Talicada nyseus|ᎩᎦᎨ Pierrot]], ''Talicada nyseus''
*[[Metalmark butterfly|Metalmark butterflies]], ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ '''Riodinidae'''
**Lange ᎤᏤᎵ [[Riodinidae|Metalmark ᎧᎹᎹ]]
**[[Abisara echerius|ᏆᏄᎾᏍᏗ Judy]], ''Abisara echerius''
*[[Brush-footed butterfly|ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ butterflies]], ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ '''Nymphalidae'''
**[[Painted Lady|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ, ''Vanessa cardui''
**[[Monarch butterfly|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ]], ''Danaus plexippus''
**[[Morpho (butterfly)|''Morpho'']] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
**[[Speckled Wood|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓ]], ''Pararge aegeria''

===ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ '''butterflies''' ᎠᎴ '''ᏩᏐᎳ'''===
Butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ [[difference between a butterfly and a moth|ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ  ᎧᎹᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᏩᏐᎳ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ butterflies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏩᏐᎳ.

===Taxonomic ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ===
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (Wahlberg ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., 2005) combining morphological ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[monophyletic]] clades, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[Nymphalidae]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ.  Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎸ taxa, ᎠᎴ Papilionidae ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outgroup ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Pieridae ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unclear, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏐᎳ Hedyloidea ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ butterflies ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Danaidae, Heliconiidae, [[Snout butterfly|Libytheidae]] ᎠᎴ Satyridae, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ subfamilies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nymphalidae.

==ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lifecycle ᎧᎹᎹ== 
[[Image:Mating Butterflies at the End of a Leaf.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ Butterflies]]
[[Image:Mating_butterflies.jpg|thumb|right|ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ butterflies, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ]]
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, butterflies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ugatohvsv [[nymph (biology)|ᎠᏲᎵ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎯᎠ ''[[imago]]'').
* [[Egg (biology)|ᎤᏪᏥ]]
* [[Larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[caterpillar|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ]]
* [[Pupa|ᎠᏲᎵ]] (''[[chrysalis|ᎠᏲᎵ]]'')
* ᎤᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹ (''[[imago]]'')

===ᎤᏪᏥ===
ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ridged outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''chorion''. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ iyuwakodi ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''micropyles''; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ setae ᎯᎠ cremaster. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ setae ᎠᎴ glued, ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.

===ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ===
Larvae, ᎠᎴ [[caterpillar|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ multi-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. 

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instars.  ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ undergoes ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[apolysis]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[cuticle|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[chitin]] ᎠᎴ specialized [[proteins|ᏤᎵ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[epidermis|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[epidermis|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ [[cuticle|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ [[ecdysis|moults]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[cuticle|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ [[cuticle|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar.  

===ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ===
[[Image:Fifthinstarwingdisk.png|thumb|100px|left|ᎣᏂ instar ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ''Junonia coenia'']] 

Butterflies ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ [[holometabolism|holometabolous]] ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ larvae ᎠᎴ dissected, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ&quot; ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ thoracic ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ.  

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ &quot;peripodial ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᎩ [[tracheae]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ alenvdidsv Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ markers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.  

ᎾᎥᏂᎨ pupation, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[hemolymph]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ adhered ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ obtect pupae).  ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ pupae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.  

{{wrapper}}
|[[Image:Pupation_-_Inachis_io.jpg|thumb|Pupation  ''[[Inachis io]]'']]
|[[Image:Chrysalis5504.jpg|thumb|100px|right|ᎠᏲᎵ  [[Gulf Fritillary|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Fritillary]]]]
|}

===ᎠᏲᎵ===
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ iyuwakodi ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ &quot;ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ pupation ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ underside ᎤᎦᎶᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ([[chrysalis|ᎠᏲᎵ]]), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ [[metamorphosis (biology)|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]].  ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ usable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ pupal ᎪᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ mitosis ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ nutrients.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ surgically ᎠᎲᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ unfolded Ꮝ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ.  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ boundaries ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏲᎵ.
[[Image:Butterfly wing terms.svg|240px|thumb|right|ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ  ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ]]

===ᎤᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ Imago===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ, sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[imago]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, butterflies ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ- ᎠᎴ hindwings ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ prolegs. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ tvga ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ unfolded. tsuqagutanvsv-emerged ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi 'inflating' Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ [[predator]].
[[Image:Butterfly wing zones.svg|240px|thumb|right|ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ  ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ   ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ]]

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ butterflies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ - ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, varieties, polymorph ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, mimetic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, sexual dimorphism, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ sexual ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]. 

[[Batesian mimicry]] ᎠᎴ [[Mullerian mimicry]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ butterflies ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.

ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ abnormalities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gynandromorph]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ iyuwakodi iyuwakodi.

==ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ==
Butterflies ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ [[nectar|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[pollen]], ᏡᎬ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ dissolved ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ. Butterflies ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ecological ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pollinator]].
[[Image:antennae_ctb.png|thumb|240px|Antennae ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lepidoptera ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ C. T. Bingham (1905)]]

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[nectar|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. 

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ butterflies ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[sodium|ᏙᎢ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[nectar (plant)|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]] (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ).  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches, ᎢᎦᏛ butterflies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ carcasses ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.

Butterflies ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae. ᎯᎠ antennae ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ colours. ᎯᎠ hesperids ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎯᎠ antennae. 

ᎢᎦᏛ butterflies, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Monarch butterfly|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ]], ᎠᎴ [[migratory|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]].

==[[Aerodynamics|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]], butterflies, ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ==
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]] ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[aerodynamics|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]].  ᎯᎠ [[aspect ratio (wing)|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ [[airfoil]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Kutta condition|Kutta ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[aerodynamics|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Insect flight|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]].

==ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ==
'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Papilionidae]]- ᎯᎠ Swallowtails''' 
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Iphiclides podalirius.jpg|'''[[Scarce Swallowtail]]''', &lt;br&gt; ''Iphiclides podalirius''.
Image:Black and blue butterfly KL.jpg|'''[[Birdwing|Palawan Birdwing]]''',&lt;br&gt; ''Troides trojana''.
Image:FlutterbySmall.jpg|'''[[Cairns Birdwing]]''', &lt;br&gt; ''Ornithoptera priamus''.
Image:Blue_mormon.jpg|'''Blue Mormon''',&lt;br&gt; ''[[Papilio polymnestor]]''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Pieridae]] - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Rapsweissling Pieris napi .jpg|'''[[Green-veined White]]''', &lt;br&gt; ''Pieris napi''.
Image:AnthocharisCardamines 2002Z.jpg|'''The Orange Tip''', &lt;br&gt;''[[Anthocharis cardamines]]''.
Image:VV001 Delias eucharis Enhanced.JPG|'''Common Jezebel''',&lt;br&gt; ''[[Delias eucharis]]''.
Image:Gonepteryx rhamni1.jpg|'''Common [[Brimstone]]''',&lt;br&gt; ''Gonepteryx rhamni''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Riodinidae]] - ᎯᎠ Metalmarks, Punches ᎠᎴ Judies'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Abisara echerius1.jpg|'''The Plum Judy''', &lt;br&gt;''[[Abisara echerius]]'' 
Image:RN007 Zemeros flegyas.jpg|'''Punchinello''',&lt;br&gt; ''[[Zemeros flegyas]]
Image:RN008 Abisara neophron.jpg|'''Tailed Judy''',&lt;br&gt;''[[Abisara neophron]]'' 
Image:Langesmetalmarkbutterfly91.jpg|'''Lange's Metalmark'''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Nymphalidae]] - ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Butterflies'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Xvisionxmonarch.jpg|[[Monarch Butterfly]],&lt;br&gt; '''The Monarch''',&lt;br&gt; ''Danaus plexippus'' &lt;br&gt;the most widely known&lt;br&gt; danaine butterfly.
Image:Polyura_athamas.jpg|'''Common Nawab''',&lt;br&gt; ''[[Polyura athamas]]'',&lt;br&gt; a charaxine Nymphalid&lt;br&gt; from India.
Image:Butterfly Morpho Anaxibia (M) KL.jpg|''[[Morpho rhetenor helena]]'' a morphiine from&lt;br&gt; South America.
Image:Julia-heliconian-butterfly.jpg|Julia Heliconian, &lt;br&gt;''[[Dryas julia]]''.
Image:butterfly_panama.jpg|[[Sara Longwing]],&lt;br&gt; ''Heliconius sara''&lt;br&gt; a heliconine nymphalid.
Image:Glasswing butterfly Panama.jpg|[[Glasswing butterfly]], &lt;br&gt;''Greta oto''.
Image:Buberel butterfly.jpg|[[Lorquin's Admiral]],&lt;br&gt; ''Limenitis lorquini''&lt;br&gt; a limenitidine nymphalid.
Image:Cethosia_cyane.jpg|[[Cethosia cyane|Leopard Lacewing]], &lt;br&gt; ''Cethosia cyane'' of&lt;br&gt; subfamily ''Cyrestinae''.
Image:Tagpfauenauge.jpg|[[Inachis io|Peacock Butterfly]], &lt;br&gt; ''Inachis io''.
Image:Issoria lathonia.jpg{[[Queen of Spain Fritillary]], &lt;br&gt; ''Issoria lathonia''.
Image:C-Falter Polygonia C-album.jpg|[[Comma Butterfly]], &lt;br&gt; ''Polygonia c-album''.
Image:Commonbuckeye.JPG|[[Common Buckeye]],&lt;br&gt; ''Junonia coenia''.
Image:Crimson_Patch_1.jpg|[[Crimson Patch]],&lt;br&gt; ''Chlosyne janais''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

'''ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Lycaenidae]] - ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:RN016 Talicada nyseus.jpg|'''Red Pierrot''',&lt;br&gt;''[[Talicada nyseus]]''.
Image:Chrysophanus.phlaeas.2163.jpg|'''[[Small Copper]]''',&lt;br&gt;''Lycaena phlaeas''.
Image:Rathinda amor.jpg|'''Monkey Puzzle''',&lt;br&gt;''[[Rathinda amor]]''. 
Image:Banded Blue Pierrot.JPG|'''Banded Blue Pierrot''',&lt;br&gt;''[[Discolampa ethion]]''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[List of British butterflies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎩᎵᏏ butterflies]]
*[[List of U.S. state butterflies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ butterflies ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ  ᎯᎠ Ꭴ...]]
*[[List of butterflies of India|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  butterflies  ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]
*[[Butterflies of Taiwan|Butterflies  Taiwan]]
*[[Butterfly Zoo|ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* {{aut|Bingham, C. T. }} 1905. [[Fauna of British India|gantlai  ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]. Butterflies. ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 1.
*{{aut|Boggs, C., Watt, W., Ehrlich, P.}} 2003. Butterflies: ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Chicago, USA.
*{{aut|Heppner, J. B.}} 1998. ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ Lepidoptera. ''Holarctic Lepidoptera'', Suppl. 1.
*{{aut|Pyle, R. M}}. 1992. ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ Watchers. Houghton Mifflin.  ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ, 1984.  ISBN 0-395-61629-8
*{{aut|Wahlberg, N., M. F. Braby, A. V. Z. Brower, R. de Jong, M.-M. Lee, S. Nylin, N. E. Pierce, F. A. H. Sperling, R. Vila, A. D. Warren &amp; E. Zakharov.}} 2005. ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ combining morphological ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ resolving ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏜ. ''ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ B (Biological agatohvsdi)'' 272, 1577-1586.

==ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ butterflies==
[[Image:Lepidoptera 001.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lepidoptera]]
* ''Butterflies ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ'', Jim P. Brock ᎠᎴ Kenn Kaufman ([[2003]])
* ''Butterflies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ'', Jeffrey Glassberg ([[1999]])
* ''Butterflies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ'', Jeffrey Glassberg ([[2001]])
* ''ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Butterflies'', Paul Opler ([[1994]])
* ''ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Butterflies'', Paul Opler ([[1999]])
* ''Peterson ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ'', Paul Opler ([[1994]])
* ''Las Mariposas ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Machu Picchu'' ᎾᎥᎢ Gerardo ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ([[2003]])
* ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Butterflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ Ireland'' ᎾᎥᎢ Jim Asher (ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ), ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.  
* ''ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ Butterflies ᎡᏆ Britain ᎠᎴ Ireland'' ᎾᎥᎢ Richard Lewington 
* ''Butterflies Britain ᎠᎴ Europe'' (Collins Wildlife ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ) ᎾᎥᎢ Michael Chinery
* ''Butterflies Europe'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Tolman ᎠᎴ Richard Lewington ([[2001]])
* ''Butterflies Europe ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Tristan Lafranchis ([[2004]])
* ''Butterflies Sikkim Himalaya ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Meena Haribal (1994).
* ''Butterflies Peninsular ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Krushnamegh Kunte, Universities ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ (2005).
* ''Butterflies ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Col M. . Wynter-Blyth, Bombay ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Mumbai, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ (1957).
* ''ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Butterflies Singapore'' ᎾᎥᎢ Steven ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᏁᎩ Hian (Singapore agatohvsdi Centre)
* ''Butterflies ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Malaysia ᎠᎴ Singapore'' ᎾᎥᎢ W..Fleming. (Longman Malaysia)
* ''ᎯᎠ Butterflies ᎯᎠ Malay ᎦᏙᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ .. Corbet ᎠᎴ H. M. Pendlebury. (ᎯᎠ Malayan ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ)

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
===ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ===
{{commons|Butterfly}}
{{wiktionary|Butterfly}}
*[http://www.arachnology.org/monteiro/Press/2002_TREE_story/Science_a_GoGo/20020211025738.shtml Butterfly Wings Key To Morphological Evolution]
*[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Lepidoptera Tree Of Life]
* [http://www.infovisual.info/02/049_en.html See a schematic of a Butterfly]
* [http://www.heliconius.co.uk/ Heliconius Butterflies]
* [http://www.geocities.com/tgorw_sm/paindex.htm?200624 Parnassius of the World]
* [http://www.butterfliesetc.com/rearingadult.html Emerging and Adult Butterfly Care]

===ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ===
*[http://www.nebraskabutterfy.org/ The Nebraska Butterfly Association]
*[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ Butterflies and Moths of North America]
*[http://www.naba.org North American Butterfly Association (NABA)]
*[http://www.leps.nl/ Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands]
*[http://www.leps.it/ Moths and butterflies of Europe en North Africa]
*[http://www.members.tripod.com/entlep/Af.htm Checklist of the butterflies of Afghanistan]
*[http://www.wwfpak.org/nap/dnap_wildlife_wildfauna_mammals_insect.php Insect and butterfly diversity of Pakistan]
*[http://www.naturemagics.com/butterfly.shtm Butterflies of Southern India] 
*[http://www.greenexplorer.com/ Butterflies of Kerala, South India]
*[http://www.srilankaninsects.net/Butterflies/MainPage/ButterfliesMain.htm Butterflies of Sri Lanka]
*[http://www.nss.org.sg/butterflysingapore/index.html Butterflies of Singapore]
*[http://www.b-pals.com/butts/check_list.php?cl_mst_id=2&amp;fml_id=0&amp;img=Y Singapore Butterfly Checklist]
*[http://www.butterfly.org.tw Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan]

===ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ repositories===
&lt;!-- Wikipedia is not a sales tool.  Only include images that are free for non-commercial use.  That license is not appropriate for the wiki, but does provide value to the readers. --&gt;
*[http://cirrusimage.com/butterfly_photos.htm Reference quality large format photographs, common butterflies of North America]
*[http://bugguide.net/node/view/81 BugGuide.net Many images of North American butterflies, many licensed via Creative Commons]
*[http://www.fotoplatforma.pl/en/butterflies/  European butterfly photos]
*[http://www.fotoplatforma.pl/index.php?str=200&amp;pokaz=51&amp;lg=en Polish butterfly pictures]

&lt;!-- Place categories and templates below this line --&gt;

[[Category:Butterflies|*]]
[[Category:Pollinators]]

[[ast:Pumarina]]
[[bg:Пеперуди]]
[[ca:Papallona]]
[[cs:Motýli]]
[[cy:Glöyn byw]]
[[da:Sommerfugl]]
[[de:Schmetterlinge]]
[[en:Butterfly]]
[[et:Liblikalised]]
[[es:Mariposa]]
[[eo:Papilio]]
[[fi:Perhoset]]
[[fr:Lepidoptera]]
[[he:פרפראים]]
[[hr:Leptiri]]
[[is:Fiðrildi]]
[[it:Farfalla]]
[[ja:チョウ]]
[[ko:나비]]
[[la:Papilio]]
[[lt:Drugiai]]
[[ms:Rama-rama]]
[[nah:Papalotl]]
[[nl:Vlinder]]
[[no:Sommerfugl]]
[[os:Гæлæбу]]
[[pl:Motyle]]
[[pt:Borboleta]]
[[ru:Чешуекрылые]]
[[sr:Лептир]]
[[su:Kukupu]]
[[sv:Dagfjärilar]]
[[tl:Paruparo]]
[[th:ผีเสื้อ]]
[[chr:ᎧᎹᎹ]]
[[tr:Kelebek]]
[[uk:Лускокрилі]]
[[zh:蝴蝶]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏪᏌ</title>
    <id>2341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9345</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T21:36:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/24.251.68.181|24.251.68.181]] ([[User_talk:24.251.68.181|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:67.186.225.37|67.186.225.37]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Cat
| status = {{StatusDomesticated}}
| image = Cat_outside.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[:Images of cats|other images of cats]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| genus = ''[[Felis]]''
| species = ''[[Wild cat|F. silvestris]]''
| subspecies = '''''F.s. catus'''''
| trinomial = ''Felis silvestris catus''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
}}{{about|domestic felines}}
ᎯᎠ '''ᏪᏌ''' (ᎠᎴ '''ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ''', '''ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏪᏌ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ [[carnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[mammal|gantlai]] ᎯᎠ subspecies ''[[Felis]] silvestris catus''.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[predator]] ᎠᎴ [[Animal cognition|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ]] gantlai, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ-ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Cat intelligence|ᏪᏌ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]]).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ [[human|ᏴᏫ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3,500 8,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Speaking of Animals|accessdate = August 15|accessyear = 2005|url = http://www.judithstock.com/Speaking_of_Animals/History_of_Cats/history_of_cats.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᏓᎾᏎᎯᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[mythology|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[legend|ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]]ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.

ᏪᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[List of cat breeds|ᏔᎳᏚ  ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ [[Sphynx (cat)|ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ [[Manx (cat)|tailless]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ (&quot;ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;miaou&quot;), [[purr|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, [[hiss|ᏌᏌ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, [[growling|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]], [[chirp|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, [[click|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[grunt|ᎤᎵᏰᏗᏍᎬ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.channel3000.com/news/1472741/detail.html Meows Mean More To Cat Lovers]. ''Channel3000.com''. Accessed [[June 14|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 14]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[feral cat|feral]], ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ [[feral cat colony|colonies]].

ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Egyptian mythology|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians]], [[Chinese mythology|Chinese]], ᎠᎴ [[Norse mythology|ᎠᏯᏍᏔ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ revered, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Wales, [[Hywel Dda]] (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ) ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ vilified, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎤᏚᏩᎴᎫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[witches]].

ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ closest ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-[[domesticated|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ]] ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ [[Felis silvestris lybica#African wild cat|African ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ]], ''Felis silvestris lybica''.&lt;ref name = robinson&gt;{{cite book| last = Vella | first = Carolyn| authorlink =  | coauthors = et. al. | title = Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians, 4th ed.| publisher = Butterworh-Heinemann | date = 2002 | location = Oxford| id = ISBN 0-7506-4069-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ''Felis catus'' ᎾᎥᎢ [[Carolus Linnaeus]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' 1758. [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Johann ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Daniel von Schreber]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ [[wild cat|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ]] ''Felis silvestris'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1775. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ subspecies ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ: ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ   ᏓᎪᏍᎬ]] ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏰᏃ ᎾᏍᏋ ''F. catus'' ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Linnaeus ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ biologists ᎬᏙᏗ ''F. silvestris'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ''F. catus'' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ 2027 (ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 60, ᎢᎦᏛ 1 ᎯᎠ ''ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ'', [[March 31|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 31]] [[2003]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last = ICZN|title = OPINION 2027: Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved|journal = Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume = 60|issue = 1|publisher = [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ  ᏓᎪᏍᎬ]]|date = [[March 31|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 31]] [[2003]]|accessdate = [[July 13|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 13]] [[2006]]|url = http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2003opinions.htm#opinion2027}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ &quot;conserved ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ 17 ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ predated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ&quot;, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ ''F. silvestris'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ''F. silvestris catus'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ subspecies. (''F. catus'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.)

[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Johann ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Polycarp Erxleben]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ''Felis domesticus'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre ᎠᎴ Systema iyuwakodi animalis'' 1777. ᎪᎯ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ variants ''Felis catus domesticus'' ᎠᎴ ''Felis silvestris domesticus'', ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ   ᏓᎪᏍᎬ]].

==ᏓᎪᏍᎬ==

ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''clowder''', ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ''', ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ'''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ pedigreed ᏪᏌ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ '''ᎠᏍᎦᏯ''', ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ '''ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ'''.  ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''[[kitten|ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ]]''' (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ [[rat|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ]], [[rabbit|ᏥᏍᏚ]], [[hedgehog|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]], [[beaver|ᏙᏯ]], [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]ᎠᎴ [[skunk|ᏗᎳ]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Britain in the Middle Ages|lyudetiyvda Britain]], ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''catling''. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ [[genealogy|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ  [[pedigree (cat)|pedigreed ᏪᏌ]], [[purebred cat|purebred ᏪᏌ]], ᎠᎴ [[show cat|ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ pedigreed ᎠᎴ purebred). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, purebred ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. pedigreed ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ; ᏪᏌ registries ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mated ᎢᏧᎳ).   ᏪᏌ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[domestic longhair cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ longhairs]] ᎠᎴ [[domestic shorthair cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ shorthairs]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ, moggies, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, mutt-ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ/purebred ᏪᏌ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᏪᏌ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, purebreds ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ gantlai ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.&lt;ref&gt;''ASPCA ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏪᏌ'' ᎾᎥᎢ James R. Richards, DVM&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏪᏌ'' ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ''catt'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Latin ''cattus'', Byzantine ᎠᎪᎢ κάττα, ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ ''ᏪᏌ'', ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Slavonic ''kotka''. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ'' .v. ''ᏪᏌ''&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''gantlai'' (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[pussycat]] ᎠᎴ [[Puss in boots|gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎵᏲᏍᏗ]]) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''&quot;poes&quot;'', ᎠᎨᏴ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[diminutive|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ''&quot;poesje&quot;'', ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏪᏌ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ [[Germanic|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

==ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ==
===ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ===
[[Image:Cat cleaning itself.jpg|thumb|220px| ᏪᏌ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ]]
ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 2.5 ᎠᎴ 7&amp;nbsp;kg (5.5–16&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ); ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Maine Coon|Maine ᎬᎵ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 11.3&amp;nbsp;kg (25&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 23&amp;nbsp;kg (50&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ) ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ (ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1.8 kg - 4.0 lbs) [http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats.html] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ 14 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ lyudetiyvda 36.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Feline Statistics | url=http://www.pawsonline.info/feline_statistics.htm | accessdate=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ [[spaying and neutering|spayed ᎠᎴ neutered]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ neutered ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ [[testicular cancer|testicular ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]], spayed ᎠᎨᏴ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ [[ovarian cancer|ovarian ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[mammary tumor|mammary ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Spay and Neuter Your Pet Cats | url=http://cats.about.com/od/reproduction/a/spay_neuter.htm | accessdate=August 8|accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, [[feral cat|feral ᏪᏌ]]ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Urbanization|ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.  Feral ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ colonies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ; ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 19-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ feral ᎠᎨᏴ.  ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda feral ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎤᏙᏪᎸ&quot; ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[Cats Protection|ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 26 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ lyudetiyvda.

ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ sprinters, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 50 km/h (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 mph) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 2 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 7 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏅᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[collarbone]][http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/content/shared/living/pets/scoop/scoop_061206.html]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.

====ᏗᎦᎴᏂ====
ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ directional ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=At Home : Care / Health : Understanding Cats | url=http://www.hgtv.com/hgtv/ah_pets_care_health/article/0,1801,HGTV_3152_1380540,00.html | accessdate=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ [[ear|ᎦᎴᏂ]]ᎪᏍᏓᏱ upward. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[dog|ᎩᏟ]], ᎫᏢᏗ-eared ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ([[Scottish Fold|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ [[genetic mutation|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]].) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏠᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[hiss|ᏌᏌ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ. ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ.

====ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ====
[[Image:Orangetabbysleeping.jpg|thumb|220px| ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ  &quot;ᏪᏌ ᏞᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ&quot;]]
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[sleep|ᎦᎸᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ iyuwakodi ᎦᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ 12&amp;ndash;16 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ 13&amp;ndash;14 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 20 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 24-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᏪᏌ ᏞᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ'' ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎦᎵᎭ (ᎠᏨᏍᏛ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ &amp;ndash; ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ &quot;ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏪᏌ ᏞᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ&quot;.

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[crepuscular|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ hyperactivity ᎠᎴ playfulness ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, dubbed ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏒᎯᏰᏱ crazies&quot;, &quot;ᏒᏃᏱ crazies&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᎿᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ. &lt;ref&gt;gantlai ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ([[July 9|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 9]] [[2002]]). &quot;ᎬᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᏧᎳ&quot;. ''ᎯᎠ Washington ᎨᏛᎢ'', p. C10.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;* ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ Romhany, Paul ([[August 1|ᎦᎶᏂ 1]] [[1999]]). ''Pawmistry: ᎯᎳᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ''. ᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ (Berkeley, California), p. 10. ISBN 1-58008-111-8&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ socialization. ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ haired ᏪᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ skinnier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ lyadvnehi, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ lyadvnehi. 

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ [[thermoregulation|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ]] ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 38 ᎠᎴ 39&amp;nbsp;°[[Celsius|C]] (101 ᎠᎴ 102.2&amp;nbsp;°[[Fahrenheit|F]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Normal Values For Dog and Cat Temperature, Blood Tests, Urine and other information in ThePetCenter.com | url=http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/nv.html | accessdate=August 8|accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[febrile|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]] ([[hyperthermia|hyperthermic]]) ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ 39.5&amp;nbsp;°C (103&amp;nbsp;°F) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[hypothermic]] ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 37.5&amp;nbsp;°C (100&amp;nbsp;°F). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 36.8&amp;nbsp;°C (98.2&amp;nbsp;°F). ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 140 220 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎵ 150 ᎠᎴ 180 bpm, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ.

====ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ====
ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ [[digitigrade]]: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎯᎠ [[bone|ᎪᎳ]]ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ gantlai ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ) ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ forepaw, minimizing ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏐᏅ terrain.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎻᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ gantlai. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᎻᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ.  

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] [[felidae]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ [[cheetah|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ retractable [[claw|ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, tohi adedi ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ sheathed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ tonudvhna ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ forefeet ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏥᎵᎱ, &quot;[[Kneading (cats)|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ (bedspreads, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏯᏖᏃ ᏗᏰᏍᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ 4 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ 5 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᏄᎮᏍᎩ gene ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ [[polydactyly]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ 6 ᎠᎴ 7 ᎧᎾᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ 5th ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ 6th ᎦᏰᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[carpal pad|carpal ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ anti-skidding ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎯᎠ 5th ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ-ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ.

===ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ===
[[Image:Cat in tree03.jpg|thumb|250px| ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᏡᎬ -  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ  ᏪᏌ  ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏗᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ  ᏡᎬ]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ settling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.  gantlai behaviorists ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮝ &quot;ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ gayatohvsdi activities ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Why Do Cats Like High Places?|publisher=Dr. Holly Nash, DVM, MS|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&amp;cat=1313&amp;articleid=1125|work=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ.  ᏴᏫ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[internet meme|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ]] &quot;[http://www.ceilingcat.com ceiling cat]&quot; ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎪᎯ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ &quot;ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ.&quot;  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ perches ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ syndrome,&quot; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=2032&amp;articleid=3409|title=&quot;High-Rise Syndrome: Cats Injured Due to Falls&quot;|author=Veterinary &amp; Aquatic Services Department|publisher=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[equilibrioception|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎤᏘᏴᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Falling Cats | url=http://www.verrueckte-experimente.de/leseproben_e.html | accessdate=October 24|accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;[[cat righting reflex|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]].&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (multi-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ) ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (5 10 ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ [[tail (anatomy)|ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ hindlegs ᎠᎴ relies ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ [[angular momentum|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/ HOW DOES A CAT ALWAYS LAND ON ITS FEET ?]&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎣᏓᏅᏛ===
[[Image:Cat_eye.jpeg|thumb|left|220px| ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ   ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli]]

ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ gantlai ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ (e.g., ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ [[Snellen chart|Snellen ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]]) ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ [[olfaction|ᎦᏩᏒᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[hearing (sense)|ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ [[visual perception|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]], [[taste|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[touch|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ]] receptors ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ gantlai.

====ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ====
[[Image:Green-eyed cat.jpg|thumb|ᎯᎠ tapetum lucidum ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ   ᏪᏌ.]]
ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[night vision|ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ. ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᎭ ''[[tapetum lucidum]]'' Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ [[visual acuity|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Iris (anatomy)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]] ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ayatoli ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[eye|agatoli]], ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ [[retina|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ [[depth of field|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ  ᏠᎨᏏ]]. ᎯᎠ tapetum ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ itsuwakodi ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ' digatoli ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Flash (photography)|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ]] [[photograph|ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tapetum lucidum|tapetum]].

ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[field of view|ᏠᎨᏏ  ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ 200°, ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ 180° ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ agatoli) narrower ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ predators, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli ᎤᎧᏛ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ [[depth perception|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ placement ᎯᎠ digatoli, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Optic fovea|fovea]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ differentiate ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ appreciable ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ.

[[Image:Two eyes cat.jpg|thumb|left| ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ-ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ.]]
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢᏁ eyelid, ᎯᎠ [[nictitating membrane|nictitating ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ eyelid ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏍᎩ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏪᏌ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏪᏌ chronically ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ eyelid, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ [[veterinary surgeon|veterinary ᎦᎾᎦᏘ]].

ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ agatoli ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Siamese ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ digatoli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ digatoli ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏐᎢ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ agatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ-ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ agatoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.messybeast.com/whitecat.htm|title=White Cats, Eye Colours and Deafness|lastname=Hartwell|firstname=Sarah|accessdate=2006-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ pigmentation ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ agatoli, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ pigmentation ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ agatoli().

====ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ====    
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 64 [[Hertz|kHz]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 1.6 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 1 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎩᏟ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html Strain, G.M., How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏍᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ; ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎫᏢᏗ ([[pinna]]e) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ pinpoint ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (7.5&amp;nbsp;cm) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᎤᏣᏘᎾ - ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ localizing ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. 

[[Image:Kot Leni.jpg|thumb|left|200px| ᏪᏌ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]

====ᎦᏩᏒᎬ====
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎦᏚ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ'.&lt;!-- I can't find this reference {{ref|littergarden}}--&gt;  ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ-ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ gayatohvsdi . ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[vomeronasal organ|vomeronasal]], ᎠᎴ Jacobson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏌ ᏧᎵᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ vomeronasal. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ'', &quot;ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;flehming&quot;. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ [[Flehmen response|Flehmen ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[dog|ᎩᏟ]], [[horses|ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[big cat|ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ]].

====ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ====
[[Image:Whiskers_on_cat_paw.JPG|thumb|right|200px|ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ  ᎦᏅᎯᏓ haired ᏪᏌ]]

ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏚ [[vibrissae|ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ{{fact}}, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ eyebrows. ᎯᎠ [[Sphynx (cat)|Sphynx]] (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ.

ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ (ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[vibrissae]]) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[navigation|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[wind|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]], enabling ᏪᏌ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏔᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ rely ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.

ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏅᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᏔᎵᏚ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ Ꮝ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ). ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi deeper ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ extraordinarily ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ vibrissae, ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎸᏈᏍᏗ sensitivity ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ swirls ᎠᎴ eddies yvwatuwidv ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ - ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ.

ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ udeyatodi ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ tries ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ.

ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ reinforced ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ: ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ digatoli, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. [http://www.moggies.co.uk/html/whiskers.html]

====ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ====
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[December 8|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8]], [[2005]] ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ''[[National Geographic|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic]]'',  ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ sugary ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ [[sweetness|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ receptor]] [[gene]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ.

===ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ===
{{see|Cat communication}}

===ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ===
[[Image:Cat eating mouse.jpg|thumb|right|220px| ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ  [[mouse|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ]]
ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ predators. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ vertebrate [[Predation|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ [[leopard|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[tiger|ᏢᏓᏥ]]ᎾᎥᎢ pouncing; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[canine tooth|ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ]] Ꮎ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ [[spinal cord|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]—many [[big cat|ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ]]ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ, ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ nutritional ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[leopard|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏯᏛᎿ trophies ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ. ᎯᎠ motivation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ utugi gvdi ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ theories ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ gantlai ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ 'ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ atsinuqowisgv' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.{{fact}}

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ behaviour, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏪᏌ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ municipalities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia ᎤᎭ enacted ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ localities, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ unwanted ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ stealthier ᏗᎯ.{{fact}}

[[Image:Cat_yawning.jpg|thumb|right|220px| ᏪᏌ [[yawn|ᎤᎭᎶᎨᏍᎬ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[canine tooth|ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ]]]] 
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᎯᎠ premolar ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ carnassial ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏍᏙᏯᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Canidae|ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai. ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ [[papillae]], ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ripping ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ papillae ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏁᎩ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[keratin]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [[bear|ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, berries, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᏂᎦᏛ gantlai, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=PLoS Genetics: Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats&amp;#39; Indifference toward Sugar | url=http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003 | accessdate=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ dominated ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ berries.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ unsupplemented [[vegetarianism|ᎣᏩᏒ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ synthesize ᎯᎸᏍᎩ nutrients ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ [[taurine]], [[vitamin A|vitamin ]] (ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-vitamin Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ digakohidi vitamin ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[fatty acids|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ taurine ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, causing agatoli ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ (ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ) ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[central retinal degeneration|ᎠᏰᎵ retinal ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] (CRD). ᏩᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ taurine ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ [[lactose intolerant|lactose ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]. Lactose-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᎦᎪ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ-supplemented ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ supplementation ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ-ᏚᏙᎥ [[cat food|ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ diligwu ᎠᎴ supplemented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ byproducts ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ vitamins.

ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ houseplants ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ upsetting ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ.

ᎢᎦᏛ houseplants ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ [[Lilium longiflorum|ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏧᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏪᏌ. [[Philodendron]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ. ''[[Cat Fancy|ᏪᏌ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ]]'' ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ [http://www.cfainc.org/articles/plants.html plants harmful to cats].

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[catnip|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏩᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sensed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Vomeronasal organ|Vomeronasal ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ digakohidi ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, adatolasdisgi ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.

ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[vomeronasal organ|vomeronasal, ᎠᎴ Jacobson', ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]] ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwa. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᎴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ hepatic lipidosis, ᎤᏪᎳ dysfunction ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ pathological ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ&quot; ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎦᏚ, ᎠᎦᎸᏥ fries, pizza, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, tomato ᎤᎦᎹ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ, carrot ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏓᏬᎵ,ᎠᎴ carnitas burritos, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ exotica ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ diced cantaloupe ᎠᎴ cantaloupe ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ &quot;ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ; [[chocolate|ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ [[theobromine]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[theobromine poisoning|theobromine ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ. [[Paracetamol]], ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎯᎠ-ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Tylenol, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ enzymes ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CanVetJ2003-Allen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Allen AL | title=The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat | journal=Can Vet J | year=2003 | pages=509-10 | volume=44 | issue=6 | id=PMID 12839249 [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839249 Full text]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ veterinary ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. &lt;ref name=&quot;VetHumToxicol1998-Villar&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Villar D, Buck WB, Gonzalez JM | title=Ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen toxicosis and treatment in dogs and cats | journal=Vet Hum Toxicol | year=1998 | pages=156-62 | volume=40 | issue=3 | id=PMID 9610496}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ overweight. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ diabetes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ neutered ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[dieting|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. 

ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ [[Pica (disorder)|pica]]. Pica ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fabric|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[plastic|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎠᎴ [[wool|ᎤᏩᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ surgical ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏲ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Siamese, Burmese ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. 

ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ dangling ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᏂ ᎠᏍᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ', ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cat’s ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, causing ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[laser pointer|laser ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ laser ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ digatoli ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ, ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ. {{fact}}

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ — ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎥᏳᎩ (e.g., [[cat scratch disease|ᏪᏌ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, [[rabies|ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]]) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ scratches ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ agatoli, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ targeted ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ gantlai ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. 

ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[ecosystem]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ iyuwakodi ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[introduced species|ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ contributed ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ [[extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]]-— ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Stephens Island Wren|Stephens ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏔᎵᏔᎹ]].

===ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ===
[[Image:Beibeigroom.JPG|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ|170px|thumb|right]]

ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ [[groom|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ [[licking|ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]], ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pappilae ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[saliva|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[Allergy|allergic]] ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ allergic ᏪᏌ&amp;mdash;ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[hay fever|ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏗᎴᎲᏍᎩ]], [[asthma]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦ [[rash|ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ]] &amp;mdash;ᏄᎵᏍᏛ acclimate ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ comfortably ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ allergy ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ.{{fact}}  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ [[hair balls|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ. Longhair ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ shorthairs. Hairballs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ remedies Ꮎ ᏩᎾᎢ [[defecation|ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏔᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ urinating.

ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ [[litter box|ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]] ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ([[cat litter|ᎠᏂ Ꮣ]]). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[toilet|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[humans|ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ; ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ cleaner ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Suspected bentonite toxicosis in a cat from ingestion of clay cat litter | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8888544&amp;dopt=Abstract | accessdate=September 10|accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) litterbox ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. Litterboxes ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[toxoplasmosis]] ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ immuno-atuyasdodi ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ litterbox ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ. 
[[Image:Toilet_Trained_Cat_22_Aug_2005.jpg|thumb|150px|right|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ-ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᏪᏌ]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ, eliminating ᎯᎠ litterbox ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ incremental ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ elevating ᎯᎠ litterbox iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ iyuwakodi, adapter, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cat toilet-training | url=http://www.karawynn.net/mishacat/toilet.html | accessdate=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[scratching post|ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scratching or clawing in the house | url=http://www.fabcats.org/scratching.html | accessdate=August 14|accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ feral colonies, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ (ie, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Wiktionary:quick#Noun|quick]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ. 
[[Image:Sok 04.jpg|thumb|ᏪᏌ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎭ ᎨᏛᎢ.]]

====Declawing====
{{main|Onychectomy}}
Declawing ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''onychectomy'', ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[anesthesia]], Ꮎ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ atsinuqowisgv) ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ forepaws (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎠᎴ declawed ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ [[animal cruelty|gantlai ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).

ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏪᏌ declawed ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ damaging ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ. ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ declawed. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎦᏛ [[landlord|ᏧᏂᏴᎯ]]ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ' ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed. 

ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ:

#Deprives ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predators ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᎵᎱ ᏕᏡᎬ;
#ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ; 
#ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ; 
#ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ.
[[Image:CatClaws.jpg|right|thumb| ᏪᏌ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ]]

ᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[the Netherlands|ᎯᎠ Netherlands]] ᎠᎴ [[Switzerland]], declawing ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[cruelty to animals|ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ  ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Swiss Federal Act on Animal Protection, 1978, Section 8: Prohibited Practices, §22(g) | url=http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/statutes/stchapa1978.htm | accessdate=August 22 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals|European ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ  ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]], ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ &quot;[[veterinarian|ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [such] ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ veterinary ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ) gantlai&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, Chapter II - Principles for the keeping of pet animals, Article 10(1) | url=http://www.animallaw.info/treaties/itceceets125.htm | accessdate=August 22|accessyear =2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, gantlai ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ imported ᏪᏌ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ declawed ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ [[euthanized]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003, [[West Hollywood, California|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Hollywood, California]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Ꭴ.. ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ declawing ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ gantlai groomers practicing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.
[[Image:IMG_4146.JPG|thumb|left|175px|ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ   declawed ᎤᏩᏱ.]]
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ declawing ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, vinyl ᏴᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ affixed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ nontoxic ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ Ꮝ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏅᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ugatohvsv ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ capped ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ declawed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵᏊ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ neutered/spayed/declawed (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ), ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed iyuwakodi 5-6 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ lyudetiyvda, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ (yvwatuwidv 2-3 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ lyudetiyvda, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎢ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ  ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ  ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ phalanges ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ [[cartilage|ᏨᏕᎨᏫ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[bone|ᎪᎳ]], ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ.

===ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===
ᎯᎠ [[wild cat|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ]], ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[desert|ᎢᎾᎨ]] [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏂᎦᏛ [[continent|ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[Australasia]] ᎠᎴ [[Antarctica]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sand|ᎾᏳ]]y ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ concentrated, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ pounce. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North Africa|ᎤᏴᏢ Africa]] ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ.

ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 44.5&amp;nbsp;°C (112&amp;nbsp;°F), ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ iyuwakodi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 52&amp;nbsp;°C (126&amp;nbsp;°F).

ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ [[temperate|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Norwegian Forest Cat|Norwegian ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏪᏌ]] ᎠᎴ [[Maine Coon|Maine ᎬᎵ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏗᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏪᏌ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ (eg, ᎤᎬᎭᏛ, [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ 39&amp;nbsp;°C (102&amp;nbsp;°F) ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ; ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Turkish Van|Turkish ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ [http://www.swimmingcats.com/faqs.html]. [[Abyssinian (cat)|Abyssinian]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ.

==ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ==
[[Image:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg|thumb|ᏅᎩ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[breastfeeding|nursed]]]]
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ seasonally [[polyestrous]], &lt;!-- I created a redirect to the [[Estrus cycle]] article - but that claims cats are diestrous. Copyediting for consistency needed between the two articles! --&gt;ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ [[penis|ᏩᏙᎵ]] ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏙᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏟᏐᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ [[vagina]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ovulation ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ impregnated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ [[superfecundation|superfecund]]; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[kitten|ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏂᏙᏓ.

[[Image:Stray kitten Rambo002.jpg|right|thumb| [[kitten|ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ]] ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ]]

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏂᎰᎵ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ [[gestation|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 63-65 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ [[Litter (animal)|ᎠᏂ Ꮣ]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ. ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ weaned ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ sexual ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 4-10 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎠᎨᏴ) ᎠᎴ 5-7 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎠᏍᎦᏯ).

ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ surgically [[spay|sterilized]] (spayed ᎠᎴ neutered) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 6-8 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ unwanted ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Territorial marking|ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] (ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏗᎧᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ yowling (ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎢᏳᏃ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ neutered ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ.

[[Image:WhiteCat.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Blue-eyed cats with white fur have a higher incidence of [[genetics|genetic]] [[deafness]].  

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ closest ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ 38 [[chromosome|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 200 heritable ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ. ᏗᎪᏍᎩ metabolic ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified underlying ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎥᏳᎩ.]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[gene]]ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ identified. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[phenotype]]. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Cat coat genetics|ᏪᏌ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]].&lt;!--original contents here were out-of-date genetics and incorrect. ---&gt;

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ (ᏂᎦᏂᏓᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ alleles ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ polygenes.

ᎯᎠ '''ᏪᏌ Genome ᎠᏎᎸᎯ''', sponsored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ Genomic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. [[National Cancer Institute|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ]] Frederick ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Frederick, Maryland]], focuses ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ, genome ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Felidae, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ.

==ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ==
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mutualism|mutualistic]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ [[mouse|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ outweighed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ rodents, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.  ᏪᏌ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ rodents ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mouser. 

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda [[simile|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ]] &quot;ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏪᏌ&quot; ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ intractability ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colonies, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ&quot; ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ gantlai ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎩᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ odour ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ upwind, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ odour ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ stationed downwind.  ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ cooperative ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ tsunadatvgotanv ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.  Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ tsunadatvgotanv ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ problematic; ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ labeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏰᎵᏊ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ [[Imprinting (psychology)|ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]] ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ.

ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pet|ᎤᏓᏅᏗ]]. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ.  ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎴ snuggling ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ; ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ [[meow|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ agatoli ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ &quot;ᎠᏯ'm ᎤᏲᏏ.&quot;  ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Cat body language|ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗᏱ), facial ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ agatoli ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ &quot;ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ&quot; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.  

Allergies ᏪᏌ [[dander|ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ allergies. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ allergies ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ lyudetiyvda allergy ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 90% ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ gantlai allergies, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ allergic ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ {{fact}}.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ feral ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ nighttime ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ (termed ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ) ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ&quot; ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ TNR (ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎥᎦᎷᏨ) ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ feral ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ [[cat deterrent|ᏪᏌ deterrent]]ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏴᎩ-feral ᏪᏌ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ [[rabbit|ᏥᏍᏚ]], [[rodents]], [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]], [[lizard|ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]], [[frog|ᏩᎶᏏ]], [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]ᎾᎥᎢ [[instinct|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ maimed, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ utugi uwa ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 'ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ' (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ).

[[Image:GAto.jpg|thumb|ᏪᏌ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏌ]]
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ gantlai, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[feral cat colony|colonies]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ [[lion|ᏢᏓᏥ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[bengal (cat)|bengal]], [[ocicat]] ᎠᎴ [[Manx (cat)|manx]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (sexually lyadvnehi ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ territories, ᎠᎴ neutered ᏪᏌ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ), ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ&quot; ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏪᏌ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏌᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. [[Catfight (animal behavior)|ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏪᏌ]] ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ kanquotsegi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ forepaws ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ; ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ loser ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵ scratches ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ scratches ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏃ untreated. Sexually lyadvnehi ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎫᎪᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ; ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ neutered ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ (ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ) territories ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

===Feral ᏪᏌ===
{{main|Feral cat}}
[[Image:Feral cat gl3.gif|thumb|right|Feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ  ᎾᏍᏋ  ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ predator  [[Hawaii]] ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ  ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ seabirds ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Wedge-tailed Shearwater]]. [http://www.birdinghawaii.ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.uk/XShearwaterkills2.htm] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ  56 ᏪᏌ [[Scatology|scats]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ  44 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, 40  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ [[Endemic birds of Hawaii|endemic species]] [http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/hawaii/gantlai.htm].]]

[[Feral cat|Feral ᏪᏌ]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] ᎬᏙᏗ communal nurseries, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ resource availability. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ colonies, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ lifespan ᏯᏛᎿ feral ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ housecat, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏚ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ feral ᏪᏌ colonies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, e.g., yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ [[Colosseum|ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Forum Romanum|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Romanum]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Rome]]. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, feral gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ eligwa igai ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, [[coyote|ᏩᏯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[automobile|ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ unadoptable feral gantlai, [[spaying and neutering|spay ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᎠᏂ, [[immunization|immunize]] ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[feline leukemia|gantlai ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ [[flea|ᏣᏑᎦ]] ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ feral colonies, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ feral ᏥᏄᏍᏗ spayed/neutered ᎠᎴ inoculated, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ trapped ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lifespan ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ spayed ᎠᎴ neutered, Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ feral ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ feral ᏪᏌ colonies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.

===Environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ===
&lt;!-- This section has been subject to extensive debate. Do not make changes to this section without first obtaining consensus on the Talk:Cat page. --&gt;
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ cats’ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[natural environment|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]].

*ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏗᎭ: ᎯᎠ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ feral ᏪᏌ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ/ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏪᏌ predation ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ecological ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ/ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ecologies. ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Florida ᎭᏢᏃ housecats ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. Environmental ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ minimal ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ UK ᎭᏢᏃ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ, ecological ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ universities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ predators ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᏩᏯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ housecats ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Southwestern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. FELV (gantlai ᎥᏳᎩ), FIV (gantlai immunodeficiency ᎥᏳᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ ᏓᏰᏏ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. 
&lt;!-- This section has been subject to extensive debate. Do not make changes to this section without first obtaining consensus on the Talk:Cat page. --&gt;
*ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ damaging ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ automatically ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ predators. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ centuries, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ gantlai ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ kalil ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ predator. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ overpopulate.
&lt;!-- This section has been subject to extensive debate. Do not make changes to this section without first obtaining consensus on the Talk:Cat page. --&gt;

==Overpopulation==
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, 3-4 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ euthanized ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ. Spaying ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ overpopulation ᎡᎳᏗ. [http://www.spayusa.org/main_directory/02-facts_and_education/stats_surveys/javma_articles/02dogs-cats-sterilized.asp] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ societies, SPCA ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gantlai ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ spay ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ.

==Varieties ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ==
[[Image:Greece-Cat.jpg|thumb|175px|ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ  [[bicolor cat|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.]]
ᎯᎠ [[list of cat breeds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏪᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ registries ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 35 ᎠᎴ 70 ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ gantlai ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎯᎠ closest ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᎵᎶᎯ&quot; ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[selective breeding|selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]). ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ [[domestic longhair cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ longhair]] ᎠᎴ [[domestic shorthair cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ shorthair]], ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[Australia]], ᎬᏙᏗ-purebred ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[moggy|moggies]] (derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;Maggie&quot;, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Margaret, reputed ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ calves ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 18th-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi England ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ housecats ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Victorian ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ).&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-mog1.htm &quot;Moggie&quot; definition question and answer] ''Worldwidewords.org''. URL Accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States of America|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎬᏙᏗ-purebred ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[feral cat|ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ]].

ᏪᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ.

ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ:

*[[domestic longhaired cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ longhaired]]
*[[domestic shorthaired cat|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ shorthaired]]
===ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ===
[[Cat coat genetics|ᏪᏌ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ:
[[Image:Filou.JPG|thumb|left|175px| ᎠᏍᎦᏯ tuxedo ᏪᏌ.]]
[[Image:IMG_4136.JPG|thumb|right|175px| ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ.]]
; [[Bicolor cat|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Tuxedo ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] :ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ varies ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Bicolor cat#Tuxedo cats|tuxedo ᏪᏌ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏱ/ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ'' ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Turkish ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ), ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ  (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ'' ᎠᎴ ''jellicle ᏪᏌ''. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ (ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎬ) ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ tortoiseshell (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ).
; [[Maltese cat|Maltese ᏪᏌ]] :ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ (ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ) ᏪᏌ.
[[Image:Koscat2.jpg|thumb| lyudetiyvda ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ   [[Tabby cat|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]].]]
; [[Tabby cat|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ]] :Striped, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda &quot;blotched&quot; ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ&quot;) ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ butterflies ᎠᎴ bullseyes. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;striped&quot; ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ&quot; ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎫᎫ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ticked&quot; ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Abyssinian ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, blotched tabbies ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ NW Europe, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ.
[[Image:Cat_ML2.jpg|thumb|left|ᎪᎯ [[tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell ᏪᏌ]] ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ digatoli.]]
; [[Tortoiseshell cat|Tortoiseshell ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ]]
: ᎪᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Calimanco ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;tortie&quot;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ, tortoiseshell ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ patched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ &quot;tortoiseshell ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ&quot; ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ  ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ&quot;. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ tortoiseshell (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ tortoiseshells ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ mottling ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ&quot;.[[Image:Katze in Tunesien.jpg|thumb|right| ᎠᎨᏴ [[Tortoiseshell cat|ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᏪᏌ]].]] ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ-ke'' (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᏦᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ&quot;), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ''lapjeskat'' (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;patches ᏪᏌ&quot;). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ; ᎤᏁᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ Barbara ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ Fanciers ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Torties, Calicos and Tricolor Cats | url=http://www.fanciers.com/cat-faqs/tricolors.shtml| accessdate=October 24 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  ᎢᏧᎳ tortoiseshell ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[coat|ᎦᏌᎴᎾ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ [[X chromosome|X ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] [[Lyonization|inactivation]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[female|ᎠᎨᏴ]](ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎨᏴ [[mammals|gantlai]], ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ X [[chromosomes|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ tortoiseshells Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ; ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏪᏌ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ overall ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ginger (ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 3:1 ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ).  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ sired ᎾᎥᎢ ginger ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ tortoiseshell ᎠᎴ ginger. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ &quot;[http://www.messybeast.com/tricolours.htm Tortoiseshell and Tricolour Cats]&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=White Cats, Eye Colours and Deafness | url=http://www.messybeast.com/whitecat.htm | accessdate=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
; Colorpoint
: ᎯᎠ colorpoint ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ. colorpoint ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ, ᏗᎦᎴᏂ, ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ colorpoint ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ), ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ), ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ), ᎠᎴ tortie ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ colorpoint ᏪᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᎧᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ-ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ.

===ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ===
[[Image:IMG_4115.JPG|thumb|left|170px| ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Siamese ᎦᏟᏐᏗ.]]
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ:

; [[Oriental cat|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ]] :ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ elongated ᎦᎸᏙᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ, almond-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ digatoli, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ, ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ (ᎯᎠ [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ shorthair ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ).
; Cobby :ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ, roundish digatoli, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎯᎠ [[Persian (cat)|Persian]] ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ cobby ᏪᏌ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
{{main|History of cats}}
[[Image:Lyonofmaomar.jpg|thumb|right|225px| [[Persian cat|Persian ᏪᏌ]].]]
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ [[ancient Egypt|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, [[Bast (goddess)|Bast]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Ra]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ [[Amun]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ [[Ptah]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Mihos]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centered ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Bubastis]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Nile Delta|Nile ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎭᏢᏃ [[necropolis|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ mummified ᏪᏌ. Bast ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[eye of Ra|agatoli  Ra]],&quot; ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Solar deity|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ']] ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏪᏌ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎾᏎᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sistrum]]. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ speculated Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ (ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ DNA ᎠᎦᏛᏗ) ᏪᏌ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᎿ Kenya ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Lamu ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ: ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, archeologically ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ 1000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ Lamu ᎠᎴ Egypt, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. {{Citation needed}}

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Norse ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, [[Gleipnir]] (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏇᎷᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᏍᎬ [[Fenrir]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crafted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ. 

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ perceived ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Fred the Undercover Kitty|Fred ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ Kitty]]
* [[Creme Puff|Creme ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ]]
{{Wikibooks|Animal Care}}
{{wiktionarypar|cat}} 
{{wiktionarypar|kitty}}
{{wiktionarypar|meow}}
* [[Felidae]]
* [[Big cat|ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ]]
* [[Cat body language|ᏪᏌ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Catnip|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]
* [[Cat flap|ᏪᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ]]
* [[Cat Fanciers' Association|ᏪᏌ Fanciers' ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]
* [[Cats in ancient Egypt|ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]]
* [[Kitten|ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ]]
* [[List of historical cats|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏪᏌ]]
* [[List of fictional cats|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  fictional ᏪᏌ]]
* [[Polydactyl cat|Polydactyl ᏪᏌ]] (ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ)
* [[:Category:Cat types|Cat types]]
* [[:Category:Cat breeds|Cat breeds]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wikispecies|Felis silvestris catus|Cat}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons|Category:Felis silvestris catus}}

;ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ
*[http://maxshouse.com/Database_toc.htm Feline Medical &amp; Behaviour Database] (ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ)
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A4113992 Ailurophilia Gone Bad]
*{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/06/science/06cats.html?ex=1294203600&amp;en=4b75c4da1cdc2167&amp;ei=5090|title=DNA Offers New Insight Concerning Cat Evolution|date=[[January 6|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6]], [[2006]]|publisher=The New York Times}}
*[http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=felis-catus High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain]
*[http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=1763&amp;articleid=1108 Onions are Toxic to Cats]

;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ
*[http://www.abcbirds.org/cats/states/florida_intro.htm American Bird Conservancy] (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ predation)
*[http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=animals_oddities&amp;id=4023842 New Potential Smallest Cat]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/pets/cats.shtml BBC.CO.UK Description of the Cat]

*''Cationary: Meaningful ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏪᏌ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Sharon Montrose, ISBN 0-670-03059-7

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Animals kept as pets]]
[[Category:Cats| ]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Link FA|id}}
{{Link FA|ru}}
{{Link FA|sk}}
{{Link FA|sr}}

[[als:Hauskatze]]
[[ar:قطة]]
[[an:Gato]]
[[ast:Gatu]]
[[bm:Jakuma]]
[[zh-min-nan:Niau]]
[[bo:ཞི་མི་]]
[[br:Kazh]]
[[bg:Котка]]
[[ca:Gat]]
[[cs:Kočka domácí]]
[[cy:Cath]]
[[da:Kat]]
[[de:Hauskatze]]
[[en:Cat]]
[[et:Kass]]
[[el:Γάτα]]
[[es:Felis silvestris catus]]
[[eo:Kato]]
[[fr:Chat]]
[[gl:Gato]]
[[km:ឆ្មា]]
[[ko:고양이]]
[[io:Kato]]
[[id:Kucing]]
[[ia:Catto domestic]]
[[is:Köttur]]
[[it:Felis silvestris catus]]
[[he:חתול]]
[[jv:Kucing]]
[[la:Felis catus]]
[[lv:Kaķis]]
[[lb:Hauskaz]]
[[lt:Katė]]
[[hu:Macska]]
[[mg:Saka]]
[[mi:Ngeru]]
[[ms:Kucing]]
[[nl:Kat]]
[[ja:ネコ]]
[[no:Tamkatt]]
[[nrm:Cat]]
[[ug:مۈشۈك]]
[[nds:Katt]]
[[pl:Kot domowy]]
[[pt:Gato doméstico]]
[[ro:Pisică]]
[[ru:Кошка]]
[[st:Katse]]
[[simple:Cat]]
[[sk:Mačka domáca]]
[[sl:mačka]]
[[sr:Мачка]]
[[fi:Kesykissa]]
[[sv:Katt]]
[[th:แมว]]
[[vi:Mèo]]
[[chr:ᏪᏌ]]
[[tr:Kedi]]
[[wa:Tchet]]
[[zh:猫]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userbox hardtoread</title>
    <id>2342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8079</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-12T05:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: 2px solid orange; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 236px; background: #F5BC85; text-align: left;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #F8EABA;&quot; | [[Image:Squirrel monkey.jpg|47px]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: black; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot; |ᎤᏦᏍᏗ   ᏚᏬᏪᎳ.
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎹᎢᎧᎵ</title>
    <id>2343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9438</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-08T17:27:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[bg:Михаил (архангел)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎹᎢᎧᎵ'''-''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ''

[[Image:Simon Ushakov Archangel Mikhail and Devil.JPG|ᎹᎢᎧᎵ|thumb|right]]
[[Image:Neunkirchen-am-Brand-Grabrelief-Kloster.jpeg|200px]]
{{stub}}

[[bg:Михаил (архангел)]]
[[de:Michael (Erzengel)]]
[[en:Michael (archangel)]]
[[eo:Sankta Mikaelo]]
[[es:Arcángel Miguel]]
[[fi:Mikael (arkkienkeli)]]
[[fr:Michel (archange)]]
[[hr:Sveti Mihael]]
[[hu:Szent Mihály]]
[[id:Malaikat Mikail]]
[[it:Arcangelo Michele]]
[[ja:ミカエル]]
[[lt:Arkangelas Mykolas]]
[[nl:Michaël (aartsengel)]]
[[no:Erkeengelen Mikael]]
[[nrm:Saint Miché]]
[[pl:Michał Archanioł]]
[[pt:Miguel (arcanjo)]]
[[ro:Arhanghelul Mihail]]
[[ru:Архангел Михаил]]
[[sk:Archanjel Michal]]
[[tr:Mîkâîl]]
[[uk:Архангел Михаїл]]
[[zh:聖米迦勒]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ</title>
    <id>2344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8398</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-25T07:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>YurikBot</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hr:Sir]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Beaufort.jpg
Image:Blue_Stilton_Quarter_Front.jpg
Image:Brie_de_Meaux_close.jpg
Image:FR-Cheese-Cedenol.jpg
Image:Cabri gatineau (1-2).jpg
Image:Cabri gatineau (2-1).jpg
Image:Cheese_camembert_on_a_plate_02.jpg
Image:Camembert.jpg
Image:Camembert_2.jpg
Image:Cantal entre-deux.jpg
Image:Caprice des dieux.jpg
Image:Cheese-FR-CrotchttinDeChavignol.jpg
Image:Délice de Bourgogne.jpg
Image:Emmentaler.jpg
Image:Fetish_Greece_2.jpg
Image:Fontina_PDO.jpg
Image:Cheese-FR-Gaperon.JPG
Image:Gouda.jpg
Image:Gorgonzola 1.jpg
Image:Gruyère cheese.jpg
Image:Zigerbrüt.jpg
Image:Processed cheese slices.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{stub}}

[[af:Kaas]]
[[ar:جبن]]
[[bs:Sir]]
[[ca:Formatge]]
[[cs:Sýr]]
[[cy:Caws]]
[[da:Ost]]
[[de:Käse]]
[[en:Cheese]]
[[eo:Fromaĝo]]
[[es:Queso]]
[[et:Juust]]
[[fi:Juusto]]
[[fr:Fromage]]
[[fur:Formadi]]
[[gl:Queixo]]
[[he:גבינה]]
[[hr:Sir]]
[[hu:Sajt]]
[[id:Keju]]
[[io:Fromajo]]
[[is:Ostur]]
[[it:Formaggio]]
[[ja:チーズ]]
[[jbo:cirla]]
[[jv:Keju]]
[[ko:치즈]]
[[la:Caseus]]
[[lt:Sūris]]
[[nds-nl:Keze]]
[[nl:Kaas]]
[[nn:Ost]]
[[no:Ost]]
[[nrm:Fronmage]]
[[pl:Ser]]
[[pt:Queijo]]
[[ro:Brânză]]
[[ru:Сыр]]
[[scn:Furmaggiu]]
[[simple:Cheese]]
[[sl:Sir]]
[[sr:Сир]]
[[sv:Ost]]
[[tl:Keso]]
[[tr:Peynir]]
[[uk:Сир]]
[[zh:奶酪]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎧᏄᎦᎸ</title>
    <id>2345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8931</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-19T17:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Blackberry
| image = Blackberry fruits10.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Blackberries on a bush
| regnum = [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = ''[[Rubus]]''
| subgenus = ''Eubatus''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''Rubus fruticosus'' - Common Blackberry&lt;br&gt;
and hundreds more microspecies&lt;br&gt;
(the subgenus also includes the [[dewberry|ᎭᏎᏄᏓ]])
}}

ᎯᎠ '''ᎧᏄᎦᎸ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]]; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[bramble|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ Europe ᎠᎴ caneberry ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Rubus]]'', ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Rosaceae]]) ᎠᏛᏏᏒ 3 m (10 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, seedless jellies ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ''[[Rubus]]'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ hybridize, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[cultivars]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ thornless/spineless cultivars ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ), ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ pervasive, ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ, hillsides ᎠᎴ hedgerows, colonising ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ iyuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ tohi adedi ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ coloniser wasteland ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ [[leaf shape|palmate]] ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ [[flowers|ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏂ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎧᏄᎦᎸ.&quot;

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[botany|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[berry|ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[drupe]]ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ drupelets ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏛᎢ [[pollinator]] ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ/pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ drupelets ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ fertilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.

ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, fruity [[honey|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]].

[[Image:Blackberry flowers.jpg|thumb|ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.]]

ᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]] ᏗᏂᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[15th September|15th ᏚᎵᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[devil|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, wetter ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ infected ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[mould|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Botryotinia|Botrytis]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ flavour ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[polyphenol antioxidant]], ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ [[chemical]]Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ upregulate ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ [[metabolic]] processes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mammal|gantlai]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ [[road|ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ accumulated [[toxin]]ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[traffic|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ European [[dewberry|ᎤᏓᏏᏄᏓ]] (''R. caesius'') ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ drupelets.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Northwest|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ''Rubus armeniacus'' (syn. ''R. procerus'', 'Himalaya') ᎠᎴ ''[[Rubus laciniatus]]'' ('ᎦᏌᏆᎸ') ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[invasive species|invasive ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ [[weed|ᎦᏄᎸ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ deduced ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [[Iron Age|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda]] [[Haraldskaer Woman|Haraldskaer ᎠᎨᏴ]] Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ consumed 2500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.


===ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ cultivars===
[[image:Black Butte blackberry.jpg|left|thumb|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ.]]

''''Marion'''' (marketed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ marionberry) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ cultivar ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ olallieberry) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ &quot;ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ berries ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ&quot;[http://www.oregon-berries.com/cx2/mk04f1a.htm]. '[[Olallie]]' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ '[[Loganberry]]' ᎠᎴ '[[Youngberry]]'. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ cultivars ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Corvallis, Oregon. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ cultivars ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ thornless cultivars 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᎬᎾ' ᎠᎴ 'ᏒᎯᏰᏱ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ 'Obsidian' ᎠᎴ 'Metolius'. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ', 'Kotata', 'ᎡᎷᏪᎢ', ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏪᏴ'. ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.

ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ, ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beltsville Maryland. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ thornless, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Cultivars ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ 'Chester Thornless' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᏦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ', 'ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᎯ', 'Smoothstem', 'ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', ᎠᎴ 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬ'.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ cultivars ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ raspberries). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ thornless ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏘᏳᏍᏘ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'ᏣᎳᎩ', 'ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ', 'Arapaho', ᎠᎴ 'Kiowa' 


==ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ==
{{commons}}
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:blackberries_in_june.JPG|Blackberry bush in late June in UK
Image:Blackberry fruits05.jpg|Ripening blackberry fruit
Image:Blackberry bush with fruit.jpg|Many ripe blackberries
Image:Spines on blackberry.jpg|Thorns
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Rubus occidentalis|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏒᏗᏩᎵ]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ == 
*[http://resist.ca/~kirstena/pageblackberries.html Ways to Process and Use Blackberries] ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ
*[http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm Blackberry Pollination Images]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A7209623 h2g2 article on Blackberries]
*[http://www.uga.edu/fruit/rubus.htm Botanical Information]
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&amp;symbol=RUBUS&amp;display=63 USDA Plants Classification Report]

[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Rubus]]
[[Category:Rosaceae]]
[[Category:Grocer's Encyclopedia]]
[[Category:Invasive species]]

[[nrm:Rubus fruticosus]]

[[bg:Къпина]]
[[chr:ᎧᏄᎦᎸ]]
[[cy:Mwyaren]]
[[da:Almindelig Brombær]]
[[de:Brombeeren]]
[[en:Blackberry]]
[[eo:Rubuso]]
[[fr:Ronce commune]]
[[he:פטל שחור]]
[[hu:Vadszeder]]
[[nl:Gewone braam]]
[[ja:クロイチゴ]]
[[no:Bjørnebær]]
[[pl:Jeżyna]]
[[pt:Amora-silvestre]]
[[simple:Blackberry]]
[[fi:Karhunvatukka]]
[[sv:Björnbär]]
[[tr:Böğürtlen]]
[[zh:黑莓]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Plantae</title>
    <id>2346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8096</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-17T23:31:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Magnolia-sieboldii.JPG|none|400px]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᏍᎦ</title>
    <id>2347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-28T07:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ceb:Chêne]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏧᏍᎦ'''


[[Image:Gambel oak 1.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎧᏄᎦᎸ]]

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: 	''Plantae''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: 	''Magnoliophyta''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: 	''Magnoliopsida''

ᎣᎸᏙ: 	''Fagales''

ᏥᏓᎾᎷ: 	''Fagaceae''

ᎨᏄᏍ: 	''Quercus''


[[Image:Quercus kerrii acorns.jpg|none|250px]]


{{stub}}


[[Category:Plantae]]

[[an:Caxico]]
[[ar:سنديان]]
[[ast:Carbayu]]
[[bar:Oach]]
[[bg:Дъб]]
[[ca:Roure]]
[[ceb:Chêne]]
[[cs:Dub]]
[[cv:Юман]]
[[cy:Derwen]]
[[da:Eg]]
[[de:Eichen]]
[[eml:Quérza]]
[[en:Oak]]
[[eo:Kverko]]
[[es:Roble]]
[[eu:Haritz]]
[[fr:Chêne]]
[[gl:Carballo (árbore)]]
[[he:אלון]]
[[hr:Hrast]]
[[it:Quercus]]
[[ja:オーク]]
[[ko:참나무]]
[[kw:Derow]]
[[la:Quercus]]
[[lt:Ąžuolas]]
[[nah:Teōcuahuitl]]
[[nds-nl:Eek (boom)]]
[[nl:Eik]]
[[nn:Eik]]
[[no:Eik]]
[[nrm:Tchêne]]
[[pl:Dąb]]
[[pt:Carvalho]]
[[ro:Stejar]]
[[ru:Дуб]]
[[simple:Oak]]
[[sk:Dub]]
[[sl:Hrast]]
[[sr:Храст]]
[[sv:Ekar]]
[[tr:Meşe]]
[[uk:Дуб]]
[[wa:Tchinne (åbe)]]
[[zh:栎属]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏗᎳ</title>
    <id>2348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8275</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-08T16:32:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>YurikBot</username>
        <id>39</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: de, en, eo, es, fi, fr, he, ia, io, ja, ko, lt, nl, no, pt, ru, sv, tr</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Striped skunk.jpg|none|thumb]]

==ᎨᏄᏍ==

'''ᏗᎳ'''

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: Animalia

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: Chordata

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: Mammalia

ᎣᎸᏙ: Carnivora

ᏥᏓᎾᎷ: Mephitidae

[[Image:MEPHITIS MEPHITIS.jpg]]


{{stub}}

[[category:animalia]]

[[de:Skunks]]
[[en:Skunk]]
[[eo:Mefito]]
[[es:Zorrino]]
[[fi:Haisunäädät]]
[[fr:Mouffette]]
[[he:בואשיים]]
[[ia:Moffetta]]
[[io:Mofeto]]
[[ja:スカンク]]
[[ko:스컹크]]
[[lt:Skunkiniai]]
[[nl:Stinkdieren]]
[[no:Stinkdyrfamilien]]
[[pt:Mephitidae]]
[[ru:Скунс]]
[[sv:Skunkar]]
[[tr:Kokarca]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᏢᏕᎦ</title>
    <id>2349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8105</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T06:43:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏢᏕᎦ</title>
    <id>2350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9007</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T16:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rv Vandalism</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏢᏕᎦ'''
[[Image:Anguillarostratakils.jpg|none|thumb]]


ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: ''Animalia''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: ''Chordata''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: ''Actinopterygii''

ᎣᎸᏙ: ''Anguilliformes''


{{stub}}

[[category:animalia]]

[[category:ᎠᏣᏗ]]

[[da:Ålefisk]]
[[de:Aalartige]]
[[en:Eel]]
[[et:Angerjalised]]
[[es:Anguila]]
[[eu:Aingira]]
[[fa:مارماهی]]
[[fr:Anguilliformes]]
[[io:Anguilo]]
[[he:צלופח]]
[[lt:Unguriažuvės]]
[[nl:Palingachtigen]]
[[ja:ウナギ]]
[[no:Ålefisker]]
[[pt:Anguilliformes]]
[[wa:Anweye]]
[[zh:鰻]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:ᎠᏣᏗ</title>
    <id>2351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8107</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T06:51:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aaron Walden</username>
        <id>105</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Pieni 2 0143.jpg|thumb|400px|ᎠᏣᏗ]]
[[category:animalia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ</title>
    <id>2379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9088</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-30T20:41:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>134.2.212.216</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove image without license</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Catfish
| image = Channelcat.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = '''Siluriformes'''
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = 
[[Akysidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Amblycipitidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Amphiliidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Ariidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Aspredinidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Astroblepidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Auchenipteridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Bagridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Callichthyidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Cetopsidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Chacidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Clariidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Claroteidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Cranoglanididae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Diplomystidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Doradidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Erethistidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Hypophthalmidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Ictaluridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Lacantuniidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Loricariidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Malapteruridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Mochokidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Nematogenyidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Pangasiidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Parakysidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Pimelodidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Plotosidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Pseudopimelodidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Schilbeidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Scoloplacidae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Siluridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Sisoridae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Trichomycteridae]]&lt;br&gt;
}}
'''ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ''' ([[order (biology)|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] '''Siluriformes''') ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]]. ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ &quot;[[barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏪᏌ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ freshwater ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Antarctica]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ Ariidae ᎠᎴ Plotosidae ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏜ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ vertebrates, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[candiru]], ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ vertebrate ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Pangasius gigas]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ freshwater ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ armour ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ barbels; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Siluriformes ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ swimbladder.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ superorder ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Ostariophysi]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Cypriniformes]], [[Characiformes]], ᎠᎴ [[Gymnotiformes]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ Gymnotiformes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Siluriformes). [[As of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]] ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 37 ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv 2000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, [[2005]], researchers ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ 37th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, Lacantuniidae, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 70 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ [[coelacanth]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1938]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[megamouth shark|megamouth ᎠᏯᏍᏔ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1983]]). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lacantuniidae]], ''[[Lacantunia enigmatica]]'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Lacantun river|Lacantun ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Chiapas, Mexico]].

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ [[scale (zoology)|ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ [[Malapteruridae]] (ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ), ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, bonified ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[dorsal fin|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[pectoral fin|pectoral ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]], ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ irritated. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Plotosidae]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Heteropneustes]], ᎪᎯ ᏤᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ hospitalize ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ heaviest, ᎯᎠ [[Pangasius gigas|ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ [[Asia]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ [[wels catfish|wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] Eurasia, detritivores (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[candiru]] (''Vandellia cirrhosa''). 

ᎯᎠ [[wels catfish|wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] (''Silurus glanis'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Aristotle ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Greece. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ scientifically ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.2 m - 1.6 m, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ digotsaledg digovhi ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ exeeded 100 kg. ᎯᎠ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Britain, Italy, Spain, Greece ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ flourished ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe. ᎯᎠ [[River Po|ᎤᏪᏴ Po]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[River Ebro|ᎤᏪᏴ Ebro]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spain ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 2 m. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators.

ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᏩᏂᎦᎳ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᎠᏓᏥ, ᎠᎴ Spanish ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.  [[Ictaluridae|Ictalurids]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Deep South|ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Mississippi]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite paper | author= J.E. Morris| title= Pond Culture of Channel Catfish in the North Central Region | publisher= North Central Regional Aquaculture Center| date= October 1993| url= http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/NCR444.pdf| accessdate= 2006-06-28}} 
&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ictalurus ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ European ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ resource, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ catfishes ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ achieved ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fishes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ecological ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ European gantlai, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Clariidae|Clariids]] ᎠᎴ [[Pangasiidae|Pangasiids]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ cultured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Africa]] ᎠᎴ Asia. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Corydoras]], ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[aquarium|aquaria]].

[[Image:Catfish_1.jpg|240px|thumb|right|ᎠᏍᎪᎵ  ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, (''Phractocephalus hemioliopterus'') ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ  aquarists ᎦᎪ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ 120 cm]]

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (''Silurus glanis'') ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Kevin Maddocks ᎾᎿ [[August 6|ᎦᎶᏂ 6]], [[1999]], ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 202 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (91.62 kg). Tim Pruitt Illinois ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ [[blue catfish|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] (''Ictalurus furcatus'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Mississippi River|Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎾᎿ [[May 22|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22]], [[2005]] Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 124 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (56.25 kg). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ [[flathead catfish|flathead ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] (''Pylodictis olivaris'') ᎢᏳᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Independence, Kansas|ᎬᏙᏗ, Kansas]], ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 123 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ 9 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (56  kg). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ [[Pangasius_gigas|ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]] ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Thailand]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[May 1|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1]], [[2005]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 2 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ 646 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (293 kg). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Thai ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1981 &lt;ref name=Mekong&gt;{{cite web| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0629_050629_giantcatfish.html|title=Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand |accessdate=2006-07-14|publisher=National Geographic News}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, [[June 25|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 25]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[National Catfish Day|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᎦ]].

ᏐᎢ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
* [[Iridescent Shark|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ]]
* [[Channel catfish|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]]
* [[Redtail catfish|Redtail ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[chr:ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]]
[[da:Malle]]
[[de:Welsartige]]
[[fr:Poisson-chat]]
[[id:Lele]]
[[ja:ナマズ]]
[[jv:Lélé]]
[[lt:Šamažuvės]]
[[ms:Ikan Keli]]
[[nl:Meervalachtigen]]
[[pl:Sumokształtne]]
[[pt:Peixe-gato]]
[[fi:Monnikalat]]
[[tr:Siluriformes]]
[[zh:鲇形目]]

[[Category:Edible fish]]
[[Category:Siluriformes]]
[[Category:Fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of South America]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fish of Central America]]


ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: ''Animalia''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: ''Chordata''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: ''Actinopterygii''

ᎣᎸᏙ: ''Siluriformes''


{{stub}}

[[category:animalia]]

[[category:ᎠᏣᏗ]]

[[da:Malle]]
[[de:Welsartige]]
[[en:Catfish]]
[[fi:Monnikalat]]
[[fr:Siluriformes]]
[[id:Lele]]
[[is:Granar]]
[[ja:ナマズ]]
[[jv:Lélé]]
[[la:Siluriformes]]
[[lt:Šamažuvės]]
[[ms:Ikan Keli]]
[[nl:Meervalachtigen]]
[[no:Maller]]
[[pl:Sumokształtne]]
[[pt:Peixe-gato]]
[[tr:Siluriformes]]
[[zh:鲇形目]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏣᏗ</title>
    <id>2380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9528</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T16:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ln:Mbísi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎠᏣᏗ'''

[[Image:Pieni 2 0139.jpg|none|thumb|400px|ᎠᏣᏗ]]

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: ''Animalia''

ᏆᎢᎳᎻ: ''Chordata''

ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: ''Actinopterygii''


{{stub}}

[[category:animalia]]

[[category:ᎠᏣᏗ]]

[[af:Vis]]
[[ar:سمك]]
[[bg:Риби]]
[[bo:ཉ་]]
[[bs:Ribe (životinje)]]
[[ca:Peix]]
[[ceb:Poisson]]
[[cr:ᓇᒣᔅ]]
[[cs:Ryby]]
[[cy:Pysgodyn]]
[[da:Fisk]]
[[de:Fische]]
[[el:Ψάρι]]
[[en:Fish]]
[[eo:Fiŝoj]]
[[es:Pez]]
[[et:Kalad]]
[[fa:ماهی]]
[[fi:Kala]]
[[fr:Poisson]]
[[gd:Iasg]]
[[gl:Peixe]]
[[he:דג]]
[[hr:Ribe]]
[[hu:Hal]]
[[id:Ikan]]
[[io:Fisho]]
[[is:Fiskur]]
[[it:Pesci]]
[[ja:魚類]]
[[jbo:finpe]]
[[ka:თევზები]]
[[ko:물고기]]
[[ksh:Fesch]]
[[ku:Masî]]
[[la:Piscis (animal)]]
[[lb:Fësch]]
[[li:Vèsse]]
[[ln:Mbísi]]
[[lt:Žuvys]]
[[mk:Риби]]
[[ms:Ikan]]
[[nah:Michin]]
[[nl:Vissen (dieren)]]
[[nn:Fisk]]
[[no:Fisk]]
[[nrm:Paîsson]]
[[oc:Peis]]
[[pl:Ryby]]
[[pt:Peixe]]
[[qu:Challwa]]
[[ro:Peşte]]
[[ru:Рыбы]]
[[scn:Pisci]]
[[sh:Riba]]
[[simple:Fish]]
[[sk:Ryby (v najširšom zmysle)]]
[[sl:Ribe]]
[[sq:Peshku]]
[[sr:Рибе]]
[[su:Lauk]]
[[sv:Fiskar]]
[[ta:மீன்]]
[[tg:Моҳӣ]]
[[th:ปลา]]
[[tr:Balık (hayvan)]]
[[uk:Риби]]
[[vi:Cá]]
[[yi:פיש]]
[[zh:鱼]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hî]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Dcljr</title>
    <id>2381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8175</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-05T03:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dcljr</username>
        <id>109</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>page creation -- I speak English</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Please note:''' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]]
----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dcljr</title>
    <id>2382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8176</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-05T03:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dcljr</username>
        <id>109</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>page creation -- more to come...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles
[[en:User:Dcljr]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Border</title>
    <id>2415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8253</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-02T15:16:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>194.144.130.250</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;display:table-cell; border-collapse:collapse; border: solid 1px #BBBBBB;&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Aaron Walden</title>
    <id>2416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8285</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-12T07:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>203.173.151.157</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Article request==
'''Greetings Aaron Walden'''!, Can you please help me write a stub for [http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%AF this article] which is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Just 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough and your help would be appreciated. Thanks.

Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 08:38 Monday 3 April 2006 (UTC)


Thanks a lot for your help! I've created a stub here: [[ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]],[[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎻᏯᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ</title>
    <id>2417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8298</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-22T21:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.142.130.38</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ</title>
    <id>2418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9522</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T22:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:TJC.jpg|right]]
ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏌ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 
Beijing, ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1917. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 
ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏥᏌ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ Chinese ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1949. 

ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ:

#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ''' - ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ &quot;ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. 
#'''ᏓᎪᏍᎬ''' - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᏗᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎹ. 
#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ''' - ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ.
#'''ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ''' - ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ. 
#'''ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ''' 
#'''ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ''' - ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ''' 
#'''ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. 
#'''ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ''' 
#'''ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ''' - &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ&quot;.

[[af:Ware Jesuskerk]]
[[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]]
[[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]]
[[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]]
[[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]]
[[ar:كنيسة يسوع الحقيقي]]
[[arc:ܥܕܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܪܝܪܐ]]
[[as:প্ৰকৃত যীশু গীৰ্জা]]
[[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]]
[[az:Həqiqi İsa Kilsəsi]]
[[bar:Wahre Jesus Kirchn]]
[[bat-smg:Tėkruojė Jezaus bažninčė]]
[[be:Праўдзівая Царква Ісуса]]
[[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]]
[[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]]
[[bo:བདེན་པའི་ཡི་ཤུ་ཚོགས་པ།]]
[[bpy:হায় যীশুর গীর্জাগ]]
[[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]]
[[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]]
[[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]]
[[cbk-zam:El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus]]
[[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]]
[[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]]
[[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]]
[[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]]
[[cv:Иссусăн чăн чиркĕвĕ]]
[[cy:Eglwys y Gwir Iesu]]
[[da:Den Sande Jesus Kirke]]
[[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]]
[[diq:Kiliseyê Gercek Hz. İsay]]
[[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]]
[[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]]
[[eml:Vera Césa ed Gesù]]
[[en:True Jesus Church]]
[[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]]
[[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]]
[[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]]
[[eu:Jesusen Egiazko Eliza]]
[[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]]
[[fi:Todellisen Jeesuksen Kirkko]]
[[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]]
[[fj:Dina Jisu Lotu]]
[[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]]
[[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]]
[[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]]
[[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]]
[[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]]
[[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]]
[[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]]
[[glk:Isǎ haqiqi kalisǎ]]
[[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]]
[[gu:સત્ય ઈશુ મસીહ ઘર]]
[[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]]
[[haw:Ka Ho'omana Iesū 'Oia'i'o]]
[[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]]
[[hi:ईसा मसीह सत्य गिरजाघर]]
[[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]]
[[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]]
[[hu:Igaz Jézus Egyház]]
[[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]]
[[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]]
[[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]]
[[ig:Ezigbo ulo uka Jesu]]
[[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]]
[[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]]
[[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]]
[[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]]
[[ja:真イエス教会]]
[[jbo:stace lijda befi la .iecuax]]
[[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]]
[[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]]
[[kg:Dibundu ya Kieleka ya Yesu]]
[[kk:Исаның Нағыз Шіркеуі]]
[[km:ព្រះវិហារយេស៊ូគ្រិស្គពិត]]
[[kn:ಟ್ರೂ ಜೀಸಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್]]
[[ko:참예수교회]]
[[ksh:Kirresh fum Woohre Jesu Krißti en Shiina]]
[[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]]
[[kv:Истинная церковь Иисуса]]
[[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]]
[[ky:Ыйсанын Нукура Чиркөөсү]]
[[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesu]]
[[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]]
[[lb:True Jesus Church]]
[[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]]
[[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]]
[[lo:ນິກາຍ ໂບດທູຈຶຊັດ]]
[[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]]
[[lv:Patiesā Jēzus Baznīca]]
[[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]]
[[mg:Tena Fiangonan'i Jesoa]]
[[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]]
[[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]]
[[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]]
[[mn:Үнэн Есүсийн Сүм]]
[[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]]
[[mr:सत्य येशू प्रार्थनास्थळ]]
[[ms:Gereja Jesus Benar]]
[[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]]
[[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]]
[[mzn:عیسی ره حقیقی کیلیسا]]
[[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]]
[[nds:Wohre Jesuskark]]
[[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskärke]]
[[ne:साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]]
[[new:True Jesus Church]]
[[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]]
[[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]]
[[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]]
[[nov:Veri Jesu Eklesie]]
[[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]]
[[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]]
[[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]]
[[pa:ਟਰੂ ਜੀਸਸ ਚਰਚ]]
[[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]]
[[pap:E Misa Berdadero di Hesus]]
[[pdc:True Jesus Church]]
[[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]]
[[pms:La Vera Cesa ëd Gesù]]
[[ps:د مسيح حقيقي کليسا]]
[[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]]
[[qu:Chiqap Jesuspa Inlisyan]]
[[rm:Baselgia Vaira da Jesus]]
[[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]]
[[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]]
[[roa-rup:Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus]]
[[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]]
[[ru-sib:Праведна церьква Христова]]
[[rw:Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri]]
[[sa:ट्रु जीसस चर्च]]
[[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]]
[[sco:True Jesus Kirk]]
[[sd:سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ]]
[[sh:Prava Crkva Isusova]]
[[si:සත්‍යයේ ජේසු සමිදාණන්ගේ සභාව]]
[[simple:True Jesus Church]]
[[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]]
[[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]]
[[sm:'O le Lotu a Iesu Moni]]
[[so:Mida Rumeed Kaniisada Ciise]]
[[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezusit]]
[[sr:Права црква Исусова]]
[[su:Gareja Yesus Sajati]]
[[sv:The True Jesus Church]]
[[sw:True Jesus Church]]
[[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]]
[[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]]
[[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]]
[[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]]
[[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]]
[[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]]
[[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]]
[[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]]
[[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]]
[[tt:Ğaysanıñ Çın Çirkäwe]]
[[ug:ئەمەلیي ئەيسا چەركوۋ]]
[[uk:Істинна церква Ісуса]]
[[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]]
[[uz:Chin Iso Cherkovi]]
[[vec:Vera Ciesa de Gesù]]
[[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]]
[[vls:Woare Jezuskerke]]
[[wa:Vraiye Eglijhe da Djezus]]
[[war:Tinuod Hesus Simbahan]]
[[wuu:真耶稣教会]]
[[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]]
[[yo:Ijo Jesu l’otito]]
[[zh:真耶稣教会]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe]]
[[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]]
[[zu:True Jesus Church]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᏥ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ</title>
    <id>2421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8326</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-03T13:07:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rich Farmbrough</username>
        <id>112</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm junk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sirius Zwarts Bot</title>
    <id>2422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-30T20:53:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirius Zwarts Bot</username>
        <id>111</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[en:User:Sirius Zwarts Bot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎣᎧᏯᎹ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ</title>
    <id>2423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8325</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-03T13:06:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rich Farmbrough</username>
        <id>112</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rv junk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᎵᎥ</title>
    <id>2424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9190</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: da, hy, ku, sk, su Modifying: mi</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎪᎵᎥ'''(한국어 / 韓國語 / Han Guk Eo). [[ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]].

== Alphabet ==
=== JaEum(자음) ===
:가(ga)
:나(Na)
:다(Da)
:라(Ra)
:마(Ma)
:바(Ba)
:사(Sa)
:아(A)
:자(Ja)
:차(Cha)
:카(Ka)
:타(Ta)
:파(Pa)
:하(Ha)

=== MoEum(모음) ===
:아(A)
:야(ya)
:어(Eo)
:여(Yeo)
:오(o)
:요(Yo)
:우(Woo)
:유(Yu)
:으(Eu)
:이(i)

== Studying!!! ==

== History ==

== Links ==

{{stub}}

[[am:ኮሪይኛ]]
[[ar:لغة كورية]]
[[ast:Coreanu]]
[[bg:Корейски език]]
[[ca:Coreà]]
[[cs:Korejština]]
[[csb:Kòrejańsczi jãzëk]]
[[da:Koreansk (sprog)]]
[[de:Koreanische Sprache]]
[[dv:ކޮރެޔާ ބަސް]]
[[en:Korean language]]
[[eo:Korea lingvo]]
[[es:Idioma coreano]]
[[et:Korea keel]]
[[fi:Korean kieli]]
[[fr:Coréen]]
[[ga:Cóiréis]]
[[hy:Կորեյերեն]]
[[id:Bahasa Korea]]
[[io:Koreana linguo]]
[[it:Lingua coreana]]
[[iu:ᑯᕆᐊᑎᑐᑦ]]
[[ja:朝鮮語]]
[[ka:კორეული ენა]]
[[ko:한국어]]
[[ku:Korêyî]]
[[kw:Koreek]]
[[li:Koreaans]]
[[lt:Korėjiečių kalba]]
[[lv:Korejiešu valoda]]
[[mi:Reo Kōrea]]
[[mn:Солонгос]]
[[ms:Bahasa Korea]]
[[nl:Koreaans]]
[[nn:Koreansk språk]]
[[no:Koreansk språk]]
[[oc:Corean]]
[[pl:Język koreański]]
[[ps:کوريائي]]
[[pt:Língua coreana]]
[[ro:Limba coreeană]]
[[ru:Корейский язык]]
[[simple:Korean language]]
[[sk:Kórejčina]]
[[su:Basa Koréa]]
[[sv:Koreanska]]
[[th:ภาษาเกาหลี]]
[[tr:Korece]]
[[vi:Tiếng Triều Tiên]]
[[zh:朝鮮語]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Attack on Pearl Harbor</title>
    <id>2425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9504</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-20T08:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hu:Pearl Harbor-i csata]] Modifying: [[pl:Japoński atak na Pearl Harbor]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Attack on Pearl Harbor
|partof=the [[Pacific War|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ]] of [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]]
|image=[[Image:USSArizonaPearlHarbor.jpg|300px|]]
|caption=[[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] burned for two days after being hit by a Japanese bomb. Parts of the ship were salvaged, but the wreck remains at the bottom of Pearl Harbor to this day. The USS ''Arizona'' continues to leak about a quart of oil per day into the harbor.&lt;ref&gt;Curt Storlazzi, [http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/01/ USGS Researchers Collaborate with National Park Service Archaeologists to Better Predict the Life Expectancy of the USS Arizona], [http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/ Soundwaves], December 2002. &lt;br/&gt; [[National Park Service|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]], [http://www.pastfoundation.org/Arizona/Legacy_2.htm USS Arizona Memorial Legacy Resources Management 2003].&lt;/ref&gt;
|date=[[December 7|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 7]], [[1941]]
|place=[[Pearl Harbor|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[Hawaii]]
|result=Decisive Japanese victory,&lt;br&gt; United States enters [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]] on side of [[Allies of World War II|ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ]],&lt;br&gt;[[Tripartite Pact#German declaration of war|ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ  ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ Germany]] on the United States
|casus=Oil and trade embargo from [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
|combatant1=[[Image:US_flag_48_stars.svg|40x20px]][[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag_of_Japan_-_variant.svg|40x20px]][[Empire of Japan|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ  ᎠᏰᎵ]]
|commander1=[[Husband Kimmel|asgahah aninela Kimmel]] &lt;small&gt;([[United States Navy|USN]])&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;br&gt;[[Walter Short|Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ]] &lt;small&gt;([[United States Army|USA]])&lt;/small&gt;
|commander2=[[Chuichi Nagumo]] &lt;small&gt;([[Imperial Japanese Navy|IJN]])&lt;/small&gt;
|strength1=8 battleships,&lt;br/&gt; 8 cruisers,&lt;br/&gt; 29 destroyers,&lt;br/&gt; 9 submarines,&lt;br/&gt; ~50 other ships, &lt;br/&gt; ~390 planes
|strength2=6 aircraft carriers,&lt;br/&gt; 2 battleships,&lt;br/&gt; 3 cruisers,&lt;br/&gt; 9 destroyers,&lt;br/&gt; 8 tankers,&lt;br/&gt; 23 fleet submarines,&lt;br/&gt; 5 midget submarines,&lt;br/&gt; 441 planes
|casualties1=2,335 military and 68 civilians killed, &lt;br&gt; 1,143 military and 35 civilians wounded,&lt;br&gt;4 battleships sunk,&lt;br&gt;4 battleships damaged,&lt;br&gt;3 cruisers damaged,&lt;br&gt;3 destroyers sunk,&lt;br&gt;2 other ships sunk,&lt;br&gt;188 planes destroyed,&lt;br&gt;155 planes damaged
|casualties2=29 planes destroyed,&lt;br&gt;55 airmen killed,&lt;br&gt;5 midget submarines sunk,&lt;br&gt;9 submariners killed and 1 captured
}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific Ocean}}

ᎯᎠ [[Imperial Japanese Navy|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Japanese ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ '''ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ''' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, [[December 7|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 7]], [[1941]] ([[Hawaii]] iyuwakodi, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[International Date Line|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ, [[December 8|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Pearl Harbor|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[Oahu]], Hawaii, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ]] ᎯᎠ [[United States Navy|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[United States Army Air Forces|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[United States Marine Corps|ᎠᏜ]] ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 12 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[warship]], ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 188 [[aircraft]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ servicemen ᎠᎴ 68 ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏦᎢ [[aircraft carrier|aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ undamaged, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ&quot; ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ &quot;ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ&quot;.

==ᎣᎾᏗᏢ==
{{mainarticle|Empire of Japan}} {{catmore1|[[Causes of World War II|ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ  ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]] }}
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Meiji Restoration|Meiji ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]], [[Imperial Japan|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ]] embarked ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Europe]]ᎠᎴ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ executing ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ embarked ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[First Sino-Japanese War|ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1894 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ [[Taiwan]], ᎠᎴ [[Russo-Japanese War|ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ Russia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Korean ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[WWI]], ᎯᎠ [[League of Nations|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] awarded ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1931, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ imposed &quot;ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ&quot; ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Manchuria]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Manchukuo]].

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1910 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ militarized, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Imperial Japanese Navy|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] (ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi) ᎠᎴ [[Imperial Japanese Army|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1937, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Manchuria ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.

[[The League of Nations|ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎯᎠ UK, Australia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Southeast Asia|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia]] ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ responded ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ atogiyadv ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1939, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. upped ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ terminating ᎯᎠ 1911 Ꭴ../Japanese ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ embargoes. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Anti-Comintern Pact|Anti-Comintern ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nazi Germany]], ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ [[World War I|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ]] ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ declaring ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ [[Tripartite Pact|ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nazi Germany]] ᎠᎴ [[Fascist Italy]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Axis Powers|ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎾᎿᎢ embargoes ᎾᎿ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Panama Canal|Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]] Japanese ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ worsen, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Indochina]]. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ Japanese ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Roland H. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, Jr., ''Ꮭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ'' (Jefferson, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina: McFarland, 1995). ISBN 0-7864-0141-9&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ resource, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ 80% ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..&lt;ref&gt;Yuichi Arima, [http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/japan-oil.htm The Way to Pearl Harbor: US vs Japan], ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ 118, ᎥᏍᎩᏱ, 2003 (accessed ᎫᏬᏂ 10, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;

atogiyadv ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ climaxed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hull note|ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ]] [[November 26|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26]], [[1941]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ [[Hideki Tojo]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ultimatum|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ]]. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ UK ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ -- ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ. ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ (&quot;[[loss of face|ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ  ᎤᎧᏛ]]&quot;) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ perceived ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ Ꮝ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ posed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪ controlled ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Hirohito]] ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ embargoes ᎠᎴ uncooperation ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Axis Powers|ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]. &lt;ref&gt;''Showa Tenno Ꮭ dokuhaku hachi-jikan'' (ᎯᎠ Showa ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ) (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju, 1990).&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎿ [[September 4|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 4]], [[1941]], ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ Japanese [[Cabinet|ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Imperial General Headquarters|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ:
&lt;blockquote&gt;''ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏫᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ... &lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; ... ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎡᏆ Britain ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ atogiyadv ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ--ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ Britain, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ... ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎦᎬᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ atogiyadv ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Britain ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Japanese ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ===
{{mainarticle|Imperial Japanese Navy}}
[[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|left|thumb|200px|[[Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Japanese ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]]]
[[Image:Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.jpg|thumb|[[Admiral|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ  ᎯᎠ [[Imperial Japanese Navy|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Japanese ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]]]]
ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Andrew Browne Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Cunningham]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ''ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ'' (ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Taranto|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Taranto]]), ᎭᏢᏃ 20 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎠᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ ([[Fairey Swordfish]]) launched ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎩᎵᏏ alenvdidsv ᎾᎾᎢ [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]] ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ [[Naples]]. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] dispatched ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ Italy, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ California, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ iyuwakodi ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ&quot; -— ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch ᎧᎸᎬ Indies]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ''boffins'' ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ.

ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ Japanese ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꭴ.. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Harry Yarnell|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Yarnell]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1932 ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ-ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Hawaii. Yarnell, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ Oahu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ launched 'ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ' ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, 7 ᎧᎦᎵ 1932. ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ aircraft ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᏨᎯ' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 24 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ) ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ stationed ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ dismissed Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ impractical ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.

Yamamoto ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ), ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ.
[[image:japanese.aircraft.carrier.zuikaku.jpg|thumb|200px|Zuikaku]]
[[Image:PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg|right|thumbnail|175px|ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ steamed ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ undetected iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏳᏊ.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[theater (warfare)|ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ]]-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ coordinated ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. Yamamoto ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ utugi uwasv Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ tohi adedi ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ Japanese ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1941, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ factional infighting, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ worthwhile. ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ depended ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ torpedoes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ-launched. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dredged ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ 1941, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ tested ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ utugi uwasv ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Type 95 torpedo|ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 95 ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ inflicted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Japanese ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ technicians ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦyeli igidv nigallisdisgv ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ 14 ᎠᎴ 15 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (356 ᎠᎴ 381 mm) ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ armored alenvdidsv battleships ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (3,000 m), ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ.

ᎾᎿ [[November 26|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26]] [[1941]], ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ [[aircraft carrier|aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]ᎠᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Japanese ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Chuichi Nagumo]] ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ [[Etorofu|Hitokappu ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Kuril Islands|Kuril ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ [[radio|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]] ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Hawaii. [[Image:Nakajima B5N2 green.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Nakajima B5N2 &quot;Kate&quot;.]]ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ: [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|''Akagi'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu|''Hiryu'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga|''ᎧᎦ'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shokaku|''Shokaku'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Soryu|''Soryu'']], ᎠᎴ [[Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku|''Zuikaku'']]. ᏔᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[battleship]], 2 [[heavy cruiser|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]], 1 [[light cruiser|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]], 9 [[destroyer|ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ 3 [[fleet submarine|ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 423 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Mitsubishi Zero|Mitsubishi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 0]] &quot;ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ&quot; [[Fighter aircraft|ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]], [[Nakajima B5N|Nakajima ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 97]] &quot;Kate&quot; [[torpedo bomber|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bomber]], ᎠᎴ [[Aichi D3A|Aichi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 99]] &quot;Val&quot; [[dive bomber|ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bomber]]. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ 8 [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ refueling. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Expeditionary ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 20 [[fleet submarine|ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Ko-hyoteki-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] [[midget submarine|midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ Ꭴ.. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ===
{{main|Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge debate}}
[[Image:Husband Kimmel.jpg|left|thumb|[[Admiral|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] [[Husband E. Kimmel|asgahah aninela E. Kimmel]], ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, Ꭴ.. ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ.]]
[[Image:Battleship row.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|[[Battleship Row|Battleship ᎤᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ  ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.]]
Ꭴ.. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Hawaiian ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hawaii, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ utugi uwasv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hawaii, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ lyadvnehi ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ resisted ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ: anti-aircraft ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ manned, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ, anti-ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ implemented (Ꮭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ), ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ, ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ aircraft ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

Ꭴ.. [[signals intelligence|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]], ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ [[Signal Intelligence Service|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Office of Naval Intelligence|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[OP-20-G]] ᏌᏊᎭ, intercepted Japanese atogiyadv ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese [[cipher|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ tactical ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ confusing, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Japanese ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᎯᎸᏍᎩ, ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Winds Code|ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]]). ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 1941. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏤ dadanetlivysegv Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.
[[Image:Walter Short.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Lieutenant General|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ]] [[Walter Short|Walter C. ᏍᏆᎳᎢ]], ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏂᎦᎥ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.]]
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ-ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ launches ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hawaii ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ posed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ. utugi uwa Ꮎ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (e.g., ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ), ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ unulvngi ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ eligwa igai coverage, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎦᎢ anti-aircraft ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎨᏒᎩ stowed, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ armories. ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ upsetting ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ alenvdidsv (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ).

===ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ===
[[Image:Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese planes prepare.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Japanese bombers ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ  ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.]]
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ 30 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᏤᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎦᏄᏎᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Kichisaburo Nomura]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ [[Saburo Kurusu]], ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Indochina]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ multi-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tokyo]] (encoded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[PURPLE|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]] cryptographic ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ), ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ [[United States Secretary of State|ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ  ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] [[Cordell Hull|Cordell ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ]] ᎾᎾᎢ 1 &lt;small&gt;PM&lt;/small&gt; Washington iyuwakodi (ie, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ decryption ᎠᎴ typing ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᏤᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ unulvngi ᏩᎯᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ (&quot;ᎠᎬᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ Britain ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ... ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ nvwato hiyadv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ&quot;), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ decrypted ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ , ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ typed ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ decrypt ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ decryption ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted Gen. [[George Marshall]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎿ Hawaii Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏩᏅᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ [[Japanese-American|Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, Gen. [[Walter Short|Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎤᎶᏐᏅ decryption ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ), ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ &quot;ᎤᏚᎳᏗ&quot; ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.

Japanese ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎪᏢᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. Ꮎ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏩᏅᎯ Ꭴ.. ᎦᏄᏎᏓ [[Joseph Grew|ᎤᏛᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tokyo ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ.

==ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ==
===ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ===
[[Image:Chuichi Nagumo.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Vice Admiral|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] [[Chuichi Nagumo]], ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.]] 
ᎯᎠ [[First American shots fired in World War II|ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ fired]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ casualties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ USS [[USS Ward|''ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ'']] attacked ᎠᎴ sank [[midget submarine|midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]] ᎾᎾᎢ 06:37 [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone|Hawaiian iyuwakodi]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᏍᎩ [[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Ko-hyoteki ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ [[torpedo|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᏐᏁᎳ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ survivor, [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[prisoner of war|ᎠᎱᏥ  ᏓᏄᏩ]] captured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. [[United States Naval Institute|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ]] photographic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ nadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999 ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᏌᏊ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ fired ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|''USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'']]. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Rodgaard ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., &quot;[http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/Nhrodgaard.htm Pearl Harbor—Attack from Below],&quot; ''ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'', ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1999 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Pearl Harbor bombings map.jpg|left|thumb|300px|ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Japanese approached ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. radar ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ detected ᎠᏂ 136 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (218 km) &lt;!-- ᎠᏅᏬᏗ Lockard ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 136 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 200  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ technician, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.  http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ/radar/lockard3.html --&gt;ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ  ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.]]
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Opana ᎪᏍᏓᏱ [[radar]] ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ detected ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ lyadvnehi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ 6 Ꭴ.. B-17 bombers ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ &quot;ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ&quot; ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ Ꭴ.. aircraft ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ approached ᎦᏙᎯ; ᏌᏊ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, radioed ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ tohi adedi ᎾᎿ. ᏐᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ processed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ forewarnings ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ interpreted ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Japanese achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Philippines ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ 10 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎲ attacked ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ 07:53 [[7 December|7 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ]] [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone|Hawaiian iyuwakodi]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 03:23 &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt; [[December 8|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8]] [[Japan Standard Time|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ iyuwakodi]]. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ attacked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 353 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Oahu. ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bombers ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ 183 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ (ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ) aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ battleships ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bombers attacked ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ Oahu, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Hickam Air Force Base|Hickam ᏠᎨᏏ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ alenvdidsv. ᎯᎠ 170 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ attacked [[Bellows Field|ᏗᏦᏔᏍᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Ford Island|ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏃᎴ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ [[P-36 Hawk|P-36 ᏔᏬᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[P-40 Warhawk]]Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ 25 [[sortie|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] ᎠᏥᎸ.

[[Image:Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese minisub.jpg|right|thumb|300px|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ   midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.]]
ᎯᎠ ansigaya ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ awoke ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ exploding ᎠᎴ cries &quot;ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎾᎿ alenvdidsv, ᎢᏧᎳ're ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ bombed.&quot; ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ locked ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, undispersed aircraft, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Isaac C. Kidd]], ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ [[Franklin Van Valkenburgh|Franklin ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Valkenburgh]], ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|''USS Arizona'']], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ''Arizona'' ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, iyuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏇ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ awarded ᎯᎠ [[Medal of Honor|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ  ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ]]. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ [[Joe Taussig]] ᎤᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ [[USS Nevada (BB-36)|''USS Nevada'']], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ onboard, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. Ꮎ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ [[Mervyn Bennion]], ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'']], tohinusdv ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ansigaya ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ [[USS Tennessee (BB-43)|''USS ᏖᎾᏏ'']], ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ aircraft ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ adatudi ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎠ [[USS Tautog (SS-199)|USS Tautog]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attacker downed. ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Doris Miller|Doris &quot;Dorie&quot; ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ]], [[African-American|African-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'', ᎦᎪ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ [[anti-aircraft gun|anti-aircraft ᎦᎶᏇ]], ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ hitting ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ [[Navy Cross|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, 14 ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ [[Medal of Honor|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ  ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ]]. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]], ᎯᎠ [[Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
[[Image:Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese planes view.jpg|left|300px|thumb|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ exploding ᎾᎾᎯ USS ''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Japanese ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.]]
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ (ᎦᎪᏃ 68 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ anti-aircraft ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ  Honolulu), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ 1,178 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ battleships&lt;ref&gt;Stetson Conn ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, &quot;[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm Chapter 7 - The Attack on Pearl Harbor]&quot; ''ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ'', ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, Washington, D.C., 2000&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ fatalities—1,102 men—were ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|''Arizona'']]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ 40 cm ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ bomber, smashed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮝ ᏔᎵ armored alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ detonated ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎠ ''Arizona'' ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎪᏃ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ.

ᎯᎠ [[USS Nevada (BB-36)|''USS Nevada'']] ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ''Nevada'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ targeted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese bombers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒ underway. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 250 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (113 kg) ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ beached.

ᎯᎠ [[USS California (BB-44)|''USS California'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Arizona ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ. ᎯᎠ disarmed [[USS Utah (BB-31)|''Utah'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ holed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|''USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ [[USS Oklahoma (BB-37)|''USS ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ [[capsize|ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ [[USS Maryland (BB-46)|''USS Maryland'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ 40 cm ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Japanese concentrated ᎾᎿ battleships (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᏙᎠ), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ [[USS Helena (CL-50)|''Helena'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ torpedoed, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ minelayer [[USS Oglala (CM-4)|''USS Oglala'']]. ᏔᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ penetrated ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎫᏍᎬ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ [[USS Raleigh (CL-7)|''Raleigh'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ holed. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ [[USS Honolulu (CL-48)|''USS Honolulu'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ [[USS Cassin (DD-372)|''USS Cassin'']] ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[USS Downes (DD-375)|''USS Downes'']], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ [[USS Vestal (AR-4)|''USS ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ'']], ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Arizona ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ beached. ᎯᎠ seaplane ᏩᎾᎢ [[USS Curtiss (AV-4)|''USS Curtiss'']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 188 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ aircraft ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ 155 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ parked wingtip wingtip ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ  ᏚᏂᎳᏦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ Japanese airmen ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳ submariners ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ 441 ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (350 ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), 29 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ (ᏐᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ 20 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ 74 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ flak ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ gunfire ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᎯᎠ aircraft Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ salvaged.

===Nagumo ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ===
[[Image:Pearlharborcolork13513.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᎯᎠ [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] tsuqagutanvsv ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ  ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Tadashi Kusumi]].]]

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ Nagumo ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ [[Classified information|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ]] ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ usable ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ &lt;!-- nautical or statute miles? --&gt; ᎧᎸᎬ Hawaii ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ utvyolistanvhi ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ battleships. Nagumo ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ forgo ᏦᎢᏁ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ:
* Anti-aircraft ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ Japanese losses ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ alerted. ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utugi uwasv agilyoasdi ᏙᎢ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ losses.
* ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ prepped aircraft ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ iyuwakodi ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Nagumo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ Nagumo.
* ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏜ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ [[shore facility|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ organizing ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ iyuwakodi, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏉ.
[[Image:Pearl Harbor submarine base and adjacent fuel tank farms.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ alenvdidsv (ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ). ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 1941.]]
* ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ logistical ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ risked ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ unacceptably ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ.
* ᎯᎠ timing ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ aircraft ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ techniques ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
* ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ: ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ.
* ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Inland Sea|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] Hawaii. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ Hawaii, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ.
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ&quot;, ᎯᎠ Philippines, ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎧᎸᎬ Indies, Malaya, ᎠᎴ Burma, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Nagumo ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ predicted Ꮎ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, Nagumo ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ agilyoasdi Ꮭ losses ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

===ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ Ꭴ.. losses ᎾᎿ 7 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1941===
ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏯ-26 sank ᎯᎠ ''Cynthia Olson'', Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ [[schooner|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]], ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ San Francisco ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ 35 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.[http://usmmv.com/cynthiaolson.htm]

===ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ===
ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ, ᎤᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ, 1942, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ '''ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ K-1''', ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Midway|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏔᎵ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]]ese [[Kawanishi H8K|H8K ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ]], ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Wotje ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Marshall Islands|Marshall ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]], ᎨᏒᎩ tasked ᎬᏙᏗ [[reconnaissance|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ &quot;ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏍᎪᎯ&quot; ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ refueling en-ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ [[French Frigate Shoals|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ]], 500 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ  &lt;!-- nautical or statute miles? --&gt; (800 km) ᎤᏴᏢ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ hampered ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.

ᎯᏍᎩ Japanese ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ: ''ᎠᏯ-9'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ''ᎠᏯ-19'', ''ᎠᏯ-15'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏯ-26'' refuel ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏯ-23'' ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏯ-23'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏯᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precluded ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ.

==ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ==
===ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ===
[[Image:Franklin Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Japan December 1941.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ  ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.]]
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ([[December 8|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8]], [[1941]] ᎠᏰᎵ iyuwakodi, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ [[international date line|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]), Japanese ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ invaded ᎩᎵᏏ [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya]]. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ Territories [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)|Philippines]], [[Wake Island#1941 .26mdash.3B The Battle of Wake Island|ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], ᎠᎴ [[Battle of Prachuab Khirikhan|Thailand]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ  HMS ''ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ  Wales'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ'']].&lt;ref&gt;Kelley L. Ross, &quot;[http://www.friesian.com/pearl.htm The Pearl Harbor Strike Force]&quot; (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎿ [[December 8|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8]], [[1941]], ᎯᎠ [[United States Congress|Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] [[declaration of war by the United States|ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Jeannette Rankin]] ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outraged ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ. Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ &quot;[[Infamy Speech| ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ]]&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Government of the United States|Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎧᏛ [[war economy|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏗ uniyatolv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Allies|ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ awakened ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᎵᎲᎢ Ꭴ.. ᏂᎬᎢ&quot;, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. Ꭴ.. ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ mobilized, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ Atlantic ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ.

ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ sparked ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Japanese ᎤᎾᎵᎢ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Japanese Americans|ᎠᏁᎲᎢ  Japanese ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ [[Japanese internment in the United States|Japanese internment]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᎧᏂᎩᏛ) ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ DeWitt, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏞᏴᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1942, Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ [[United States Executive Order 9066|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 9066]], ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[Japanese American|Japanese ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]ᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[arrest|ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[internment]].

[[Nazi Germany]] ᎠᎴ Fascist Italy ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎾᎿ [[December 11|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 11]], ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. [[Hitler]] ᎠᎴ Mussolini ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Tripartite Pact|ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ European ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ leadership ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ lyudetiyvda ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1937. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᎾᎥᎢ 1943; ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Rainbow Five|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ]]&quot; ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ [[New Deal|ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ]], ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Chicago Tribune|Chicago ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]. Hitler ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ focused ᎾᎿ European ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ contributed. Hitler ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ underestimated ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ [[Lend Lease|adatolasdodi adatolasdv]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi [[Operation Barbarossa|ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ Barbarossa]] ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ collaboration ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Eurasia]]. ᎾᎪᎲᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ enraged ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European theatre ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ theatre ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ; ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ Americans—and ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ them—undermined cooperative ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Soviet ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ' ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ.

[[Image:Image-Uss utah bb capsizing.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[USS Utah (AG-16)|USS ''Utah'']] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ  [[torpedo|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.]]ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Roosevelt ᎠᏑᏰᏛ investigating [[Roberts Commission|ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]], ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꭴ.. ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Owen Josephus Roberts|Owen Roberts]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Husband E. Kimmel|asgahah aninela E. Kimmel]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ [[Walter Short|Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Hawaii, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ 'ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Roberts ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ evaluation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ. ᎾᎿ [[May 25|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 25]], [[1999]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Hawaii ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ tactical ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ exceeded ᎯᎠ utugi dunvsv Ꮝ planners. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ [[Battle of Taranto|ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Italian ᎤᏤᎵ Taranto ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ alenvdidsv]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ devastating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ inflicted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ neutralising ᎯᎠ Italian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ losses ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Japanese ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Philippines, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific War|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia, ᎯᎠ Southwest ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Indian Ocean|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ WWII, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ [[Attacks on United States territory in North America during World War II|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Philippine ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ.)

===Japanese ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ===
ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Japanese ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Yamamoto ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎾᏛᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ botched timing ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, &quot;[[Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote|ᎠᏯ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ awakened  ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]]&quot; . ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ uttered ᎾᎥᎢ Yamamoto, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Ꮎ &quot;ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ … ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ utugi gvsv ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Isoroku Yamamoto Shigeharu Matsumoto (Japanese ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ Fumimaro Kondoye (Japanese ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ), ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᏬᎭᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ : ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Ronald Spector (ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, 1985).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[image: JapanPropaganda.jpg|300 px|thumb|left|Japanese propaganda caricature map from around 1941, depicting a U.S blockade of Japan from the [[Philippines]] (then a U.S. possession)]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Japanese ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ Japanese ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ anti-Ꭴ.. ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ dismayed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese admired, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ territories ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accepted ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1945. &lt;ref&gt;Robert Guillain, ''ᎠᏯ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ Tokyo ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ: ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ Hiroshima'' (J. ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, 1981). ISBN 0-7195-3862-9&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎬᎾᏕᎾ leadership ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ iyuwakodi ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1942, Saburo Kurusu, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Japanese ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ inevitability ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Saburo Kurusu,

[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/421126a.html Historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia], ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, Tokyo, ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26, 1942 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ Washington ᎤᏤᎵ longstanding ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Kurusu, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Gentlemen's Agreement|San Francisco ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' racist ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ Japanese ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ&quot; [[scrap metal|ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Hull note|ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utugi uwasv.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ &quot;pushed&quot; ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ &quot;ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ&quot; ᎠᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ &lt;ref&gt;Haruko ᏔᏯ &amp; Theodore F. ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ, ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'' (ᎢᏤ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ; ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, 1993). ISBN 1-56584-039-9&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ''[[Japan Times|ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi]]'', ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (Asahi Shimbun), ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 2000s Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ Kurusu ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.&lt;ref&gt;Charles Burress, &quot;[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?eo20010719a2.htm Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor],&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi'', ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 19, 2001 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005);&lt;/ref&gt; ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ Ꭴ.. servicemen ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ Japanese ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Hiroaki Sato, &quot;[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20010625hs.htm The View From New York: Debunking America's 'Good War' myth],&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi'', ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 25, 2001 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005);&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ perceived inevitability ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ tactical ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ utvyolistanvhi flawed ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ columnist ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ:
&lt;blockquote&gt;ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ tactic, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ flawed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Burritt Sabin, &quot;[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?fl20040208x3.htm The War's Leagacy: Dawn of a tragic era],&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi'', ᎧᎦᎵ 8, 2004 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[Image:Hideki Tojo.jpg|thumb|right|140px|[[Prime Minister of Japan|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ  ᎠᏰᎵ]] [[Hideki Tojo]]]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991, ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ [[declaration of war|ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ  ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 &lt;small&gt;PM&lt;/small&gt; Washington iyuwakodi, 25 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;14-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ apologized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Prime Minister of Japan|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ  ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ [[Hideki Tojo]] ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ
&lt;blockquote&gt;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ achieving ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ==
[[Image:Memorial Service PH.jpg|thumb|175px|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ansigaya ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ NAS Kaneohe.]]
[[Image:Attack on Pearl Harbor US Propaganda.jpg|thumb|175px|Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ.]]
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ [[victory disease|ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ perceived ᏩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ victories. ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ devastating ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|''Arizona'']], [[USS Oklahoma (BB-37)|''ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ'']], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ battleship [[USS Utah (BB-31)|''Utah'']] (ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ); ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᏣᏘ usable ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''Arizona''. ᎦᎨᏛ casualties ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ''Arizona'''ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ exploding ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ'' capsizing. ᏅᎩ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships [[USS California (BB-44)|''California'']], [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'']] ᎠᎴ [[USS Nevada (BB-36)|''Nevada'']]. ''California'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia'' ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, enabling ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ battleships ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ refitted, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outdated ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ anti-ᎦᏚᎢ 5&quot; ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ turreted DP ᏗᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Japanese ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ [[USS Cassin (DD-372)|''Cassin'']] ᎠᎴ [[USS Downes (DD-375)|''Downes'']] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ''Shaw'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ 22 Japanese ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ survived ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[USCGC Taney|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ''Taney'']].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[blunder|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Yamamoto, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎲ predicted Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Japanese ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[aircraft carrier|aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]stationed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ: ''[[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ''[[USS Lexington (CV-2)|Lexington]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ''[[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|Saratoga]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Diego ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard|Puget ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ Shipyard]]. ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. battleships atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ regarded—in ᎢᏧᎳ Navies ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ worldwide—as ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Japanese.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꮝ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ battleships ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ submarines—and ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏲᏨ Japanese ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎵ battleships ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, Yamamoto hoarded ᎤᏤᎵ battleships ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᏝ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏗᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ, ᎯᎠ [[Submarine Base|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ alenvdidsv]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ standstill ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ, immobilizing ᎦᎨᏛ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ cryptanalytic ᏌᏊᎭ, [[Station Hypo|ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ Hypo]].

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ==
ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ-ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꭴ.. aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ  ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ Germany, Italy, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ, contributing ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 1945. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Germany]] declaring ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
[[Image:Bullet holes at headquarters building of Hickam Air Force Base.jpg|thumb|left|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ Hickam ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ alenvdidsv, ᏙᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ [[Winston Churchill]], ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ: &quot;ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| first=Winston| last=Churchill| title=The Second World War, Vol. 3| pages=539}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Ꭴ.. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ atogiyadv ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ [[aircraft carrier|aircraft ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, replacing ᎯᎠ [[battleship]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ iyuwakodi ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of the Coral Sea|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Battle of Midway|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ]], Ꮎ ᎪᎯ breakthrough ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.

==Mythical ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ==
ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[War of 1812|ᏓᏄᏩ  1812]] ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎿ Ꮝ [[homeland|ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ mythical ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[September 11, 2001 attacks|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ: ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[The Pentagon|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ.

== Cultural ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ==

[[Image:PropagandaHitlerTojo.jpg|thumb|140px|right|Anti-Japanese ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ subsidized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ  [[propaganda|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]] ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ racial [[stereotype|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]. ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ [[Adolf Hitler]] ᎠᎴ [[Hideki Tojo]]  ᎯᎠ [[Axis Powers|ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]]]
{{main article|Anti-Japanese sentiment}}
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, fueled [[anti-Japanese sentiment|anti-Japanese ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ]]. [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Japanese-Americans|Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Asia]]ns ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ [[human physical appearance|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ nadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ underhanded ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ &quot;ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;sneaky ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[Fifth column|ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎧᎦᎵ 19, 1942 ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[Japanese American internment|Japanese ᏴᏩᏁᎬ internment]], ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ&quot;, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Japanese American internment|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Japanese Canadian internment|Canada]].

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ-Japanese ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Tora! Tora! Tora!|''Tora! Tora! Tora!'']] (1970), ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Pearl Harbor (film)|''ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ'']] (2001) ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ Japanese ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.

==ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Awarded ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm Medal of Honor Citations], Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Mervyn S. Bennion|Mervyn . Bennion]] *
*[[John William Finn|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ William Finn]]
*[[Francis C. Flaherty]] *
*[[Samuel G. Fuqua]]
*[[Edwin J. Hill|Edwin J. ᎦᏚᏏ]] *
*[[Herbert C. Jones]] *
*[[Isaac C. Kidd]] *
*[[Jackson C. Pharris]]
*[[Thomas J. Reeves]] *
*[[Donald K. Ross]]
*[[Robert R. Scott]] *
*[[Peter Tomich]] *
*[[Franklin van Valkenburgh|Franklin ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Valkenburgh]] *
*[[James R. Ward|James R. ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ]] *
*[[Cassin Young|Cassin ᎠᏲᎵ]]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Pearl Harbor|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ]]
* [[Attacks on North America during World War II|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]]
* [[Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor (book)]]
* [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge debate|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] 
* [[List of United States Navy losses in World War II|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ losses ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
#Kiroku Hanai &quot;[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20040928kh.htm U.S. War Conduct: No sense of proportionality],&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi'', ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 28, 2004 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005);
#Gregory Clark, &quot;[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20050415gc.htm Shedding imposed war guilt],&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ itsuwakodi'', ᎫᏬᏂ 15, 2005 (accessed ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10, 2005).
#[[McCollum memo]] Roosevelt ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1940 (declassified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1994) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [[Gordon W. Prange]], ''ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎸᏅᎩ'' (McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, 1981), ''ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ: ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'' (McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, 1986), ᎠᎴ ''ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 7, 1941: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ Japanese Attacked ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ'' (McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, 1988). ᎪᎯ monumental trilogy, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ Donald M. Goldstein ᎠᎴ Katherine V. Dillon, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
* [[Walter Lord|Walter ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ''ᎢᎦ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ'' (Henry ᎦᎪᏘ, 1957) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ anecdotal, re-ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.
* W. J. Holmes, ''ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ: Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ'' (ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ, 1979) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Holmes' ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
* Michael V. Gannon, ''ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ Betrayed'' (Henry ᎦᎪᏘ, 2001) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
* Frederick D. Parker, ''[http://www.history.navy.mil/books/comint/ Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941]'' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Cryptologic ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, 1994) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ intercepted ᎠᎴ decrypted Japanese tsunadatvgotanv ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏓᎬᎾ.
* Henry C. Clausen ᎠᎴ Bruce ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ''ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ: ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ'', (HarperCollins, 2001), ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ &quot;[[Clausen Inquiry|Clausen ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]&quot; undertaken ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ [[Stimson]].
* Robert . Theobald, ''ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ'' (Devin-Adair Pub, 1954) ISBN 0-8159-5503-0 ISBN 0-317-65928-6 ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[William F. Halsey, Jr.]]
* [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer|Albert C. Wedemeyer]], ''Wedemeyer ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ!'' (Henry ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, 1958) ISBN 0-89275-011-1 ISBN 0-8159-7216-4
* [[Hamilton Fish|Hamilton ᎠᏣᏗ]], ''ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: FDR ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ'' (Devin-Adair Pub, 1983) ISBN 0-8159-6917-1
* ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Toland, ''ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ: ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏥᏍᏚ'' (Berkley Reissue ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, 1986 ISBN 0-425-09040-X) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ utugi uwasv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
* [[Robert Stinnett]], ''[http://www.pearlharbor41.com/ Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor]'' (ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1999) ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Kimmel ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ. ISBN 0-7432-0129-9
* [[Edward L. Beach|Edward L. ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]], ''ᎠᏥᏓᏁᎸ: ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Kimmel ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ''ISBN 1-55750-059-2
*ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Krepinevich, [http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/Archive/R.20020225.Lighting_the_Path_/R.20020225.Lighting_the_Path_.pdf] {{PDFlink}} ''(ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Budgetary ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ)'' ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Yarnell ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ.
* Roberta Wohlstetter, ''ᏓᎬᎾ Harbour: ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ'', (Stanford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ: 1962). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ Harbour. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ &quot;ᎤᏃᏴᎬ&quot; ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
* ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Hughes-Wilson, ''ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᏗ-Ups''. ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, 1999 (ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ 2004). ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ insightful ayatolv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ broader overview ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ.
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.archive.org/download/NewsPara1942/NewsPara1942.avi Video of first Newsreel from December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor]
* [http://www.umkc.edu/lib/spec-col/ww2/PearlHarbor/fdr-speech.htm Roosevelt's Day Of Infamy Speech] Audio ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Roosevelt ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm U.S. Naval Historical Center] &quot;ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ: Overview ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ&quot;
** [http://www.usni.org/resources/pearlharbor/pearlharbor.htm Naval Institute Special Collections: Pearl Harbor] — ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ
** [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm Guarding The United States And Its Outposts] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-9.htm &quot;Where were the Carriers, 7 December 1941?&quot;]
* [http://www.pearlharborattacked.com/cgi-bin/ikonboard4/ikonboard.cgi &quot;Pearl Harbor Attacked&quot; Message Board] — ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ featuring ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ&lt;br&gt; – ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ &quot;ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ&quot; ᏗᏒᏓᎷᎦ
** [http://ibiblio.org/pha/pha Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings]&lt;br&gt;7,000 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ.
** [http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=17 WW2DB: Attack on Pearl Harbor] - 7 Dec 1941
* [http://www.thenewamerican.com/focus/military/pearl_senate_vote.htm Pearl Harbor Lessons Learned:] ''ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Kimmel ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ'' (ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 6, 1999)
** [http://www.thenewamerican.com/departments/feature/1999/070499.htm Hawaii was surprised; Washington was not]
** [http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-9.htm IJN submarine I-9:] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ
** [http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~mweiner/sem2005.htm Japan Studies Institute 2005] ᎾᎾᎢ [[San Diego State University|San Diego ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
** [http://www.pearlharbor.org PearlHarbor.org] — ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎴ Dorie ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
* [http://www.independent.org/events/transcript.asp?eventID=28 A Setup from the Beginning] ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Robert B. Stinnett]],&lt;br&gt; ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&amp;pid=412217&amp;agid=2&amp;aid=149736 ''Day of Deceit, the Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor'']
* [http://members.aol.com/apollo711/war/pearl.html Did FDR Know?]
** [http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm Order of battle]
** [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/EastWind/index.html Pearl Harbor Attack at HyperWar]
** [http://www.worldwar2history.info/Pearl-Harbor/ World War II History Info – Pearl Harbor]
* [http://starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html War comes to Hawaii] ''Honolulu ᏃᏈᏏ-ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ'', ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. 13, 1999
** [http://starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/indext.html War comes to Hawaii] ''Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ''
** [http://starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html Timeline:] ''ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, nvwatohiyadv, ᎪᎯᏳᎯ'', Honolulu ᏃᏈᏏ-ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ
* [http://www.thepearlharborarchive.com The Pearl Harbor Newspaper Articles Archive] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40,000 searchable ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ arcticles ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ

{{World War II}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia-2|2006-01-12|Pearl_Harbor(part1of2).ogg|Pearl_Harbor(part2of2).ogg|}}

{{featured article}}

{{coor title dm|21|22|N|157|57|W|}}

[[Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Battles of Japan|Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Battles of the United States|Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:History of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Japanese American history]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States 1900-1999]]
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Pacific Campaign|Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Ship fires|Pearl Harbor attack]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks|Pearl Harbor attack]]

{{Link FA|pt}}

[[ca:Atac a Pearl Harbor]]
[[cs:Útok na Pearl Harbor]]
[[da:Angrebet på Pearl Harbor]]
[[de:Angriff auf Pearl Harbor]]
[[en:Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
[[es:Ataque a Pearl Harbor]]
[[fi:Hyökkäys Pearl Harboriin]]
[[fr:Attaque sur Pearl Harbor]]
[[gl:Ataque a Pearl Harbor]]
[[he:המתקפה על פרל הארבור]]
[[hr:Napad na Pearl Harbor]]
[[hu:Pearl Harbor-i csata]]
[[id:Pengeboman Pearl Harbor]]
[[it:Attacco di Pearl Harbor]]
[[ja:真珠湾攻撃]]
[[ko:진주만 공격]]
[[lb:Ugrëff op Pearl Harbor]]
[[ms:Serangan Pearl Harbor]]
[[nl:Aanval op Pearl Harbor]]
[[no:Angrepet på Pearl Harbor]]
[[pl:Japoński atak na Pearl Harbor]]
[[pt:Ataque a Pearl Harbor]]
[[sv:Attacken mot Pearl Harbor]]
[[th:สงครามอ่าวเพิร์ลฮาร์เบอร์]]
[[tr:Pearl Harbor saldırısı]]
[[zh:珍珠港事件]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:LUCPOL</title>
    <id>2426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8330</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-08T16:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LUCPOL</username>
        <id>115</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Crystal 128 ksmiletris.png|50px]]
[[pl:Wikipedysta:LUCPOL]]
[[en:User:LUCPOL]]
[[ru:Участник:LUCPOL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:R. Koot</title>
    <id>2429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8342</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-17T14:40:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Koot</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bio</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Rudy Koot''' (born [[January 6]], [[1986]] in [[Nieuwegein]], the [[Netherlands]]) is a student in [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]] at [[Utrecht University]].

[[en:User:R. Koot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode</title>
    <id>2430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9305</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-26T22:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Koot</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Wikipedia:Unicode]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Unicode]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Diagraph01</title>
    <id>2431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8363</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-25T17:06:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diagraph01</username>
        <id>49</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">* If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :)
----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Etse</title>
    <id>2432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8387</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-19T07:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>147.8.201.165</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== trust on Wikipedia ==

Hi I got your contact from meta's embassy. :)  This is [http://hku.hk/cathyma Cathy]  from Hong Kong working on a research about trust on Wikipedia.  I wonder if you would kindly contact me at researchingmedia@gmail.com?   I'd like to chat with you about Wikipedia of your language.  Would you kindly drop me your email or IM (Skype, MSN, AIM or ICQ)?  It wouldn't take more than ten minutes, but it would help enormous for us to understand the overall trust-based social landscape of Wikipedia.  Thank you!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Unicode</title>
    <id>2537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8590</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-03T06:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>172.128.234.129</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unless I'm missing something, there should be a Jalagi unicode page, so this one should remain.

Obviously, there is information needed about Unicode, in the general community of those who compute and are interested in the Cherokee language.

There could be:

1. a description of the Unicode characters that represent Cherokee

2. what is the least-terrible method to enter the syllabary via keyboard

3. if there are more than one unicode Cherokee screen fonts, how they compare. I'm using one right now (Linux Fedora Core 4) that surprised me by showing it at all, but does a bad job on LA, for example (it should be a straight-up &quot;W&quot;).

4. Transliteration utilities if existing to move between the Ssiqoya character set and romanized versions, in both directions. If no good ones exist, I plan to write programs to do this. Also, sooner or later, there must be methods to go between unicode encoding and the official CNO encoding (unless that policy of CNO gets changed).

5. Other topics and means discussed -- how to lessen the unavoidably high burden of those who might have something to contribute.

I am relatively new to Wikipedia AND to Wiki-qui-diya, and therefore don't know how to sign things properly, and don't have time right now to make an account. So, with apology for any protocol violation, I am rdflowers@flowerscomputing.com.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Ayyavazhi</title>
    <id>2538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8598</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-05T20:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>61.1.210.241</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please do any modifications here if needed. But dont delete this article. It is a translated article of [[:en:Ayyavazhi]] from English Wikipedia. - [[User:61.1.210.241|61.1.210.241]] 20:34, 5 July 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ayyavazhi</title>
    <id>2539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9329</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-28T18:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[ja:アイヤーヴァリ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Ayyavazhi}}
'''Ayyavazhi''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:[[:ta:அய்யாவழி|அய்யாவழி]]&quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ&quot;), [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[monism|monistic]] ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South India|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ India]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.&lt;ref&gt;ᎯᎠ 'zhi' (ழி)  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ, 'Ayyavazhi', ᎨᏒᎢ [[retroflex]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ [[transliteration|transliterated]] ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[National Library at Calcutta romanization|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Calcutta romanization]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ayyava&lt;u&gt;l&lt;/u&gt;ᎠᏯ'''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyavazhi ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Indian government|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮝ followers ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 120,121. &lt;/ref&gt; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Ꮝ followers ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Hinduism]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India]]. 

ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi followers ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ &lt;ref&gt; V.T. Chellam ᎤᏤᎵ ''Thamizhaka Varalarum Panpadum'' ᎠᏯayatolv 12, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 493 ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ  &quot;Vaikunda Samikal'' (1810 - 1851) &quot; ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 11  &quot;Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ originated&quot;. &lt;/ref&gt; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ&lt;ref&gt; ''G.Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 91 &quot;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ nineteenth Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, AV ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ recognisable ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ phenomenon , ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tiruvitankur ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Tirunelveli.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Samuel Mateer, ''[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZGlzKB4S8NQC&amp;dq=Samuel+Mateer,+The+Land+of+Charity&amp;ots=yyUQ78KIQY&amp;sig=7ZfAdI3aGuMZhqWNEffHA_7aYTM&amp;prev=http://www.google.co.in/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DSamuel%2BMateer%252C%2BThe%2BLand%2Bof%2BCharity%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch%26meta%3D&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=print&amp;ct=result&amp;cd=1&amp;q=Samuel%20Mateer,%20The%20Land%20of%20Charity&amp;pgis=1 The Land of Charity]'', ''[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/8120603192/104-2304026-1297535?v=glance&amp;n=283155]'' ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 222 - 223, &quot;ᎪᎯ singular ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ defence ᎠᎴ propagation&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; faculties too recognise Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ practiced ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu too, &lt;ref&gt; V.T. Chellam ᎤᏤᎵ ''Thamizhaka Varalarum Panpadum'' ᎠᏯayatolv 12, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 494 ''&quot;ᎯᎠ refined ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikunda Samikal ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Thiruvithancore ᎠᎴ Tamil Nadu.&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tirunelveli]] ᎠᎴ [[Tuticorin]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ayyavazi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-[[19th century|19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]. &lt;ref&gt; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ LMS ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ [[Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries|Ayyavazhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ '''''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'''''. &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts ''[[Akilattirattu Ammanai]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Arul Nool]]''. 

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ  [[Ayya Vaikundar]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] [[avatar]] [[Trimurthi]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ayyavazhi shares ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ mythology ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ concepts &quot;ᎣᏍᏛ vs ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot;, Dharma ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

==Origins Ayyavazhi==

Origins ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''Ayyavazhi'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ implications ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ theories ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: 

*'''ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ''' - ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ-tamil ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ''Ayya'' (ᎠᏓᏙᏓ)  + ''vazhi'' (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ). ᎪᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tamil ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ commonly ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '[[ayya]]' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ''''ᎬᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ''''. 

[[Image:Mulastha.jpg|165px|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ [[Palliyarai]]  [[Swamithoppe]] [[pathi]].]]
*'''ᎯᎠ ultimate ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ''' - ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''Ayya'' (ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) + ''vazhi'' (ᎯᎠ ultimate ᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ usage ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ. 

*'''ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi Guru''' - ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tamil ''Ayya'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ([[Guru]]) + ''vazhi'' (ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi - ''vazhibadu'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil). 

*'''ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ attaining ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ''' - ''Ayya'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ) + ''vazhi'' (ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ unify) &lt;ref&gt; Arisundara Mani ᎤᏤᎵ ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'' ᎠᏯayatolv 1, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 4. &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ synonymous versions ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ restricted ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ usage ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''''Ayya'''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, guru, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod, ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, preceptor ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''''vazhi'''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, acourse ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, mode, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, antiquity, succession, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{{main|History of Ayyavazhi}}
Ayyavazhi ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ [[Ayya Vaikundar]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ marginalised ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 90 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries ᎾᏍᎩ posed ᎡᏆ challenge ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ proselytising ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ inception.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 91 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ followers ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Chanar]] ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ castes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 91 ''&quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ 'casts' too ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ nineteenth Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Ayyavazhi ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, albeit ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Travancore]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Tirunelveli]]. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrick, ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'' ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, University Madras, ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 91: ''&quot;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ nineteenth Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, AV (abbrevation Ayyavazhi) ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ recognisable ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ phenomenon, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tiruvitankur (Travancore) ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Tirunelveli. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ LMS ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᏌᏊ gathers ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ꮎ AV ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ spreading ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ 'ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ' ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏎᏍᏗ followers ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ significantly ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1840s. &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 92 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' ᎠᎴ ''Arul Nool''. ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ [[Citars]], ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ deciples Ayya Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ descendants travelled ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Ayyavazhi.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 120 ''&quot;Vaikunda cami ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ associates ᎠᎴ propagate ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Payyan dynasty]] ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Swamithoppe]] [[pathi]],&lt;ref&gt; N. Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 ''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'' ᎠᏯayatolv 4, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 21 ''&quot;ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Gurus ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Vaikuntar ᎤᏤᎵ gurukulam. ᎯᎠ Gurus ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ descendants Guru Podukutti.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ Pathis ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ followers Ayya.&lt;ref&gt; N. Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanathi Elango 1997, '''''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ''''' ᎠᏯayatolv 8, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 41 44 (ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ). &lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ [[Nizhal Thangals]] (ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[Bala Prajapathi Adikalar]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ descendant Payyan dynasty.&lt;ref&gt; N. Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 ''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'' ᎠᏯayatolv 4, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 21-22 ''&quot;ᎯᎠ Gurus ᎠᎴ Payyan Chella Raj, Bala Prajapathi, Bala Janathipathi, Balalokathipathi, Payyan Sami, Thangapandian ᎠᎴ Sekar ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏲᎵ. Bala Prajapathi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ.&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ foundations ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ Nizhal Thangals.&lt;ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. N. Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanathi Elango 1997, '''''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ''''' ᎠᏯayatolv 4, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 22, ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ nizhal thangals.&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ incarnation Vaikundar, [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ [[Tirunelveli]] ᎠᎴ [[Tuticorin]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ [[Kanyakumari]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

==Scriptures ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ==
[[Image:Swamithoppe_pathi_.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Swamithoppe]] [[Pathi]], headquarters  Ayyavazhi.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Arul Nool]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[Ayyavazhi mythology|ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ mythology]]. Ayyavazhi ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Hari Gopalan Citar]] &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 118-119 ''&quot;ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏰᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ commissioned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 'ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ Akilam ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Narayana]] ᎤᏤᎵ consort [[Lakshmi]].&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 119 ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ Vishnu ᎨᏒᎢ narrating ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ consort Leksmi&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ origin Arul Nool; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Citars]] ᎠᎴ Arulalarkal (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ possessed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ).&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 119 ''&quot;Arulnul, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ supplementary (tunainul) Akilattirattu, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ literatures composed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ arulalarkal (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ 'ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ divinised' ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ unknown. &quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ prayers, [[hymn]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, [[rituals]], [[prophesies]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.  

ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi devotees, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Pathi]], ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;[[Panchappathis]]&quot; ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 117 ''&quot; ᎯᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ patikal ᎠᎴ belived ᎤᎭ emerged ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi Vaikuntacami. &quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ [[Thalaimaippathi|Swamithoppepathi]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; N. Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 ''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'' ᎠᏯayatolv 8, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 41 ''&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Pathi ᎨᏒᎢ Swamithoppu ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ Ayyavazhi. &quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ [[Vakaippathi]], ᎭᏢᏃ 700 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ [[Thuvayal Thavasu]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Vaikundar]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accredited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Pathi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilam]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ site ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ activities Muthukutty.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 117 ''&quot; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ Vakaipati ᎭᏢᏃ tuvaiyal tavacu ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ &quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ disagreement ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ holiness ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[Avatharappathi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Thiruchendur]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''Akilam'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ Ayya Vaikundar incarnated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ disagree ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ devotees.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Thiruchendur ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ secondary ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ site. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Pathis ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters Ayyavazhi ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Avatharappathi.&lt;ref&gt; N.Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanthi Elango, ''Ayya Vaikuntar ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 8, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 41 (Panchappathi) &lt;/ref&gt;

==Symbolism==
[[Image:Sahas-1.jpg|160px|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ aerial ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  [[Sahasrara]], symbolised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''''Lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ Namam'''']]
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,008 petalled [[nelumbo|lotus]] ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ  ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ-shaped ᎤᏁᎬ 'Namam'. &lt;ref&gt; Arisundara Mani ᎤᏤᎵ ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'' (ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ) ᎤᏆᏓᏛ XII ''&quot; Athara thana vilakka attavanai &quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ lotus ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ 1,008-petalled ''[[Sahasrara]]'' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''Ladam'' ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Namam ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ''Aanma Jyothi'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]'', sometimes translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎣᏩᏒ&quot;. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Thirunamam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ secondary scriptures, [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] &lt;ref&gt;Akilam15:39 &quot;Petti ceelai Uduthu Periya '''Thirunama''' Pottumittu&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ [[Arul Nool]].&lt;ref&gt;Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. (ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ: N.Vivekanandan ᎤᏤᎵ Arul Nool - Moolamum Uraiyum, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 62 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, 'Lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ Namam', ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ scriptures. ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ legends ᎪᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ forties ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.&lt;ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ther ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ Bala Prajapathi Adikalar ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ traditions ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ lyudetiyvda ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ sumbolism. &lt;/ref&gt;

== ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers ==
&lt;!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Swamithoppe.jpg|right|thumb|[[Swamithoppe]] [[pathi]], the religious head quarters of Ayyavazhi]] --&gt;
ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎪᏢᏅ ''[[Pathis]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Nizhal Thangals]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centres ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ propagation ᎯᎠ beliefs ᎠᎴ practices Ayyavazhi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500 ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[South India|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ India]].&lt;ref&gt; N.Elango &amp; Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 ''Ayya Vaikuntar - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'', ᎠᏯayatolv - 9, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 53,  ''&quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500 nizhal thangals ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ India.&quot;'' ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1997 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 7000. &lt;/ref&gt; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ organised ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, [[Swamithoppepathi]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, religiously ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ officially, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᏂᎦᏛ.

=== Pathis ===
Pathis ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ centres congregational ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ structures ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ significance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎨᏒᎩ historically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ. 

===Nizhal Thangals===
{{main|Nizhal Thangal}}
[[Nizhal Thangal]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ structures ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centers education ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ shelter ᎨᏒᎩ offered ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[Vaikundar]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'' ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 118.  Vaikuntacami ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nilaltankalkal ᎾᎾᎢ Chettykudiyirrupu, Agastisvaram, Palur, Chundavilai, Vadalivilai, Kadampankulam ᎠᎴ Pampankulam.  &lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ activities ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers.&lt;ref&gt; G.Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'' ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 118. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ activities ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers. &lt;/ref&gt;

==Beliefs==
[[Image:Lotus with Soal.jpg|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ [[Symbol of Ayyavazhi|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  Ayyavazhi]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]]
ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ [[reincarnation]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Dharma Yukam]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[caste system|caste ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]].&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 114 ''&quot; ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Akilattirattu ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, 'ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚ castes ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ demons ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ', 'ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ discriminate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ powreful ᎠᎴ powerless', 'ᎯᎠ caste ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ', ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏗ indoctrination ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ inequalities Castes.&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ''[[murti]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ayya Vaikundar ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ focus ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ non-anthropomorphic ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Nizhal Thangal]]).&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 103 &lt;/ref&gt; 

ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ Hindu sects Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ non-anthropomorphic symbols. [[Shaivism]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[linga]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Vaishnavism]] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[saligrama]]. Similarly, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ [[Elunetru]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾnanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Palliyarai]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ Elunetru ᎤᏤᎵ alternative ᏚᏙᎥ, ''Asanam'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᏗ.&quot; 

Ayyavazhi beliefs ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ [[Smartism]] ᎠᎴ [[Advaita Vedanta]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beleifs ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Trimurthi. ᏯᏛᎾ, Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], ᎠᎴ [[Siva]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ aspects ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Ayyavazhi and Hinduism|Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ Hinduism]]). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ beliefs [[Akilattirattu]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[Dvaita]] ᎠᎴ [[Vishishtadvaita]], Ayyavazhi endorses ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[The Ultimate Oneness|Ultimate Oneness]]. &lt;ref&gt; Akilam10:664 (Thiruvasakam - 2) .&lt;/ref&gt;

Followers Ayyavazhi ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ Hindus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ, [[Kroni]], ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ manifests ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Ravana]] ᎠᎴ [[Duryodhana]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ages ᎠᎴ [[yuga]]. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Vishnu]], becomes incarnate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[avatars]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ [[Ayya Vaikundar]], ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ foremost ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.&lt;ref&gt; Akilam10:(Thiruvasakam - 2) ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ: Akilathirattu Ammanai ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ P. Thangaiyah Nadar, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 225 .&lt;/ref&gt;

Kroni, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ [[Kali Yuga]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ omnipresent ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Hindus, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ yuga, Kali Yuga, ᎨᏒᎢ decadent. &lt;ref&gt; ''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ transform ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ tarmayukam ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ'' - Akilam ᏌᏊ - 1:108,109  &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Anna Dharmam]] (offerings ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏏᏅᏙ.  &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 118 &quot;ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ activities ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers.&quot;  &lt;/ref&gt;

==Santror - ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ==
{{Main|The Santror}}
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Ayyavazhi legends, [[the Santror|ᎯᎠ Santror]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ayyavazhi.&lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 151 &quot;Canror (Santror)ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ AV (Ayyavazhi)&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ connotation. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 151 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers emphasise ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.&lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 151 ''&quot;ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ theologians AV emphasis ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ayyavazhi. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ occurs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ connotation.&lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 152 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[Chanar]]. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 152 &lt;/ref&gt; 

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[The Santror|ᎯᎠ Santror]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ fist inhabitants ᎯᎠ [[Kali Yukam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilam]], ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Nadar(caste)|Nadar]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ castes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ Tamil Nadu. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Chanar ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Arabs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;Al Hind&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Biblical ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏴᏫ ᎯᏍᎩ Rivers&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ scattered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ-ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. &lt;ref&gt; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ site [http://nadar.kuttyjapan.com/nadar-who-are-they.asp nadar.kuttyjapan.com] ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ extracts ᎢᎬᏱ historians ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Herodotus.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dharmic ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ universe Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[Dharma]] ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ levels ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ: ᏌᏊ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ '[[righteousness]]', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ 'ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ' ᎠᎴ [[almsgiving]]'. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, Ayyavazhi asserts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[avatar]] [[Vaikundar]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ Dharma ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ destroying ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ [[Kaliyan]]. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ detached ᎯᎠ caste identities ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ [[Kali Yukam]]. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, ''&quot; ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ-shaking devils ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚ castes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ&quot;''- [[Akilam]]-9:817.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ listening ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ [[Vaikundar]], realised Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ Kali, ᎠᏯ.e., [[Kroni]]  ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ withdrawn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. Transposed ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ &quot; protecting ᎠᎴ salvaging ᎯᎠ lowly, ᎯᎠ oppressed&quot;. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Vinchai to Vaikundar|Vinchai]] ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, ''&quot;uplift ᎯᎠ lowely ᎨᏒᎢ dharmam&quot;''.[[Akilam]]-10:198. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sociology, doctrine dharma ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ almsgiving. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ exhorted ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ discriminating ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ beneficiaries. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, Swami [[Vivekananda]] ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Ayyavazhi dharma ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Poulose ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ''Advaita ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Brahmashri Chattampi Swamikal'' ([[Ayyavazhi Publications|Ayyavazhi ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ]]), ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ Atmanada Swamikal ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ [[Ayya Vaikundar]] ᎠᎴ Atmanada Swamikal ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ Marmavidya ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sidha vidya ᎠᎴ ghecherividya (Chinmudra) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ Atmanada Swamikal ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ vidyas ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ, Sri [[Chattampi Swamikal]]. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Swami Vivekananda ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ernakulam, Sri Chattampi Swamikal ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎪᎯ Chinmudra ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ==
{{main|Ayyavazhi Trinity}}
[[Image:Incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar.jpg|thumb|right|275 px|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi]]
ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ [[monism|monistic]] religions. &lt;ref&gt; V.T. Chellam ᎤᏤᎵ ''Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum'', ᎠᏯayatolv 12, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 493 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Ekam, ᎯᎠ ultimate Oneness ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ oneness Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ [[Sivam]] ᎠᎴ [[Sakthi]] ᎠᎴ [[Three godheads (Ayyavazhi)|ᏦᎢ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ]], [[Sivan]], [[Three godheads (Ayyavazhi)|Vethan]] ᎠᎴ [[Thirumal]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi Gods. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kali Yukam]], ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ boons offered [[Kaliyan]], Thirumal ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ fragment [[Kroni]] ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Ekam]], ᎠᎴ Ekam Incarnated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|Trinity]] (Ekam, Narayana ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ) ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ boons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ [[Kaliyan|Kali]]. [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ [[Dharma Yukam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Vaikundar]] ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vaikundar, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kali Yukam Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshipable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[monotheism|monotheistic]] ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt; [[Akilam]] 9:667-670 (Narayana ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Vaikundar ''&quot;ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ adored ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ mystics&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt;

== Dualism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ==
ᎯᎠ [[Kroni]], ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation [[evil|ᎤᏐᏅᎢ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fragmented ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ successive [[Yuga]]; ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, Kaliyan (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ) ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ sentenced ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[dualism]]. Kaliyan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ commonly accepted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ maya (ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ symbolised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; Arisundara Mani ᎤᏤᎵ ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', ᎠᏯayatolv 1, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ -36, &quot;Kroni ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ subtile ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ spiritual ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ commonly concerned ᎬᏙᏗ [[The Ultimate Oneness|Ultimate Oneness]] ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dualistic ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ contrasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ monistic narration. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ [[Arul Nool]], ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ [[Vaikundar]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ belived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ arulalarkal ᎠᎴ [[Citars]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ monistic.

== Pantheism ᎠᎴ panentheism ==
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ekam, ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pantheistic, sticking ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ '''Ekan'''  (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ oneness ᎠᎴ Ekam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilam seven|Akilam ᎦᎵᏉᎩ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, ᎯᎠ Akilam lays ᎯᎠ groundwork ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ viewing Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pantheistic ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kappu, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Akilam one|Akilam ᏌᏊ]], ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Akilam ᎠᏗᎭ, &quot;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏌ, ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ&quot;.[[Akilam]]1:12.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ Panentheism, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ quotes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai|Akilam]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦagatudesdi Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monistic.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Vinchai]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, [[Narayana]], ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ Vaikundar, ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ &quot;ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Sivan]], ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Thirumal]], ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Nathan]], ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Tapas]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ [[omnipresent]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ&quot;. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Vaikundar ᎨᏒᎢ jailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Thiruvananthapuram]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ alleviates [[The Santror|ᎯᎠ Santror]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Ekam]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ omnipresent ᏂᎬᎾᏓ&quot;. -- ([[Akilattirattu Ammanai|Akilam]] 13:395).

== Inclusivistic ᎠᎴ exclusivistic ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ==
ᎪᎯ formula [[inclusivism]] ᎠᎴ [[exclusivism]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ religio-cultural universe Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ inclusivism ᎠᎴ exclusivism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ themes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Akilam]], ᎯᎠ mixture ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ unique. ᎯᎠ inclusivistic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ accepting ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ onwards exclusivistically rejecting ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎨᏒᎢ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ-ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ.

===ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ gods===
Ayyavazhi accepts ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ religions ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Christ|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Allah]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hinduism]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rescuing ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sufferings. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ [[Kali|Kaliyan]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Boons Offered to Kaliyan|ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ  ᎤᏤᎵ boons]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Conciouseness ([[Ekam|Ekan]]) incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Vaikundar]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Kali Yukam]], Ayyavazhi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshippable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ  ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ channeled ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ exclusivism.

===ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ scriptures===
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] treats ᎯᎠ scriptures ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎨᏒᎢ complicated. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Kalineesan]] arrested Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Thiruvananthapuram]], ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ''&quot;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ non-liberative ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ, ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎯᎠ beatings thorns, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ reanimates ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ uplifting ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ,  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ yuga ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩagilyoasdi ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ liberation ᎯᎠ downtrodden.&quot;''[[Akilam]]13:227-231. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ [[Akilam]] accepts [[Christ|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]]. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise [[The Bible|ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Vinchai]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[Venneesan]] ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Veda (ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ) ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[Kaliyan]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ '',&quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ, ᎯᎠ [[Cross|ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ]].&quot;'' [[Akilam|Akilam10:244]] ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, Akilam accepts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ '[[Allah]]' ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ relation '[[Ekam]]' (ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ). ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ rejects ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[Islam]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, ''&quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ caps.&quot;'' [[Akilam|Akilam10:243|]] 

Ayyavazhi accepts ᎯᎠ incarnation [[Rama]] ᎠᎴ [[Krishna]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ rejects ᎯᎠ [[Ramayana]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Mahabharata]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ accepts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ [[Vedas]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 'ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'.&lt;ref&gt; Akilam 12:151 - &quot;Poorana Vetha Purana mun akamangkal&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ inconsistent ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎴ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Sruti (scripture)|Sruti]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ scriptures ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ramayana]] ᎠᎴ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Smriti]] ᎠᎴ secondary ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ. ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, [[Kaliyan]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ boon ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kaliyan. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (Kaliyan) ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ additions ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ lyudetiyvda, [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 'ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'.

===Ultimate exclusivism===
Accoriding Akilam, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ incarnations [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏛᎿ beliefs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Veda (ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ) ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ&quot;. - Akilam5:571 &lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏊ, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Kaliyan, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ lyudetiyvda, Akilam, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, [[Ekam]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 'ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ Ayyavazhi rejects ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ scriptures ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]].

==Shamanism==
ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 93 &quot;ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ 'ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ' AV too ᎠᏰᎲ practiced shamanism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ centers AV.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ folk. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrck ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 93 ''&quot; ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arulnul (Arul Nool) confirms ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ shamans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ AV centers ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ imparting ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏴᏫ&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ exhort ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ, practiced divination ('''Kanakku''') discern ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ misfortunes, ᎠᎴ 'foretold ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ happenings'. ᎢᎦᏛ [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ attest ᎯᎠ prevalence [[shaman]]ᎠᎴ shamanistic practices ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ centers Ayyavazhi.&lt;ref&gt; Ebenezer Lewis (ed.) &quot;ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Santhapuram ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1858&quot;, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Travancore ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ LMS'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1858, Nagercoil: London ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1859, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 4-5. ''&quot; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᏑᎶᏨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ Muthukutty. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ tsgvwalodi-ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎸᏅ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ diseases ᎾᎥᎢ incantations. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ allowed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ matted ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ Pantaram, abstained ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᎿ Tuesdays ᎠᎴ Fridays, ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ablutions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏚᏃᎩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ honour ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ swami ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ occationally ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. ᎯᎠ [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]] recognizes shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt; Akilam&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arul Nool]] ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ imparting ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ divination ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ temples.&quot;'' ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ shamanism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ practiced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ scriptures ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ beginner ᎯᎠ [[metaphysics]].

== Mythology ==
{{main|Ayyavazhi mythology}}
ᎯᎠ mythology Ayyavazhi acombination ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[mythical]] accounts. histroy Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick', ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''  ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 151, &quot;ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ mythography AV ᏗᎪᏢᏅ explicite ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ essence ᎪᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ - Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ - ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ weaving ᎢᏧᎳ empirical ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mythical accounts.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ unfolds ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv [[The Santror|Santror]], [[Kali Yukam]] ᎠᎴ [[Dharma Yukam]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ concepts ᎠᏓᏁᏗ symbolic ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ [[religious|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[social|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ]].&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick', ''ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''  ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 151, &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦyeli igidv nigallisdisgv analyse ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ concepts ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ woven ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ symbolic ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ. &quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ linked Ꮎ [[Hinduism]]. Akilam ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ yugas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali, shares ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, mythical characters, ᎠᎴ concepts ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎨᏒᎩ engendered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ Yugas ᎠᎴ Avatars differs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism. ᎯᎠ personification ᎯᎠ entity ᎤᏐᏅᎢ,  [[Kaliyan|Kali]] ᎨᏒᎢ unique Ayyavazhi, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. [[Akilattirattu Ammanai|Akilam]] ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ concepts ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali. &lt;ref&gt; Akilam8:Thiru Nadana Ula -6th&amp;11th Venpaas (species ᎤᏓᏢᎬ).&lt;/ref&gt;

{{See also |Ayyavazhi and Hinduism}}

ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam (ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ lyudetiyvda) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ manifestation [[Kroni]]. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Vaikundar ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[mythology]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎩ woven ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muthirikkinaru,&lt;ref&gt; Samuel Zecharia (1826-1906), ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ pastors ᎯᎠ London ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, testifies ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ titled ''ᎯᎠ London ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Travancore 1805-1855, Nagercoil:LMS ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1897, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ-201. &lt;/ref&gt; ᏙᏄᏭᎢ Headgear ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ,&lt;ref&gt;  Cf.M... Pandiyan ᎤᏤᎵ ''Meanings  'Colonialism ᎠᎴ 'Nationalism''' ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 180. &lt;/ref&gt; Thuvayal Thavasu &lt;ref&gt; LMS ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1838, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 71 ᎠᏗᎭ &quot;ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ sect, ᎤᎲᎢ subsequently ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎲᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ guidance ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ seashore Tinnevelly, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ erected huts, ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ablutions, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ assembled ᎠᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎯᎠ miracles ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. 

== Rituals ==
[[Image:Man with Thirunamam And Headgear.jpg|thumb|right| ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ [[Pattathu Ayya]], [[Payyan Chella Vadivu]] (ᎾᎯᏳᎢ administrator)  [[Swamithoppe]] [[Pathi]] ᏙᏄᏭᎢ [[Thirunamam]] ᎠᎴ Headgear]]
{{main|Ayyavazhi religious practices}}
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ philosophical concepts ᎠᎴ [[mythology]], ᎯᎠ rituals Ayyavazhi evolved ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ rituals ᎠᎴ symbols, ᎯᎠ unique ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ecstatic mode religiosity, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ritual healing - ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ritual corpus Ayyavazhi contributed ᎯᎠ formation emancipatory ideation ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ discourse.ᎾᏍᎩ attempts uplift ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ disenfranchised. Examples ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ spiritual [[cleanliness]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Thuvayal Thavasu]], eliminating untouchability ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Thottunamam, ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ headgear, ᎠᎴ unifying ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ castes ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Muthirikkinaru.&lt;ref&gt; Akilathirattu ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 252: &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚ castes ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ bathed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎯᎠ utopian formula==
ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi  proposes emancipatory utopia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ banner [[Dharma Yukam]].&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 159 ᎠᏗᎭ, &quot;AV, ᎤᎲᎢ emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ context distress, proposes emancipatory utopa ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ banner tarmayukam.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[Ayya Vaikundar]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ [[Kali Yukam]] ᎾᎥᎢ sentencing [[Kroni]] ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 159 ᎠᏗᎭ, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ Vaikuntacami ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ tarmayukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ kaliyukam.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ Dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ 'uplift ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam. &lt;!--POV removed--&gt;

Ayyavazhi legends ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ [[Yugas]], ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ruled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ.&lt;ref&gt; . Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 109 ᎠᏗᎭ, &quot;Akilattirattu ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ narration ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎯ kaliyukam transform ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ tarmayukam ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ yugas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. &lt;ref&gt; G.Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 161 &quot;ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi Ꮎ  eternally ᎬᏙᏗ Vaikuntacami ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ.&quot;  &lt;/ref&gt;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ linear ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ  ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Dharma Yukam ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. &lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv 6, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ - 161 , &quot;ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ  ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ symbolic ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ AV ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi. AV gives ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ aeons, ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ, postulates tarmayukam Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ&lt;/ref&gt;.ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ingredient ᎯᎠ theories [[karma]] ᎠᎴ rebirth. ᎠᎴ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ karma ᎠᎴ rebirth ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ Dharma Yukam ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ.  ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Dharma Yukam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ, &quot;ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ruled ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ discriminations [[caste]] [[creed]] ᎠᎴ [[race|ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ]]&quot;. Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[The Santror|Santror]] ᎠᎴ  ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Virgins ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ.&lt;ref&gt; Akilam17:1161, &lt;/ref&gt;

== Phenomenology==

''[[Akilam]]'' ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ideological regeneration [[Hinduism]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; Akilam8:Thiruvasakam - 1 (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Akilam ᎪᎯ Thiruvasakam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Sarasvathi ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ previouse ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Kaliyan.)  &lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ [[Vaikundar]] ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation [[Vishnu]], ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Nizhal Thangals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''Narayana Swami Pathi''' ᎤᏠᏱ Hindu, [[Vaishnavism]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ follwers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ [[Kali]] ᎠᎴ folk deities ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ.&lt;ref&gt; Ayya Vaikundar Nootti ezhubathavathu Avathara thina Vizha Sirappu Malar ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar Seva Sangham, (T. Ashok Kumar) ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 2, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 17 &quot;ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ Kali ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏊ . ᎠᎴ Kali ᎨᏒᎢ jailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kayilai ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vannima Mandapam...&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  

ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ [[avatars]] Vishnu ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Kalki]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ denominations ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ [[moksha]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ liberation ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Trinity|Ayyavazhi Trinity]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ [[Narayana]] ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. &lt;ref&gt; Arisundara Mani ᎤᏤᎵ ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', ᎠᏯayatolv 1, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 1, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 1-2, ''&quot;Sreehari ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Athi Narayana ᎨᏒᎢ praised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ayya.&quot;'' &lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ unique monotheistic ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ unknown ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[Shamanism]]. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ distingish ᎯᎠ practitioners Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ [[Thirunamam]] (ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ).ᎯᎠ Nizhal Thangals ᎨᏒᎢ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Palliyarai]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hinduism, deviating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ayyavazhi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ recitations handfull scholors educated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi scriptures ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ concepts Akilam ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ philosophical ᎠᎴ ideological deviation Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism. &lt;ref&gt; Samithopu Ayya Vaikunda Suvami 172-vathu avathara thina vizha, Thina Malar vazangkum Avathara Thina vizha Sirappu Malar, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 3, &quot; ...ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ questionable Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎣᎾᏛ newly ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ayya wonders ᎠᎴ... &quot; Bala Prajapathi Adikalar ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Vaikundar. &lt;/ref&gt;ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ philosophical, ideological ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ variations ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ayyavazhi ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ mistook ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ offshoot Hindu ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.

==Identity Ayyavazhi==
Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ prayers, ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ aspect ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ distinguishes Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ priestly mediation, ᎠᎴ inclusion ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Pathi]]ᎠᎴ [[Nizhal Thangal]], ᎨᏒᎩ ᏐᎢ characterised Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ concepts '''Panividai''' (ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ '''Panividaiyalar''' (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ performs Panividai) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ritual ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ uniqueness Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; G. Patrick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Subaltern ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯayatolv - 5, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 106 &lt;/ref&gt;


==Ayyavazhi Controversies==

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ India. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ Hindu sect ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.htm&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practises ᎠᎴ mythology resembles Hinduism ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ followers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ incarnation ᎯᎠ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Vishnu]]. Ayyavazhi followers ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ gods Brahma, Vishnu, ᎠᎴ Siva ᎬᏙᏗ Hindus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ mystic practices posessions ᎠᎴ divinations ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tribal religions Tamil Nadu. ᎯᎠ widespread ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏓᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ (ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ widespread ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ degenerated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ Hindu sect.

ᎯᎠ penetration Ayyavazhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tamil Nadu]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ territories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tamil Nadu ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Kerala]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ followers Ayyavazhi. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Hindues ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ. ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' ᎠᎴ ''Arul Nool'', ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, Ꮝ mythology, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices Hinduism ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Advaita]] ᎠᎴ [[Smartism]].

==ᏩᏎᎸᎯ==
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==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

* [[List of Ayyavazhi-related articles|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Ayyavazhi-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ]]
{{portal}}
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Ayyavazhi mythology]]
* [[Ayyavazhi Trinity]]

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==

* [http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/ayyavazhi.htm www.vaikunt.org - Ayyavazhi]
* [http://www.ayyavaigundar.org/avatar.htm www.ayyavaigundar.org - Avatar]
* [http://www.nairs.org/?a039 www.nairs.org - Views on Vaikundar as a saint]

[[Category:Ayyavazhi|*]]

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[[ta:அய்யாவழி]]</text>
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    <title>ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ</title>
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      <comment>robot  Adding: [[lt:JAV pilietinis karas]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎯᎠ '''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ''' (1861&amp;ndash;1865) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sectional ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (&quot;ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ&quot;) ᎠᎴ 11 ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[slave states|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[secession]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ [[Confederate States of America|Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Jefferson Davis]]. ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Union (American Civil War)|ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]]&quot;, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Abraham Lincoln|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[History of the United States Republican Party|ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery, rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secession. ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ [[April 12|ᎫᏬᏂ 12]], [[1861]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ attacked ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏐᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Fort Sumter|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ asserted ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ naval ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆ armies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ, bloody battles ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Antietam|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Antietam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1862, Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ [[Emancipation Proclamation]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ freeing ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ goal — ᏌᏊ bitterly ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Copperheads (politics)|ᏭᏗᎨ ᎠᏍ]]. Emancipation ensured Ꮎ Britain ᎠᎴ France ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ intervene ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederates.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, [[Robert E. Lee]] ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Confederate victories ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ commanders, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ, [[Stonewall Jackson]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Chancellorsville|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Chancellorsville]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Gettysburg|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Gettysburg]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ Virginia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured ᎢᏤ Orleans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862, ᎠᎴ armies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ulysses Grant|Ulysses ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ]] ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ capturing [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ splitting ᎯᎠ Confederacy.  

ᎾᎥᎢ 1864 ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, manpower, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ overwhelming ᎯᎠ Confederacy.  ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ bloody ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles ᎬᏙᏗ Lee ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Virginia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ 1864. Lee ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tactical ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ strategically, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ casualties ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ trenches ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, [[Richmond, Virginia]]. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ [[William T. Sherman]] captured Atlanta ᎠᎴ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, destroying ᎠᏯᏖᎾ swath Georgia.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1865 ᎯᎠ Confederacy collapsed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ restoration ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ contentious postwar ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Reconstruction]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 970,000 casualties (3% ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 620,000 ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ deaths — ᏔᎵ-thirds ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎯᎠ [[Origins of the American Civil War|ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[Naming the American Civil War|ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ lingering ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ restoration ᎠᎴ strengthening ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

==ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ==
:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ: [[Origins of the American Civil War|Origins  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]], [[Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War|Timeline  ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]]''

ᎯᎠ origins ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ complex [[United States Constitution|Constitutional]] ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ involving ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ [[History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States|slavery]], slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories|territories]], [[States' rights|ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[modernization]], ᎠᎴ competing nationalisms ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[sectionalism]].
 
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Slave power|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎦᏳᎳ controlled ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ,  ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ crisis ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1850s.  Sectional disagreements ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[morality]] slavery, ᎯᎠ scope ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ &lt;ref&gt;ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln, ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Henry L. ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ, &amp; ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎫᏬᏂ 6. 1859 ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Baltimore, MD, ᎫᏬᏂ 18, 1864 vs. Confederate ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Alexander Stephen ᎤᏤᎵ Cornerstone ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ, Savannah, GA, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 21, 1861&lt;/ref&gt;ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏛ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ vs. ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ [[plantation]]ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ voters confront ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, causing ᎢᎦᏛ [[Political party|ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] collapse (ᎯᎠ [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] ᎠᎴ [[Know Nothing|ᎣᎾᏛ Nothings]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎶᏗ (ᎤᏂᏴᏜ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1854, [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ remaining ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎿ sectional lines. 

===Slavery ᎠᎴ Anti-Slavery===

Focus ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ slavery ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ cyclical. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1900 1955, historians ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ anti-slavery agitation ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ constitutional, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Pressley, ''Americans ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (1962) 7-22&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s historians ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏇ emphasized slavery ᎠᎴ antislavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, constitutional ᎠᎴ ideological dimensions.&lt;ref&gt;  Woodworth, ed. ''ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: Handbook ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ'' 1996 ch 11&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎯᎠ preservation slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ imperative. ᎢᎦᏛ southerners ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Robert E. Lee]] ᎦᎪ (echoing [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]) ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, &quot;slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Andrew Carroll, ''ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ'' 1997 ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 105&lt;/ref&gt; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ [[American_Civil_War#Economics|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. 

Northerners resisted slavery ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ideological, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᎴ democratic ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ; ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Lincoln, [[William H. Seward|Seward]], [[Salmon P. Chase|Chase]] ᎠᎴ [[Horace Greeley|Greeley]] warned Ꮎ oligarchy ᎤᏪᎾᎢ planters, ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Slave Power|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]&quot;, dominated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭰatogiyadv, ᎠᎴ corrupted ᎠᎴ controlled ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Ꭰatogiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᎯᎠ [[Compromise of 1850|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ  1850]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ bitterly resented ᎾᎥᎢ anti-slavery ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ mechanism ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.  Northerners — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ [[abolitionist]] ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ &quot;[[The Liberator|ᎯᎠ Liberator]]&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ novels ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influential ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin|ᎡᏚᏥ Tom ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]]'' — ᎤᎴᏅᎲ objecting ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ legally ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ disagreement.

ᎯᎠ [[Kansas-Nebraska Act|Kansas-Nebraska ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] 1854 overthrew ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1820 Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ outlawed slavery ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories ᎤᏴᏢ Missouri, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ anti-slavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. &lt;ref&gt; Eric Foner. ''ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏎᏊᎢ Ꭰansigaya: ᎯᎠ Ideology ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (1970) ch 2&lt;/ref&gt; 

ᎯᎠ [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott]] ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857 ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ.  ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Roger Taney]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ &quot;ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Dred Scott v. Sandford, U. . ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, Roger Taney ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ, 1857&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ territories. Lincoln warned Ꮎ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᎢᎬᏱ Lincoln Douglas ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Ottawa, Illinois ᎦᎶᏂ 21, 1858&lt;/ref&gt; ᏰᎵᏇ threaten ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ slavery. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ correlation ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ plantations ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ concentration plantations ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ secede.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Virginia, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᎠᎴ rejected secession until ᎯᎠ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter crisis ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ sided ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.  &lt;ref&gt;James M. McPherson, ''ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ tohi adedi'' 1988 p 242, 255, 282-83.  ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 101 (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 236 (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ Secession) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ relevant&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ===
Until 1860 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ successfully ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ interregional crises. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ crises ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ slavery, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ debates ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-fifths ᏌᏇ ᏄᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Constitutional Convention 1787. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ solved ᎯᎠ crisis ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Missouri ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1819-21, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎤᏤᎵ nullification ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1833, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1845, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ acquired ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mexico ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1850.&lt;ref&gt; William E. Gienapp, &quot;ᎯᎠ Crisis ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ.&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boritt ed. ''ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ'' 79-123&lt;/ref&gt; 

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1854, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[Second Party System|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Kansas-Nebraska Act|Kansas-Nebraska ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] disappeared, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ [[History of the United States Republican Party|ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᏚᎴᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ sectional ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ commitment ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kansas Territory|Kansas ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]], ᎯᎠ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857, [[John Brown|John ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 polarized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ [[U.S. presidential election, 1860|ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ  Lincoln ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ trigger ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ secession crisis, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Crittenden Compromise|Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]],&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ. 

Historians ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[James G. Randall]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ breakdown ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎯᎠ hardened Constitutional ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ increasingly hostile sectional rhetoric ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ &quot;ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎯ secession ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꭴutvyolistanvhi ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1860&amp;mdash;ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ abolitionists&amp;mdash;ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ [[James Buchanan]] ᎤᏤᎵ conservative [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ leadership.

deeper ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ  ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot Ꮎ threatened ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᏔᎵ loomed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ threatening: ᎯᎠ sectional antislavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Slave Power|aristocratic slaveholding ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]. &lt;ref&gt; Gienapp, &quot;Crisis ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ&quot; p. 92&lt;/ref&gt;

===Abolitionism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ===  
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1830s, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏁᎩ [[abolitionism|abolitionist]] ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏚᎴᏅ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ Englanders ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ blacks, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[William Lloyd Garrison]], [[Frederick Douglass]], ᎠᎴ [[Lucretia Mott]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ slavery ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ abolitionists ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ owning ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ abolished. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ bitterly resented ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;James Brewer Stewart, ''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ Warriors: ᎯᎠ Abolitionists ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Slavery'' (1976)&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Abolitionism Motivates Southerners===
Historians ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ  &lt;ref&gt; Beringer 1986 pp 359-60[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;vid=ISBN0820313963&amp;id=Hz4T6pd6vLYC&amp;pg=PA359&amp;lpg=PA359&amp;dq=guilt+slave+owners+genovese&amp;sig=4P67iHs4qYOxNAs9Gjg8YOYnO08] &lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ southerner ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ angered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ abolitionist attacks. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ widespread ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ideological ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;peculiar ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.&lt;ref&gt; David Brion Davis, ''Inhuman ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ'' (2006) pp 186-192.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ tinge abolitionism ᎨᏒᎩ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ secessionists rejected ᎯᎠ denials ᎤᏂᏴᏜ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ abolitionists, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏎᎸ [[John Brown|John ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ uprising ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ multiple ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ bloody ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ rebellions. Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ conspiracy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ historians.&lt;ref&gt; David Brion Davis, ''Inhuman ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ'' (2006) p 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, ''ᎯᎠ Abolitionists ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, 1831-1861'' (1995) p. 62 &lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ===
ᎯᎠ [[States' Rights|ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Southerners argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|ᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ cited ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ jurisdiction ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. Anti-slavery ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ reversed stances ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Secession&quot; ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ legalistic ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ slavery, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, claiming Ꮎ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ weren't fulfilling ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ. &lt;ref&gt;ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎯᎠ Secession ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ - ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 24, 1860&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ===
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ slavery-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ systems ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, interdependent ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ England regions ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ.  Tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ — ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1847 tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎯᎠ Midwest, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ Appalachians, ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ Ꮎ exported Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ U.. regions ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ subsistence ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ,  depended ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ (ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi ᏫᎬᏍᏗ) ᏦᎳ, ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. (ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ component ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, comprising ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.) ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ England textile ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏅᎩ Britain. ᎯᎠ dominance ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ &quot;[[King Cotton|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ]].&quot; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, brokerage, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ mediation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.
[[Image:Abraham Lincoln seated, Feb 9, 1864.jpg|thumb|left|'''[[Abraham Lincoln|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln]]'''&lt;br&gt;16th ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ (1861&amp;ndash;1865)]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ contrasting ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ sectional agendas Ꮎ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi, competed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. Pennsylvania politicians, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, pushed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ foster ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Southerners, ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ federally funded &quot;ᎭᏫᏂ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ&quot; (ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, canals, ports ᎠᎴ waterways), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ unanimity ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depended ᎾᏍᎩ exports; ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ managers ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ tariffs ᎾᎿ imported ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Democrats ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ infrastructure, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Whigs ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ significance ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exaggerated: ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ compete ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ complementary. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ depended ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ prosperity.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fostering ᎯᎠ secessionist ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎩᎵᏏ prosperity depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒᎢ Britain (ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ France) ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ independence. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ delusion ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influential ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860-61 ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ debates.

====ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ vs. Pro slavery ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ====
Historian [[Eric Foner]] (1970) ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ideology dominated ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ emphasized ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ attacked ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ  commercially-minded. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ-owning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ argued, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ education, cultural refinement, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ participation. ᎤᏅᏌ depicted slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Christianizing Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ &quot;rescued&quot; ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ &quot;paganism&quot; Africa.

===Slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Territories===
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ crisis Ꮎ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ secession stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Missouri Compromise|Missouri ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] 1820, ᎪᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ adding Maine ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Missouri ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ prohibited slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Louisiana ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ 36°30'N lat. (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ Missouri). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Mexican War|Mexican ᏓᏄᏩ]] (1846&amp;ndash;1848), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, reopened ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎾᏊ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[Wilmot Proviso]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ banned slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ territories annexed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mexico. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎯᎠ Proviso aroused ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. Northerners argued Ꮎ slavery ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ migrants ᎯᎠ territories; slaveholders ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ discriminate ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ preventing ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Kansas]] ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Kansas-Nebraska Act|Kansas-Nebraska ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] 1854. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ repealed ᎯᎠ prohibition ᎾᎿ slavery ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Missouri Compromise|Missouri ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ settlers, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[popular sovereignty|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ sovereignty]].&quot; ᏓᎾᎵᎲ erupted ᎠᏰᎵ pro slavery &quot;ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ruffians&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ neighboring Missouri ᎠᎴ antislavery immigrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John ᏬᏗᎨ]], ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ abolitionists). ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. Tensions ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ.

===ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ===
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ secession ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ triggered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ [[Abraham Lincoln|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ regional ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏰᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ Ꭰatuyasdodi ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ extinction. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ Lincoln ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ slavery, ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏞᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Electoral ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ facing ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ increasingly ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ.

===ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Modernization===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ broader ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ modernizing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏳ threatening ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. Historian James McPherson (1983 p 283) ᏕᎪᏏᏏ:
{{Quotation|When secessionists protested in 1861 that they were acting to preserve traditional rights and values, they were correct. They fought to preserve their constitutional liberties against the perceived Northern threat to overthrow them. The South's concept of republicanism had not changed in three-quarters of a century; the North's had.... The ascension to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that the Northern majority had turned irrevocably towards this frightening, revolutionary future.|James McPherson|&quot;Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question,&quot; ''Civil War History'' 29 (Sept. 1983)}}

==ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ==

===Secession ᎪᎳ===
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Lincoln ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ [[Confederate States of America|Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎾᎿ [[February 9|ᎧᎦᎵ 9]], [[1861]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ properties ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ resistance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 3, 1861. Buchanan asserted, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secede, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ.&quot; ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎯᎠ U.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ — ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ garrison ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ — ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surrendered ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ [[David E. Twiggs]], ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎾᎥᎢ seceding, ᎯᎠ rebel ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ territories Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ Ꭰatuyasdodi ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎠᎴ amendments ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ.

===ᎯᎠ Confederacy===
{{main|Confederate States of America}}

ᎦᎵᏉᎩ [[Deep South|ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎤᏥᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ seceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]], [[Mississippi]], [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], ᎠᎴ [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ [[Confederate States of America|Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ([[February 4|ᎧᎦᎵ 4]] [[1861]]), ᎬᏙᏗ [[Jefferson Davis]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ [[Confederate States Constitution|governmental structure]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ modeled ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Constitution|U.. ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏬᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1861 ᏅᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ seceded ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy: [[Virginia]], [[Arkansas|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ]], [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎠᎴ [[North Carolina|ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]].


===ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ===
{{main|Union (American Civil War)}}
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 23 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ: [[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[New Hampshire|ᎢᏤ Hampshire]], [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ Jersey]], [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]], [[Ohio]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island|Rhode ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], [[Vermont]], ᎠᎴ [[Wisconsin]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, [[Nevada]] ᎠᎴ [[West Virginia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia]] ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Louisiana]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
[[Image:Secession Map of the United States, 1861.png|250px|thumb|right|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ secession/affiliation  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1861. Click ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ  ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ. ]]
[[Image:USA Map 1864 including Civil War Divisions.png|250px|thumb|right|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ affiliation  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1864.  Click ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ  ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ. ]]
ᎯᎠ territories [[Colorado Territory|Colorado]], [[Dakota Territory|Dakota]], [[Nebraska Territory|Nebraska]], [[Nevada Territory|Nevada]], [[New Mexico Territory|ᎢᏤ Mexico]], [[Utah Territory|Utah]], ᎠᎴ [[Washington Territory|Washington]] ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ-ᏚᏂᏴᏒ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] tribes ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ bloody civil ᏓᏄᏩ.

===ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ===
''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Border states (Civil War)|ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (Civil ᏓᏄᏩ)]]''

ᎯᎠ [[Border States (Civil War)|ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ comprised [[West Virginia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia]] (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Virginia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ northernmost ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ([[Maryland]], [[Delaware]], [[Missouri]], ᎠᎴ [[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]]). 
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Lincoln ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, militia units Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ drilling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Washington ᎠᎴ Baltimore.  ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ Maryland ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Columbia. 

[[Maryland]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ pro-Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᎪ tolerated anti-ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ [[Baltimore riot of 1861|rioting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Baltimore]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ bridges. Lincoln responded ᎬᏙᏗ [[martial law|ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎯᎠ pro-Confederates. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Missouri, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ convention ᎾᎿ secession ᏚᏑᏰᏒ decisively ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ pro-Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Claiborne F. Jackson]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ militia, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ [[Nathaniel Lyon]], ᎦᎪ chased ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ southwestern ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. (''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: [[Missouri secession]]''). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ resulting vacuum ᎯᎠ convention ᎾᎿ secession reconvened ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Unionist provisional ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Missouri.

ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ secede; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ neutral. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ invasion ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ sympathizers ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ secession convention, inaugurated Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Columbus, Kentucky|Columbus]] ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᏂᎦᎥ [[Leonidas Polk]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1861 ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ reaffirmed Ꮝ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ expelled ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

Residents ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Virginia ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Virginia ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[West Virginia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia]]. ᎤᏠᏱ secessions ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ suppressed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Jefferson Davis arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 Ꭰansigaya ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Neely, ''Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis ᎠᎴ Civil Liberties'' 1993 p. 10-11&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==
===ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ===
:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Battle of Fort Sumter|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter]]''

Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. presidential election, 1860|presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ  1860]] triggered ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ declarations. ᎾᎿ ᎧᎦᎵ 7, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ provisional ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Montgomery, Alabama]]. pre-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᎦᎵ [[peace conference of 1861|ᏅᏩnvwato hiyadv ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ  1861]] ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ resolving ᎯᎠ crisis. ᎯᎠ remaining ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ rejected pleas ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter); ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan protested ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ resupply ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ [[Star of the West|ᏃᏈᏏ  ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ preparations. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, governors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Massachusetts, ᎢᏤ York, ᎠᎴ Pennsylvania ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ weapons ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ militia units ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

ᎾᎿ [[March 4|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 4]], [[1861]], ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sworn ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Inauguration|inaugural ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ'' ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Articles of Confederation|ᏚᏓᏡᎬ  Confederation ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]], Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ binding ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ secession &quot;legally void&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ invade ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ possession ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏖᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ restoration ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ delegations Washington ᎠᎴ offered ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ properties ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏅᏩnvwato hiyadv ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Lincoln rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ legitimate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ tantamount ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sovereign ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

[[Fort Sumter|ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ remaining ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ forts ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Jefferson Davis]], Confederates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ [[P. G. T. Beauregard]] bombarded ᎯᎠ ᏗᏐᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ artillery ᎾᎿ [[April 12|ᎫᏬᏂ 12]], forcing Ꮝ [[Battle of Fort Sumter|ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]. Northerners reacted ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏘ, ᎠᎴ rallied ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Lincoln, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ recapture ᎯᎠ forts ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ rebellion ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ, Lincoln ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 74,000 volunteers ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 90 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. 

ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ (ᏖᎾᏏ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎠᎴ Virginia) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎠᏌᏍᏛ Virginia ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ [[Richmond, Virginia]], ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ vulnerable ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

===Anaconda ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ, 1861===

[[Image:Scott-anaconda.jpg|thumb|300px|1861 cartoon of Scott's &quot;[[Anaconda Plan]]&quot;]]

[[Winfield Scott]], ᎯᎠ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ ᎯᎠ U.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, devised ᎯᎠ [[Anaconda Plan|Anaconda ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ [[Union blockade|ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ]] ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ports ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ strangle ᎯᎠ rebel ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. Lincoln ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ overruled Scott ᎤᏤᎵ warnings ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Richmond.

:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Naval Battles of the American Civil War|Naval Battles  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]], [[Union blockade|ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Confederate States Navy|Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]]''
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1861 Lincoln proclaimed ᎯᎠ [[Union blockade|ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ports, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ  moderately successful - ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ--ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ naval battles ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ Ꭰansigaya ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ [[King Cotton|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎩᎵᏏ investors ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ &quot;ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners&quot; Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ (ᎠᎴ civilian luxuries) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cuba ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Bahamas ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎳ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ U.. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ cargo ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ sailors. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ &quot;ironclad&quot; CSS Virginia ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ voyage sank ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏳ USS Cumberland ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ &quot;ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Hampton Roads|Hampton ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]] (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᎠ ironclads ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ''USS Monitor'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''CSS Virginia''&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1862, ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ironclad ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ naval battles ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Battle of Island Number Ten|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10]], [[Battle of Memphis|Memphis]], [[Battle of Drewry's Bluff|Drewry ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏰᏍᏙᏗ]], [[Battle of Fort Hindman|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏛᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[Battle of Mobile Bay|Mobile ᎥᏓᎵ]].

===ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861&amp;ndash;1863===
{{see details|Eastern Theater of the American Civil War}}
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ resistance ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Manassas, Virginia]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1861, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Maj. Gen. [[Irvin McDowell]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ halted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[First Battle of Bull Run|ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ''ᎢᎬᏱ Manassas'', whereupon ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎦᏐᎯ [[Washington, D.C.]], ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Generals [[Joseph E. Johnston]] ᎠᎴ P.G.T. Beauregard. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Ꮎ Confederate ᏂᎦᎥ [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas Jackson]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;Stonewall&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. Alarmed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ [[Congress of the United States|U.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Crittenden-Johnson Resolution|Crittenden-Johnson ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎾᎿ [[July 25|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 25]] Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ [[slavery]].

ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎥ [[George B. McClellan]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ [[Army of the Potomac|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ Potomac]] ᎾᎿ [[July 26|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ armies, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ subsequently ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Maj. Gen. [[Henry W. Halleck]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ urging ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Lincoln ᎠᎴᏅᏗ offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1862 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Virginia Peninsula|peninsula]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[York River (Virginia)|York ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎴ [[James River (Virginia)|James ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ McClellan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ gates Richmond ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Peninsula Campaign|Peninsula togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv]], [[Joseph E. Johnston]] halted ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Seven Pines|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Pines]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Robert E. Lee]] defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Seven Days Battles|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ Battles]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. McClellan ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ stripped ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ reinforce [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ [[Army of Virginia|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ  Virginia]]. Pope ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ spectacularly ᎾᎥᎢ Lee ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Virginia Campaign|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Virginia togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Second Battle of Bull Run|ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ.

[[Image:conf_dead_chancellorsville 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Confederate ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏐᏴ  Marye ᎤᏤᎵ Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Chancellorsville, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863.]]

Emboldened ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎥ Lee ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ 45,000 Ꭰansigaya ᎯᎠ [[Army of Northern Virginia|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ  ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Virginia]] ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Potomac River|Potomac ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎾᎾᎯ [[Maryland]] ᎾᎿ [[September 5|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 5]]. Lincoln ᎾᎯᏳᎢ restored Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ McClellan. McClellan ᎠᎴ Lee ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Antietam|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Antietam]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Sharpsburg, Maryland]], ᎾᎿ [[September 17|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17]] [[1862]], ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏂ, ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Virginia ᎤᏓᎷᎸ McClellan ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Antietam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ halted Lee ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Lincoln ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Emancipation Proclamation]].

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ cautious McClellan ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ Antietam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. [[Ambrose Burnside]]. Burnside ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Fredericksburg|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Fredericksburg]] ᎾᎿ [[December 13|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 13]] [[1862]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, Burnside ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. [[Joseph Hooker|Joseph &quot;ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Joe&quot; Hooker]]. Hooker, too, ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ; despite outnumbering ᎯᎠ Confederates ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ humiliated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Chancellorsville|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Chancellorsville]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. [[George G. Meade]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. Meade defeated Lee ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Gettysburg|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Gettysburg]] ([[July 1|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1]] [[July 3|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 3]], [[1863]]), ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sometimes ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Turning point of the American Civil War|ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ 28,000 casualties (versus Meade ᎤᏤᎵ 23,000). Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ Ꮎ Meade ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi intercept Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv, ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1864 ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ leadership.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ balloons, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Aerial warfare|Aerial ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ.

===ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861&amp;ndash;1863===
{{see details|Western Theater of the American Civil War}}
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ successes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ crucially ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Missouri ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Pea Ridge|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Pea ᏣᎴᎩ]]. [[Leonidas Polk]] ᎤᏤᎵ invasion [[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]] enraged ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ neutrality ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

[[Nashville, Tennessee|ᏓᎫᎾᏪᎳᎯ, ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ [[Battle of Island Number Ten|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10]] ᎠᎴ [[New Madrid, Missouri|ᎢᏤ Madrid, Missouri]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, ᏖᎾᏏ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured [[New Orleans, Louisiana|ᎢᏤ Orleans, Louisiana]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1862, allowing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ fortress ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]], ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ unchallenged ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ.

[[Braxton Bragg]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ Confederate invasion ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎥᎢ [[Don Carlos Buell]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ bloody [[Battle of Perryville|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Perryville]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrowly defeated ᎾᎥᎢ [[William S. Rosecrans|William . Rosecrans]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Stones River|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Confederate ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Chickamauga|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᏥᎧᎹᎩ]]. Bragg, reinforced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ corps [[James Longstreet]] (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ), defeated Rosecrans, despite ᎯᎠ heroic defensive ᎦᏙᎬ [[George Henry Thomas]]. Rosecrans retreated [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Bragg ᎾᎯᏳᎢ besieged.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ strategist ᎠᎴ tactician ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Maj. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant|Ulysses . ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ victories ᎾᎾᎢ: Forts [[Battle of Fort Henry|Henry]] ᎠᎴ [[Battle of Fort Donelson|Donelson]], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tennessee River|ᏖᎾᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] Rivers; [[Battle of Shiloh|Shiloh]]; ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Vicksburg|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Vicksburg]], cementing ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Turning point of the American Civil War|ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Rosecrans ᎠᎴ defeated Bragg ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Chattanooga III|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎠᏱᎵᏒ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

===Trans-Mississippi ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861&amp;ndash;1865===
{{see details| Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War}}
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ geographically isolated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ battles ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ. Confederate incursions ᎾᎾᎯ Arizona ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Mexico ᎨᏒᎩ repulsed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. Guerilla ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ Missouri ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ) ᎾᎾᎯ battleground. ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Red River Campaign|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᏅᏓᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ [[Vicksburg]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ.

===ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ 1864&amp;ndash;1865===
[[Image:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jefferson Davis]], ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ  ᎯᎠ [[Confederate States of America|Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ]]

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ 1864, Lincoln ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ commander ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ armies. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ headquarters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Potomac, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ Maj. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ armies. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[total war|ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Lincoln ᎠᎴ Sherman, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏙᏪᎸ E. Neely Jr.; &quot;ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ?&quot; ''Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'', Vol. 50, 2004 pp 434+&lt;/ref&gt;
ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ devised coordinated ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Confederacy ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ multiple ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᏂᎦᎥ Meade ᎠᎴ [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Lee ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Richmond; ᏂᎦᎥ [[Franz Sigel]] (ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Philip Sheridan]]) ᎨᏒᎩ [[Valley Campaigns of 1864|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]; ᏂᎦᎥ Sherman ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ [[Atlanta]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ; Generals [[George Crook]] ᎠᎴ [[William W. Averell]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[West Virginia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia]]; ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ [[Nathaniel Prentiss Banks|Nathaniel ᎠᏕadel didiyi]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ [[Mobile, Alabama]].

ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ maneuver Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv Lee ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ battles ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv (&quot;ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Overland Campaign|Overland togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv]]&quot;) ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ battles attrition ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Wilderness]], [[Spotsylvania]] ᎠᎴ [[Cold Harbor|ᎤᏴᏢ Harbor]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ Confederates ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ outflank Lee ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bermuda Hundred Campaign|Bermuda ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ]] ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ tenacious ᎠᎴ, despite astonishing losses (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 66,000 casualties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ), ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ pressing Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Virginia ᎦᏐᎯ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ pinned ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Siege of Petersburg|Siege  Petersburg]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ armies ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[trench warfare|trench ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ.

ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ commander, ᏂᎦᎥ [[Philip Sheridan]], aggressive ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Valley Campaigns of 1864|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ Campaigns  1864]]. Sheridan ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Jubal Anderson Early|Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ]], ᎠᎴ defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ decisive ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Battle of Cedar Creek|ᎠᏥᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]]. Sheridan ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tactics Sherman ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Georgia.

ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Sherman marched ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Chattanooga]] Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals [[Joseph E. Johnston]] ᎠᎴ [[John B. Hood]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ Atlanta, ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2, 1864, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ significant ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ re-ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ.  ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ Atlanta, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, Sherman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ marched ᎬᏙᏗ unknown ᏭᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20% ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Georgia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ &quot;[[Sherman's March to the Sea|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ Savannah ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1864. Sherman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ battles ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Sherman ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Virginia lines ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Lee ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ Ꭰansigaya.

Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, thinned ᎾᎥᎢ desertion, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ smaller ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ'. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ decisive ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Five Forks|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  ᎯᏍᎩ Forks]] ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 1, forcing Lee evacuate Petersburg ᎠᎴ Richmond. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richmond surrendered ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ 5th Massachusetts Cavalry. ᎯᎠ remaining Confederate units ᎤᎵᏘᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Sayler ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Lee surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Virginia ᎾᎿ [[April 9|ᎫᏬᏂ 9]], [[1865]], ᎾᎾᎢ [[Appomattox Court House|Appomattox ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ untraditional gesture ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ folding ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩnvwato hiyadv, Lee ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ sabre ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-legendary ᏐᏈᎵ, [[Traveller (horse)|Traveller]]. Johnston surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ Sherman ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]].  ᏂᎦᏛ Confederate ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ surrendered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1865.

==Slavery ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ==
{{main|History of slavery in the United States}}
Lincoln initially ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ preservation ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ emancipation. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ slaveholders ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏰᎲ radicalizing ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Emancipation Proclamation]], ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1862 ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Lincoln ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ abolition ᎯᎠ [[Slave Power|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ&amp;mdash;Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ rebels ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ. 

ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ &quot;ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, thenceforth, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ re-ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[January 1|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1]], [[1863]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ intervention European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ perception ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, Lincoln ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ intervention ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎠ officially neutral ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, Missouri, ᎠᎴ Maryland) ᎨᏒᎩ unaffected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Delaware, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ slavery.  ᏂᎦᏛ abolished slavery ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation technically ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ areas ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏓᏚᎸᏁᎸ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ]], ratified [[December 6|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6]], [[1865]], ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ abolished slavery ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

==ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Intervention ==
ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Confederate ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ Britain ᎠᎴ France.  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lincoln ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[William Henry Seward]] ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ threatened ᏓᏄᏩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ officially ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. (ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ.)  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1861 southerners voluntarily embargoed ᎤᏥᎸ ᏫᏓᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Britain ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏥᎸ. [[Cotton diplomacy|ᎤᏥᎸ diplomacy]] ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Europe ᎠᏰᎲ amply ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ 1860-62 ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ failures ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ exports ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ &quot;ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ&quot;, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ import ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ. &lt;ref&gt; McPherson, ''ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ'' 386&lt;/ref&gt;

Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ [[Union blockade|ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ  ᎯᎠ Confederacy]], ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, yli iyulistanv Britain, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ neutrality ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ yli iyulistanv ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jefferson Davis ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ secretaries ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ([[Robert Toombs]] ᎠᎴ [[Robert M. T. Hunter|Robert M. T. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ]]) ᎬᏙᏗ [[Judah P. Benjamin]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1862. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Benjamin ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᎦugatohvsv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎪᏢᏗ dynamic ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attempts ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ European ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎨᏒᎩ dispatched ᎾᎿ [[February 25|ᎧᎦᎵ 25]], [[1861]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[William Lowndes Yancey]], [[Pierre A. Rost|Pierre . Rost]], ᎠᎴ [[Ambrose Dudley Mann]]. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ [[Lord John Russell|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ John Russell]] ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ [[Edouard Thouvenel]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ unofficially. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Britain ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ France ᎢᏳᏊ Ꭰatuyastanv ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

[[Charles Francis Adams]] ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ adept ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Britain ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ Britain ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reluctant boldly challenge ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ maritime ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ [[blockade runners|ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners]] — ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎾᎥᎢ slipping ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ captured ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.  ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ warships ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ comercial ᏥᏳ builders ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ, ᎯᎠ [[CSS Alabama|''Alabama'']], ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ postwar disputes.  ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏓᏅᏒ journalists [[Henry Hotze]] ᎠᎴ [[Edwin De Leon]] ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ propaganda ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ media ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Paris ᎠᎴ London. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ slavery ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ European politicians, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain. ᏓᏄᏩ loomed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1861 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ U.. ᎠᎴ Britain ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Trent Affair|Trent ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]], involving ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏔᎾ seize ᏔᎵ Confederate diplomats.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, London ᎠᎴ Washington ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Lincoln ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ diplomats. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ mediation — ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ risked ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ U.. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Antietam|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Antietam]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ [[Emancipation Proclamation]] ᎤᏗᏗᏢ reinforced ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ supporting ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Britain ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᎥᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ focused increasingly ᎾᎿ France. [[Napoléon III]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ mediation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dismissed ᎾᎥᎢ Seward. Despite ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, France ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[French intervention in Mexico|seizure  Mexico]] ultimately deterred ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.  Confederate ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꭴutvyolistanvhi ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ London ᎠᎴ Paris.

==ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ prevailed (ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ defeated) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

ᏰᎵᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ? significant ᏎᏍᏗ scholars ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ insurmountable ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ determination ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. Confederate ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ historian [[Shelby Foote]] ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ succinctly ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ken Burns ᎤᏤᎵ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: &quot;ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ.... ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ victories, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎠᏯ don't ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ 1990 p 272&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏐᎢ historians, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ independence. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James McPherson ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ defensive, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ strategic offensive, faced ᎤᎪᏗᏗ manpower ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᏓᏄᏩ weariness ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ civilians mounted ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ casualties, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ decisive. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ inevitability ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ hotly contested ᏄᎾᏛᏅ scholars.

ᎯᎠ goals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ symmetric. ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ independence ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ invade ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ stretches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evenly matched. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ advantages Ꮎ increasingly ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ diplomatic ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe.

ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ advantages ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ coastline, ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Confederate armies, seize Richmond, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ centers. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ occupying ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ advantages widely ᎠᏓadatunv ᎾᎥᎢ historians ᎤᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ success ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
[[Image:USA_Advantages.png|thumb|right|350px|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ advantages ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ CSA]]
*ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ industrialized ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ aided ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, munitions ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ graph ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ USA ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ CSA ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ advantages widened ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎠᎴ Confederate ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ shrank ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ weakened.
*ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 22 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ 9 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1861; ᎯᎠ disparity ᎤᏛᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ controlled ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ garrisons, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ trans-Mississippi ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
*ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ controlled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80% ᎯᎠ shipyards, steamships, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ augmented ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ massive shipbuilding ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ yli iyulistanv ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ systems ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ coastline.&lt;ref&gt; McPherson 313-16, 392-3&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ allowed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ slower ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ augment Ꮝ ᎤᏣᏘ smaller ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 1591-98&lt;/ref&gt;
*Strategically ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Richmond ᏗᎧᏁᎸ Lee ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ exposed ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines. (ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ Richmond, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.)&lt;ref&gt;Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 1643-47&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ accumulated ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ wartime, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ regional infighting ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ streamlined ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ Davis ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ productive relationships ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ governors ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ regional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.&lt;ref&gt; McPherson 432-44&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Second Party System|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] yli iyulistanv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ ᏗᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ roots, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ unpopular. ᎯᎠ Confederacy deliberately ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.&lt;ref&gt;Eric L. McKitrick, &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꭰatogiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ Confederate ᏓᏄᏩ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ,&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  William Nisbet Chambers ᎠᎴ Walter Dean Burnham, eds. ''ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Systems'' (1965); Beringer 1988 p 93&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ diplomatic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ markets. Ꮝ [[King Cotton|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ]] misperception ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ diplomacy, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ refusal ᏥᏳ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 598-603&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ overcoming ᎯᎠ unhealthy ᎥᏳᎩ environment Ꮎ sickened (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ combat ᏄᏛᏁᎸ.&lt;ref&gt; Resch 2: 112-14; Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 603-4&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏤᎵ tactic engaging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ battles drained manpower ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ losses.&lt;ref&gt; Grady McWhiney ᎠᎴ Perry D. Jamieson. '' ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ: Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ Tactics ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Heritage'' (1982)&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Despite ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tactical blunders ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Seven Days Battle|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate generals, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ miscalculations ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Gettysburg|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Gettysburg]] ᎠᎴ [[Battle of Antietam|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Antietam]], ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Confederates ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ losses.
*Lincoln ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ adept ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Davis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ replacing unsuccessful generals ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley&lt;/ref&gt;
*Lincoln ᎤᏛᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ strategist, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ Davis. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎥᏝ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ overall ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. Davis ᎤᏄᎸunulvngi ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ coordinated ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ threats, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ allowed Lee invade Pennsylvania).&lt;ref&gt;Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 564-72, 1185-90&lt;/ref&gt;
*ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ partisan bands ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Missouri, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ shrank ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ infrastructure &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0 HzY/is_1_14/ai_78397581 ''The Confederacy Could Have Won''], ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ,  Wntr, 2001, ᎾᎥᎢ Dr. John Arquilla&lt;/ref&gt;. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lee warned, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ devastating ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.&lt;ref&gt;Heidler ᎠᎴ Heidler, 900-902&lt;/ref&gt;
* ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ lacked ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ commitment ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ &lt;ref&gt;Beringer et al (1986)&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, Sherman, ᎠᎴ Sheridan emerge; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳᏃ, ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ wavered, ᎠᎴ Lincoln ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏔᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ 1864, until victories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ Atlanta ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ.

==Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ==
:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Military leadership in the American Civil War|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ leadership ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]''

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ generals ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States Army|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]]&amp;mdash;ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Ulysses S. Grant|Ulysses . ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Robert E. Lee]], ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Mexican-American War|Mexican-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎠᏰᎵ 1846 ᎠᎴ 1848. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ [[United States Military Academy|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Robert E. Lee]], [[Joseph E. Johnston]], [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. &quot;Stonewall&quot; Jackson]], [[James Longstreet]], [[P.G.T. Beauregard]], [[John Mosby]], [[Braxton Bragg]], [[John Bell Hood|John ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Hood]], [[JEB Stuart|James Ewell ᏬᏗᎨ (JEB) Stuart]], [[William Mahone]], [[Judah P. Benjamin]], [[Jubal Anderson Early|Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ]], ᎠᎴ [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]].

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Abraham Lincoln|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln]], [[Edwin M. Stanton]], [[Ulysses S. Grant|Ulysses . ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], [[George H. Thomas]], [[George B. McClellan]], [[Henry W. Halleck]], [[Joseph Hooker]], [[Ambrose Burnside]], [[Irvin McDowell]], [[Winfield Scott]], [[Philip Sheridan]], [[George Crook]], [[George Armstrong Custer]], [[George G. Meade]], [[Winfield Hancock]], ᎠᎴ [[Robert Gould Shaw]].

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1980, scholarly ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Dr. Charles Brackett]] (ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ African Americans ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James McPherson ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ irony ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ Confederate ᎠᎴ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ... interpreted ᎯᎠ heritage 1776 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Confederates ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏩnvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ independence ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tyrannical ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ; Unionists ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ founders ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ dismemberment ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.&quot;(McPherson 1994 p 24)

==Aftermath==
{{main|Reconstruction}}
[[Image:Peace_Monument_Chattanooga.jpg|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ ''ᏅᏩnvwato hiyadv Monument'' ᎾᎾᎢ [[Lookout Mountain|ᎤᎾᎦunagatodi ᎣᏓᎸ]], [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]] depicts  ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ Confederate ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ shaking ᏧᏃᏰᏂ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ conventional Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ significant guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ Europe ᎠᎴ Mexico; Davis ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured ᎠᎴ imprisoned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ stages, [[Abraham Lincoln assassination|Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ assassinated]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ plot ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate sympathizers. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ targets ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ plot, ᎠᎴ [[William H. Seward]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ encompass ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ goals: Confederate nationalism ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ repudiated, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ slavery ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ eliminated. ᎤᏅᏌ disagreed sharply ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ goals. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ disagreed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ imposed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ reintegrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.

[[Reconstruction]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ complex ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ &quot;Civil ᏓᏄᏩ&quot; amendments ᎯᎠ [[United States Constitution|ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ]] (ᎯᎠ XIII, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished slavery, ᎯᎠ XIV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ protections ᎠᏁᎲᎢ regardless ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ XV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished racial restrictions ᎾᎿ voting). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877 ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ intervention ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Jim Crow laws|Jim koga]]&quot; ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ.

Amendments XIV ᎠᎴ XV ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Ku Klux Klan]] ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Confederate &quot;Redeemer&quot; governors ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ resistance until ᎯᎠ [[Civil Rights|Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Ꭰatogiyadv ᎠᎴ culture. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ decades ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ &quot;waved ᎯᎠ [[bloody shirt|bloody ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏄᏬ]],&quot; ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ wartime casualties ᏥᏄᏍᏗ electoral tactic. ᏗᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Reconstruction ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ segregated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Democratic ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ&amp;mdash;ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Solid South|ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]&quot;&amp;mdash;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Ꭰatogiyadv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ [[Civil Rights Movement|Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ roots ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ [[Reconstruction]]. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎦᏲᎵ debates ᏓᎦdagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ legacy ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ memorials ᎠᎴ celebrations Confederate heroes ᎠᎴ [[Flags of the Confederate States of America#Controversy|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ flags]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ troubling ᏌᏊ: Americans ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ancestors cherish ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bravery ᎠᎴ determination, ᎩᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ [[African American|African ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] slavery.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[List of American Civil War topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ topics]]
*[[African Americans in the Civil War|African Americans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Canada and the American Civil War|Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Casualties of the American Civil War|Casualties  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[List of Medal of Honor recipients|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ  ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ recipients]]
*[[Military history of the Confederate States|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
*[[National Civil War Museum|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ Museum]]
*[[Naming the American Civil War|ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[List of people associated with the American Civil War|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Official Records of the American Civil War|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎪᏪᎸ  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Opposition to the American Civil War|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Origins of the American Civil War|Origins  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Photography and photographers of the American Civil War|Photography ᎠᎴ photographers  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Rail transport in the American Civil War|ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War|U.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Illinois in the Civil War|Illinois ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Ohio in the Civil War|Ohio ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[League of the South|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
===ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* U.. ᏓᏄᏩ Dept., [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html ''The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies''], U.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, 1880&amp;ndash;1901. 70 ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ armies. Online ᎾᎾᎢ [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html]
* Commager, Henry Steele (ed.). ''ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Participants.'' (1950), excerpts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ
* Eisenschiml, Otto; Ralph Newman; eds. ''ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Iliad: ᎯᎠ Epic ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Narrated ᎾᎥᎢ Eyewitnesses ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᏠᏱ'' (1947), excerpts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ
* Hesseltine, William B. ed.; ''ᎯᎠ Tragic ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ: ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Reconstruction'' (1962), excerpts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ
*Woodword, C. Vann, Ed., ''Mary Chesnut ᎤᏤᎵ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'', Yale University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1981, ISBN 0-300-02979-9 Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ
&lt;/div&gt;

===Overviews===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* Beringer, Richard E., ᎠᎳᏍᏔᎵᏙᎯ Jones, ᎠᎴ Herman Hattaway, ''ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (1986) influential ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ factors; ''ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ Confederate ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ: Nationalism, ᏓᏄᏩ Aims, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ'' (1988), abridged ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ
* [[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]], ''ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'', ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Heritage, 1960, ISBN 0-8281-0305-4, ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ narrative
* Donald, David ed. ''ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (1977) (ISBN 0020316607), ᏍᏆᎳᎢ interpretive essays
* Donald, David et al. ''ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Reconstruction'' (ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ 2001); 700 ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ
* Eicher, David J., ''ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ: ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'', (2001), ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
* Fellman, Michael et al. ''ᎪᎯ Terible ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ Aftermath'' (2003), 400 ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ
* [[Shelby Foote|Foote, Shelby]]. ''[[The Civil War: A Narrative]]'' (3 ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ), (1974), ISBN 0-394-74913-8. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ narrative ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ fronts
* [[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]] ''ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ tohi adedi: ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ'' (1988), 900 ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ
* [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union|Ordeal  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]]'', 8-ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ (1947-1971). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ narrative; ᎾᎥᎢ Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ winner
** 1. Fruits Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; 2. ᎦᎵᏦᏕ Dividing, 1852-1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Chaos, 1857-1859; 4. Prologue Civil ᏓᏄᏩ, 1859-1861; 5. ᎯᎠ Improvised ᏓᏄᏩ, 1861-1862; 6. ᏓᏄᏩ Becomes ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, 1862-1863; 7. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, 1863-1864; 8. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ, 1864-1865
* Rhodes, James ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ. [http://www.bartleby.com/252/ ''History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 (1918)], Pulitzer ᎠᏌᏍᏛ; ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ 5-ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ
* ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ, Geoffrey C. ''ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (Alfred Knopf, 1990), ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ PBS ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ken Burns]]; visual emphasis
* Weigley, Russell ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ. ''ᎡᏆ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, 1861-1865'' (2004); ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ
&lt;/div&gt;

===ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ bibliographies===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* Blair, Jayne E. ''ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: Handbook ᎯᎠ Battles, Armies, Navies ᎠᎴ Commanders'' (2006)
* Carter, Alice E. ᎠᎴ Richard Jensen. ''ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ: ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ Sites-'' 2nd ed. (2003)
* ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, Richard N., et al eds. ''Encyclopedia ᎯᎠ Confederacy'' (1993) (4 ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ 1 vol abridged ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ) (ISBN 0132759918)
* Faust, Patricia L. (ed.) ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Encyclopedia ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ'' (1986) (ISBN 0061812617) 2000 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ entries
* Esposito, Vincent J. [http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/american%20civil%20war/american%20civil%20war%20index.htm ''West Point Atlas of American Wars'' (1959)], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ online
* Heidler, David Stephen. ''Encyclopedia ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'' (2002), 1600 entries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2700 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 5 vol ᎠᎴ 1-vol editions
* Resch, John P. et al., '&quot;Americans ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Culture ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Homefront'' (2005) vol 2: 1816-1900
* Wagner, Margaret E. Gary W. Gallagher, ᎠᎴ Paul Finkelman, eds. ''ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ'' (2002)
* Woodworth, Steven E. ed. ''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: Handbook ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ'' (1996) (ISBN 0313290199), 750 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ historiography ᎠᎴ bibliography
&lt;/div&gt;

===Biographies===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ: ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ Commanders'', Louisiana ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1964, ISBN 0-8071-0882-7
* Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ: ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ Confederate Commanders'', Louisiana ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5
&lt;/div&gt;

===ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ, Joseph Allan ᎠᎴ George . Reaves. ''ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ: ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ Recruits ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Shiloh'' (1989)
* Hess, Earl J. ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ: Enduring ᎯᎠ Ordeal Combat'' (1997)
* McPherson, James. ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, 1861-1865'' (Louisiana ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1994)
* McPherson, James. ''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ Comrades: ᎦᏙᏃ Ꭰansigaya ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ '' (1998)
* Wiley, ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Irvin. ''ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Johnny Reb: ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy'' (1962) (ISBN 0807104752)
* Wiley, ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Irvin. ''ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Billy Yank: ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ'' (1952) (ISBN 0807104760)
&lt;/div&gt;

===Novels ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*[[Stephen Crane|ᎦᏄᏥᏔᎵ, Stephen]], ''[[The Red Badge of Courage|ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ  ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]]''
*[[Bernard Cornwell|Cornwell, Bernard]], ''[[The Starbuck Chronicles - Rebel|ᎯᎠ Starbuck Chronicles - Rebel]]''
*[[Bernard Cornwell|Cornwell, Bernard]], ''[[The Starbuck Chronicles - Copperhead|ᎯᎠ Starbuck Chronicles - ᏭᏗᎨ ᎠᏍ]]''
*[[Bernard Cornwell|Cornwell, Bernard]], ''[[The Starbuck Chronicles - Battle Flag|ᎯᎠ Starbuck Chronicles - ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎦᏓᏘ]]''
*[[Bernard Cornwell|Cornwell, Bernard]], ''[[The Starbuck Chronicles - The Bloody Ground|ᎯᎠ Starbuck Chronicles - ᎯᎠ Bloody ᎦᏙᎯ]]''
*[[E.L. Doctorow|Doctorow, E.L.]], ''[[The March (novel)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ]]''
*[[Charles Frazier|Frazier, Charles]], ''[[Cold Mountain|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎣᏓᎸ]]''
*[[John Jakes|Jakes, John]], ''ᎯᎠ Titans'' ISBN 0515048275
*[[John Jakes|Jakes, John]], ''[[Love and War|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ]]''
*[[Margaret Mitchell|Mitchell, Margaret]], ''[[Gone with the Wind|ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]''
*[[Alexandra Ripley|Ripley, Alexandra]], ''[[Charleston (novel)|Charleston]]''
*[[Ishmael Reed|Reed, Ishmael]], ''ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ Canada''
*[[Jeffrey Shaara|Shaara, Jeffrey]], ''[[Gods and Generals|Gods ᎠᎴ Generals]]''
*[[Jeffrey Shaara|Shaara, Jeffrey]], ''[[The Last Full Measure|ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]]''
*[[Michael Shaara|Shaara, Michael]], ''[[The Killer Angels|ᎯᎠ ᏗᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]''
*[[James Street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ, James]], ''ᎾᎥᎢ Valour ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ''
*[[Harry Turtledove|Turtledove, Harry]], ''ᏗᏐᏴ ᎠᏆᏍᏙ''
*[[Jules Verne|Verne, Jules]], ''[[Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South|Texar ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]'' (''Nord Contre Sud'')
*[[Gore Vidal|Vidal, Gore]], ''Lincoln''
&lt;/div&gt;

==Cinema &amp; Television==

===Films ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*''[[The Birth of a Nation|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ   ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]'' (1915)
*''[[Gone With the Wind|ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]'' (1939)
*''[[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly|ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ]]'' (1966)
*''[[The Blue and the Gray|ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]]'' (1982)
*''[[Glory (film)|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gettysburg (movie)|Gettysburg]]'' (1993)
*''[[Ride with the Devil|ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]'' (1999)
*''[[Gods and Generals|Gods ᎠᎴ Generals]]'' (2003)
*''[[Cold Mountain|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎣᏓᎸ]]'' (2003)
&lt;/div&gt;

===Documentaries ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*''[[The Civil War (documentary)|ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]'', ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ken Burns]]
*''[[The Great Battles of the Civil War|ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Battles  ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ]]'', ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jay Wertz|ᏜᏴᎦ Wertz]]
&lt;/div&gt;

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|American Civil War}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*[http://www.civil-war.net The Civil War Home Page]
*[http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/civ-war.htm updated Guide to Civil War and Reconstruction Online historical and scholarly sources]
*[http://www.encyclomedia.com/george_scott.html George Scott] ᎬᎿᎨ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏗ
*[http://www.geocities.com/pes1248/ links to magazines and documents]
*[http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/ The American Civil War Homepage], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ U ᏖᎾᏏ
*[http://antislavery.eserver.org/ The Antislavery Literature Project]
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Civil War photos] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Archives and Records Administration|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Archives]]
* [http://www.virginia.org/site/features.asp?FeatureID=198 Civil War in Virginia]
*[http://www.civilwar-pictures.com Civil War Pictures Database]
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/books-title.htm Online texts of Civil War books] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Park Service|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]]
*[http://www.brucegourley.com/civilwar/gourleyhistor1.htm Religion and the American Civil War]
*[http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/generals.html University of Tennessee: U.S. Civil War Generals]
*[http://www.civilwarhome.com Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War]
*[http://www.us-civilwar.com American Civil War]
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/chron/civilwar.html American Civil War Detailed Chronology]
*[http://www.pbs.org/civilwar ''The Civil War''], [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] documentary ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ken Burns]]
* ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: [http://www.militarymuseum.org/HistoryCW.html California], [http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/FloridaCivilWar/index.cfm Florida], [http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/ Illinois #1], [http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/ Illinois #2], [http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/ Ohio], [http://www.pacivilwar.com/ Pennsylvania]
*ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ declarations ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ secession: [http://www.civilwar.com/decms.htm Mississippi], [http://www.civilwar.com/decga.htm Georgia], [http://www.civilwar.com/dectx.htm Texas], [http://www.civilwar.com/decsc.htm South Carolina]
*[http://members.aol.com/jfepperson/ordnces.html Ordinances of Secession for all CSA states]
*[http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76 Alexander Hamilton Stephens' Cornerstone Speech]
* [http://www.civilwartrails.org/ Civil War Trails] &amp;mdash; ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv sites ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Maryland, Virginia, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina
*[http://www.learnoutloud.com/Content/Topic-Pages/Experience-the-Civil-War-with-Your-Ears/21 Civil War Audio Resources]
*[http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/CC/qdc2.html ''The Handbook of Texas Online:'' Civil War]
*[http://www.brotherswar.com The Brothers War]
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/MillsSpColl.BandBooks Civil War Band Collection: 1st Brigade Band of Brodhead, Wisconsin] digital ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ narrative accounts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Wisconsin ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, documenting ᎤᎾᏤᎵ wartime ᎤᏂᎦunigatohvsv.
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIWar Wisconsin Goes to War: Our Civil War Experience]
*[http://www.worldbook.com/wc/popup?path=features/civilwar&amp;page=html/index.html&amp;direct=yes &quot;A Divided Nation&quot;]. ᏌᏊ ''ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ Encyclopedia'''ᏏᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ.
&lt;/div&gt;


{{UShistoryFooter}}

[[Category:American Civil War| ]]
[[Category:Civil wars]]

{{Link FA|he}}
{{Link FA|pt}}

[[als:Sezessionskrieg]]
[[ang:Americanisc Ingefeoht]]
[[ar:الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية]]
[[ast:Guerra de Secesión]]
[[bg:Гражданска война в САЩ]]
[[bs:Američki građanski rat]]
[[ca:Guerra civil dels Estats Units]]
[[cs:Americká občanská válka]]
[[da:Amerikanske borgerkrig]]
[[de:Sezessionskrieg]]
[[en:American Civil War]]
[[eo:Usona Enlanda Milito]]
[[es:Guerra Civil Estadounidense]]
[[et:Ameerika Ühendriikide kodusõda]]
[[fa:جنگ داخلی امریکا]]
[[fi:Yhdysvaltain sisällissota]]
[[fr:Guerre de Sécession]]
[[he:מלחמת האזרחים האמריקנית]]
[[hr:Američki građanski rat]]
[[hu:Amerikai polgárháború]]
[[ia:Guerra Civil American]]
[[id:Perang Saudara Amerika]]
[[it:Guerra di secessione americana]]
[[ja:南北戦争]]
[[ko:남북 전쟁]]
[[lt:JAV pilietinis karas]]
[[mr:अमेरिकन गृहयुद्ध]]
[[mt:Gwerra Ċivili Amerikana]]
[[nds:Amerikaansche Börgerkrieg]]
[[nl:Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog]]
[[nn:Borgarkrigen i USA]]
[[no:Den amerikanske borgerkrigen]]
[[pl:Wojna secesyjna]]
[[pt:Guerra Civil Americana]]
[[ro:Războiul civil american]]
[[ru:Гражданская война в США]]
[[scn:Guerra civili miricana]]
[[sh:Američki građanski rat]]
[[simple:American Civil War]]
[[sk:Americká občianska vojna]]
[[sl:Ameriška državljanska vojna]]
[[sr:Амерички грађански рат]]
[[sv:Amerikanska inbördeskriget]]
[[th:สงครามกลางเมืองอเมริกา]]
[[tr:Amerikan İç Savaşı]]
[[vi:Nội chiến Mỹ]]
[[zh:南北战争]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Military Conflict</title>
    <id>2543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8611</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-11T17:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; &quot;
|- 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; | {{{conflict|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{partof|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: lightsteelblue;&quot; {{!}} Part of {{{partof|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{image|}}}&lt;br /&gt;{{{caption|}}}
}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0; cellpadding: 0; padding: 0; border:0&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Date:
| {{{date|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Location:
| {{{place|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Result:
| {{{result|}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casus|}}}|
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; {{!}} [[Casus belli]]:
{{!}} {{{casus|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{territory|}}}|
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; {{!}} Territory changes:
{{!}} {{{territory|}}}
}}
|}
|-
{{#if:{{{combatant1|}}}{{{combatant2|}}}|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue;&quot; {{!}} Combatants
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{combatant1|}}}{{{combatant2|}}}|
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{combatant1|}}}
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; {{!}} {{{combatant2|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue;&quot; {{!}} Commanders
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}|
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{commander1|}}}
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; {{!}} {{{commander2|}}}
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|-
{{#if:{{{strength1|}}}{{{strength2|}}}|
! width=&quot;50%&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue;&quot; {{!}} Strength
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{strength1|}}}{{{strength2|}}}|
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{strength1|}}}
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; {{!}} {{{strength2|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}}{{{casualties3|}}}|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue;&quot; {{!}} Casualties
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}}|
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{casualties1|}}}
{{!}} width=&quot;50%&quot; {{!}} {{{casualties2|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casualties3|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; {{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}}|border-top: 1px dotted #aaa;}}&quot; {{!}} {{{casualties3|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{notes|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;&quot; {{!}} {{{notes|}}}
}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;clear: both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
== Usage ==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Military conflict infobox}}
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Military infobox templates|Conflict]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᎶᎯᏱ</title>
    <id>2544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8613</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T08:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Saudi-desert.gif|thumb|right|300px|ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Saudi Arabia]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ characteristics Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]], '''ᎢᎾᎨ(ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᎶᎯᏱ)''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ areas Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 mm (10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ). 

Deserts ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ supporting ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ wetter regions ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ deserts ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[biodiversity]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[animal|Ꭶgantlai]]Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ) ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ [[moisture]]. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎯᏍᎩᏁ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ']] ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ. 

ᎢᎾᎨ landscapes ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. Deserts ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ composed [[sand|ᎾᏳ]] ᎠᎴ [[Rock (geology)|ᏅᏯ]]y surfaces. [[Sand dunes|ᎾᏳ dunes]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Erg (disambiguation)|ergs]] ᎠᎴ stony surfaces ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Reg ᎠᎴ [[hamada (landform)|hamada]] surfaces ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎾᎨ surfaces. Exposures [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] terrain ᎠᎴ typical, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi minimal ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ sparseness [[vegetation]]. ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]]-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏗᏯᏖᏂ. [[Eolian]] (ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ) processes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ factors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎢᎾᎨ landscapes. '''ᎤᏴᏢ deserts''' ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ precipation ᎨᏒᎢ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Antarctica]] (composed ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 98 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ [[continent|ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]]al [[ice sheet|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]] ᎠᎴ 2 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛᎯ ᏅᏯ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sahara Desert|Sahara]]. 

Deserts sometimes ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arid environment ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ exposed ᎾᎥᎢ erosion. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ artifacts ᎠᎴ fossils ᎾᏍᏋ preserved.

Deserts ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deserts ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏍᏗ moisture) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ cools ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, cloudless skies ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, deserts ᎠᎴ classed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ (BW).

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎾᎨ==
[[Image:Désert-du-Thar.jpg|300px|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ [[Thar Desert|Thar ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Jaisalmer]], [[India]]]]
[[Image:High_desert.jpg|300px|thumb|right|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Eastern Oregon|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Oregon]], [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ classifications rely ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ rainfall, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, [[humidity]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ factors. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1953]], [[Peveril Meigs]] ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎢᎾᎨ regions ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ precipitation ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏊ widely accepted ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ least 12 consecutive ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ rainfall, arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ rainfall, ᎠᎴ semiarid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎠᏰᎵ 250 ᎠᎴ 500 millimeters. Arid ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ arid ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ deserts, ᎠᎴ semiarid grasslands ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[steppes]].

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ rainfall ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ't ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Phoenix, Arizona|ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Arizona]] ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters (10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ) precipitation ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ.  ᎯᎠ [[Alaska North Slope|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]] Alaska ᎤᏤᎵ [[Brooks Range|Brooks ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters precipitation ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ termed &quot;ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[evapotranspiration]].&quot; 
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ calculated ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ formula P-PE+/-, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ P ᎨᏒᎢ precipitation, PE ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ evapotranspiration rates ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. 
Evapotranspiration ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ atmospheric [[evaporation]], coupled ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ evaporative ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ processes ᏗᎦdigakohidi.  ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ evapotranspiration, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ''ᏰᎵᏇ'' evaporate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  [[Tucson, Arizona]] ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 millimeters, (12 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2500 millimeters, (100 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ evaporate ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ evaporate ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ.  Rates evapotranspiration ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ regions ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Alaska ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ regions ᎠᎩᏍᏗ minimal precipitation, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ designated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎾᎨ:  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ evaporation exceeds precipitation.

Ꮎ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ deserts. ᎤᏴᏢ deserts ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]]; ᏯᏛᎿ locations don't ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ precipitation, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ commonly ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tundra]] ᎢᏳᏃ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-freezing temperatures ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦugatohvsvi, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ice cap|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ]] ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ freezing ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, rendering ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ lifeless.
    
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ non-polar deserts ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ [[water|ᎠᎹ]]. ᎠᎹ tends ᎤᎭ cooling, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ least moderating,  ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ environments ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ plentiful. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[rain shadow|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ]] ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ masses ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ moisture ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[mountain range|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]; ᏐᎢ areas ᎠᎴ arid ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ moisture (ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ-latitude landmass ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ locations, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asia]]).

Deserts ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ geographical ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dominant ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-latitude, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ, coastal, monsoon, ᎠᎴ [[polar desert|polar ᎢᎾᎨ]]. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᎾᎨ areas ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ non-arid environments ᎠᎴ paleodeserts, ᎠᎴ extraterrestrial deserts ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ planets.

===Montane deserts===
[[Montane]] deserts ᎠᎴ arid ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[altitude]]; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Himalaya]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[Kunlun Mountains|Kunlun ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Tibetan Plateau]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ locations ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎭ elevations exceeding 3,000 meters (9,843 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ thermal regime ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[hemiboreal]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ aridity (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 40mm) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ moisture.

==ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ==
[[Image:Al-Dahna.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  [[Al-Dahna desert|Al-Dahna ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Saudi Arabia. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ depositional ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ.]]
[[Sand|ᎾᏳ]] ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ deserts. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sand sheet|ᎾᏳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏳ seas&amp;mdash;ᎤᎪᏗᏗ regions undulating dunes resembling ᎠᎺᏉᎯ waves &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 6 ᏚᏙᏢᏒ deserts:
* ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ deserts;
* Hamada deserts, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ comprise plateaux landforms;
* Regs ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ pavements;
* Ergs ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏳ seas;
* Intermontane Basins;
* Badlands ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ margins arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ comprising ᎦᏓᏆᎵ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎾᎨ surfaces ᎠᎴ plains ᎭᏢᏃ [[eolian deflation]]&amp;mdash;ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ-grained ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ&amp;mdash;ᎤᎭ exposed ᏗᏲᏒᎯ gravels ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ predominantly [[pebble]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[cobble]].

ᎯᎠ remaining surfaces arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ composed exposed [[bedrock|ᏅᏲᎯ]] outcrops, ᎢᎾᎨ soils, ᎠᎴ [[fluvial deposit|fluvial ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ]]ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[alluvial fan|alluvial ᎠᏔᏃᏲ]], [[playa]], ᎢᎾᎨ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎠᎴ oases. ᏅᏲᎯ outcrops commonly ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ ᏓᎦdagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ erosional plains. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ dunes. Barchan dunes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ crescent-shaped. Longitudinal ᎠᎴ seif dunes ᎠᎴ dunes Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ꮎ blows ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Transverse dunes ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏃᏈᏏ dunes ᎠᎴ ᏃᏈᏏ-shaped ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ridges Ꮎ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

[[Oasis|Oases]] ᎠᎴ vegetated areas moistened ᎾᎥᎢ [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], [[water well|ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ [[irrigation]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. Oases ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ habitation.

===Soils===
[[Image:Dessication.JPG|thumb|right|250px|ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ moisture ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ dries ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv.]] [[Soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]]Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid climates ᎠᎴ predominantly mineral soils (classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[aridisols]]) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ organic ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ accumulation ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ soils ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎹ layers ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. [[Calcium carbonate]] precipitated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ gravel ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ layers ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[calcrete]]&quot; ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 50 meters ᎤᎭᎨᏛ.

[[Caliche (Mineral)|Caliche]] ᎨᏒᎢ reddish-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏁᎬ layer ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ soils. Caliche commonly occurs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nodules ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ coatings ᎾᎿ mineral grains ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ complicated interaction ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]] ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ roots ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ decaying organic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.

===Vegetation===
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ drought- ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ-tolerant, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[xerophyte]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, roots, ᎠᎴ stems. ᏐᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[tap root|ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]]Ꮎ penetrate ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᎯᎠ stems ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ velocity ᎾᏳ-ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ erosion.

Deserts typically ᎤᎭ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎫᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ enormously diverse. ᎯᎠ [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Southwest ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ complex ᎢᎾᎨ vegetation ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ giant [[saguaro cactus|saguaro cacti]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ nests ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏕᏡᎬ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. Saguaro ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ 200 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ 9 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 15 centimeters ᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 75 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ cacti ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ, saguaro ᎠᎴ 15 meters ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni. ᎤᏅᏌ dot ᎯᎠ Sonoran ᎠᎴ reinforce ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ deserts ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ cacti ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ arid environment. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[pea]] ᎠᎴ [[sunflower]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ. ᎤᏴᏢ deserts ᎤᎭ grasses ᎠᎴ shrubs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ dominant vegetation.

===ᎠᎹ===
[[Image:Moving sand simulator questacon.jpg|thumb|left|ᎯᎠ shifting sands simulator ᎾᎾᎢ [[Questacon]], Canberra]]
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᎨ storms ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ. ᎪᏪᎸ 44 millimeters ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 3 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sahara. ᎡᏆ Saharan storms ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 millimeter ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. Normally ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ channels, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[arroyo (creek)|arroyos]] ᎠᎴ [[wadi]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᎵkalil ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ [[flash flood|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ channels ᎦᏂᏰᎬ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts, deserts ᎠᎩᏍᏗ runoff ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ephemeral, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ, streams ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ sediment ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ basins ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ drainage, ᎦᏲᎵ deserts ᎠᎴ crossed ᎾᎥᎢ 'exotic' rivers Ꮎ derive ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᏯᏛᎿ rivers infiltrate soils ᎠᎴ evaporate ᎡᏆ amounts ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ journeys ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ deserts, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ continuity. ᎯᎠ [[Nile River|Nile ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎯᎠ [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Yellow River|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎴ exotic rivers Ꮎ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ deserts ᏩᎯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ sediments ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

Lakes ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ rainfall ᎠᎴ meltwater ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ drainage basins ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎢᎾᎨ lakes ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ, ᎠᎴ salty. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ lakes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ gradient, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometers. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ lakes ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ crust ᎠᎴ [[hardpan]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, silt, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏳ encrusted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ playa. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ playas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ deserts. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ relics ᎡᏆ lakes Ꮎ existed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ [[ice age|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. [[Lake Bonneville|ᎥᏓᎵ Bonneville]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 52,000-ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ-kilometer ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 300 meters ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Utah, Nevada, ᎠᎴ Idaho ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ remnants ᎥᏓᎵ Bonneville ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Utah ᎤᏤᎵ [[Great Salt Lake|ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ]], [[Utah Lake|Utah ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎠᎴ [[Sevier Lake|Sevier ᎥᏓᎵ]]. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ playas ᎠᎴ arid ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ wetter Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ clues climatic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ precipitation ᎾᏛᏁ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ erodes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ powerfully. ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Ꮎ erodes deserts - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ terrains hardpans ᎠᎴ playas ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ runways ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ airplanes ᎠᎴ spacecraft. ᎦᏙᎯ-vehicle ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ commonly ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎿ [[Bonneville Speedway]], ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ hardpan. ᎤᏜᏅᏛ shuttles ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ [[Rogers Lake Playa|Rogers ᎥᏓᎵ Playa]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California.

==Mineral ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ==
ᎢᎦᏛ [[mineral]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᎠᎴ preserved ᎾᎥᎢ geologic processes Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. [[Ground water|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎹ]] [[leaching|ᏝᏄᏏ]]es [[ore]] minerals ᎠᎴ redeposits ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ zones ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[water table|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]]. ᎪᎯ leaching ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ concentrates ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ minerals ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ore Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mined.

Evaporation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ enriches mineral accumulation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lakes. Playas ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ evaporation. ᎠᎹ evaporating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ basins precipitates minerals ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gypsum]], salts (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[sodium nitrate]] ᎠᎴ [[sodium chloride]]), ᎠᎴ [[borate]]. ᎯᎠ minerals ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[evaporite]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ saline ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi deposition.

Significant evaporite ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Great Basin Desert|ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;20-ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ teams&quot; Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ hauled borax-laden wagons ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Death Valley|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎯᎠ [[railroad|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]]. [[Boron]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[borax]] ᎠᎴ borate evaporites, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ingredient ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ceramics, enamel, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ chemicals, ᎠᎹ softeners, ᎠᎴ pharmaceuticals. Borates ᎠᎴ mined ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ evaporite ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Searles Lake|Searles ᎥᏓᎵ]], California, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ locations. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ chemicals Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Searles ᎥᏓᎵ substantially exceeds [[US dollar|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$]]1 [[billion]].

ᎯᎠ [[Atacama Desert|Atacama ᎢᎾᎨ]] [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ unique ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ deserts ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ saline minerals. Sodium nitrate ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mined ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[explosive]]ᎠᎴ [[fertilizer|ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Atacama ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[19th century|19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 3 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[tonne]]ᎨᏒᎩ mined ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[World War I|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ]].

ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ minerals ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Chile, [[Peru]], ᎠᎴ [[Iran]]; [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[lead|ᎦᏂ]]-[[zinc|ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ]] ore ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia; [[chromite]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]]; ᎠᎴ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[uranium]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Nonmetallic mineral ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[beryllium]], [[mica]], [[lithium]], [[clay|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]], [[pumice]], ᎠᎴ [[scoria]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid regions. [[Sodium carbonate]], [[sulfate]], borate, [[nitrate]], lithium, [[bromine]], [[iodine]], [[calcium]], ᎠᎴ [[strontium]] compounds ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sediments ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎦᏚᎢ brines ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ evaporation inland ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ geologically ᎾᏞᎬ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi.

ᎯᎠ [[Green River Formation|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ Formation]] [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], ᎠᎴ [[Utah]] ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ [[alluvial]] ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ playa evaporites ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ fluctuated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. Economically significant ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ [[trona]], ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[sodium]] compounds, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layers [[oil shale|ᎪᎢ shale]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arid environment.

[[Image:EmptyQuarter.JPG|right|thumb|Dunes ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Empty Quarter|ᎤᏏᏩ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1000 ft.]]
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ productive [[petroleum]] areas ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᎠᎴ semiarid regions Africa ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mideast, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[oil field|ᎪᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ marine environments. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾnanahwunvgi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ reservoirs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid environment. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ noteworthy Ꮎ [[Ghawar]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ productive oilfield ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Empty Quarter|ᎤᏏᏩ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Al-Dahna]] deserts.

ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ reservoirs, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ eolian ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ origin ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ humid environments. ᎯᎠ [[Rotliegendes]], [[hydrocarbon]] reservoir ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[North Sea|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ evaporite ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ U.. hydrocarbon ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ eolian sands. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ alluvial ᎠᏔᏃᏲ sequences ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hydrocarbon reservoirs.

==Trivia==
*2006 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Deserts ᎠᎴ Desertification.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[List of deserts|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  deserts]]
*[[List of North American deserts|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ deserts]]

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/deserts.html The desert biome]
*[http://www.unep.org/geo/gdoutlook/ Global Deserts Outlook]
 
[[Category:Deserts| ]]

[[ar:صحراء]]
[[bg:Пустиня]]
[[bs:Pustinja]]
[[ca:Desert]]
[[cs:Poušť]]
[[cy:Anialwch]]
[[da:Ørken]]
[[de:Wüste]]
[[eo:Dezerto]]
[[es:Desierto]]
[[et:Kõrb]]
[[fa:بیابان]]
[[fi:Aavikko]]
[[fr:Désert]]
[[fy:Woastyn]]
[[ga:Fásach]]
[[gl:Deserto]]
[[he:מדבר]]
[[hr:Pustinja]]
[[hu:Sivatag]]
[[io:Dezerto]]
[[is:Eyðimörk]]
[[it:Deserto]]
[[ja:砂漠]]
[[ko:사막]]
[[la:Desertus]]
[[lb:Wüst]]
[[lt:Dykuma]]
[[mk:Пустина]]
[[nl:Woestijn]]
[[no:Ørken]]
[[pl:Pustynia]]
[[pt:Deserto]]{{Link FA|pt}}
[[ro:Deşert]]
[[ru:Пустыня]]
[[simple:Desert]]
[[sk:Púšť]]
[[sl:Puščava]]
[[sr:Пустиња]]
[[sv:Öken]]
[[ta:பாலைவனம்]]
[[tr:Çöl]]
[[uk:Пустеля]]
[[vi:Sa mạc]]
[[zh:沙漠]]
[[zh-yue:沙漠]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎣᏓᎸ</title>
    <id>2545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8617</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T06:15:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Denali Mt McKinley.jpg|350px|thumb|[[Mount McKinley|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ McKinley]] (Denali) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Alaska]] ([[United States|USA]]) ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv--summit elevation ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]].]]
{{otheruses}}
'''ᎣᏓᎸ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[landform]] Ꮎ extends ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦdagatuwisdisgv [[terrain]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ steeper ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ '''[[hill|ᎦᏚᏏ]]''', ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ overlap, ᎠᎴ usage ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ [[topographic prominence]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ prominence 610 [[metre|m]] (2,000 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]).

ᏙᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᏗ 52% Asia, 36% ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, 25% Europe, 22% ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, 17% Australia, ᎠᎴ 3% Africa. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, 24% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ mountainous. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 10 ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mountainous regions. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ rivers ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ. [http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:mrpECr4ad8UJ:animana.org/tab2/22troubleattop.shtml+&amp;hl=en&amp;lr=lang_en]
&lt;!-- Google cache for the dead link http://www.animana.org/tab2/22troubleattop.shtml --&gt;

ᎯᎠ adjective '''montane''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ mountainous areas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ.

==Heights==
Heights ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ heights ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ [[sea level|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ [[Himalayas]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 5&amp;nbsp;km ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, whilst ᎯᎠ [[Andes]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 4 [[kilometre|km]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ranges ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 2-2.5 km. 

ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mount Everest|Everest]], 8,848&amp;nbsp;[[metre|m]], ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ significant ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ [[Himalaya]]. ᏐᎢ definitions ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ farthest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ centre ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mount Chimborazo|Chimborazo]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ecuador]]. ᎾᎾᎢ 6,272&amp;nbsp;m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ tallest ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Andes]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ bulges ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ Chimborazo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 2,150&amp;nbsp;m ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ centre ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Everest. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮎ rises farthest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mauna Kea]] ᎾᎿ [[Hawaii]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 9,000&amp;nbsp;m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].

ᎾᎾᎢ 26 [[kilometer|km]] (Fraknoi et al., 2004), ᎯᎠ tallest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[solar system|solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[Olympus Mons]], ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ [[Mars (planet)|Mars]].

==Characteristics==
ᎯᎠ altitude ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ tops ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ layers ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[glaciation]] ᎠᎴ [[erosion]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ classic ᎣᏓᎸ [[pyramidal peak|ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ [[glacial lake|glacial ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ melting glaciers; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 3,000 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bhutan]].
[[Image:Rockies USA1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ [[Rocky Mountains|Rocky ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Colorado]]
ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ climatic conditions ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[life zone|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ altitudes ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ slopes. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ isolated ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ zones ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ inhospitable, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ unique species ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ mountainsides ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sky island|ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]. [[Cloud forest|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]ᎠᎴ forests ᎾᎿ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ attract moisture ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, creating unique [[ecosystem]].

ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] habitation; ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ harsher, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[farming|ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ altitudes, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ [[oxygen]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ solar radiation (UV). [[Acute mountain sickness|Acute ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ]] (ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] - ᎦᎷᎶᎩ oxygen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ) affects ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ lowlanders ᎦᎪ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3,500 metres. Despite ᎢᎦᏛ biological adaptation ᎾᎥᎢ peoples ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᎢ' ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ [[birthweight]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 100 grams ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 1,000-metre ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ altitude.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[recreation]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ spectacular ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ [[mountaineering]].  ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ site ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ [[downhill skiing]]. ᏴᏫ engaging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ [[mountain resort|ᎣᏓᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ]]ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ.

==Geology==
[[image:himalaya_annotated.jpg|thumb|right|350px|ᎯᎠ [[Himalaya|Himalayan]] ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Mount Everest|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Everest]].]]
ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ [[plate tectonics|lithospheric ᏗᏖᎵᏙ]], ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[orogeny|orogenic ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ᎠᎴ [[epeirogenic movement|epeirogenic ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]]. ᎯᎠ compressional ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, isostatic uplift ᎠᎴ intrusion [[igneous rock|igneous ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᏯ upwards, creating landform ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦdagatuwisdisgv ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ steeper, ᎣᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ heights ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ termed ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ [[topography]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏙᏓᎸ tend ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ linear arcs, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎣᏓᎸ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ tends ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ discrete ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[orogeny]]. ᎯᎠ orogeny ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ uplifted ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ eroded ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ-ᎠᎴ-ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ topography, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ uplift ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ reacts ᎯᎠ tectonic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ &amp;ndash; ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ.

ᎯᎠ compressional ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ continental collisions ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ compressed ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ thicken, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ upwards. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ compressed ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ''downwards'', ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎣᏓᎸ roots&quot;. ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ downwards ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ upwards (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[isostasy]]). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ continental collisions ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ''ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏓᎡᏗ'' ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, crumpling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ isolated ᏙᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[volcano]]es, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎤᏍᏗ [[island|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]Ꮎ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.

ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ areas ᎠᎴ widely ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏅᎢᏌᏛ creating ᎡᏆ vertical displacements. ᎯᎠ uplifted ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ''[[Horst (geology)|horst]]''. ᎯᎠ intervening  ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ termed ''[[graben]]'': ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ rift ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ systems. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[East Africa|ᎧᎸᎬ Africa]], ᎯᎠ [[Vosges]], ᎯᎠ [[Basin and Range|ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] province ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Rhine]] ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.

ᎭᏢᏃ ᏅᏯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ folds, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ symmetrically ᎠᎴ asymmetrically. ᎯᎠ upfolds ᎠᎴ ''anticlines'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ downfolds ᎠᎴ ''synclines''; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ asymmetric folding ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ recumbent ᎠᎴ overturned folds. ᎯᎠ Jura ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ folding. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, erosion ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ inversion ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ upthrust ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ anticlines ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ tougher, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ compressed ᏅᏯ ᎯᎠ synclines.

==ᎾᎥᎢ definitions==

=== United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ===

[[Image:WasatchMountainsSaltLakeCountyWestSide.jpg|thumb|center|500px|ᎯᎠ [[Wasatch Range|Wasatch ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎤᎭ  vertical ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ  ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2,438 m) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Salt Lake Valley|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]].]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (304.4 metres) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ summit.  ᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ 500 (152.4 metres) 999 (304 metres) ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ.  discernible ᎦᏚᏏ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ knoll.  ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ knolls constitutes ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ.  ᏂᎬᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ significant prominences (e.g., &quot;ᏗᎦᏚᏏ&quot; ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ varies ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ).{{citation needed}}

=== United ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[England and Wales|England ᎠᎴ Wales]] ᎯᎠ [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Environment, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ]] ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ &quot;ᎣᏓᎸ&quot; (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[mass noun|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 metres, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ [[Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ  ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ metric equivalent 2,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (609.6&amp;nbsp;m). [http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/consult/access/statut.htm] ᎯᎠ [[Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ (Scotland) ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2003]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎣᏓᎸ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ subjective, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ exceeding 3,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (914.4 m) listed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Munro]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ distinctive ᎠᎴ mountainous. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎦᏚᏏ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ commonly ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏓᎸ, regardless ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Gallery of mountains|ᎧᏅᏑᎸ  ᏙᏓᎸ]]
*[[List of mountains|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏙᏓᎸ]]
*[[List of highest mountains|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏙᏓᎸ]]
*[[Latin names of mountains|Latin ᏚᎾᏙᎥ  ᏙᏓᎸ]]
*[[Mountain range|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[list of mountain ranges|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎣᏓᎸ ranges]]
*[[List of mountains on Venus|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ Venus]]
*[[List of mountains on the Moon|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]]
*[[List of mountains on Mars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ Mars]]
*[[Pyramidal peak|Pyramidal ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ]]
*[[Rural|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]]
*[[Mountaineering]]

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==

* [http://www.ga.com.pl/tatry21.htm Pics from the Tatra Mountains - Poland]
* [http://bivouac.com Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia] - exhaustive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ peaks, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ unnamed ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.  ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Mexico ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Canada.

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==

*Fraknoi, ., Morrison, D., &amp; Wolff, . (2004). Voyages ᎯᎠ Planets. 3rd Ed. Belmont: Thomson ᏗᎪᏪᎵ/Cole.

{{Wiktionary}}

[[Category:Landforms]]
[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Mountaineering]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]

[[ast:Monte]]
[[bg:Планина]]
[[bn:পর্বত]]
[[ca:Muntanya]]
[[cs:Hora]]
[[cy:Mynydd]]
[[da:Bjerg]]
[[de:Berg]]
[[et:Mägi]]
[[es:Montaña]]
[[eo:Monto]]
[[fr:Montagne]]
[[ga:Sliabh]]
[[ko:산]]
[[id:Gunung]]
[[ii:ꁧ]]
[[is:Fjall]]
[[it:Montagna]]
[[he:הר]]
[[la:Mons]]
[[lb:Bierg]]
[[mk:Планина]]
[[hu:Hegy]]
[[ms:Gunung]]
[[nah:Tepetl]]
[[nl:Berg]]
[[nds:Barg]]
[[ja:山]]
[[no:Fjellformasjon]]
[[nn:Fjell]]
[[nrm:Montangne]]
[[pl:Góra (geografia)]]
[[pt:Montanha]]
[[ru:Горы]]
[[simple:Mountain]]
[[sv:Berg]]
[[th:ภูเขา]]
[[uk:Гора]]
[[vi: Núi]]
[[zh:山峰]]
[[chr:ᎣᏓᎸ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏪᏴ</title>
    <id>2546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8785</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-23T16:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>beck and river are the same word in Cherokee - ᎤᏪᏴ - so disambiguate.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Murray-Howlong.jpg|300px|right|thumb|ᎯᎠ [[Murray River|Murray ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]].]]

[[Image:River in harrietville trout farm.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ Harrietville ᏧᎾᎦ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]
'''ᎤᏪᏴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[waterway]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]], [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ streams, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[source (river or stream)|headwaters]]. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏂᎦᏛ rivers ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ downhill, typically terminating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ [[base level|ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]].

ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ normally ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ [[Channel (geography)|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[stream bed|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ]] ᎠᏰᎵ [[stream bank|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[rainfall]] ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]. Smaller ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ streams Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ [[tributaries]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ flowing ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ waterway ᎨᏒᎢ [[stream|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ shorthand ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

==Topography==
[[Image:Tambo river.jpg|thumb|200px| ᎤᏪᏴ flowing ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ  slight ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ topography.]]
[[Image:A21a.JPG|thumb|right|290px|[[Bridge|Bridges]] ᎠᎴ  ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ  ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ rivers, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Buller River|Buller ᎤᏪᏴ]], [[West Coast, New Zealand|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]], [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]].]]
ᎤᏪᏴ conducts ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ flowing perpendicular ᎯᎠ elevation ᎠᏓᏲᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏟ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ converting ᎯᎠ [[potential energy|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎯ [[kinetic energy|kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]]. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ flows ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ areas, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ [[meander|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]: ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ loops ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[erosion|eroding]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕadel didiyi. Sometimes ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ, shortening ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ forming [[oxbow lake|oxbow ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ.  Rivers Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎡᏆ amounts [[sediment]] ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ conspicuous [[river delta|delta]]ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ mouths. Rivers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ mouths ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ saline [[tide|tidal]] ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[estuary|estuaries]]. 

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, rivers ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ beds, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ forming ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ gradient.


*'''Youthful ᎤᏪᏴ - '''ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ gradient Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ tributaries ᎠᎴ flows ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. Ꮝ channels erode deeper ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ wider.
*'''ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ - '''ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ gradient Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ youthful rivers ᎠᎴ flows ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ youthful rivers. ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tributaries ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ youthful ᎤᏪᏴ. Ꮝ channels erode wider ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ deeper.
*'''ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏪᏴ - '''ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ gradient ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ erosive ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ rivers ᎠᎴ characterized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ plains.
*'''Rejuvenated ᎤᏪᏴ - '''ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ gradient Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ.

ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ descends ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ sloped topography, [[rapid|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]ᎬᏙᏗ [[whitewater]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[waterfall|ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ]]ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. Rapids ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreational ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ (''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Whitewater kayaking]]''). Waterfalls ᎠᎴ sometimes ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ [[watermill]]ᎠᎴ [[hydroelectric plant|hydroelectric ᎦᎪᏘ]].

Rivers ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[source (river or stream)|ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], forming ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[glacier|glacial]] [[meltwater]], flowing ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ, [[bog|boggy]] ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[waterlogged]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[base level|ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎯᎠ [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tributary]] ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ) ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[arid]] areas rivers sometimes ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎹ [[evaporation]] ᎠᎴ percolation ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, [[porous]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sand|ᎾᏳ]], ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ [[pervious]] ᏅᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ drained ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ tributaries ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Ꮝ watershed, catchment ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[drainage basin|drainage ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]]. (Watershed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ drainage basins.)

ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ upstream ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎯᎠ resulting ᎤᏪᏴ network ᏚᏙᏢᏒ dendritic (ᏡᎬ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ) structure Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ [[fractal]].

{{seealso|geography|transvasement|water cycle|watershed}}

== Geopolitical boundaries ==
Rivers ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ historically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ boundaries.

ᎯᎠ [[Orange River|ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ]] discharges ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Atlantic ocean|Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[International boundary|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ provinces ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Lesotho]] ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project|Lesotho Highlands ᎠᎹ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎭ divert ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Lesotho]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Vaal River|Vaal ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎤᏩᏌᏊ [[tributary]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Gauteng]] province ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]]. ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Delivery tunnel|ᎠᏓᏁᏗ tunnel]] ᎨᏒᎢ discharged ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Ash River|ᎪᏍᏚ ᎤᏪᏴ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[Kayak]]ing venue.

ᎯᎠ [[Danube]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Roman Empire|ᎶᎻ Empire]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Bulgaria]] ᎠᎴ [[Romania]].

ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rhine ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ boundaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ continents.

==ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ systems==
* '''[[International Scale of River Difficulty|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ  ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ]]''' - ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ rivers -- ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ rapids -- ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ easiest ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ VI ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏍᏓᏴ.
* '''[[Strahler Stream Order|Strahler ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]''' - ᎯᎠ Strahler ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ [[algorithm]] ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ rivers ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ heirarchy ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ tributaries.  Headwaters ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Amazon River|Amazon ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏔᎵᏚ. 80 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ rivers ᎠᎴ streams ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ planet ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ.

==Biology==
ᎯᎠ flora ᎠᎴ fauna rivers ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ [[fresh water|ᎢᏤᎢ]] (non-salty). ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎹ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Lotic System Ecology|lotic ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ecology]].

==ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ==
ᏴᏫ [[water pollution|pollution]] rivers ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ substances. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ pollutant ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ [[sewage]] piped ᎾᎾᎯ rivers, ᎠᎴ chemical pollution ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ accidents (ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ negligence) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ significant ᎤᏲᏨᎯ riparian [[biome]]. [[Thermal pollution|Heated ᎠᎹ]] discharged ᎾᎾᎯ rivers ᎾᎥᎢ [[power plant|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[factory|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ affects ᎤᏪᏴ biota. Non-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ pollutants ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ diffuse pollution ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], urbanisation, [[logging]], ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ [[slash-and-burn|slash-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᎴᏴᏒ]] techniques ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ sediment ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ pollutants.

Techniques ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ analyze [[hydrology transport model|dispersal  ᎠᎹ pollutants]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ systems.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|U.. Environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] funded ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ [[DSSAM Model|DSSAM ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] assess ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ soluble [[nitrogen]], reactive [[phosphorus]], [[total dissolved solids|ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ dissolved solids]] ᎠᎴ [[dissolved oxygen]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Truckee River|Truckee ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flows ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ [[California]] ᎠᎴ [[Nevada]].

==Dams==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ elevation ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ, [[dam]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hydroelectric ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ. ᎪᎯ disrupts ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ creates ᎥᏓᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dam. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ dams affects ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dam, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ migrating [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴ hindered (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[fish ladder|ᎠᏣᏗ ladder]]), waterflow ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ bounded ᎾᎥᎢ seasonal ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[sediment]] ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ blocked. Dams ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ hydro-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ; acting ᏥᏄᏍᏗ regulator ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ occurrence flooding, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ-ᏗᎵdiligwu ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, dams ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Hoover Dam]] ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ [[Colorado River|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ tourist attractions. Critics dams, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 'ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ' ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ dams ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎤᏪᏴ biodiversity ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ deforestation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ migration ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ villages ᎠᎴ indigenous tribes. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, trapping ᎤᏪᏴ sediments ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dams ᎦᏂ salination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᎹ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ raises ᎤᏃᏝᎩ earthquakes ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ instablity incompetent dams ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ tonnes sediments ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ problematic dam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Aswan High Dam|Aswan ᎦᎸᎳᏗ Dam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Nile]].

==Flooding==
[[Flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]ing ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ cycles. ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᏧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ flooding occurs ᎾᎥᎢ walling ᎤᏣᏘᎾ rivers ᎠᎴ straightening ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ bogs, swamps ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[wetlands]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ farmland ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ absorption zones ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ floods ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ disasters ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ gradual ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Egypt]], ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ floods ᎯᎠ [[Nile]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ accompanying [[silt]] ᎠᎴ [[sediment]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ enriched ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ [[nutrient]]. Nowadays, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ floodplains, floods ᎠᎴ disasters, causing untold ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᏴᏫ interference ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[deforestation]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ worsen conditions. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ [[vegetation]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ interception (vegetation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 'weakening' ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ roots Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ [[Infiltration capacity|Infiltration ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] (ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏂᏴ) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ infiltration (precipitation ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ [[soil saturation|ᎦᏙᎯ saturation]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[overland flow|overland ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[surface runoff|ᎦᏚᎢ runoff]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[flash floods|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ floods]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎶᎪᏂᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi decrease.

==Logjams==
[[Logjam]]ᎠᎴ barriers ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ rivers, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ uprooted [[tree|ᏡᎬ]].  ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ obstruction prevents ᎤᏗᏗᏢ logs bypass, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ network channels. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi David R. Montgomery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ, ''ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ'', logjam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ buildup ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, forming ᏙᎯ pools ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ shelter ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ [[salmon|ᏎᎼᏂ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ pools ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ complex ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ channels creates ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]].  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ rebuilding ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ reproducing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ environment shaped ᎾᎥᎢ logjams.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[scientist]]ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ recreate ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ logjams.  Marc Duboiski ᎠᎴ Mike Ramsey ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ Recovery Funding ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, George Pess ᎯᎠ [[National Marine Fisheries Service|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Marine Fisheries ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]], ᎠᎴ Kevin Bauersfeld Washington ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ Wildlife ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ Recovery Funding ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Engineered ᏕᎪᏪᎸ Jam (ELJ) Workshop ([http://iac.wa.gov/Documents/SRFB/Log_Jam_Report.pdf#search='log%20jams%20and%20salmon']), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ mimicking ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ logjams.

[[image:Marshall-county-indiana-yellow-river.jpg|thumb|200px|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Indiana]], United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Rivers  ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  &quot;[[creek (stream)|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]].&quot;]]

==ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ inhabited areas ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ disruptive ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ.

*ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[dredging|dredged]] ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ deeper ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ flooding.
*Dams (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ [[weir]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ extract ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
*[[Levee]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ flooding.
*[[sluice|Sluice gates]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ controlling ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎤᏪᏴ levels.
*[[floodway]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ.
*[[Canal]]ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ rivers ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ.
*ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ modified ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏥᏃᏏᏌᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.

ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ongoing ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ rivers tend 'ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ' ᎯᎠ modifications ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Dredged channels silt ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, sluice mechanisms deteriorate ᎬᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda, levees ᎠᎴ dams ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩagilyoasdi seepage ᎠᎴ catastrophic ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.

==ᎤᏪᏴ lists==
[[Image:Amazon near Manaus.jpg|thumb|290px|ᎯᎠ [[Amazon River|Amazon ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Manaus]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Brazil]].]]
===ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ rivers===
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ rivers ᎤᎭ [[fractal]] ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ precise ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, upstream rivers ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ seasonal streams, swamps, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ lakes.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ.

# [[Nile]] (6,690 km)
# [[Amazon River|Amazon]] (6,452 km)
# [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] (Chang Jiang) (6,380 km)
# [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]-[[Missouri River|Missouri]] (6,270 km)
# [[Yenisey River|Yenisey]]-[[Angara River|Angara]] (5,550 km)
# [[Ob River|Ob]]-[[Irtysh River|Irtysh]] (5,410 km)
# [[Huang He|Huang ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]] (ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) (5,464 km)
# [[Amur]] (4,410 km)
# [[Congo River|Congo]] (4,380 km ᎠᎴ 4,670 km). (ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ disputed.)
# [[Lena]] (4,260 km)

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Longest rivers|ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ rivers]]. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ gives ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ measuring ᎤᏪᏴ lengths.

===ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ rivers (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ alphabetic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ)===
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Amazon River|Amazon ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ cubic metres/ᏔᎵᏁ)
* ᎯᎠ '''[[American River|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ site [[Sutter's Mill|Sutter ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ]]
* '''[[Amu Darya]]'''
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Amur]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[Siberia]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ Russia ᎠᎴ China,
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Arkansas River|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ tributary ᎯᎠ [[Mississippi River|Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Arno River|Arno]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Florence]]
* '''ᎯᎠ [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvandrud (Shatt al-Arab)]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ borders [[Iran]] ᎠᎴ [[Iraq]]
* '''[[Brahmaputra]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ India ᎠᎴ [[Tibet]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Chao Phraya River|Chao Phraya]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Thailand]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Clyde|ᎤᏪᏴ Clyde]]''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Glasgow]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Colorado River (Argentina)|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]]''' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Argentina]])
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]]''' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]), ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ [[American West|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Columbia River|Columbia ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Northwest|Pacific ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Congo River|Congo]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Africa]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Danube]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ southeastern [[Europe]]
* '''[[Río de la Plata|De la Plata]]''', ᎯᎠ widest ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Ebro]]''', ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Spain]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Elbe]]''', ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[Germany|ᎠᏓᏥ]] ᎤᏪᏴ, [[Hamburg]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Euphrates]]''', ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ rivers [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]])
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Ganges]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[India]]
* '''[[Han River (Korea)|Han-gang]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Seoul]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Helmand River|Helmand ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Afghanistan]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Huang He|Huang ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]''' (ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ), ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ rivers [[China]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Hudson River|Hudson ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Indus River|Indus ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Pakistan]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Jordan River|ᎤᏪᏴ Jordan]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Israel]]
* '''[[Karun]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ navigable ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Iran]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Kaveri|ᎤᏪᏴ Kaveri]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[South India|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ India]]
* '''[[Lena]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ northeastern [[Siberia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Mackenzie River|Mackenzie ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Canada]]
* '''[[Magdalena River|Magdalena]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Colombia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Main|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ]]''', ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Germany]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Mekong]]''', ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Southeast Asia|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Mersey|ᎤᏪᏴ Mersey]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ sits ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Liverpool]]
* '''[[Maas]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ provinces ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]] ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[Belgium]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Mississippi River|Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Missouri River|Missouri ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ rivers ᎯᎠ [[Great Plains|ᎡᏆ Plains]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Murray River|Murray ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ southeastern [[Australia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Niagara River|Niagara ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flows ᎠᏰᎵ [[Lake Erie|ᎥᏓᎵ Erie]] ᎠᎴ [[Lake Ontario|ᎥᏓᎵ Ontario]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flows ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Niagara Escarpment]] (ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Niagara Falls|Niagara ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]])
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Niger River|Niger]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ [[Africa]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Nile]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Egypt]] ᎠᎴ northeastern Africa
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Ob]]''', ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Siberia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Oder River|Oder]]''', ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Europe
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Ohio River|Ohio ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Mississippi]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Orinoco]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Venezuela]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Parana River|Parana]]''', ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Paraguay River|Paraguay]]''',  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ tributary ᎯᎠ Parana ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]] ᎠᎴ [[Argentina]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Po River|Po]]''', ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ rivers [[Italy]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Potomac River|Potomac ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ [[Washington, D.C.]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ souther ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ [[Maryland]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Rhine]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Europe]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Rhone River|Rhône]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[France]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Rio Grande]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Mexico]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Saint Lawrence River|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Lawrence ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ drains ᎯᎠ [[Great Lakes (North America)|ᎡᏆ Lakes]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Savannah River|Savannah ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southeastern United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, forming ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] ᎠᎴ [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Seine|ᎠᎦᏯᎷᏗ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Paris, France|Paris]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Segura]]''', ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southeastern [[Spain]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Severn|ᎤᏪᏴ Severn]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]]
* '''[[Shinano-gawa]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japan]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Snake River|ᎢᎾᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ tributary ᎯᎠ Columbia ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington (State)|Washington]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Pennsylvania]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Chesapeake Bay|Chesapeake ᎥᏓᎵ]]
* '''[[Tajo]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Iberian Peninsula]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Tay|ᎤᏪᏴ Tay]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Tennessee River|ᏖᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ tributary ᎯᎠ Mississippi Ꮎ flows ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ/ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]], [[North Alabama|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Alabama]], ᎠᎴ [[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[River Thames|Thames]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[London]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Tiber]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Rome]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Tigris]]''', ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ rivers [[Mesopotamia]]
* '''[[Tone River|Tonegawa]]''', ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japan]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Vistula]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Poland]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Vltava]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Prague]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Volga River|Volga ᎤᏪᏴ]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Russia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Yangtze River|Yangtze]]''' (Chang Jiang), ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Yenisei River|Yenisei]]''', ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Siberia]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Yukon River|Yukon]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Alaska]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Yukon Territory|Yukon ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]]
* ᎯᎠ '''[[Zambezi]]''', ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ southeastern [[Africa]]

===ᏐᎢ lists===
*[[List of waterways|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  waterways]]
*[[List of rivers by continent|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]]
**[[List of rivers of Africa|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Africa]]
**[[List of rivers of the Americas|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  ᎯᎠ Americas]]
**[[List of rivers of Antarctica|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Antarctica]]
**[[List of rivers of Australia|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Australia]]
**[[List of rivers of Asia|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Asia]]
**[[List of rivers of Europe|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Europe]]
***[[Rivers of the United Kingdom|Rivers  ᎯᎠ United ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]
**[[List of rivers of Oceania|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  Oceania]]
***[[List of rivers of New Zealand|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  rivers  ᎢᏤ Zealand]]
*[[List of river name etymologies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏪᏴ ᏚᏙᎥ etymologies]]

==Rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ myth ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ==
===ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ rivers===
*ᎯᎠ Thames ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Edward Rutherfurd]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''London''.
*ᎯᎠ Thames ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jerome K. Jerome]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏦᎢ Ꭰansigaya ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ''.
*ᎯᎠ Thames ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Congo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Joseph Conrad]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Heart of Darkness|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ  ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]]''.
*ᎯᎠ [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mark Twain|ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Huckleberry Finn|ᎫᏩᏯ Finn]]''.
*ᎯᎠ [[River Liffey|ᎤᏪᏴ Liffey]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Dublin ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[James Joyce]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Finnegans Wake|Finnegans ᎠᏰᏨ]].

===Mythological rivers===
:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[river deity|ᎤᏪᏴ deity]].''
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ mythology]], ᎯᎠ [[Acheron]], [[Cocytus]], [[Phlegethon]], [[Lethe]] ᎠᎴ [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]] (ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ rivers [[Hades]]); ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Eridanos (mythology)|Eridanus]].
*ᎯᎠ [[Alph]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ mystics ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] ᎤᏤᎵ poem ''[[Kubla Khan]]''.
*ᎯᎠ [[Sambation]] ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ flowing ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ.
*ᎯᎠ rivers ᎯᎠ [[Rigveda]] (notably ᎯᎠ [[Sapta Sindhu]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ identifiable ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ rivers ([[Sindhu]], [[Ganges River|Ganga]], [[Kubha]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ underwent transformation ᎾᎾᎯ mystical ᎠᎴ cosmological rivers ([[Rasā]]). Notably, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ [[Sarasvati|goddess  ᎠᎦagatohvsdi]], mystical invisible ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Rajasthan]].

===Fictional rivers===
*ᎤᏪᏴ [[Ankh (river)|Ankh]] traversing ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Ankh-Morpork]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Terry Pratchett]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Discworld]]'' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
*[[Chocolate|ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ]] ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory|Willy Wonka ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ]]''.
*ᎤᏪᏴ Djel ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Djelibeybi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Terry Pratchett]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Discworld]]'' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
*ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Riverworld]] novels [[Philip José Farmer|Philip José ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ]].
*[[List of Middle-earth rivers|Rivers  ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].
*ᎯᎠ Zora ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ocarina of Time|Ocarina  ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi]]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Aqueduct]]
*[[Canal]]
*[[Drought]]
*[[List of river name etymologies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏪᏴ ᏚᏙᎥ etymologies]]
*[[Water dispute|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ]]

===Crossings===
Rivers ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ crossed ᎾᎥᎢ: 
*[[bridge|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]]
*[[ferry|ferries]]
*[[ford (river)|ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[tunnel]].

===ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ===
* [[barge]]
* [[riverboat]]
* [[sailing|ᎠᎢᏒᎢ]]
* [[towpath]]

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*[[Luna Leopold|Luna B. Leopold]], ''ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ'', Harvard University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ (1994), hardcover, 298 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0674937325 non-ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ  [[geomorphology]] ᎠᎴ [[hydraulics]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ. Luna B. Leopold, Emeritus Professor Geology ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ University California ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hydrologist ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Geological Survey|U.. Geological ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ units.
&lt;/div&gt;

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.srbc.net/about.htm Management: River Basin Commissions].

[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]
[[Category:Rivers| ]]

[[an:Río]]
[[ar:نهر]]
[[ast:Ríu]]
[[bg:Река]]
[[br:Stêr]]
[[ca:Riu]]
[[cs:Řeka]]
[[cv:Юханшыв]]
[[cy:Afon]]
[[da:Flod]]
[[de:Fluss]]
[[el:Ποταμός]]
[[eo:Rivero]]
[[es:Río]]
[[et:Jõgi]]
[[fa:رود]]
[[fr:Fleuve]]
[[gl:Río]]
[[he:נהר]]
[[hi:भारत की नदियाँ]]
[[hr:Rijeka]]
[[id:Sungai]]
[[it:Fiume]]
[[ja:川]]
[[kg:Nzadi]]
[[ko:강]]
[[lt:Upė]]
[[mk:Река]]
[[ms:Sungai]]
[[nds:Fluss]]
[[nl:Rivier]]
[[nn:Elv]]
[[no:Elv]]
[[nrm:Riviéthe]]
[[ug:دەريا]]
[[pl:Rzeka]]
[[pt:Rio]]
[[ro:Râu]]
[[ru:Река]]
[[simple:River]]
[[sk:Rieka]]
[[sl:Reka]]
[[sr:Река]]
[[fi:Joki]]
[[sv:Flod]]
[[th:แม่น้ำ]]
[[tl:Ilog]]
[[vi:Sông]]
[[tr:Irmak]]
[[uk:Ріка]]
[[zh:河流]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hô]]
[[zh-yue:河]]
[[chr:ᎤᏪᏴ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ</title>
    <id>2547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9228</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T21:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[gd:Dèigh]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Mg-k_Eisfall.jpg|thumb|right|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ [[Waterfall|ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Rhön]] ᏙᏓᎸ]]
[[Image:IceBlockNearJoekullsarlon.jpg|thumb|right| ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ, 4 tonne, ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ  ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎿ  ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Iceland]]]]
'''ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ''' ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 14 ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ [[phases of matter|phases]] [[water (molecule)|ᎠᎹ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ non-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ contexts, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[ice Ih|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ phases ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ']] [[biosphere]]. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᏩᏂᎨ, [[crystal|crystalline]] ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᎴ opaque bluish-ᎤᏁᎬ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ [[Impurity|impurities]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[air|ᎤᏃᎴ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[phase transition|ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv transition]] [[ice Ih|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;]] occurs ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[liquid|ᎦᎾ]] ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ cooled ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0&amp;nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] (273.15&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]], 32&amp;nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]) ᎾᎾᎢ [[standard atmospheric pressure|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ atmospheric pressure]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Sublimation (physics)|ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vapor ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ intervening ᎦᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ formation [[frost|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ]]. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]], [[ice cube|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ cube]], ᎠᎴ [[glacier]]. ᎾᏍᎩ plays ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ meteorological phenomena.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ caps ᎯᎠ polar regions ᎠᎴ significance ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[global climate|global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[water cycle|ᎠᎹ cycle]].

== ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ == 
unusual ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ pressure ᏌᏊ [[Atmosphere (unit)|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ 8% ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ [[density]] 0.917 g/cm³ ᎾᎾᎢ 0 °C, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ density 0.9998 g/cm³ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ dense, essentially 1.00 g/cm³,  ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °C ᎠᎴ becomes ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ molecules ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal]][[ice crystals|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ drops 0 °C. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;crystal&quot; derives ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ.) ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[hydrogen bond|hydrogen ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]forming ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ molecules, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[molecules]] ᎦᏲᎵᎨ efficiently (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ floats ᎾᎿ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]]. Density ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ slightly ᎬᏙᏗ decreasing ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ (density ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ −180 °C (93 K) ᎨᏒᎢ 0.9340 g/cm³).

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ melts, ᎾᏍᎩ absorbs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[energy|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] (ᎯᎠ [[heat of fusion|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ  fusion]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ equivalent ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ 80&amp;nbsp;°C, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ 0&amp;nbsp;°C.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ superheat ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Ꮝ equilibrium melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ultrafast laser pulses, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ heated ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ melting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ crystal ᎤᎭ melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ melting ᎾᎾᎢ 0 °C ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7073/abs/nature04415.html]

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ crystalline ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[mineral]].

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ==
[[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|right|thumb|235px|[[Snowflake]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Wilson Bentley]], 1902]]
ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ([[ice Ih|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;]]).  Subjected ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ pressures ᎠᎴ varying temperatures, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ roughly ᏔᎳᏚ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ phases. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ (metastable) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ cubic structure ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ([[Ice Ic|ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;]]). ᎠᎴ cooling ᎠᏯ&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt; ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ protons ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, [[Ice XI|XI]].

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ cooling ᎠᎴ pressure ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[Ice II|II]], [[Ice III|III]], [[Ice V|V]], [[Ice VI|VI]], [[Ice VII|VII]], [[Ice VIII|VIII]], [[Ice IX|IX]], ᎠᎴ [[Ice X|X]]. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ambient pressure. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ differentiated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ crystalline structure, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ density. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵ metastable phases ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ hydrogen disordered, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[Ice IV|IV]] ᎠᎴ [[Ice XII|XII]]. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ XII ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1996. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ crystalline ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ amorphous ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[amorphous solid water|amorphous ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ]] (ASW), [[low density amorphous ice|ᎡᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] (LDA), [[high density amorphous ice|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] (HDA), [[very high density amorphous ice|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] (VHDA) ᎠᎴ [[hyperquenched glassy water|hyperquenched glassy ᎠᎹ]] (HGW).

[[Rime Ice|Rime]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ [[fog|ᎤᎬᎭᏛ]] freezing ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ trapped ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ [[density]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.

ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ '''icicles''', ᎤᏠᏱ [[stalactite]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ drips ᎠᎴ re-freezes.

[[Clathrate hydrate]]ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ molecules trapped ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ crystal lattice. [[Pancake ice|Pancake ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ formation ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areas ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ tohinusdv conditions.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ substances (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ fluids) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ&quot;: [[dry ice|ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]].

== ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ==
===ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvesting===
[[Image:Ice Harvesting on Lake St Clair Michigan circa 1905--photograph courtesy Detroit Publishing Company.jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎿ [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Clair]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Michigan]], ''circa'' 1905.]]
[[Image:Yakhchal.jpg|thumb|right| ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ([[yakhchal]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kerman]], [[Iran]], ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ Ages]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ storing harvested ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.]] 
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ cooling.  Until ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[Hungarian Parliament]] ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Lake Balaton|ᎥᏓᎵ Balaton]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ conditioning.  [[Icehouse (building)|Icehouse]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ [[refrigerator|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[icebox]]es ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ unusual ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvesting ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎢᏤ Englander Frederick Tudor, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ “Ice ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ,” ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ insulation ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏩᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ tropics. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[refrigeration]] technology ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 400 BC [[Iran]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]] engineers ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ mastered ᎯᎠ technique storing ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ winters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nearby ᏙᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ amounts, ᎠᎴ stored ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ, ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ cooled ''refrigerators'', ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[yakhchal]] (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ''ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ''). ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 5000 m³) Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏓᏐᏴ (ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏔᎵ meters ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv) ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''sārooj'', composed ᎾᏳ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎤᏪᏥ whites, ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ proportions, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ resistant ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ mixture ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ impenetrable. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ [[Qanat]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi [[windcatcher]]Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ temperatures ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ frigid levels ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ chill treats ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ royalty ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.  

=== ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ===
[[Image:Ice surfing.jpg|thumb|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ surfing ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Żnin]] ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ]]
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ plays ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ recreation, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ice skating|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗᏱ]], [[ice hockey|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ hockey]], [[ice fishing|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]], [[ice climbing|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᎵᎱ]], [[curling]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ racing ᎾᎿ [[bobsled]], [[luge]] ᎠᎴ [[Skeleton (sport)|skeleton]].  ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ sailboat ᎾᎿ blades gives ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ iceboating.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ quest ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ [[ice racing|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ racing]], ᎭᏢᏃ drivers ᎠᏎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ controlling ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏂᏏᏁᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vehicle (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ [[dirt track racing|ᎦᏓ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ racing]]).  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ modified ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[ice rink|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ rink]].

===ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ===
[[Image:IcebreakerNasa.jpg|right|thumb|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ [[icebreaker]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[McMurdo Station|McMurdo ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ]], ᎧᎦᎵ 2002.]]
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[harbor]]ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[geographical pole|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]], ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ideally ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. Examples ᎠᎴ [[Murmansk]] (Russia), [[Petsamo]] (Russia, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ Finland) ᎠᎴ [[Vardø]] (Norway). Harbors Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[icebreaker]].

ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ forming ᎾᎿ [[road|ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ. [[Black ice|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ lacks ᎯᎠ Ꭴutugi uwasv glossy ᎦᏚᎢ.  ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[freezing rain|freezing ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏥ Ꮎ occurs ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[window|ᏦᎳᏅ]] vehicles.  ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  [[Ice scraper|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏧᏩᏍᏔᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-intensive, ᎠᎴ stressful ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ driver ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ freezing ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏌᎨᎢ layer ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ crystals ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ vehicle ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ.  Moisture ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ driver ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ crystals.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ troublesome ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ slightly ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ vehicle ᎨᏒᎢ parked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ moisture dissipate, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏦᎳᏅ [[defroster]]combat ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ colder regions ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[Insulated glazing|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-pane ᏗᏦᎳᏅ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ insulation.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ outdoor ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ stays ᎡᎳᏗᏢ freezing ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layers ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ flowing ᎠᎹ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ colder temperatures).  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ onto ᎬᏙᏗ [[automobile|ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ]]ᎠᎴ [[truck|ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ]].  ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ thickness ᎾᎾᎢ least 30 centimeters (ᏌᏊ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ).

=== ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ===
[[Image:Ice_water.jpg|thumb| ᎠᏓᎨᏗ  iced ᎠᎹ.]]
*ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ [[ice cube|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ cube]]ᎠᎴ [[crushed ice|crushed ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ drinks.
*[[Pagophagia]], ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[pica (disorder)|pica]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ disorder, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ compulsive consumption ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
*Structures ᎠᎴ [[ice sculpture|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ sculpture]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎡᏆ chunks ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.  ᎯᎠ structures ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ornamental (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[ice castle|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ castle]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ habitation.  [[Ice hotel|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ seasonal ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ areas. [[Igloo]]ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ structure, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏥ.
*ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[icicle]]. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ confound investigators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ icicle melts ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[murder weapon|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ weapon]]. ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ inflict [[blunt force trauma|ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ trauma]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ vein.{{citation needed}}

== ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ pressures ==
[[Image:Ice_on_fence.jpg|thumb|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎿ  [[fence|ᎠᏐᏴ]], ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ.]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ liquids ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ pressure ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ molecules ᎢᏧᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[hydrogen bonds|hydrogen ᏗᏚᎳᏙ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ: ᎠᎹ freezes ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 atm. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 atm. ᎯᎠ melting ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ pressures ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ [[glacier]]ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ pressure ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ crystal structure ᎠᎴ density ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.  ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ vapor]] ᏰᎵᏇ coexist ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[triple point|triple ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 273.16&amp;nbsp;K ᎾᎾᎢ pressure 611.73&amp;nbsp;[[Pascal|Pa]].

== Phases ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Phase
! Characteristics
|-
| [[Amorphous ice|Amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
| [[Amorphous]] ice is an ice lacking crystal structure. Amorphous ice exists in three forms: low-density (LDA) formed at atmospheric pressure, or below, high density (HDA) and very high density amorphous ice (VHDA), forming at higher pressures. LDA forms by extremely quick cooling of liquid water (&quot;hyperquenched glassy water&quot;, HGW), by depositing water vapour on very cold substrates (&quot;amorphous solid water&quot;, ASW) or by heating high density forms of ice at ambient pressure (&quot;LDA&quot;).
|-
| [[Ice Ih|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ih]]
| Normal hexagonal crystalline ice. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice Ih, with the exception only of a small amount of ice Ic.
|-
| [[Ice Ic|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ic]]
| Metastable [[cubic crystal|cubic]] crystalline variant of ice. The oxygen atoms are arranged in a diamond structure. It is produced at temperatures between 130-150 [[kelvin|K]], and is stable for up to 200 K, when it transforms into ice Ih. It is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere.
|-
| [[Ice II|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ II]]
| A [[rhombohedral]] crystalline form with highly ordered structure. Formed from ice Ih by compressing it at temperature of 190-210 K. When heated it undergoes transformation to ice III.
|-
| [[Ice III|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ III]]
| A [[tetragonal]] crystalline ice, formed by cooling water down to 250 K at 300 MPa. Least dense of the high-pressure phases. Denser than water.
|-
| [[Ice IV|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IV]]
| Metastable rhombohedral phase. Does not easily form without a nucleating agent.
|-
| [[Ice V|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ V]]
| A [[monoclinic]] crystalline phase. Formed by cooling water to 253 K at 500 MPa. Most complicated structure of all the phases.
|-
| [[Ice VI|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ VI]]
| A tetragonal crystalline phase. Formed by cooling water to 270 K at 1.1 GPa. Exhibits [[Debye relaxation]].
|-
| [[Ice VII|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ VII]]
| A cubic phase. The hydrogen atoms position is disordered, the material shows Debye relaxation. The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices.
|-
| [[Ice VIII|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ VIII]]
| A more ordered version of ice VII, where the hydrogen atoms assume fixed positions. Formed from ice VII by cooling it beyond 5 °C.
|-
| [[Ice IX|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IX]]
| A tetragonal metastable phase. Formed gradually from ice III by cooling it from −65 to −108 °C, stable below 140 K and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. It has density of 1.16 g/cm³, slightly higher than ordinary ice.
|-
| [[Ice X|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ X]]
| Proton-ordered symmetric ice. Forms at about 40-45 GPa. A transformation of ice VII to ice X at 70 GPa is predicted.
|-
| [[Ice XI|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ XI]]
| An [[orthorhombic]] low-temperature equilibrium form of hexagonal ice. It is [[ferroelectric]].
|-
| [[Ice XII|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ XII]]
| A tetragonal metastable dense crystalline phase. It is metastable in the phase space of ice V and ice VI. It can be prepared by heating high-density amorphous ice from 77 K to about 183 K at 810 MPa.
|}

==Trivia==
[[Kurt Vonnegut]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Cat's Cradle|ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ Cradle]]'' ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IX ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ plot, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IX ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ properties Vonnegut ᎤᏤᎵ fictional [[ice-nine|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᏐᏁᎳ]] (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ introduction ᏌᏊ granule).

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
[[Image:Feather ice Alta plateau Norway 2006 C Thom.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ plateau ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Alta, Norway]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ temperatures ᎡᎳᏗᏢ −30 °C ᎠᎴ −22°F.]]  
[[Image:Icicles in wind P1010001.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Icicles ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ angles ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ splashes ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ spray.   hillside, [[Harlech]], Wales]]
[[Image:Icicles forming.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Icicles forming ᎾᎿ  ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Dinner Plain|ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ]] [[Australia]].]]
[[Image:Icicles at Big White.jpg|thumb|right|Icicles ᎾᎾᎢ [[Big White Ski Resort|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᎬ Ski ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ]], [[Canada]].]]
* [[Frostbite]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ tissue ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
* [[Black ice|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
* [[De-icing]]
* [[Diamond dust|ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ]]
* [[Firn]]
* [[Frazil ice|Frazil ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
* [[Iceberg]]
* [[Glacier]]
* [[Ice cream|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ]]
* [[Ice hockey|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ hockey]]
* [[Ice cube|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ cube]]
* [[Ice spike|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ spike]]
* [[Polynya]]
* [[Pykrete]]
* [[Sea ice|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
* [[Amorphous solid water|Amorphous ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Névé]]
* [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ

== ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ==
* [[rusticle]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ formation ᎤᏠᏱ icicle.
* [[Isaz]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Proto-Germanic rune ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ&quot;.

== External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
{{commons|Ice}}
* [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ice/ice.htm The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants]
* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Ice.shtml Webmineral listing for Ice]
* [http://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html MinDat.org listing and location data for Ice]
* [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/ATG/ice.html The physics of ice]
* [http://www.martin.chaplin.btinternet.co.uk/phase.html The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams]
* [http://www.livescience.com/forcesofnature/050630_melting_discovery.html A recent discovery about how ice melts]
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/unfreezable.html 'Unfreezable' water, 'bound water' and water of hydration]
* [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/armymil/www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/sr96_02.pdf| Electromechanical properties of ice]

[[Category:Forms of water]]
[[Category:Water ice| ]]
[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Minerals]]

&lt;!-- The below are interlanguage links. --&gt;

[[als:Eis]]
[[bg:Лед]]
[[bs:Led]]
[[ca:Gel]]
[[cs:Led]]
[[cy:Iâ]]
[[da:Is (vand)]]
[[de:Eis]]
[[el:Πάγος]]
[[en:Ice]]
[[eo:Glacio]]
[[es:Hielo]]
[[et:Jää]]
[[fi:Jää]]
[[fr:Glace]]
[[gd:Dèigh]]
[[gl:Xeo]]
[[he:קרח]]
[[hr:Led]]
[[id:Es]]
[[io:Glacio]]
[[is:Ís]]
[[it:Ghiaccio]]
[[ja:氷]]
[[ko:얼음]]
[[lt:Ledas]]
[[lv:Ledus]]
[[ms:Ais]]
[[nds:Ies]]
[[nl:IJs]]
[[nn:Is]]
[[no:Is]]
[[pdc:Eis]]
[[pl:Lód]]
[[pt:Gelo]]
[[qu:Chullunku]]
[[ru:Лёд]]
[[sh:Led]]
[[simple:Ice]]
[[sk:Ľad]]
[[sl:Led]]
[[sr:Лед]]
[[su:És]]
[[sv:Is]]
[[sw:Barafu]]
[[uk:Лід]]
[[zh:冰]]
[[zh-yue:冰]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏃᏈᏏ</title>
    <id>2548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9431</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-07T21:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[lij:A Steja]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Pleiades large.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎯᎠ [[Pleiades (star cluster)|Pleiades]] [[star cluster|ᏃᏈᏏ cluster]]]]
'''ᏃᏈᏏ''' ᎨᏒᎢ massive, compact ᎠᏰᎸ [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ outer ᎤᏜᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[nuclear fusion]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ closest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]. Unlike [[planet]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected, ᏃᏈᏏ emits ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ [[blackbody radiation|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]. Scientifically, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Gravity#Self-gravitating_system|ᎣᏩᏒ-gravitating]] spheres plasma ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hydrostatic equilibrium]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ generate ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[energy|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[nuclear fusion]].  [[Stellar astronomy]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ determines ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ evolution ᏃᏈᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ eventual ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ. [[Hertzsprung-Russell diagram|Hertzsprung-Russell ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ]] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ overall lyudetiyvda ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ evolution. Initially, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ composed ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ [[hydrogen]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[helium]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[metallicity]] ᏃᏈᏏ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ evolution, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ hydrogen ᎨᏒᎢ converted ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ nuclear fusion. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ recycled ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ interstellar environment, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[metal-rich|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ]] ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.

[[Binary star|Multi-ᏃᏈᏏ systems]] ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ gravitationally ᏩᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ orbits. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ orbit, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ gravitational interaction ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ significant ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ evolution. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[nova]] occurs ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[white dwarf|ᎤᏁᎬ dwarf]] [[Accretion|accretes]] ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ.

== ᏃᏈᏏ formation ᎠᎴ evolution ==
{{main|stellar evolution}}
[[Star formation|ᏃᏈᏏ formation]] occurs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[molecular cloud|molecular ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]], ᎡᏆ regions ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[interstellar medium|interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏙᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ earthly [[vacuum chamber|vacuum ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ]]). ᏃᏈᏏ formation ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ gravitational instability ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ triggered ᎾᎥᎢ shockwaves ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[supernova]]e ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ collision ᏔᎵ [[galaxy|galaxies]] (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[starburst galaxy]]). ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ powerfully illuminate ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ [[nebula]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Orion Nebula]].

ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 90% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lifetime [[nuclear fusion|fusing]] [[hydrogen]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[helium]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-pressure reactions ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[main sequence|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence]].

ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[red dwarf|ᎩᎦᎨ dwarf]]) ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ tens ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ billions ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ dimmer ᎠᎴ dimmer, fading ᎾᎾᎯ [[black dwarf|ᎬᎿᎨ dwarf]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ lifespan ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ universe (13.7 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ), Ꮭ ᎬᎿᎨ dwarfs ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ exhaust ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ hydrogen, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outer layers expand ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[red giant|ᎩᎦᎨ giant]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ giant, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ consume ᎢᏧᎳ [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] ᎠᎴ [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ compressed ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ [[helium]] fusion, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ heats ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ fuse ᎦᎨᏓᎨ [[chemical_element|ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ]], ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ nuclei ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[binding energy|tightly ᏩᎦᏛ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ nuclei, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ fused ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ — ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ consume ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ tightly ᏩᎦᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ nuclei, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Nuclear fission|fission]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ inert ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ.

ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ (&lt;1.4 solar masses after explosion) will then shed its outer layers as a [[planetary nebula]]. The core that remains will be a tiny ball of [[degenerate matter]] not massive enough for further compression to take place, supported only by degeneracy pressure, called a [[white dwarf]]. These too will fade into brown, and then black dwarfs over a very long stretch of time.

[[Image:Crab.nebula.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Crab Nebula]], remnants of a supernova which occurred around 1050 AD.]]

In larger stars, defined as &gt;1.4 solar masses ᎤᎶᏐᏅ explosion, fusion ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ until ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ accumulates Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ too ᎡᏆ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ [[electron degeneracy pressure]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ collapse ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ electrons ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ protons, forming neutrons ᎠᎴ neutrinos ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ [[electron capture|inverse beta decay]]. ᎯᎠ [[shockwave]] ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ collapse ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ explode ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[supernova]]. Supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ outshine ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ galaxy. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Milky Way|Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], supernovae ᎤᎭ historically ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ-ᎠᎦagatoli observers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ&quot; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ existed ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ explosion (forming nebulae ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Crab Nebula]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ [[neutron star|neutron ᏃᏈᏏ]] (sometimes [[pulsar]] ᎠᎴ [[X-ray burster]]) ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (&gt;3 solar masses ᎤᎶᏐᏅ explosion), [[black hole|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ outer layers ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ recycled ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᏤ ᏃᏈᏏ formation. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ formation rocky [[planet]]. ᎯᎠ outflow ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[solar wind|stellar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎯᎠ interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ.

==ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ==
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦagatoli ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ Ꮎ [[Scintillation (astrophysics)|twinkle]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. [[Interferometer]] telescopes ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ images ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ disk ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ [[sunlight|ᎡᎦᎫᏘ]].

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ gravitationally-ᏩᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, forming [[binary star|binary ᏃᏈᏏ]]. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[star cluster|ᏃᏈᏏ cluster]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ uniformly ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[universe]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ normally grouped ᎾᎾᎯ [[galaxy|galaxies]] ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ interstellar ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. typical galaxy ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ [[billion]]ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 50 billion ᎠᎴ 100 billion galaxies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[known universe|ᎤᎾᏅᏛ universe]]. 

Astronomers ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ least 70 [[sextillion]] (7×10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;) ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[known universe|ᎤᎾᏅᏛ universe]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3085885.stm]. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ 70 000 000 000 000 000 000 000, ᎠᎴ 230 [[billion]] ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 300 billion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[Milky Way|Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ [[Proxima Centauri]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 39.9 trillion kilometers, ᎠᎴ 4.2 [[light year|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]]ᎤᏣᏘᎾ (ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Proxima Centauri ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ 4.2 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ). Travelling ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ orbital ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Space Shuttle|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ Shuttle]] (5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ -- ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 30,000 kilometers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ. Distances ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ typical ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ galactic discs, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ centres galaxies ᎠᎴ [[globular cluster]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[galactic halo]]. 

ᎤᏍᏗ (''dwarf'') ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ essentially featureless disks ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ [[sunspots|starspots]]. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (''giant'') ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎬᏂ starspots, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[stellar limb-darkening|stellar ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ-darkening]] (ᎯᎠ brightness decreases ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ stellar disk).

==lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ==
[[Image:The sun1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ  ᎡᎶᎯ.]]
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ overall ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮝ destiny ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ characteristics, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ lifespan, luminosity, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ [[neutron star|neutron ᏃᏈᏏ]](ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ) Ꮭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, [[supergiant]]ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Betelgeuse]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Orion constellation]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ – ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.6 billion [[kilometers]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Betelgeuse ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ [[density]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 1 billion ᎠᎴ 10 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 13.7 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ universe. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Big Bang|ᎡᏆ Bang ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[stellar evolution]].) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ massive ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ Ꮝ lifespan ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ star’s ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ pressure ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ, causing ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ Ꮝ hydrogen ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ amounts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ depleting ᎯᎠ star’s ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎩᎦᎨ dwarfs) ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ tens ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ billions ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ theoretical models ᎠᎴ simulations, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ models ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ spectral observations ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ diameters ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ measurement ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1921]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Albert Abraham Michelson|Albert ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Michelson]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Mount_Wilson_Observatory#100_inch_.282.5_m.29_Hooker_telescope|Hooker ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]].

ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Eta Carinae]], ᎬᏙᏗ 100&amp;ndash;150 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ [[lifespan]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Donald Figer]], astronomer ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Space Telescope Science Institute|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎦagatohvsdi ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Baltimore, Maryland]], ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ 150 solar masses ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ universe. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Arches cluster]], massive ᎠᏲᎵ [[star cluster|ᏃᏈᏏ cluster]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[Galactic Center|ᎠᏰᎵ  ᎯᎠ Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ despite statistical Ꭴutugi gvsv Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Eddington limit|Eddington ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Bang ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 300 solar masses ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[lithium]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ supermassive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ extinct, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ theoretical.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 93 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi Ꮎ [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]], [[AB Doradus C]], ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ AB Doradus , ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ smallest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ undergoing nuclear fusion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ. Smaller ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ [[brown dwarf|ᏬᏗᎨ dwarf]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ poorly-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ grey ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ [[gas giant|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ giant]]. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 75 Jupiters.

== ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ==
{{main|stellar classification}}
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ classifications ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[stellar spectroscopy|spectra]] ranging ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ '''O''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, '''M''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ Ꮎ molecules ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ atmospheres. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ classifications ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[mnemonic]] &quot;'''O'''h, '''B'''e '''A''' '''F'''ine '''G'''irl, '''K'''iss '''M'''e&quot; (variant: ᏧᎾᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎨᏳᏣ&quot; &quot;guy&quot;), invented ᎾᎥᎢ [[Annie Jump Cannon|Annie ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[List of mnemonics for star classification|ᏐᎢ mnemonics]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ spectral ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ classifications. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ '''L''' ᎠᎴ '''T''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ classify ᎯᎠ coldest ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ [[brown dwarfs|ᏬᏗᎨ dwarfs]]. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ 10 subclassifications ᏗᏎᎸᎯ (hottest coldest) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ '''0''' '''9'''. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi matches ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ hottest ᎤᎵᏍᏛ; ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ '''O0''' ᎠᎴ '''O1''' ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ &quot;luminosity ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ spatial ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ '''0''' ([[hypergiant]]) ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ '''III''' ([[giant star|giant]]) '''V''' ([[main sequence|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence]] dwarfs) ᎠᎴ '''VII''' ([[white dwarf|ᎤᏁᎬ dwarf]]). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[main sequence|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ hydrogen-ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏯayatoli ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ graphed ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[absolute magnitude|ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude]] ᎠᎴ [[spectral type|spectral ᏗᎦᎪᏗ]].

ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ '''G2V''' (ᏓᎶᏂᎨ dwarf), ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ intermediate ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ prototypical ᏃᏈᏏ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ closest ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ characteristics ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ solar units.

:{|
|[[solar mass|solar ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ]]:
|&lt;math&gt;M_\bigodot = 1.9891 \times 10^{30}&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[kilogram|kg]]
|-
|[[solar luminosity]]:
|&lt;math&gt;L_\bigodot = 3.827 \times 10^{26}&lt;/math&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[watt]]s.
|}

== Nuclear fusion reaction pathways ==

[[Image:CNO Cycle.png|300px|right|thumbnail|ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ-nitrogen-oxygen cycle.]]

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ nuclear fusion reactions ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cores ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[stellar nucleosynthesis]].

ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ hydrogen ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 23–28% helium ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; K ᎠᏰᎵ, hydrogen fuses ᎤᏙᏢᏒ helium ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[proton-proton chain|proton-proton ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ]]:

:4[[protium|&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H]] &amp;rarr; 2[[deuterium|&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H]] + 2[[positron|e&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]] + 2[[neutrino|&amp;nu;&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;]] (4.0 M[[electronvolt|eV]] + 1.0 MeV)
:2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H + 2&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H &amp;rarr; 2[[Helium-3|&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]] + 2[[gamma ray|&amp;gamma;]] (5.5 MeV)
:2&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ &amp;rarr; [[Helium-4|&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]] + 2&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H (12.9 MeV)

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ reactions ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ overall reaction:

:4&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H &amp;rarr; &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ + 2e&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 2&amp;gamma; + 2&amp;nu;&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; (26.7 MeV)

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, helium ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cycle reactions [[catalyst|catalyzed]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[carbon|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ]], ᎯᎠ [[CNO cycle|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ-nitrogen-oxygen cycle]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ cores ᎾᎾᎢ 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; K ᎠᎴ masses ᎠᏰᎵ 0.5 ᎠᎴ 10 solar masses, helium ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ transformed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[triple-alpha process|triple-alpha ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]]:

:&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ + &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ + 92 keV &amp;rarr; [[Isotopes of beryllium|&lt;sup&gt;8*&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᏋ]]
:&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ + &lt;sup&gt;8*&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᏋ + 67 keV &amp;rarr; &lt;sup&gt;12*&lt;/sup&gt;C
:&lt;sup&gt;12*&lt;/sup&gt;C &amp;rarr; [[Carbon-12|&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C]] + &amp;gamma; + 7.4 MeV

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ overall reaction :

:3&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ &amp;rarr; &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C + &amp;gamma; + 7.2 MeV

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ==

ᎯᎠ [[energy|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒᎯ [[nuclear fusion]], [[solar radiation|radiates]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ [[electromagnetic radiation]] ᎠᎴ [[particle radiation]]. ᎯᎠ particle radiation emitted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ manifested ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[stellar wind|stellar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ electrically ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ particles (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ [[protons]], [[alpha particles]], ᎠᎴ [[beta particles]]) emanating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ [[neutrinos]] emanating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ star’s ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ brightly: ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ atomic nuclei ᏌᏊ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ fuse ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[atomic nucleus]] ᎢᏤ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ, [[photon]]electromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ nuclear fusion reaction, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ converted [[visible light|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ [[frequency]] ᎠᎴ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮝ [[photosphere]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ emit ᏚᏙᏢᏒ electromagnetic radiation Ꮎ ᎠᎴ invisible ᎯᎠ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] [[eye|ᎠᎦagatoli]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, stellar electromagnetic radiation spans ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ electromagnetic spectrum, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ [[wavelength]][[radio wave|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]]ᎠᎴ [[infrared]] ᎯᎠ shortest wavelengths [[ultraviolet]], [[X-ray]], ᎠᎴ [[gamma ray]]. ᏂᎦᏛ components stellar electromagnetic radiation, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ invisible, ᎠᎴ typically significant.

==Stellar Luminosity ᎠᎴ Magnitude==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astronomy, [[luminosity]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[radiant energy|ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᏃᏈᏏ radiates ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ [[time|ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi]]. Luminosity ᎨᏒᎢ typically ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[SI unit|SI ᏌᏊᎭ]] [[watt]](W), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[CGS unit|CGS ᏌᏊᎭ]] [[erg]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[second|ᏔᎵᏁ]] (ergs/), ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[solar luminosities]] (''L''&lt;sub&gt;ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&lt;/sub&gt;); Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ radiates ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ luminosity ᎨᏒᎢ 382.7 [[septillion]] watts (''L''&lt;sub&gt;ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&lt;/sub&gt; = 3.827 x 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; W). ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[brightness]] ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ [[measurement|measured]] ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ [[apparent magnitude|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ brightness ᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ star’s luminosity, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ altering ᎯᎠ star’s ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Earth’s ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. Intrinsic ᎠᎴ [[absolute magnitude|ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude ᏃᏈᏏ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ 10 parsecs (32.6 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ star’s luminosity, measured ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ 10 parsecs. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude scales ᎠᎴ [[logarithmic]]: ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnitude ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ brightness variation ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.5 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi (2.512 ᎾᏍᏋ precise). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱ magnitude (+1.00) ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.5 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵᏁ magnitude (+2.00) ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 100 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ magnitude (+6.00) ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ faintest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎦagatoli. ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude scales, ᎯᎠ smaller ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ brighter ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ fainter. ᎯᎠ brightest ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ magnitude ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ calculated ᎾᎥᎢ subtracting ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ brighter ᏃᏈᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ fainter ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ exponent ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᏎᏍᏗ 2.512; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ (m&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;sub&gt; – m&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;sub&gt; = x) ᎠᎴ (2.512&lt;sup&gt;x&lt;sup&gt; = ''variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness''). ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ luminosity ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude (M) ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude (m) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ equivalent ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏃᏈᏏ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏃᏈᏏ Sirius ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude -1.44, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude +1.41. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude -26.7, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ +4.83. [[Sirius]], ᎯᎠ brightest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 23 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ''L''&lt;sub&gt;ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&lt;/sub&gt; x 23 W, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Canopus]], ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ brightest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude -5.53, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 14,000 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ''L''&lt;sub&gt;ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&lt;/sub&gt; x 14,000 W. Despite Canopus ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ vastly ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Sirius, Sirius ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Canopus ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎦdigatoli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 8.6 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Canopus ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ 310 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. 


''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude (m), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness ᎠᏰᎵ Sirius ᎠᎴ Polaris?''


(m&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;sub&gt; – m&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;sub&gt; = x)

(2.512&lt;sup&gt;x&lt;sup&gt; = ''variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness'')


''ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ -1.44, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude Polaris ᎨᏒᎢ 1.97. Polaris ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ fainter ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ brighter''.


(m&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;sub&gt; – m&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;sub&gt; = x)

(1.97 – -1.44 = x)

(1.97 – -1.44 = 3.41) 

(x = 3.41)


(2.512&lt;sup&gt;x&lt;sup&gt; = ''variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness'')

(2.512&lt;sup&gt;3.41&lt;sup&gt; = ''variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness'')

(2.512&lt;sup&gt;3.41&lt;sup&gt; = 23.124)

(''variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness'' = 23.124)


''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude, Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ 23.124 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Polaris ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏃᏈᏏ''.

== ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ==

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ identified ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. 
ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Arabic), [[Flamsteed designation]], ᎠᎴ [[Bayer designation]]. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ competence ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ celestial ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[International Astronomical Union|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Astronomical ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] (IAU). ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ &quot;[[International Star Registry|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏃᏈᏏ Registry]]&quot;) ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ astronomy ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fraud|ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]]preying ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ. 

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[star designation|ᏃᏈᏏ designation]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[list of stars by constellation|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ constellation]].

== ᏃᏈᏏ mythology ==

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[constellation]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[mythology]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ gods ᎠᎴ goddesses. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Greco-Roman|Greco-ᎶᎻ]] [[pantheon_(gods)|pantheon]], ᎢᎦᏛ &quot;ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ&quot;, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[planets]], ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ deities, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ planets [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus (planet)|Venus]], [[Mars (planet)|Mars]], [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] ᎠᎴ [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ. ([[Uranus]], [[Neptune]] ᎠᎴ [[Pluto]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ]] gods, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ planets ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ Romans ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ brightness. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ astronomers.)

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==

* [[Cliff Pickover]] (2001) &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ&quot;, Oxford University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ
* [[John Gribbin]], Mary Gribbin (2001) &quot;Stardust: Supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ &amp;mdash; ᎯᎠ Cosmic ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ&quot;, Yale University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==

* [[Black hole|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ]]
* [[Blue straggler|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ straggler]]
* [[Constellation|Overview  ᏃᏈᏏ constellations]] 
* [[Nursery rhyme]] ''[[Twinkle twinkle little star|Twinkle twinkle ᎤᏍᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ]]''
* [[sidereal clock|sidereal ᏩᏥ]]
* [[Star count|ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ]]
* [[Star clock|ᏃᏈᏏ ᏩᏥ]]
* [[List of stars|ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wikipedia]]
* [[Stellar navigation|Stellar ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]]
* [[Stellar evolution]]
* [[Timeline of stellar astronomy|Timeline  stellar astronomy]]
* [[Variable star|Variable ᏃᏈᏏ]]

=== ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ lists ===

* [[Lists of stars|Lists  ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ]]
* [[List of brightest stars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  brightest ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ &amp; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude)]]
* [[List of heaviest stars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  heaviest ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (ᎾᎥᎢ solar ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ)]]
* [[List of largest stars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ)]]
* [[List of mnemonics for star classification|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  mnemonics ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]]
* [[List of nearest bright stars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ]]
* [[List of nearest stars|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ]]
* [[List of stars by constellation|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ constellation]]
* [[List of stars with confirmed extrasolar planets|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ extrasolar planets]]

== External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==

* [http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/telescopes/coast/betel.html Images of starspots on the surface of Betelgeuse]
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-fid.pl Find out what is known about any given star by entering its name or position]
* [http://www.bapuli.co.nr/starrynight.htm An application that displays the night sky with stars]
* [http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8640 There are more single stars than previously thought]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4728228.stm Top stars picked in alien search]
* [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml Star Classification]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/star_worldbook.html Star Worldbook]
[[Category:Stars| ]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|es}}
{{Link FA|ro}}

[[ar:نجم]]
[[ast:Estrella]]
[[bg:Звезда]]
[[bs:Zvijezda]]
[[ca:Estrella (astronomia)]]
[[chy:Hotohke]]
[[cs:Hvězda]]
[[cu:Sвѣзда]]
[[cy:Seren]]
[[da:Stjerne]]
[[de:Stern]]
[[el:Αστέρας]]
[[en:Star]]
[[eo:Stelo]]
[[es:Estrella]]
[[et:Täht (astronoomia)]]
[[eu:Izar]]
[[fa:ستاره]]
[[fi:Tähti]]
[[fr:Étoile]]
[[fur:Stele]]
[[gd:Reul]]
[[gl:Estrela (Astronomía)]]
[[he:כוכב]]
[[hr:Zvijezda]]
[[hu:Csillag]]
[[ia:Stella]]
[[id:Bintang]]
[[io:Stelo]]
[[is:Stjarna]]
[[it:Stella]]
[[iu:ᐅᓪᓗᕆᐊᖅ]]
[[ja:恒星]]
[[kn:ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ]]
[[ko:항성]]
[[ku:Stêr]]
[[la:Astrum]]
[[lad:Estreya]]
[[lb:Stär]]
[[lij:A Steja]]
[[lt:Žvaigždė]]
[[lv:Zvaigzne]]
[[mk:Ѕвезда]]
[[ml:നക്ഷത്രം]]
[[ms:Bintang]]
[[nah:Citlālli]]
[[nl:Ster (hemellichaam)]]
[[no:Stjerne]]
[[nrm:Êtaile]]
[[pl:Gwiazda]]
[[pt:Estrela]]
[[qu:Quyllur]]
[[ro:Stea]]
[[ru:Звезда]]
[[scn:Stidda (astronumìa)]]
[[sh:Zvijezda]]
[[simple:Star]]
[[sk:Hviezda]]
[[sl:Zvezda]]
[[sq:Ylli]]
[[sr:Звезда]]
[[su:Béntang]]
[[sv:Stjärna]]
[[sw:Nyota]]
[[ta:நட்சத்திரம்]]
[[th:ดาวฤกษ์]]
[[tl:Bituin]]
[[tr:Yıldız]]
[[uk:Зірка]]
[[vi:Ngôi sao]]
[[zh:恒星]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chheⁿ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎡᎶᎯ</title>
    <id>2549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9540</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T22:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ml:ഭൂമി]], [[wa:Daegne]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎡᎶᎯ''' (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot;) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ [[planet]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[solar system|solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ Ꮝ [[planetary system|planetary ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[terrestrial planet]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[universe]] ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[life|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv 4.57 [[billion]] (4.57{{e|9}})&lt;ref&gt;G.B. Dalrymple, 1991, &quot;ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot;, ''Stanford University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ'', California, ISBN 0-8047-1569-6.&lt;/ref&gt; [[year|ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]]ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Age of the Earth|lyudetiyvda  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]]) ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ [[natural satellite|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satellite]], ᎯᎠ [[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ orbiting ᎾᏍᎩ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv 4.533 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.   

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ evolved ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ geologic ᎠᎴ biological processes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ traces ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ conditions ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ virtually eliminated. ᎯᎠ [[Crust (geology)|outer ᎦᏚᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[tectonic plate|tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ]]Ꮎ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ geologic ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi spans. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ lyadvnehi, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layer molten [[Earth mantle|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ Ꮎ generates [[magnetic field|magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]].  ᎯᎠ [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] conditions ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ significantly altered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ecological ᎤᏘᏴᎯ Ꮎ modifies ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ conditions. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[continents]] ᎠᎴ [[islands|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]].  

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ significant interaction ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ environment. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ [[tide|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ modified ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. [[comet|ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ]]ary bombardment ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ planet ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ oceans. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, [[asteroid]] impacts ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ significant ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ environment. ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ orbit ᎯᎠ planet ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[ice age|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda]]Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ significant portions ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ glacial sheets.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ orbiting ᎠᏰᎸ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ asteroid [[3753 Cruithne|Cruithne]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ erroneously ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. Cruithne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ elliptical orbit ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ orbital ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ, Cruithne ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ horseshoe orbit ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ avoids ᎠᏍᏚᏗ proximity ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==Lexicography==
ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Latin (language)|Latin]] ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ''terra-'', ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''terrestrial''. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ alternative Latin ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ''tellur-'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[telluric]], [[tellurian]], [[tellurion]] ᎠᎴ [[Tellurium]]. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ derive ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ goddess]] [[Terra (mythology)|Terra Mater]], ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ presumably ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ Tellūs Mater. ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]], [[geocentric]] ᎠᎴ [[geothermal]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] prefix ''geo-'', derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Terra Mater ᎤᏤᎵ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ]] counterpart [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦagatohvsdi fictions ᏗᎪᏪᎵ,ᎠᎴ video ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Terra.

ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎤᎭ [[cognate]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ languages. Examples ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ''aarde'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ᎠᎴ ''Erde'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ cognates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ extinct languages ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ertha'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Old Saxon|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Saxon]] ᎠᎴ ''ert'' (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Middle Irish|ᎠᏰᎵ Irish]], derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Old English|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ''eorðe''. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv *er-. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ [[metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ cognates &quot;ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎠᏰᎵ ''terra'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Romance languages]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ''tierra'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ᎠᎴ ''terra'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Semitic languages]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Indo-European languages]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ overwhelming. Arabic ᎤᎭ ''aard''; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], ''irtsitu''; [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], ''araa''; [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]], ''erets'' (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Mesha Stele]]); ᎠᎴ [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], ארץ (''arets'', ᎠᎴ ''erets'' ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Hebrew grammar#Nouns|ᏚᏙᎥᎢ modifier]]).

===ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ===
ᎯᎠ [[astrology|astrological]] ᎠᎴ [[astronomical symbol|astronomical ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ circled ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ [[meridian (geography)|ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] (&lt;big&gt;{{unicode|⊕}}&lt;/big&gt;). variant ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ atop ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{{main|History of Earth}}
ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, scientists ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ reconstruct ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv 4.55 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ [[solar nebula]], ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ planets. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. Initially molten, ᎯᎠ outer layer ᎯᎠ planet cooled, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ crust. Outgassing ᎠᎴ [[Volcano|volcanic]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ primordial ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ; condensing [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ vapor]], augmented ᎾᎥᎢ [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[comet|ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ]], [[Origin of the world's oceans|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ oceans]].&lt;ref&gt;. Morbidelli ''et al'', 2000, &quot;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000M&amp;PS...35.1309M Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth]&quot;, ''Meteoritics &amp; Planetary ᎠᎦagatohvsdi'', vol. 35, Ꮭ. 6, pp. 1309-1320.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ energetic ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏩᏒ-replicating molecule ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv 4 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[last universal common ancestor|ᎣᏂ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ  ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ.&lt;ref&gt;W. ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ Doolitte,  &quot;Uprooting ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ&quot;, ''ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ'', Feb. 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[photosynthesis]] allowed ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ; ᎯᎠ resultant [[oxygen]] accumulated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ozone layer]]. ᎯᎠ incorporation smaller cells ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[endosymbiotic theory|ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ  complex cells]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[eukaryotes]].&lt;ref&gt;L. V. Berkner, L. C. Marshall, 1965, &quot;ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Origin ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ Oxygen Concentration ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ&quot;, ''ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ Atmospheric Sciences'', Vol. 22, Ꮭ. 3, pp. 225–261.&lt;/ref&gt; Cells ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ colonies ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ increasingly specialized, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ multicellular organisms. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ozone layer absorbing harmful [[ultraviolet radiation]], ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ colonized ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, continents ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ reshaped ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ continents ᎤᎭ migrated ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ combining ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[supercontinent]]. Roughly 750 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ supercontinent [[Rodinia]], ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ continents ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ recombined ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Pannotia]], 600-540 [[Mya (unit)|mya]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ [[Pangaea]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ 180 mya.&lt;ref&gt;J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, &quot;[http://scienceweek.com/2004/sa040730-5.htm How do supercontinents assemble?]&quot;, ''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Scentist'', vol. 92, pp. 324-333.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hypothesized Ꮎ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[Glacier|glacial]] ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ [[1 E16 s|750 ᎠᎴ 580 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Neoproterozoic]], ᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ planet ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎪᎯ hypothesis ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ termed ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Snowball Earth|Snowball ᎡᎶᎯ]]&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ precedes ᎯᎠ [[Cambrian explosion]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ multi-cellular lifeforms ᎤᎴᏅᎲ proliferate.&lt;ref&gt; J.L. Kirschvink, 1992, &quot;ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Proterozoic ᎡᎳᏗ-Latitude Global Glaciation: ᎯᎠ Snowball ᎡᎶᎯ&quot;, ''ᎯᎠ Proterozoic Biosphere'', pp 51-52.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Cambrian explosion]], ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 535 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 5 ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[Extinction event|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ extinctions]].&lt;ref&gt;D. Raup &amp; J. Sepkoski, 1982, &quot;ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ extinctions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ marine
fossil ᎪᏪᎸ&quot;, ''ᎠᎦagatohvsdi'', vol. 215, pp. 1501–1503.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ 65 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ meteorite collision ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ triggered ᎯᎠ extinction ᎯᎠ (non-avian) [[dinosaur]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ reptiles, ᎠᎴ spared ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[mammal]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ resembled shrews. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 65 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, mammalian ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ diversified, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎤᏍᏗ African ape ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ. ᎪᎯ yli iyulistanv ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ nutrition ᎠᎴ stimulation ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[brain|ᎤᏅᏥᏓ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ allowed ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ timespan ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, affecting ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ.

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ characteristics==
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ viewed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[outer space|outer ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]], ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ oceans ᎠᎴ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ [[albedo]] 36.7%, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ exceeded ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ inner planets ᎯᎠ [[solar system|solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ densest ᎯᎠ inner planets.

===ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ===
{{main|Earth's atmosphere}}
ᎯᎠ [[atmospheric pressure]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ averages 101.325 [[Pascal|kPa]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[scale height|ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 km. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 78% [[nitrogen]], 21% [[oxygen]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ amounts ᏐᎢ gaseous molecules ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ vapor. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ protects ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ absorbing [[ultraviolet]] [[solar radiation]], moderating ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ extremes, transporting ᎠᎹ vapor, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ gases.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ components ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining ᎯᎠ [[weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

===Geology===
{{main|Structure of the Earth}}
[[Image:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png|thumb|left|ᎡᎶᎯ cutaway ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ  exosphere. Partially  ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]]

&lt;!-- This section has been moved to the article '''[[Structure of the Earth]]'''. A new 30-line summary section must be written from this main article to this &quot;Physical characteristics&quot; section. Help is welcome. --&gt;
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[oblate]] [[spheroid]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 12,742 km (~ 40,000 km / [[pi|π]]).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Geodetic ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi 1980 (GRS80)&quot;, ''XVII ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ'', ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Geodesy.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ curvature ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ regions ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Bonneville Salt Flats|Bonneville ᎠᎹ ᏗᏯᏖᏂ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[atmospheric]], [[hydrologic]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[geologic]] layers. Ꮝ components ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[hydrosphere]], ᎯᎠ [[Crust (geology)|crust]], ᎯᎠ [[mantle (geology)|ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮝ [[core|ᎠᏰᎵ]]. ᎯᎠ [[biosphere]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ layer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ layers ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎯᎠ geologic component layers ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ&lt;ref&gt;T. H. Jordan, &quot;[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=411539 Structural Geology of the Earth's Interior]&quot;, ''Procedings ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎦagatohvsdi'', 1979, Sept., 76(9): 4192&amp;ndash;4200.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ depths ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2|Depth
!rowspan=2 valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|Layer
|-
!Kilometres
!Miles
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|0&amp;ndash;60
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|0&amp;ndash;37
|[[Lithosphere]] (locally varies between 5 and 200 km)
|- style=&quot;background: #FEFEFE;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|0&amp;ndash;35
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|0&amp;ndash;22
|[[Crust (geology)|Crust]] (locally varies between 5 and 70 km)
|- style=&quot;background: #FEFEFE;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|35&amp;ndash;60
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|22&amp;ndash;37
|Uppermost part of mantle
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|35&amp;ndash;2890
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|22&amp;ndash;1790
|[[Mantle (geology)|ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]]
|- style=&quot;background: #FEFEFE;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|100&amp;ndash;700
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|62&amp;ndash;435
|[[Asthenosphere]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|2890&amp;ndash;5100
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|1790&amp;ndash;3160
|[[Outer core|Outer ᎠᏰᎵ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|5100&amp;ndash;6378
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|3160&amp;ndash;3954
|[[Inner core|Inner ᎠᏰᎵ]]
|}

{{seealso|Geology}}

==ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi==
[[Image:Rotating earth (small).gif|thumb|left|150px| animation ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ rotation  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, 23 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, 56 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ 4.091 seconds ([[sidereal day|1 sidereal ᎢᎦ]]) rotate ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ [[Axis of rotation|ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ]] ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[north pole|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[south pole|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]]. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ celestial ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[meteor|ᏅᏯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ-orbiting satellites) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 15 °/h = 15'/min, ᎠᏯ.e., ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎡᎶᎯ orbits ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 365.2564 ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ solar ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ([[sidereal year|1 sidereal ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]]). ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᎯ gives ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 °/ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏯ.e., ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 12 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, eastward. ᎯᎠ orbital ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ averages ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 km/(108,000 km/h), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ (~12,600 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ (384,000 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 4 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ [[natural satellite|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satellite]], ᎯᎠ [[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ revolves ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[barycenter]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 27.32 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[synodic month|synodic ᏏᏅᏙ]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎨᏒᎢ 29.53 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ [[Hill sphere|ᎦᏚᏏ sphere]] (sphere ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.5 Gm (930,000 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv.

Viewed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ axial rotations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ [[counterclockwise]]. ᎯᎠ orbital ᎠᎴ axial planes ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ aligned: ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[axial tilt|ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ tilted]] ᎢᎦᏛ 23.5 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[season|ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]]); ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ tilted ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ eclipse ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏏᏅᏙ).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ inertial ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ undergoes ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ [[precession]]al ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ 25,800 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[nutation]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ 18.6 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ motions ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ differential ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ equatorial bulge, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ oblateness. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ rotation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ slightly ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[polar motion|polar ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ polar ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ quasi-periodic, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ component ᎠᎴ component ᎬᏙᏗ 14-ᏏᏅᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Chandler wobble]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ rotational velocity varies, phenomenon ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Day|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ  ᎢᎦ]] variation.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[perihelion]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[January 3|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 3]], ᎠᎴ [[aphelion]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[July 4|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 4]] (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[solstice]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[December 21|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 21]] ᎠᎴ [[June 21|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 21]]). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ eras, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[precession]] ᎠᎴ [[Milankovitch cycles]]. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ sometimes ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ '''ᏦᎢᏁ Planet ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ''' ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎳ planets ᎠᏆᏤᎵ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ closest planet ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.

===Magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ===
{{main|Earth's magnetic field}}
ᎯᎠ [[Earth's magnetic field|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎨᏒᎢ shaped roughly ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[magnetic dipole]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ poles ᎾᏊ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ proximate ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ geographic poles. ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Magnetosphere]] Ꮎ deflects particles ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[solar wind|solar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ [[bow shock|ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 13.5 R&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;. ᎯᎠ collision ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ solar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van Allen radiation ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ]], pair concentric, [[torus]]-shaped regions energetic [[charged particle|ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ particle]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[plasma]] enters ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ magnetic poles, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[Aurora (astronomy)|Aurora]].

===ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ===
{{main|Moon}}
&lt;center&gt;
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Name
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Diameter (km)
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Mass (kg)
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|[[Semi-major axis|Semi-ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ]] (km)
!style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Orbital period
|-
|[[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|3,474.8
|7.349{{e|22}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|384,400
|27&amp;nbsp;Days, 7&amp;nbsp;hours, 43.7&amp;nbsp;minutes
|}
&lt;/center&gt;
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, sometimes ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'Luna', ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ terrestrial planet-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ satellite, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ [[Pluto|Pluto']] [[Charon (moon)|Charon]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ planet. ᎯᎠ [[natural satellite|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satellite]]orbiting ᏐᎢ planets ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;moons&quot;, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.

ᎯᎠ gravitational ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[tides]] ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ [[tidal locking]]: Ꮝ rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ orbit ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ planet. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ orbits ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮝ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ [[lunar phase|lunar ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv]]: ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[terminator (solar)|solar terminator]].

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[Tidal acceleration|tidal interaction]], ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ recedes ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 38 [[Millimetre|mm]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ lengthens ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17 [[Microsecond|µs]] ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ modifications ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ significant ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ - ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Devonian]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 400 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ 21.8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.

[[Image:Earth-moon.jpg|thumb|right|''Earthrise'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ lunar orbit ᎾᎿ ''[[Apollo 8]]'', [[24 December|24 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ]] [[1968]]. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ  [[tidal locking]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ dramatically ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ taming ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Paleontological ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ simulations ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[axial tilt]] ᎨᏒᎢ stabilised ᎾᎥᎢ tidal interactions ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.&lt;ref&gt;Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, .C.M., Levrard, B., 2004, &quot;[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/abs/2004/46/aa1335/aa1335.html A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth]&quot;, ''Astronomy ᎠᎴ Astrophysics'', 428, pp. 261-285.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎦᏛ theorists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎯ stabilization ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[torque]]ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ planets ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ equatorial bulge, ᎯᎠ rotational ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ chaotically unstable, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ rotation ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ecliptic|ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ  ᎯᎠ ecliptic]], ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ seasonal ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ''ᎪᎨᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ''ᎪᎳ''. [[Planetary science|Planetary scientists]] ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ Ꭶgantlai ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.&lt;ref&gt;Williams, D.M., J.F. Kasting, 1997, &quot;Habitable planets ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ obliquities&quot;, ''Icarus'' 129, 254-268.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ controversial ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Mars&amp;mdash;ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ shares ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[sidereal day|rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[axial tilt]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ&amp;mdash;ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ insight.

ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎭ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ angular ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 400 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ 400 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[eclipse]]ᎠᎴ annular eclipses ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.

&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both&quot; /&gt;
[[Image:Earth-Moon.jpg|thumb|center|800px|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ  ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ,  ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ widely accepted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ origin, ᎯᎠ [[Giant impact hypothesis|giant ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ collision Mars-ᏂᎬᎢ [[protoplanet]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ hypothesis ᏕᎪᏏᏏ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ volatile ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Ꮝ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ crust.

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏔᎵ [[co-orbital satellite]], ᎯᎠ [[asteroid]][[3753 Cruithne]] ᎠᎴ [[2002 AA29|2002 AA&lt;sub&gt;29&lt;/sub&gt;]].

==ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ==
{{main|Geography}}

[[Image:Physical_world.jpg|thumb|333px|right|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ([[:Image:Physical_world.jpg|ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]) ([[:Image:World-map-2004-cia-factbook-large-2m.jpg|ᎡᏆ 2 MB)]]]]

'''ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ:'''

[[Time Zone|ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], [[Coordinate]].

'''ᏭᏔᏅ geographic subdivision'''

[[Continent|ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[Ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]

'''ᎡᏍᎦᏂ:'''&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;CIA: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Factbook, &quot;[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html World]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ:'' [[1 E14 m²|510.072 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ]]. [[square kilometre|km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;]]
* ''[[Landform|ᎦᏙᎯ]]:'' 148.94 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''[[Water|ᎠᎹ]]:'' 361.132 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ:'' 70.8% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ, 29.2% ᎨᏒᎢ exposed ᎦᏙᎯ

'''ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎹ:''' 1.4 &amp;ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 2.5% ᎨᏒᎢ freshwater.&lt;ref&gt;Shiklomanov, Igor . 1993, &quot;ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ&quot;, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ crisis: ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ'', ed. Peter H.  Gleick, 13–24. ᎢᏤ York: Oxford University ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ISBN 0195076273.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ᎦᏙᎯ boundaries:'''
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ boundaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 250,472 km&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt; (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ shared boundaries ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ)

'''Coastline:'''
356,000 km.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt; (ᏐᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ substantially ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ measured, tides ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ)

'''Maritime ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ:''' ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|United ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Convention ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]

* ''Contiguous ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ:'' 24 [[nautical mile|nautical ᏑᏟᎶᏛ]](44 km) ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ
* ''[[Continental shelf|Continental ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ]]:'' 200 m depth ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ depth exploitation; ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ 200 nautical ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (370 km) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ continental ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ
* ''Exclusive ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ:'' 200 nautical ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (370 km) ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ
* ''Exclusive ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ:'' 200 nautical ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (370 km) ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ
* ''Territorial ᎠᎺᏉᎯ:'' 12 nautical ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (22 km) ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ
* ''ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ:'' ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ situations ᎬᏙᏗ neighboring ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ zones ᎧᎵ 200 nautical ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (370 km)
* 42 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ areas ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ landlocked (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ [[landlocked|landlocked ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ]])

==ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics==
{{main|Plate tectonics}}[[Image:Plate_tectonics_map.gif|thumb|right|380px| ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ pointing ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ.]] 
'''ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics''' (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ constructs ᎠᎴ destroys&quot;, τεκτων, ''tektoon'') ᎨᏒᎢ [[theory|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] [[geology]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ phenomenon [[continental drift]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ scientists ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics ᎯᎠ outermost ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ layers: ᎯᎠ [[lithosphere]] comprising ᎯᎠ [[Crust (geology)|crust]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ solidified uppermost ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's mantle|ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]]. ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lithosphere ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎯᎠ [[asthenosphere]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ comprises ᎯᎠ inner viscous ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ behaves ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ superheated ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ viscous ᎦᎾ.

ᎯᎠ lithosphere essentially ''floats'' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ asthenosphere. ᎯᎠ lithosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[tectonic plate|tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ relation ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries: [[Convergent boundary|convergent]], [[Divergent boundary|divergent]], ᎠᎴ [[Transform fault|transform]]. [[Earthquake]], [[volcano|volcanic ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ]], [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]]-ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ [[oceanic trench]] formation ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries. 

&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;
{|align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Image:Oceanic-continental convergence Fig21oceancont.svg|thumb|Oceanic / Continental]]
|[[Image:Continental-continental_convergence_Fig21contcont.gif|thumb|Continental / Continental]]
|[[Image:Oceanic-oceanic_convergence_Fig21oceanocean.gif|thumb|Oceanic / Oceanic]]
|}

ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ geological observations: [[continental drift]], ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎠᎴ [[seafloor spreading]], ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1960s. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1960s ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ universally accepted ᎾᎥᎢ virtually ᏂᎦᏛ scientists. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ revolutionized ᎯᎠ [[earth science|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎦagatohvsdi]]comparable ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ unifying ᎠᎴ explanatory ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ diverse geological phenomena ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ [[periodic table|periodic ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[chemistry|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]], ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[genetic code|genetic ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[biology]], ᎠᎴ [[quantum mechanics]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[physics]].

== Environment ᎠᎴ ecosystem ==
{{main|Biosphere}}

ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ lifeforms ᎠᎴ sometimes ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ &quot;[[biosphere]]&quot;. ᎪᎯ biosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ [[evolution|evolving]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3.5 billion (3.5{{e|9}}) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ universe ᎭᏢᏃ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ absolutely ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ  ᎢᎦᏛ scientists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ [[Rare Earth hypothesis|biospheres ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ]].

ᎯᎠ biosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ [[biome]], inhabited ᎾᎥᎢ broadly ᎤᏠᏱ [[flora (plants)|flora]] ᎠᎴ [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, biomes ᎠᎴ separated ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[latitude]]. Terrestrial biomes ᎠᏝᎥ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Arctic Circle|Arctic]] ᎠᎴ [[Antarctic Circle|Antarctic ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎣᏍᏛᎯ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎠᎴ [[animal|Ꭶgantlai]] ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ populous biomes ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[Equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]].
[[Image:90_mile_beach.jpg|thumb|right|220px| ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ [[beach|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ simultaneously ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ lithosphere, hydrosphere ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.]]

=== ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ===
{{main|Climate}}

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏔᎵ ᎡᏆ polar regions, ᏔᎵ ᎠᏯayatoli [[temperate]] zones, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ [[equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]ial [[tropical]] [[subtropical]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ widely, ranging ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ metres ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ millimetre.

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ currents ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ factors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ spectacular [[thermohaline circulation|thermohaline ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ distributes ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ equatorial oceans ᎯᎠ polar regions.

=== Terrain ===
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[terrain]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70% ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[continental shelf|continental ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ evenly, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Statue of Liberty|Statue  ᏅᏩnvwatohiyadv]].&lt;ref&gt;ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ depth ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, significantly ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ statue ᏅᏩnvwatohiyadv. ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ depth ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ: ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.4 &amp;ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;; ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5.1 &amp;ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ depth ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ roughly 2.8 km, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ statue ᏅᏩnvwatohiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 0.093 km, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ pedestal.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ remaining 30% Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ [[mountains|ᏙᏓᎸ]], [[deserts]], [[plain|ᏂᎬᏅ]], [[plateau]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ arable ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 13.31% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 4.71% supporting ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt; ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 40% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ cropland ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 3.3 &amp;ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; [[acre|ᏑᏘᎶᏛ]]cropland ᎠᎴ 8.4 &amp;ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ pastureland.&lt;ref&gt;FAO, 1995, &quot;United ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Yearbook&quot;, 49.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Extremes ====
{{main|Extreme points of the world}}
'''Elevation extremes:''' (measured ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ [[sea level|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]])

* ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ: [[Dead Sea|ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] [[1 E2 m|−417]] m
* ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ overall: Challenger ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Mariana Trench]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] [[1 E4 m|−10,924]] m &lt;!-- Takuyo measurement; see Mariana Trench for details --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rain.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html
 | title = &quot;Deep Ocean Studies&quot;
 | work = Ocean Studies
 | publisher = RAIN National Public Internet and Community Technology Center
 | accessdate = 2006-04-02
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
* ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ: [[Mount Everest|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Everest]] [[1 E3 m|8,844]] m (2005 est.)

=== ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ===
{{main|Natural resource}}

* ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ crust ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ [[fossil fuel|fossil ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]]: ([[coal|ᏥᏃᏍᎦ]], [[petroleum]], [[natural gas|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]], [[methane clathrate]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ feedstock ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ chemical ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
* Mineral [[ore]] ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ crust ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ [[erosion]] ᎠᎴ [[plate tectonics|ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ concentrated ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[metal|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ [[chemical element|ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]].
* ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[biosphere]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ biological ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ) [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], [[pharmaceutical]], oxygen, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ recycling ᎤᎪᏗᏗ organic wastes. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ [[ecosystem]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ [[topsoil]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ oceanic [[ecosystem]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ dissolved nutrients ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fossil fuel|mineral ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ replenish ᎾᎿ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[non-renewable resources|non-renewable ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ exploitation non-renewable ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ [[civilization|ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ significant ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[environmentalism]] movements.

=== ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ===

* ''Arable ᎦᏙᎯ:'' 13.13%&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;CIA: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Factbook, &quot;[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html World]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ:'' 4.71%&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot; /&gt;
* ''ᏂᎪᎯᎸ pastures:'' 26%
* ''Forests ᎠᎴ woodland:'' 32%
* ''Urban areas:'' 1.5%
* ''ᏐᎢ:'' 30% (1993 est.)

'''Irrigated ᎦᏙᎯ:'''
2,481,250 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ([[1993]] est.)

=== ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ environmental hazards ===

ᎡᏆ areas ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ [[weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ (tropical [[cyclone]]), [[hurricane]], ᎠᎴ [[typhoon]]Ꮎ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ areas. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[earthquake]], [[landslide]], [[tsunami]], [[volcano|volcanic eruptions]], [[tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ]]es, [[sinkhole]], [[blizzard|ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ]], [[flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]], [[drought]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ calamities ᎠᎴ [[disaster]].

ᎡᏆ areas ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[pollution]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ, [[acid rain|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ toxic substances, ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ vegetation ([[overgrazing]], [[deforestation]], [[desertification]]), ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ [[wildlife]], [[species]] [[extinction]], [[soils retrogression and degradation|ᎦᏙᎯ degradation]], ᎦᏙᎯ depletion, [[erosion]], ᎠᎴ introduction [[invasive species]].

ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] [[global warming|alteration]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ enhancement ᎯᎠ [[greenhouse effect|greenhouse ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]] emissions ᎨᏒᎢ Ꭷkanquotsegi ᎤᏃᏝᎩ, ᎯᎠ focus ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

=== ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ===
{{main|Human geography}}
[[Image:Earthlights_dmsp.jpg|750px|thumb|center|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ,  composite  satelite ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ illumination ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 1994 ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1995.]]
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 6,500,000,000 ᏴᏫ inhabitants ([[February 24|ᎧᎦᎵ 24]] [[2006]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ).
&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveScience&quot;&gt;
{{cite news
  | first= Leonard
  | last= David
  | url= http://www.livescience.com/othernews/060224_world_population.html
  | title= Planet's Population Hit 6.5 Billion Saturday
  | work= Live Science
  | date= [[2006-02-24]]
  | accessdate= 2006-04-02
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
Projections ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[world population|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ]] ᏫᎵ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ billion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2013 ᎠᎴ 9.1 billion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2050 (2005 [[United Nations|UN]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꭴutugi uwasv ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[developing nations|ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᏴᏫ [[population density|ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ density]] varies widely ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]]ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ &amp;mdash; ᏦᎢ-ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ [[desert|ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ unsuitable terrain.

ᎯᎠ northernmost ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Alert, Nunavut|ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ]], [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], [[Canada]]. ᎯᎠ southernmost ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station|Amundsen-Scott ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Antarctica]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[South Pole|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]].

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 267 administrative divisions, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, dependent areas, ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ entries. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[government|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎬᏙᏗ planet-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ sovereign [[nation|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ segments [[Antarctica]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ worldwide ᏂᎦᎥ [[international organization|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[United Nations|United ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᎯᎠ United ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ forum ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ [[international law|ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[2004]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᏔᎵᏚ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎢᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]]. ''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[space exploration|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ exploration]].''

== Descriptions ᎡᎶᎯ ==

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ personified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[deity]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ [[goddess]] (''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] ᎠᎴ [[Mother Earth|ᎤᏂᏥ ᎡᎶᎯ]]''). ᎯᎠ [[China|Chinese]] ᎡᎶᎯ goddess [[Hou-Tu]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Gaia, ᎯᎠ deification ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ patroness fertility, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norse mythology]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ goddess [[Jord]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ [[Thor]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ [[Annar]].  ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian mythology ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ cultures ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, [[Geb]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ, [[Nut|ᏐᎯ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ commonly ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ sphere, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ [[oblate spheroid]]. ᎾᏍᎩ bulges slightly ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ slightly flattened ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ poles. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ varying levels ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[flat Earth|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Greek philosophers|ᎠᎪᎢ philosophers]] ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ Ages]], thinkers ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Thomas Aquinas]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ [[Spherical Earth|ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ spherical]].

19th-Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Flat Earth Society|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] advocated ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-ᎾᎯᏳᎢ discredited ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ [[disc]]-shaped, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[North Pole|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]] ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ 150-[[foot|ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ]] (50 [[meter|ᎠᏎᎯᎯ]]) ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ beliefs ᎠᎴ [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1970s. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[tongue-in-cheek|ᎦᏅᎪ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎠᎦᏆᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ.

ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ introduction [[space flight|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ inaccurate beliefs ᎨᏒᎩ countered ᎬᏙᏗ deductions ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ observations ᎯᎠ secondary ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ parallels ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏐᎢ planets. [[Cartography]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ mapmaking, ᎠᎴ vicariously [[geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎤᎭ historically ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ disciplines ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ depicting ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. [[Surveying]], ᎯᎠ determination locations ᎠᎴ distances, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi ᏫᎬᏍᏗ [[navigation|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]], ᎯᎠ determination ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ alongside cartography ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ suitably quantifying ᎯᎠ requisite ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.

ᎯᎠ technological ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 20th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ widely ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ altered ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ perception ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ. [[Science fiction|ᎠᎦagatohvsdi ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ [[Frank R. Paul|ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ R. Paul]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ cloudless ''ᏌᎪᏂᎨ'' planet (ᎬᏙᏗ sharply ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ masses) ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1940 ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ''[[Amazing Stories|Amazing ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ]]'', ᏧᏣᏔᏊ depiction ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ decades ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.
&lt;ref name=&quot;fja&quot;&gt;
{{cite book
 | last = Ackerman
 | first = Forrest J
 | authorlink = Forrest J Ackerman
 | year = 1997
 | title = Forrest J Ackerman's World of Science Fiction
 | publisher = RR Donnelley &amp; Sons Company
 | location = Los Angeles
 | id = ISBN 1-57544-069-5
 | pages = 116-117
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; [[Apollo 17]] ᎤᏤᎵ 1972 &quot;[[The Blue Marble|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ]]&quot; ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[cislunar space|cislunar ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ iconic ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ planet ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ-swirled ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᏬᏗᎨ continents. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ''[[Voyager 1]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990 ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[Carl Sagan]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ planet ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[Pale Blue Dot|Pale ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Dot]]&quot;.
&lt;ref name=&quot;seti-pbd&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
 | url = http://gtrc911.quaker.org/pale_blue_dot.html
 | title = Pale Blue Dot
 | publisher = SETI@home
 | accessdate = 2006-04-02
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ massive [[spaceship]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[life support system|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] Ꮎ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ [[biosphere]] Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏆ [[organism]]. ''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Spaceship Earth|Spaceship ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Gaia theory|Gaia ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]].''

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ fictional ''[[Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy|Hitchhiker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ  ᎯᎠ Galaxy]]'', ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏨ — &quot;harmless&quot; — emphasizing Ꮝ insignificance ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cosmos. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ eponymous ᎠᎦagatohvsdi ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎪᎯ humbling ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ alleviated slightly ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ updated ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ harmless&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ultimate Question|Ultimate ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ]] ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ Universe ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ.

==ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ==
&lt;!-- Red giants can have different diameters depending on their mass and the stage of evolution. --&gt;
[[Image:redgiants.jpg|thumb|200px|ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ giant [[Antares]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ  ᎯᎠ orbit  Mars.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ solar lifespan, expands [[red giant|ᎩᎦᎨ giant]]. ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ models predict Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏫᎵ expand ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 99% ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ orbit (1 [[astronomical unit|astronomical ᏌᏊᎭ]], ᎠᎴ AU). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎯᎠ orbit ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏫᎵ expand ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.7 [[astronomical unit|AUs]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ planet ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ envelopment.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future&quot;&gt;ᎠᏯ.J. Sackmann, .ᎠᏯ. Boothroyd, K.E. Kraemer, &quot;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S Our Sun. III. Present and Future.]&quot;, ''Astrophysical ᏕᎪᏪᎸ'', vol. 418, pp. 457.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 5 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. (5&amp;nbsp;[[Gigayear|Gyr]]).

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ giant, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ [[Solar luminosity|luminosity  ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᏫᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ luminosity ᎾᎥᎢ 10% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1.1 Gyr ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 40% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 3.5 Gyr.&lt;ref name=&quot;sun_future&quot; /&gt; ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ models ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ radiation ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ dire ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ oceans.&lt;ref&gt;J.F. Kasting, 1988, &quot;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...74..472K Runaway and Moist Greenhouse Atmospheres and the Evolution of Earth and Venus]&quot;, ''Icarus'', 74, pp. 472-494.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!align=left| Subtopic !!align=left| Links
|-
| Astronomy || [[Darwin (ESA)]] · [[Terrestrial Planet Finder|Terrestrial Planet ᎠᏩᏘᏍᎩ]]
|-
| Ecology || [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]]
|-
| Economy || [[World economy|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]]
|-
| Fiction || [[Hollow Earth|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ]] · [[Journey to the Center of the Earth|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]] · [[Destruction of Earth|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ  ᎡᎶᎯ]] · [[Earth in fiction|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ]] · [[The Core|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ]]
|-
| Geography,&lt;br /&gt;Geology || [[Degree Confluence Project|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ Confluence ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] · [[Earthquake]] · [[Extremes on Earth|Extremes ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ]] · [[Plate tectonics|ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics]] · [[Equatorial bulge]]
|-
| History || [[Geologic time scale|Geologic ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] · [[History of the World|ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]] · [[Solar system#Origin and evolution of the solar system|Origin ᎠᎴ evolution  ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi]] · [[Timeline of evolution|Timeline  evolution]]
|-
| Law || [[International law|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
|-
| Mapping || [[Google Earth|Google ᎡᎶᎯ]] · [[World Wind|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]
|-
| Politics || [[List of countries|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ]]
|}

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html NASA's Earth fact sheet]
* ''Discovering ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ Universe'' (ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ) ᎾᎥᎢ Neil F. Comins (2001)
* [http://space.about.com/od/earth/a/earthinfo_2.htm space.about.com - Earth - Pictures and Astronomy Facts]

===ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ===
&lt;references/&gt;

==External ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{sisterlinks|Earth}}
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/ WikiSatellite view of Earth at WikiMapia]
* [http://www.earthportal.net/about/eoe/ Encyclopedia of Earth]
* [http://geomag.usgs.gov USGS Geomagnetism Program]
* [http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/isacks/velstruct.pdf Overview of the Seismic Structure of Earth] {{PDFlink}}
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble NASA Earth Observatory]
* [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/282/31/ Beautiful Views of Planet Earth] ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ
* [http://www.professores.uff.br/hjbortol/arquivo/2006.1/applets/earth_en.html Java 3D Earth's Globe]

* [http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/earth.html Projectshum.org's Earth fact file] (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ folk
* [http://www.mysolarsystem.com/earth MySolarSystem.com - Earth] ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.

{{Footer_SolarSystem}}

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[[ne:पृथ्वी]]
[[nl:Aarde (planeet)]]
[[nn:Jorda]]
[[no:Jorden]]
[[nrm:Tèrre]]
[[oc:Tèrra]]
[[pam:Yatu]]
[[pl:Ziemia]]
[[pt:Terra]]
[[qu:Tiksi muyu]]
[[rmy:Phuv]]
[[ro:Pământ]]
[[ru:Земля]]
[[scn:Terra (pianeta)]]
[[sco:The Yird]]
[[sh:Zemlja (planet)]]
[[simple:Earth]]
[[sk:Zem]]
[[sl:Zemlja]]
[[sq:Toka]]
[[sr:Земља (планета)]]
[[su:Marcapada]]
[[sv:Jorden]]
[[sw:Ardhi]]
[[ta:பூமி]]
[[th:โลก]]
[[tl:Daigdig]]
[[tpi:Graun]]
[[tr:Yer (gezegen)]]
[[ug:اغايلىماق (ئاسترونومىيە)]]
[[uk:Земля]]
[[ur:زمین]]
[[uz:Yer]]
[[vi:Trái Đất]]
[[vls:Eirde (planete)]]
[[wa:Daegne]]
[[zh:地球]]
[[zh-classical:地球]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tē-kiû]]
[[zh-yue:地球]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ</title>
    <id>2550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8623</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-17T07:34:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:spectrum4websiteEval.png|centre|approximation to the white light spectrum dispersed via an EdmundScientific Spectroscope or a 4x8 sheet of 
diffraction ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ.]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ''' (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ '''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ [[visual perception|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ [[eye|agatoli]]. Electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ''' ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]].  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏴᏫ agatoli ᏫᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ [[wavelength]]ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[1 E-7 m|400  700&amp;nbsp;nm]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ wavelengths ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 380 780&amp;nbsp;[[nanometres|nm]].  [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]-ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ agatoli ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ sensitivity ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv 555&amp;nbsp;[[nanometre|nm]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[green|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: [[luminosity function|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]]). ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. [[Brown|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[pink|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ.

Wavelengths ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[optical window|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏦᎳᏅ]]&quot;, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ unattenuated ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ).  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[International Commission on Illumination|CIE]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.  ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏦᎳᏅ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ infrared (NIR) ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ atsinuqowisgv ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏦᎳᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ Wavelength IR (MWIR) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ Wavelength ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ Infrared (ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ LWIR) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ wavelengths ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bee|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ultraviolet]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ [[nectar (plant)|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ pollination ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ultraviolet ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ultraviolet ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

[[Image:PrismAndLight.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎤᏁᎬ [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ  [[prism (optics)|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.]]

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ==
ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Newton, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Opticks]]'', ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Goethe, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Theory of Colours|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ  Colours]]''. 

[[Isaac Newton]] ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏗᎧᏃᏗ'' ([[Latin]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;agatoli&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1671]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ [[experiment|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[optic|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]].  Newton ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ayatoli ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ [[sunlight]] ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ [[glass|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ]] [[prism (optics)|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[angle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Reflection (physics)|reflected]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, emerging ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ.  Newton hypothesized Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ &quot;[[corpuscle|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]&quot; ([[particles|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]) ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ([[refraction|refracted]]) ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, creating ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. 

Newton uniyatolv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: [[Red|ᎩᎦᎨ]], [[Orange (colour)|ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[Yellow|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[Green|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], [[Blue|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], [[Indigo|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[Violet (color)|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]]; ᎠᎴ [[ROYGBIV]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ 7 ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ numerology ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ 7 ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, 7 astronomical ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ{{citation needed}}. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ insensitive ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ frequencies, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-agatoli ᏴᏫ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Isaac Asimov]] ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ.

[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Newton narrowed ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, Goethe ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ wider ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ - ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-cyan ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accepted Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ [[photon]](ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ properties [[wave|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ properties [[particle|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]), ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎯᎠ [[speed of light|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ  ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[vacuum|ᏅᏙᎲᏅ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[refractive index|refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[dispersion (optics)|ᎬᏙᏗ-dispersive]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[frequency|frequencies]] (ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ (dispersive) ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[dispersion relation|ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]: ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.

==ᏗᎧᏃᏗ==
[[Image:Atmospheric electromagnetic transmittance or opacity.jpg|thumb|200px|ᎤᏐᏅ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ  [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎤᏃᎴ]] transmittance (ᎠᎴ [[opacity|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]])  ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[wavelength]]  [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[visible light|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[spectroscopy|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]].  ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[astronomy|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ analysing ᎯᎠ properties ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, [[astronomical spectroscopy|astronomical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] utilises ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎧᏁᏉᎩ [[diffraction grating|diffraction ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ spectra ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ.  [[Helium]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ detected ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]; [[chemical element|chemical ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ detected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astronomical ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ [[emission line|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[absorption line|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[redshift]] ᎠᎴ [[blueshift]] ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏓᏅ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[exoplanet]]ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ analysing ᎯᎠ [[doppler shift|doppler ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ radial ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ [[metre per second|metres ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ detected: ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[gravity|gravitational]] ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ analysed, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Color vision|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]]
*[[Frequency|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[High energy visible light|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
*[[Rainbow|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]]
*[[ROYGBIV]]
*[[Rydberg formula|Rydberg ᏎᏍᏗ]]
*[[Wavelength]]
*[[Theory of Colours|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ  Colours]]

{{EMSpectrum}}
{{Color vision}}

[[Category:Color]]
[[Category:Electromagnetic spectrum]]
[[Category:Optical spectrum|*]]
[[Category:Vision]]

[[de:Lichtspektrum]]
[[fr:Lumière visible]]
[[ko:가시광선]]
[[id:Spektrum optik]]
[[ja:可視光線]]
[[pt:Espectro visível]]
[[sk:Optické spektrum]]
[[fi:Värispektri]]
[[pl:Światło widzialne]]
[[sv:Spektrum]]
[[zh:可见光]]
[[chr:ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎦᏍᎬ</title>
    <id>2551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9473</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T10:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[la:Pluvia]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:22 Regen ubt.jpeg|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.]]

'''ᎠᎦᏍᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]], ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]], [[sleet|ᎦᏁᏐᎠᏍᎬ]], [[hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[dew|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]]. ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ [[air|ᎤᏃᎴ]].  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[virga]], ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ [[desert|ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

== ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ==
[[Image:Kap-kap-kap.jpg|thumb|200px|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ.]]
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[hydrologic cycle|hydrologic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Wiktionary:moisture|moisture]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ condensing ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[rain gauge|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 0.27 mm ᎠᎴ 0.01 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ litres ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ metre (1 liter/m² = 1 mm).

ᎦᎶᏍᎬ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cartoon|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[anime]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;teardrop-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ&quot;&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.  ᎤᏍᏗ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ [[sphere|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]].  ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ kanquotsegi flattened ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[hamburger]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[parachute|ᏥᏳ]].  [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadRain.html]&amp;nbsp;  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ raindrops ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Philipp Lenard]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1898.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏗ raindrops (ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 mm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 mm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.  ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 mm ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, raindrops ᎠᎴ 1 2 mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ raindrops ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[Brazil]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Marshall Islands|Marshall ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 mm.  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᏆ [[smoke|ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ.

Raindrops ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[terminal velocity|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, 0.5 mm [[drizzle|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 m/, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᏆ 5 mm ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv 9 m/[http://www.wonderquest.com/falling-raindrops.htm].

ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ [[pH]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 6.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]] ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[carbonic acid|carbonic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ pH.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, airborne ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏰᎵᏊ [[calcium carbonate]] ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[alkaline]].  ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ pH 5.6 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[acid rain|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]].

ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ traceable ᎯᎠ bipolar ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ generated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎪᏢᏗ localized ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎠᎹ (ᎤᏠᏱ nylon ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ &quot;poly&quot; ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ/magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ intensified ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.

==ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ==
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ particulate ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[cloud condensation nuclei|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ nuclei]], ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ weekday ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' [[Eastern Seaboard|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ: ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 22% ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;Cerveny, R. ., ᎠᎴ R. C. ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ pollutants, ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ NW Atlantic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. 394, 561-563.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ==
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. Chemicals ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ iodide ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.

==ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
[[Image:Umbrella with raindrops.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ  ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ.]]
Cultural ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ [[temperate|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] [[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ connotation&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Rain Rain Go Away|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ [[sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Africa]], [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ greeted ᎬᏙᏗ [[euphoria|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ]]. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Botswana]], ᎯᎠ [[Setswana]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, &quot;pula,&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  [[Botswana pula|ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ  ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.)

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[umbrella|ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[raincoat]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gutter|ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[storm drain|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ]]Ꮎ ᎦᏂ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ [[thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ ([[monsoon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]).  ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Rainwater harvesting|harvested]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ rainwater ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[acid rain|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ), ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[greywater]]. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ raininess ᎨᏒᎢ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎤᎷᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ [[gulf stream|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]] ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ 200 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᏙᏓᎸ) ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[Jerusalem|ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ [[petrichor]], ᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ digakohidi, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ.

ᏌᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Seattle, Washington]], [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]].  ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.  ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.  Seattle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ 37 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ 60% Ꮝ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ 40% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York). [[Melbourne, Australia]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ [[Sydney, Australia]]; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ colder ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Sydney.{{fact}}

[[Image:Rain to clear skies panorama.jpg|thumb|700px|center| ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ skies ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ  ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{commons|Rain}}
*[[Acid Rain|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
*[[Black Rain|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
*[[Climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]]
*[[Cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]
*[[Raining animals|ᎠᎦᏍᎦ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]]
*[[Rain sensor|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ sensor]]
*[[Red rain in Kerala|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kerala]]
*[[Water cycle|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Water resources|ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]]
*[[Weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/146120.stm BBC article on the weekend rain effect]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3893671.stm BBC article on rain-making]
*[http://www.earthsky.org/humanworld/interviews.php?id=49324 Do we have enough fresh water? Johan Rockstrom says we do, if we use it correctly.] ᎡᎶᎯ &amp; ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ, discusses capturing ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ runoff, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

&lt;!-- interwiki links begin here --&gt;

[[Category:Precipitation]]

[[an:Plebia]]
[[ast:Lluvia]]
[[be:Дождж]]
[[bm:Sanji]]
[[br:Glav]]
[[ca:Pluja]]
[[cs:Déšť]]
[[cy:Glaw]]
[[da:Regn]]
[[de:Regen]]
[[el:Βροχή]]
[[en:Rain]]
[[eo:Pluvo]]
[[es:Lluvia]]
[[et:Vihm]]
[[eu:Euri]]
[[fi:Sade]]
[[fr:Pluie]]
[[gd:Uisge-adhair]]
[[gl:Chuvia]]
[[he:גשם]]
[[hr:Kiša]]
[[id:Hujan]]
[[io:Pluvo]]
[[it:Pioggia]]
[[ja:雨]]
[[ko:비]]
[[ku:Baran]]
[[la:Pluvia]]
[[lt:Lietus]]
[[lv:Lietus]]
[[mk:Дожд]]
[[ms:Hujan]]
[[nds-nl:Regen]]
[[ne:वर्षा]]
[[nl:Regen (neerslag)]]
[[no:Regn]]
[[nrm:Pllie]]
[[oc:Pluèja]]
[[pl:Deszcz]]
[[pt:Chuva]]
[[qu:Para]]
[[ro:Ploaie]]
[[ru:Дождь]]
[[scn:Acqua (chiuvuta)]]
[[sh:Kiša]]
[[simple:Rain]]
[[sk:Dážď]]
[[sl:Dež]]
[[sq:Shiu]]
[[sr:Киша]]
[[su:Hujan]]
[[sv:Regn]]
[[sw:Mvua]]
[[ta:மழை]]
[[th:ฝน]]
[[tl:Ulan]]
[[tr:Yağmur]]
[[uk:Дощ]]
[[vi:Mưa]]
[[yi:רעגן]]
[[zh:雨]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hō͘]]
[[zh-yue:雨]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎾᏥ</title>
    <id>2552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9472</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T09:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ms:Salji]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Hoedhuette.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
'''ᎤᎾᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[crystal|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]], ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[granular material|ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ [[pressure|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]].   

ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] undergoes [[deposition (meteorology)|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 0°C, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

==ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ==
[[Image:Earth-satellite-seasons.gif|thumb|270px|right|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ  snowcover ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.]]
:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: [[List of Countries receiving snowfall|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ snowfall]]''
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ snowfall varies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ geographic ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[latitude|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[elevation|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ latitudinal ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ snowfall, 35° N ᎠᎴ 40°S ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ delimiter. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ.

[[Image:Snow_in_afgahnistan2.JPG|thumb|ᎤᎾᏥ capped ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Afghanistan.]]

ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ snowfall ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]], ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[Equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, yvwatuwidv 5300 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Mount Kilimanjaro|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Kilimanjaro]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tanzania]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Tropical|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] [[Andes]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 4690 m ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ [[Cayambe (volcano)|Volcán Cayambe]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ecuador]] ([[Google Earth|Google ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ). ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Arctic|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Antarctic|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ugatohvsv ᎤᏍᏗ snowfall ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ (ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ).  ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
[[Image:Falling snow Graz 2005 original.jpg|thumb|ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ  ᎯᎠ [[University Library of Graz|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  Graz]], [[Austria]]]]

ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ insulator conserving ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.   ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ snowfall ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ disrupt ᎯᎠ infrastructure ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Automotive ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ inhibited ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ infrastructures ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]], ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ &quot;[[snow day|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᎦ]]&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ cancelled ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ snowfall. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ridiculed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ colder [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]], ᎭᏢᏃ [[street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ mountaintops ᎠᎴ undergoes ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ : [[mudslide]], [[flash flood|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[Avalanche|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, causing devastating ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ seasonally cumulative ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ [[Mount Baker|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Baker]], [[Washington]], [[U.S.A|Ꭴ..]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[1998]]–[[1999]] ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. [[Mount Baker|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Baker]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ 29 m ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ, [[Mount Rainier|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Rainier]], [[Washington]], [[U.S.A|Ꭴ..]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[1971]]–[[1972]] ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ 28.5 m ᎤᎾᏥ.

[[Image:Snowfall_Luxembourg_train_station.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Snowfall ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Luxembourg]] ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire|ᎢᏤ Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[Massachusetts]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Cape Cod|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ]]), [[Rhode Island|Rhode ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], [[Connecticut]], [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Long Island|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]), [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]], [[Michigan]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Ohio]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Indiana]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[Iowa]], [[North Dakota|ᎤᏴᏢ Dakota]], [[South Dakota|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]], ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Colorado]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Front Range|ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], [[Idaho]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[Utah]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Nevada]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]], [[Maryland]], [[West Virginia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Virginia]], ᎠᎴ [[Virginia]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ Rockies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Montana ᎠᎴ Wyoming ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Dakotas (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[High Plains (United States)|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ snowless. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ. [[Canada]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ yvwatuwidv [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver, ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Alberta]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Ontario]]. [[Alaska]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hawaii]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2700 m).

==ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ==
[[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|left|ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Wilson Bentley]], 1902]]
[[Image:Tsuzumi snow crystal.jpg|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ &quot;Japanese Tsuzumi&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ  ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ  ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ [[tsuzumi]] ᎠᎱᎵ.]]
ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hexagonal [[crystal structure|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ice Ih|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯ&lt;ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ&gt;h&lt;/ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ&gt;]]) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ 'basal' ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᏔᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ.  ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ.  [[Surface tension|ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[phonons]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ spatially ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ [[tree ring|ᏡᎬ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏴᏢ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.  ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏔᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ; ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ, nonetheless, Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ pragmatic ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. ᎯᎠ [[American Meteorological Society|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Nancy ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[National Center for Atmospheric Research|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ [[hexagon|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ [[Prism (geometry)|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]].

===Electron ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Snow crystals.png
Image:Snow crystals 2.png
Image:Snow crystals 2b.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:LT-SEM snow crystals.jpg
Image:LT-SEM snow crystal magnification series-3.jpg
Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM.jpg
Image:Snowflake 300um LTSEM, 13368.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Recreation==
[[image:small snowman.jpg|thumb|ᎠᏓᏁᎸ  snowman.]]
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[recreation]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏥ
*ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[winter sport|ᎪᎳ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[skiing|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]], [[snowmobiling]], [[snowshoe]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[snowboarding]]
*ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[sled|ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sleigh|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]
*ᎠᏓᏁᎸ [[snowman]] (ᎠᎴ 'snowwoman') ᎠᎴ [[snow fort|ᎤᎾᏥ ᏗᏐᏴ]]
*ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[snowball fight|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ [[tease|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏂ. ([[Humans|ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]] ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. [[Bonobo|Pygmy chimpanzees]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ yvwatuwidv, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏂ.)
*ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[snow angel|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]
ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ, [[snow cannon|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ eligwa igai ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ.

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ snowcastle ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kemi]], [[Finland]], ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎳ.

==ᎠᏫᏒᏗ==
ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ''' ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ Ꮝ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ 5 m, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ 5 m ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ [[hydrologist]]ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ ''ᎤᏒᏙᏂ'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ varies.  ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ yvwatuwidv 12% ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 33% ᎠᎹ.  ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ.  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎤᎾᏥ densities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 50% ᎠᎹ [http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/misc/density.html].

ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎣᏚᎵᏍᎬ utugi gvsv ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ [[runoff]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[water supply|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ]] ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᎢ.  ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ'', ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᏆᏍᏙ''.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ==
[[Image:Snjeg.jpg|thumb|left|ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Croatia]]
[[Image:Skiing Christmas '05 034.jpg|thumb|200px| ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]
[[Image:May 28 2006 Snowbird UT USA.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Snowbird ski resort|Snowbird ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ]], ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ snowiest ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..]]
;[[Ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
: ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏥ Ꮎ doesn't ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.  ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
;ᏎᎷ
: ᎤᏃᎮᎾ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ skiers ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ refreezing.  
;ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ (Thundersnow)
: [[thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[thunder|ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ]], [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎴ [[wind|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]].
;Firn
:ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ.
;Flurries
: ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ snowfall.
;[[Sleet|ᎦᏁᏐᎠᏍᎬ]]
: ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ thawed ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.
;[[Soft hail|ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]]
:ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ re-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ [[wiktionary:granule|granules]] ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[soft hail|ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]]. 
;[[Freezing rain|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
: rainstorm, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ raindrops ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.  ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, causing ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
; Snizzle
: ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ/ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Michigan.
;[[Snow storm|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]]
: ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[storm|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]] ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎾᏥ.
;[[Snow squall|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]
: ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ snowstorm.
;[[Blizzard|ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ]]
: ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ snowfall ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ [[whiteout (weather)|whiteout]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 m.
;[[Snowdrift|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]]
: ᎡᏆ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ.
;[[Ground blizzard|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ]]
: ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ whiteouts.
;[[Packing snow|ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ]]
: ᎤᎾᏥ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ hurled ᎾᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎳ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ snowman, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏗᏐᏴ.
;[[Slush|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ]]
: ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎹ.
;[[Hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]]
: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-layered ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᏒᏙᏂ&quot; ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ (0.25&amp;nbsp;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, 6&amp;nbsp;mm) &quot;ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ&quot; ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ (1.75&amp;nbsp;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, 43&amp;nbsp;mm), , ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, &quot;softball&quot; ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ (­&gt;4.25&amp;nbsp;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, 108&amp;nbsp;mm).
;[[Hailstorm]]
: ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏴᏫ.
;[[Artificial snow|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏥ]]
: ᎤᎾᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[snow cannon|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Wiktionary:granule|granules]] ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ (ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[grits|ᏁᏩᏛ]]&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[US South|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ..]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[texture|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]] ᎯᎠ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, [[snow cannon|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]]ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ.
;[[Watermelon snow|ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ]]
:ᎩᎦᎨ/ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ Ꮎ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[watermelon|ᎬᎩᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ [[green alga|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ alga]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[chlamydomonas nivalis]]''

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{sisterlinks|Snow}}
*[[Avalanche|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ]]
*[[Sleigh|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]
*[[Skiing|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]
*[[Snow sculpture|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]
*[[Snowball|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]]
*[[Snowboard]]
*[[Snowman]]
*[[Snow cannon|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]]
*[[Frost|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ]]
*[[Snowshoe]]
*[[Snow removal|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ]]
*[[Igloo|ᎦᏁᎸ]]
*[[Grit bin|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
*[[Lake effect snow|ᎥᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ]]
*[[List of countries receiving snowfall|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ snowfall]]
*[[Eskimo words for snow|ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ]]

=== Media ===
{{Video|filename=Snowing.ogg|title=Snowing|description=The video depicts snowfall in a residential neighborhood|format=[[Ogg]]}}

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[ftp://198.77.171.17/pub/High%20resolution%20TIFF%20Snow%20Images%20from%20webpage Ultra-high resolution images] ᎤᏴᏢ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
*[http://www.richardjwild.co.uk Dr Richard Wild - Heavy Snow, Blizzards, Snowstorms and Snowfall Site] Online ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Richard ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ, snowstorms, ᎤᎾᏥ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ snowfalls ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
* [http://www.nsdl.arm.gov/Library/glossary.shtml#snowflake National Science Digital Library - Snowflake]
* [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faqs/faqs.htm  Kenneth G. Libbrecht's Snowflake FAQ]
* http://www.Ꮝ.caltech.edu/~ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ/snowcrystals/ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ/ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.htm
* [http://www.sciencebits.com/SnowAboveFreezing On snow at above freezing temperatures]

[[Category:Snow]]
[[Category:Weather]]

[[an:Nieu]]
[[ar:ثلج]]
[[be:Сьнег]]
[[bg:Сняг]]
[[bs:Snijeg]]
[[ca:Neu]]
[[cs:Sníh]]
[[cv:Юр]]
[[da:Sne]]
[[de:Schnee]]
[[el:Χιόνι]]
[[en:Snow]]
[[eo:Neĝo]]
[[es:Nieve]]
[[fa:برف]]
[[fi:Lumi]]
[[fr:Neige]]
[[fy:Snie]]
[[gl:Neve]]
[[he:שלג]]
[[hi:हिमपात]]
[[hr:Snijeg]]
[[hu:Hó]]
[[id:Salju]]
[[io:Nivo]]
[[is:Snjór]]
[[it:Neve]]
[[ja:雪]]
[[ko:눈 (날씨)]]
[[ku:Berf]]
[[la:Nix]]
[[ln:Neje]]
[[lt:Sniegas]]
[[lv:Sniegs]]
[[ms:Salji]]
[[nds-nl:Snei]]
[[nl:Sneeuw]]
[[nn:Snø]]
[[no:Snø]]
[[pdc:Schnee]]
[[pl:Śnieg]]
[[pt:Neve]]
[[qu:Rit'i]]
[[ro:Zăpadă]]
[[ru:Снег]]
[[simple:Snow]]
[[sk:Sneh]]
[[sl:Sneg]]
[[sq:Dëbora]]
[[sr:Снег]]
[[sv:Snö]]
[[sw:Theluji]]
[[th:หิมะ]]
[[tr:Kar]]
[[ug:قايىل قىلماق]]
[[uk:Сніг]]
[[zh:雪]]
[[zh-min-nan:Seh]]
[[zh-yue:雪]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏣᏅᏙ</title>
    <id>2553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8628</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T17:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ [[disambiguation]] ᎤᏆᏓᏛ &quot;[[plasma|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ''

[[Image:Plasma-lamp 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right| [[Plasma lamp|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏓᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ phenomena   ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ''filamentation'']]
[[Image:Solar-flares-(double).jpg|thumb|300px| ᎡᎶᎯ [[coronal mass ejection|coronal ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[physics|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᎠᎴ [[chemistry|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]], '''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ '''ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ''', ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[phase (matter)|dadanetlivysegv  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ gases. &quot;[[Ionized]]&quot; ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ [[electron]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dissociated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ [[electric charge|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ [[electrical conductivity|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ [[electromagnetic field|electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]].

ᎪᎯ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ identified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ [[Crookes tube|Crookes ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sir William Crookes|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ William Crookes]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1879]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ &quot;ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Crookes ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ [[British Association for the Advancement of Science|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎶᏙᏗ  agatohvsdi]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sheffield, ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ, 22nd ᎦᎶᏂ 1879 [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/5dcb9349d366f8ec.html] [http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/315rm.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Crookes tube|Crookes ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]] &quot;[[cathode ray|cathode ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]&quot; ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ identifed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ [[J. J. Thomson|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ J.J. Thomson]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1897&lt;ref&gt;ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Royal Institution|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ, 30th ᎫᏬᏂ 1897, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Philosophical Magazine|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]]'', 44, 293 [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html]&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᎴ dubbed &quot;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ [[Irving Langmuir]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1928 &lt;ref name=&quot;langmuir1928&quot;&gt;ᎠᏯ. Langmuir, &quot;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1929PhRv...33..195T&amp;amp;db_key=PHY&amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;high=42ca922c9c29098 Oscillations in ionized gases],&quot; ''Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Ꭴ..'', vol. 14, p. 628, 1928&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᎦᏅᏓᏗᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[blood plasma|ᎩᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]] &lt;ref&gt;G. L. Rogoff, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., ''IEEE ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ agatohvsdi'', vol. 19, p. 989, Dec. 1991. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ http://www.plasmacoalition.org/ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Langmuir ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ:
:&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ electrodes, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ'' ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ electrons, ᎯᎠ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ions ᎠᎴ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'' ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ions ᎠᎴ electrons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;langmuir1928&quot; /&gt;

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ [[charged particle|ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ''ᏂᎦᏛ'' [[electromagnetic force|electromagnetic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ [[ion beam|ion ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[dusty plasma|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]) &lt;ref&gt;Peratt, Anthony, ''ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ'' (1992); &lt;/ref&gt;  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ionizing ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, stripping [[electron]]ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[atom|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ enabling ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ.

==ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ==

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[Phase (matter)|dadanetlivysegv  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 99% ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;ref&gt;D. . Gurnett, . Bhattacharjee, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ: ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ (2005) ([http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521364833&amp;id=VcueZlunrbcC&amp;pg=PA2&amp;lpg=PA2&amp;dq=%22visible+universe%22+plasma&amp;sig=lYOjlHeChWHPVrPr2ALsv_OcSSQ Page 2]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ K Scherer, H Fichtner, B Heber, &quot;ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ: ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ&quot; (2005) ([http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3540229078&amp;id=irHgIUtLi0gC&amp;pg=PA138&amp;lpg=PA138&amp;dq=%22visible+universe%22+plasma+99%25&amp;sig=tOUJpk03O8oaJZPB-WN2YuqxiLo Page 138])&lt;/ref&gt;.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[interstellar medium|interstellar-]] ᎠᎴ [[intergalactic medium|intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]), ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[astrophysical plasma|astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ [[Jupiter|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᎬᏙᏗ''-ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.1% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ 10&lt;sup&gt;−15&lt;/sup&gt;% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ [[Pluto|ᏨᏍᎩᏃ]]. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ [[Hannes Alfvén]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[dusty plasma|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]).

&lt;table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0 border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=3 bgcolor=cccccc align=center&gt;'''ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor=eeeeee valign=top&gt;&lt;td width=43%&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/center&gt;
* Ꮎ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[plasma displays|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ TVs
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fluorescent lamp|fluorescent ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]](ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ), [[neon sign|neon ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]
* ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ
* ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ [[spacecraft]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[heat shield|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ reentry ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]]
* [[Fusion energy|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ
* ᎯᎠ [[electric arc|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[arc lamp|ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ [[welding|welder]]
* ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ [[plasma globe|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ]])
* ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ [[dielectric]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[integrated circuits|integrated ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''[[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/center&gt;
* [[Fire|ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ]] (ie. ᎠᏥᎸ)
* [[Lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]]
* [[Ball lightning|ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]]
* [[St. Elmo's fire|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Elmo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ]]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning#Sprites.2C_elves.2C_jets.2C_and_other_upper_atmospheric_lightning Sprites, elves, jets]
* ᎯᎠ [[ionosphere]]
* ᎯᎠ [[Aurora (astronomy)|ᎦᏚᎢ aurorae]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=33%&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''[[:Category:Space plasmas|Space]] ᎠᎴ [[astrophysics|astrophysical]] ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/center&gt;
* ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[star|ᏃᏈᏏ]]&lt;br&gt;(ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[nuclear fusion|nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ]])
* ᎯᎠ [[solar wind|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]
* ᎯᎠ [[interplanetary medium|interplanetary ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]&lt;br&gt;(ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ)
* ᎯᎠ [[interstellar medium|interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]&lt;br&gt;(ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ iyahdvnelidasdi)
* ᎯᎠ [[intergalactic space|Intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]&lt;br&gt;(ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ galaxies)
* ᎯᎠ [[Io (moon)|Io]]-[[Jupiter|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ
* [[Accretion disk|ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ]]
* Interstellar [[nebula|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]]e
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

== ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ parameters ==

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ) parameters. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ parameters, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interact ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ qualitative ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ gases.

=== ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ===
[[Image:plasma fountain.gif|thumb|300px|right|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;'''[[plasma fountain]]'''&quot;, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, helium, ᎠᎴ hydrogen ions Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ borealis-ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ  [http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/ᏗᏤᎢ/9812/solar1.html ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ], ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ: [http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/ᏗᏤᎢ/9812/solarwind.html ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏐᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ quasineutral ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏦᎢ criteria ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ:

# '''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ''': ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ neighbouring ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ion ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ&quot; ᎯᎠ ion, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Debye shielding|Debye ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Debye length|Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ yvwatuwidv ᏯᏛᎿ ion ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ions ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter, Λ), ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ electrostatic ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;J.D. Callen, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Wisconsin-Madison, ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Phenomena [[http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~callen/chap1.pdf PDF]]&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''': ᎯᎠ Debye ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ boundaries ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ.
#'''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ''': ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ electron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[plasma oscillation|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ electromagnetic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ damped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Λ&gt;&gt;1, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Lambda ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter'' (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ parameter ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Λ = 1/''N&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt;'', ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ''N&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt;'' = (4π ''n'' λ&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)&amp;nbsp;/3, ᎭᏢᏃ ''n'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ λ&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Debye length|Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]] . ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ Λ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ summarised ᎡᎳᏗᏢ &lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node8.html The plasma parameter] ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Richard Fitzpatrick&lt;/ref&gt;:

&lt;table cellpadding=1 cellspacing=0 border=1&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center&gt;&lt;td rowspan=2 valign=bottom&gt;'''ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=2&gt;'''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter ᎢᎦᎢ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor=#eeeeee align=center&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''Λ&lt;&lt;1'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''Λ&gt;&gt;1'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''Coupling'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ populated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎠᏫᏒᏗ populated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''Electrostatic ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=center&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ laser ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;br&gt;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ &quot;ᎤᏴᏢ&quot; &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ&quot; ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ&lt;br&gt;ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ / neutron ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ionospheric ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ&lt;br&gt;Astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;br&gt;Nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ&lt;br&gt;ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters===
[[Image:Heliospheric-current-sheet_edit.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎯᎠ '''[[Heliospheric current sheet]]''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://agatohvsdi.nasa.gov/ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ/y2003/22apr_currentsheet.htm  ᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]&lt;/ref&gt;, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ  ᎯᎠ [[Sun]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[interplanetary medium]] ([[Solar Wind]]) &lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ Heliospheric ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ http://ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ.stanford.edu/~wso/gifs/HCS.html]&lt;/ref&gt;. ]]

[[Image:plasma-ranges.gif|thumb|300px|'''ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ  ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''. ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ  electron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ &lt;ref&gt;ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Peratt, . L., &quot;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/nph-ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ_ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ?1996Ap&amp;SS.242...93P ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  Astrophysical ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]&quot; (1966) ''Astrophysics ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ agatohvsdi'', v. 242, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ 1/2, p. 93-163.&lt;/ref&gt; ]]

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[orders of magnitude|ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ  ᎢᎦᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ properties ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ parameters ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[plasma scaling|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ scaling]]). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[quark gluon plasma|quark gluon ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]:

&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor=&quot;#eeeeee&quot; align=center&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=2&gt;'''ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters''': ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ (OOM)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor=&quot;#eeeeee&quot; align=center&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᏂᎬᎢ'''&lt;br&gt;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metres&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; m (lab ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; m (ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ) (~8 [[Order of magnitude|OOM]])&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; m (spacecraft ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt; m (intergalactic ᎤᏬᎩᎸ) (~31 OOM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ'''&lt;br&gt;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; (laser-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; (fluorescent ᏓᏨᏍᏛ) (~19 OOM)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; (intergalactic ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) (~17 OOM)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᎠᏫᏒᏗ'''&lt;br&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ&lt;br&gt;cubic metre&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; (inertial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; (ᎠᏯ.e., 1) (intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ'''&lt;br&gt;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ kelvins&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;~0 K (ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://sdphca.ucsd.edu/ The Nonneutral Plasma Group] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California, San Diego&lt;/ref&gt;) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; K (magnetic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; K (ᏑᎾᎴᎢ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; K (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''Magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ'''&lt;br&gt;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ teslas&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt; T (Lab ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; T (pulsed-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; T (intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ) &lt;br&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; T (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ neutron ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

=== ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ===
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, [[ionization]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[degree of ionization|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ  ionization]] ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ) electrons, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, α ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ α = n&lt;sub&gt;ᎠᏯ&lt;/sub&gt;/(n&lt;sub&gt;ᎠᏯ&lt;/sub&gt; + n&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) ᎭᏢᏃ n&lt;sub&gt;ᎠᏯ&lt;/sub&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ions ᎠᎴ n&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

=== ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ===
[[Image:Photos-photos 1087592507 Energy Arc.jpg|thumb|300px|right|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ electrode   [[plasma lamp|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ  ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ tohi adedi ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ  ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ tohi adedi  electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ recombined ᎬᏙᏗ ions. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  [[spectrum|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ.]]

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kelvin]] ᎠᎴ [[electron volts]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ) ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ  ᎤᎦᎾᏭ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ [[thermal equilibrium|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]] Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[James Clerk Maxwell#Kinetic theory|Maxwellian]] ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[distribution function|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[UV radiation|UV ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]], ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[electric fields|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ electrons ᎦᎷᏨ thermodynamic ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ '''ion ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ''' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ '''electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ'''. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ionized technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[ambient temperature|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ]].

ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ '''electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ''' ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[ionization energy|ionization ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Saha equation|Saha ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]]. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ '''ᎤᏗᎴᎩ''' ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ionized, ᎠᎴ '''ᎤᏴᏢ''' ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 1%) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ '''ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ''' ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ). ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎤᏴᏢ&quot; ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ utilized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ '''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ''' (&quot;technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&quot;) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

=== Densities ===
ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ '''electron ᎠᏫᏒᏗ''', Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ '''ion ᎠᏫᏒᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ &lt;math&gt;\langle Z\rangle&lt;/math&gt; ᎯᎠ ions ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ &lt;math&gt;n_e=\langle Z\rangle n_i&lt;/math&gt;. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ quasineutrality ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.) ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ &lt;math&gt;n_0&lt;/math&gt;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ &lt;math&gt;n_i/(n_0+n_i)&lt;/math&gt;.

=== ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ===
[[Image:Lightning over Oradea Romania 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Lightning]] ᎨᏒᎢ  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ 30 ᎠᎦᏴᎵ amps, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ  100 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ volts, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, x-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ gamma ᎠᏨᏍᏛ &lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.nasa.gov/ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ/ᎡᎶᎯ/solarsystem/rhessi_tgf.html Flashes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ: ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ Gamma-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ Triggered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ 28,000 kelvins ᎠᎴ electron densities ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 10&lt;ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt;24&lt;/ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt;/m&lt;ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt;3&lt;/ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt;.]]
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ''' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ '''ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ'''. ᎢᏳᏃ electrode ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, Ꮝ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[Debye sheath|Debye ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ '''quasineutrality''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (&lt;math&gt;n_e=\langle Z\rangle n_i&lt;/math&gt;), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ imbalance. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ''[[double layer|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ [[charge density|ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]]. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ '''[[Boltzmann relation|Boltzmann ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]''', &lt;math&gt;n_e \propto e^{e\Phi/k_BT_e}&lt;/math&gt;. Differentiating ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ: &lt;math&gt;\vec{E} = (k_BT_e/e)(\nabla n_e/n_e)&lt;/math&gt;.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ quasineutral. electron ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ [[electrostatic force|electrostatic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[astrophysical]] ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, [[electric field screening|Debye ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ [[electric field|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ]]ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ (ie. ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Debye length|Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]). ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[magnetic field|magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]].  ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ [[Debye length|Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-generated [[magnetic field|magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[academic discipline|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] [[magnetohydrodynamics]].

=== Magnetization ===
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ magnetized. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ: &lt;math&gt;\omega_{ce}/\nu_{coll} &gt; 1&lt;/math&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ magnetized ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. Magnetized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ''[[anisotropic]]'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ properties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Debye shielding|Debye ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]].&lt;ref&gt;Richard Fitzpatrick, ''ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ'', [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node10.html Magnetized plasmas]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ dadanetlivysegv ===
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[Phase (matter)|dadanetlivysegv  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]; [[solid|ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ]], [[liquid|ᎦᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[gas|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ dadanetlivysegv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ properties ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ:

&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;

&lt;tr align=center bgcolor=#eeeeee valign=top&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr valign=top&gt;
&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''[[Electrical Conductivity|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ'''&lt;br&gt;
:ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ insulator, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ voltage [[electric power transmission|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏯᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ 110,000 Volts. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ voltages ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ [[electrical breakdown|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fluorescent light|fluorescent ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[neon sign|neon ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ'''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;ol type=a&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ [[electric field|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ voltage ᎪᎭᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ  [[Boltzmann relation|Boltzmann ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]].&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ phenomena ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ gravitational ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr valign=top&gt;
&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᏌᏊ'''
:ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, influenced ᎾᎥᎢ [[gravity|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[collision|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ'''&lt;br&gt;[[Electrons]], [[ions]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[electric charge|ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ velocities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ [[waves in plasma|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Instability|instabilities]]
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr valign=top&gt;
&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
[[Image:Maxwell-Boltzmann_distributionPDF.png|100px|right]]
'''[[Maxwellian]]'''
:ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ:
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ-Maxwellian'''&lt;br&gt;ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ collisional ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎦᏂ Maxwellian ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ velocities ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Coulomb collision|Coulomb ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏔᎵ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ electrons.
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr valign=top&gt;
&lt;td bgcolor=#eeeeee&gt;'''ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᏔᎵ'''&lt;br&gt;ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᏦᎢ-ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ'''&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ interacts ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;/table&gt;

==ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ phenomena==
[[Image:Tycho-supernova-xray.jpg|right|right|thumb|300px|ᎯᎠ [[Supernova remnant|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ]]  '''[[SN 1572|Tycho ᎤᏤᎵ Supernova]]''',  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ  ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. Langmuir ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ'' ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ  Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ  ᎩᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ [[Hannes Alfvén]] ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ filamentary ᏌᎪᏂᎨ outer ᎤᏯᏍᎦ  X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ electrons.]]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ behaviour ᎨᏒᎢ extraordinarily ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ behaviour ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ [[complex system|ᏂᎦᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi]]. ᏯᏛᎿ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎴ disordered behaviour, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ randomness. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ spatial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ, spatially ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ [[fractal]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ recognised ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

* '''Filamentation''', ᎯᎠ striations ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ&quot; ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Aurora (astronomy)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]], [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]], [[electric arc|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]], [[solar flares|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[nebulae|ᎡᎶᎯ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ densities, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''magnetic ᏍᏕᏱᏛ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ''. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Plasma pinch|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ]])

* '''ayatoli ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ''', ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ [[double layer|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties. [[Double layer|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ localised ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ions ᎠᎴ electrons. 

* '''ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ''': Quasineutrality ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws|Kirchhoff ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ [[Electrical resistance|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[inductance]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏔᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ behaviour ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ coupling ᎠᏰᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ nonlinearity, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ behaviour. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ inductive (magnetic) ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ disrupted,  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ inductive ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[solar corona|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, magnetic-ᏠᎨᏏ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ  ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ generically ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''[[Birkeland current|Birkeland ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]'''), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ.

* '''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ'''. ayatoli ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ properties ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ magnetization, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[magnetosphere]], [[heliosphere]], ᎠᎴ [[heliospheric current sheet|heliospheric ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]].

*'''[[Critical ionization velocity|ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ionization ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ionized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ energise ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ electron. ᎪᎯ energisation ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ionization, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ionize ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ phemonema ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ spatial ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ.

=== Ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ===
[[Image:saturn_rings_false.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'''[[Saturn's rings]]''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ  [[dusty plasma]]&lt;ref&gt;Horanyi, M. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/nph-ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ_ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ?bibcode=2004AGUFM.P52A..07H&amp;amp;db_ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ=AST&amp;amp;ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ_ᏗᎦᎪᏗ=HTML&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ=42ca922c9c21888 ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Saturn ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ] (2004) ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Geophysical ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ 2004, ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ #P52A-07. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Blikoh, P. V. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/nph-ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ_ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ?bibcode=1994ddpn.conf...29B&amp;amp;db_ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ=AST&amp;amp;ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ_ᏗᎦᎪᏗ=HTML&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ=42ca922c9c21888 ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Saturn ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ] (1994) ''ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ''. Edited ᎾᎥᎢ Hiroshi Kikuchi. ISBN 0-306-44839-4. ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎢᏤ York, 1994, p.29&lt;/ref&gt; (ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ colour ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ)&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ᎤᏚᎳᏗ/ᏌᏆᎦᏘ.cfm?ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ=Saturn&amp;ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ=ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ Saturn: ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ lasers ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ 1 [[millikelvin|mK]] ᎡᎳᏗᎨ. ᏄᏓᎴ laser ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ionizes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ outermost electrons ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ion. 

ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᎢ manipulating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ lasers, ᎯᎠ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ electrons ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ pulsed lasers, ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.1 K ­ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ bandwidth ᎯᎠ laser ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ. ᎯᎠ ions, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ millikelvin ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꮝ behaviour ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ. ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ nadvndhvgi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ recombination behaviour Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.

=== ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ===
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ sizeable ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ (&quot;quasineutrality&quot;). ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ [[particle beam|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ]], electron ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Penning trap|Penning ᏌᏛᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[positron plasmas|positron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]&lt;ref&gt;R. G. ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, M. D. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ C. M. Surko, &quot;[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&amp;id=PHPAEN000001000005001439000001&amp;idtype=cvips&amp;gifs=yes Creation and uses of positron plasmas]&quot;,  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ -- ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1994 -- ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 1, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ 5, pp. 1439-1446&lt;/ref&gt;.

===ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ===
[[dusty plasma|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.

== ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ==
[[Image:Magnetic-rope.gif|thumb|256px|ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᏠᎨᏏ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Birkeland current]] Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏣᏅᏙ &lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.nasa.gov/SP-345/ch15.htm#250 ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]'', 1976)&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ 
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ velocities, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ:

=== ᎦᎾ ===
ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ smoothed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ averaged ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
yvwatuwidv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Plasma parameters|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters]]).
ᏌᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, [[magnetohydrodynamics]], ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎾ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ [[Maxwell's Equations|Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Navier Stokes Equations|Navier Stokes ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ]]. 
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ electrons ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ 
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ collisionality ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ [[Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution|Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]].
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ
ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ spatial ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ interpenetrating ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

=== Kinetic ===
Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, 
ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ 
ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ [[Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution|Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]]. kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 
collisionless ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ approaches kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᏌᏊ
ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ smoothed ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ grid ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[particle-in-cell|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎦᏁᎸ]] (PIC) technique, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ kinetic ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ 
ᎯᎠ trajectories ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ computationally intensive ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

== ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ lyadvnehi ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ==
[[Image:HallThruster_2.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hall effect thruster|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ thruster]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏣᏅᏙ [[double layer|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ accelerating ions, Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ion drive|ion ᎠᏱᎴᎦ]]]]
&lt;!--This list needs organization and pruning!--&gt;
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ organised ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ &lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [http://www.plasmas.com/topics.htm Plasma science and technology]&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr valign=top&gt;&lt;td&gt;
* ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ
** [[Plasma equilibria and stability|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ equilibria ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]
** ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ
** [[Guiding center|Guiding ᎠᏰᎵ]]
** [[Adiabatic invariant]]
** [[Debye sheath|Debye ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
** [[Coulomb collision|Coulomb ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
* ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ
** ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[ionosphere]] 
** ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, e.g. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[plasmasphere]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[magnetosphere]] ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)
** [[Plasma cosmology|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
** [[Plasma Astronomy|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
** ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ
*** [[Plasma chemistry|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]]
*** [[Plasma processing|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]]
*** [[Plasma display|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
* [[Plasma source|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Dusty Plasma|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]
* [[Plasma diagnostics|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᏛ]]
** [[Thomson scattering|Thomson ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]]
** [[Langmuir probe|Langmuir ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]]
** [[Spectroscopy|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
** [[Interferometry]]
** [[Ionospheric heater|Ionospheric ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]
** [[Incoherent scatter|tohi adedi ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ]] radar
* ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ
** [[Fusion power|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]
*** [[Magnetic fusion energy|Magnetic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] (MFE) — [[tokamak]], [[stellarator]], [[reversed field pinch|reversed ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ]], [[magnetic mirror|magnetic ᏓᏎᏘ]], [[dense plasma focus|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ]]
*** [[Inertial fusion energy|Inertial ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] (IFE) (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Inertial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ — ICF)
*** [[Plasma-based weaponry|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ weaponry]]
&lt;/table&gt;

==ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Candleburning.jpg|thumb|150px| ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ. [[Fire|ᎠᏥᎸ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ  ᎾᏍᏋ  ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.]]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 95%&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref(erences/)&gt; ᎦᏯᎸᏗ--&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{portal|Physics}}
* [[Plasma parameters|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters]]
* [[Magnetohydrodynamics]]
* [[Electric field screening|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ]]
* [[List of plasma physicists|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]
* [[Large Helical Device|ᎡᏆ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
* [[list of publications in physics#Plasma physics|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* '''[http://www.phy6.org/Education/wplasma.html  Plasma]''' ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ''[http://www.phy6.org/Education/wfluor.html fluorescent tube]''  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'' ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&quot;  ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, &amp;nbsp;  ''[http://www.phy6.org/Education/whplasma.html  Plasma Physics — History]''.

* [http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasma4StateMatter.html Plasmas: the Fourth State of Matter]
* [http://www.plasmas.org/ Plasma Science and Technology]
* [http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/PlasmaI.html Plasma on the Internet] ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ.
* [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/lectures.html Introduction to Plasma Physics: a graduate level lecture course given by Richard Fitzpatrick]
* [http://plasmas.org/ An overview of plasma links and applications]
* [http://wwwppd.nrl.navy.mil/nrlformulary/index.html NRL Plasma Formulary online] (ᎠᎴ [http://w3.pppl.gov/~dcoster/nrl/ html version])
* [http://www.plasmacoalition.org/ Plasma Coalition page]
* [http://starfire.ne.uiuc.edu/ Plasma Material Interaction]
* [http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/oa_plasmoid.htm How to build a Stable Plasmoid at One Atmosphere] (ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ)
* [http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/oa_plsm4.htm How to build a Stable Plasmoid with this Enhanced Generator] (ᎣᏩᏒ-igniting)
* [http://c3po.barnesos.net/homepage/lpl/grapeplasma/ How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape]
* [http://stewdio.org/plasma/ Microwave Grape Plasma (Video)]

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[[Category:Plasma physics| ]]
[[Category:Astrophysics]]

&lt;!--Interwiki--&gt;

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[[chr:ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ</title>
    <id>2554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9170</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T22:57:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: en, gd, gl, is, ko, lt, zh-min-nan Removing: chr Modifying: vi</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Hopetoun ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Otway National Park|Otway ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]], [[Victoria, Australia|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]], [[Australia]]]] 

'''ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[geology|geological]] [[geologic formation|ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[stream|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]], ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[garden|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[landscape|ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ catastrophic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ geological processes ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[thrust fault|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[volcano|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ [[falls bagging|ᎦᎶᏍᎦ bagging]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ==
[[Image:Waterfall formation23.png|thumb|350px|right|ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ   ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ]]
ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ strata ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ streamway, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ upstream. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ [[strata]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ softer ᏗᎦᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rock shelter|ᏅᏯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ.

ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ glaciation, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎭ receded ᎠᎴ melted.  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Yosemite Valley|Yosemite ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ wider ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ [[kinetic energy|kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ hitting ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ==
; ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ : ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ.
; ᎤᏪᏴ : ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ.
; ᎤᏪᏴ : ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Cataracts of the Nile|ᎤᏪᏴ  ᎯᎠ Nile]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏑᏓᎵ.
; ᎠᏔᏃᏲ : ᎠᎹ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ [[bedrock|ᏅᏲᎯ]].
; Horsetail : ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᏲᎯ.
; ᎠᏕᏲᎲ : ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏲᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ.
; Punchbowl : ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ constricted ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ wider ᎦᏁᎲ.
; Segmented : ᏗᏙᎶᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
; Tiered : ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ.
; Multi ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ : ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ sunken ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎦᏁᎲ.

==ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ==
{{main|List of waterfalls}}

* [[Angel Falls|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ 979 m (3230 ft), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Venezuela]]
* [[Tugela Falls|Tugela ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ 947 m (3110 ft), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]].
* [[Ramnefjellsfossen]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ 808m (2685 ft), ᎾᎾᎢ [[Stryn]], Nesdalen, Norway. 
* [[Victoria Falls|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ widest, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Zambezi River|Zambezi ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Zambia]] ᎠᎴ [[Zimbabwe]]
* [[Boyoma Falls|Boyoma ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, 17,000 m&amp;sup3;/(600,000 ft&amp;sup3;/), ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Congo River|Congo ᎤᏪᏴ]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ  ᎯᎠ Congo]]
* [[Gocta]], ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 771 m (2533 ft), ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Chachapoyas Province|Chachapoyas]], [[Peru]]
* [[Yosemite Falls|Yosemite ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎯᎠ tallest ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]], [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
* [[Niagara Falls|ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ [[Canada]]
* [[Rhine Falls|Rhine ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Switzerland]]
* [[Iguazu Falls|Iguazu ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Argentina]]/[[Brazil]] ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ
* [[Jog Falls|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asia]], ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Karnataka]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]
* [[Jurong Falls|Jurong ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Singapore]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ tallest ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ

==ᎧᏅᏑᎸ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Base of Tower Fall with rainbow-750px.JPG|[[Tower Fall]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]], USA
Image:Iceland_Godafoss 1972.jpg|[[Godafoss]] in [[Iceland]]
Image:Angel falls.jpg|[[Angel Falls]], [[Venezuela]]
Image:Iguacu-004.jpg|[[Iguazu Falls]], between [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]]
Image:Wailua_Falls_Hawii.JPG|[[Wailua Falls]] in Hawaii, USA
Image:Staubbach_Falls_Summer.jpg|[[Staubbach Falls]] flows into the town of [[Lauterbrunnen]], [[Switzerland]]
Image:Iceland Dettifoss 1972-4.jpg|[[Dettifoss]] in Iceland
Image:National botanical gardens09.jpg|Man-made waterfall at the [[Australian National Botanic Gardens]] in [[Canberra]], Australia
Image:Waterfall_near_Brienzersee.JPG|Waterfall near [[Brienzersee]], Switzerland
Image:Earthen Dam Waterfall Face.JPG|[[Earthen Dam]] Waterfall in Waverly, New York, USA
Image:Kaieteur.jpg|[[Kaieteur Falls]] in [[Guyana]]
Image:Niagara falls aerial.id.jpg|[[Niagara Falls]], on the border between Canada and the USA
Image:austrian.waterfall.at.krimml.arp.jpg|A small part of the [[Krimml Falls]], Austria. Scale is given by the people on the right 
Image:Burney_Falls_504x402.JPG|Burney Falls, located near [[Burney, California]], USA
Image:Victoriafälle.jpg|[[Victoria Falls]] in [[Africa]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|waterfall}}
*[http://v.webring.com/hub?ring=waterfallsring Waterfalls WebRing]
*[http://www.world-waterfalls.com/ World Waterfall Database]
*[http://www.worldwaterfalls.com/ WorldWaterfalls.com - Stock Waterfall Photos, Waterfall Information, Waterfall Forum]
*[http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen3/f44_niagara.html Niagara Falls - Fullscreen QTVR Panorama]
*[http://waterfalls-victoria.blogspot.com/ Waterfalls of Victoria (Australia)]
*[http://www.taswaterfalls.com Waterfalls of Tasmania, (Australia)]
*[http://vizeses.lap.hu/ Waterfalls of the world, links]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Waterfalltalk WaterfallTalk Mailing List]


[[Category:Waterfalls|*]]

[[ca:Cascada]]
[[cs:Vodopád]]
[[da:Vandfald]]
[[de:Wasserfall]]
[[en:Waterfall]]
[[eo:Akvofalo]]
[[es:Cascada]]
[[et:Juga]]
[[eu:Ur-jauzi]]
[[fi:Vesiputous]]
[[fr:Chute d'eau]]
[[gd:Eas]]
[[gl:Fervenza]]
[[gu:ધોધ]]
[[he:מפל מים]]
[[id:Air terjun]]
[[is:Foss]]
[[it:Cascata]]
[[ja:滝]]
[[ko:폭포]]
[[la:Cataracta]]
[[lt:Krioklys]]
[[nl:Waterval]]
[[nn:Foss]]
[[no:Foss]]
[[pl:Wodospad]]
[[pt:Cachoeira]]
[[ru:Водопад]]
[[simple:Waterfall]]
[[sl:Slap]]
[[su:Curug]]
[[sv:Vattenfall]]
[[tr:Şelâle]]
[[uk:Водоспад]]
[[vi:Thác]]
[[zh:瀑布]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chúi-chhiâng]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ</title>
    <id>2555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8630</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T17:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ''ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ''; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ''ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[yaodong]].''

[[image:CaveoftheMounds.jpg|thumb|410px|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Cave of the Mounds|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎤᏩᏢᏱ]].]]
'''ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ cavities, ᏅᏯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. [[Speleology]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ exploring ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '[[caving]]', 'potholing', ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA) '[[spelunking]]'.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ==
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ [[geology|geologic]] processes. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ chemical processes, tectonic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.  

===ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ===
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ''.
[[image:Lavacaveexit.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ viewed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]
*[[Lava tube|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[volcanic|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. [[Lava|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎴ solidifies. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ. 
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Hawaii]] ([[Hawaii (island)|ᎡᏆ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]). [[Kazumura Cave|Kazumura ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Hilo]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ deepest ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
*[[Blister cave|ᏂᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ.

===ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ===
''ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ processes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[solution|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ]] ᎠᎴ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]].

* ''ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ restricted ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ. 

[[Image:Ice cave.jpg|300px|right|thumb|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ, [[Big Four Mountain|ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᎣᏓᎸ]], [[Washington]], ca. [[1920]].]]
* ''[[Glacier caves|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]'' ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]], ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏏᏇ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[ice caves|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]'', ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ).

*''Solutional ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[limestone]], ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[chalk|ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[dolomite]], [[marble|ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ]], [[loess]], [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]], [[granite|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], [[salt|ᎠᎹ]], [[lava|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]], [[sandstone]], ᎠᎴ [[gypsum]].  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ karstification, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ.
**''ᎤᎵᏍᏆᎵᏒ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎾ ᎪᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gypsum ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎾ ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᏆᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ.
*''ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏒᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ limestone ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ limestone ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ rainwater ᎠᎴ [[groundwater]] ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ([[carbonic acid|carbonic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ [[organic acid|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ landform ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[karst]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[sinkhole]], [[sinking stream|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.

Limestone ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ limestone ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ, ᎯᎠ lifespan limestone ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.

[[Image:HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Speleothem]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ  ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, [[Ogof Craig a Ffynnon|Ogof ᏂᎦᏛᎢ  Ffynnon]], [[South Wales|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Wales]].]]
Limestone ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ calcium carbonate ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ  [[stalactite|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[stalagmite]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[speleothem]]. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ decorated ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Lechuguilla Cave|Lechuguilla ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]] ([[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]).

Lechuguilla ᎠᎴ nearby [[Carlsbad Caverns|Carlsbad ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ solutional ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ sulfurous ᏚᎦᏒᏍᏛ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ acidic ᎠᎹ percolating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ.

==ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ==
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], [[Africa]], ᎠᎴ [[Antarctica]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|Madagascar ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]. 

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ [[caving]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], [[France]], [[Italy]], ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ limestone - ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1,000,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ explored ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ.
[[Image:Seneca_Caverns.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎤᎵᏍᏆᎵᏒ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Seneca ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ, Ohio, USA]]

== ᎦᏁᎳ ==
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[troglobite]](ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), [[troglophile]](ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ), [[trogloxene]](ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ terminology ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎠᏯ.e., [[stygobite]], [[stygophile]], [[stygoxene]]).

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎯᎠ troglobites ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.  Troglobitic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, termed troglomorphies, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ adaptation ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ), ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ digatoli (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ functionality), ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ enhancement ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ).  Aquatic troglobites (ᎠᎴ stygobites), ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ [[Alabama cave shrimp|Alabama ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ]], ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏝᎺᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᏐᎢ aquatic troglobites ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[cave fish|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Olm]].

[[Bat|ᏝᎺᎭ]], ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Gray bat|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏝᎺᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Mexican Free-tailed Bat|Mexican ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏝᎺᎭ]], ᎠᎴ trogloxenes, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[cave cricket|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏔᎳᏚ]]ᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ trogloxenes, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ecosytem, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ [[endangered species|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Tooth cave spider|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ]], [[Liphistiidae]] Liphistius ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Gray bat|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏝᎺᎭ]].

ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  [http://www.cavesofmalaysia.com/photopage1.htm cave fauna] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎭ [http://www.cavesofmalaysia.com/photopage2.htm cave flora]

==ᎪᏪᎸ==
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ explored, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ updated ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ.

ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ) ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mammoth Cave National Park|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]] ([[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]], [[United States|USA]]) ᎾᎾᎢ 579 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ surpassed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Optimisticeskaja|Optymistychna]] iyahdvnelidasdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ukraine]], ᎾᎾᎢ 214 km.

[[As of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]], ᎯᎠ deepest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎨᏒᎢ [[Voronya Cave|Voronya ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]] ([[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ 2,140 m. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ explored ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2 km. (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ descended ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 1 km ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[Gouffre Berger]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[France]]). ᎯᎠ [[Gouffre Mirolda]] - [[Lucien Bouclier]] ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[France]] (1733 m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht]] Weg Schacht ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Austria]] (1632 m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ deepest ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎯᎠ deepest ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ [[pitch (vertical space)|ᎠᏗᏅᏗ]] (ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ) ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ 603 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Vrtoglavica]] ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Slovenia]], ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Velebit caves|Patkov Gušt]] (553 m) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Velebit]] ᎣᏓᎸ, [[Croatia]].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sarawak Chamber|Sarawak ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/forweb/np/np/mulu.htm Gunung Mulu National Park] ([[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]], [[Malaysia]]), ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᏒᏙᏂ strewn ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 600 m ᎾᎥᎢ 400 m ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 80 m.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[list of caves|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]].

==tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ==
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ scavanging ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ. [[Cave painting|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Niah Caves|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ  Niah]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ 40,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. &lt;ref&gt;[[National Geographic|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic]]. James Shreeve. ''ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ''. ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ geological ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ agatudesdi ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ tsuqagutanvsv climactic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ speleothems ᎠᎴ [[sediment|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation. [[Caving]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[sport|ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ prettier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ [[show cave|ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ugatohvsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ minimal ᎤᏲᎢᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[BASE jumping|alenvdidsv ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[cave diving|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ diving]].

==ᏩᏎᎸᎯ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{Commons|Cave|Cave}}
* [[Caving]]
* [[Mining]]
* [[Cave Research Foundation|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]]
* [[Grotto|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
* [[Sinkhole]]
* [[Wine caves|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~heller/Diatoporama/Gallery/Lechuguilla/index.html 3D maps of Lechuguilla Cave]
* [http://www.british-caving.org.uk/ British Caving Association (BCA)], UK
* [http://www.cavebooks.com CAVE BOOKS] ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.
* [http://www.cavechat.org CaveChat] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyadvnehi online caving ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. (sponsored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Speleological ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ) 
* [http://www.fragrant-chios.com/info/sise_olympicave.php Cave of Olympi in Chios, Greece]
* [http://www.languedoc-france.info/0313_grottos.htm Caverns, Caves and Grottos in the Languedoc in the South of France]
* [http://www.uscaversforum.com CAVERS FORUM] Ꭴ.. Cavers ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
* [http://www.caversonline.org Cavers Online] CaversOnline
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cave_and_People/ Caving Research Discussion Group] ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎪᎯ YahooGroup ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ agatohvsdi Caving ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ
* [http://www.caves.org/section/ccms/ Cave Conservation and Management Section of the National Speleological Society] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ clearinghouse ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, expertise ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
* [http://www.daveclucas.com/NewBritain/pages/NewBritain.html Untamed Rivers of New Britain Expedition]ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ karst ᎯᎠ Nakanai ᏙᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏤ Britain, Papua ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ
* [http://www.cavesofmalaysia.com Caves of Malaysia]
*[http://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Speleology/Classification.html Classification of Caves] ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ
* [http://www.thingsasian.com/goto_article/article.1462.html Gua Niah, Sarawak, Malaysia]
* [http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/ Journal of Cave and Karst Studies]
* [http://www.herbert-thiess.de/Kapsia/Index.html Kapsia Cave - Exploration of a Sinkhole in Arkadia (Southern Greece)]
* [http://www.caves.org/ National Speleological Society (NSS)], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ
* [http://www.caves.org/phpBB2/ National Speleological Society Online Caving Forum ], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ
* [http://www.caves.org/committee/conservation/Conservation NSS Conservation Division] ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ karst ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ cavers, ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ NSS. 
* [http://www.pipeline.com/~caverbob/ NSS Geo2 Committee on Long and Deep Caves] ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ, ''e.g.,'' ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ deepest ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ; ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏆᏆ Gulden
* [http://ogof.net/ Ogof Ffynnon Ddu] ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ [[Ogof Ffynnon Ddu]], ᎯᎠ deepest ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK
* [http://speleo.blogspot.com Profundezas...] Speleology Blog
* [http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave/ The Virtual Cave] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Dave Bunnell, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ NSS ᏗᏤᎢ.
* [http://nwowatcher.com/smf/index.php?topic=5504.0 The Cave Mystery Schools] ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.

&lt;!-- The below are interlanguage links. --&gt;

[[Category:Caves| ]]
[[Category:Subterranea]]
[[Category:Landforms]]
[[Category:Shelters]]

[[bg:Пещера]]
[[cs:Jeskyně]]
[[cy:Ogof]]
[[da:Grotte]]
[[de:Höhle]]
[[es:Cueva]]
[[eo:Kaverno]]
[[fa:غار]]
[[fr:Grotte]]
[[he:מערה]]
[[it:Grotta]]
[[id:Gua]]
[[hu:Barlang]]
[[ms:Gua]]
[[nl:Grot]]
[[no:Grotte]]
[[ja:洞窟]]
[[pl:Jaskinia]]
[[pt:Caverna]]
[[ru:Пещера]]
[[sk:Jaskyňa]]
[[sv:Grotta]]
[[vi:Hang]]
[[chr:ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎺᏉᎯ</title>
    <id>2556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8633</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-21T04:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Oceans.png|right|thumb|400px|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[South Pacific|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]]]]

'''ᎠᎺᏉᎯ''' (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Oceanus|Okeanos]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ noticing ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ flowed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ Gibraltar ᎠᎴ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ) ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ (71%) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (9,800 ft) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ.

ᎪᎯ global, interconnected ᎠᏰᎸ [[sea water|ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ]], ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[World Ocean|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ uniyatolv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[continents|ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[archipelago|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ: ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Indian Ocean|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Southern Ocean|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Arctic Ocean|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].

ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], [[gulf|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]], [[strait|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.

Geologically, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ [[basalt]] Ꮎ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[mantle (geology)|ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ&quot; ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Black Sea|ᎬᎿᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[Cimmerian plate|Cimmeria]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Laurasia]]. ᎯᎠ [[Mediterranean Sea|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ&quot;, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Strait of Gibraltar|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ  Gibraltar]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ [[Africa|African ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩᏁ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ&quot;. (ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Bosporus]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[canal|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]] ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ 7,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Gibraltar.) 

==ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ==
{{main|Origin of the world's oceans}}
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ outgassing ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ; ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[comet|ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ impacted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Saturn]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ melted ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ gravitated ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ,ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎿᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ. [[Stardust]] theories ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties==
{{See|sea water}}
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 361 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometers (139 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ sq ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ), Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,340 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic kilometers (319 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cu ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ), ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ 3,711 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (12,175 ft). ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (9,800 ft) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ. [http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html] 
ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Caspian Sea|Caspian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[hydrosphere]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.4 &amp;itsuwakodi; 10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.023% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.

==ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ==
{{main|Ocean exploration}}

[[Image:Ocean gravity map.gif|right|thumb|350px|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎡᏆ underwater ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. (1995, [[NOAA]])]]

ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ itsuwakodi ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ underwater ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ.

ᎯᎠ deepest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Marianas Trench|Marianas ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]] ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Mariana Islands|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Mariana ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ [[1 E4 m|10,923&amp;nbsp;ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (35,838 ft)]] [http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html]&lt;!--- Could be 35838.0&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0.5&amp;nbsp;ft is 10923.27-10923.57 m ---&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ surveyed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1951]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, &quot;Challenger ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ deepest ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ, ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Challenger Deep|Challenger ᎠᏍᏛᎩ]]&quot;.

ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ unmapped.  global ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ underwater ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10&amp;nbsp;kilometers (6 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1995]] ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ gravitational ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ nearby ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ.

==ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ==
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ: [[tropical cyclone|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ&quot; ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏚᏙᏢᏒ).  [[Ocean current|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎾᎥᎢ transferring ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᎯᎠ [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Circumpolar ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, influencing ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎠᎴ [[animal|gantlai]] [[life|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ lifeforms ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

*[[Radiata]]
*[[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]]
*[[cetacea]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[whale|ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ]], [[dolphin|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]ᎠᎴ [[porpoise|ᏂᎬᎢ]],
*[[cephalopod]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[octopus|ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ]]
*[[crustacean]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lobster|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ]]ᎠᎴ [[shrimp|ᎢᎦᎢ]]
*[[marine worm|ᎠᏜ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ]]
*[[plankton]]
*[[krill]]

==ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg|thumb|left|200px| ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  [[Ireland]].]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ship|ᏥᏳ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[seaport|ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[ship canal|ᏥᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]]ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Saint Lawrence Seaway|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Lawrence Seaway]], [[Panama Canal|Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[Suez Canal|Suez ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]].

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ foodstuffs ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[fishing industry|ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]].

==ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ==
[[Continental drift|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎤᎭ reconfigured ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.  ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

*[[Panthalassa]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ dagatuwistanv ᎯᎠ [[Pangaea]] supercontinent.
*[[Tethys Ocean|Tethys ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Gondwana]] ᎠᎴ [[Laurasia]].
*[[Iapetus Ocean|Iapetus ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Baltica]] ᎠᎴ [[Avalonia]].

==Extraterrestrial ᎠᎺᏉᎯ==
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[planet|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[solar system|ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[natural satellite|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Galilean moon|Galilean ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]][[Europa (moon)|Europa]], ᎠᎴ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] ᎠᎴ [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]. [[Geyser|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬ]]ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]. ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Triton (moon)|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] ᎠᎴ [[Neptune (planet)|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ [[Mars (planet)|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ; ᎾᏞᎬ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Mars Exploration Rover|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]] ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ.

ᎦᎾ hydrocarbons ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ [[Titan (moon)|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎥᏓᎵ&quot; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ&quot;. [[Cassini-Huygens]] ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Huygens probe|Huygens ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]] onto ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ [[2005]], ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.  ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ hydrocarbons Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ outer ᎠᏰᎵ.

==ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ&quot; ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ [[Mesopotamian mythology|Mesopotamian]] ᎠᎴ [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Indo-European]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ encircled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ, ''[[Okeanos]]'', &quot;Ωκεανός&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ]], ''[[Samudra]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Jörmungandr]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ outer ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norse mythology|Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[celestial ocean|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎠ underworld ᎡᎳᏗᏢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[Rasā]], [[Varuna|ᎡᎶᎯ]]). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[Noah]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Genesis|ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ]] 7:11, ᎭᏢᏃ 
:''ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ [were] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ'' ([[KJV]]),
inundating ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[deluge (mythology)|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ)]].

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Oceanography]]
* [[International Maritime Organization|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
* [[Mediterranean sea|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
* [[Marginal sea|ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
* [[Sea salt|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Water|ᎠᎹ]]
* [[World Ocean Day|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎦ]]
* [[Marine biology|ᎠᏜ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Pelagic zone|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
Matthias Tomczak ᎠᎴ J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. ''ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Oceanography: ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/ the site])

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ Ocean Explorer] - ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ resource ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ NOAA
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4033555.stm  Science taps into ocean secrets]
* [http://motherjones.com/news/featurex/2006/03/oceans_index.html The Last Days of the Ocean] - ᎤᏂᏥ Jones ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ
* [http://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/salty_ocean.htm Why is the ocean salty?]
* [http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/resourcekit/M3/Formats/Geography/OceansSeas.htm Official IHO boundaries of Oceans and Seas]
* [http://www.thehydrogenexpedition.com The Hydrogen Expedition] ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hydrogen ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ powered ᏥᏳ
* [http://oceana.org Oceana - Protecting the World's Oceans]
* [http://www.coreocean.org/ CORE - Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education]
* [http://www.nopp.org/ NOPP - National Oceanographic Partnership Program]
* [http://www.nosb.org/ NOSB - National Ocean Sciences Bowl]
* [http://www.coml.org/ CoML - Census of Marine Life]
* [http://www.thew2o.net World Ocean Observatory]
* [http://oceans.greenpeace.org Greenpeace Defending our Oceans]
* [http://www.oceanvoyager.org Ocean Voyager], ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏥ Jones ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ
* [http://www.oceanconservancy.org/ The Ocean Conservancy] - ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎺᏉᎯ
* [http://dapper.pmel.noaa.gov/dchart Ocean Data on-line] 

[[Category:Bodies of water|Oceans]]
[[Category:Oceans| ]]
[[Category:Oceanography|Oceans]]
[[Category:Sustainability|Oceans]]

[[ar:محيط (جغرافيا)]]
[[an:Ozián]]
[[bn:মহাসমুদ্র]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hái-iûⁿ]]
[[br:Meurvor]]
[[bg:Световен океан]]
[[ca:Oceà]]
[[cs:Oceán]]
[[da:Verdenshave]]
[[de:Ozean]]
[[et:Ookean]]
[[es:Océano]]
[[el:Ωκεανός]]
[[eo:Oceano]]
[[eu:Ozeano]]
[[fa:اقیانوس]]
[[fr:Océan]]
[[gl:Océano]]
[[ko:대양]]
[[hr:Ocean]]
[[io:Oceano]]
[[id:Samudra]]
[[it:Oceano (geografia)]]
[[he:אוקיינוס]]
[[ka:ოკეანე]]
[[la:Oceanus]]
[[lt:Vandenynas]]
[[mk:Океан]]
[[ms:Lautan]]
[[nl:Oceaan]]
[[ja:大洋]]
[[no:Hav]]
[[nn:Hav]]
[[ug:ئوكيان]]
[[pl:Ocean]]
[[pt:Oceano]]
[[ro:Ocean]]
[[ru:Океан]]
[[sq:Oqeani]]
[[simple:Ocean]]
[[sk:Oceán]]
[[sl:Ocean]]
[[sr:Океан]]
[[sh:Ocean]]
[[sv:Världshav]]
[[tl:Karagatan]]
[[th:มหาสมุทร]]
[[uk:Океан]]
[[zh:海洋]]
[[chr:ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏡᎬ</title>
    <id>2557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8634</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T07:14:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:coastredwood.jpg|right|250px|thumb|ᎯᎠ [[conifer]]ous [[Sequoia|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]], ᎯᎠ tallest ᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.]]
'''ᏡᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, [[Perennial plant|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]], [[wood|ᎠᏓ]]y [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ digakohidi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 6 m (20 ft) ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ [[apical dominance|apical ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ). ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 100 m ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. 

ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Landscape architecture|landscaping]] ᎠᎴ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ [[orchard|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[apple|ᏒᎦᏔ]]). ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[mythology|mythologies]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[trees in mythology|ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]).

==ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
[[Image:Raunkiaer.jpg|200px|right|thumb| [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] ᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Denmark]]]]
ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[order (biology)|ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[family (biology)|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]] digakohidi. ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ [[tree fern|ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ]]ᎠᎴ [[horsetail]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Carboniferous]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ; ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ horsetails ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Triassic]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, [[Pinophyta|conifers]], [[ginkgo]], [[cycad]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[gymnosperm]]ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ [[flowering plant|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Cretaceous|ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ conifers. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ classified.

ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[grove (nature)|ᎸᏱ]] ᎠᎴ '''ᎦᎪᏘ''', ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''[[forest|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]'''. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[biotope]]ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ [[rainforest]] ᎠᎴ [[taiga]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[ecozone]]). ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᏡᎬ scattered ᎠᎴ spaced ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ grassland (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ grazed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''[[savanna|ᏂᎬᏅ]]'''.

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
[[Image:Leavessnipedale.jpg||thumb|right|200px|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ  ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᏕᏡᎬ]]
[[Image:WisconsinScenery.jpg|200px|right|thumb|ᏡᎬ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]] ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ [[nutrients]]]]
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]], [[trunk (botany)|ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]](), [[branch|ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ]]es, [[twig|ᎢᎦᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]]. ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ([[xylem]] ᎠᎴ [[phloem]]). [[Wood|ᎠᏓ]] ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ''xylem'' ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ [[bark|ᎤᏯᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ''phloem'' ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cambium.

ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ ''ᎦᎪᏘ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᎪᏘ'' ᏕᏡᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ (ᏂᎦᏛ [[Pinophyta|conifer]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ [[dicotyledon|broadleaf]] ᏕᏡᎬ), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[monocotyledon]](e.g. [[palm tree|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ [[growth ring|ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv; ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi [[dendrochronology]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ [[biomass]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ [[nutrients]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ biomass ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ carbondioxide ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[photosynthesis]]). ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[sunlight]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ optimizes ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ sunlight.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ branched, ᎯᎠ [[Saguaro|saguaro ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, [[tree fern|ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ]]ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ nonetheless ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, [[bonsai]] digakohidi ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ 'ᏕᏡᎬ', ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ digotsaledg digovhi. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ. [[Bamboo]]ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ.

==ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ==
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ; ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Pinophyta|conifer]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ conifers.

;Tallest ᏕᏡᎬ
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ tallest ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ) ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ verified ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[laser]] rangefinders ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎫᎴᎦ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [http://www.uark.edu/misc/ents/index.html U.S. Eastern Native Tree Society] ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ 5% 15% ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ 114 m, 117 m, 130 m, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 150 m, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ tallest reliably ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ:
# [[Sequoia|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]] ''Sequoia sempervirens'': '''112.83 m''', Humboldt Redwoods ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, [[California]] ([http://www.conifers.org/cu/se/index.htm Gymnosperm Database])
# [[Coast Douglas-fir|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Douglas-ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ]] ''Pseudotsuga menziesii'': '''100.3 m''', Brummit ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, [[Coos County, Oregon|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]], [[Oregon]] ([http://www.conifers.org/pi/ps/menziesii2.htm Gymnosperm Database])
# [[Sitka Spruce|Sitka ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ''Picea sitchensis'': '''96.7 m''', ᎢᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ Redwoods ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, California ([http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/sitchensis.htm Gymnosperm Database])
# [[Sequoiadendron|ᏂᎬᎢ Sequoia]] ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'': '''93.6 m''', Redwood ᎣᏓᎸ ᎸᏱ, California ([http://www.conifers.org/cu/se2/index.htm Gymnosperm Database])
# [[Eucalyptus regnans|Australian ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎪᏍᏚ]] ''Eucalyptus regnans'': '''92.0 m''', ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, [[Tasmania]] ([http://www.forestrytas.com.au/forestrytas/tasfor/tasforests_12/tasfor_12_09.pdf Forestry Tasmania] [pdf file])

[[Image:Tree From Below.JPG|thumb| ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ   ᏡᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ; ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]

;Stoutest ᏕᏡᎬ
ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ([[circumference|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]]) ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ – ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ – ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ, Ꭴ.K. ᏡᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Alan Mitchell]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ [[Taxus baccata|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[British Isles|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]: 
:&quot;ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ tsuqagutanvsv ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Tisbury ᎤᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 1.5 m ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ dilated ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes ᎠᎴ Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell) .... ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ&quot;.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᏡᎬ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 'ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ'; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[forestry|foresters]] ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 1.3 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[ornamental plant|ᎤᏬᏚ ᏡᎬ]] measurers ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 1.5 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ. ᎾᎿ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ&quot; ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ tsuqagutanvsv ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏐᎢ--ᎤᏯᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ [[diameter|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ otsel igvnelv ᎾᎥᎢ dividing ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Π (number)|π]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ gvwatuwidv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''dbh''' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[baobab]]''Adansonia'' ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ baobabs ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏕᏡᎬ, Ꮭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 10-11 m ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

ᎯᎠ stoutest ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ baobabs, ᎠᎴ:
# [[Taxodium mucronatum|Montezuma ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]] ''Taxodium mucronatum'': '''11.42 m''', [[Árbol del Tule]], Santa Maria del Tule, [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]] (. F. Mitchell, ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Dendrology ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ 1983'': 93, 1984).
# [[Sequoiadendron|ᏂᎬᎢ Sequoia]] ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'': '''8.85 m''', [[General Grant tree|ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏡᎬ]], [[Grant Grove|ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎸᏱ]], California ([http://www.conifers.org/cu/se2/index.htm Gymnosperm Database])
# [[Sequoia|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]] ''Sequoia sempervirens'': '''7.44 m''', ᎢᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ Redwoods ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, California ([http://www.conifers.org/cu/se/index.htm Gymnosperm Database])

;ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[volume|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]] ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎠᎴ ([http://www.conifers.org/topics/biggest.htm Gymnosperm Database]):
# [[Sequoiadendron|ᏂᎬᎢ Sequoia]] ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'': '''1489 m³''', [[General Sherman tree|ᏂᎦᎥ Sherman ᏡᎬ]] 
# [[Sequoia|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]] ''Sequoia sempervirens'': '''1045 m³''', Del Norte ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏡᎬ
# [[Thuja plicata|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar]] ''Thuja plicata'': '''500 m³''', [[:Image:QuinaultLakeCedar 7274c.jpg|Quinault ᎥᏓᎵ Redcedar]]
# [[Agathis australis|Kauri]] ''Agathis australis'': '''400 m³''', [[Tane Mahuta]] ᏡᎬ (ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, 516.7 m³)
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ [[Fitzroya|Alerce]] ''Fitzroya cupressoides'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ-ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ [[Taxodium mucronatum|Montezuma ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]] ''Taxodium mucronatum'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ [[angiosperm]] ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Australian ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎯᎠ 'ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Grande' ᏡᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 380 m³ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tasmania]].

;lyudetiyvda ᏕᏡᎬ
ᎯᎠ [[list of long-living organisms|lyudetiyvda]] ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ centre ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ seasonal ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ; ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-seasonal ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ centre ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ [[Wood#Heartwood and sapwood|heartwood]] ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, lyudetiyvda ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ extrapolating ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

ᎯᎠ verified lyudetiyvda ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ([http://www.conifers.org/topics/oldest.htm Gymnosperm Database]):
# [[Great Basin Bristlecone Pine|ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ Bristlecone ᏃᏥ]] ''Pinus longaeva'': 4844 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ
# [[Fitzroya|Alerce]] ''Fitzroya cupressoides'': 3622 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ
# [[Sequoiadendron|ᏂᎬᎢ Sequoia]] ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'': 3266 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ
# [[Lagarostrobos|Huon-ᏃᏥ]] ''Lagarostrobos franklinii'': 2500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ
# [[Rocky Mountains Bristlecone Pine|Rocky ᏙᏓᎸ Bristlecone ᏃᏥ]] ''Pinus aristata'': 2435 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ

ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Taxus baccata|European ᎦᎪᏘ]] ''Taxus baccata'' (ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎠᎴ [[Western Redcedar|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar]] ''Thuja plicata''. 

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda verified lyudetiyvda ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ angiosperm ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ 2293 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sri Maha Bodhi]] [[Sacred Fig|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ]] (''Ficus religiosa'') ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[288 BC]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]]; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏴᏫ-ᎦᎧᏅ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.

==ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏡᎬ genera==
=== [[Flowering plant|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ]](Magnoliophyta; angiosperms) ===
====[[Dicotyledon]](Magnoliopsida; broadleaf ᎠᎴ hardwood ᏕᏡᎬ)====
* [[Altingiaceae]] ([[Sweetgum]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Sweetgum]], ''Liquidambar'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Anacardiaceae]] ([[Cashew]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Cashew]], ''Anacardium occidentale''
** [[Mango|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ''Mangifera indica''
** [[Pistachio]], ''Pistacia vera''
** [[Sumac|ᎦᎶ]], ''Rhus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Toxicodendron|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏡᎬ]], ''Toxicodendron verniciflua''
*[[Annonaceae]] ([[Custard apple|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏒᎦᏔ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ) 
** [[Cherimoya]] ''Annona cherimola'' 
** [[Custard apple|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏒᎦᏔ]] ''Annona reticulata'' 
** [[Pawpaw]] ''Asimina triloba'' 
** [[Soursop]] ''Annona muricata''
* [[Apocynaceae]] ([[Dogbane]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Pachypodium]] ''Pachypodium'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Aquifoliaceae]] ([[Holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
**[[Holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]], ''Ilex'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Araliaceae]] ([[Hedera|Ivy]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Kalopanax]], ''Kalopanax pictus'' [[Image:birchandmaple.jpg|thumb|[[Birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᏡᎬ (ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ [[maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]] ᏡᎬ (ᎣᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ.]]
* [[Betulaceae]] ([[Birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Alder]], ''Alnus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]], ''Betula'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Hornbeam]], ''Carpinus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Hazel]], ''Corylus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
*[[Bignoniaceae]] (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
**[[Catalpa]], ''Catalpa'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Cactaceae]] ([[Cactus|ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Saguaro]], ''Carnegiea gigantea''
* [[Cannabaceae]] ([[Cannabis (genus)|Cannabis]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Hackberry|ᎦᏄᏍᏔ]], ''Celtis'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Cornaceae]] ([[Dogwood]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Dogwood]], ''Cornus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Dipterocarpaceae]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** [[Garjan]] ''Dipterocarpus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Sal]] ''Shorea'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ 
* [[Ericaceae]] ([[Heath|ᏂᎬᏅ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Arbutus]], ''Arbutus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Eucommiaceae]] ([[Eucommia]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Eucommia]] ''Eucommia ulmoides ''  
* [[Fabaceae]] ([[Pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Acacia]], ''Acacia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Honey locust|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎥᎴ]], ''Gleditsia triacanthos''
** [[Black locust|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎥᎴ]], ''Robinia pseudoacacia''
** [[Laburnum]], ''Laburnum'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Caesalpinia echinata|Pau Brasil]], Brazilwood, ''Caesalpinia echinata''
* [[Fagaceae]] ([[Beech]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ )
** [[Chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], ''Castanea'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Beech]], ''Fagus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Southern beech|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ beech]], ''Nothofagus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Tanoak]], ''Lithocarpus densiflorus''
** [[Oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]], ''Quercus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Fouquieriaceae]] ([[Boojum tree|Boojum]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Boojum tree|Boojum]], ''Fouquieria columnaris''
* [[Hamamelidaceae]] ([[Witch-hazel|ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ-hazel]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Parrotia|Persian Ironwood]], ''Parrotia persica''
* [[Juglandaceae]] ([[Walnut|ᏎᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Walnut|ᏎᏗ]], ''Juglans'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]], ''Carya'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Wingnut]], ''Pterocarya'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Lauraceae]] ([[Bay laurel|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Cinnamon|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ''Cinnamomum zeylanicum''
** [[Bay Laurel|ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ]] ''Laurus nobilis''
** [[Avocado|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ''Persea americana''
* [[Lecythidaceae]] ([[Lecythidaceae|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Brazil Nut|Brazil ᏐᎯ]] ''Bertholletia excelsa''
* [[Lythraceae]] [[Loosestrife]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** [[Crape-myrtle|ᎠᏍᎪᎾᏍᏗ-ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]] ''Lagerstroemia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Magnoliaceae]] ([[Magnolia]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Liriodendron|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏡᎬ]], ''Liriodendron'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Magnolia]], ''Magnolia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Malvaceae]] ([[Mallow]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ; ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Tilia|Tiliaceae]] ᎠᎴ [[Bombacaceae]]) [[Image:Baobab.jpg|right|thumb|Baobab ᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-Africa.]]
** [[Baobab]], ''Adansonia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Silk-cotton tree|ᏏᎵᎩ-ᎤᏥᎸ ᏡᎬ]], ''Bombax'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Brachychiton|Bottletree]], ''Brachychiton'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Kapok]], ''Ceiba pentandra''
** [[Durian]], ''Durio zibethinus''
** [[Balsa]], ''Ochroma lagopus''
** [[Cacao]] ([[cocoa|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]), ''Theobroma cacao''
** [[Tilia|Linden]] (Basswood, ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ), ''Tilia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Meliaceae]] ([[Mahogany]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Neem]], ''Azadirachta indica''
** [[Bead tree|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏯᏠᏗ ᏡᎬ]], ''Melia azedarach''
** [[Mahogany]], ''Swietenia mahagoni''
* [[Moraceae]] ([[Mulberry|ᎫᏩ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ) [[Image:Applebox.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Eucalyptus|Eucalyptus bridgesiana]]'' ᎾᎿ [[Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏚᏏ, Australian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]].]]
** [[Fig|ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ]], ''Ficus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Mulberry|ᎫᏩ]], ''Morus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Myristicaceae]] ([[Nutmeg|ᎠᏑᏴᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Nutmeg|ᎠᏑᏴᏗ]], ''Mysristica fragrans''
* [[Myrtaceae]] ([[Myrtle|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Eucalyptus]], ''Eucalyptus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Myrtle|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]], ''Myrtus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Guava]], ''Psidium guajava'' [[Image:Davidia1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nyssaceae]]: '' [[Dove tree|ᏬᏯ ᏡᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ'']]
* [[Nyssaceae]] ([[Tupelo]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Cornaceae]])
** [[Tupelo]], ''Nyssa'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Dove tree|ᏬᏯ ᏡᎬ]], ''Davidia involucrata''
* [[Oleaceae]] ([[Olive|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Olive|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]], ''Olea europaea''
** [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]], ''Fraxinus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
*[[Paulownia]]ceae ([[Paulownia]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
**[[Paulownia|Foxglove ᏡᎬ]], ''Paulownia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Platanaceae]] ([[Platanus|ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Platanus|ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ]], ''Platanus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Rhizophoraceae]] ([[Mangrove]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** ᎩᎦᎨ Mangrove, ''Rhizophora ᎠᎽᏰᎵ''
* [[Rosaceae]] ([[Rose|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Rowan]], [[Whitebeam]], [[Sorbus|ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏕᏡᎬ]] ''Sorbus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Crataegus|Hawthorn]], ''Crataegus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Pear|ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]], ''Pyrus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Malus|ᏒᎦᏔ]], ''Malus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Almond]], ''Prunus dulcis''
** [[Peach|ᏆᏅ]], ''Prunus persica''
** [[Plum|ᏆᏄᎾᏍᏗ]], ''Prunus domestica''
** [[Cherry|ᎩᏔᏯ]], ''Prunus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Rubiaceae]] ([[Bedstraw]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Coffea|ᎧᏫ]], ''Coffea'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Rutaceae]] ([[Rue|ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Citrus]], ''Citrus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Cork-tree|ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ-ᏡᎬ]], ''Phellodendron'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Tetradium|Euodia]], ''Tetradium'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Salicaceae]] ([[Willow|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Aspen]], ''Populus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Poplar]], ''Populus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Willow|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]], ''Salix'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
[[Image:yellowmaple.jpg|thumb|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ [[maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ.]]
* [[Sapindaceae]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Aceraceae]], [[Aesculus|Hippocastanaceae]]) ([[Soapberry]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]], ''Acer'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Aesculus|ᎤᏍᏆᏓ, ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], ''Aesculus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Mexican Buckeye|Mexican ᎤᏍᏆᏓ]], ''Ungnadia speciosa''
** [[Lychee]], ''Litchi sinensis''
** [[Koelreuteria|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏡᎬ]], ''Koelreuteria''
* [[Sapotaceae]] ([[Sapodilla]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
**[[Argan]], ''Argania spinosa''
** [[Gutta-percha]], ''Palaquium'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Tambalacoque]], ᎠᎴ &quot;dodo ᏡᎬ&quot;, ''Sideroxylon grandiflorum'', ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ''Calvaria ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ''
* [[Simaroubaceae]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** [[Ailanthus|ᏡᎬ  ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ]], ''Ailanthus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Theaceae]] ([[Camellia]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Gordonia]], ''Gordonia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Stuartia]], ''Stuartia'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Thymelaeaceae]] ([[Thymelaea]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Ramin]], ''Gonystylus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Ulmaceae]] ([[Elm|ᏓᏩᏥᎸ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Elm|ᏓᏩᏥᎸ]], ''Ulmus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Zelkova]], ''Zelkova'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Verbenaceae]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** [[Teak]], ''Tectona'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

====[[Monocotyledon]](Liliopsida)====
[[Image:1859-Martinique.web.jpg|right|thumb|Coconut ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ,  monocotyledonous ᏡᎬ.]]
* [[Agavaceae]] ([[Agave]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ) 
** [[Cabbage tree (New Zealand)|tsuqwanvdena ᏡᎬ]], ''Cordyline australis''
** [[Dragon tree|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏡᎬ]], ''Dracaena ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ''
** [[Joshua tree|Joshua ᏡᎬ]], ''[[Yucca|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] brevifolia''
* [[Arecaceae]] (Palmae) ([[Arecaceae|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Areca]] ᏐᎯ, ''Areca catechu''
** [[Coconut]] ''Cocos nucifera''
** [[Date Palm|ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]], ''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ dactylifera''
** [[Chusan Palm|Chusan ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]], ''Trachycarpus fortunei''
* [[Poaceae]] ([[grass|ᎧᏁᏍᎦ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Bamboo]]Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae
* ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ [[banana|ᏆᏁᎾ]] 'ᏕᏡᎬ' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏕᏡᎬ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.

=== [[Pinophyta|Conifer]](Pinophyta; softwood ᏕᏡᎬ)===
* [[Araucariaceae]] ([[Araucaria]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Araucaria]], ''Araucaria'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Agathis|Kauri]], ''Agathis'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
**  [[Wollemia]], ''Wollemia nobilis''
* [[Cupressaceae]] (ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Cupressus|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]], ''Cupressus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Chamaecyparis|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]], ''Chamaecyparis'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Juniper]], ''Juniperus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ 
** [[Fitzroya|Alerce]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ''Fitzroya cupressoides''
** [[Cryptomeria|Sugi]], ''Cryptomeria japonica''
** [[Sequoia|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]], ''Sequoia sempervirens''
** [[Sequoiadendron|ᏂᎬᎢ Sequoia]], ''Sequoiadendron giganteum''
** [[Metasequoia|ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ Redwood]], ''Metasequoia glyptostroboides''
** [[Thuja plicata|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar]] ''Thuja plicata''
** [[Taxodium|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]], ''Taxodium'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Pinaceae]] ([[Pine|ᏃᏥ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Pinus classification|ᎤᏁᎬ ᏃᏥ]], ''Pinus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Pinus classification|Pinyon ᏃᏥ]], ''Pinus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Pine|ᏃᏥ]], ''Pinus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Spruce|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]], ''Picea'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Larch]], ''Larix'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Douglas-fir|Douglas-ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ]], ''Pseudotsuga'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Fir|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ]], ''Abies'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
** [[Cedar|ᎠᏥᎾ]], ''Cedrus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Podocarpaceae]] ([[Yellowwood]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Afrocarpus|African Yellowwood]], ''Afrocarpus falcatus''
** [[Podocarpus totara|Totara]], ''Podocarpus totara''
** [[Prumnopitys ferruginea|Miro]], ''Prumnopitys ferruginea''
** [[Dacrycarpus dacrydioides|Kahikatea]], ''Dacrycarpus dacrydioides''
** [[Dacrydium cupressinum|Rimu]], ''Dacrydium cupressinum''
* [[Sciadopitys|Sciadopityaceae]],
** [[Sciadopitys|Kusamaki]], ''Sciadopitys'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
* [[Taxaceae]] ([[Taxus|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Taxus|ᎦᎪᏘ]], ''Taxus'' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

=== [[Ginkgo]](Ginkgophyta)===
* [[Ginkgo|Ginkgoaceae]] ([[Ginkgo]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ)
** [[Ginkgo]], ''Ginkgo biloba''

=== [[Cycad]](Cycadophyta)===
* [[Cycadaceae]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** Ngathu [[cycad]], ''Cycas angulata''
* [[Zamiaceae]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ
** Wunu [[cycad]], ''Lepidozamia hopei''

=== [[Fern|ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ]](Pterophyta)===
* [[Cyatheaceae]] ᎠᎴ [[Dicksoniaceae]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ
** [[Tree fern|ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ]], ''Cyathea'', ''Alsophila'', ''Dicksonia'' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[monophyletic]] ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ)

== ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ==
[[Image:Mokh.jpg|thumb|150px| ᎦᎪᏘ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏡᎬ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ conifers, ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[forestry]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ documentation ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ foresters:
# [[Seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]]
# [[Seedling|ᎠᏲᎵ]]: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏚᏱᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ
# Sapling: ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ 1 m ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ 7 cm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ
# ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ: ᎠᏲᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 7&amp;ndash;30 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ
# ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏡᎬ: ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 30 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ
# ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏡᎬ: ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ; ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ productivity ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ
# Overmature: dieback ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ
# [[Snag|ᎤᏢᏓᎸᏓ]]: ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏓ
# [[Log|ᏕᎪᏪᎸ]]/[[debris|ᎢᎦᏛ]]: ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏓ

ᏡᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 1.3&amp;ndash;1.5 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ alenvdidsv (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ&quot;). ᎯᎠ 7 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ saleable ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꭺ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 30 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ alenvdidsv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sawlogs. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ pathogens ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ arboreal ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{commons|Trees}}
{{wiktionarypar|tree}}
* [[Arboretum|ᎦᎪᏘ]]
** [[Pinetum|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
* [[Arboriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ)
* [[Bonsai]]
* [[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]]
* [[Dendrology]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ)
** [[Dendrochronology]]
** [[Dendroclimatology]]
* [[Ecology|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
** [[Tree-line|ᏡᎬ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]
* [[Forestry]]
** [[Deforestation]]
** [[Plantation|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]
** [[Urban forestry|ᎦᏁᎸ forestry]]
** [[Woodland management|Woodland ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]
* [[Fruit trees|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ]]
* [[List of famous trees|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ]]
* [[List of garden plants|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏫᏒᏅ digakohidi]]
* [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]
* [[Prehistoric plant|lyudetiyvda ᎦᎪᏘ]]
* [[Tree climbing|ᏡᎬ ᏥᎵᎱ]]
* [[Tree (mythology)|ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
* [[Trees of the world|ᏕᏡᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
** [[Trees of Britain and Ireland|ᏕᏡᎬ  Britain ᎠᎴ Ireland]]
** [[Trees of Canada|ᏕᏡᎬ  Canada]]
** [[List of U.S. state trees|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Ꭴ.. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ]]
** [[Trees of The Caribbean Basin|ᏕᏡᎬ  ᎯᎠ Caribbean ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]]
** [[Trees of Iran|ᏕᏡᎬ  Iran]]
** [[List of trees of New Zealand|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᏡᎬ  ᎢᏤ Zealand]]
* [[Wood|ᎠᏓ]]
** [[List of woods|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏙᎯ]]
** [[Xiloteque]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.globaltrees.org/default.asp Global Trees Campaign (campaigning to save the world's most threatened trees)]

==ᎪᏪᎵ==
* [[Thomas Pakenham|Pakenham, T.]] (2002). ''ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ''. ISBN 0297843001
* Pakenham, T. (1996). ''ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏕᏡᎬ''. ISBN 0297832557

[[Category:Plants]]
[[Category:Forestry|*]]
[[Category:Trees|* ]]
[[Category:Botany]]
[[Category:plant morphology]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|he}}

[[af:Boom]]
[[bm:Yiri]]
[[bo:ཥིང་ཏོང་]]
[[bg:Дърво]]
[[ca:Arbre]]
[[cs:Strom]]
[[cy:Coeden]]
[[da:Træ (organisme)]]
[[de:Baum]]
[[es:Árbol]]
[[eo:Arbo]]
[[fa:درخت]]
[[fr:Arbre]]
[[gd:Craobh]]
[[gl:Árbore]]
[[io:Arboro]]
[[id:Pohon]]
[[os:Бæлас]]
[[it:Albero (botanica)]]
[[he:עץ (צמח)]]
[[la:Arbor]]
[[lt:Medis]]
[[ms:Pokok]]
[[nl:Boom (plant)]]
[[ja:木]]
[[no:Tre]]
[[nn:Tre]]
[[nrm:Bouais]]
[[ug:ئاراليا]]
[[nds:Boom]]
[[pl:Drzewo]]
[[pt:Árvore]]
[[ru:Дерево]]
[[simple:Tree]]
[[sl:Drevo]]
[[sr:Дрво]]
[[su:Tangkal]]
[[fi:Puu]]
[[sv:Träd]]
[[ta:மரம்]]
[[th:ต้นไม้]]
[[chr:ᏡᎬᎢ]]
[[tr:Ağaç]]
[[zh-yue:樹]]
[[zh:树]]
[[chr:ᏡᎬ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ</title>
    <id>2558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8636</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-24T08:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:010105 fireworks2.jpg|thumb|right|290px|ᎯᎠ [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Sydney Harbour ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Sydney Opera House|Sydney ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]] illuminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ 2005]]

'''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ''' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[firework|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese [[Han Dynasty|Han ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ([[206 BC]]&amp;ndash;[[220|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 220]]) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ [[firecrackers|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] (ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ [[bamboo]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;bian pao&quot;) Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Dynasty|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Southern Dynasty|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Dynasties]] ([[420|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 420]]&amp;ndash;[[581]]) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ.

[[Image:RoyalFireworks.jpg|thumb|right|250px| ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ' ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[River Thames|Thames]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1749]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[gunpowder|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ atsitugv ᎯᎠ Chinese.  Taoist ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi.  ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ agatohvsdi [[firework|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, pyrotechnicians (ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Sui Dynasty|Sui]] ᎠᎴ [[Tang Dynasty|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] Dynasties ([[581]]&amp;ndash;[[907]]), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[Northern Song Dynasty|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ([[10th century|10th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]).

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ&amp;mdash;[[Childbirth|ᎤᏕᏅ]], [[death|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]], [[wedding|ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ]], [[coronation|ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]], ᎠᎴ [[New Year's Eve|ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ]] ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦyeli igidv nigallisdisgv ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[noisemaker]].

[[Amédée-François Frézier]] ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ &quot;ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1706]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, Frézier ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ recreational ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi.

''Musick ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ [[George Frideric Handel]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1749]] ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ nvwato hiyadv [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ  Aix-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-Chapelle]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. 

ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎵᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ [[black powder|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ [[American Revolutionary War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ [[Independence Day (US)|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1777]], ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ; ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ festivities. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1789]], [[George Washington]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

[[Image:World Showcase Lagoon during IllumiNations.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Showcase ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Epcot]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ''ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ: ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ  ᎡᎶᎯ'', ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ]]

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ exporter ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ exported ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 6 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ 120,000 tonnes ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2004]], [[Disneyland]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Anaheim, California]], ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ launched ᎬᏙᏗ [[gas compressor|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ]] [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[gunpowder|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ detonated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ electronic timer. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎦᏒᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ timing. (Walt Disney ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, 2004)

==ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ==
===L’International ᏕᏍ Feux ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ-Québec ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal===
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[L’International des Feux Loto-Québec|L’International ᏕᏍ Feux ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ-Québec]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Montreal]].
===Tarragona ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Catalonia, Spain===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tarragona (Spain), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ -Punta del ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Antoni Gaudí. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ sellects ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ pyrotechnic ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. [http://www.tarragona.feuerwerk.net] [http://www.tarragona.piroart.com]

===Macau ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ===
ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 2 ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ 1st ᏚᏂᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ 10 pyrotechnic ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. [http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/english/event_en/firework.html]
===HSBC ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vancouver===
ᎯᎠ [[HSBC]] [[Celebration of Light|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ  ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[English Bay, Vancouver | ᎩᎵᏏ ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia|ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia]], [[Canada]].  ᏅᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎦᎶᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ==
===ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain===
[[Image:Fourth july fireworks.jpg|right|thumb|300px|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ  ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]' [[Independence Day (US)|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ]] ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ exploding ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Washington Monument|Washington ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]].]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1605]] [[Guy Fawkes|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎬᏙᏗ 36 ᏧᏒᏙᏂ [[gunpowder|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏏ [[Westminster Hall|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]. ᎾᎿ [[5 November|5 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ]], Fawkes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ arrested ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ.  Ꮎ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Guy Fawkes Night|ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ exploding ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ [[effigy|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes ᎾᎿ [[bonfire|ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ]].

:''ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ.''
:''ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.''
:''ᎠᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ''
:''ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᎨᏫᏒ.''
::&amp;ndash; ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Lewes]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, 'ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ societies' ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏙᏗ-ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ, vying ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ-ᎠᏌᏃ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, Margaret Thatcher, George ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.

Licensing ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 18 ᎠᎴ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ 11pm ᎠᎴ 7am ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[New Year|ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Victoria Day|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎢᎦ]] ᎠᎴ [[Canada Day|Canada ᎢᎦ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.

&lt;!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:exFireworks.jpg]] --&gt;
===Ꭴ.. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ===

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] [[Independence Day (US)|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎤᏓᎾᏂ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ugatohvsv ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎨᏒᎢ [[federal holiday|ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ]] ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ [[United States Declaration of Independence|ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ  ᎬᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎿ [[July 4|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 4]], [[1776]], declaring ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Kingdom of Great Britain|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ  ᎡᏆ Britain]].

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[parade|ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[barbecue|ᏓᏂᏒᎾᏛᏍᎬ]], [[picnic|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]], [[baseball|ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. [[fireworks#Home Fireworks in the United States (Independence Day)|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[1777]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, '''ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ. ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ [[Smuggling|ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ [[firecracker|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Macy ᎤᏤᎵ - 4th ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Louis, Washington D.C., ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ Philadelphia.  [[Detroit, Michigan]] ᎠᎴ [[Windsor, Ontario]] ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Detroit ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ [[Canada Day|Canada ᎢᎦ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival|Windsor-Detroit ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ tohi adedi ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]].

===ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ===
[[Image:Sydney New Year's Eve 2.jpg|thumb|right|290px|[[Sydney]], [[Australia]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]]
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ [[New Year's Eve|ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ '[[ghosts|ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ]]' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Western Europe|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe]] ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ restricted ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ restricted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ restricted ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Belgium]] ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Belgium ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[gunpowder|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Netherlands. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ [[smuggling|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ trafficking]] ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Belgium ᎯᎠ Netherlands.

===Deepavali (''''''ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ'''''') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ===
[[Image:Diwali fireworks.jpg|right|thumb|ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ Deepavali (ᏗᏩᎵ) ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]
[[Image:Diwali fireworks 2.jpg|left|thumb|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏩᎵ ᎢᎦ]]

[[Deepavali]] (ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ symbolized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ramayana ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hindu]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Rama]] ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ demonic ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[Ravana]]. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ exchanging ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎪᎢ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ colorful ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. Deepavali ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.

===ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hong Kong===
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ displayed ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Chinese calendar|Chinese ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1982 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Victoria Harbour|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ Harbour]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Hong Kong]] Chinese ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ harbour ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ television.

===Maltese ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malta, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ' ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[petard|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]]ᎠᎴ ''murtali'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Maltese. Petardry ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malta, ᎠᎴ Maltese ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ homemade. ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, Malta ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ 'Malta ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ', ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎫᏬᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Valletta ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Harbour, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ pyrotechnic ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ showcase Maltese ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ retool ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 2 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ 3 Maltese ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Mary ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ [[Imqabba]].  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Maltese ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.  ᎯᎠ Maltese ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pyrotechnic ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ==
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.

ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ, ᏦᎳ, ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ (BATFE) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. Consumer ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (CPSC) ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.  ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ. ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[California]], ᎤᎭ enacted ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] ᎠᎴ [[Delaware]] ᎯᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]] ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. 

ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ restricted. ᎢᎦᏛ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ/ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎯᎠ consumer ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ :

===Consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ  (1.4G, UN0336)===
* reloadable ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ 1-3/4&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 12 ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ
* ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ
* [[bottle rocket|ᎫᎫ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]
* [[skyrocket]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ
* ᎦᏙᎯ spinners, pinwheels ᎠᎴ helicopters
* ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ &amp; ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ
* [[roman candle|ᎶᎻ ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ]]
* ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ
* multi-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ &quot;[[Cake (firework)|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ]]&quot;
* [[Firecracker|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] ᎦᏇᏅᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ/ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ)

===ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ  (1.3G, UN0335)  ===
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ BATFE ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ/ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ:

* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Salute (pyrotechnics)|adayolsdi]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 50 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ
* torpedoes (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ)
* multi-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 500 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ pyrotechnic ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ 1/2&quot; ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ
* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 500 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ pyrotechnic ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ 1/2&quot; ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ
* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ reloadable ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1.75&quot; ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ
* ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ 
* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reloadable ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ/ᎠᏆᏤᎵ/ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ/ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 60 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ pyrotechnic ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ
* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎶᎻ ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ pyrotechnic ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ
* ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ adayolsdi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ

ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ (ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ BATFE ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ/ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ/ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ punishable ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 10 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ firecraker ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[M-80 (explosive)|M-80']]&quot;, &quot;M-1000'&quot;, &quot;[[Cherry bomb|ᎩᏔᏯ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ]]&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ adayolsdi&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50-ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ consumers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

==ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ atogiyadv==
===ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ===
{{cleanup-date|July 2006}}
Availability ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ debated ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ injuries ᎠᎴ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ banning ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.  ᏗᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ fallout ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ safer ᎤᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ soccer{{citation-needed}}.  ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ agatudesdi Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ fatalities ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ{{citation-needed}}. ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ &quot;ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ&quot;: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ backyard{{citation-needed}}.&lt;!--This last sentence sentence seems awkward in the context of the rest of the paragraph.  As it currently reads, it seems self-contradictory and POV.--&gt;

ᎯᎠ [[Consumer Product Safety Commission|Consumer ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]] ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ guidelines ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ [[BATFE]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ proactive ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ enforcing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ imported ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ &quot;slipped ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ&quot;. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ &quot;ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ&quot; ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.

===ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ===
[[Image:Paris-fireworks-14-july-2005.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[Bastille Day|ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᎢᎦ]] ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] 
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Canada. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎨᏒᎢ tohi adedi ᎾᎥᎢ [[Natural Resources Canada|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ Canada]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ Regulatory ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ (ERD). ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ consumer ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᎵᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ setup.

Setup ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ placement ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ; ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ electronically ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ FRE (ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ-Reinforced Epoxy) ᎠᎴ HDPE (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Polyethelene), ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ banned ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ misfire. Setup ᎦᏃᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 10 15 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 200 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ 100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ.

ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ fired ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ electronically, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ fusing&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ignitors, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[squib (explosive)|ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ]]) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ igniting. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ setup ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎾᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ matches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꭴ ᎾᎾᎯ &quot;ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;breakout ᎧᏁᏌᎢ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, setup ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ.

===ᎥᏳᎩ===
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[heavy metals|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], sulfur-ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ chemicals. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[barium]], ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[gunpowder|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ oxidizer, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.

Pollutants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ toxins ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ asthma ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ chemical sensitivity ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. Environmental ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ chemicals ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ gases ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎩᎳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ populated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Clean Air Act|ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ enacted.

===ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ===
[[Delaware]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]], [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]], ᎠᎴ [[Rhode Island|Rhode ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.

Las ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ: ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ(ᎶᎻ ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* Walt Disney ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 28, 2004). ''[http://corporate.disney.go.com/environmentality/press_releases/2004/2004_0628.html Disney debuts new safer, quieter and more environmentally-friendly fireworks technology]''. ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ.
* ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ Canada, ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ Regulatory ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2002 ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ)

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Fireworks}}
{{wiktionarypar|firework}}
*[[Thrissur Pooram]] ᎠᏥᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ
*[http://people.howstuffworks.com/fireworks.htm How Fireworks work]
*[http://www.goldenbearfireworks.com Golden Bear Fireworks - the famous brand of fireworks]
*[http://www.pgi.org The Pyrotechnics Guild International, an independent worldwide nonprofit organization of amateur and professional fireworks enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/illegal/illegal.htm Illegal Explosive Devices]
* [http://www.i-mockery.com/minimocks/firecracker-labels Large gallery of firecracker label artwork [[I-Mockery]] ]
*[http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa062701a.htm?once=true&amp; About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors]
*Glossaries [http://www.pyrouniverse.com/glossary.htm 1]  [http://www.fireworks.co.uk/abt/glossary.html 2]
*[http://www.pyrouniverse.com/consumer/howtheywork.htm How consumer fireworks work]
*[http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/explosif/over/over_e.htm Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division - Information and Licensing in Canada.]
*[http://www.dti.gov.uk/fireworks/ U.K. Department of Trade and Industry firework advice page]
* {{cite web | title= Method and apparatus for creating pyrotechnic effects  - Patent #5,739,462 | work=US Patent &amp; Trademark Office | url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5739462 | accessdate=November 17 | accessyear=2005}} &amp;mdash; ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Disney ᎤᏤᎵ powderless ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi.
*[http://www.pyrowiki.com A pyrowiki on pyrotechics]
*[http://disney.go.com/inside/issues/stories/v040831.html Disney Insider: Practically Perfect Pyrotechnics]
*[http://www.shogun.com.hk Shogun brand fireworks]
*[http://www.tntfireworks.com/ncom/tnt TNT brand consumer fireworks]
*[http://www.pyroplanet.com PyroPlanet.com the doorway into the world of fireworks]
*[http://www.fireworksland.com Fireworksland.com - detailed information about consumer fireworks] 
*[http://www.nyip.com/tips/current/firewksintro.php New York Institute of Photography - three articles on taking photos of fireworks displays]
*[http://www.fireworksafety.com/laws.htm U.S. state laws concerning consumer fireworks (National Council on Fireworks Safety website)] 
*[http://ohadonline.com/fireworks Photos of fireworks taken during the 4th of July in Washington, DC]
*[http://linkitt.com/index.php?title=Fireworks Video Clips of Fireworks] 

[[Category:Pyrotechnics]]
[[Category:Entertainment]]
[[Category:fireworks]]

[[ca:Focs d'artifici]]
[[da:Fyrværkeri]]
[[de:Feuerwerk]]
[[es:Pirotecnia]]
[[fi:Ilotulitus]]
[[fr:Feux d'artifice]]
[[he:זיקוקין די נור]]
[[ja:花火]]
[[ms:Bunga api]]
[[nl:Vuurwerk]]
[[nn:Fyrverkeri]]
[[no:Fyrverkeri]]
[[pl:Sztuczne ognie]]
[[pt:Foguete pirotécnico]]
[[sv:Fyrverkeri]]
[[zh:烟花]]
[[chr:ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ</title>
    <id>2559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9308</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-27T20:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[jbo:jinme]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Hot metalwork.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᎪᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ, '''ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ''' ([[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]]: ''Metallon'') ᎨᏒᎢ [[chemical element|ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]] Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[ion]](cations) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ [[metallic bond|metallic ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ions (cations) dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ delocalized electrons. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ionisation ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ properties, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[metalloid]]ᎠᎴ [[nonmetal]]. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[periodic table|ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]], ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[boron]] (B) [[polonium]] (Po) ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ nonmetals. ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ metalloids, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ; ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ; ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ nonmetals.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ overlapping [[conduction band|ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ [[valence band|valence ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ electronic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ metallic polymers ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ researchers ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ reflectiveness elemental ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.

Nonmetal ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[nature|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ metallic ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[aluminium]], [[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]], [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], [[lead|ᎦᏂ]], [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]], [[titanium]], [[uranium]], ᎠᎴ [[zinc|ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ]].

ᎯᎠ [[allotrope]]ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ [[Conductor (material)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ nonmetals ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[solid|ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ]] nonmetals), ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ [[insulator]].

ᎯᎠ properties ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ [[atom|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ outermost [[electron]]([[valence electron]]); ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ valence electrons ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ nuclei [[cations]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ oxides ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ timescales (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ [[rust|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]]ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ [[potassium]] ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ). ᎯᎠ [[alkali metal|alkali ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ quickest ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[alkaline earth metal|alkaline ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leftmost ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ [[periodic table|ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ oxidise (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], [[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]], [[zinc|ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ]], [[nickel|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]).  ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[palladium|ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]], [[platinum]] ᎠᎴ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[oxide]] ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ penetrated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[aluminium]], ᎢᎦᏛ [[steel|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ [[titanium]]). ᎯᎠ [[oxide]]ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Base (chemistry)|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ]] (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ nonmetals, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[acid|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]ic).

[[Painting|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[anodising]] ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[corrosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]].

==ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ==
[[alloy|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[solid solution|ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ chemically reactive. Combining ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ properties ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ lustre. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[steel|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ([[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[carbon|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ]]), [[brass|ᏣᏱ]] (ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ), [[bronze|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ([[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᏍᎫᎣ), ᎠᎴ [[duralumin]] (aluminium ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ).  ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[jet engine|ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ.

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties==
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ &quot;lustre&quot;), ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[density|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[ductile|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[malleable|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]], ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ 
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[melting point|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]] ᎠᎴ [[heat|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]
ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ reactive, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ elemental, metallic ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.

==ᎡᎶᎯ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ specialised ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ [[astronomy|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[astrophysics]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[hydrogen]] ᎠᎴ [[helium]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ chemically ᎬᏙᏗ-metallic ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[neon]], [[fluorine]], ᎠᎴ [[oxygen|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ Ꮭ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ chemical ᏗᏚᎳᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ&quot; ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-helium ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ scarcer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ hydrogen ᎠᎴ helium ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Main Sequence|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ]].  

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[metal-rich|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Base metal|alenvdidsv ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]
* [[Transition metal|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]
* [[Electric field screening|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ]]
* [[Metalworking]]
* [[Metallic bond|Metallic ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]
* [[Precious metal|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]
* [[Metallurgy|Metallurgy]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.kitcometals.com/ Live metal prices - USD/lb]
{{wiktionary}}

[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:Metallic elements|*]]
[[Category:Metals|*]]
[[Category:Metalworking]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]

[[ar:فلز (توضيح)]]
[[bg:Метал]]
[[bs:Metal (hemija)]]
[[ca:Metall]]
[[cs:Kov]]
[[cy:Metel]]
[[da:Metal]]
[[de:Metall]]
[[el:Μέταλλα]]
[[en:Metal]]
[[eo:Metalo (fiziko)]]
[[es:Metal]]
[[et:Metallid]]
[[fa:فلز]]
[[fi:Metalli]]
[[fr:Métal]]
[[gd:Meatailt]]
[[he:מתכת]]
[[hr:Kovine]]
[[hu:Fémek]]
[[id:Logam]]
[[is:Málmur]]
[[it:Metallo]]
[[ja:金属]]
[[jbo:jinme]]
[[ko:금속]]
[[ku:Lajwerd]]
[[la:Metallum]]
[[lb:Metall]]
[[lmo:Metàj]]
[[lt:Metalai]]
[[lv:Metāls]]
[[mk:Метал]]
[[ms:Logam]]
[[nds:Metall]]
[[nl:Metaal]]
[[nn:Metall]]
[[no:Metall]]
[[pl:Metale (chemia)]]
[[pt:Metal]]
[[qu:Q'illay]]
[[ro:Metal]]
[[ru:Металлы]]
[[sh:Metal (hemija)]]
[[simple:Metal]]
[[sk:Kov]]
[[sl:Kovina]]
[[sr:Метал (хемија)]]
[[sv:Metall]]
[[ta:உலோகம்]]
[[th:โลหะ]]
[[tl:Metal]]
[[tr:Metal (kimya)]]
[[ug:مېتلا]]
[[uk:Метали]]
[[vi:Kim loại]]
[[yi:אייזן]]
[[zh:金属]]
[[zh-yue:金屬]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎹ</title>
    <id>2560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9517</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T00:46:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[eml:Aqua]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Water droplet blue bg05.jpg|thumb|300px|ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ   ᎪᎭᏍᎬ  ᎠᎹ]]

[[Image:Lake-huron-ipperwash-beach.jpg|right|thumb|300px|ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lake Huron|ᎥᏓᎵ Huron]],  freshwater ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada.]]

'''ᎠᎹ''' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎨᏒᎢ [[taste|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, [[odor|ᎦᏩᏒᎩ]]ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[life|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ [[solvent|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ agatoli ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ [[blue|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deepocean.net/deepocean/index.php?science07.php The Color of Water: Visibility Under Water]&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎠᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ [[ice cap|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]], [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ]], [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]], freshwater [[aquifer]], ᎠᎴ [[sea ice|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]].  ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[water cycle|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] [[evaporation|ᏙᎢ]], [[precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[runoff (water)|runoff]] ᎯᎠ [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].  ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Water#Water and human health|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ  ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.

==ᎧᏁᏨ==
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Old English language|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ''waeter''; c.f [[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]] &quot;Wasser&quot;, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]''*wod-ᎠᎴ'', &quot;ᎠᎹ&quot;.{{cite needed}}

{{section-stub}}
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both&quot;\&gt;

== Chemical ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ==
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! {{chembox header}} | &lt;big&gt;[[Water (molecule)|ᎠᎹ]]&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; |  [[Image:Water molecule dimensions.svg|135px|ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ geometric ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.]][[Image:Water molecule.svg|100px|Hydrogen monoxide, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.]]
|-
! {{chembox header}} | General
|-
| [[IUPAC nomenclature|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ]]
| Water
|-
| Other names
| Aqua&lt;br&gt;Dihydrogen monoxide&lt;br&gt;Hydrogen oxide
|-
| [[Molecular formula|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ]]
| H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O
|-
| [[Molar mass|ᏂᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ]]
| 18.02 g/mol
|-
| [[Density|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]] and [[Phase (matter)|dadanetlivysegv]]
| 1000 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, liquid &lt;br&gt; 917 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, solid
|-
| [[Melting point|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]
| 0 [[Celsius|°C]] (273.15 [[kelvin|K]]) (32ºF)
|-
| [[Boiling point|ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]
| 100 °C (373.15 K) (212ºF)
|-
| [[Specific heat capacity|ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] &lt;small&gt;(liquid)&lt;/small&gt;
| 4186 J/(kg·K)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA; margin-bottom: 3px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer and references]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}
{{main|Water (molecule)}}
ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ [[chemical formula|chemical ᏎᏍᏗ]] [[hydrogen|H]]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;[[oxygen|O]] ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ [[molecule|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏔᎵ [[hydrogen]] [[atom|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ [[oxygen|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ionically ᏥᏄᏍᏗ HOH, ᎬᏙᏗ hydrogen [[ion]] (H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ [[hydroxide]] ion (OH&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[dynamic equilibrium|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[liquid|ᎦᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[vapor|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ [[standard temperature and pressure|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]. ᎾᎾᎢ [[room temperature|ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ [[colorless|ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ]], [[taste|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ [[odorless]] ᎦᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎯᎠ [[universal|ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ]] [[solvent|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ [[states of matter|ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]. ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ (aq) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ eg: CO2(aq), 

=== ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ ===
{{seedetails|:Category: Forms of water}}
[[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|left|thumb|235px|''[[Snowflake|ᎤᏴᏢ]]'' ᎾᎥᎢ [[Wilson Bentley]], 1902]]

ᎠᎹ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ: [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, [[wave|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]]ᎠᎴ [[iceberg|ᎤᏴᏢ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]]ᎠᎴ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]], [[aquifers]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[evaporation|ᏙᎢ]], [[precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[runoff (water)|runoff]], ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''[[water cycle|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]'''.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[mankind|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ: ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏐᎢ phenomena ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi. [[Hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]], [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]], [[fog|ᎤᎬᎭᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[dew|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ, ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ [[refract]] [[sunlight]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[rainbow|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]].

ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎠᎹ runoffs ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[irrigation|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[travel|ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ]] ᎠᎴ [[commerce|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ]]. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]], runoffs ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ [[valley|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[river delta|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ.

ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ [[aquifer]]. ᎪᎯ [[groundwater]] ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hot spring|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[geyser|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬ]]. Groundwater ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[water well|ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ]].

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ evaluate ᎯᎠ drinkability ᎠᎹ: ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]]y [[sea water|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ [[swamp|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ purer ᎠᎹ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ aquifer.

===ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏙᎢ===
ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ [[specific heat capacity|ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ chemical ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[heat of vaporization|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ  ᏙᎢ]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ [[hydrogen bonding|hydrogen ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]] ᎠᏰᎵ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ properties ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. 

===ᏗᎧᏃᏗ===
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ infrared ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[light spectrum|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

===Solvation===
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ [[solvent|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]], dissolving ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]]ᎠᎴ [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[chemical reaction|chemical ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[metabolism|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[lipid]], ᎢᎦᏛ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[hydrophobic]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ chemical ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ) ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Van der Waals force|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ der Waals ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]. [[Cell membrane|ᎦᏁᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ chemicals, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ facilitated ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎹ.

===ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ===
[[Image:Water drops on spider web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Dew|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ   [[spider web|ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ]]]]
ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ([[Cohesion (chemistry)|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]]) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[polar molecule|ᎦᏚᎢ]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ-versa). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[electronegative]] - Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ &quot;[[electrostatic force|ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ [[electron]], ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ yvwatuwidv ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ hydrogen ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ([[adhesion|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]]).

====ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ====
[[Image:Dscn3156-daisy-water 1200x900.jpg|thumb|275px|left|ᎪᎯ [[daisy|ᎤᏩᏚᎦᏓ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ risen ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾᎢ. ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ submerging ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ.]]
ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[surface tension|ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ onto nonsoluble ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[polythene]]: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ [[glass|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ biological ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ [[organelle]], ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ [[hydrophilic]], Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. [[Irving Langmuir]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ hydrophilic ᎦᏚᎢ. dehydrate hydrophilic surfaces—to ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ hydration—requires ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ hydration ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ nanometer ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[V. Adrian Parsegian]] ᎯᎠ [[National Institute of Health|NIH]] &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.biophysics.org/education/parsegian.pdf] ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Organizing Biomolecules (PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ dehydrated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ extracellular ᎤᏴᏢ.

====ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ====
[[Capillary action|ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ayatoli ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ [[gravity|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ iyuwakodi ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

===ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ===
ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Ꮝ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]], ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ dadanetlivysegv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ hydrogen ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ 11 ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ dadanetlivysegv ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-XI, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ denser ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °C, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[convection|ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ Ꮎ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ colder ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ shallower ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ downward, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᎵ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ 4 °C. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ chemicals ᎠᎴ denser ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.

===ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ===
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[electric shock|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ properties observable ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ [[ion]]ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]] dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ. [[Self-ionization of water|ᎠᎹ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎣᏩᏒ-ionize]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ [[hydroxide]] anion ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ [[hydronium]] cation, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ [[electric current|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[electrolysis|electrolyzed]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ hydrogen gases ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ dissolved ions, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ nadvndhvgi. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ advertised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[spring water|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ [[mineral water|ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ]] ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, [[purity|ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[toxin]], [[pollutant]], ᎠᎴ [[microorganism|ᎢᎦᎢ]].

==ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎹ==
[[Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ  ᎯᎠ [[earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, 97.2%  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ [[Antarctic ice sheet|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ 90%  ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]], contributing  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[albedo]].]]
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ byproduct ᏃᏈᏏ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. Gary Melnick, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|Harvard-Smithsonian ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Astrophysics]], ᏕᎪᏏᏏ: &quot;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ aren't ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ outflowing ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Discover of Water Vapor Near Orion Nebula Suggests Possible Origin of H20 in Solar System | publisher=The Harvard University Gazette | date=April 23, 1998 | url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ dadanetlivysegv ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[solar system|ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] (ie, ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ), ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ [[gravity|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏚᏂᏴ [[Celestial body atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]]. [[Water vapor|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[carbon dioxide|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ [[greenhouse effect|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏂᎬᎢ, thinner ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[polar ice cap|ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ]](ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Mars (planet)|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]]).

ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[geologic time|geologic iyuwakodi]] ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ([[insolation|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]), ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ gases ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ [[albedo]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''[[Gaia hypothesis|Gaia ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]''.

== ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ==
[[Image:Lion drinking.jpg|thumb|250px|left| ᏢᏓᏥ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ.]] 
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[biology|biological]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ properties Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ proliferation [[life|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏫᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ [[organic compound|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ]]ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ [[replication|ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[solvent|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ solutes ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[metabolism|metabolic]] processes ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (e.g. ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[digestion|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ).

ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ [[density|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °[[Celsius|C]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ [[freezing|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[heat|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ - ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ, [[polar molecule|ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[greenhouse effect|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[infrared radiation|infrared ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]], ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ -18 °C.

===ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ===
[[Image:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG|thumb|right|250px|ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ [[biodiversity]]   [[coral reef|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᎦᏌᏛ]].]]

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  [[Fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏜ gantlai, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[dolphins|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[whales|ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ gantlai, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[amphibians]] ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ.  digakohidi ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[kelp]] ᎠᎴ [[algae]] ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ underwater ecosystems. [[Plankton]], ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ. [[Image:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏜ [[diatom]] -  ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ [[phytoplankton]] ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]]

ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎹ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ.  ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ [[gills|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[lungs|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[lungfish]] ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ.  [[Marine mammal|ᎠᏜ gantlai]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, [[otters|ᏥᏯ]], ᎠᎴ [[seals|ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ]] ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.

==ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ==
ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ flourished yvwatuwidv ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ waterways; [[Mesopotamia]], ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Tigris]] ᎠᎴ [[Euphrates]]. ᎡᏆ [[metropolises]] ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[London]], [[Montreal]], [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]], [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]], ᎠᎴ [[Tokyo]] ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ accessibility ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Singapore]] ᎠᎴ [[Hong Kong]], ᎤᎭ flourished ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[North Africa|ᎤᏴᏢ Africa]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ scarcer, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.

=== ᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ===
[[Image:Sprinkler03.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ᎠᎹ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  sprinkler]] 
[[Image:TapWater-china.JPG|thumb|right|150px| ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ [[pump|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]].]]

ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 72% ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ [[litre]]ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[day|ᎢᎦ]] ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ [[dehydration]], ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ anaditsgv stright ᎠᎹ (ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ dehydration, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ intake ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ nvwatohiyadv ᏴᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ exercising) ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ exercising, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[water intoxication|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ&quot; Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ &lt;ref&gt; [http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/283/5/R993 &quot;Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.&quot; Really? Is there scientific evidence for &quot;8 × 8&quot;?] ᎾᎥᎢ Heinz Valdin, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Dartmouth ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, Lebanon, [[New Hampshire|ᎢᏤ Hampshire]] &lt;/ref&gt;. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dispelled &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.factsmart.org/h2o/h2o.htm Drinking Water - How Much?], Factsmart.org ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ &lt;/ref&gt;.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ intake ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ [[National Research Council|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ 2.7 liters ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ 3.7 liters ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ansigaya &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=18495 Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[urine|ᎠᏗᎧᏓ]] ᎠᎴ [[feces|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]], ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[sweat|ᎠᎵᎠᎷ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.

ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ impurities. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ impurities ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ chemicals ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ [[bacterium|ᎢᎦᎢ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Vibrio]]. ᎢᎦᏛ solutes ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ perceived ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ enhancement ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[electrolytes]].

[[Image:Water.jpg|thumb|100 px| ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ  ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ anaditsgv, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ properties ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏧᎾᏄᏬ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.  ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ immersing ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.

ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

====Recreational ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ====
[[Image:Swimming Start.jpg|thumb|left|ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]]
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ recreational ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[swimming|ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]], [[waterskiing]], [[boating|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]], [[ice skating|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗᏱ]], [[skiing|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]], [[fishing|ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[diving]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, [[hockey|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.

Lakesides ᎠᎴ beaches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ recreation.

=== ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ===
[[Image:BoatsonMiamiBeach.jpg|thumb|right|ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  [[harbor|ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ, Florida]]]]
[[Image:Drinkingwater.JPG|thumb|[[Drinking water|anaditsgv ᎠᎹ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  [[Tap (valve)|ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ]]]]
ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[drinking water|anaditsgv ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎹ&quot;. ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anaditsgv, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[safe water|ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ]].

ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ resource ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ scarcer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ availability ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ.

ᎾᏊ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ accepted ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 2015 ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ [[safe water|ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ [[sanitation]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[29th G8 summit|2003 G8 Evian ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/2003_g8_summit/summit_documents/water_-_a_g8_action_plan.html G8 &quot;Action plan&quot; decided upon at the 2003 Evian summit] &lt;/ref&gt;. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ eligwa igai sanitation ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ sanitation ᎠᎴ ᏗᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ 5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ polluted anaditsgv ᎠᎹ.

Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ, 90% ᏂᎦᏛ wastewater ᏙᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ untreated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ 50 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ world’s ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ 17 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ recharged ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ {{fact}}. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ freshwater ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ groundwater ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.

==ᎯᎠ atogiyadv ᎠᎹ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ==
:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[water resources|ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[fresh water|ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ]] ᏓᏓᏁᎭ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[:Category:Water and politics|Category:Water and politics]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎹ atogiyadv''
[[Image:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ  ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Siege of Sarajevo|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ  Sarajevo]].]]

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[overpopulation]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, [[mass consumption|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[water pollution|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᎯᎠ availability [[drinking water|anaditsgv ᎠᎹ]] [[per capita|ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2006. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ predicted Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ&quot;, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[Canada]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ richest ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html A Chronology of Water-Related Conflicts] &lt;/ref&gt;. [[UNESCO]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (WWDR, 2003) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ [[World Water Assessment Program|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ predicted ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 30%. 40% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ minimal [[hygiene|ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.2 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2000]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[disease|ᎥᏳᎩ]]ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[drought|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎯᎠ UK ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[WaterAid]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 15 ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ preventable ᎠᎹ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ resource ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ sustainable ᎬᏙᏗ.

=== ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ OECD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ===
[[Image:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Hopetoun ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Otway National Park|Otway ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]], [[Victoria, Australia|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]], [[Australia]]]] 
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 2,000 [[cubic metres]] ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ [[Golf#Environmental impact|ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[car washing|ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Organisation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ([[OECD]]) ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Canada ᎬᏙᏗ 1,600 cubic metres ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[France]], ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ [[Germany|ᎠᏓᏥ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎳ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ [[Denmark|Dane]]. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980, overall ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 25.7%. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ overall OECD ᎧᏁᏉᎩ 4.5%. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏐᏁᎳ OECD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ overall ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980 ([[Sweden]], ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎯᎠ [[Czech Republic|Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Poland]], [[Finland]] ᎠᎴ Denmark) &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/6wate.htm Water consumption indicator] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[OECD]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Golf 'is water hazard' | publisher=BBC News | date=March 17, 2003 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2857587.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎯᎠ 800-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1,300 km) [[Ogallala Aquifer|Ogallala aquifer]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ stretches ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]] [[South Dakota|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Dakota]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ Ꭴ.. irrigated ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ Ogallala aquifer ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ depleted ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 12 ᎯᏍᎩ cubic metres ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ 18 [[Colorado River|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[High Plains (United States)|ᏅᏓᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ rely ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[irrigated agriculture|irrigated ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ gayatohvsdi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ overpumping &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Ogallala aquifer - Water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/ogallala_aquifer.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mexico ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mexico City|Mexico ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 40% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Mexico City - Water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/mexico_city.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ===
ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ shared ᎠᏰᎵ 5% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ resource. ᎾᎥᎢ 2025, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ predicted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' | publisher=BBC News | date=March 18, 2003 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2859937.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Arab League|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1,000 cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ &lt;ref&gt; &quot;ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ&quot;, ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ gestion ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ atogiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Amman, Jordan, ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1-3, 1999. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ [[Christian Chesnot|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Chesnot]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{cite news | title=Drought in the Middle East | publisher=Monde diplomatique | date=February 2000 | url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/02/08chesnot}} - ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/02/CHESNOT/13213.html here]. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 1,600 cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ &lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Jordan]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[dam|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ Ꮝ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ [[1994]] [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace|Israel-Jordan ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ  nvwato hiyadv]] ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Israel ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Jordan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ backtracking. ᎯᎠ 1994 ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Jordan ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk ᎤᏪᏴ]] &lt;ref&gt; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ 1994 [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace|Israel-Jordan ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ  nvwato hiyadv]], ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ &lt;/ref&gt;. Confronted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎹ, Jordan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ techniques ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ desalinization techniques, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. desalinization ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hisban]], ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Amman]]. ᎯᎠ [[Disi]] [[groundwater]] ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Jordan, ᏫᎵ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ $250 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎹ. ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Unity Dam|ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Yarmouk ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Jordan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ&quot; ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ Jordan ᎠᎴ [[Syria]]. ᎪᎯ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ&quot; ᏙᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ implemented ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[Israel]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, Jordan ᎠᎴ Syrian conflictual ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ investors. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Jordan ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ Syria ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ [[Hussein of Jordan|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hussein]] ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ. &lt;ref name=&quot;drought_middle_east&quot;&gt; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Christian Chesnot|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Chesnot]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{cite news | title=Drought in the Middle East | publisher=[[Le Monde diplomatique|Le ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ diplomatique]] | date=February 2000 | url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/02/08chesnot}} - ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/02/CHESNOT/13213.html here]. &lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Image:Hayarden.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᎯᎠ [[Jordan River|Jordan ᎤᏪᏴ]]]]
ᎢᏧᎳ [[Israel]] ᎠᎴ Jordan rely ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Jordan River|Jordan ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎠᎴ Israel ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 9/10 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Palestinians]] - ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Israeli ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ [[Ariel Sharon|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ Sharon]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Abel Darwish ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ BBC, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Six-Day War|1967 ᏑᏓᎵ-ᎢᎦ ᏓᏄᏩ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ practise ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[casus belli]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Israel. ᎯᎠ [[Tsahal|Israeli ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ [[Palestine|Palestinians]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ [[Israeli settlements|ᎦᏁᎳ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. Palestinians ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Analysis: Middle East water wars, by Abel Darwish | publisher=BBC News | date=May 30, 2003 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2949768.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;. Israelis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[West Bank|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ Palestinian neighbours &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Israel - water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/israel.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[World Bank|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]], 90% ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Israelis &lt;ref name=&quot;drought_middle_east&quot; /&gt;. ᎤᏓᏡᎬ 40 ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ B ᎯᎠ [[September 28|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 28]], [[1995]] [[Oslo accords|Oslo ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ]] ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ &quot;Israel ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Palestinians' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ&quot;.

ᎯᎠ [[Golan]] ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ 770 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Israel, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ Golan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎹ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sea of Galilee|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ  Galilee]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ afterward redistributed ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Water Carrier|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ Golan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Israel annexed, ᎾᏓᏛᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Israel, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. &lt;ref name=&quot;drought_middle_east&quot; /&gt;. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Galilee ᎤᎭ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ salinated. ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ, Israel threatened ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2002]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[Lebanon]] ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Jordan. ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, Israel ᎤᎭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ investigating ᎠᏓᏁᎸ desalination digakohidi &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Israel - water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/israel.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, [[Iraq]] ᎠᎴ [[Syria]] ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Atatürk Dam|Atatürk ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ projected iyahdvnelidasdi 22 ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Tigris]] ᎠᎴ [[Euphrates]] ᎤᏪᏴ &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Turkey - water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/turkey.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ BBC, ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ 'ᎠᎹ-ᎧᏂᎬᎩ' ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1955 ᏧᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990 ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ utugi uwasv ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏦᎢ [[Nile]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ (ᎯᎠ Nile ᎨᏒᎢ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ).

=== ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia ===
[[Image:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg|thumb|300px|ᏦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ, upstream ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, [[26 July|26 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ]], [[2004]]]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia, [[Vietnam]] ᎠᎴ [[Cambodia]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ [[Laos]]' ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Three Gorges Dam|ᏦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]] ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Yangtze River|Yangtze ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, causing ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Yangtze ᎯᎠ dwindling [[Yellow River|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

[[Image:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|thumb|left|Ganges [[river delta|ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏙᎯ]], Bangladesh ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]ᎯᎠ [[Ganges]] ᎨᏒᎢ disputed ᎠᏰᎵ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Bangladesh]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ depleted ᎠᎴ polluted, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[global warming|global ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᎴ [[deforestation]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Himalayas]] causing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ganges ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎨᎢ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ Bangladesh ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Farakka Barrage]], 10 km ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ. iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1990s, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ barrage ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ [[Calcutta|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Bangladeshi ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[silt|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Sundarban]] wetlands ᎠᎴ [[mangrove]] ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ utvyolistanvhi threatened. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ. ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[arsenic|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ untreated ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎹ &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Ganges river - water hot spots | publisher=BBC News | date=? | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/river_ganges.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ===
ᎯᎠ [[Guaraní Aquifer]], ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Mercosur]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]] ᎠᎴ [[Paraguay]], ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40000 km³, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏤᎢ, drinkable ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. 

===Privatisation ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ===
[[Privatisation]] ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ contested ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, kanquotsegi ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bolivia]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ privatization ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[IMF]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Cochabamba protests of 2000|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cochabamba ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2000]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ousted [[Bechtel]], ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Francisco. [[SUEZ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Buenos Aires]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Argentina]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], consumers ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 500 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ mandated ᎾᎥᎢ Suez). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Suez ᎤᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil ᎠᎴ Mexico. &quot;Bolivian ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ Suez ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mandated ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ $455 ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏏᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ&quot;, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ''[[Mercury News|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᏤᎢ]]'' &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Bolivia's water wars coming to end under Morales | publisher=[[Mercury News|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᏤᎢ]] | date=February 26, 2006 | url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/13969197.htm}} &lt;/ref&gt;. [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ privatize ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ 200 &lt;ref&gt; {{cite news | title=Water privatisation: ask the experts | publisher=BBC News | date=December 10, 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/2957550.stm}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Regulating ᎠᎹ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ===
[[Image:Photo of two people reflected in a fish pond.JPG|right|thumb|255px|ᏔᎵ ᏴᏫ [[reflection (physics)|reflected]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ   [[fish pond|ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ]] ]]
anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[boring|ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ [[water well|ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ]]. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ eligwa igai ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[aquifer]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ eligwa igai ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ rainwater ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ [[water purification|purified]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, dissolved ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ [[microbe|ᎢᎦᎢ]]. ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ [[filter (water)|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[chlorination]] ᎠᎴ [[boiling|ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ. [[Distillation|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ techniques ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[reverse osmosis|ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ osmosis]]. [[Desalination]] ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[seawater]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ [[arid|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ]] [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[municipal water system|ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ iyahdvnelidasdi]]ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bottled water|bottled ᎠᎹ]]. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮭ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[market|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]] ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[free enterprise|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ resource, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ [[reservoir (water)|ᎥᏓᎵ]].

ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Hong Kong]], ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ citywide ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. [[Water pollution|Polluting ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ; ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ pollutant ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ resource, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ polluter. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏁᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[externality|externalities]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ' ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ redistributed ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ. [[Pharmaceuticals|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ waterways ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ [[aquatic]] ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[biodegradable]].

==ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==
[[Image:Glass-of-water.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Is the glass half empty or half full?|ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎧᎵ?]]]]

ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Hinduism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[Shinto]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, [[baptism|ᏓᎪᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Islam. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam, ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ([[wudu]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Shinto]], ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]] 442 itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[New International Version|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ 363 itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[King James Version|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ James ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ]]: 2 Peter 3:5(b) ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ&quot; (NIV).

ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Celtic mythology|Celtic ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], [[Sulis]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ [[goddess|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hinduism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎯᎠ [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ personified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Saraswati]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Veda]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ &quot;panch-tatva&quot;(ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ 5 ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[fire|ᎠᏥᎸ]], [[earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]], [[space|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]], [[air|ᎤᏃᎴ]]). ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎦᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ]] [[mythology|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], [[Peneus]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[Oceanids]].

ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Greece|ᎠᎪᎢ]] [[philosopher|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]] [[Empedocles]] ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ [[classical element|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]]ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[fire|ᎠᏥᎸ]], [[earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Air (classical element)|ᎤᏃᎴ]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ylem]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ [[four humours|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ]], ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[phlegm|ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ]]. [[Water (classical element)|ᎠᎹ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[earth (classical element)|ᎡᎶᎯ]], [[fire (classical element)|ᎠᏥᎸ]], [[wood (classical element)|ᎠᏓ]], ᎠᎴ [[metal (classical element)|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]].

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{portal}}
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| width=&quot;33%&quot; align=&quot;{{{align|left}}}&quot; valign=&quot;{{{valign|top}}}&quot; |
* [[Atmospheric water generator|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]
* [[Air to Water Harvest|ᎤᏃᎴ  ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ]]
* [[Bioswale]]
* [[Dehydration]] (hypohydration) vs. [[hyperhydration]]
* [[Desalination]]
* [[Dihydrogen monoxide hoax|Dihydrogen monoxide ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]]
* [[Distilled water|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Drinking water|anaditsgv ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Drought|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Evapotranspiration]]
* [[Flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]
* [[Flume|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Fresh water|ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Heavy water|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Hydrological transport model|Hydrological ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Hydrography|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
| width=&quot;33%&quot; align=&quot;{{{align|left}}}&quot; valign=&quot;{{{valign|top}}}&quot; |
* [[Hydrology|ᎦᎾ]]
* [[Hydrosphere]]
* [[Ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]]
* [[Irrigation|ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Mineral water|ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Origin of water on Earth|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ  ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
* [[Precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ (ᎤᏃᎴ)]]
* [[Rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
* [[Safe water|ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Sea water|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Spring water|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎹ]]
* [[Tide|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]]
* [[Transvasement]]
* [[VSMOW|Vienna ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ (VSMOW)]]
* [[Wastewater]]
* [[WaterAid]]
* [[Water Air Extraction Devices|ᎠᎹ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
* [[Water Crisis|ᎠᎹ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]
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| width=&quot;33%&quot; align=&quot;{{{align|left}}}&quot; valign=&quot;{{{valign|top}}}&quot; |
* [[Water (molecule)|ᎠᎹ (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ)]] - [[Water (data page)|ᎠᎹ (ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ)]]
* [[Water cycle|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Water industry|ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]
* [[Water intoxication|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]
* [[Water ionizer|ᎠᎹ ionizer]]
* [[Water memory|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]
* [[Water park|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Water purification|ᎠᎹ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ]]
* [[Water quality|ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ]]
* [[Water quality modelling|ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ modelling]]
* [[Water resources|ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]]
* [[Water right|ᎠᎹ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
* [[Water sport (recreation)|ᎠᎹ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ (recreation)]]
* [[Water tank|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ]]
* [[Water therapy|ᎠᎹ therapy]]
* [[Water torture|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[World Ocean Day|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎦ]]
* [[World Water Day|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ]]
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==

* OA Jones, JN Lester ᎠᎴ N Voulvoulis, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ: ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ? ''TRENDS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Biotechnology'' 23(4): 163, 2005
* ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ, F (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ), ᎠᎹ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎢᏤ York, 1972-1982
* [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/VTP_wsp.mcd Property of Water and Water Steam w Thermodynamic Surface]
* PH Gleick ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ Freshwater ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Washington, D.C. (ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998.)

=== ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ resource ===
*{{cite book | title=The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources | first=Peter H. | last=Gleick | location=Washington | publisher=Island Press}} (ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; [http://www.worldwater.org data available here])
*{{cite book | title=Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity | year=1997, second edition| first=Sandra | last=Postel | location=New York | publisher=Norton Press}}
*{{cite book | title=Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment | year=1991| author=Anderson}}
*{{cite book | title=Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource | year=2003, revised edition| author=Marq de Villiers}}
*{{cite book | title=Water Wars: Drought, Flood, Folly and the Politics of Thirst | year=2002 | author=Diane Raines Ward}}
*{{cite book | title=Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin | year=1995| author=Miriam R. Lowi}} (Cambridge ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ)
*{{cite book | title=Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West | year=1992 | first=Donald | last=Worster}}
*{{cite book | title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water | year=1993 | first=Marc | last=Reisner}}
*{{cite book | title=Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water | author=Maude Barlow, Tony Clarke | year=2003}}
*{{cite book | title=Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution, and Profit | author=Vandana Shiva | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0745318371}}
*{{cite book | title=Troubled Water: Saints, Sinners, Truth And Lies About The Global Water Crisis | author=Anita Roddick, et al | year=2004}}

===ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ===
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|water}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.waterconserve.org/ Water Conserve - Water Conservation Portal]
* [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/ UNESCO's World Water Assessment Program]
* [http://www.unesco.org/water/ UNESCO Water Portal]
* [http://www.unesco-ihe.org/ UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education]
* [http://www.ewaonline.de/ European Water Association].
* [http://www.worldaware.org.uk/education/projects/water.html Whose right to water] ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ resource ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf United Nations' World Water Development Report]
* [http://www.gemswater.org/ United Nations GEMS/Water Programme]
* [http://www.worldwater.org The World's Water, data, historical information on conflict]
* [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html Phase diagrams of water]
* [http://www.publicforuminstitute.org/issues/oceans/index.htm Oceans and Water Issues Page]
* [http://www.geocities.com/tapvsbottled/ Bottled Water vs Tap Water] - ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Bottled: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ? ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ bottled ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ.
* [http://www.greenfacts.org/water-disinfectants/index.htm Scientific Facts on Water Disinfectants] ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ GreenFacts ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ anaditsgv ᎠᎹ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᎿ Chemical ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪ.
* [http://www.worldwaterforum.org/ World Water Forum]
* [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ Water Structure and Behaviour]
* [http://www.wateraid.org/ WaterAid]
* [http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/newswatch/ SAHRA&amp;mdash;Global Water Newswatch]
* [http://www.siwi.org/ Stockholm International Water Institute] (SIWI)
* [http://www.c-win.org/ California Water Impact Network (C-WIN)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3752590.stm BBC: The water debate]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/world/2003/world_forum/water/default.stm BBC News (International): The Water Debate]
* [http://www.emagazine.com/september-october_2003/0903feat1.html ''E the Environmental Magazine'' piece on bottled water] (Oct 2003).
* [http://www.iapws.org/ International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam]
* [http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html US Geological Survey: Comprehensive discussion of the water cycle, in many languages]
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm Why is water blue?]
* [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/data.html Water, scientific data (by London South Bank University)]
* [http://www.water.org.uk/home/resources-and-links/water-for-health/ask-about/adults Water requirements in adults]
* [http://www.hkc22.com/environmentaltechnology.html/ Climate change raises markets for environmental technology, drinking water and clean energies]
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/unfreezable.html 'Unfreezable water', bound water and water of hydration]

[[Category:Water| ]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]

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{{Link FA|he}}

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[[hu:Víz]]
[[id:Air]]
[[io:Aquo]]
[[is:Vatn]]
[[it:Acqua]]
[[ja:水]]
[[jbo:djacu]]
[[ka:წყალი]]
[[kn:ನೀರು]]
[[ko:물]]
[[ku:Av]]
[[la:Aqua]]
[[lad:Agua]]
[[lb:Waasser]]
[[ln:Mái]]
[[lt:Vanduo]]
[[lv:Ūdens]]
[[mk:Вода]]
[[ml:ജലം]]
[[ms:Air]]
[[nah:Ātl]]
[[nds:Water]]
[[nds-nl:Woater]]
[[nl:Water]]
[[nn:Vatn]]
[[no:Vann]]
[[nrm:Ieau]]
[[oc:Aiga]]
[[pdc:Wasser]]
[[pl:Woda]]
[[pt:Água]]
[[qu:Yaku]]
[[ro:Apă]]
[[ru:Вода]]
[[ru-sib:Волога]]
[[sc:Aba]]
[[scn:Acqua (vìppita)]]
[[simple:Water]]
[[sk:Voda]]
[[sl:Voda]]
[[sq:Uji]]
[[sr:Вода]]
[[su:Cai]]
[[sv:Vatten]]
[[ta:நீர்]]
[[tg:Об]]
[[th:น้ำ]]
[[tl:Tubig]]
[[tr:Su]]
[[ug:سۇغارماق]]
[[uk:Вода]]
[[vi:Nước]]
[[vls:Woater]]
[[vo:Vat]]
[[yi:וואסער]]
[[zh:水]]
[[zh-classical:水]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chúi]]
[[zh-yue:水]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏓ</title>
    <id>2561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8646</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-29T08:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:VeluweTreeTrunk.jpg|thumb|250px|right| ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Veluwe]], [[The Netherlands|ᎯᎠ Netherlands]]]]
'''ᎠᏓ''' ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[woody plant|ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᏂᎬᎢ [[tree|ᏡᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]].  ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, &quot;ᎠᏓ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ [[xylem]] ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ wider ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ properties.  ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ [[hygroscopic]], [[cellular|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[anisotropic]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ [[cellulose]] (40%–50%) ᎠᎴ [[hemicellulose]] (15%–25%) ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ [[lignin]] (15%–30%) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/components/6413ch1.html Lesson 1: ''Tree Growth and Wood Material'' at University of Minnesota Extension] &lt;/ref&gt;.

==ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Woodcarvings of cranes.jpg|left|thumb|[[Artist|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ  ᎪᏢᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ [[sculpture|ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]].]]
ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ millennia ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ. ᏌᏊ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fuel|ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ artworks, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ, ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[construction|ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᏧᏯᏖᎾ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ''[[timber|ᎠᏙᎯ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[particle board|chipboard]], [[engineered wood|engineered ᎠᏓ]], [[hardboard]], [[medium-density fibreboard|ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ fibreboard]] (MDF), [[oriented strand board|oriented ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ]] (OSB), [[paper|Ꭺ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏐᎢ [[synthetic]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

==ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ==
ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[diameter|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎢᏤ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ envelop ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Dendrochronology|ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ seasonal ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ. 

ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ textured ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ outer ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ'''. ᎯᎠ outer ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ''', ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[summer|ᎪᎨᏱ]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.farmforestline.com.au/pages/2.1.2.1_wood.html Wood growth and structure] www.farmforestline.com.ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pinus classification|ᎤᏁᎬ ᏃᏥ]]ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pinus classification|ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏃᏥ]], ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ, ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎧᏁᏍᎦ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ abut ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ denser ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ demarcation ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ agatoli.

===ᏓᎧᏁᎲ===
ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[branch|ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ]]es ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[pith|ᎢᎦᏛ]] (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ) [[plant stem|ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ fibre ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ [[Wood grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ tonusdv ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ iyuwakodi--ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sawn. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏲᏓᏅᏍᎬ [[lumber|ᏧᏯᏖᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[timber|ᎠᏙᎯ]], ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ classified ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ.

ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏕᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏝᏅᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ, ᏩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ cleavability ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[tension (mechanics)|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[physical compression|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[Beam (structure)|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[fibre]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[shear stress|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]]. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ Ꮝ broadest ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᏅᎩᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.

ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ fibre ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ fibre ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Young's modulus|ᏎᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ [[Wood grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]].

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, e.g. ᎠᏐᏴ panelling, ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.

===Heartwood ᎠᎴ sapwood===
[[Image:Taxus wood.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A section of a [[Taxus|Yew]] branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood and dark heartwood, and [[pith]] (centre dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots.]]
ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ [[log|ᏕᎪᏪᎸ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ agatudesdi darker-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''heartwood'' ᎠᎴ ''duramen'', dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''sapwood''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ.

Sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ, comprising ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[cell (biology)|ᎦᏁᎸ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏡᎬ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sapwood. Ꮝ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]]ᎯᎠ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ sapwood ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎭ thicker sapwood ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, 30 cm ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ heartwood ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ [[hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᏛᏒ [[pine|ᏃᏥ]].

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ sapwood ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ heartwood. Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ heartwood ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ sapwood, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ. ᏌᎨᎢ sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], [[black locust|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎥᎴ]], [[mulberry|ᎫᏩ]], [[osage-orange|ᎠᏂᏆᏌᏏ-ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[sassafras|ᎦᎾᏍᏓᏥ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]], [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]], [[hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]], [[hackberry|ᎦᏄᏍᏔ]], [[beech]], ᎠᎴ [[pine|ᏃᏥ]], ᎤᎭᎨᏛ sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ sapwood. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ayatoli, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ sapwood ᎠᏎ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. Sapwood ᎨᏒᎢ thicker ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎵᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ sapwood ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᏡᎬ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ freer ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ heartwood. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ sapwood, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ heartwood.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ heartwood ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ larvae ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏅᎾᎢᏴᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ sapwood ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ Ꮝ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ narrower ᎠᎴ narrower. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏡᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thinner ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ lessened, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]], ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Wood grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]] heartwood ᎠᎴ sapwood ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏆ ᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ softer, ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ, weaker, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-textured ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ sapwood, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hardness|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], [[Strength of materials|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ heartwood ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ.

==ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ properties ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ properties ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏡᎬ Ꮎ yielded ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ properties). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[mahogany]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ hardwood ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᏥᏳ, [[balsa]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[model (physical)|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ densest ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Black Ironwood|ᎬᎿᎨ ironwood]].

ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[softwood]] ᎠᎴ [[hardwood]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[conifer]](e.g. [[pine|ᏃᏥ]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ softwood, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[angiosperm|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-leaved ᏕᏡᎬ]] (e.g. [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ hardwood. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hardwoods ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ softwoods ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[balsa]] (hardwood) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ softer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ softwood. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ softwoods (e.g. [[Taxus baccata|ᎦᎪᏘ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ hardwoods.

===ᏗᎧᏃᏗ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ heartwood ᎠᎴ sapwood ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ heartwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ sapwood, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ heartwood ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[oxidation|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ appreciable ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ properties ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜ [[Longleaf Pine|Longleaf ᏃᏥ]] digotsaledg digovhi, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ [[resin|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ heartwood ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ&quot;. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ flammable. ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ longleaf ᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎯ, ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kindling ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ. [[Spruce|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] impregnated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ.

[[Image:Sequoia wood.jpg|300px|left|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ  [[Coast Redwood|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Redwood]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour]]
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ denser ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ heartwood ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Tsuga|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ properties ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏒ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ [[fungus|fungi]] ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ fungous ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

===ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[conifer]]ous ᎠᎴ [[softwood]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, [[tracheid]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[hardwood]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ [[vessel|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]](&quot;ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ coniferous ᎠᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] ᎠᎴ [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

[[Image:BlkWalnut-x-section.jpg|left|thumb|Magnified ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ   ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ hardwood ᎠᏓ ([[Black Walnut|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏎᏗ]]), ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hardwoods ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uwsp.edu/papersci/biasca/ps350/Hardwood%20Structure.htm Hardwood Structure] www.uwsp.edu&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ([[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]], [[chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]]) ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ([[buckeye|ᎤᏍᏆᏓ]], [[poplar]], [[willow|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]]) ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏅᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ''ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]], [[black locust|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎥᎴ]], [[catalpa]], [[chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], [[elm|ᏓᏩᏥᎸ]], [[hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]], [[mulberry|ᎫᏩ]], ᎠᎴ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ) ᎠᎴ localized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏓ fibres. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fibres ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ scattered ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ [[basswood]], [[birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]], [[buckeye|ᎤᏍᏆᏓ]], [[maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]], [[poplar]], ᎠᎴ [[willow|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[walnut|ᏎᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[cherry|ᎩᏔᏯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ darker. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ denser ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ cavities, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ cavities. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ cavities. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏃᏥ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ.

[[Image:LightningVolt Wood Floor.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ  [[hardwood]] [[floor|ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ]] ([[parquetry|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]).]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮝ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ digotsaledg digovhi Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ noticeably ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ agoliyedidyi.

[[Image:LightningVolt Twisting Branch Lilac tree.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ᎯᎠ twisty ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ   [[Lilac|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]] ᏡᎬ]]
Ꮭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ underlying ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ conifers, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ hardwoods ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ properties. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ summed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ wider ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ, ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ stiffer ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ, ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎪᏍᏚ, ᏩᏁᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ fibres ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ diminishes, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᎨᎢ-walled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 6 10 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 25 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[radial]] grayish patches ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled fibres ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏌᏊ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ fibre ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.

ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ringed ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ&quot;, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[forest|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ &quot;ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ&quot; hardwood ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏩᏁᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎴ [[spoke|ᎤᏁᏨ]]. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏁᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ: 
:&quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ringed ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5 14 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[inch|ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ]] (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ 1.8-5 [[millimetre|mm]] ᎤᎭᎨᏛ), ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 14 38 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ 0.7-1.8 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 38 47 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ 0.5-0.7 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 14 20 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ 1.3-1.8 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ringed. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5 20 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ 1.3-5 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ) ᎠᎴ Ꮎ slower ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ poorer ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᏩᏁᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20 ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1.3 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ). ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ.&quot; &lt;ref name=USforest&gt;Ꭴ.. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ. ''[http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documn/ts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/fplgtr113.htm The Wood Handbook: Wood as an engineering material]''.  ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 113. Madison, WI.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ summarized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ:

:&quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ayatoli ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ utugi gvsv. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ broadening ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ayatoli ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ richer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ digotsaledg digovhi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ayatoli ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ayatoli ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎪᎯ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ accepted ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᏚᏱᏢ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ) ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.&quot;&lt;ref name=USforest/&gt;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ scattered ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[conifer]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ prized, ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ [[Wood grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.

==ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ==
[[Water|ᎠᎹ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ: (1) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[cell wall|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ]], (2) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[protoplasm|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ]]ic ᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Cell (biology)|ᎦᏁᎸ]], ᎠᎴ (3) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ cavities ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ heartwood ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 8-16% ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ-ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ chemical ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ softer ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎨ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ [[paper|Ꭺ]] ᎠᎴ [[cloth|ᎠᏄᏬ]]. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ digotsaledg digovhi. ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ [[spruce|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ 5 cm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ [[elastic limit|ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[modulus of elasticity|ᏎᏍᏗ  ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
[[Image:Wooden Miracle Kizhi.jpg|thumb|right|275px|ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ  [[Kizhi]], [[Russia]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ  ᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ  [[World Heritage Site|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ  ᎠᏓ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ.]]
* [[Tree|ᏡᎬ]]
* [[List of woods|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏙᎯ]]
* [[Forestry]]
* [[Woodworm]]
* [[Wood plastic composite|ᎠᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Engineered wood|Engineered ᎠᏓ]]
* [[Wood as a medium|ᎠᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ]]
* [[Plywood]]
* [[Wood drying|ᎠᏓ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ]]
* [[Wood warping|ᎠᏓ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]]
* [[Timber|ᎠᏙᎯ]]
* [[Lumber|ᏧᏯᏖᎾ]]
* [[Xiloteque]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;
* Hoadley, R. Bruce. (2000) ''ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏓ: Craftsman’s ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ''. Taunton ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 1-56158-358-8

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Commonscat|Wood}}
* [http://wood.rleeden.no-ip.com Wood Identification Website]
* [http://www.trada.co.uk/ TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association]
* [http://www.sankey.ws/wetwood.html Wood moisture]
* [http://www.xiloteca.com Xiloteca Manuel Soler] (ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ)
* [http://www.woodcollectors.org International Wood Collectors Society]
 
[[Category:Forestry]]
[[Category:Structural engineering]]
[[Category:Wood| ]]
[[Category:Woodworking| ]]

[[bg:Дървен материал]]
[[ca:Fusta]]
[[cs:Dřevo]]
[[da:Træ (materiale)]]
[[de:Holz]]
[[eo:ligno]]
[[es:Madera]]
[[fr:Bois]]
[[he:עץ (חומר גלם)]]
[[it:Legno]]
[[ja:木材]]
[[lt:Mediena]]
[[nds:Holt]]
[[nl:Hout]]
[[pl:Drewno]]
[[pt:Madeira (material)]]
[[ru:Древесина]]
[[simple:wood]]
[[sl:Les]]
[[ug:ياغاچ]]
[[uk:Деревина]]
[[zh:木材]]
[[chr:ᎠᏓ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎶᎩᎸ</title>
    <id>2562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9535</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T19:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[eml:Nóvvla]], [[nah:Mixtli]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image: Cumulus cloud.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ  ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] 
[[Image: Different_clouds_april_2006.jpg|thumb|225px|ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ]] 
'''ᎤᎶᎩᎸ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ [[Drop (liquid)|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] [[crystal|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]ᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Celestial body atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ [[planetary body|planetary ᎠᏰᎸ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[meteorology|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[nephology|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]].

ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ condensing ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 0.01 mm  [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ) Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ dagatuwistanv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ reflectance (70 95%) ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Visible spectrum|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ [[white|ᎤᏁᎬ]], ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[scattering|ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ [[grey|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[cloud base|alenvdidsv]]. ᏌᎨᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[sunrise|ᎧᎸᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[sunset|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]], ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-infrared ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ wavelengths.

== ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ properties == 
{| align=&quot;right&quot;
|[[Image: Clouds edited.jpg|thumb|250px| ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ  ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]]
|-
|[[Image: CloudOpticalThickness.jpg|250px|thumb|Global ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ]]
|}

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[air|ᎤᏃᎴ]] [[condensation|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: 

1. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Adiabatic lapse rate|adiabatic ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ]] (ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ). ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ: 
* ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ [[weather front|ᎤᎦᎾᏩ]] ᎠᎴ [[weather front|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ]]([[frontal lift|ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]]) 
* ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ([[orographic lift|orographic ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]]) 
* ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Convection # Atmospheric_convection|ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[insolation|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] (ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ) 
* ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ colder ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ.  

2. ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ masses ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎦ, aircraft [[contrail]]ᎠᎴ [[Arctic|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] [[sea smoke|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ]].

3. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[tonne]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ static: ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ re-evaporating. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ gvwatuwidv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 1 x 10 &lt;sup&gt; -5 &lt;/sup&gt; m ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1-2 cm/. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏉ iyuwakodi re-ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.

[[Image: Huge_cumulonimbus_HK.jpg|thumb|250px|Cumulonimbus ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] 
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ''ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ'', ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ, ᎪᏍᏚᎭ, ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[supersaturation|ᎡᎵᏉ]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ nuclei. 

ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Bergeron Process|Bergeron ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]], theorized ᎾᎥᎢ [[Tor Bergeron|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Bergeron]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ supercooled ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ interact ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ -15°C. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ updraft ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏰᏨ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, perpetuating ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ raindrop ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ [[stratiform|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ raindrops ᎯᎸᏍᎩ millimeters ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

[[Image: Wave cloud.jpg|thumb|250 px|ᎪᎯ [[wave cloud|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ  ᎯᎠ [[Île Amsterdam]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Indian Ocean|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ, creating ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ([[ana-type|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[kata-type|ᎧᏔ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ). Orographic ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[cap cloud|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] ᎠᎴ [[wave cloud|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ [[Orographic lift|orographic]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.

=== &quot;ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ === 
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[dry ice|ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]], ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ''ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ volts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ. ([http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005PhRvL..95h5701C&amp;amp;db_key=PHY&amp;amp;data_type=HTML&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;high=42ca922c9c01734 Choi 2005]). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏂᎬᎢ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ yvwatuwidv ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ -10°C, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ -5°C, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ&quot; ([http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rms/qjrms/2005/00000131/00000608/art00019?token=00631ac58ee86ec5294e7247444f6d62222c227e372530542972715a614f7e41225f406a595720414776746770445129932 Connolly, P.J, ''et al'', 2005]).

== ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ==
{{main|Cloud types}}
[[Image: Wolkenstockwerke.png|right|thumb|320px|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ  ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] 
ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ: layered ᎠᎴ convective. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ [[stratus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]](ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ Latin ''ᎤᏬᎩᎸ'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎠᎴ [[cumulus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]](ᎠᎴ cumuliform; ''ᎤᏬᎩᎸ'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ piled ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏅᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Luke Howard]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1802 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Askesian Society|Askesian ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]. 

=== ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ) === 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 16,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (5,000 [[metre|m]]), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[troposphere]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Polar regions|ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ft (3,048 m). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ denoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ''cirro-'' ᎠᎴ [[Cirrus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]]. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ [[ice crystal|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ wispy, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ.

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: 
* [[Cirrus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Cirrus uncinus|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ uncinus]] 
* ᎤᏬᎩᎸ [[Kelvin]]-Helmholtz colombia 
* [[Cirrostratus|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Cirrocumulus|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Pileus (meteorology)|Pileus]] 
* [[Contrail]], ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ aircraft ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

=== ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ B) === 
[[Image: Mackerelskybig.jpg|thumb|right|Altocumulus ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 6,500 ᎠᎴ 16,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (ᎠᏰᎵ 2,000 ᎠᎴ 5,000 m) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ denoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ''ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ-''. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ supercooled.

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ B ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: 
* [[Altostratus]] 
* [[Altostratus undulatus cloud|Altostratus undulatus]] 
* [[Altocumulus]] 
* [[Altocumulus undulatus cloud|Altocumulus undulatus]]
* [[Altocumulus mackerel sky|Altocumulus ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]] 
* [[Altocumulus castellanus]] 
* [[Altocumulus Lenticularis|Altocumulus lenticularis]]

=== ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ C) === 
[[Image: Clouds02.jpg|thumb|ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ]] 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 6,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2,000 m) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[fog|ᎤᎬᎭᏛ]].

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ C ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: 
* [[Stratus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Nimbostratus cloud|Nimbostratus]] 
* [[Cumulus humilis cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ humilis]] 
* [[Cumulus mediocris cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ mediocris]] 
* [[Stratocumulus cloud|Stratocumulus]]

=== ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ D) === 
[[Image: Cumulonimbus0713.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Cumulonimbus cloud|Cumulonimbus]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ updrafts]] 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ D ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: 
* [[Cumulonimbus cloud|Cumulonimbus]] (ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ) 
* [[Cumulonimbus incus]] 
* [[Cumulonimbus calvus]] 
* [[Mammatus cloud|Cumulonimbus ᎬᏙᏗ mammatus]] 
* [[Cumulus congestus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ congestus]] 
* [[Pyrocumulus cloud|Pyrocumulus]]

=== ᏐᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ === 
ᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[troposphere]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[noctilucent clouds|noctilucent]] ᎠᎴ [[polar stratospheric clouds|ᎦᏚᎢ stratospheric ᏚᎶᎩᎸ]] (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[mesosphere]] ᎠᎴ [[stratosphere]] ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.

=== ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ === 
ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ classified. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, stratocumulus ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ: 
* [[Open cell|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[honeycomb|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. 
* ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. 
*[[Actinoform cloud|Actinoform]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ spoked ᎦᏆᏙᏗ.

== ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ == 
[[Image: CloudColors.jpg|thumb|right|200px| ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] 
[[Image: Picture 077.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Colourful ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] 
ᎯᎠ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. 

ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[water vapor|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ micro-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ sunlight ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected atsinuqowisgv, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ Ꮝ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ spaced ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected ᎦᏐᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ). ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[Reflection (physics)|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ]]/[[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ undersides ᎡᏆ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ; ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reflected ᎠᎴ transmitted ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ.

ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ wavelengths, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ scattered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. 

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ. ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. cumulonimbus ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, [[hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]], ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[wind|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ [[tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ]]. 

Yellowish ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[forest fire|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ]] ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ [[smoke|ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ]]. 

ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᎸᎬ/ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ sunlight ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ (ᎠᎴ unscattered) ᎠᏨᏍᏛ sunlight ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ spotlight ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ [[Edmonton, Alberta]] ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987, Edmontonians ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ - ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ sunward ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ &quot;ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᏜ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.

== Global dimming == 
ᎯᎠ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [[global dimming]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ aerosols ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ particulates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.

== Global ᎠᏨᏍᏛ == 
ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ''ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Dimming ᎠᏨᏍᏛ: Decadal ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᏡ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (agatohvsdi 6 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2005; 308: 847-850) ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ [[global brightening|global ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

== ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ==
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ [[solar system|ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]], ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Celestial body atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. [[Venus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]' ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. [[Mars|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏌᎨᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎢᏧᎳ [[Jupiter|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Saturn]] ᎤᎭ outer ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ [[ammonia|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ alenvdidsv [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ alenvdidsv ᎠᎹ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. [[Uranus]] ᎠᎴ [[Neptune|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ [[methane]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.

Saturn ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ [[Titan (moon)|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎤᎭ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ [[methane]]. ᎯᎠ [[Cassini-Huygens]] Saturn ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎭ uncovered ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ == 
[[Image: Low clouds.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ]] 
[[Image:View from Pico Do Areiro to Pico Ruivo, Madeira.JPG|right|thumb|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mountaineous ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Pico Ruivo]] ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Pico Do Areiro|Pico ᎿᏛᎦ Areiro]].]]
* [[Cloud albedo|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ albedo]] 
* [[Cloud feedback|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ feedback]] 
* [[Cloud base|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv]] 
* [[Cloud forcing|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ forcing]] 
* [[Cloud seeding|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ]]
* [[Cloud types|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ]] 
* [[Fog|ᎤᎬᎭᏛ]] 
* [[Fractus cloud|Fractus ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Mushroom cloud|ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] 
* [[Flight ceiling|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ]] 
* [[Precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]] 
* [[Coalescence (meteorology)|ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]] 
* [[Tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ]] 
* [[Hurricane|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] 
* [[Monsoon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] 
* [[Orographic lift|Orographic ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]]
* [[Thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] 
* [[Weather lore|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] 
* [[Mammatus]] 
* [[Extraterrestrial skies]]

== ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ==
* Hamblyn, Richard ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ - ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ Meteorologist ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Skies'' London. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ Macmillan. 2001. ISBN 033039194 

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ == 
{{sisterlinks|Cloud}} 
*[http://australiasevereweather.com/photography/ Australia Severe Weather: cloud classification system] ᏓᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ; ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ thumbnails ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
* [http://www.chitambo.com/clouds/ Chitambo Clouds &amp;ndash; Clouds and other meteorological phenomena] ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ info. ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ
* [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadClouds.html BadMeteorology's explanation of why clouds form]
* [http://www.cloudappreciationsociety.org/ Cloud Appreciation Society] [[Aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] ᏚᎶᎩᎸ
* [http://www.highabovetheclouds.co.nr/ High Above the Clouds ]
* [http://www.weather.gov/ United States National Weather Service]
* [http://www.weather.com/ The Weather Channel, United States]
* [http://www.wetter-foto.de/galerie.php Cloud photography]
{{Met_vars}}

[[Category: Weather]]
[[Category: Clouds|*]]
[[Category: Climate forcing agents]]

[[ar:سحاب]]
[[bs:Oblak]]
[[ca:Núvol]]
[[cr:ᑲᔥᑰᐧᐃᓐ]]
[[cs:Oblak]]
[[da:Sky (meteorologi)]]
[[de:Wolke]]
[[eml:Nóvvla]]
[[en:Cloud]]
[[eo:Nubo]]
[[es:Nube]]
[[eu:Hodei]]
[[fi:Pilvi]]
[[fr:Nuage]]
[[gd:Neul]]
[[gl:Nube]]
[[he:ענן]]
[[hr:Oblaci]]
[[hu:Felhő]]
[[id:Awan]]
[[is:Ský]]
[[it:Nube]]
[[ja:雲]]
[[ko:구름]]
[[ku:Ewr]]
[[lb:Wollek]]
[[lt:Debesis]]
[[mk:Облак]]
[[nah:Mixtli]]
[[nl:Wolk]]
[[nn:Sky]]
[[no:Sky]]
[[nrm:Nouage]]
[[pdc:Wolk]]
[[pl:Chmura]]
[[pt:Nuvem]]
[[qu:Phuyu]]
[[ro:Nor]]
[[ru:Облако]]
[[simple:Cloud]]
[[sk:Oblak]]
[[sl:Oblak]]
[[sv:Moln]]
[[th:เมฆ]]
[[tr:Bulut]]
[[ug:بۇلۇت]]
[[uk:Хмари]]
[[vi:Mây (khí tượng học)]]
[[zh:云]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hûn]]
[[zh-yue:雲]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏬᏚ</title>
    <id>2563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8651</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T06:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Nymph with morning glory flowers.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''A [[nymph]] with [[morning glory]] flowers'' by [[Jules Joseph Lefebvre|Lefebvre]]. 

ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[art|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]].]]

'''ᎤᏬᏚ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[value|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[innate|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[emotional|ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ]] [[perception|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] [[life|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Meaning (non-linguistic)|ᎦᏛᎬᎢ]]ful ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''perceived ᎡᎶᎯ'' &amp;mdash;ie. [[vitality|ᎪᏢᏒᎢ]], [[fertility|ᏥᏍᏚ]], [[health|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ]], [[happiness|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]], [[Goodness and evil|ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[love|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]. 
[[Cognition|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] &quot;ᎤᏬᏚ&quot; ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ [[harmony|nvwatohiyadv]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[nature|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ugatohvsv [[attraction|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[pleasure|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[salience (neuroscience)|ᏂᎯ]] ugatohvsv ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ''[[Ontology|ᎦᏛᎬᎢ]] ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[being|ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]'' ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. 
&quot;[[object (philosophy)|ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏬᏚ&quot; ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ agatudesdi 
ᎠᎴ resonates ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. 
ᏯᏛᎾ [[religion|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ''[[divinity|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[virtue|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]'' ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ''[[spirituality|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ]]'' (ie. ''[[truth|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]'') ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ [[self-centered|ᎣᏩᏒ-centered]] ᎠᎴ [[materialism|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ignorance|ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Narcissus (mythology)|ᎤᏬᏚ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ recognizing ''ᎤᏬᏚ'' ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ''[[vanity|ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ]].''
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Self (philosophy)|ᎣᏩᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ Ꮝ ''ᏴᏫ'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ''ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏚ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ''ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ.'' 
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ,&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ&quot; ᎤᏬᏚ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ [[ideology|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[dogma|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ societal ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ [[prejudice|ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᏗ]], [[ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[human rights|ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ [[commercialism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[culture wars|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ]],&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ [[feminism]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ (ie. &quot;[[The Beauty Myth|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]&quot;) ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏬᏚ. 
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[ugliness|ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ]]'' &amp;mdash;ie. ᎯᎠ perceived ''ᎦᎷᎶᎩ'' ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ''ᎡᎯᏍᏛ'' ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ deeper ''ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ'' ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. 

==ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ== 
ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]].
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ [[Robert Schumann]] ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᏚ, ''ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ'' ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ''ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ'' ᎤᏬᏚ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ, ᏗᏁᏝᎾ iyuwakodi ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. Schumann ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.

ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ MacKenzie, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, Shona MacKenzie, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ, ᎠᎴ MacKenzie ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv, &quot;ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏏᏛ&quot;{{citation needed}}

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[appearance|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]] ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ [[Goodness and value theory|ᎣᏍᏛ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ [[physical attractiveness|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ]] ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ deeper ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ &quot;ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ,&quot; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ.  

[[Image:Red rose.jpg|thumb|150px|right|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ petals   [[rose|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]].]]
&quot;ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ counterexamples ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ [[desert|ᎢᎾᎨ]] [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[nature|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]], ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ &quot;ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ [[claw|ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ]]&quot; ([[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Tennyson]]). ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ counterexample ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ. [[Carpenter|ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ atsinuqowisgv--ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[building|ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[master tradesman|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ'' atsinuqowisgv--ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[angle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]]ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ [[degree (angle)|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ hobbies ᎤᏅᏌ've mastered.

ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ quantifiable ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ viewer ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ tohi adedi ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ tohi adedi ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ.

==Theories ᎤᏬᏚ==
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Hellenic civilization|ᎠᎪᎢ]] [[philosophers|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Pythagoras]]. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Pythagoras agatudesdi Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Pythagoras ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[golden ratio|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ facial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ranked ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎢᏤ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[visual cortex|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ deified ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ goddesses ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ mythologies.
* [[Aphrodite|ᎤᏬᏚ]] - [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
* [[Freya]] - [[Norse Mythology|Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
* [[Lakshmi]] - [[Hindu mythology|Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
* [[Venus (mythology)|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] - [[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]

[[Beauty contest|ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ]]ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎯᎠ ''[[millihelen]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏚ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ [[Helen of Troy|Helen  Troy]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Christopher Marlowe]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎦᎾᎦᏘ Faustus]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ launched ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ''millihelen'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏬᏚ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏳ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎶᎻ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 6 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ), ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ - ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ – ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ digatoli, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ browline, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ &quot;ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ&quot; ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ masculinity. 

ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ strived ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ Hollywood ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Louis B. Mayer ᎾᎾᎢ MGM ᎦᎪ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎢᎬᏱ Hollywood ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Tyrone ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, Gary Cooper, ᎠᎴ Cary ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ Ꮎ [[classical antiquity|lyudetiyvda]] ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ promoted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Brad Pitt|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Pitt]] ᎠᎴ [[Matt Damon]].

===ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ===
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ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1990]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Langlois &amp; Roggmann ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ''ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ'' ᎤᎧᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ (ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ generated ᎾᎥᎢ combining ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ irregularities, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ asymetrical ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, promoting ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, combining racial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ creating meta-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ contributors ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ: averageness, [[bilateral symmetry|ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]], ᎠᎴ [[sexual dimorphism]]. Averageness ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[development|ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ]], [[heterozygote|heterozygosity]], ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ optimization. ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ reliably environmental ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. Sexual dimorphism ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ [[sexual maturity|sexual ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ]], ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ, ᎠᎴ [[health|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ]]. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ feminized ᎤᎧᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ' ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ varies ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ dadanetlivysegv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[menstrual cycle|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]].&lt;ref&gt;Rhodes, G. ᎯᎠ Evolutionary ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Facial ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ 57:199-226, (2005). PMID 16318594.&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ===
{{Main|Mathematical beauty}}
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ formulae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. &lt;math&gt;e^{i \pi} +1 = 0&lt;/math&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ''[[Euler's identity|Euler ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]]'').  
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Edna St. Vincent Millay|Edna ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Vincent Millay]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ &quot;[[Euclid]] ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Geometry|ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ]] Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Euclid's Elements|ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ]]''.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pythagoras' ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[octave|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ&quot;, ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Phi (φ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ 1.618, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nautilus ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.618. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece ᎠᎴ Rome ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Golden Ratio|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]].

==ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ London ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ 11,000 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ (ᎢᎦᏛ) ᎣᏍᏛ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, 13% ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ overweight ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ yvwatuwidv 5%.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fashion|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ]], ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]], [[automobiles|ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ]], ᎠᎴ [[real estate|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ consumer ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ [[actors|ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[actresses]], [[model (person)|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[celebrities]].  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ&quot; ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ [[musicians|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ celebrities ᎯᎠ [[California]]n &quot;[[hippy|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]&quot; ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[1960s]]. [[The Beatles|ᎯᎠ Beatles]] ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[1967]] ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ're ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Magical Mystery Tour|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ 1960s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ [[fashionista]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[hip (slang)|ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]]&quot; ᏴᏫ [[New York City|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.  ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ:  ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ'', translated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Christopher Kasparek]], ᎯᎠ Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980.  (ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ [[aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] [[concept|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[art|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], '''ᎤᏬᏚ''', [[form|ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]], [[creativity]], [[mimesis]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ugatohvsv.)

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{wikiquotepar|Beauty}}
*[[Aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]]
*[[Body dysmorphic disorder|ᎠᏰᎸ dysmorphic ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Cuteness|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]]
*[[Human physical appearance|ᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]]
*[[Mathematical beauty|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ]]
*[[Physical attractiveness|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Plastic surgery|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]
*[[Sexual attraction|Sexual ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Wabi-sabi]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.faceresearch.org/ FaceResearch] &amp;ndash; ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Aberdeen online ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ facial ᎤᏬᏚ
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-28 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Theories ᎤᏬᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-Nineteenth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi

[[Category:Aesthetics]]
[[Category:Articles to be merged]]

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-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Xandi</title>
    <id>2564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8717</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-09T15:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xandi</username>
        <id>128</id>
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      <comment>+iw</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''&gt;&lt;(((*&gt;'''

[[pt:user:Xandi]]
[[en:user:Xandi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ</title>
    <id>2565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8659</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-05T07:03:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Eucalyptus forest.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Eucalyptus ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏥᏄᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ Gippsland, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, Australia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Eucalyptus albens (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ)]]
[[Image:Conifer_forest.jpg|thumb|right|250px| ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ  softwoods ( conifer ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sierra Nevada ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ  ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ California]]
[[Image:Forest1.jpg|thumb|right|250px| decidous broadleaf (Beech) ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Slovenia]].]]
[[Image:Forest-Sea 01 (By DarkFire Taker - Mesbah).jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ   ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ  ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.]]
[[Image:Pine tree forest02.jpg|thumb|250px| coniferous (ᏃᏥ) ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
[[Image:Forest on San Juan Island.jpg|thumb|250px| ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎿ [[San Juan Island|San Juan ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington]].]]
[[Image:Maple,OakForest.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Maple|ᏢᏩᎦ]] ᎠᎴ [[Oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] (broadleaf, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ) ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wisconsin]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ.]]
'''ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ [[tree|ᏡᎬ]](ᎠᎴ, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[hunting|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]). ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ &lt;ref&gt;Lund, H. Gyde (coord.) 2006. ‘Definitions ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, Deforestation, Afforestation, ᎠᎴ Reforestation'. Gainesville, VA: ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ : http://ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.comcast.ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[carbon dioxide sink|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ]], gantlai [[habitat (ecology)|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], [[hydrologic cycle|hydrologic ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ]] [[modulator]], ᎠᎴ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]] conservers, ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[biosphere]].

ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[tree-line|ᏡᎬ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ activities.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ [[angiosperms]] ('''broadleaf ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ''') ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ [[gymnosperms]] ('''conifer''' ᎠᎴ '''needleleaf ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ'''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ-ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ aspen ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ).  ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (e.g., taiga ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ montane coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ).  ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ [[biomass]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.  ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᎯ biomass ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ [[detritus|ᎢᎦᏛ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ [[lignin]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ [[decompose|ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cellulose]] ᎠᎴ carbohydrate.

ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ differentiated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[woodland]]ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ [[canopy (forest)|ᎠᏰᎵ]] coverage: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ interlock, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.  woodland ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ spaced ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ sunlight ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[savanna|ᏂᎬᏅ]]).

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ forested biomes ᎠᎴ:

* [[rain forest|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] (ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ)
* [[taiga]]
* [[temperate hardwood forest|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ hardwood ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
* [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]

==ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ specificity.  ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ''biome'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ [[evergreen|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]] ᎠᎴ [[deciduous|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]). ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ broadleaf ᏕᏡᎬ, [[conifer]]ous (ᏴᎩ-leaved) ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.

* [[Boreal forest|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[subarctic]] ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ coniferous.
*[[Temperate|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ broadleaf ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ (''e.g.'', [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ (''e.g.'', [[Temperate coniferous forests|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[Temperate rainforest|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ rainforest]]). ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ broadleaf ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[laurel forest|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]].

* [[Tropical|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᎴ [[subtropical]] ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[tropical rainforest|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ rainforest]], [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[tropical and subtropical coniferous forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]].

* [[Physiognomy|ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ]] classifies ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ overall ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ developmental ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (e.g. [[old growth|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ]] vs. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ).

* ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[forest types|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ]] (e.g., ponderosa ᏃᏥ/Douglas-ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ).

==ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[forest ecology|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[forestry]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ [[sustainable resource extraction|sustainable resource ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]].  ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ecologists ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ processes, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ elucidating ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ.  Foresters ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ [[silviculture]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏡᎬ [[regeneration|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ processes.

ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[logging]], [[forest fire|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ]], [[acid rain|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]], [[herbivores]], ᎠᎴ [[diseases|ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ forestry ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (6,000 km²) ᎯᎠ nation’s 750 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (3,000,000 km²) forestland ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ [[urban sprawl|ᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏫᎵ  ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ 20 25 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (80,000 100,000 km²) ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060112035906.htm 2006-01-13, Sciencedaily: Deep-rooted Plants Have Much Greater Impact On Climate Than Experts Thought] Citat: &quot;...ᎯᎠ [[tap root|ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]]ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[Rain|rainwater]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ redistribute ᎠᎹ...ᎧᏁᏉᎠ [[photosynthesis]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎹ...ᎾᎥᎢ 40% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[dry season|ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]]...ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ digakohidi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10% ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ [[Precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 13 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (43 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᏋ tapped ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ...ᏡᎬ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ [[percolate|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]]...&quot;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
;ᏂᎦᎥ
*[[Biosphere]]
*[[Ecological succession|Ecological ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ]]
*[[Forest Schools|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
*[[Jungle (terrain)|ᏓᎧᏁᎲ (terrain)]]
*[[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]
*[[Plantation|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Primeval forest|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Rainforest]]
*[[Royal forest|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ broadleaf ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Temperate coniferous forests|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Tree|ᏡᎬ]]
*[[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical ᎦᏚᎵᏓ broadleaf ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[vegetation|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]

;Activities ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ
*[[Controlled burn|Controlled ᎦᎴᏴᏒ]]
*[[Deforestation]]
*[[Fir wave|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]]
*[[Logging]] ᎠᎴ [[illegal logging|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ logging]]
*[[Reforestation]]
*[[Shifting cultivation|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
*[[Sustainable forest management|Sustainable ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]

;ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ
*[[Forests of Sweden|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ  Sweden]]
*[[Forests in the United Kingdom|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]
*[[U.S. National Forest|Ꭴ.. ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]

;ᏠᎨᏏ
*[[List of forests|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[Trees of Canada|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]
*[[List of U.S. state forests|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Ꭴ.. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]

{{Commons|Forest}}

[[Category:Forestry]]
[[Category:Landforms]]

[[ar:غابة]]
[[ast:Viesca]]
[[bg:Гора]]
[[ca:Bosc]]
[[cs:Les]]
[[da:Skov]]
[[de:Wald]]
[[es:Bosque]]
[[eo:Arbaro]]
[[fr:Forêt]]
[[io:Foresto]]
[[id:Hutan]]
[[is:Skógur]]
[[it:Foresta]]
[[he:יער]]
[[ka:ტყე]]
[[la:Silva]]
[[lv:Mežs]]
[[nah:Cuauhtla]]
[[nl:Bos]]
[[ja:森林]]
[[no:Skog]]
[[nn:Skog]]
[[ug:ئورمانلىق]]
[[pl:Las (biologia)]]
[[pt:Floresta]]
[[ru:Лес]]
[[simple:Forest]]
[[sk:Les]]
[[sl:Gozd]]
[[sr:Шума]]
[[su:leuweung]]
[[sv:Skog]]
[[zh:森林]]
[[chr:ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:71.199.40.68</title>
    <id>2566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8687</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-07T16:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Gratitude==

:'''Thankyou so much Jmerkey''' for the excellent-quality translation effort!
:I am very very grateful. 

:''May God bless you'' and may Cherokee Wikipedia prosper!
:(If you ever need any articles to be translated to the Chinese or Taiwanese language, then I would gladly help you).

Thanks.  Jeff

Best Wishes --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:27, 7 August 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jose77</title>
    <id>2567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8667</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-06T00:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jose77</username>
        <id>129</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;usermessage&quot;&gt;[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;Please leave your messages [http://chr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Here]&lt;/div&gt;

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jose77 View my English Site]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bkell</title>
    <id>2568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8689</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-07T19:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-4|en|es-3|cs-2|chr-0}}
'''[[:en:User:Bkell]]'''


[[af:Gebruiker:Bkell]]
[[ang:User:Bkell]]
[[ar:مستخدم:Bkell]]
[[bg:Потребител:Bkell]]
[[bs:Korisnik:Bkell]]
[[ca:Usuari:Bkell]]
[[cs:Wikipedista:Bkell]]
[[cy:Defnyddiwr:Bkell]]
[[da:Bruger:Bkell]]
[[de:Benutzer:Bkell]]
[[el:Χρήστης:Bkell]]
[[en:User:Bkell]]
[[eo:Vikipediisto:Bkell]]
[[es:Usuario:Bkell]]
[[et:Kasutaja:Bkell]]
[[eu:Lankide:Bkell]]
[[fa:کاربر:Bkell]]
[[fi:Käyttäjä:Bkell]]
[[fr:Utilisateur:Bkell]]
[[gl:User:Bkell]]
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[[hr:Suradnik:Bkell]]
[[hu:User:Bkell]]
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[[io:User:Bkell]]
[[is:Notandi:Bkell]]
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[[ja:利用者:Bkell]]
[[jbo:User:Bkell]]
[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Bkell]]
[[ko:사용자:Bkell]]
[[la:Usor:Bkell]]
[[lb:User:Bkell]]
[[lt:Naudotojas:Bkell]]
[[mk:Корисник:Bkell]]
[[ms:Pengguna:Bkell]]
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[[nn:Brukar:Bkell]]
[[no:Bruker:Bkell]]
[[pl:Wikipedysta:Bkell]]
[[pt:Usuário:Bkell]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Bkell]]
[[ru:Участник:Bkell]]
[[sco:User:Bkell]]
[[simple:User:Bkell]]
[[sk:Redaktor:Bkell]]
[[sl:Uporabnik:Bkell]]
[[sq:Përdoruesi:Bkell]]
[[sr:Корисник:Bkell]]
[[sv:Användare:Bkell]]
[[th:ผู้ใช้:Bkell]]
[[tr:Kullanıcı:Bkell]]
[[uk:Користувач:Bkell]]
[[vi:Thành viên:Bkell]]
[[zh:User:Bkell]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎦᎷᎾᏗ</title>
    <id>2569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8672</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-06T17:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:SI-Sky.JPG|thumb|250px|right| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ.]]
[[Image:Turbulent skies.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ skies]]
[[Image:Stormy skies.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ skies]]
[[Image:Trees-sky.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎢᎦ iyuwakodi ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ]]
[[Image:Sunset02.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ  ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎦᎷᎾᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ) Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[outer space|outer ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]] ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ [[earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ [[planet|ᎡᎶᎯ]]; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Skies of other planets|Skies  ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]]). [[Bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]], [[fixed-wing aircraft|ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[kite flying|ᎠᎳᏫᏅᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ tvga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ [[scattering|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]] sunlight. [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/BlueSky/blue_sky.html]ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ &quot;ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ&quot; ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ denser [[gas|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]]eous ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[celestial body's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ scattered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[diffuse sky radiation|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]]. ᎾᎿ ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ — ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[zenith|ᎦᏚᎢ]], ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ [[night|ᏒᏃᏱ]]. 

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[night sky|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]] (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ) ᎯᎠ [[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]], ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ [[star|ᏃᏈᏏ]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ phenomena ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]], [[rainbow|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[Polar Aurora|aurorae]]. [[Lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[storm|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏴᏫ activities, [[smog]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[light pollution|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ]]).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[astronomy|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[celestial sphere|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ [[sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]], ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ travelling. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[constellation|ᎡᎶᎯ]].

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[skies of other planets|skies  ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ skies ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi.

==ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ==  
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ascribed ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[religious|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ]] ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎪᎱᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[heaven|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[deity|deities]]. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ Chinese, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ''ᎦᎷᎾᏗ'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ''ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ''. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏁᎩ &quot;ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ: ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᏴ?&quot; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ technique, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, ''ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ'' ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.

=== [[Deities of the sky|Deities  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]] ===

* [[Uranus (mythology)|Ouranos/Uranus]], [[Zeus|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ/ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ([[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ]]/[[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Shu (Egyptian deity)|Shu]], [[Nut (goddess)|ᏐᎯ]], [[Horus]] ([[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Indra]] ([[Hindu scripture|Hindu ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ]])
* [[Cabaguil]] ([[Maya mythology|Maya ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Torngasoak]] ([[Inuit mythology|Inuit ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Anu]] ([[Sumerian mythology|Sumerian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] ([[Ashanti mythology|Ashanti ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Denka]] ([[Dinka mythology|Dinka ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Altjira]], [[Baiame]] ([[Aboriginal mythology|ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Sin (Haida)|ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]] ([[Haida mythology|Haida ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Shanga]] ([[Yoruba mythology|Yoruba ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Gamab]] ([[Khoikhoi mythology|Khoikhoi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
* [[Ukko]] ([[Finnish mythology|Finnish ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])
''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ'': [[:Category:Sky and weather deities]]

== ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ==

* ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ  ᎤᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.
* ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᏂᎯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ.
* ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᏴᏫ ᎯᏁᎩ &quot;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ&quot; ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
* ᏌᎪᏂᎨ skies ᎠᎴ evoked ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ itsuwakodi, ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ nvwato hiyadv.
* ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ-ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ.
* ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ stripping ᎠᎴ [[streaking|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]].
* ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎯᏁᎩ, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ!&quot;
* &quot;ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ&quot; ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ restricted ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ (ᎤᏠᏱ [[brainstorming]]); ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, optimistic ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ implementation ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
* &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ [[The Sky Is Falling|ᏥᏔᎦ ᎤᏍᏗ]]
{{Commons|Sky|Sky}}

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==

* [[Diffuse sky radiation|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]] — ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ.
*[[Skygazing]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.rayching.co.nz/sky.htm Day Sky Images]
*[http://www.astronomy.net.nz/ Night Sky Images]
*[http://omarchowdhury.com/2006/06/19/why-is-the-sky-blue/ Why is the sky blue?]

[[Category:Meteorology]]
[[Category:Astronomy]]

[[bg:Небе]]
[[da:Himmel]]
[[de:Himmel (planetär)]]
[[el:Ουρανός]]
[[eo:Ĉielo]]
[[es:Cielo]]
[[fi:Taivas]]
[[fr:Ciel]]
[[gl:Ceo]]
[[got:�df37�df39�df3c�df39�df3d�df43]]
[[he:שמים]]
[[hi:आसमान]]
[[ja:天]]
[[ko:하늘]]
[[nl:Hemelgewelf]]
[[pl:Sklepienie niebieskie]]
[[pt:Céu]]
[[simple:Sky]]
[[zh-yue:天]]
[[chr:ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]]
__NOEDITSECTION__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jose77</title>
    <id>2570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8680</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-06T20:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.40.68</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Cherokee Translation ==

=== Translation Request===
'''Greetings!'''

Can you please kindly help me translate [http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%AF this article] into the Cherokee language?  


Your help would be very gratefully appreciated, Thankyou very much!

(Aaron Walden told me that the Cherokee name for the church would be &quot; ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ&quot;. What is your opinion?)

Regards --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]], 01:23, 6 August 2006 (UTC)


Well, here's what Aaron gave you:

'''digalawisdi tsisaya'''

&quot;saya&quot; (and sayani) are corrupted words for &quot;zion&quot; (which is a phonetic equivalent of the word, not the meaning of &quot;land of god&quot; - unelanvhiyi, however the way its worded is not what he was saying I do not believe.

'''tsitsaya''' means &quot;I am getting married&quot;  (tsi is first person &quot;talking about myself&quot; is is used the same as &quot;I&quot; in english).

One other possibily has to do with corruption of the syllabary in Oklahoma by converrting &quot;ts&quot; sounds into &quot;j&quot; sounds.   The word for Jesus is &quot;ji-sa&quot; (in syllabary tsi-sa).  So &quot;tsisaya&quot; can also mean - The place of Jesus covering all the people, since &quot;ya&quot; at the end of a word also means &quot;of broad concern or broad area or broad coverage&quot;

&quot;galawi&quot; is the root noun for the word &quot;digalawisdi&quot; and it means &quot;proxy&quot; or &quot;representative&quot;.  adding &quot;di&quot; makes it plural and -s-di means its a permaent place or condition (or position, like a minister).

So the way he gave you the word is:

&quot;digalawisdi tsisaya&quot; - place of meeting of the proxies (representatives of Christ) where I am going to get married or &quot;place of meeting of the proxies of Jesus Christ (broad meaning)&quot;.  -- basically &quot;Church of Christ&quot; -- a particular denomination.

There are a lot of strange Otali word usage dialects in Oklahoma, so I am not ruling out that Aaron may have gotten it from one of the Vian communities, however, here are the accepted words for Church in various Cherokee dialects:

'''Otali (Oklahoma):'''

church:digalawisdi

churches:tsunilawisdi

'''Giduwa (North Carolina)'''

church:danilawiga

church:digalawiisdi

church:tsunilawisdi

Note use of the prefix &quot;tsu&quot;, which is first person for a word about human beings.  Most words in our language append &quot;u&quot; or &quot;tsu&quot; (plural/singular) to words about people.  Places and non-human objects use &quot;di&quot;.

Here is the translation:

ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏌ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 
Beijing, ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1917. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 
ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏥᏌ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ Chinese ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1949. 

ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ:

#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ''' - ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ &quot;ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. 
#'''ᏓᎪᏍᎬ''' - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᏗᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎹ. 
#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ''' - ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ.
#'''ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ''' - ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ. 
#'''ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ''' 
#'''ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ''' - ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
#'''ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ''' 
#'''ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. 
#'''ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ''' 
#'''ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ''' - &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ&quot;.


[[User:Jmerkey]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bkell</title>
    <id>2571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8690</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-07T19:52:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I cannot edit on the English Wikipedia, so here is the translation for thre CHR-0 template:


ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏱᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ

&quot;digaleyvdisgi vtla yigolisdi tsalagi&quot;


'''digaleyvdisgi''' - this user (user of computer)

'''vtla yigolisdi''' - does not understand (not specifically understand)
 
'''tsalagi''' - cherokee 

Jeff</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ</title>
    <id>2572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9415</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T09:40:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[tr:Barış]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ — [[Lake Mapourika|ᎥᏓᎵ Mapourika]], [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]].]]
&lt;!--:''For the rose of this name see [[Peace (rose)]]''--&gt;
'''ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ''ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ.'' ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ [[stress|ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[anxiety|ᎣᏪᎵᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ [[hostility | ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ nvwato hiyadv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ hippies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1960'. ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ nvwato hiyadv, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ expresses ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ unto ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ:  &quot;nvwato hiyadv:  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ restfulness, nvwatohiyadv, ᎤᏘᏴᎯ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, timelessness, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, tohi adedi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ, demolishes, banishes, ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.&quot;  (ᎾᎥᎢ Sevi Regis)

nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ [[warfare|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ armies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[sleep|ᎦᎸᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[meditation|ᏁᎵᏒ]]. nvwato hiyadv ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[emotion|ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, nvwato hiyadv ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
[[Image:Peace symbol.svg|right|100px|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament|togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Nuclear Disarmament]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ  ᏗᏙᎳᎩ  ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ [[peace symbol|nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]].]]

ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ &quot;nvwato hiyadv&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ upbringing. ᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. 

== nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ ==

[[Image:Peace dove.png|thumb|nvwato hiyadv ᏬᏯ.  ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv, featuring  [[olive branch|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ.]]ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ayatoli ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]].  (ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Rome | ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ nvwato hiyadv, ''ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''Absentia Belli'', ᎯᎠ ''ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ''.)

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ longstanding nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏰᎵ [[nations|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᏆ successes ᎯᎠ [[United Nations|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]].  nvwato hiyadv ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1945 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ 26 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏄᏩ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ prehistory ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ nvwato hiyadv Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ:

* [[Sweden]] (1814–present).  Sweden ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ [[nation state|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ nvwato hiyadv.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮝ [[1814]] ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ [[Norway]], ᎯᎠ Swedish ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ.
* [[Switzerland]] (1848–present).  ᎠᏍᏓᏯ stance ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ [[Switzerland]] ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ nvwato hiyadv.
* [[Costa Rica]] (1949–present).  ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ 44-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1944, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1949, Costa Rica abolished Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ, &quot;Switzerland ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.&quot;
* [[Pennsylvania]] (1682–1754).  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ Pennsylvania ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ 72 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ nvwato hiyadv, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Ꮭ ᏓᏄᏩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ [[William Penn]] (1644–1718), ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Religious Society of Friends|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ  ᏧᎾᎵᎢ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ tohi adedi, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᏓᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ  [[Native Americans in the United States | ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[utopia|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]], marred ᎬᏙᏗ [[slavery|ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], [[indentureship]] ᎠᎴ [[class conflict|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, William Penn ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ dealt ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Native Americans in the United States | ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Walking Purchase|ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ]] 1737.  ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ,  ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ugatohvsv [[Pennsylvania]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
* [[Amish]] (1693–present).  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Anabaptists]] ᎠᎴ [[Mennonites]] ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ Swiss/ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ Amish ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᎯ lifestyle Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ [[nonresistance|ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ wartime, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[conscientious objector|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᎶᏍᎩ objector]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 150,000 Amish ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎬᏗᏱ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 47 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Canada]] ᎠᎴ [[Belize]].

== nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ selfless ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ==

ᏌᏊ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Love|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ (atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ).  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ''ᎠᏎ'' ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ realization ᎪᎯ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Other|ᏐᎢ]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[Emmanuel Levinas|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Levinas]]) ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.  ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.

nvwato hiyadv, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.  ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏙᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Simone Weil]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏪᎵ, [[Gravity and Grace|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]].

== nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ; ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ==

ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ [[genocide]], [[terrorism|ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[violence|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]].  ᎦᏲᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ Congolese genocide ᎯᎠ 1890s ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ nvwato hiyadv, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Léopold II of Belgium | ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Léopold  ᎯᎠ Belgians]].  ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ &quot;nvwato hiyadv&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[evil|ᎤᏐᏅᎢ]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ societal ᏝᏊ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ.  ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, nvwato hiyadv ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Mahatma Gandhi|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Gandhi]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ oppressed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ nvwato hiyadv ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.

== ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nvwato hiyadv ==

ᎢᎦᏛ &quot;nvwato hiyadv lyudetiyvda&quot; ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ nvwato hiyadv; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nvwato hiyadv.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ nvwato hiyadv ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ; nvwato hiyadv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[African Great Lakes | ᎡᏆ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ  Africa]], ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ''kindoki'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ &quot;ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ &quot;ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ&quot; ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ lyudetiyvda ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ nvwato hiyadv ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ &quot;ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦ.&quot;   ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ Ꮎ nvwato hiyadv ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ static ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.

== nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, nvwato hiyadv ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[quiet|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[tranquility|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] — ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ, ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ countryside; ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ&quot;. ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ''ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ'' tonudvhna, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ warily ᎠᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.

== ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv ==

ᏌᏊ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[inner peace|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv]]; ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎣᎬᏌ.  ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ugatohvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ iyuwakodi, ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ugatohvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ. Elizabeth Harley ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ peacechain ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv.

== Environmental nvwato hiyadv ==

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, [[environmentalists]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ nvwato hiyadv, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ arguably ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot;.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ environmentalists ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.

== ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ? ==

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, [[violence|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ [[Jainism]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᎴ [[Pacifism|pacifists]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Christian anarchism|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-perpetuating.  ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ stances, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[Just War theory|ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]].

=== ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ===

ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎯᎠ [[Great War|ᎡᏆ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ.&quot;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ &quot;nvwato hiyadv&quot; [[Treaty of Versailles|ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ  Versailles]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ bloodier [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]].  ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Bolsheviks|ᏄᎾᏁᎸᎾ]] atuyastanv ᎯᎠ Russian ᏴᏫ &quot;nvwato hiyadv, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚ.&quot;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[Vladimir Lenin]] ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Central Powers|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎯᎠ ensuing ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ nvwato hiyadv.

Proponents ᎯᎠ [[democratic peace theory|democratic nvwato hiyadv ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ Ꮎ [[democracies]] ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. kanquotsegi ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ democratic ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[industrial revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ [[world peace|ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ democracies, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ global [[trade|ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]] ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ [[Mutually Assured Destruction|ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ atuyastanv ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]].  ᏄᏓᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ fascist ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ clashes, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ &quot;ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ&quot; ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

== ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ==

'''ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ''' ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ entrenched ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[leadership]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ nvwato hiyadv.

=== Nobel nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ===

''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]]''

ᎯᎠ '''Nobel nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏌᏍᏛ''' ᎨᏒᎢ awarded ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Visionary | visionaries]] ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ leadership, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ [[warmongers]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ [[terrorists|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ nvwato hiyadv.

ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ [[Nobel Peace Prize#Laureates | Nobel nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏐᏁᎳ]].

* [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1900s | 1906 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.|Rev. ᏡᏡ Luther ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, Jr.]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1960s | 1964 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Henry Kissinger]] ᎠᎴ [[Le Duc Tho]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1970s | ᎤᏫᏢ 1973 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat|Mohamed Anwar ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Sadat]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1970s | 1978 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Mother Teresa|ᎤᏂᏥ Teresa]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1970s | 1979 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Oscar Arias Sánchez|Oscar ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Sánchez]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1980s | 1987 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1990s | 1991 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Nelson Mandela]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|Frederik Willem ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Klerk]] (ᎤᏫᏢ [[Nobel Peace Prize#1990s | 1993 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Shimon Peres]] ᎠᎴ [[Yitzhak Rabin]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#1990s | 1994 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[John Hume|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Hume]] ᎠᎴ [[David Trimble]] (ᎤᏫᏢ [[Nobel Peace Prize#1990s | 1998 ᏐᏁᎳ]]);
* [[Wangari Maathai]] ([[Nobel Peace Prize#2000s | 2004 ᏐᏁᎳ]]).

=== ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ===

''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Community of Christ International Peace Award|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ  ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]''

ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ peacemaking ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

== ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ==
{{wikiquote}}

* ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.|Rev. ᏡᏡ Luther ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, Jr.]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Letter from Birmingham Jail|ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Birmingham ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ]]'':
:: &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ [[justice|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]].&quot;

* ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Henry Timrod]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ'', ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ [[poem|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ansigaya ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Confederate States of America | ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]] [[Army|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]]. ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[prayer|ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv:

:: &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ agatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ cries ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv.&quot;

* ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Lajos Kossuth]], Hungarian ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᎴ democratic activist, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Plymouth ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brooklyn, ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 18, [[1851]]:

:: &quot;ᎠᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ 'ansigaya nvwato hiyadv' ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ nvwato hiyadv? ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏛᏗ nvwato hiyadv? -- Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏛᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lombardy ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 'ᏙᎯ' ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ 3,742 ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ Austria ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ nvwato hiyadv? ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ nvwato hiyadv? ᎠᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv. Ꮭ: ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ nvwatohiyadv ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, nvwato hiyadv -- ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ nvwato hiyadv, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nvwato hiyadv: ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ.&quot;

* ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://peaceforge.digitalunleashed.com/moin.cgi/PeaceQuotes]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==

''nvwato hiyadv''

* [[Libertarianism]]: ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎱᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[non-aggression principle | ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
* [[Peace camp|nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]]: ᎤᏙᏢᏒ nonviolent ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
* [[Peace churches|nvwato hiyadv ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ]]: ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pacifist ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.
* [[Peace movement|nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]]: ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ Ꮎ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎵᎶᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ), ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ-ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ achieving ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv.
* [[Mildred Lisette Norman|nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]: [[pacifist]] ᎠᎴ [[peace activist|nvwato hiyadv activist]]
* [[Peace process|nvwato hiyadv ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]]: ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.
* [[Peace symbol|nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]: ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ nvwato hiyadv.
* [[Peace treaty|nvwato hiyadv ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]]: ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ (nvwato hiyadv ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ) ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.
* [[United States Department of Peace|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  nvwato hiyadv]]: ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
* [[World peace|ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv]]: ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ tohi adedi, nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ.

''ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ''
* [[Ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
* [[Christian anarchism|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ]]: ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ embodied ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᏥᏌ.
* [[Democratic peace theory|Democratic nvwato hiyadv ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]: ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ atogiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ Ꮎ democracies — ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ democracies — ᎥᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ.
* [[Inner peace|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv]] (ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv ᎣᏓᏅᏛ): ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ Ꮎ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ.
* [[Nonviolence]]: ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ proponents ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.
* [[Pacifism]]: ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ.
* [[Peace and Conflict Studies|nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]: interdisciplinary ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Polemology ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ strategies ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ academies.
* [[Satyagraha]]: ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Mahatma Gandhi|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Gandhi]].
* [[Utopia|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]: ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
* [[Article 9|ᎤᏓᏡᎬ 9]]: &quot;Ꮭ ᏓᏄᏩ&quot; ᏌᏇ ᏄᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.

''ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ''

* [[Japanese Peace Bell|Japanese nvwato hiyadv ᎤᎭᎸᏂ]]: ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ (&quot;ᏴᏫ Nippon&quot;) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ [[June 8|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 8]] [[1954]].
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]]: ᏌᏊ ᎯᏍᎩ Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏪᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Swedish industrialist ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Alfred Nobel.
* [[Children's Peace Pavilion|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ nvwato hiyadv ᎦᏁᎸ]]: ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ nvwato hiyadv ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ, Missouri.

''ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ''
* [http://www.un.org/peace/ United Nations (offical site,peace)]
* [[Amnesty International|ᎬᏩᎨᏫᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]
* [[Pax Christi|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ Christi]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ: ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1945 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 60,000 ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 30 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ &amp; 5 ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ demilitarisation ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.
* [[American Friends Service Committee|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ]]: ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ (ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ) ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
* [[UN peacekeeping | Peacekeeping]]: ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ deployed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sustainable nvwato hiyadv.
* [[Peaceworkers UK]]: ᎩᎵᏏ NGO ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ peaceworkers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nonviolent, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ techniques ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ

''Universities''

* [[University for Peace|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv]]: ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1980 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[United Nations|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] “to ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ promoting ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ proclaimed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ.”

''ᏐᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ''

* ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;nvwato hiyadv&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;gayness&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ homosexual.
* nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ.
* nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏗᏓᏲᎵᎲ ᏛᎦᎴᏂᏍᎬ.&quot;

''ᏠᎨᏏ''

* [[List of places named after peace|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ nvwato hiyadv]]
* [[Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs|ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏄᎾᏛᏅ Israelis ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ Israelis ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Palestinians.

''ᏐᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ''

*[[Shalom]]
*[[Salaam|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]]

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==

* [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html Letter from Birmingham Jail] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.|Rev. ᏡᏡ Luther ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, Jr.]].
* &quot;Pennsylvania, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ,&quot; esp. pg. 109, edited ᎾᎥᎢ Randall M. ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ William Pencak, ᎯᎠ Pennsylvania ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2002.
* [http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/index.html Peaceful Societies, Alternatives to Violence and War] ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎾᎿ 25 ᏙᎯ societies.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.peace.ca Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace]
* [http://www.thepeacealliance.org The Peace Alliance Campaign for a US Department of Peace]
* [http://www.peoplesinitiativefordepartmentsofpeace.org International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace]
* [http://www.usip.org/index.html United States Institute of Peace Website]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/peace-prayer/ Peace-Prayer] - ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv
* [http://www.paxchristi.net Pax Christi International] - ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
* [http://www.peaceworkers.org.uk Peaceworkers UK] - UK NGO ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ Peaceworkers
* [http://www.betterworldlinks.org Biggest Link List on Peace] - ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ
* [http://OnlyOneWorld.net OnlyOneWorld.NET] - ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎪᏢᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ.
* [http://www.actfortheearth.org ACT for the Earth]
* [http://www.PeaceForge.org Peace Forge] -Wiki wiki ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ
* [http://www.npf.or.jp/npf/index_e.html Official homepage of the Niwano Peace Foundation]
* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]
* [http://www.upeace.org United Nations mandated University for Peace]
* [http://www.geocities.com/bawad1 (See Peace) Resource Center for Peace]
* [http://www.peaceinaction.net Peace in Action]- ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ collaborate ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ
* [http://www.nonviolence.org Nonviolence.org]
* [http://www.peace-action.org Peace Action] (Ꭴ.. ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ)
* [http://www.activistmagazine.com The ACTivist Magazine]
* [http://www.studentsforpeace.org Students for Peace]
* [http://www.promotingpeace.org/ Foundation for P.E.A.C.E.]
* [http://www.boisepeacequilt.org/ Boise Peace Quilt Project]
* [http://www.ajmuste.org/ A.J. Muste Memorial Institute] - .J. Muste: ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ
* [http://www.10000kites.org/ 10,000 Kites] - nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏎᎸᎯ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ Israelis ᎠᎴ Palestinians.
* [http://www.seedsofpeace.org/ Seeds of Peace International Youth Organization]
* [http://www.cryforpeace.org/ Cry For Peace] - Promotiong nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ
* [http://www.ecologyfund.com/ Save The Rainforest For Free]
* [http://www.tirol.gv.at/peacestudies/ University of Innsbruck: MA Program in Peace, Development, Security and International Conflict Transformation]
* [http://www.peaceworkers.org.uk Peaceworkers.UK]- UK organisation ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Peaceworkers
* [http://www.fssca.net/peace/ Mesoamerican Peace Project]
* [http://home.snafu.de/mkgandhi/manifest.htm Manifesto against conscription and the military system], ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ
* [http://www.themanifesto.info/manifesto.htm Manifesto against conscription and the military system], ᎬᏙᏗ online ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ
* [http://www.irfanokulu.net/ahmeteng.html  an invitation to peace] 
* [http://fcms.emu.edu.tr/tony/ Tony Angastiniotis ''Cyprus''] nvwato hiyadv activism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cyprus
*[http://www.socraticmethodsociety.com Socratic Method Society] - ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ&quot; ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ interpersonal ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ
*[http://www.peacetents-clarahalter.jerusalem.muni.il The Peace Tents Project] - nvwato hiyadv ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᏝᏆ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ (15/25 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2005)
* [http://www.cultureofpeace.ca Canadian Culture of Peace Program] 
* [http://www.payvand.com/news/06/may/1156.html Music for Peace by a Persian (Iranian) Composer]

[[Category:Core issues in ethics]]
[[Category:International relations]]
[[Category:Nonviolence]]
[[Category:Pacifism]]
[[Category:Peace]]
[[Category:Personal life]]
[[Category:Virtues]]

[[als:Frieden]]
[[ca:Pau]]
[[cs:Mír]]
[[da:Fred]]
[[de:Frieden]]
[[en:Peace]]
[[eo:Paco]]
[[es:Paz]]
[[et:Rahu]]
[[fi:Rauha]]
[[fr:Paix]]
[[gl:Paz]]
[[he:שלום]]
[[hr:Mir]]
[[hu:Béke]]
[[id:Damai]]
[[it:Pace]]
[[ja:平和]]
[[ka:მშვიდობა]]
[[la:Pax]]
[[lt:Taika]]
[[nl:Vrede]]
[[nn:Fred]]
[[no:Fred]]
[[pdc:Fridde]]
[[pl:Pokój (polityka)]]
[[pt:Paz]]
[[ru:Мир (отсутствие войны)]]
[[sh:Mir]]
[[simple:Peace]]
[[sk:Mier]]
[[sr:Мир]]
[[sv:Fred]]
[[tr:Barış]]
[[wa:Påye]]
[[yi:פרידן]]
[[zh:和平]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Hégésippe Cormier</title>
    <id>2573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8696</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-08T07:21:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hégésippe Cormier</username>
        <id>54</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fr:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[:w:fr:Utilisateur:Hégésippe Cormier]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Hégésippe Cormier</title>
    <id>2574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8697</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-08T07:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hégésippe Cormier</username>
        <id>54</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fr:</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[:w:fr:Utilisateur:Hégésippe Cormier]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎦᏚᎲᎢ</title>
    <id>2575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8698</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-08T17:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Night_view_of_Taipei_City.jpg|right|thumb|350px|ᏒᏃᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  [[Taipei City|Taipei ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]].]]
[[Image:Cairo3.jpg|right|thumb|350px|ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ  [[Cairo]].]]
[[Image:Chicago Downtown Aerial View.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[Chicago]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.]]

'''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[urban area|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]] Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ  differentiated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[town|ᎦᏚᎲ]], [[village|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]], ᎠᎴ [[hamlet (place)|ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[size|ᏂᎬᎢ]], [[population density|ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]], ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ [[de jure|ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ [[core|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ [[suburb|ᎦᏁᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[rural|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]] ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ designated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;[[Central business district|downtown]]&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;[[city centre|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ centre]]&quot;.

ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[residential]], [[industry|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[business|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] [[area|ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ [[administration#Administrative functions|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ wider [[geography|geographical]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[housing|ᎦᏁᎸ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ [[infrastructure]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[road|ᏅᏃᎯ]], [[street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[public transport|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rapid transit|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏁᏙᎯ]] iyahdvnelidasdi. [[Lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]]ᎠᎴ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[human geography|ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]]. 

&quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎣᎵᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ.&quot; (ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Israeli ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 2000 [[Venice Biennale of architecture|ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ Biennale  ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]])

==ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ==
[[Image:Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg||thumb|225px|Map of [[Haarlem]], the [[Netherlands]], of around 1550. The city is completely surrounded by a city wall and defensive canal. The square shape is inspired by Jerusalem.]]

ᎯᎠ geographies ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳ [[physical geography|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[coast|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[harbour]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᏓᏁᏗ [[economics|ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ. [[Ship transport|ᎠᎹ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎿ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[oceans|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ) ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[road transport|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Europe]]ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ jumbled ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ unplanned ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ perceived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ [[tourist|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, [[planned city|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[automobile|ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ [[boulevards|ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]] impractical ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎭᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[grid plan|grid]], favoured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]. [[Derry]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ [[planned city|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1613, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ 5 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1618. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ walled ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ defence. ᎯᎠ grid ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ copied ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ colonies ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ grid ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ colonies yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ grid. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Priene]]. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ France ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Dutch ᎠᎴ Flemish ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.

ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ radial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎬᏙᏗ concentric ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[town wall|ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏐᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[citadel|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]- ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ structured Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ concentric ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ + ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏐᏴ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Amsterdam]] ᎠᎴ [[Haarlem]] ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ==

ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ [[Ancient history|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ]] ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ specialized ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centralized. Societies Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[civilization|ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]].

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mesopotamia]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ur]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Nile]], ᎯᎠ [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Jericho]], [[Çatalhöyük]] ᎠᎴ [[Mehrgarh]]. [[Harappa]] ᎠᎴ [[Mohenjo-daro]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]]) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80,000.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[empire|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[capital|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ centres ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] ᎠᎴ [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Tigris]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient Greece|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece]], [[Carthage]], [[Changan]] (ᎾᏊ [[Xi'an|Xi']]) (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]), [[ancient Rome|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome]], Ꮝ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ [[Constantinople]] (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Istanbul]]), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ [[China|Chinese]], [[Islam]]ic, ᎠᎴ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]n ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BCE, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[Industrial Revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]. [[Alexandria]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Rome ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 32 CE, Alexandria ᎠᏰᎲ 180,000 ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ centres emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ [[Baghdad]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Rome.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ European [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: ''&quot;Stadtluft macht frei&quot;'' (&quot;ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ&quot;) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Continental Europe|ᎦᏙᎯ Europe]] ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ weren't ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ , ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ countryside, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Holy Roman Empire|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Venice|ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ]], [[Genoa]] ᎠᎴ [[Lübeck]], ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏠᏱ phenomena existed ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ [[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏰᎵ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏅ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1500 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100,000 ᎦᏁᎳ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1700 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ, ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 300 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[city-state|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[polis|poleis]], ᎯᎠ [[Mediterranean|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[Baltic Sea|Baltic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] languished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ fuelled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ [[Peru]]. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, [[London]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] rivalled ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ [[Baghdad]], [[Beijing]], [[Istanbul]] ᎠᎴ [[Kyoto]].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[industry|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ [[urbanization]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏓᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ [[rural migration|migrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Great Depression|ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]] ᎯᎠ 1930s [[Cities in the great depression|ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ unemployment]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏙᎢ tohi adedi ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ [[Asia]], [[Africa]] ᎠᎴ [[Latin America|Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].

==Environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ==
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ creating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[microclimate]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sunlight]] ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ [[rain|rainwater]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ windier ᎠᎴ cloudier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv countryside. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ (''ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ'') ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, [[tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ]]es ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎨᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

[[Waste|ᎤᏲ]] ᎠᎴ [[sewage|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[air pollution|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ]] ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[internal combustion engine|ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ]](ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[public transport|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]]). ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ hinterlands ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ [[Ecological Footprint|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎪᏪᎸ]] (''ecological ᎪᏪᎸ'').

== ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ''ᏕᎦᏚᎲ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏕᎦᏚᎲ'' ==
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ''ᏕᎦᏚᎲ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏕᎦᏚᎲ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ [[agglomeration|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[suburb|ᎦᏁᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ [[conurbation]] (ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ) ''ᎤᏤᎵᏛ'' ᎦᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wider [[metropolitan area|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[time immemorial|iyuwakodi lyudetiyvda]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[letters patent|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] &amp;mdash; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ [[cathedral]] ᎠᎴ [[university|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]). ᎢᎦᏛ cathedral ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[St David's|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ David']] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wales]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[City status in the United Kingdom|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]].) [[Preston]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ England ᎤᏤᎵ newest ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2002 ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ.

ᎤᏠᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda [[Low Countries|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ [[City rights in the Netherlands|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ]] ([[city rights|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]) Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ didn't ᎤᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[court|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]].

===Australia ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Zealand===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]] ᎠᎴ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]], ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Perth &lt;ref name=&quot;perth&quot;&gt;[http://www.southperth.wa.gov.au City of South Perth]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ administered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ===
ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[American English|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ generalisation ᎾᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ paperwork ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᏂᎦᏛ [[settlement|ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ]]. Britons ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ''ᎦᏚᎲ'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Postal code|ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]]'', ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᎠᎴ ''[[zip code|ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ]]'', ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎬ kalil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ (ᎠᎴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Hempstead, New York|Hempstead, ᎢᏤ York]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 755,785 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Village#United States|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ municipalities. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ gayatohvsdi Ꮎ &quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ&quot; ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-opted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ developers ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ welcoming ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ 20 ᎠᎴ 30-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Westwood ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Los Angeles]].

==Global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ==
[[Image:Panorama_clip3.jpg|thumb|right|200px||ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[New York City|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ.]]
[[global city|global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ centre [[trade|ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]], [[bank|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, [[finance|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]], ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[market|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ&quot;, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ megacity, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Saskia Sassen]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ 1991 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ &quot;megacity&quot; ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. Global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Sassen, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[London]], [[New York City|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Tokyo]].
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ [[Power (sociology)|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎠᎴ capabilities ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ concentrated: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮝ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ [[Global city#GaWC Inventory of World Cities|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ hierarchically]] &lt;ref name=ranking&gt;ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Friedmann ᎠᎴ Goetz Wolff, &quot;ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ: Agenda ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ,&quot; ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ'', 6, Ꮭ. 3 (1982): 319&lt;/ref&gt;. ᏐᎢ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Los Angeles]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Milan]], [[Chicago]] ᎠᎴ [[Singapore]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ &quot;ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ&quot; ᎠᎴ [[San Francisco]], [[Sydney]], [[Toronto]] ᎠᎴ [[Zurich]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ &quot;Beta ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ&quot;.

ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Rome]], [[Istanbul]] ᎠᎴ [[Mecca]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[religion|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[history|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ]] ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.  ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1995, Kanter argued Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ.  ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ lyudetiyvda (ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ), ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi (ᏰᎵᏊ) ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ ([[city network|ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ]]).  ᎯᎠ interplay ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, Kanter argued, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ.

==ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ==
''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Inner city|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]]''

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ Ireland, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ connotation ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ [[ghetto|ᎦᏁᎸ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ connotations ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ deprived ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[gentrification]] ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ connotation ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;outer ᎦᏁᎸ&quot; ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ implies ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ richest ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ modernization ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ countryside ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[favelas]]).  

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ anti-urbanism Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Thomas Jefferson ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ.&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ businessmen ᎦᎪ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ workforce, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ... ᎤᎭ begotten ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[City Beautiful|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ perceived ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ anti-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ amenities, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[New Urbanism|ᎢᏤ Urbanism]]&quot; Ꮎ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ-ᎬᏙᏗ zoning ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲᎾ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ-ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ effectiveness [[mass transit|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎯ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[World's Most Livable Cities|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Livable ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]]
===ᏠᎨᏏ===
* [[List of cities by country|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ]]
* [[List of cities by latitude|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas by population|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ]]
* [[List of cities by population|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ]]
* [[List of city nicknames|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ]]
* [[List of fictional cities|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  fictional ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]]

===ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ===
* [[Environmental racism]] &amp; [[Pollution|ᎥᏳᎩ]]
* [[Ghetto|ᎦᏁᎸ]]
* [[Homelessness]]
* [[Urban sprawl|ᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* Toynbee, Arnold (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ), ''ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ'', ᎢᏤ York: McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, 1967. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ/geographical ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎡᎵᏉ&quot;, ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-Ecumenopolis&quot;.
* ᎤᏓᎾᏂ, T. ''ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ: ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ''. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1987.
* Modelski, G. ''ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ: –3000 2000''. Washington, DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. 

&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Commonscat|Cities}}
* [http://www.populationdata.net/palmaresvilles.html All 1M+ major urban areas]
* [http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm Largest Cities Through History]
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit&amp;int=-1&amp;b_ac=1 Most populous city of each country]
* [http://www.nlc.org/nlc_org/site/ The National League of Cities] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [http://www.innercitypress.org Inner City Press] (ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 ''Dictionary of the History of ideas'':] ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ
* [http://www.bifurcaciones.cl bifurcaciones.cl, urban cultural studies journal]

{{Subnational entity}}

[[Category:Cities| ]]
[[Category:Subnational entities]]

{{Link FA|pt}}

[[ar:مدينة]]
[[be:Горад]]
[[bg:Град]]
[[ca:Ciutat]]
[[cs:Město]]
[[cy:Dinas]]
[[da:By]]
[[pdc:Schtadt]]
[[de:Großstadt]]
[[et:Linn]]
[[el:πόλη]]
[[es:Ciudad]]
[[eo:Urbo]]
[[fa:شهر]]
[[fr:ville]]
[[gl:Cidade]]
[[hr:Grad]]
[[io:Urbo]]
[[id:Kota]]
[[it:Città]]
[[he:עיר]]
[[ka:ქალაქი]]
[[la:Urbs]]
[[nl:Stad]]
[[ja:市]]
[[ja:都市]]
[[no:By]]
[[nn:By]]
[[ug:شەھەر]]
[[pl:Miasto]]
[[pt:Cidade]]
[[ro:oraş]]
[[rmy:Foro]]
[[ru:Город]]
[[simple:city]]
[[sr:Град]]
[[fi:Kaupunki]]
[[sv:stad]]
[[tl:Lungsod]]
[[th:เมือง]]
[[vi:Thành phố]]
[[ur:شہر]]
[[zh-yue:城市]]
[[zh:市]]
[[chr:ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]]</text>
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    <title>User:Jeffrey V. Merkey</title>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-20T21:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
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      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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    <title>User talk:Jeffrey V. Merkey</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">== siyo! ==

Hi, I'm wondering why the entire featured article is ddisplayed on the main page. You might want to see the main pages of some other Wikipedias for a good idea of what should probably be there - imagine a first-time visitor to Wikipedia. What would they think, finding that the only information on the main page is an article about Christmas? Shouldn't it tell them about Wikipedia, and give them links to categories or important articles?

:yes, there needs to be an about page.  I will make an effort to make the main page conform to wikipedia.  wado.


Also, it seems that your conversion algorithm is a bit off. Many Cherokee worss are remaining unconverted, for example 


iyuwakodi.

:this word is the Otali (Oklahoma) dialect word for &quot;time&quot;.  It no longer maps to the sequoyah syllabary.  The original word was &quot;aleyesu&quot; or &quot;ayliyilisv&quot; in the ancient dialect, but this ancient word is no longer used.   Otali has drifted and many words cannot map to the syllabary any longer. [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 21:08, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

:I also note you have attempted to edit the word &quot;gantlai&quot; out of another article.  This changes the meaning of the word.  I have reverted. [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 21:36, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

:The ancient spelling for the generic term for animal is &quot;ganatlai&quot; or ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.   The syllabary construct you used is wrong.  Use this one if you want to remove the contractions. &quot;Gantlai&quot; uses a contraction with a silent (a) sound - i.e. gan(a)tlai -- the &quot;a&quot; is not spoken but it is still spelled this way. [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 21:42, 29 December 2006 (UTC)


::P.S.  But it IS spelled this way if you are in Oklahoma - &quot;gantlai&quot;. [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 21:45, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

:::I'm curious, is it customary in Cherokee texts to mix both writing systems? I was under the impression that in texts in the syllabary, all Cherokee words were written in syllabary, although obviously you have more expertise in the area than do I. 

:::No, it is not customary.  but with language drift, since the words are no longer representable in syllabary, this is how it is.  also and typically, very long sentences get created with untranslated adopted words.  Discusses can take over 21,000 forms -- which form in third person is not always agreed upon due to language drift between groups or in context.  

:::discussed:kanohelvhi
:::discussing:aninohesgv
:::discussion:kanohelvdi
:::discussions:dikanohelvdi
:::discuss:kanohedi

:::&quot;kanohedi&quot; is about the best match on this context, but still not precise.   

:::[[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 06:05, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

::::The point of translation isn't to produce an exact equivalent. It is to adapt text from one language, into another. Trying to preserve the character of the original is one thing; using English words because the potential translations don't mean _exactly_ the same thing is bordering on pedantism. Cherokee existed in some form or another for many centuries before the arrival of the English language to the continent, it makes no sense that Cherokee should now become totally reliant on the English language. Such linguistic behavior is part of the death throes of a language. Independent linguistic developments or even occasional loanwords to refer to technical concepts for which no word exists have led to dire predictions about the futures of languages but have rarely led to anything bad; on the other hand, when the Tupi in Brazil started intermixing their language with Portuguese, all traces of Tupi but a few loanwords (and of course, related languages, as well as a creole language spoken in two or three towns) completely vanished. Sure, there are many ways you could say &quot;discusses&quot; in Navajo. Translation is not an exact science. Ultimately, if I translate a text to Navajo, I choose the closest equivalent possible. That's what translation is -- conversion of a text between two different lnguistic systems. Also, Wikipedia is not the Bible. As long as the translation is _truthful_, it doesn't matter if it matches 100% the original article. When we write in Navajo, we write in Navajo. The only English words we use are for proper names usually. Sometimes we leave important repeated phrases untranslated through most of the document, although we explain their meaning at the beginning or end, such as &quot;water rights&quot; sometimes or &quot;privelaged information&quot; perhaps, because these can't be translated as just two words without losing most of the meaning. However, &quot;discusses&quot; is not one of those words we need to explain with a whole sentence. If &quot;John discusses cats with Mary&quot;, all it means is that &quot;John talks about cats with Mary&quot;. It isn't a complex concept, it's a relatively simple action.

:::::This thread is bordering on trolling at this point.  Feel free to correct word usages in Cherokee you feel are relevant.  I can tell you I plan to restructure A LOT of this content.  In the mean time, you are free to correct whatever you like.   ni-go di-s-ge-s-di.  wa-do. [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 06:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Also, I'm wondering about the relatively high volume of untranslated words -- http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%B5 for example leaves untranslated &quot;discusses&quot;, &quot;processes&quot;, &quot;boundaries&quot;, and &quot;labour&quot;, among other words. I know that in Navajo we do sometimes use English words (for words like &quot;computer&quot; or &quot;tv&quot;, they are shorter and more convenient than their Navajo equivalents), but not for such basic concepts as &quot;discusses&quot; or &quot;labor&quot;.

:::which one?   be in labor (having a baby)
:::of employment?   working in a field?   
:::this could be another sentence.   
:::[[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 06:04, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
::::Well, with language, we are required to make complex judgements of meaning based on context. With translation, we often have to do the same thing. Occasionally, there are ambiguities and we must ask for clarification and sometimes opt for one of the alternatives without clarification, but of course this is not usually the case. Language has meaning, we are not computers. When we read sentences, they mean things to us. Our goal, as translators, is to give someone the closest possible meaning when reading the text in the target language, that they would if they were to read it in the source language.

:::::Troll elsewhere or make corrections.  [[User:Jeffrey V. Merkey|Jeffrey V. Merkey]] 06:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
::::::After noting your hostility to my pointing out of the basic principles of translation, even labelling it as &quot;trolling&quot;, I became a little suspicious. What I did is not &quot;trolling&quot;, it is telling the truth. As I believe I pointed out earlier, Cherokee is not my native language, thus I do not make corrections myself, but I have much experience with other languages and it is difficult to believe Cherokee is somehow different in how things are translated (documents translated to Cherokee from other sources do not appear to use the same method). Anyhow, I searched for your name on the Internet, and apparently, you are actually a troll. --[[User:24.251.68.181|24.251.68.181]] 20:08, 24 January 2007 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏅᏃᎯ</title>
    <id>2581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8715</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-09T14:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Col de Braus-small.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ  mountainside ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ hairpin ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.]]
'''ᏅᏃᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ identifiable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ smoothed, paved, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ recognisable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[urban areas|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]] ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]], ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

==ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ==
:ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Usage of the terms railroad and railway|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]]; [[Ship transport|ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]].
[[Image:Misty road.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia, ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ  ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, &quot;ᏅᏃᎯ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ (&quot;ᏅᏃᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ [[cognate|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᎩᎸᏗ&quot;, e.g.: ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “street,” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ''strata'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[paved]] ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ &quot;ᎶᎻ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎦᎳᏅᏛ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[trail|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[Ancient trackway|ᎦᏅᏅᎢ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ &quot;ᏅᏃᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[road transport|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]] ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ [[wheel|ᎦᏆᏙᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ [[vehicle|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “road” ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ “street” ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ''[[street life|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]'').

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Image:PompeiiStreet.jpg|right|thumb|180px| [[cobblestone]] ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pompeii]].]]
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[trails|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[migration|migrating]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[10,000 BC]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ [[nomad|ᎦᏰᏙᎯ]]ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ. 

ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏰᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ yvwatuwidv [[4000 BC]]. 

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda engineered ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sweet Track|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ]] [[causeway|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[England]], ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[3800 BC]].

ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏅᏯ paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ  ᎯᎠ  ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[Great Pyramid|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 BC.

ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ paved, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[1100 BC]] ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ. ᎾᎥᎢ 20 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40,000km.  

ᎯᎠ [[Inca road system|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Andes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mayans ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ paved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mexico ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ [[cart|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ [[barge|ᏥᏳ]]. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏥᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[300 BC]], ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᏯ [[Roman road|ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Africa, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv. 

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ 'ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ' yvwatuwidv [[1706]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ  ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1,100 ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 38,000 km engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ. 

Engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ  1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 30 ᎾᎿ [[Macadam|macadamized]] ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ steepest ᏐᏈᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Pierre Marie Jérôme Trésaguet]] (1716-1796) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ [[John Loudon McAdam|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Loudon McAdam]] (1756-1836) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[industrial revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]],ᎯᎠ [[railway|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ rutting ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ [[automobile|ᎠᏦᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ wheeled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utilized ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.

==ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ==
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[military|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ) Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[public sector|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[private sector|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ]] [[General contractor|contractor]]).  ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[tax|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ]]es (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[highway|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]ᎠᎴ funded ᎾᎥᎢ [[toll road|ᎠᏞᏛ]].

==ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ==
:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Driving on the left or right|ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]].''

[[Image:DSC00076.JPG|left|thumb|150px|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ  ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.]]

ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, [[traffic sign|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, [[roundabout|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[traffic circle|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-clockwise, ᎠᎴ [[pedestrian|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏩᏥ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.

ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[mirror image|ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]].

==ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ==
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ:
*[[geometrical road design|geometrical ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
*[[structural road design|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.  

==ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ==
[[Image:Road-sibiu.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sibiu, Romania.]]

ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, overcoming geographic ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ digging ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ [[embankment|ᎦᏁᎸ]], [[bridges|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[tunnels|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ (ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[deforestation]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[heavy equipment|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[pavement (material)|alenvdidsv]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ.  ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[subgrade]], ᎨᏒᎢ [[compaction|compacted]].  ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[portland cement|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ]] ᎠᎴ [[quicklime]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ imported ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[base course|alenvdidsv ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[gravel|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ subgrade ᎠᎴ compacted.  ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland  cement concrete|portland  ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎧᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ subgrade.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ.   

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]], ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superelevation ᎠᎴ [[camber|ᏂᎯ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ [[gutter|ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ]][[drain|ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ]]nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ [[ditch|ᎨᎵᏍᎦᎸᎲ]]es. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ &quot;ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ. 

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[retroreflector]]ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Cat's eye (road)|ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli]]: retroreflectors Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. 

[[traffic sign|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[retroreflector|retroreflective]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ illuminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

==ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Canberra.London.Circuit.jpg|thumb|right|300px|London ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, [[Canberra]], [[Australia]]]]
[[Image:Indiana-rural-road.jpg|thumb|300px| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ oncoming ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.]]

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ accumulated ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[frost heave|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]], ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[1950s]], ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[AASHO Road Test|AASHO ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 4th ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[axle|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ-trailer ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 80,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 8,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ 36,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᎿᏛᎦ 7,800 itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ 2,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ alenvdidsv ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ methodologies ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ alenvdidsv ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ utugi uwasv ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ resurfacings.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏤ alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ 15 ᎠᎴ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.  ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ utugi gvsv ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ activities ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.  ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ [[pothole]], ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.

==Terminology==
[[Image:SandRoad.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᎾᏳ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Namibia]]]]
[[Image:Indiana-rural-road-dirt.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]], USA.]]
[[Image:St Louis Street, Lebanon, Illinois.JPG|thumb|right|300px| ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lebanon, Illinois]]]]
[[image:road.ba.b777.arp.jpg|thumb|right|300px| ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ [[London]] [[Heathrow Airport]], England.  ᎩᎵᏏ Airways [[Boeing 777]]-200 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ towed ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ  ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.]]
* ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ - unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ) Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ tlawotu ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ. 
* [[arterial road|arterial ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[asphalt|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ]] 
* [[autobahn]]
* [[autoroute]]
* [[autostrasse]]
* [[bitumen|ᎠᏜ]] 
* [[byway|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]
* [[bypass route|bypass]]
* [[bottleneck]]
* [[boulevard|ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]
* [[Cat's eye (road)|ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli]]
* [[chicane|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]
* [[chipseal]]
* [[concrete|ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]]
* [[corduroy#Corduroy road|corduroy ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[corniche]]
* [[cul-de-sac|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
* [[Curb (road)|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]]
* [[curb extension|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ]]
* [[dirt road|ᎦᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[divided highway|uniyatolv ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[expressway]]
* [[farm to market|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ  ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
* [[freeway|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]
* [[gravel road|ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[guard rail|ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ]]
* [[green lane|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]
* [[hard shoulder|ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ]]
* [[highway|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[Interchange (road)|ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]]
* [[Intersection (road)|ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ]]
* [[Interstate Highway|Interstate ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[lane|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]
* [[central reservation|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]]
* [[mountain pass|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[milestone|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
* [[motorway]]
* [[off-ramp|ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ]]
* [[on-ramp|ᎾᎿ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ]]
* [[Parkway]]
* [[Pavement (roads)|alenvdidsv]]
* [[pedestrian crossing|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ]]
* [[performance|ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]]
* [[plank road|ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[private highway|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[private road|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[public road|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[public space|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]]
* [[ranch road|ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[range road|ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[ridge road|ᏣᎴᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[road junction|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[road number|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ]]
* [[road safety|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]
* [[road surface marking|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]]
* [[roadworks]]
* [[roundabout intersection|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ]]
* [[rural route|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
* [[state highway|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[street|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]
* [[toll road|ᎠᏞᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[traffic calming|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ tohinusdv]]
* [[traffic circle|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]
* [[traffic light|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
* [[traffic sign|ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]
* Unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ - ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[asphalt concrete|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[portland cement concrete|portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]]).  ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏓ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ. Unpaved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[pavement (material)|paved]] ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎿ unpaved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ paved ᏅᏃᎯ.
* [[US highway|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[winter road|ᎪᎳ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[2+1 road|2+1 ᏅᏃᎯ]]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Inca road system|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
* [[List of roads and highways|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[Logging roads|Logging ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]]
* [[Public road|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ]]
* [[Road movie|ᏅᏃᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ]]
* [[Roadway air dispersion model|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Roadway noise|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]
* [[Trade route|ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
* [[Road safety|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]
* [[:Category:Anti-road protest]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* ᎠᏠᏗ MG, ''ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.'' Rutgers ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎢᏤ Brunswick, ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, (1992). ISBN 0813517583 .

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commons|Road|Road}}
*[http://www.2pass.co.uk/goodluck.htm List of countries where traffic drives on the left, as well as historical background.]
*[http://www.travel-library.com/general/driving/drive_which_side.html Which side of the road do they drive on?]
*[http://www.capezone.com/images/road.html Road Pictures]
*[http://www.ce.ksu.edu/facultystaff/stefan/ce777/docs/L02.pdf Kansas State University Department of Civil Engineering - History of Concrete Road Building] (PDF ᎠᏝᎥᎢ)

[[Category:Road infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Roads| ]]

[[bg:Път]]
[[cs:Silnice]]
[[da:Vej]]
[[de:Straße]]
[[fr:Route]]
[[fy:Wei]]
[[id:Jalan raya]]
[[it:Strada]]
[[he:כביש]]
[[hr:Cesta]]
[[la:Via]]
[[ms:Jalan raya]]
[[nl:Weg]]
[[ja:道路]]
[[no:Vei]]
[[pl:Droga (komunikacja)]]
[[pt:Estrada]]
[[ro:Drum]]
[[rmy:Drom]]
[[ru:Дорога]]
[[simple:Road]]
[[sl:Cesta]]
[[sr:Пут]]
[[fi:Tie]]
[[sv:Väg]]
[[th:ถนน]]
[[zh:道路]]
[[chr:ᏅᏃᎯ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ</title>
    <id>2582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9432</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-07T22:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[zh-classical:農]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ''' (ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ encompasses '''ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], [[fodder|ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ]], [[fiber|ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ''Agri'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin ''ager'' (&quot;ᏠᎨᏏ&quot;), ᎠᎴ ''ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin ''cultura'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ''[[tillage|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ''. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ''ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ''ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ'' ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ activities ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[livestock|ganahlai]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Animal husbandry|gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]) Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[domestication|ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ]] ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ specialization ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[epoch|ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ specializations ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[scientist|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]], [[inventor|ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ chemical [[engineer|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ]]ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ&quot;. 

42% (2002 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 4.4% (2005 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ [[Gross world product|ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ]] (ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[Gross Domestic Product|ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ]]).[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html#Econ]
[[Image:HorseAndPlough.jpg|thumb|370px| [[farm|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Germany]] ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[horse|ᏐᏈᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[plough|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]].]]

==Overview==
[[Image:Agriculture---Rice.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Tea|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]] ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Indonesia]].]]

ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ  [[subsistence farming|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ/[[agriculturalist]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[factory farming|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ [[produce|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ([[animal husbandry|gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ.

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ'' ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[agricultural science|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi]].

kanquotsegi, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ [[fodder|gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]], ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ [[Nursery (horticulture)|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] digakohidi, [[timber|ᎠᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏯᏖᎾ, [[fertilizer|ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[animal hides|gantlai ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ]], [[leather|ᎦᏃᏥ]], ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ chemicals ([[starch|ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ]], [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]], [[ethanol]], [[alcohol|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ [[plastic|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]]), [[fiber|ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]]([[cotton|ᎤᏥᎸ]], [[wool|ᎤᏩᏅ]], [[hemp|ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎠᎴ [[flax|ᎤᎦᏔ]]), ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ([[methane]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[biomass]], [[biodiesel]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏬᏗ ([[biopharmaceutical]], [[tobacco|ᏦᎳ]], [[marijuana|ᏧᎳᏍ]], [[opium|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]], [[cocaine|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]]). [[GMO|Genetically engineered]] digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏄᏬᏗ.

[[Image:Ford_tractor,_Sweden.jpg|thumb|250px|ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ  [[tractor|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sweden]].]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ [[genetic modification|gene ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ [[weed control|ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ mechanization ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ labour ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ biological ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ agatohvsdi. [[Irrigation|ᎠᎹ]], [[drainage|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]], [[conservation ethic|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ.

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, insecticides (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Pest control|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]]), ᎠᎴ [[fungicides]], ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ nutritional ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.[[Plant breeding|ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ productivity. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ pesticides Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎤᎦᎶᎬ digakohidi. [[Hydroponics]], ᎢᎬᎾᏗ soilless ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ chemical nutrient ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ activities ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ agatohvsdi. ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dehydration ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Food preservation|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]; [[Meat packing industry|ᎭᏫᏯ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]).

Mechanization, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᎠᎴ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭ eased ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ backbreaking ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, mechanization ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ productivity (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Agricultural machinery|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]). ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ, ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ, oxen, ᎨᎻᎵ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, alpacas, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ [[field (agriculture)|ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ]], ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ [[crops|ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, helicopters, ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, [[Aerial topdressing|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ topdressing]], ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎡᎵᏍ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.

[[Image:Farming-on-Indonesia.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ diligwu ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Indonesia]].]]

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[National Academy of Engineering|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ mechanization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 20 ᏭᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2.5 ᏴᏫ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, [[plant breeding|ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[agrichemical]]), ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 ᏴᏫ [http://www.greatachievements.org/greatachievements/ga_7_2.html]. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ input, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[fossil fuel|lyudetiyvda ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]], ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.

gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ gantlai ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ) ᎾᎿ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[intensive agriculture|intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ kanquotsegi ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ [[sphere of influence|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ  ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ]] ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ chemical ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ processors ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy|gantlai Spongiform Encephalopathy]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Mexico, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ Mississippi empties. Intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depletes ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utvhisdi farmland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[genetic engineering|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᏋ tohi adedi ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎵᏍ software ᎨᏒᎢ tohi adedi ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ . ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏁᎸ [[biopiracy]].

[[Soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]] [[conservation ethic|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎴ [[nutrient management|nutrient ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ [[stewardship|ᎾᏛᏁᎲ]] ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, kanquotsegi ᎦᎳᏅᎯ waterways ᎠᎴ wetlands ᎾᎥᎢ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[nitrogen]] ᎠᎴ [[phosphorus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

kanquotsegi consumer awareness ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ  [[community-supported agriculture|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], [[local food movement|ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]], [[Slow Food|ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ [[organic farming|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎳ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ fledgling industries.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Image:Ancient egyptian farmer.gif|thumb|230px|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ]]

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mesopotamia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.1/ehret.html &quot;A conversation with Christopher Ehret&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Pinpointing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ problematic ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ societies, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ [[writing|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]]. Nonetheless, [[Paleoethnobotany|Archaeobotanists]]/[[Paleoethnobotany|Paleoethnobotanists]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᎩ-ᎦᏁᏔᏯ [[rachis]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[seeds|ᎤᎦᏔ]], ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Younger Dryas|ᎠᏲᎵᎨ Dryas]] (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9,500 BC) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Holocene]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Levant|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Fertile Crescent|utvhisdi ᎦᏁᎸ]]. ᏩᏎᎸᎯ [[anthropology|anthropological]] ᎠᎴ [[archaeology|tsuqagutanvsv]] ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ [[cereal|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]]-[[grinding|ᎦᏅᎾᏩ]] [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] [[farming|ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Nile]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[10th millennium BC|10th ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ BC]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[sickle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] [[blade|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ seasonal ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ: ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ [[rye|ᎧᏁᏍᎦ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Epi-Palaeolithic]] (10,000+ BC) ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Abu Hureyra]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Syria]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ localised ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 8000 BC, ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Anatolia]]. ᎾᎥᎢ 7000 BC ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Mesopotamia, ᎾᎥᎢ 6000 BC ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ 5000 BC, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. [[Maize|ᏎᎷ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[teosinte]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ yvwatuwidv 3000-2700 BC. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Neolithic founder crops|ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ]] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ: ᎢᎬᏱ [[emmer wheat|emmer]] ᎠᎴ [[einkorn wheat|einkorn ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ hulled [[barley]], [[pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]], [[lentil]], [[bitter vetch|ᎤᏴᏍᏗ vetch]], [[chick pea|ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏒᏙᏂ]]ᎠᎴ [[flax|ᎤᎦᏔ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B|PPNB]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ sown ᎠᎴ harvested ᎾᎿ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ca. 8,500 BC ᎠᎴ 7,500 BC ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Fertile Crescent|utvhisdi ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ eastwards [[Central Asia|ᎠᏰᎵ Asia]] ᎠᎴ westwards ᎾᎾᎯ [[Cyprus]], [[Anatolia]] ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎥᎢ 7,000 BC, [[Greece]]. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ emmer ᎠᎴ einkorn, ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Europe]] ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ southeastern ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ Europe ᎾᎥᎢ ca. 4,800 BC (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, D. [ed.] 2000. ''Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ''. Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ; Harris, D. [ed.] 1996 ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Eurasia''. UCL ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ).
[[Image:Agriculture (Plowing) CNE-v1-p58-H.jpg|left|thumb|250px| [[tractor|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] [[plough|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ  [[alfalfa|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᏠᎨᏏ]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (e.g. ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[hunter-gatherer|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ economies ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ localised ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ favoured ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Levant|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ]], ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 'ᎦᎾᎬᎢ' ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. 

[[Image:ClaySumerianSickle.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Sumer]]ian Harvester ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, 3000 BCE. Baked ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. [[Field Museum|ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]].]]

ᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[Bronze Age|ᏬᏗᎨ lyudetiyvda]], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ contributed nutritionally ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ''ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ'' ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, [[mono-cropping]], ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ [[irrigation|ᎠᎹ]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized [[labour (economics)|labour]] ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ &quot;ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ&quot; ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Sumer]]ians, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ca. 5,500 BC. Intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ armies. ᎯᎠ agriculturalism ᎯᎠ Sumerians ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[empire|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ Egyptians, powered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Nile|Nile ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], achieved ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ tripling ᎯᎠ Sumerian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.{{fact}}

=== ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ===

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Muslims.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎵᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ  ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎤᏴᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Spain, Artz ᏕᎪᏏᏏ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ Muslims ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏅᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ:

•  ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎹ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Norias, tsuqagutanvsv ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ.  ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ exploitable ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

•  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ yli iyulistanv ᎠᏂ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ techniques ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ibn ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Baytar ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ digakohidi, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ganahlai ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.

•  ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ [[land ownership|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ]] ᎠᎴ labourers' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, combining ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.

•  ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ global ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ exported ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Europe.  Spain ᎤᎩᏒᎩ (ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ transmitted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ processes, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ digakohidi, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, diligwu, citrus ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, dalnige adadvsgi, ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎬᎨ, aubergines, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ... ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. Muslims ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎴᎹᏂ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎤᏥᎸ, almonds, ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏆᏁᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Spanish colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ datsituga ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᏏᎵᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ flourished, ᎤᎦᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ exported, ᎠᎴ esparto ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ.  

'''ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ'''

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ [[three field system|ᏦᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1492 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ shuffled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Columbian Exchange|Columbian ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]].&lt;!--Is this just Crosby's term or is it more widely used?--&gt; ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ transplanted ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ versa. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ [[tomato]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[maize|ᏎᎷ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[potato|ᏄᎾ]] ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1800s ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ cultivars, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ Ꮎ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ [[mechanised agriculture|mechanization]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[tractor|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ [[sowing|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]], [[harvesting|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[threshing|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ imaginable ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ efficiencies enabling ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Argentina, Israel, Germany ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.

==ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ==
===ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004===
ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[growing region|ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=left 
! colspan=2|Top agricultural products, by crop types &lt;br&gt;(million metric tons) 2004 data
|-
| [[Cereal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]s || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2,264
|-
| [[Vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]s and [[melon]]s  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 866
|-
| [[Root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]]s and [[Tuber|ᎤᎸ]]s  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 715
|-
| [[Milk|ᎤᏅᏗ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 619
|-
| [[Fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 503
|-
| [[Meat|ᎭᏫᏯ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 259
|-
| [[Vegetable oil|Oilcrops]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 133
|-
| [[Fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] (2001 estimate)  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 130 
|-
| [[Egg (food)|ᏧᏪᏥ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 63
|-
| [[Pulse (legume)|ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 60
|-
| [[Fiber crop|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30
|-
|colspan=2|''Source: &lt;br&gt;[[UN Food &amp; Agriculture Organisation|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ &amp; ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&amp;Domain=Production&amp;servlet=1&amp;hasbulk=0&amp;version=ext&amp;language=EN]
|} 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=right
! colspan=2|Top agricultural products, by individual crops &lt;br&gt;(million metric tons) 2004 data
|-
| [[Sugar Cane|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 1,324
|-
| [[Maize|ᏎᎷ]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 721
|-
| [[Wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 627 
|-
| [[Rice|diligwu]]   || align=&quot;right&quot; | 605
|-
| [[Potato|ᏄᎾ]]es   || align=&quot;right&quot; | 328
|-
| [[Sugar Beet|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎩᎦᎨᎦᎳᏗᏍᎩ]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 249
|-
| [[Soybean]]  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 204
|-
| [[Oil palm|ᎪᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]] Fruit   || align=&quot;right&quot; | 162 
|-
| [[Barley]]   || align=&quot;right&quot; | 154
|-
| [[Tomato]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | 120  
|-
|colspan=2|''Source: &lt;br&gt;[[UN Food &amp; Agriculture Organisation|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ &amp; ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&amp;Domain=Production&amp;servlet=1&amp;hasbulk=0&amp;version=ext&amp;language=EN]
|}
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=== ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ===

{{main|Plant breeding}}
[[Image:Ueberladewagen.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Tractor|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]
[[Image:Cropscientist.jpg|right|thumb|230px| ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ]]
[[Image:Bird netting.jpg|thumb|230px|ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]

ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[nutrition|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Centuries ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ digakohidi. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ techniques ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ digakohidi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ.

ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s ᎠᎴ '30s ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ [[pasture|ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ]] (grasses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ varieties ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ barley.{{fact}}

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᏎᎷ ([[maize|ᏎᎷ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv 2.5 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ hectare (40 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9.4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ (150 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990. [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv 2 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, [[Africa]]n ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, [[Egypt]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3.5 4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[France]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 8 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, chemical [[pest control|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ).{{fact}} [Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat = 60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of corn = 56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialized ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ &quot;ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ nutritional ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.  ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ tomato-harvesters ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1960s, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ tomatoes Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (Friedland ᎠᎴ Barton 1975).  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ nutrient ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[vegetables|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 50 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 38 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin B2 ᎠᎴ 15 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin C (Davis ᎠᎴ Riordan 2004).

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, [[genetic engineering|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ herbicide ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ gene Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ digakohidi tohi adedi ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ glyphosate, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ toxin ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (c.f. [[Transgenic maize|Starlink]]).

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ganahlai ᎠᎴ digakohidi.

[[Aquaculture]], ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]], [[shrimp|ᎢᎦᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[algae]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

[[Beekeeping|Apiculture]], ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[honey|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]&amp;mdash;kanquotsegi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ [[pollination]].

''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ'' : [[botany|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], [[List of domesticated plants|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎫᏄᏡᏂ digakohidi]], [[List of vegetables|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]], [[List of herbs|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎦᎪᏘ]], [[List of fruit|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]

==Environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Soil erosion1.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[soil erosion|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  [[wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Washington State University|Washington ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ (c.2005)]]ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ:

* [[Nitrogen]] ᎠᎴ [[phosphorus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]].
* ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[herbicide]], [[fungicide]], [[insecticide]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[biocide]].
* ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[ecosystem]]ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎾᎯ [[arable land|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]].
* ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[biomass]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
* [[Soil erosion|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]
* ᎠᏚᎳᏗ [[minerals|ᎪᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]]
* [[Particulate matter|Particulate ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[ammonia|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[ammonium]] ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ gantlai ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ contributing [[air pollution|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ]]
* [[Weed|ᎦᏄᎸ]]- [[feral]] digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
* ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ [[waste|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ]]
* [[Soil salination|ᎦᏙᎯ salination]] .
ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[global warming|ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ]]

==ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ==
[[Agricultural policy|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ]] focuses ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
*[[Foodborne illness|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.
*[[Food security|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ]]: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ.
*[[Food quality|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ]]: Ensuring Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

* ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ
* Environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ
* ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ

==ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ==
* [[British Agricultural Revolution|ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]
* [[Green Revolution|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]
* [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithic ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]

==ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ==
[[Image:Crops Kansas AST 20010624.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ  gvwatuwidv ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ  [[center pivot irrigation|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Haskell County, Kansas|Haskell ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, Kansas]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2001. nvwatohiyadv, ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. [[maize|ᏎᎷ]] ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ. [[Sorghum|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ, ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ paler. [[Wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ  ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ harvested ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ [[fallow|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ:

*[[aeroponics]]
*[[aerial topdressing|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ topdressing]]
*[[agricultural machinery|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]
*[[animal husbandry|gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]
*[[aquaculture]]
*[[beekeeping]]
*[[crop rotation|ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation|Concentrated gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ]] ([[Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation|CAFO]], ''[[factory farming|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]'')
*[[composting|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]
*[[dairy farming|ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[detasseling]]
*[[domestication|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[agricultural fencing|ᎠᎾᏐᏯᎲ]]
*[[fertilizer|ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]
*[[greenhouse|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
*[[harvest|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ]]
*[[heliciculture]]
*[[hybrid seed|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ]]
*[[hydroponics]]
*[[Integrated Pest Management|Integrated ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]] ([[Integrated Pest Management|IPM]])
*[[irrigation|ᎠᎹ]]
*[[livestock|ganahlai]]
*[[market gardening|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
*[[monoculture]]
*[[no-till farming|Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[organic farming|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[plant breeding|ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]
*[[Permaculture]]
*[[pollination management|pollination ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]
*[[precision farming|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[ranching|ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[season extension|ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ]]
*[[seed saving|ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ]]
*[[seed testing|ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]]
*[[shepherding|ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]
*[[subsistence farming|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[succession planting|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ]]
*[[sustainable agriculture|sustainable ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
*[[Terrace (agriculture)|terracing]]
*[[vegetable farming|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[tillage|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
*[[weed control|ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]]

== ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ separated ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ)ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ family’s ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ.


==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;

Artz, F. B, (1980), ‘The ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Ages’; ᏦᎢᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ; ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ,

Bolens, L. (1997), `Agriculture’ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Encyclopaedia ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ agatohvsdi, ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ: Helaine Selin; Kluwer ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. Dordrecht/ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ/London, pp 20-2

Collinson, M. (ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ): ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ''. CABI ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, 2000. ISBN 0851994059

Crosby, Alfred W.: ''ᎯᎠ Columbian ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ : Biological ᎠᎴ Cultural ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ 1492''. Praeger ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, 2003 (30th ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ). ISBN 0275980731

Davis, Donald R., ᎠᎴ Hugh D. Riordan (2004) ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ USDA ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 43 ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, 1950 1999. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, Vol. 23, Ꮭ. 6, 669-682.

Friedland, William H. ᎠᎴ Amy Barton (1975) Destalking ᎯᎠ atogiyadv Tomato: ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.  Univ. California ᎾᎾᎢ Sta. Cruz, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ 15.

Watson, .M (1974), ‘The ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ diffusion’, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, 34,

Watson, .M (1983), ‘ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Islamic World’, Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ

ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ: ''ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ : ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Odyssey''. Princeton ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2003. ISBN 069111532X

Wickens, G.M.(1976), ‘What ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ utolasv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ east’, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Islamic Civilisation, edited ᎾᎥᎢ R.M. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Cambridge

&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎪᎯᏳᏙ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Agricultural and Food Research Council|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]], UK
* [[Agricultural education|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Agricultural science|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi]]
* [[Agricultural sciences basic topics|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ agatohvsdi ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
* [[Arid-zone agriculture|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
* [[Barnyard]]
* [[Community-supported agriculture|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
* [[Horticulture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
* [[International agricultural research|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Family farm hog pen|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏏᏆ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]
* [[Farm equipment|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Land Allocation Decision Support System|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
* [[List of domesticated animals|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]]
* [[List of subsistence techniques|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ techniques]]
* [[List of countries by agricultural output|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
* [[List of sustainable agriculture topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  sustainable ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
* [[Permaculture]]
* [[Pizza farm|Pizza ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]
* [[Protein per unit area|ᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
* [[Timeline of agriculture and food technology|Timeline  ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]].
* [[USA agriculture|USA ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
* [[Urban agriculture|ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]

[[Image:Cows in green field - nullamunjie olive grove03.jpg|thumb|600px|center|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ  [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.fao.org www.fao.org] — ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Centre
** [http://www.fao.org/waicent/portal/statistics_en.asp www.fao.org] — ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
** [http://www.fao.org/faostat www.fao.org/faostat] — ᎯᎠ FAOSTAT ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
** [http://www.fao.org/es/ess www.fao.org/es/ess] — ᎯᎠ FAO ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ
** [http://www.fao.org/ag/ FAO Agriculture Department] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ [http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5160e/y5160e00.HTM State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ biotechnology
**[http://www.greenfacts.org/gmo/index.htm GM Crops in Agriculture] &amp;ndash;  ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ FAO ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[GreenFacts]].
* {{dmoz|Science/Environment/Agriculture/ |Agriculture}}
* [http://imperium.lenin.ru/~kaledin/tmp/agricltr.txt ''Agriculture: Demon Engine of Civilization''] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Zerzan
*[http://www.agnic.org/ Agriculture Network Information Center]
*[http://www.merid.org/fs-agbiotech/ Food Security and Ag-Biotech News]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/ USDA, Economic Research Service]

[[Category:Agriculture| ]]

[[an:Agricultura]]
[[ar:زراعة]]
[[ast:Agricultura]]
[[bg:Земеделие]]
[[bm:Sɛnɛkɛ]]
[[br:Gounezerezh]]
[[ca:Agricultura]]
[[ceb:Agrikultura]]
[[cs:Zemědělství]]
[[cv:Ял хуçалăхĕ]]
[[cy:Amaeth]]
[[da:Landbrug]]
[[de:Landwirtschaft]]
[[en:Agriculture]]
[[eo:Agrikulturo]]
[[es:Agricultura]]
[[et:Põllumajandus]]
[[eu:Nekazaritza]]
[[fa:کشاورزی]]
[[fi:Maatalous]]
[[fr:Agriculture]]
[[fur:Agriculture]]
[[fy:Lânbou]]
[[ga:Talmhaíocht]]
[[gd:Àiteachas]]
[[gl:Agricultura]]
[[he:חקלאות]]
[[hu:Mezőgazdaság]]
[[ia:Agricultura]]
[[id:Pertanian]]
[[io:Agrokultivo]]
[[is:Landbúnaður]]
[[it:Agricoltura]]
[[iu:ᐱᕈᕐᓰᓂᖅ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᑎᒃᓴᓕᐊᕆᓪᓗᒋᑦ]]
[[ja:農業]]
[[jbo:cagyske]]
[[ka:სოფლის მეურნეობა]]
[[ko:농업]]
[[la:Agricultura]]
[[lad:Agrikultura]]
[[li:Landboew]]
[[lt:Žemės ūkis]]
[[mk:Земјоделство]]
[[nah:Mīllahcayōtl]]
[[nds:Bueree]]
[[nds-nl:Laandbouw]]
[[nl:Landbouw]]
[[nn:Landbruk]]
[[no:Landbruk]]
[[nrm:Agritchultuthe]]
[[pl:Rolnictwo]]
[[ps:کرهنه]]
[[pt:Agricultura]]
[[qu:Allpa llamk'ay]]
[[ro:Agricultură]]
[[ru:Сельское хозяйство]]
[[scn:Agricultura]]
[[sh:Poljoprivreda]]
[[simple:Agriculture]]
[[sl:Kmetijstvo]]
[[sq:Agrokultura]]
[[sr:Пољопривреда]]
[[su:Agrikultur]]
[[sv:Jordbruk]]
[[ta:வேளாண்மை]]
[[tl:Agrikultura]]
[[tr:Tarım]]
[[ug:دېھقانچىلىق]]
[[uk:Сільське господарство]]
[[vec:Agricultura]]
[[vi:Nông nghiệp]]
[[zh:农业]]
[[zh-classical:農]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ</title>
    <id>2583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9533</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T18:21:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: am, az, cy, en, hy, kn, nrm, pap, qu, sh, ur, uz, vec, zea, zh-yue Removing: chr Modifying: hi, nl</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 038-crop.JPG|thumb|right|''ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ'' (ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ), ᎾᎥᎢ [[Rembrandt]].]]
{{portalpar|Philosophy|Socrates.png}}
'''ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ subfields ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]], [[epistemology]], [[ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], [[logic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[metaphysics|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ [[reality|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ]], ᎢᏳᏃ [[knowledge|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ evaluate ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ methodology ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ debated, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[ancient Greek|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;Φιλοσοφία&quot; ''([[philo-]][[sophia]])'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎬᎨᏳᎢ agatohvsdi&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎤᎾᎵᎢ agatohvsdi&quot;.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ agatohvsdi, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.  ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[wisdom|agatohvsdi]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[virtue|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[knowledge|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ [[opinions|ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[definition of philosophy|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ  ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ labeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ''Penguin ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ&quot;. ''ᎯᎠ Penguin ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ'' ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ agatohvsdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ''Oxford ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ: &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi... ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ enquiry.&quot; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[natural philosophy|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]] ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ.

ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ, &quot;ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot; ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ [[world view|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ [[ethic]] ᎠᎴ [[belief|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]].

==ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.    ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'', [[Will Durant|ᏫᎵ Durant]] ᏠᎨᏏ [[logic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]], [[epistemology]], [[ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], [[aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]], ᎠᎴ [[metaphysics|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ.  ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎯᎳᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ?  ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ?  Epistemology ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ? ᎯᎳᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ?  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ?  ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ? ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ?  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ?  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ?  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ?  ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ [[normative]] ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ? ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ 'ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ' ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[ontology|ontological]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ?  ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ?  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ?  ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ?  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ? ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ?

ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. [[Politics|atogiyadv]] (ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Aristotle]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ), [[physics|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ), ᎠᎴ [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[theology|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==
{{Main|History of philosophy}}

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ:  [[Ancient philosophy|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], [[Medieval philosophy|lyudetiyvda ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[Modern philosophy|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]].  ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ, &quot;[[post-modern|ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ]]&quot; ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Contemporary philosophy|ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.

===ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ===
{{Main|History of Western philosophy}}
====Greco-ᎶᎻ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====

ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ&quot;. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Thales]], [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], [[Democritus]], [[Parmenides]], ᎠᎴ [[Heraclitus|ᎠᏍᎪᎾᏍᏗ]].  ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, [[Socrates]], ᎦᎪ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Plato]], revolutionized ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Socratic method|Socratic ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ [[definition|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]], [[Analysis (philosophy)|ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[synthesis|ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Socrates ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ&quot; ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Aristotle]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Academy|ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ disagreed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Plato.  ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ushered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Euclid]], [[Epicurus]], [[Chrysippus]], [[Pyrrho]], ᎠᎴ [[Sextus Empiricus]].  ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Hipparchia the Cynic|Hipparchia ᎯᎠ ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ]], ᎦᎪ flourished yvwatuwidv 300 B.C.

====lyudetiyvda ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====
[[Image:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|100px|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Thomas Aquinas]]
ᎯᎠ [[Medieval philosophy|lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ  ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]] ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ [[Christian philosophy|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[Islamic philosophy|Islam]], ᎠᎴ [[Jewish philosophy|rabbinic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]].  ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ [[scholastic philosophy|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine  Hippo]], [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Robert Grosseteste]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Roger Bacon|Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]], [[Bonaventure]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Duns Scotus|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ Scotus]], [[William of Ockham|William  Ockham]], [[Nicholas of Cusa|Nicholas  Cusa]], ᎠᎴ [[Francisco Suárez]].  ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Abelard]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ [[Heloise (student of Abelard)|Heloise]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Saadia Gaon]] ᎠᎴ [[Maimonides]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Avicenna]], [[Al-Ghazali|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Ghazali]], ᎠᎴ [[Averroes]], ᎨᏒᎩ intercommunicative.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ properties ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ involving ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ ''ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ'' ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ''ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ'' ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ), ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ divisibility; ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ theories Plato ᎠᎴ Aristotle. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Tertullian]], ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ.

====ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[René Descartes]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎩ, [[Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏪᏥᎠᏘ Elizabeth  Bohemia]], ᎦᎪ posed ᎯᎠ [[mind-body problem|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] Descartes.

lyudetiyvda ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.  ᎯᎠ [[Renaissance|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ questioned ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.  [[Roger Bacon|Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]] (1214-1294?) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.  [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] (1469-1527) challenged ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[morality|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]].  [[Francis Bacon|Francis ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]] (1561-1626) ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ agatohvsdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.

====ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ====
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ nineteenth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ&quot; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ&quot; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, ᎩᎳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Cartesian ᎠᎴ empiricist ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ dominated ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;obsession ᎬᏙᏗ [[psychologism|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ]]&quot; Ꮎ pervaded ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.

ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ockham) Ꮎ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ generated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ (e.g. ''baldness'', ''ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ'') ᎾᎿᎢ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ grammatical ᎤᏙᏢᏒ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[logical form|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Frege ᎠᎴ [[Bertrand Russell]]) ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ [[first-order logic|ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ.

&quot;ᎦᏙᎯ&quot; ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎯᎠ phenomenologists ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Edmund Husserl]] ᎠᎴ [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ [[consciousness|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]].  ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ phenomena ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ [[intentionality|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ]]: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ , ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ , ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ phenomenology ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ Cartesianism. 

ᎩᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.  ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[externalism]], ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[John McDowell|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ McDowell]] ᎠᎴ [[Gareth Evans]].  Externalism posits Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ (''Socrates'', ''George ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ'') ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏱᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ mediated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ &quot;Socrates ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ&quot; ᎤᎭ Socrates ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ Eiffel ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ London existed ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ&quot; ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Heidegger]], ᎦᎪ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, &quot;ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ utugi uwasv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ&quot;.  ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ worldless.  ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ''embedded'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

===ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ===
{{Main|Eastern philosophy}}
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ societies ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ influenced ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Russian, Jewish, Islamic ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Latin ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ contributed , ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, procedural ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ commonalities ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ.

&quot;[[Eastern philosophy|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]&quot; ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ originated ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], [[Iran|Persia]], [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]] (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]]).
[[Image:Sankara.jpg|thumb|200px|Adi Shankara (centre), [[788]]  [[820]], ᎠᏩᏥᎩ  ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'', ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Hindu ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.]]
====ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====
{{Main|Indian philosophy}}
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''[[Hindu philosophy|Hindu ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Veda|Vedic]] ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ (circa 1500 BCE) ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Rta]] - ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ''[[Upanishads|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]]'', ᎯᎠ ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''[[Brahma Sutra|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Sutra]]'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ circa 1000 BCE 500 BCE {{fact}}. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ [[shramana]] ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Jainism]] ᎠᎴ [[Buddhism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ''[[Vedanta]]'' ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Hindu ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.  ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, Leslie Stevenson, ᏍᎪᎯ Theories ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, 4th ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2004.)

====Persian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====
{{Main|Iranian philosophy}}
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Persia, [[Zarathustra]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Iranian ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Indo-Iranian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ yvwatuwidv 900 BCE. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[Zoroastrianism]], ᎠᎴ Iranian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ.
[[Image:Confucius - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|thumb|right|120px|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ &amp; ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ  ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ'', [[1922]], ᎾᎥᎢ E.T.C. Werner.]]

====Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ====
{{Main|Chinese philosophy}}

ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Chinese civilization|Chinese ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[East Asia|ᎧᎸᎬ Asia]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ formulated ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Spring and Autumn Period|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Warring States Period|ᏓᏄᏩ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hundred Schools of Thought|ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᏁᎵᏒ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Mohism]], ᎠᎴ [[Legalism]]. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Tang Dynasty|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], [[Buddhism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ/ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ wasn’t ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ.) ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Western philosophy|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]] ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' [[Laozi]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''[[Analects]]'' [[Confucius|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ yvwatuwidv 600 BCE, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratics ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.

ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Chinese philosophies, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎯᏁᎩ [[Confucianism]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[East Asia|ᎧᎸᎬ Asia]]. [[Confucianism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[K’ung-fu-Tzu]] ''([[Confucius|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Kong)'' ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 551 – 479 BC. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ focused ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ atogiyadv; emphasizing ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ governmental ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, correctness ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, traditionalism, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. [[Confucianism]], ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Legalism]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ creating ᎯᎠ world’s ᎢᎬᏱ [[meritocracy]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi/ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ person’s ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ one’s ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ancestory, ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎣᎵᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ debatably ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ [[Confucianism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ responisble ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ shaping ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Imperial China|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]).

ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Qin dynasty|Qin ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ competion ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ cooperated ᎠᎴ shared ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Neo-Confucianism|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ-Confucianism]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Confucianism ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ [[Ming Dynasty|Ming ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, Taoist, ᎠᎴ Legalist ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ intergrate ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ modernization. [[Democracy|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], [[republicanism|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[industrialism]] ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sun Yat-sen|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Yat-sen]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. [[Mao Tse-Tung]] ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ [[Marxism]], [[Stalinism]], ᎠᎴ [[Communism|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[PRC]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[market socialism|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ [[melting pot|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[New Confucianism|ᎢᏤ Confucianism]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ''(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Chinese traditional medicine|Chinese ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏅᏬᏘ]]).'' ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ.

''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Mohism]], [[Buddhism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], [[Legalism]], [[Hundred Schools of Thought|ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᏁᎵᏒ]], [[Yin-Yang]]''

===African ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ===
{{Main|African philosophy}}
ᏐᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Africa]]n ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ academia. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ adatolasdisgi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ.

==ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ==
===ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ epistemology===
====ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ====
[[Image:Descartes.jpg|100px|left|thumb|René Descartes]]

[[René Descartes]], ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1641, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ''[[Cogito ergo sum|Cogito ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ]]'' (&quot;ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯ &quot;).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.  ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Continental rationalism|ᎤᏝᏏᏛ]]; ᎾᏍᎩ attracted ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Leibniz]], ᎠᎴ [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Wolff]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, [[John Locke|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding| ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1689, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]] ᎠᎴ [[empiricism|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]] ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. Hume ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ''[[A Treatise of Human Nature| ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]'' (1739-40) ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[empiricism|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ [[skepticism|ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ]].  ᏐᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Thomas Hobbes]] ᎠᎴ [[George Berkeley]] (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Berkeley).

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Berkeley ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[Idealism|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᎪᎯᏳᏙ [[Isaac Newton]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.  ᏐᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Joseph Butler|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[Jonathan Edwards]].  ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] ᎠᎴ [[Edmund Burke|Edmund ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.  ᎯᎠ restricted ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ specialization ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.

====Kantian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ====
[[Image:Kant.jpg|100px|thumb|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant]]
[[Immanuel Kant|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Critique of Pure Reason|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ  ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]'' (1781/1787) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ approaches ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.  Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.  Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ modeled ᎾᎿ [[Euclid]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling|Friedrich Schelling]], ᎠᎴ [[Arthur Schopenhauer]].

Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[transcendental idealism|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[German idealism|ᎠᏓᏥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[absolute idealism|ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]].  ᎠᏓᏥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1807 ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology  ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]]''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, Hegel ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ugatohvsv (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎶᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ lyadvnehi, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.  Hegel ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;Hegelian [[dialectic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]]&quot;. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Hegelian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach]] ᎠᎴ [[Karl Marx]].

====ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Pragmatism====
[[Image:Wm_james.jpg|100px|thumb|left|[[William James]]]]
{{main|Pragmatism}}
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ nineteenth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.  [[Charles Peirce]] ᎠᎴ [[William James]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ [[pragmatism]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[instrumentalism]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.  lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[John Dewey|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Dewey]], [[George Santayana]], ᎠᎴ [[C. I. Lewis|C. ᎠᏯ. Lewis]].  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;pragmatist&quot;, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Henri Bergson]] ᎠᎴ [[G. E. Moore]] shared ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ foundational ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pragmatists. Pragmatism ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Richard Rorty]] ᎠᎴ [[Hilary Putnam]].

====ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ====
[[Image:Bertrand_Russell.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ [[Bertrand Russell]] ᎠᎴ [[Alfred North Whitehead|Alfred ᎤᏴᏢ Whitehead]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Principia Mathematica|ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Mathematica]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1910-1913, [[mathematical logic|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]] attracted ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.  ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[logical positivism|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ theories, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ shared commitment ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.  ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Rudolf Carnap]] ᎠᎴ [[Hans Reichenbach]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ confirmable ᎠᎴ falsifiable ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ; ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ testable ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

====Phenomenology ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ====
[[Image:EdmundHusserl.jpg|100px|left|thumb|[[Edmund Husserl]]]]
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Britain, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ [[Franz Brentano]], [[Edmund Husserl]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ'' (1901) ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ'' (1913).  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[phenomenology]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏴᏫ ugatohvsv ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᎵᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Martin Heidegger|ᏡᏡ Heidegger]] ᎠᎴ [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]].

Heidegger ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ phenomenology ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏁᎵᏒ [[hermeneutics|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]]. ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. Heidegger stressed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ: Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ (e.g. &quot;ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ&quot;). ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]] ᎠᎴ [[Paul Ricoeur]].

====Existentialism====
{{main|Existentialism}}
[[Image:Kierkegaard.jpg|100px|thumb|Søren Kierkegaard]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, existentialism, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Søren Kierkegaard]] ᎠᎴ [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ Germany. Kierkegaard, Danish ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏙᏓ Existentialism&quot;, argued Ꮎ &quot;''ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ subjectivity''&quot;, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (e.g. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ observational ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏴᏫ ugatohvsv. Nietzsche argued Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;''ᏫᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ''&quot;, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎡᏆ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.  Kierkegaard ᎤᏤᎵ [[knight of faith|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ  ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]] ᎠᎴ Nietzsche ᎤᏤᎵ [[Übermensch]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.

ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, existentialism ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ authentically, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ existentialism ᎨᏒᎢ [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ existentialism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Being and Nothingness|ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]]'' (1943). ᏐᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ existentialists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Albert Camus]], [[Simone de Beauvoir|Simone ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Beauvoir]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] ᎠᎴ [[Karl Jaspers|Karl ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]].

==== ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ====
{{main|Analytic philosophy}}
[[Image:Wittgenstein2.jpg|left|thumbnail|100px|Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Britain, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1921, [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.  ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tractatus, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ''[[Philosophical Investigations|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]''. ''ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ'' ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Gilbert Ryle]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.  ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot; lyudetiyvda shared ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ([[Jeremy Bentham]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], ᎠᎴ [[John Stuart Mill|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.  

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.  ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ unified ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎡᏆ lyudetiyvda ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Albert Einstein]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[P. F. Strawson]], [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]], [[Hilary Putnam]], [[John Rawls|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Rawls]], [[Noam Chomsky]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ lyudetiyvda [[Mikhail Bakhtin]].

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.  ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ metaphilosophical ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Wittgenstein ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ''[[Philosophical Investigations|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]'' (1953),  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ methodological ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[W. V. O. Quine]] ᎠᎴ [[Wilfrid Sellars]] (ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᏐᎯ [[Auguste Comte]] ᎠᎴ Whitehead). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ [[naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], [[Confirmation holism|holism]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ), [[instrumentalism]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏁᎵᏒ [[Universal (metaphysics)|ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ]]. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ branched atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Wittgenstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.

=== ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ===
====ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ====
[[Image:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg|right|thumbnail|100px|[[Thomas Hobbes]]]]
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ inescapably ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. [[Plato]] ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ Plato, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Aristotle]], ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. Aristotle reasoned Ꮎ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ. Aristotle ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ inequalities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ. 

ᏔᎵ millennia ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, [[Thomas Hobbes]] contested ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Hobbes, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ anti-ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ: ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ egoistic, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, Hobbes argued, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ inequalities, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ inflicted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, Hobbes ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ [[Sovereignty|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏓᏍᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ marginalize ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ [[democratic]] [[state|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], ᎦᎪ responded Hobbes ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ &quot;[[noble savage|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]]&quot;, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Two Treatises of Government|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] [[John Locke|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke]] ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ Hobbes Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ unmodulated ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ [[fact-value distinction|ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ]], ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ [[David Hume]], ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Moral realism|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ realists]], ᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ.

====Consequentialism, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ aretaic ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ====
[[Image:Bentham.jpg|left|thumbnail|100px|Jeremy Bentham]]
{{main articles|[[Consequentialism]], [[Deontological ethics|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]], and [[Virtue ethics|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]}}
ᏌᏊ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ dominated ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ethicists ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ [[consequentialism]] ᎠᎴ [[deontology|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]].

[[Jeremy Bentham]] ᎠᎴ [[John Stuart Mill|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ propagating [[utilitarianism]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ&quot;. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ promoting ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ promoted ᎯᎠ broader ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ consequentialism: Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ'' ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ consequentialism, [[Immanuel Kant|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant]] argued Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Kant ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Kant, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[categorical imperative|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ 20th-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi deontologist, [[W.D. Ross]], argued ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ weaker ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[prima facie duty|prima facie ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ]].

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ emphasized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[aretaic turn|aretaic ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Bernard Williams]]. Williams ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ consequentialism ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ demanded Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎪᎯ, Williams argued, ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ [[integrity|ᎧᎵᏬᎯ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

[[G.E.M. Anscombe]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꭺ, &quot;ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ&quot; ([[1958]]), revived [[virtue ethics|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Aristotle's ethics|Aristotle ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ entrenched ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ Kantianism ᎠᎴ consequentialism. ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Philippa Foot|Philippa ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ]], [[Alasdair MacIntyre]] ᎠᎴ [[Rosalind Hursthouse]].

==ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] &amp;ndash; [[applied ethics|ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ &amp;ndash; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[political philosophy|ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ philosophies [[Confucius|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]], [[Kautilya]], [[Sun Tzu|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Zi]], [[Immanuel Kant|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant]], [[John Locke|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke]], [[Thomas Hobbes]],  [[Niccolò Machiavelli]],  [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Karl Marx]], [[John Stuart Mill|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Gandhi]], [[Robert Nozick]], [[Ayn Rand]] ᎠᎴ [[John Rawls|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Rawls]] ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ [[philosophy of education|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ championed ᎾᎥᎢ [[John Dewey|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Dewey]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. [[Carl von Clausewitz]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ [[philosophy of war|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[statecraft|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[international politics|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ atogiyadv]] ᎠᎴ [[military strategy|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ yvwatuwidv [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]].

ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[epistemology]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ. ᎯᎠ [[philosophy of science|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  agatohvsdi]] discusses ᎯᎠ underpinnings ᎯᎠ [[scientific method|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]. [[Aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ [[art|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]. [[Ontology|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ]], ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[artificial intelligence|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]] ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ [[computer science|ᎡᎵᏍ agatohvsdi]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ &quot;philosophies ...&quot; ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[philosophy of law|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ deeper ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ conceptual underpinnings ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. 

ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ [[psychology|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], [[sociology]], [[linguistics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, Ꮭ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ symphonies ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ Beethoven ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Elvis Presley.  ᎩᎳ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ.  ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ.  William McGaughey ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ, &quot;ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ&quot;, approaches ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ.

==ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==

ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ debated. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[pseudophilosophy]].

[[Relativist]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ sceptical ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ shouldn't ᎾᏍᏋ.

[[Plato]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, [[Socrates]], ᎦᎪ arguably ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ [[rhetorics|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]].

ᎯᎠ [[logical positivists|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ [[metaphysics|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ affirmed Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[metaphysics|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ [[cognitive meaning|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.

ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ summed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[Philosophical method|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏍᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[concept|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[term|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ]]; ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[connotation]]; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[logic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]]ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[scientific method|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]] ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[scientific method|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ termed ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ [[science|agatohvsdi]].

==ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==

ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ? ᎢᎦᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ subfields ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ epistemology; ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ &quot;ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ&quot; (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ., Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ [[literature|ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;... [philosophy] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
::::::::::::—[[Plato]], ''Euthydemus'', 288d.

{{Quotation|... [that] philosophy only is the true one which reproduces most faithfully the statements of [[nature|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]], and is written down, as it were, from nature's dictation, so that it is nothing but a copy and a reflection of nature, and adds nothing of its own, but is merely a repetition and echo.|[[Francis Bacon|Francis ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]]|The Enlargement of Science'', 1. 2, ch. 3'}}

{{Quotation|To repeat abstractly, universally, and distinctly in [[concept|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]s the whole inner nature of the [[world|ᎡᎶᎯ]], and thus to deposit it as a reflected image in permanent concepts always ready for the faculty of [[reason|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], this and nothing else is philosophy.|[[Arthur Schopenhauer]]|[[The World as Will and Representation|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ]]'', Vol. I, §68'}}

{{Quotation|Philosophy is the science by which the natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things - is, in other words, the science of things in their first causes, in so far as these belong to the natural order.|[[Jacques Maritain]]|An Introduction to Philosophy'', 69'}}

{{Quotation|The object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts.  Philosophy is not a theory but an activity.  A philosophical work consists essentially of elucidations.  The result of philosophy is not a number of ‘philosophical propositions’, but to make propositions clear.  Philosophy should make clear and delimit sharply the thoughts which otherwise are, as it were, opaque and blurred.|[[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]|[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'', 4.112'}}

{{Quotation|... [philosophers] are not honest enough in their work, although they make a lot of virtuous noise when the problem of truthfulness is touched even remotely. They all pose as if they had discovered and reached their real opinions through the self-development of a cold, pure, divinely unconcerned dialectic... ; while at bottom it is an assumption, a hunch, indeed a kind of “inspiration”—most often a desire of the heart that has been filtered and made abstract—that they defend with reasons they have sought after the fact.|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]|[[Beyond Good and Evil|ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ]]'', Part One: On the Prejudices of Philosophers, §5'}}

{{Quotation|In order to live, man must act; in order to act, he must make choices; in order to make choices, he must define a code of values; in order to define a code of values, he must know what he is and where he is – i.e. he must know his own nature (including his means of knowledge) and the nature of the universe in which he acts – i.e. he needs metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, which means: philosophy. He cannot escape from this need; his only alternative is whether the philosophy guiding him is to be chosen by his mind or by chance.|[[Ayn Rand]]|[[Philosophy: Who Needs it]]'', Chapter One: Philosophy: Who Needs it}}

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
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*Curley, Edwin, ''Spinoza ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ'', Princeton, 1994, ISBN 0691000670
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*Ducasse, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, [http://www.ditext.com/ducasse/ducasse.html ''Philosophy as a Science''], 1941.
*Durant, ᏫᎵ, ''ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'', ᎠᏜᏩᏛ, 1991, ISBN 0671739166
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*Kung Fu Tze (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ), D. C. Lau (Translator), ''ᎯᎠ Analects'', Penguin ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, 1998, ISBN 0140443487 
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*Leibniz, G. W., ''ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'', Hackett ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, 1989, ISBN 0872200639 
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&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
=== ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
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*Gaarder, Jostein. ''Sophie ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ''. ISBN 0425152251 
*Higgins, Kathleen M. ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda, Robert C. ''ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 0195101960
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*ᏄᏴᏍᏕᏍᎬᎾ, E. (2001). ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ''. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏯᎱᎶ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ. ISBN 0131898698 
*lyudetiyvda, Robert C. ''ᎡᏆ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ: ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 053416708X
*Warburton, Nigel. ''ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ''. ISBN 0415146941
*[http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/What%20Philosophy%20Is.htm What Philosophy Is].
*[http://www.philosophynow.org Philosophy Now]. 
*[http://www.galilean-library.org/philosophy.html The Philosophy Manuscripts].
*[http://universityofnowhere.wordpress.com/2006/03/17/general-philosophy-i-syllabus/ Syllabus for General Philosophy I], ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Academe ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎭᏢᏃ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ updates.
&lt;/div&gt;

===ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*Copleston, Frederick. ''ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russia: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Herzen Lenin ᎠᎴ Berdyaev''. ISBN 0268015694
*Critchley, Simon. ''ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''. ISBN 0192853597 
*Hamilton, ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ. ''ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''. ISBN 0192853740 
*Harwood, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ., 2000); www.sterlingharwood.com
*Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. ''ᎾᏛᏁᎸ African ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 0847688410 
*Kupperman, Joel J. ''lyudetiyvda Asian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ''. ISBN 0195133358 
*Leaman, Oliver. ''ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Islamic ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 0745619606 
*ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, Joe ᎠᎴ Powell, Jim. ''ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ''. ISBN 0863162827 
*Nagel, Thomas. ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ? ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 0195052927 
*Scruton, Roger. ''ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ISBN 0415267633 
*ᎡᎯᏍᏛ, Ninian. ''ᎡᎶᎯ Philosophies''. ISBN 0415228522 
*Tarnas, Richard. ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ: ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ''. ISBN 0345368096
*[http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/Reference%20Library.htm The Branches of Philosophy]
*[http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/glossary.htm A Glossary of Terms]
&lt;/div&gt;

===Anthologies===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*''ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Plato Derrida (4th ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ)'' ᎾᎥᎢ Forrest E. Baird
*''ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ (Vols. 1 &amp; 2, 2nd ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ)'' ᎾᎥᎢ Louis P. Pojman
*''ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (Vol. 3)'' ᎾᎥᎢ Louis P. Pojman 
*''ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Edwin Arthur Burtt
*''European ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Descartes Nietzsche'' ᎾᎥᎢ Monroe Beardsley
*''ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ'' ᎾᎥᎢ James Baillie 
*''Existentialism: ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ)'' ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom 
*''ᎯᎠ Phenomenology ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Dermot Moran, ᎦᎪᏘ Mooney 
*''lyudetiyvda Islamic ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ Muhammad Ali Khalidi 
*''ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles . Moore 
*''ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ [[Wing-tsit Chan|ᎪᏯᏛ-tsit Chan]]
*Kim, J. ᎠᎴ Ernest Sosa, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (1999). ''ᎣᏓᏅᏛ: ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ''. Blackwell ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ Ltd.
*''ᎯᎠ Oxford ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ'' (2004) edited ᎾᎥᎢ Robert ᎧᏁ
&lt;/div&gt;

=== ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*''ᎯᎠ Oxford ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Honderich
*''ᎯᎠ Cambridge ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Robert Audi
*''ᎯᎠ Routledge ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (10 vols.) edited ᎾᎥᎢ Edward ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, Luciano Floridi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ online ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ); ᎠᎴ 
*''ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ Routledge ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ Edward ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (abridgement)
*''ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (8 vols.) edited ᎾᎥᎢ Paul Edwards; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1996, ᏐᏁᎵᏁ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ updated ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 1967 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. 
*''Routledge ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (10 vols.) edited ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Marenbon
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (9 vols.) ᎾᎥᎢ Frederick Copleston
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (5 vols.) ᎾᎥᎢ W. T. Jones
*''Encyclopaedia ᎠᏴᏫᏯ Philosophies'' (8 vols.), edited ᎾᎥᎢ Karl H. ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ('''ᎢᎬᏱ 6 ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᎴᏯᏛ''')
*''ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (2 vols.) ᎾᎥᎢ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (5 vols.) ᎾᎥᎢ Surendranath Dasgupta
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' (2 vols.) ᎾᎥᎢ Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
*''ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ Antonio . Cua 
*''ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
*''ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Asian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
*''ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: lyudetiyvda ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ . ᎦᎳᏅᎯ
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Islamic ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman 
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Jewish ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ'' edited ᎾᎥᎢ Daniel H. ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ, Oliver Leaman
*''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Russian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ Centuries'' ᎾᎥᎢ Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
*Ayer, . J. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (1994) ''ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎩᎶ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ''. Blackwell ᏩᏎᎸᎯ Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
*Blackburn, ., ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (1996)''ᎯᎠ Oxford ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. Oxford, Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. 
*Mauter, T., ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ''ᎯᎠ Penguin ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. London, Penguin ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
*ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, D., ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (1942). [http://www.ditext.com/runes/ ''The Dictionary of Philosophy'']. ᎢᏤ York, ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, Inc.
*Angeles, P. ., ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (1992). ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ Collins ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ᎢᏤ York, ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ  ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.
*Bunnin, N. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.,ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.(1996) ''ᎯᎠ Blackwell ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. Blackwell ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. Oxford, Blackwell ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ Ltd.
*Popkin, R. H. (1999). ''ᎯᎠ Columbia ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ''. ᎢᏤ York, Columbia ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
*[http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/History%20Of%20Philosophy.htm An historical time line.]
&lt;/div&gt;

===Bibliographies===
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*[http://www.apa.udel.edu/apa/asp/bibliographies.asp American Philosophical Association]
*[http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~kak7409/EpistemologicalResearch.htm Epistemology Research Guide]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/bib1.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Annotated Bibliography on Analysis]
*[http://consc.net/biblio.html Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography]
*[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide]
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[List of philosophical topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
* [[List of philosophers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]]
* [[List of philosophical questions|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]
* [[Pseudophilosophy]]

===ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ — ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ :===
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* [[Aesthetics|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Philosophy of education|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Philosophy of history|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]]
* [[Philosophy of language|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Philosophy of law|ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
* [[Philosophy of logic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]]
* [[Philosophy of mathematics|ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ]]
* [[Philosophy of mind|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
* [[Naturalism (philosophy)|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]
* [[Future Studies|ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ]]
* [[Everything|ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ]]

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* [[Philosophy of perception|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Metaphilosophy|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
* [[Political philosophy|atogiyadv]]
* [[Philosophy of religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]]
* [[Philosophy of science|agatohvsdi]]
* [[Philosophy of physics|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]
* [[Philosophy of biology|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Philosophy of chemistry|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]]
* [[Philosophy of social science|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ agatohvsdi]]
* [[Philosophy of space and time|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi]]
* [[Philosophy of technology|ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]]

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===ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ===
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*[[Ancient philosophy|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[Medieval Philosophy|lyudetiyvda ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[Western Philosophy|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[Renaissance Philosophy|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
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*[[Eastern Philosophy|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[17th-century philosophy|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[Future studies|ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
*[[contemporary philosophy|ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]]
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==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{sisterlinks|Philosophy}}
{{wikibookspar||Introduction to Philosophy}}
{{Wikibookspar|Wikiversity|School of Philosophy}}
*[http://www.philosophychatforum.com Philosophy Chat Forum:] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ
*http://www.philosophypathways.com/newsletter/ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.html
*[http://events.wikia.com/wiki/Philosophy EventWiki for Philosophy] - ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
*[http://www.friesian.com/friesian.htm Friesian Philosophy]
*[http://www.sfu.ca/philosopherscafe/ The Philosophers Cafe]
*[http://www.bigserving.com/philosophy.htm Philosophy References and Directory]
*[http://www.philosophyparadise.com/forum/ PhilosophyParadise forum]
*[http://www.tpearce.com/tp Think Philosophy, a discussion forum]
*[http://observaciones.sitesled.com/bachillerato.html Theory of Knowledge IB]
*[http://observaciones.sitesled.com/sitios.htm Specialized sites of Philosophy]
*[http://observaciones.sitesled.com/filcontemporanea.htm Contemporary Philosophy|In spanish]
*[http://www.thegodlight.co.uk/index.html Information on Spiritual Philosophy. (The God Light) ]
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://www.wadsworth.com/philosophy_d/special_features/timeline/timeline.html Philosophy Timeline]
*[http://www.sterlingharwood.com]www.sterlingharwood.com
*[http://www.sens-public.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=59 Articles of Philosophy] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''Sens ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ'' (ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)
*[http://www.philosophyforums.com/ Philosophy Forums]

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  <page>
    <title>Image:TJC.jpg</title>
    <id>2584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8726</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-12T10:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jose77</username>
        <id>129</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[en:Image:TJC.jpg]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[en:Image:TJC.jpg]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ</title>
    <id>2585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9162</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T22:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: en, gl, simple, sk Removing: chr</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Rolling-thunder-cloud.jpg|thumb|right|300px| [[roll cloud|ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]] ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[Enschede]], [[Netherlands]]]]
'''ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Celestial body atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ [[severe weather|ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[wind|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] ([[wind storm|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]]), [[thunder|ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ([[thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]), ᎦᎨᏛ [[Precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] ([[winter storm|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[dust storm|ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]], [[snowstorm]], [[hailstorm]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ).

==ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ==
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Low pressure area|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi [[high pressure area|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] dagatuwisdisgv ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ [[clouds|ᏚᎶᎩᎸ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[cumulonimbus cloud|cumulonimbus]]. ᎤᏍᏗ, localized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. 

{{Video|filename=Storm.ogg|title=Storm|description=Time lapse video of a storm, with a front coming in, lightning strikes then rain.}}

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ==
[[Image:Shtorm.jpg|thumb|right|200px| ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ varieties ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.

*[[Dust devil|ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] - ᎤᏍᏗ, localized updraft ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ.
*Windstorm - ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[European windstorm]]. 
*[[Squall|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] - ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 16 ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.
*ᏍᏓᏱᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ
*[[Thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]
{{main|Thunderstorm}}
:'''ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[thunder|ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ [[precipitation (meteorology)|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ]]. ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[tropical|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] [[rainforest]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, upward ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ swirl ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ [[tropopause]]. ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ downdraughts ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ downdraughts ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ 2-10 km ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ.

*[[Tropical Cyclone|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]
[[Image:Typhoon in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[2005 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Sanvu .28Huaning.29|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Sanvu]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hong Kong]]. Sanvu ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[typhoon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 Ꮎ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.]]
{{main|Tropical cyclone}}
:'''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ yvwatuwidv centre [[low pressure area|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]], fueled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[tropics]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[cyclonic]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᏐᎢ cyclonic ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[nor'easter|ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ'ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[polar low|ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ]]ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏂ &quot;ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ&quot; ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi.

:ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ [[Tropical cyclone#Formation|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ'', ''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ'', ''ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ''.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A1.html&lt;/ref&gt;

:ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, tornadoes, torrential ᎠᎦᏍᎬ (ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ mudslides ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ [[storm surge|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ catastrophic, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ tropics, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ global [[atmospheric circulation|ᎤᏃᎴ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ]] Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
*[[Hailstorm]] - ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ aren't ᎤᎾᏥ. Hailstorms ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ [[Baseball (object)|ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Golf ball|ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ injuries.

*[[tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮝ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ tornadoes ᎠᎴ preceded ᎾᎥᎢ [[thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[wall cloud|ᎠᏐᏴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Midwest ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ Kansas.

==ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
[[Image:Shtormovoye oblako.jpg|thumb|left|125px| ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Nebraska]].]]
ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ [[meteorology|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ 10 ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Beaufort scale|Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 89 [[kilometre per hour|km/h]] (55 [[Miles per hour|mph]]) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ 10 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᏂᎬᏉ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 12 200 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ repeatability ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [http://grants.rsu.ru/osi/azoveco/Wind.html]. ᎡᏆ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[oceanographic]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ: ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ siltation, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ northeasterly ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ-Atlantic ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Virginia|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Virginia]]. ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ 50% ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ 0.1% ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 1000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! !! Class 1 weak !! Class 2 moderate !! Class 3 significant !! Class 4 severe !! Class 5 extreme  
|-
! Average peak wave height (m)
| 2 || 2.5 || 3.2 || 5 || 7 
|-
! Average duration (h)
| 8 || 18 || 34 || 63 || 96 
|-
! Relative frequency 
| 49.7% (2 years) || 25.2% (4 years) || 22.1% (5 years) || 2.4% (40 years) || 0.1% (1000 years) 
|-
! Beach erosion
| minor || modest || across beach || severe || extreme 
|-
! Dune erosion
| none || minor || significant || erosion and recession || destruction 
|-
! Overwash
| none || none || none || severe on low-profile beaches || region-wide 
|-
! Property damage
| none || modest || local || community-wide || region-wide
|}

== Extraterrestrial ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ==
[[Image:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation.gif|thumb|right|ᎯᎠ [[Great Red Spot|ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]] ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]]; ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ([[gas giant|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Great Red Spot|ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]] ᎾᎿ [[Jupiter (planet)|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ [[Tropical cyclone|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 340 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ [[Galileo Galilei]]. [[Neptune (planet)|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ adatolasdisgi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[Great Dark Spot|ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1994 [[Hubble telescope|ᏂᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Wide Field Planetary Camera 2|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ Planetary ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ 2]] imaged ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ [[Saturn]], generated ᎾᎥᎢ upwelling ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ (ca. 7,900 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, 1990 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [[Dragon Storm (astronomy)|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]].

==ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
[[Image:Aivasovsky Ivan Constantinovich the 9th wave IBI.JPG|thumb|left|200px|''ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ'' ᎨᏒᎢ  [[painting|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ivan Aivazovsky]].]]
[[British|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ printmaker [[J. M. W. Turner]] (1775-1851) ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ reinvented ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ seascape ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ nineteeth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Holland, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ seashore ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ, choppy ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Dutch ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Turner’s ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ seascapes ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[The Slave Ship (painting)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏳ]]'' (ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ''ᏥᏳ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ - ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎾᎿ'') 1840. 

Russian [[bard|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] [[Vladimir Vysotskiy]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 'ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ', ᎠᎴ 'stormes'&quot; ([[Russian language|Russian]]: &quot;Мы говорим не 'штормы', а 'шторма'&quot;).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ: [[Briareos]], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, [[Aigaios]], ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Aiolos]] ᎦᎪ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ-ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, [[squall|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ locked ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ [[Aiolia]], ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] flooded ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Noah's Ark|Noah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Geomagnetic storm|Geomagnetic ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ]]
*[[Extreme weather|ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]], ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
*[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]
*[[Storm chasing|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ chasing]]
*[[Storm warning|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ]]
*[[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ watches]]
===ᎤᏃᎴ===
*[[Blizzard|ᎤᏴᏝ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ]]
*[[Hurricane|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]
*[[Atmospheric pressure|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]
*[[Freezing rain|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
*[[Low pressure area|ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
*[[Typhoon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wiktionarypar|storm}}
{{wikiquote}}
*Branick, Michael. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ [[National Weather Service|NWS]] SR-145: [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/severewx/glossary4.php A comprehensive glossary of weather terms for storm spotters.] ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ. 1996.

[[Category:Natural hazards]]
[[Category:Storms|*]]

[[ar:عاصفة]]
[[bg:Буря]]
[[br:Korventenn]]
[[bs:Oluja]]
[[ca:Tempesta]]
[[cs:Bouře (meteorologie)]]
[[da:Storm]]
[[de:Sturm]]
[[en:Storm]]
[[es:Tormenta]]
[[fi:Myrsky]]
[[fr:Tempête]]
[[gl:Tormenta]]
[[he:סופה]]
[[hr:Oluja]]
[[it:Temporale]]
[[ja:嵐]]
[[ko:폭풍]]
[[nl:Storm (wind)]]
[[pt:Tempestade]]
[[ru:Буря]]
[[simple:Storm]]
[[sk:Búrka]]
[[sv:Storm]]
[[th:พายุ]]
[[vi:Bão]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏭᏕᎵᎬ</title>
    <id>2586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9507</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-20T13:41:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>81.231.78.223</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Nightfall europe-and-afrika 20050507-184500.jpg|thumb|250px| ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Terminator (solar)|terminator]] dividing ᏒᏃᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ [[Europe]] ᎠᎴ [[Africa]]. ᎾᎿ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ terminator ᏫᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ  ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.]]
[[Image:Red sunset.jpg|thumb|250px| ᎩᎦᎨ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]]

'''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᏒᎯᏰᏱ''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[American English|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ]] [[dialect|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[horizon|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[west|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[dusk|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ, ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[twilight|ᎤᏒᎯᏱ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ. '''Sunclipse''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Buckminster Fuller|Buckminster Fuller']] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ geocentric ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᏭᏕᎵᎬ'' ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ [[sunrise|ᎧᎸᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]] ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ [[diffuse sky radiation|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]].  ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]], [[smoke|ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[smog]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ [[volcanic ash|ᎪᏍᏚ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[volcanic eruption|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]].  ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ [[Mount Pinatubo|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Pinatubo]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1991]] ᎠᎴ [[Krakatoa]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1883]], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ [[green flash|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vibrant.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ [[relative humidity|ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi [[wind|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ [[turbulence|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[geography|geographical]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ viewed.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎿ [[west|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]]-ᎠᏰᎵ [[coastline]], ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ timing ᏭᏕᎵᎬ varies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[time|iyuwakodi]] ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[latitude|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]] ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed.  ᎯᎠ timing ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[local time|ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[longitude|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]].  ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ timing ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[axial tilt|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]] ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ yvwatuwidv Ꮝ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[winter solstice|ᎪᎳ solstice]] yvwatuwidv [[December 21|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 21]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ.  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[summer solstice|ᎪᎨᏱ solstice]] yvwatuwidv [[June 21|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 21]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Southern Hemisphere|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ swapped. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ dagatuwisdisgv ᎢᏧᎳ [[solstice]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[solar noon|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ plotted ᎾᎥᎢ [[analemma]].

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ equinox ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ equinox ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ southwest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ equinox ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ equinox.

[[Image:Sunset with funnel clouds.jpg|thumb|250px|ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ  ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]]
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ; ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi &quot;ᎢᎦ&quot; ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ &quot;ᏒᏃᏱ&quot;.  ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[atmospheric refraction|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]], ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ agatoli ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ. 

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[motif (art)|motif]], ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[summer|ᎪᎨᏱ]], ᎠᎴ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ paired ᎬᏙᏗ [[coconut palm|coconut ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]) [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ [[surfing|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ iyuwakodi ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[evening|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[symbol|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] [[west|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]] ([[cardinal direction|ᏙᏧ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]), [[old age|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ lyudetiyvda]], [[ending|ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[closure|ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]].[[Image:FenwickIslandSunset.jpg|thumb|250px|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Fenwick ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, Delaware]]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Sunrise|ᎧᎸᎬ]]
*[[Sunrise equation|ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]]
*[[Day length|ᎢᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]
*[[Diffuse sky radiation|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]]
*[[twilight|ᎤᏒᎯᏱ]]
==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Sunset}}
* [http://www.sunrisesunset.com/ Sunrise and sunset calculator]
* [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/BlueSky/blue_sky.html Full physical explanation in simple terms]
* [http://mypage.bluewin.ch/hyglarner/herbert/articles/Season.html Calculation of Length of Day] (ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Graphs)

[[Category:Solar phenomena]]
[[Category:Earth phenomena]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Parts of a day]]
[[Category:Sunset|*]]

[[an:Escurexito]]
[[bg:Залез]]
[[ca:Ocàs]]
[[de:Sonnenuntergang]]
[[en:Sunset]]
[[es:Ocaso]]
[[he:שקיעה]]
[[it:Tramonto (giorno)]]
[[la:Sol occidens]]
[[nl:Zonsondergang]]
[[ja:天体の出没]]
[[simple:Sunset]]
[[pl:Zachód słońca]]
[[pt:Pôr-do-Sol]]
[[ru:Закат]]
[[sv:Solnedgång]]
[[zh:日落]]
[[chr:ᏭᏕᎵᎬ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎧᏔᏘ</title>
    <id>2587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8734</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-14T17:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[image:Telescope.jpg|thumb|50 cm refracting telescope at [[Nice Observatory]].]]
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;'''ᎠᎧᏔᏘ'''&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ''tele'' = 'ᎢᏅ' ᎠᎴ ''skopein'' = 'ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ'; ''teleskopos'' = 'ᎢᏅ-ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ') ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[optical telescope|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[electromagnetic spectrum|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ [[optics|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] [[tool|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Focus (optics)|ᎠᏰᎵ]]es [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]]. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[angular size|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[brightness|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ - [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] ᎠᎴ [[mirror|ᏓᏎᏘ]]- ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ [[Focus (optics)|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, photographed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[astronomy|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-astronomical ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ''[[theodolite|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]]'', ''[[theodolite|ᎠᏁᏙᎯ]]'', ''[[spotting scope|spotting ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ]]'', ''[[monocular]]'', ''[[binoculars|ᏗᎦᏙᏗ]],'' ''[[camera lens|ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]]es'' ᎠᎴ ''spyglasses''.

ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[Radio telescope|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ [[radio|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]] [[antennae]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ conductive ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[wavelength]]. Multi-ᏑᏓᎴᎩ [[Radio telescope|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ synthesize ᎡᏆ &quot;ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ&quot; ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ: ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[aperture synthesis|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]]. [[As of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]], utilizing ᎤᏜᏅᏛ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ [[Very Long Baseline Interferometry|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ Baseline Interferometry]] (VLBI) ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]]ese [[HALCA]] (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tsunadatvgotanv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ) [http://www.vsop.isas.ac.jp/ VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) satellite]. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Optical interferometry#Astronomical Optical Interferometry|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ) ᎠᎴ [[Aperture Masking Interferometry|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ Interferometry]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.

[[X-ray|X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[gamma-ray|gamma-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ &quot;glancing&quot; [[mirror|ᏓᏎᏘ]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[heavy metals|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵ [[degree (angle)|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ rotated [[parabola|ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]. [[:Category:High energy particle telescopes|High energy particle telescopes]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ originating ᎾᎾᎢ astronomical ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{{main|History of telescopes}}
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[Assyria]]n ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ lenses[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/380186.stm], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Visby lenses]] ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Arabs|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]] ᎠᎴ [[Persians|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]. [[Leonard Digges]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ adatunv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1570s, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ adatudi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ assembling ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[1608]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Hans Lippershey]] (c. 1570 – c. 1619), ᎠᎴ [[Jacob Metius]] ᎠᎴ [[Zacharias  Jansen]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ Lippershey ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ publicized ᎾᏍᎩ. [[Galileo Galilei]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1609]], ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ &quot;''perspicillum'',&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;''telescopium''&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Latin ᎠᎴ &quot;''telescopio''&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italian (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ). Galileo ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ adatunv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ astronomical ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ.  Galileo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ agatoli ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Galilean ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ viewfinder ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ). ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, [[Johannes Kepler]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ [[optics|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] [[lens (optics)|lenses]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Astronomiae Pars Optica|Astronomiae ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Optica]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Dioptrice]]''), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ astronomical ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ lenses (ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Kepler ᎠᎧᏔᏘ). ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[History of astronomical interferometry|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ==
{{main|List of telescope types}}
ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ classified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
# ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ
# ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
# Galilean [[refractor telescope|refractor ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ)
# Newtonian [[reflecting telescope|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ)
# Catadioptrics (ᎠᏯ.e. [[Schmidt-Cassegrain]], ᎠᎴ Maksutov-Cassegrain)

Galilean ᎠᎴ refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ [[refraction|refractive]] properties ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ lenses. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ [[Landform|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[astronomical]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ.

Newtonian ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Reflection (physics)|ᏁᎵᏒ]] properties ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ paraboic ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ onto ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ (ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ) ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ eyepiece.

Catadioptrics (ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Cassegrains) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ lenses ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.

==ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ==
[[Image:USA harlan j smith telescope TX.jpg|thumb|[[Harlan J. Smith Telescope|Harlan J. ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[McDonald Observatory|McDonald ᎡᎶᎯ]], TX]]

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[Cassegrain telescope|Cassegrain ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ narrower ᏠᎨᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ magnification) ᎠᎴ [[Newtonian telescope|Newtonian ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (brighter ᏠᎨᏏ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ pierced ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, Newtonian ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ replaceable ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ.

ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ inaugurated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[MMT|ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (MMT), ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ synthesizing ᏓᏎᏘ 4.5 [[metre|ᎠᏎᎯᎯ]]ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ 6.5m ᏓᏎᏘ. Ꮝ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Keck telescope|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎬᏙᏗ 10 m segmented ᏓᏎᏘ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ [[primary mirrors|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ]] ᎠᏰᎵ 6 ᎠᎴ 11 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ optimal ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ actuators (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[active optics|lyadvnehi ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 30, 50 ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ.

ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ~2 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ astronomical ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ monitored ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ surveyed. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ [[robotic telescope|robotic ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]], ᎡᎵᏍ controlled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ e.g. ᎯᎠ [[Liverpool Telescope|Liverpool ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Faulkes Telescope North|Faulkes ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Faulkes Telescope South|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]), ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ automated ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ astronomical ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[detector]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ [[eye|agatoli]]. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ sensitized [[photographic plate|photographic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[spectrograph]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ photographic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ, ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ [[electronic detector]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[charge-coupled device|ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ-ᏔᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] (CCDs), ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ perfected, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ sensitivity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ wider wavelength coverage.

ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: 
*imagers, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ
*spectrographs, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
*polarimeters, Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ [[polarization]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᎦᏛ technologies ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[adaptive optics|adaptive ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], [[speckle imaging|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ imaging]] ᎠᎴ [[Optical interferometry#Astronomical Optical Interferometry|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ interferometry]].

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[diffraction]] ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Airy disc|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[diffraction limit|diffraction ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Rayleigh criterion|Rayleigh ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]], [[Dawes limit|Dawes ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Sparrow's resolution limit|ᏥᏍᏆᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ]]). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ wavelength ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[diameter|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ wavelength. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ wavelength, wider ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ [[aperture synthesis|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]] ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ nearby ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.

==ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ==
Ꮭ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎠᎴ refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ diffraction ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ lenses ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Aberration in optical systems|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ diffraction ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, monochromatic, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1857, [[Philipp Ludwig von Seidel]] (1821-1896) ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ monochromatic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.

===ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ===
; [[Spherical aberration|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]] : ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ paraxial ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
; [[Coma (optics)|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] : ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ imaged ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ asymmetrical patches ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ imprecise. Ꮝ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[optical sine theorem|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]].
; [[Astigmatism|agatoli]] : ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ sagittal ᎠᎴ tangiental foci ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ) ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. 
; ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ : ᎯᎠ [[Jozef Maximilián Petzval|Petzval]] ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.  ᎪᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ imaging ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ e.g. photographic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ CCD ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ sensor.
; ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ : ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ pincushion, radial ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏰᏫᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Panoramic photography|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]).

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ expresses ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ/ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ).  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.  ᎤᏠᏱ dependencies ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.

===ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ===
; ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ : ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ.  
; ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ Magnification)

==ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ==
[[Image:Hubble 01.jpg|thumb|ᎯᎠ [[Hubble Space Telescope|ᏂᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ.]]

* ᎯᎠ [[Hubble Space Telescope|ᏂᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎥᎢ [[astronomical seeing|astronomical ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[diffraction]] ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ coverage ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[ultraviolet]] (UV) ᎠᎴ infrared.
* ᎯᎠ [[Keck telescope|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ([[as of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]]) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ superseded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Gran Telescopio Canarias]] ᎠᎴ [[Southern African Large Telescope|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ African ᎡᏆ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]].
* ᎯᎠ [[Very Large Telescope|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (VLT) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ([[as of 2002|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2002]]) ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ 8 [[metre|ᎠᏎᎯᎯ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ [[European Southern Observatory|European ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ]] (ESO) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Atacama desert|Atacama ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Chile]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ astronomical ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[aperture synthesis|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.
* ᎯᎠ [[Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ) Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏊ ([[as of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]]) ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ wavelengths.
* ᎯᎠ [[CHARA array|CHARA (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ) ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏊ ([[as of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]]) ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-infrared wavelengths.
* ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Overwhelmingly Large Telescope|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (ᎤᎫᎫ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ 100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
* ᎯᎠ 200-ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (5.08-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) [[Hale telescope|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎾᎿ [[Palomar Mountain|Palomar ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ [[borosilicate glass|borosilicate]] ([[Pyrex]]™) ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎤᎾᎵᎩᎾᎶ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏤᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ.
*ᎯᎠ 100-ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (2.54-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) [[Hooker Telescope|ᏥᏳ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Mount Wilson Observatory|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Wilson ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Edwin Hubble|Edwin ᏂᎯ]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[galaxy|galaxies]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[redshift]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Saint-Gobain|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ-Gobain]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1919]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ interferometry. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎭ adaptive ᎠᏨᏍᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.
* ᎯᎠ 72-ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ [[Leviathan|ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Birr Castle|Birr ᎦᏁᎸ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ireland]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1845 iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dismanlted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1908. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Hooker Telescope|ᏥᏳ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]].
* ᎯᎠ 1.02-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ [[Yerkes Observatory|Yerkes ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wisconsin]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ aimable refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
* ᎯᎠ 0.76-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ [[Nice Observatory|ᎣᏍᏛ refractor]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[France]]) Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ operational ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1888]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ refractor. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ operational ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ exceeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 0.91-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ refractor ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Lick Observatory|ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ]].
* ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ refractor ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 1900 ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ. Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ, prefigured ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aimed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Foucault [[sidérostat]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ 2-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, mounted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ-ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 60 m ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ 1.25 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
* ᎯᎠ 1-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ refracting [[Swedish Solar Telescope|Swedish ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]] (SST) ᎾᎿ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ Palma, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ-ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ==
* [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo ᎡᎶᎯ]]
* [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|Atacama ᎡᏆ Millimeter ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]
* [[Very Large Array|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]
* [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
* [[XMM-Newton]]
* [[LIGO]]
* [[IceCube Neutrino Detector]]
*[[Isaac Newton Telescope|Isaac Newton ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
*[[William Herschel Telescope|William Herschel ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Amateur telescope making|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ]]
* [[Aperture synthesis|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]]
* [[ASCOM]] ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ
* [[Depth of field|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ  ᏠᎨᏏ]]
* [[Dynameter]]
* [[Eyepiece]]
* [[First light|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
* [[F-number|F-ᏎᏍᏗ]]
* [[History of telescopes|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Maksutov telescope|Maksutov ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Microscope|ᎢᎦᎢ]]
* [[Optical telescope|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Radio telescope|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Reflector telescope|ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Refracting telescope|Refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Robotic telescope|Robotic ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]
* [[Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology|Timeline  ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, observatories, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.eso.org/projects/owl/ ESO 100-m telescope]
* [http://www.webstertelescopes.com/index.html Dobsonian Telescopes] ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ &lt;1m 
* [http://www.licha.de/astro_article_mtf_telescope_resolution.php The Resolution of a Telescope]
* [http://www.salt.ac.za/ Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)]
* [http://www.uk-telescopes.co.uk/ UK Telescopes]
* [http://www.chocky.demon.co.uk/oas/diggeshistory.html The Digges telescope of the 1570s]
* [http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/ The Swedish Solar telescope]


[[Category:Astronomical imaging]]
[[Category:Navigation]]
[[Category:Optical devices]]
[[Category:Optics]]
[[Category:Telescopes| ]]

[[ar:مرصد فضائي]]
[[bs:Teleskop]]
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[[chr:ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8741</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-16T01:29:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The official Cherokee Nation font is here:
http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=culture&amp;culture=dldisplay&amp;ID=NJ1eYu1xTrA=
Here's an article by someone who started creating a Cherokee font:
http://www.cherokee.org/home.aspx?section=culture&amp;culture=dldisplay&amp;ID=NJ1eYu1xTrA=

Maybe someone can help fix the front page's link.


:The Cherokee Nation Font is not unicode compatible, so it's worthless for this project.  There's already a unicode standard for Cherokee, and sadly, the Nation is not using it despite my best efforts to get Todd and the folks there to move to it.  Here's the correction for the front page. [[:meta:User:Jmerkey]] 01:29, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

== Cherokee Sidebar Translation ==

Here's the translation (noticed your comments).  I know how to do it on a MediaWiki, but not on meta through the menus.  You may know how to do this on meta. [[:meta:User:Jmerkey|Jmerkey]] 16:45, 11 August 2006 (UTC)


 ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ (navigate)

    * ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ (main page)
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    * Wikimedia ᏗᏤᎢ (Wikimedia news)
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     * ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ (go, do it, execute)
     * ᎠᏯᏍᏗ (search)

 ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (box of tools)

    * ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎭᏂ (what links here)
    * ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (related changes)
    * ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ (user contributions)
    * ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ (upload file)
    * ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ (special pages)
    * ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ (send user an email)
    * ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ (print edition)
    * ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ (permanent link)

 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (other languages)

[[:meta:User:Jmerkey|Jmerkey]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9221</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T19:04:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>209.43.23.38</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
THE HELL IS GOING ON IN THIS SHIT


[[Image:hammer2.jpg|right|thumb| ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[hammer|ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]

'''ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ '''ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ''' Ꮎ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ [[mechanical advantage|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[simple machine|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[crowbar (tool)|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lever|ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ transmitted ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.

[[philosophy|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]]ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[human|ᏴᏫ]]ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ Ꮎ [[monkey|ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ]], [[apes|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[animal|gantlai]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[primate|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]([[raven|ᎪᎳᏅ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ), ᎠᎴ [[sea otter|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ''ᎪᏢᏗ'' ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, iyuwakodi [[zoologist|zoologist]]ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ[http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm][http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm][http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/]
ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ entities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[process|ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]] (ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ [[reengineering]]), [[information architecture|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], [[creativity]] ᎠᎴ [[learning|ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ]] ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎣᎬᏌ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ (ᎠᎴ [[collaborative]]ly).  ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ&quot; ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ methodologies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[anthropology|anthropologists]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Human evolution|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ  ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ]]. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[opposable thumb|opposable ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ]] (ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ (ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ).

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[weapons|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hammer|ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[knife|ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[explosive|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

==ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:
* ᏛᏰᎶᎲ (ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ...)
* Concentrating ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ (ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏩᏍᏛᏂᏍᏗ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ...)
* Guiding ([[set square|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ]], ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ...)
* ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ
* Seizing ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ (ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏰᏑᎶ, ᎦᏆᏕᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ...)

===ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ===
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ functionality. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ. 'ᏌᏊ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ specialized ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ uniyatolv ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ: ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ 'ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ', ᎠᎴ 'multi-ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ', ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓ-ᏛᏰᎶᎲ [[hand saws|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ]] ᏂᎦᏛ [[carpenter's square|ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ]] ᎾᎥᎢ incorporating ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ 90° ᎠᎴ 45° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ aligning ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ scribing ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ.

====Multi-ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ====
* [[lineman's pliers|lineman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏙᏢᏗ gripper ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ secondarily ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hammer|ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ]].
* [[hand saw|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ]]ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ functionality ᎯᎠ [[carpenter's square|ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᎭᎸ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{{mergewith|History of technology}}
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[stone age|ᏅᏯ lyudetiyvda]]. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮎ iyuwakodi.

[[Mechanics|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[Alexandria]]n ᎠᎪᎢ, ugatohvsvi ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ: ᎠᎹ ([[waterwheel]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ([[windmill|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]).

[[Machine tool|ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]occasioned ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[industrial revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]. ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ [[nanotechnology]] utugi gvdi ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{commons|Category:Tools}}
*[[Antique Tools|ᎤᏪᏘ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] 

[[Category:Construction]]
[[Category:Manufacturing]]
[[Category:Metalworking hand tools]]
[[Category:Tools]]

[[bs:Alat]]
[[cs:Nástroj]]
[[da:Værktøj]]
[[de:Werkzeug]]
[[el:Εργαλείο]]
[[en:Tool]]
[[eo:Ilo]]
[[es:Herramienta]]
[[eu:Lanabes]]
[[fi:Työkalu]]
[[fr:Outil]]
[[gd:Acfhainn]]
[[he:כלי]]
[[hr:Alat]]
[[io:Utensilo]]
[[it:Utensile]]
[[ja:道具]]
[[nl:Gereedschap]]
[[nn:Reiskap]]
[[pl:Narzędzie]]
[[pt:Ferramenta]]
[[ru:Инструмент]]
[[sh:Alat]]
[[simple:Tool]]
[[sk:Tool (hudobná skupina)]]
[[sl:Orodje]]
[[sv:Verktyg]]
[[tr:Alet]]
[[zh:工具]]
[[zh-yue:架生]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Gmaxwell</title>
    <id>2590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8742</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gmaxwell</username>
        <id>133</id>
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      <comment>Redirecting to [[w:User:Gmaxwell]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[w:User:Gmaxwell]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9542</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T23:39:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[oc:Cotèl]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:knife.jpg|right|thumb|360px|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[Finland|Finnish]] [[puukko]] ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]
'''ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[cutting|ᏛᏰᎶᎲ]]. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tool|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[weapon|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Stone Age|ᏅᏯ lyudetiyvda]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ. ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ [[flint|ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[rock (geology)|ᏅᏯ]], chipped ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[smelting|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[metallurgy|metallurgy]] ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[bronze|ᏬᏗᎨ]], [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[steel|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ.

ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[fork|ᏴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[spoon|ᎠᏗᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ [[kitchen knife|ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, multi-ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ [[pocket knife|ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ specialized ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

{{wiktionary}}
==ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ==
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ''ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ'', ''ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ'', ''ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎫᎭᎸ''.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ handguard, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ slipping onto ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ''ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ'', ''ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'', ''ᎠᏍᏛᎢ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᏗᎨᏂ''.

''fuller'', ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎩᎬ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎩᎬ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, Ꮝ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ  ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ; ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.  ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.agrussell.com/ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ_ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ/ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ_ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ/ᏚᏓᏡᎬ/ᎩᎬ_ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ.html&lt;/ref&gt;
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ''ᎦᏅᏬᎢ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ jamming, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ chopped ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.

ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ gripped ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ [[lanyard]].

===ᎪᏍᏓᏱ===

[[Victorinox|Forschner/Victorinox]] ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ; ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Wüsthof]], [[Global (cutlery)|Global]], [[Henckels]] ᎠᎴ Böker (ᏡᎬ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ).

====ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ====
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[steel|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ [[martensite]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎣᏌᏂ-grained ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ irregularities Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[quench|quenched]], ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[austenite|austenitic]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ martensitic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[tempering|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ austenitic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ chromium ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ (&quot;ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ&quot;) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ pitting ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᎴ oiled.

[[Stainless steel|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (12–18%) [[chromium]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ — ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ&quot; ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ chromium. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[corrosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ oxides ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ chromium (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ) carbides. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ carbides ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ rustable, ᎡᎳᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (&quot;ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ&quot;) ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ.), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ D2, S30V, 154CM, ATS-34, ᎠᎴ 440C.

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Spyderco]] ᎠᎴ [[Benchmade]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 154CM, VG-10, S30V, ᎠᎴ CPM440V (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ S60V), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ D2 ᎠᎴ M2. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ titanium, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏳ [[Damascus steel|Damascus ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ trademark, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ layered ᎠᎴ admired ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ tactical ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

Vanadium ᎠᎴ molybdenum ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.  Vanadium, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ molybdenum, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ CATRA ( ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ centre) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vanadium.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ.

====ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ====

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.

[[image:Knive_types.png|left|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ]]

('''1''') ''ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ'' ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎭ curving ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ wielder ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎷᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ.

[[Image:clip_point_knife_blade.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]

('''2''') ''ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ'', ''ᎦᎳᏄᏂ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'' ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ upward. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ lightweight ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ slicing ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.

[[Image:drop_point_knife_blade.jpg|thumb|right|ᎪᎭᏍᎬ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]

('''3''') ''ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ'' ᎠᎴ ''spey'' ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꮎ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ (ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ.

('''4''') ''ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'' ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ &quot;ᏚᏂᏴᏔᏅ&quot; ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ effectiveness ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎯᎠ [[Bowie knife|Bowie ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏚᏂᏴᏔᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

''ᎪᎭᏍᎬ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'' ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ convexed ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ''.

('''5''') ''sheepsfoot'' ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ.  Sheepsfoot ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ whittling, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ hooves.

('''6''') ''Americanized tanto ᎠᏣᏅᏗ'' ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Japanese ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ([[katana]] ᎠᎴ [[wakizashi]]). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Japanese [[tanto]] ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ('''1''').  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 60-80 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ.

''[[ulu]]'' ([[Inuit]] ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏳᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'', ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[leather|leatherworking]] ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ==

ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ categorized ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ.

===ᎤᏙᏢᏒ===

'''ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. Activities Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ rely ᎾᎿ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Ka-bar|Ꭷ-ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Bowie knife|Bowie]] ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.

'''ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ-ᎤᏫᏢ'''. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ backspring Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ '''lockback''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ simplest ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ-ᎤᏫᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ backspring. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᏌᏊ presses ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ, releasing ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ '''linerlock''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;tactical&quot; ᎦᏇᏅᏙᏗ. Ꮝ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ presses ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᏂᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ '''framelock''' ᎨᏒᎢ variant ᎯᎠ linerlock, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏳ ᏓᎦᏏ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ effectiveness. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Benchmade ᎤᏤᎵ AXIS™ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎠᎴ SpyderCo ᎤᏤᎵ Compression™ ᏓᎦᏏ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ-ᎤᏗᏆᎸᏕᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.
[[Image:Delta pocket knife.jpg|thumb|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], '''[[dorsal|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ]]''' ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 'ᎦᏐᎯ', ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.  '''[[ansall]]''' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ.

===ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ''ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' (ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ), ᎠᎴ ''ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ''. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ [[dirk|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]] ᎠᎴ Japanese [[Tantō]] ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ:

====ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ====

:* ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ [[cutlery|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[kitchen knife|ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ:
[[Image:old_carving_knife_and_forks.JPG|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏴᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.  gantlai ᏕᎫᎭᎸ.  ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ.]]
::* ''ᎦᏚ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ [[bread|ᎦᏚ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ serrations (ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ) ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
::*''[[boning knife|ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ deboning ᎭᏫᏯ, gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ.
::ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[kitchen knife|ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]''.
::*ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  Ꮝ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ emphasized ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
::*ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[table setting|ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ]], ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[spoon|ᎠᏗᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[fork|ᏴᎩ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[butter knife|ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]], ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ.
[[Image:Old_Swiss_table_knives.JPG|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Swiss ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ weighted ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ. 24 [[centimetre]] (9½ [[inch|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]
[[Image:Old_English_table_knife.JPG|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎫᎭᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. 15 [[centimetre]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ]]
:*''[[palette knife|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cooking|ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ [[icing (food)|icing]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎪᎯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[frosting spatula|ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ.
:*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[whittling]] (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ) ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 25mm (1 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.
:* ''ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ insulated ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ.
:* [[scalpel|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[surgery|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ sharpest ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
:* ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[microtome]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ digotsaledg digovhi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[microscope|ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]].  ᎯᎠ sharpest ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ultramicrotomes ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[electron microscope|electron ᎢᎦᎢ]].

====ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ====
[[Image:modern_hunting_knife_Rigid_Custom.JPG|right|thumb|250px|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ) ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
[[Image:1930s_Remington_hunting_knife_broken_tip.JPG|right|thumb|250px|1930s Remington hunting knife.  (The tip was broken and re-shaped.)]]

:* ''ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᏩᏂᎦᎳ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴᏔᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ &quot;ᎤᎵᎦᏏ ᏑᏗ&quot; ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ (ie ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gutting gantlai).
:* ''stockman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ: ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ, spey ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.
:* ''ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ underwater ᎬᏙᏗ.  [http://www.divedacor.com Dacor] ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏙᏗ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
[[Image:machete_knife_blade.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Machete ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]
:* ''ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ'', ᎠᎴ ''multi-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Leatherman]], SOG, Gerber, [[Wenger]] ᎠᎴ [[Victorinox]] (ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Swiss Army knife|Swiss ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]&quot;) ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
:* ''[[kukri]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ Nepalese ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ''ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ'' ᎠᏓᏲᎲ.
:* ''[[machete]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ (ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ) ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
:* ''[[parang (knife)|parang]]'', ''[[bolo]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[golok]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ machete ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ woodier ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.
[[Image:Mexican_machete.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Mexican Machete, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Acapulco, 1970.  ᎤᏲᎾ ᎫᎭᎸ, ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.).  (ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ.)]]
:* ''ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ-ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ [[O-ring|O-ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]] ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ/ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏖᏍᏔᏍ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ: ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[pommel|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]).  [[Monofilament line|Monofilament ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ, ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ), 12 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎬᎿᎨ nylon ᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏚᎳᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏔᎵ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ unbarbed ᎠᏑᏗ (unbarbed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᎩ), ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, halizone ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ matches.
:* ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.

Serrations ᎾᎿ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ &quot;ᎤᎪᎲᎩ&quot; ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ slicing ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.  ᎣᏍᏛ serration ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. 15 25 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ-yvwatuwidv ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. Slicing ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ blunter ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, atsinuqowisgv ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ.

== ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ==

ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ [[Sharpening stone|ᏅᏯ]], ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sandpaper ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 10 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 15 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᏱᏓᏍᏗ) ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 20 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[chisel|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[drawknife]]), ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ 30 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (finer ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ/ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).

ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ mounted ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ. ᏄᏓᎴ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ setup, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎭ alenvdidsv ᎤᏙᏢᏒ V ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ V, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv.

Honing ᎠᏂᏅᏯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Sharpening stone#Oil stones and whetstones|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]) ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏁᏩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ. [[Arkansas|ᏲᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ honing ᎠᏂᏅᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ honing ᎪᎢ. [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ. ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ. [[Sharpening stone#Japanese water-stones|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ]] (ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ) ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏁᏩᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ slurry  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ honed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ honing ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ oilstones. Coated ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ abrasive, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[Sharpening stone#Diamond plate|ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎿ alenvdidsv ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ. ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[corundum]] ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ.

[[Strop#(Razor) strop|Stropping]] ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ impregnated ᎬᏙᏗ abrasive ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꭺ, cardstock, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮎ '[[scary sharp|scary ᎪᏍᏓᏯ]]' ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᏐᎢ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. Realigning ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, metallic ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.  ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ.

[[Image:Knife sharpening scraper.jpg|right|thumb]]
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏧᏩᏍᏔᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ softer ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ asymmetrically, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ.

==ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ==

ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ (e.g. chef ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ).  ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ([[switchblade]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ banned ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. [[Butterfly knife|ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]](Balisong) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ stigmatized, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ switchblades ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ agencies ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Austria]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ OTF (&quot;atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ&quot;) ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎾᎵᎢᏴᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ multitools ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[SwissTool]], [[Gerber multitool]], ᎠᎴ [[Leatherman]] multitools ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ frowned ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ forbidden ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ onboard ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᏥᏳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ inacessible ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ gayatohvsdi ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ travelling , ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. 

===ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA===

ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[dagger|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]], [[switchblade]], ᎠᎴ [[gravity knife|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]([[Butterfly knife|ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ &amp;mdash; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏚᎪᏓᏁᎸ).  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ banned, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ banned, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[concealed carry|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ]] ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ banned.  ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[San Antonio, TX]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ metro ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Washington, D.C.]], ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ 3&quot; ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ problematic. ᏐᎢ restricted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ 2.5 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎠᎴ [[Zero tolerance policy|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ]].

===ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK===

ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ legislated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ, ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ: ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ switchblades. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[bona fide]] ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ (e.g. [[chef]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ (e.g. [[sgian dubh]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (e.g. [[Sikh]] [[Kirpan]]). ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ penknives (ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᎦᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 3&quot;. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ UK ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ 'ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ &quot;ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ(ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ&quot;.[http://www.bkcg.co.uk/guide/prohibited/]ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

===ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ===
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[switchblade]], ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 15cm (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5.9in). ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6cm (switchblade 5.5cm). (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.) ᎢᏳᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. Japanese ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Japanese [[Katana]], Japanese ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ 6cm ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ(ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ), ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ¥300,000 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꭴ.. $2,700 ᎣᏌᏂ.

==ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ==

ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ customised ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ:
* ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ [[electric shock|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ).
* ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ.

==ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏦᏕ==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎫᏴᏗ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ taped ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᎫᏴᏗ&quot;.

ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᏩᎴᎫ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ, &quot;ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ&quot;.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Finland]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ-governmental ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ [[puukko]] (Finnish ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ/ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ trusted ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᎯᎠ puukko ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ, ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ purported ᏦᏕ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏕ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎬ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ- ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, dagatuwisdisgv ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ [[skein dubh|ᎠᏍᏗ dubh]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ purported ᏦᏕ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᎠᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ 'ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ' ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎩᎬ.  ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏦᏕ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎬ.

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
*''ᎾᏂᎥᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ Paul, ISBN 0938263234

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Seax]]
*[[Sword|ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ]]
*[[Combat knife|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]
*[[Electric knife|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]
*[[Fork|ᏴᎩ]]
*[[Dagger|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]]
*[[Switchblade]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://pweb.netcom.com/~brlevine/sta-law.htm Knife Laws of 50 States]
* [http://www.cutromano.cjb.net Romano Custom Knifemaking] ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ brazilian ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ knifemaking ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. Romano ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ brazilian knifemakers ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
* [http://www.police-information.co.uk/legislation/legislationindexeng.html#K UK Legislation]
* [http://www.benchmadeforum.com BenchmadeForum.com: Cutlery Forums] - Benchmade ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ
* [http://www.bladeforums.com BladeForums.com: The Leading Edge of Knife Discussion] - ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ
* [http://forums.egullet.org/index.php?showtopic=26036 Knife Maintenance and Sharpening, Instructor: Chad Ward] - ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ tutorial ᎾᎿ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ
* [http://www.turnbullknives.com/: Ralph Turnbull---Custom Knife maker] - ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ--ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ knifemaking
* [http://www.keramikmesser-online.de Keramikmesser]
* [http://www.catra.org: CATRA ] - ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ centre
* [http://www.huntingblades.com/index.html Hunting Knives]


[[Category:Knives|*]]
[[Category:Pocket knife]]
[[Category:Tools]]
[[Category:Lithics]]
[[Category:Archaeological artefact types]]
[[Category:Blade weapons]]
[[Category:Survival skills]]
[[Category:Food utensils]]
[[Category:Hiking equipment]]

{{Link FA|ru}}

[[ar:سكين]]
[[bg:Нож]]
[[ca:Ganivet]]
[[cs:Nůž]]
[[da:Kniv]]
[[de:Messer]]
[[en:Knife]]
[[eo:Tranĉilo]]
[[es:Cuchillo]]
[[fa:کارد]]
[[fi:Veitsi]]
[[fr:Couteau]]
[[gl:Coitelo]]
[[he:סכין]]
[[id:Pisau]]
[[io:Kultelo]]
[[it:Coltello]]
[[ja:ナイフ]]
[[lt:Peilis]]
[[nl:Mes]]
[[no:Kniv]]
[[oc:Cotèl]]
[[os:Кард]]
[[pl:Nóż]]
[[pt:Faca]]
[[ru:Нож]]
[[sh:Nož]]
[[simple:Knife]]
[[sv:Kniv]]
[[tr:Bıçak]]
[[ug:پىچاق]]
[[vi:Dao]]
[[zh:刀]]
[[zh-min-nan:To]]
[[zh-yue:刀]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏕᎳ</title>
    <id>2592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9435</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-08T09:50:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ia:Moneta]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Fljhfdshrukeurrewfd.jpg|thumb| ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  '''ᎠᏕᎳ'''. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, [[Brazil|Brazilian]] [[Real (currency)|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ '''ᎠᏕᎳ''', ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ [[money function|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]]:  ᎾᏍᏋ [[medium of exchange|ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ  ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]], [[store of value|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[unit of account|ᏌᏊᎭ  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]].  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ [[standard of deferred payment|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ  deferred ᏗᎫᏴᏗ]], ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ [http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&amp;c=dsp&amp;k=standard%20of%20deferred%20payment].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᏕᎳ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ [[currency|ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[list of circulating currencies|circulating currencies]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[legal tender|ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ;  [[deposit account|ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ currencies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[money supply|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ [[barter|ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[coincidence of wants|ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ  ᎠᏚᎵᎭ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ{{fact}} ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ{{fact}}. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ labour ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ{{fact}}. 

[[Commodity money|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (ᎤᎭ [[intrinsic value|ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.

[[Fiat money|ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ negligible [[intrinsic value|ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ mandating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv [[promissory note|atuyasdodi ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ]]ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ currencies (e.g. [[US Dollar|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ currencies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ (e.g. [[Swiss Dinar]]).

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ==
{{Main|History of money}}
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏉᏗ [[conch shell|conch ᎤᏯᏍᎦ]]ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ [[commodity money|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

==ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ==
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏦᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ:

'''1. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[medium of exchange|ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ  ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]]'''

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ simplifies ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[double coincidence|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]].

'''2. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[unit of account|ᏌᏊᎭ  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]'''

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ [[debt|ᎠᏓᏚᎩ]]ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ [[IOU]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ.  ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ IOU ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ accepted ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏕᎳ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᎭᏓᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ 10 ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ 45 ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ IOU denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ.

'''3. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[store of value|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]'''

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏒᏆᎶᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ [[lumber|ᏧᏯᏖᎾ]] Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ reliably ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ possesing ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ adatolasdisgi ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ criteria.

==adatudi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ==
[[Credit (finance)|adatudi]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ adatudi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ satisfies ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ &quot;ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ&quot; criteria. adatudi ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ. &lt;!-- assertion made without reference.  Who says? --&gt;ᏯᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ adatudi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.

ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ adatudi ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ [[monetary policy|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, adatudi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ interchangeably. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ [[money supply|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ adatudi.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ looser ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ.

== ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ==
ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ:

'''ᎾᏍᏋ [[medium of exchange|ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ  ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]]:'''
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ [[liquidity|ᎦᎾ]], ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ [[trade|tradable]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ [[Bid/offer spread|ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎡᎳᏗ [[transaction cost|ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ]]
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ transportable; [[precious metal|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[Value (economics)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ [[petroleum|ᎪᎢ]], [[coal|ᏥᏃᏍᎦ]], [[vermiculite]], ᎠᎴ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ. Ꭺ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.  ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ Mexican 20 peso ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.  ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎴᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. 

'''ᎾᏍᏋ [[unit of account|ᏌᏊᎭ  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]:'''
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ melted ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ [[fungible]]: Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ [[diamond|ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[art|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[real estate|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ verifiably countable.  

'''ᎾᏍᏋ [[store of value|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]:'''
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ [[spice|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎣᏌᏂ [[silk|ᏏᎵᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ [[rug|ᏯᏖᎾᏰᏍᏛᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ [[counterfeit|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.  

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[history of money|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ societies ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ iyuwakodi ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  Platinum ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ meltable iyuwakodi ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.  

ᏌᏊ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ [[trade|ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]]; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[barter|ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ.

==ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ==
[[Banknote]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ) ᎠᎴ [[coin|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ--ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. [[cheque|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ]], [[debit card|ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓgowelv adatugv ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[wire transfer|ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. [[Electronic money|Electronic ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ traded ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ.

== ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ==
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[finance|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]. [[Monetarism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ.

[[Monetary policy|ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[money supply|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ]], ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ [[output|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[employment|ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ]]. [[Inflation|ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[interest rate|ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ]], ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ. [[Central bank|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ controlling ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ [[bank|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.

ᎠᏕᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russia, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ  ᎯᎠ Soviet ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]].

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ arguing Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ. [[Financial capital|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏩᎾᎢ.

== ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies ==
{{Main|Private currency}}
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ Ꭺ currencies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

[[Image:Delaware Bridge Company Dollar.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ᎤᏤᎵᏓ 1 ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;Delaware ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ&quot;  [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] 1836-1841.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎯᎠ [[Free Banking Era|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ 1837 ᎠᎴ 1866. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, municipalities, ᎤᏤᎵᏓ adel didiyi, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ, ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 8,000 ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ monies ᎾᎥᎢ 1860. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ issuer ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;ᎬᎯ adel didiyi&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ unreliability ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, unpopulated ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎳ ᎬᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Lawrence H. ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ
[http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=2046 The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty - October 1993] &quot;''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ “wildcat” ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ&amp;mdash;ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ adel didiyi Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ''.&quot; ᎯᎠ [[National Bank Act of 1863|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ  1863]] ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]], ᎯᎠ [[Australian Bank Notes Tax Act 1910|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ  1910]] basically ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]] ᎠᎴ [[Northern Ireland|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ireland]] ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ adel didiyi ᎠᎴ tohi adedi ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv.

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv [[electronic money|electronic ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ [[digital gold currency|digital ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]].  ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ currencies ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ turnover ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ platinum, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎤᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ (ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ properties ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ joules) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ kilogramme*kilometre/ᏑᏟᎶᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [http://www.economist.com/markets/bigmac/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3503641] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏳᏃ legalised. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ꮎ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ) ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ.

==ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ==
{{Main|Money supply}}

[[Image:Money-supply.png|thumb|right|Ꭴ.. ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1959-2006]]ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ escalating ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ M0, M1, M2 ᎠᎴ M3. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ M3 ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ adatudi) ᎠᎴ M0 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ alenvdidsv ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ). M0 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎳ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ adel didiyi' ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United State|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Federal Reserve|ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ controlling ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Euro area|Euro ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]] ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[European Central Bank|ECB]]. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ adel didiyi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Bank of Japan|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ  ᎠᏰᎵ]], [[People's Bank of China|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ  ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Bank of England|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ  England]].

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᎾᎾᎢ 2% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ rushes ᎠᎴ discoveries, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Columbus ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ Spain, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1849.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏚᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ.  ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ savers ᎠᎴ tsunadatugi ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ deflation, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.  Deflation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1792 1913.

=== ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ===
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ,) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ Ꭺ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏊ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ capitalism ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ dadanetlivysegv ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ :

#ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ - Ꭺ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ adel didiyi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ anymore.)
#Ꭺ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[legal tender|ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ]]) ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ adatudi ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ.
#ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ adatudi ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ chequable ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎢᏤ'' ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ.)

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ -- ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏛ, ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, adatudi ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ -- ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ-denominated ᎠᏓᏚᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ adatudi ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ
ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ powered&quot; ᎠᏕᎳ (M0) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ
ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ
ᏔᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.  adel didiyi ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ
ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ (adatudi) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ
ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (M0).
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ M0 ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ
ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎠᎴ
T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.  Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎯᎠ
ᎠᏕᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ M0.  ᎯᎠ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ
ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ 
ᏗᏚᎳᏙ.

=== ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ===
ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ Ꭺ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ. ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 4% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ [[money supply|ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ]].

ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏃ depositers ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ withdrawn ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ [[savings|ᎨᏥᏍᏕᎸᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ &amp;mdash; savers ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ  ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ (ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ (Ꮝ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ recalled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ'' ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi.  ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ B ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ B ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ C ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ C ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ .  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᎯ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ atolisdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎪᏃ:)  ᎾᎿ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ atolisdi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ'' ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴ T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ &amp;mdash; ᎠᎩᏒᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[default (finance)|defaulted]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏁᏉᏨ&quot; ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.  ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏁᏉᏨ&quot; ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ iyuwakodi ᎤᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, rescued ᎯᎠ adel didiyi.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ taxpayers ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ (savers) ᏫᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled, ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, [[bank run|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[insolvency|ᎠᏚᎳᏗ]] ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ uninsured, ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏍᏕᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ [[deposit|ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ]]ors ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Great Depression|ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[bank reform|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ enacted ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[New Deal|ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.

== ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ==

=== ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ===
'''ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ'''

* ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ
* Bling (ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ)
* ᎦᏚ
* ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ
* ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ
* ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ
* ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ
* ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ
* ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ
* ᎠᏥᏱ
* ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᎯ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ)
* Deniro
* ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ
* Dosh
* ᎦᏓᏆᎵ
* Duckets
* ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ)
* Frogskins (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ)
* ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ)
* ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ)
* ᎦᏂᏴᏗ (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ)
* ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ
* Moola
* ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ
* Ꭺ
* ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ (ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ)
* ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ
* Skrill, Skrilla (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Canada, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ Halifax)
* (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ) Spondulix
* Yay

'''ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ'''

*ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ
*ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ
*ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ

'''ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ'''

* ᎠᎳᏍᏔᎵᏙᎯ = £2000
* ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ = 1,000,000 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏌᏊᎭ
* ᏆᏆ = 1 [[shilling|ᎠᏕᎳ]]
* ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ = $1
* C ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, Benjamin (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ) = $100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv
* Fiver, ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ, Finsky = 5 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏌᏊᎭ
* Foonie = $5 (Canada) - ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ $5 ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏧᏃᏢᏗ
* ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, G, ᎦᏅᏛᎢ, ᎡᏆ ᏌᏊ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ K = 1,000 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏌᏊᎭ
* Loonie = $1 (Canada)
* ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ = £500
* Nicker = £1
* ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ = £25
* ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ = £1
* ᎤᏝᏅᎯ = £1
* ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ = £20
* ᏏᏴᏫ = $1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ £1 (ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ)
* Sov = £1 (ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[British Sovereign coin|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]])
* ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ = 10,000 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏌᏊᎭ
* Tanner = [[British sixpence coin|sixpence]]
* Tenner = 10 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏌᏊᎭ
* ᎢᏯᏛᏂ = £100
* Toonie = $2 (Canada)

==Benchmark ᎡᎶᎯ Currencies==
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ currencies ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/currencies/fxc.html benchmark World Currencies at Bloomberg]&lt;/ref&gt;.
*Australia - [[Australian Dollar|Australian ᎤᏃᏍᏓ]] (AUD)
*Canada - [[Canadian Dollar|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ]] (ᎡᎳᏗ ᎡᎯ)
*European ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ (EUR-12) - [[Euro]] (EUR)
*Hong Kong - [[Hong Kong Dollar|Hong Kong ᎤᏃᏍᏓ]] (HKD)
*ᎠᏰᎵ - [[Japanese Yen]] (JPY)
*Switzerland - [[Swiss Franc]] (CHF)
*ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ - [[Pound sterling|ᏑᏓᎨᏓ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] (GBP)
*ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ - [[United States Dollar|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ]] (USD)

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ currencies ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ traded globaly ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ:
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (XAU) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ
ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ (XAG) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1000 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{portalpar|Numismatics|United States penny, obverse, 2002.jpg}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons|Money}}
* [[List of finance topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
* [[Coin of account|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
* [[Credit money|adatudi ᎠᏕᎳ]]
* [[Currency market|ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
* [[Electronic money|Electronic ᎠᏕᎳ]]
* [[Federal Reserve|ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]]
* [[List of songs about money|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ]]
* [[Local Exchange Trading Systems|ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
* [[Numismatics|ᎠᏕᎳ]] - ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ
* [[Seignorage]]
* [[Standard of deferred payment|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ  deferred ᏗᎫᏴᏗ]]
* [[Free Market|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
* [[Gift economy|ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Econ/EconShep.htm Philosophy of Money] ᎾᎥᎢ Alla Sheptun
*[http://www.metrum.org/measures/heraion.htm The Heraion Standard.]

[[Category:Money| ]]
[[Category:Monetary economics| ]]

{{Link FA|hu}}

[[af:Geld]]
[[ar:مال]]
[[bg:Пари]]
[[bn:অর্থ (টাকা)]]
[[bs:Novac]]
[[ca:Diner]]
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[[cy:Arian (economeg)]]
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[[zh-yue:錢]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏌᏌ</title>
    <id>2593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8762</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-18T06:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Swans
| image = Swans.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Mute Swan|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Anserinae]]
| genus = '''''Cygnus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera/Species
| subdivision = 
'''''Cygnus''''' &lt;small&gt; [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]] [[1803]]&lt;/small&gt;
:''[[Whooper Swan|Cygnus cygnus]]''
:''[[Trumpeter Swan|Cygnus buccinator]]''
:''[[Whistling Swan|Cygnus columbianus]]''
:''[[Bewick's Swan|Cygnus bewickii]]''
:''[[Black Swan|Cygnus atratus]]''
:''[[New Zealand Swan|Cygnus atratus sumnerensis]]''
:''[[Black-necked Swan|Cygnus melancoryphus]]''
:''[[Mute Swan|Cygnus olor]]''
:''[[New Zealand Swan|Cygnus sumnerensis]]'' 
'''''Coscoroba''''' &lt;small&gt; [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] [[1853]]&lt;/small&gt;
:''[[Coscoroba Swan|Coscoroba coscoroba]]'' 
}}
'''ᏌᏌ''' ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᎯᎠ [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] [[Anatidae]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[goose|geese]] ᎠᎴ [[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]]. ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ grouped ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ geese ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[subfamily]] [[Anserinae]].

ᏌᏌ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ &quot;ᏗᎦᎴᏅᏗ&quot; ᎾᏛᏁ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᏰᎵ 3&amp;ndash;8.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ''ᏌᏌ'', ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏥ ''schwan'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Indo-European ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ''*swen'' (ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ), ᎭᏢᏃ Latin ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ''sonus'' (ᎤᏃᏴᎬ). (Webster ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ)  ᎠᏲᎵ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''gantlai'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏌ, ''cygnus''.  ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ&quot;, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ&quot;.

==ᏗᎧᏃᏗ==
ᎯᎠ [[Northern Hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Southern Hemisphere|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ patterned ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎯᎠ [[Australia]]n '''[[Black Swan|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᏌ]]''' (''Cygnus atratus'') ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n '''[[Black-necked Swan|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᏌᏌ]]''' ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᎯᎠ '''[[Coscoroba Swan|Coscoroba ᏌᏌ]]''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ blackish ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv colour varies; ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ patterned ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏌ==
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ '''''Cygnus''''' &lt;small&gt;[[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]] [[1803]]&lt;/small&gt;
*'''[[Whooper Swan|ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus cygnus'' ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Iceland]] ᎠᎴ subarctic [[Europe]] ᎠᎴ [[Asia]], migrating ᎡᎷᏪᎢ Europe ᎠᎴ Asia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Finland]]`ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ.
*'''[[Trumpeter Swan|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus buccinator'' ᎨᏒᎢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏌ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ subspecies ᎾᏍᎩ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ [[extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ heaviest [[flight|ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 17&amp;nbsp;kg (38&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ).
*'''[[Whistling Swan|Whistling ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus columbianus'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏌ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n tundra, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏌᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[USA]].
*'''[[Bewick's Swan|Bewick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus bewickii'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[Russia]] ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Asia ([[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust|Wildfowl ᎠᎴ Wetlands ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[United Kingdom|Britain]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Bewick ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ subspecies ''C. columbianus'', creating ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Tundra Swan|Tundra ᏌᏌ]].
*'''[[Black Swan|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus atratus'' [[Australia]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]]. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ [[Western Australia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Australia]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sydney]] beachside ᎦᏁᎸ [[Dee Why|Dee ᎦᏙᏃ]].
**'''[[New Zealand Swan|ᎢᏤ Zealand ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus atratus sumnerensis'' ᎠᎴ ''Cygnus sumnerensis'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᏌ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Chatham ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ.{{StatusPrehistoric}}
*'''[[Black-necked Swan|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus melancoryphus'' [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ''Sthenelides melanocorypha''.
*'''[[Mute Swan|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ]]''', ''Cygnus olor'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏴᎩ-ᎫᏄᏡᏂ; ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ '''''Coscoroba''''' &lt;small&gt;[[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] [[1853]]&lt;/small&gt;
*'''[[Coscoroba Swan|Coscoroba ᏌᏌ]]''',  ''Coscoroba coscoroba'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ

==ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:NPS Wildlife. Trumpeter Swan on Nest.jpg|Trumpeter Swan
Image:flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg|Flock of Tundra Swans migrating near Alma, WI, USA
Image:Black Swans.PNG|[[Black Swan]]s
Image:Höckerschwan_mit_ausgebreiteten-Flügeln.jpg|Mute Swan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᏌᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
*ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ [[The Ugly Duckling|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᏂᏛ]] ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ yvwatuwidv ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᏂᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ mistreated iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ accepted ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ mistreated ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᏂᏛ ᎠᎴ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ gantlai, ᎩᎳ gantlai ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏌ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
*ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ revered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Hinduism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ [[Sanskrit|lyudetiyvda]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ''hamsa'' ᎠᎴ ''hansa'', ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deities ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ [[Saraswati]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Vedas|Vedic]] ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Brahman|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]] ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]n ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ. Hindu [[iconography|ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''hamsa'' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏌ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, [[ornithology|ornithological]] checklists ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vagrant|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
*ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏌᏌ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ [[Lohengrin]] ᎠᎴ [[Parsifal]].
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Leda and the Swan|Leda ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏌ]] ᏗᏎᎯᏐᏗ Ꮎ [[Helen of Troy|Helen  Troy]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ [[Zeus|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]], ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ [[Sparta]].
*ᏌᏊ [[Chinese idiom|Chinese ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]] ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ''&quot;ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏌᏌ ᎭᏫᏯ!&quot;'' . ᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ/ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ shouldn't ᎤᎷᏤᎯ.
*ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[2001]] [[Academy Awards|ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Björk]] ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ eyebrows ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ flamboyantly quirky ᎠᏌᏃ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏌᏌ.
*ᎯᎠ [[Sydney Swans|Sydney ᏌᏌ]] [[Australian Football League|AFL]] ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ/ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
*[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea ᎦᏚᎲᎢ .F.C.]] ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏌ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Cyril the Swan|Cyril ᎯᎠ ᏌᏌ]].
*ᎯᎠ [[Finnish euro coins|Finnish Euro ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏌ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ.
*ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ tonudvhna ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯᏳ- ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ [[swan song|ᏌᏌ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]].

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|Cygnus}}
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=27 Swan videos] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
*[http://www.swanuk.org.uk/ The Swan Sanctuary Shepperton,England]

[[Category:cygnus|*]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]

[[bg:Лебеди]]
[[cy:Alarch]]
[[da:Svane]]
[[de:Schwäne]]
[[en:Swan]]
[[es:Cygnus (género)]]
[[fr:Cygne (oiseau)]]
[[fy:Swannen]]
[[gl:Cisne]]
[[ko:고니류]]
[[hr:Labudovi]]
[[io:Cigno]]
[[os:Доныхъаз]]
[[it:Cigno (uccello)]]
[[he:ברבור]]
[[la:Olor]]
[[lb:Schwanen]]
[[lt:Gulbės]]
[[nl:Zwanen]]
[[ja:ハクチョウ]]
[[no:Svanefamilien]]
[[pl:Łabędź (ptak)]]
[[pt:Cisne]]
[[ru:Лебеди]]
[[simple:Swan]]
[[sl:Labod]]
[[su:Soang]]
[[fi:Joutsenet]]
[[sv:Svanar]]
[[zh:天鹅属]]
[[chr:ᏌᏌ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Taxobox</title>
    <id>2594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8759</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-18T06:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
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  |DD|dd=&lt;small&gt;'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&amp;nbsp;status:]] Data&amp;nbsp;deficient'''&lt;/small&gt;
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  |EN|en=&lt;small&gt;'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Endangered'''&lt;/small&gt;{{{category|[[Category:Endangered species]]}}}
  |CR|cr=&lt;small&gt;'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Critical'''&lt;/small&gt;{{{category|[[Category:Critically endangered species]]}}}
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  |{{{status}}}
}}{{#if:{{{status_ref|}}}|&lt;small&gt;{{{status_ref|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{#if: {{{fossil_range|}}}|&lt;br&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; 
| {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[image:{{{image}}}|{{{image_width|200px}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{image_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|[[image:{{{image2}}}|{{{image2_width|200px}}}|{{{image2_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{image2_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;background: {{{color}}};&quot; | '''{{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Scientific classification]]}}'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
{| style=&quot;margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|
{{!}} Group:
{{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}}
 |I|i=Group I &lt;small&gt;([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |II|ii=Group II &lt;small&gt;([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |III|iii=Group III &lt;small&gt;([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |IV|iv=Group IV &lt;small&gt;([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |V|v=Group V &lt;small&gt;([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |VI|vi=Group VI &lt;small&gt;([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |VII|vii=Group VII &lt;small&gt;([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |{{{virus_group}}}
}}}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{domain|}}}|
{{!}} Domain:
{{!}} {{{domain}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{domain_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}|
{{!}}  Superkingdom:
{{!}} {{{superregnum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superregnum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{regnum|}}}|
{{!}}  Kingdom:
{{!}} {{{regnum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{regnum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}|
{{!}}  Subkingdom:
{{!}} {{{subregnum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subregnum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}|
{{!}}  (unranked)
{{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}|
{{!}}  Superdivision:
{{!}} {{{superdivisio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Superphylum:
{{!}} {{{superphylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superphylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{divisio|}}}|
{{!}}  Division:
{{!}} {{{divisio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{divisio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{phylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Phylum:
{{!}} {{{phylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{phylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}|
{{!}}  Subdivision:
{{!}} {{{subdivisio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Subphylum:
{{!}} {{{subphylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subphylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Infraphylum:
{{!}} {{{infraphylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Microphylum:
{{!}} {{{microphylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{microphylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}|
{{!}}  Nanophylum:
{{!}} {{{nanophylum}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}|
{{!}}  (unranked)
{{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}|
{{!}}  Superclass:
{{!}} {{{superclassis}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superclassis_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{classis|}}}|
{{!}}  Class:
{{!}} {{{classis}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{classis_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}|
{{!}}  Subclass:
{{!}} {{{subclassis}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subclassis_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}|
{{!}}  Infraclass:
{{!}} {{{infraclassis}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}|
{{!}}  (unranked)
{{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Magnorder:
{{!}} {{{magnordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{magnordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Superorder:
{{!}} {{{superordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{ordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Order:
{{!}} {{{ordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{ordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Suborder:
{{!}} {{{subordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Infraorder:
{{!}} {{{infraordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{infraordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}|
{{!}}  Parvorder:
{{!}} {{{parvordo}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{parvordo_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}|
{{!}}  Division:
{{!}} {{{zoodivisio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}|
{{!}}  Section:
{{!}} {{{zoosectio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}|
{{!}}  Subsection:
{{!}} {{{zoosubsectio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}|
{{!}}  (unranked)
{{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}|
{{!}}  Superfamily:
{{!}} {{{superfamilia}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{familia|}}}|
{{!}}  Family:
{{!}} {{{familia}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{familia_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}|
{{!}}  Subfamily:
{{!}} {{{subfamilia}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}|
{{!}}  Supertribe:
{{!}} {{{supertribus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{supertribus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{tribus|}}}|
{{!}}  Tribe:
{{!}} {{{tribus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{tribus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}|
{{!}}  Subtribe:
{{!}} {{{subtribus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subtribus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{alliance|}}}|
{{!}}  Alliance:
{{!}} {{{alliance}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{alliance_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{genus|}}}|
{{!}}  Genus:
{{!}} {{{genus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{genus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{genus2|}}}|
{{!}}  Genus:
{{!}} {{{genus2}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{genus2_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}|
{{!}}  Subgenus:
{{!}} {{{subgenus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subgenus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{sectio|}}}|
{{!}}  Section:
{{!}} {{{sectio}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{sectio_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{series|}}}|
{{!}}  Series:
{{!}} {{{series}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{series_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{species_group|}}}|
{{!}}  Species group:
{{!}} {{{species_group}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{species_group_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}|
{{!}}  Species subgroup:
{{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}|
{{!}}  Species complex:
{{!}} {{{species_complex}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{species_complex_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{species|}}}|
{{!}}  Species:
{{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;{{{species}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{species_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-valign=top
{{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}|
{{!}}  Subspecies:
{{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot;&gt;{{{subspecies}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{subspecies_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|}
|- bgcolor={{{color|white}}}
{{#if:{{{diversity|}}}|
! [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]]
{{!}}- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{!}} {{{diversity|}}}}}
|- bgcolor=&quot;{{{color|white}}}&quot;
{{#if:{{{binomial|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{!}} '''{{{binomial}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{binomial_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-bgcolor=&quot;{{{color|white}}}&quot;
{{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;[[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] &lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{!}} '''{{{trinomial}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{trinomial_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-bgcolor=&quot;{{{color|white}}}&quot;
{{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;[[Biological type|Type Genus]] &lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{!}} {{{type_genus}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{type_genus_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-bgcolor=&quot;{{{color|white}}}&quot;
{{#if:{{{type_species|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;[[Biological type|Type Species]] &lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{!}} {{{type_species}}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{type_species_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{range_map|}}}|
{{!}} [[image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{range_map_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{binomial2_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}|
{{!}} [[image:{{{range_map2}}}|{{{range_map2_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map2_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{range_map2_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{binomial3_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}|
{{!}} [[image:{{{range_map3}}}|{{{range_map3_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map3_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{range_map3_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{binomial4_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
{{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}|
{{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}|
{{!}} [[image:{{{range_map4}}}|{{{range_map4_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map4_caption|}}}]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;{{{range_map4_caption|}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;}}
|- bgcolor=&quot;{{{color|white}}}&quot;
{{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;{{{subdivision_ranks}}}&lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0 .5em;&quot; {{!}}
{{{subdivision|}}} }}
|-style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{{color}}};&quot;
{{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}|
! &lt;center&gt;[[Synonymy|Synonyms]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0 .5em;&quot; {{!}}
{{{synonyms|}}} }}
|}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
==About this template==
This template sets up a taxobox.  Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use.  See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage|taxobox usage]] for an explanation.  For an example in practice, look at the edit page of [[Orca]] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orca&amp;action=edit].  Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for your case, just leave it out.

{{esoteric}}
[[Category:Science infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[es:Plantilla:Taxobox]]
[[ga:Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíochta]]
[[ka:თარგი:Taxobox]]
[[ko:Template:생물 분류]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Taxobox]]
[[ro:Format:CutieTaxonomie]]
[[ru:Шаблоны:Taxobox]]
[[scn:Template:Taxobox]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Bảng phân loại]]
[[tr:Şablon:Taksokutu]]
[[zh:Template:Taxobox]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:!</title>
    <id>2595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8760</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-18T06:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
{{protected template}}
This is an auxiliary template allowing to encode &quot;&lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt;&quot;
within template parameters. It is '''unnecessary''' to get a
&quot;&lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt;&quot; in these cases, better use &quot;&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#124;&lt;/code&gt;&quot;
for this purpose. However the &quot;&lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt;&quot; delimiter for a
Wiki table has to be escaped by a template if it's used
within a template, see also [[WP:QIF]].

Note that there's no such problem with &quot;&lt;code&gt;!&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (exclamation mark), it
only affects &quot;&lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (vertical bar) in conjunction
with the [[m:Help:Parameter_default]] mechanism within tables.

For obvious reasons this is a '''high risk template''',
and it cannot be [[WP:SUBST|substituted]].

{{Lts|{{PAGENAME}}}}


[[Category:Template templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia workaround templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[bn:Template:!]]
[[de:Vorlage:!]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:!]]
[[ru:Шаблон:!]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:!]]
[[zh:Template:!]]
[[zh-yue:Template:!]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Commonscat</title>
    <id>2596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8761</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-18T06:23:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|50px|none|Commons logo]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 60px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to:
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''''[[Commons:Category:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'''''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Interwiki link templates|Commonscat]][[Category:Wikipedia navigation templates]]
[[da:Skabelon:Commonscat]]
[[de:Vorlage:Commons2]]
[[fr:Modèle:CommonsCat]]
[[hr:Template:Commonscat]]
[[hu:Template:Commonscat]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Commonscat]]
[[no:Mal:Commonscat]]
[[ja:Template:Commonscat]]
[[os:Шаблон:Commonscat]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Commonscat]]
[[ru:Template:Commonscat]]
[[fi:Malline:Commonscat]]
[[sv:Mall:Commonscat]]
[[th:Template:Commonscat]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Commonscat]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Commonscat]]
[[zh:Template:Commonscat]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ</title>
    <id>2597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8765</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-19T05:00:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>71.199.56.15</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Birds
| fossil_range = Late [[Jurassic]] - Recent
| image = Superb fairy wren2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Superb Fairy-wren|ᎤᏬᏚ ᏱᏁᎯ-ᏔᎵᏔᎹ]], ''Malurus cyaneus'', juvenile
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| unranked_classis = [[Archosauria]]
| classis = '''Aves'''
| classis_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ]]
| subdivision = 
&lt;center&gt;Many - see [[#Bird orders|ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ]].&lt;/center&gt;
}}

'''ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ''' ᎠᎴ [[biped]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, [[Homeothermic|ᎤᎦᎾᏩ-ᎩᎬᎭ]], [[oviparous]] [[vertebrate]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ [[body plan|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[feather|ᎤᎩᏓᎵ]], forelimbs ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[wing|ᎪᏯᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ [[hummingbird|ᏩᎴᎳ]]ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[Emu]]. ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomic]] viewpoint, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8,800–10,200 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 120–130 Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Terrestrial animal |ᎡᎶᎯ]] [[vertebrate]]. 

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[nectar (plant)|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]], [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᎤᎦᏔ, [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], [[rodent]], [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]], ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ [[diurnal animal|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[owl|ᎤᎫᎫ]]ᎠᎴ [[nightjar]], ᎠᎴ [[nocturnal|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ]] ᎠᎴ [[crepuscular|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]] (lyadvnehi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏒᎯᏱ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[wader]]ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ [[bird migration|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ]] ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ utilise optimum ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (e.g., [[Arctic Tern|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ]]) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyuwakodi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (e.g. ᎯᎠ [[Wandering Albatross|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Albatross]]). ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Common Swift|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏥᏄᎳ]], ᎡᏙᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[beak|ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ]] ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-shelled [[Egg (biology)|ᏧᏪᏥ]], ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[metabolism|metabolic]] ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, 4-chambered ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[Bird skeleton|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ]].  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ characterised ᎾᎥᎢ [[bird flight|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ [[ratite]]ᎠᎴ flightless, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. Flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[penguins]], [[ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]], [[kiwi]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ [[Dodo]]. Flightless ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[mammal|gantlai]]ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[Great Auk|ᎡᏆ Auk]], flightless [[Rallidae|ᏐᏯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[moa]] [[List of New Zealand birds|ᎢᏤ Zealand]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ gantlai ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ birdwatchers ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[birding|birders]]) ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ.

==ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ categorised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Class (biology)|biological ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], Aves.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[Jurassic]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, Aves ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ [[Order (biology)|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] [[Crocodilia]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ [[Archosauria]].

[[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetically]], Aves ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ''[[House Sparrow|ᎦᎶᏍᎩ domesticus]]''), ᎠᎴ ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ phylogenies ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dinosaur clade [[Theropoda]].

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ [[superorder]], ᎯᎠ [[Paleognathae]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]]es), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[Neognathae]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.

==ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ==
[[Image:Galloanseri2.png|279px|thumb|right|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]]]
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ taxonomic ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Aves. ᎯᎠ [[list of birds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]] ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ.

[[Paleognathae]]:
*[[Struthioniformes]], [[Ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]], [[emu]], [[kiwi]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Tinamiformes]], [[tinamou]]
[[Neognathae]]:
*[[Anseriformes]], waterfowl
*[[Galliformes]], ᏧᏓᎳᎾᏓ
*[[Gaviiformes]], [[loon|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]]
*[[Podicipediformes]], [[grebe]]
*[[Procellariiformes]], [[albatross]]es, [[petrel]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Sphenisciformes]], [[penguin]]
*[[Pelecaniformes]], [[pelican|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Ciconiiformes]], [[stork]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Phoenicopteriformes]], [[flamingo]]
*[[Accipitriformes]], [[eagle|ᏬᎭᎵ]], [[hawk|ᏔᏬᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ 
*[[Falconiformes]], [[falcon|ᎠᏯᏍᏔ]]
*[[Turniciformes]], ᎦᏙᏗ-ᎫᏇ
*[[Gruiformes]], ᎦᏄᏥᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Charadriiformes]], gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Pteroclidiformes]], sandgrouse
*[[Columbiformes]], [[dove|ᏬᏯ]]ᎠᎴ [[pigeon|ᏬᏱ]]
*[[Psittaciformes]], [[parrot|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Cuculiformes]], [[cuckoo|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]
*[[Strigiformes]], [[owl|ᎤᎫᎫ]]
*[[Caprimulgiformes]], [[nightjar]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Apodiformes]], [[swift|ᎦᏥᏄᎳ]]
*[[Trochiliformes]], ᏩᎴᎳ
*[[Coraciiformes]], [[kingfisher|ᏧᎷ]]
*[[Piciformes]], [[woodpecker|ᎫᎫᏣ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ
*[[Trogoniformes]], [[trogon]]
*[[Coliiformes]], mousebirds
*[[Passerine|Passeriformes]], passerines

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[James Clements|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ). ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Sibley-Monroe ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.

===ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ===
ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Mesozoic]] ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Archaeopterygiformes]], ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Confuciusornis|Confuciusornithiformes]], ᎪᏍᏓᏱ seabirds ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Hesperornithiformes]] ᎠᎴ [[Ichthyornis|Ichthyornithes]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Subclass [[Enantiornithes]] (&quot;ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ&quot;). 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ lyudetiyvda ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Fossil birds|lyudetiyvda ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]].

[[Image: Shoebill.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|[[Shoebill]], ''Balaeniceps rex'']]

== ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Theropoda|theropod]] [[Dinosauria|dinosaurs]], ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ [[Maniraptora]], ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ theropods ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[dromaeosaur]]ᎠᎴ [[Oviraptoridae|oviraptorids]], ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5290/1164 | title=Early Adaptive Radiation of Birds: Evidence from Fossils from Northeastern China -- Hou et al. 274 (5290): 1164 -- Science | accessdate=2006-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-avian theropods Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎾᏞᎬ discoveries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ([[Liaoning]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ theropod dinosaurs ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ.

ᎯᎠ basal ᏥᏍᏆ ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Jurassic]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ &quot;ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ&quot; ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[evolution|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ''[[Confuciusornis]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏍᏆ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Early Cretaceous|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏥ]]. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ predated ᎾᎥᎢ ''[[Protoavis|Protoavis texensis]]'', ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎪᎯ lyudetiyvda ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏐᎢ [[Mesozoic]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Confuciusornithidae]], [[Enantiornithes]], ''[[Ichthyornis]]'', ᎠᎴ [[Hesperornithiformes]], ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ flightless ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[grebe]]ᎠᎴ [[loon|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ dromaeosaur ''[[Cryptovolans]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ powered ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ [[keel (bird)|alenvdidsv]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ [[uncinate]] processes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ''[[Cryptovolans]]'' ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ &quot;ᏥᏍᏆ&quot; ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ paleontologists ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ [[dromaeosaur]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ basal ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ secondarily flightless, ᎠᏯ.e. dromaeosaurs ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv. ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎩ feathered dromaeosaurs.

[[Image:Snowy.owl.overall.arp.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|220px|[[Snowy Owl|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᎫᎫ]], ''Bubo scandiacus'']]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[ornithischia]]n (ᏥᏍᏆ-hipped) dinosaurs ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[hip|ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[saurischia]]n (ᏗᎦᎭᎵ-hipped) dinosaurs (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ dinosaurian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[Analogy (biology)|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏦᎢᏁ iyuwakodi ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ theropods, ᎯᎠ [[Therizinosauridae]].

ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ dinosaurian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, espoused ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Lary ᏡᏡ ᎠᎴ Alan Feduccia), ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[maniraptora]]n &quot;dinosaurs&quot;) ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ archosaurs ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ''[[Longisquama]]'', ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ contested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ R.O. Prum. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ''[[Longisquama]]'' ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ. 

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Neornithes, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Paleognathae ᎠᎴ Neognathae. ᎯᎠ paleognaths ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[tinamou]](ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[ratite]]. ᎯᎠ ratites ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ostriches, cassowaries, kiwis ᎠᎴ emus (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ratites ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tvga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ). ᎯᎠ basal ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ Neognathes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Galloanseri, ᎯᎠ superorder ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Anseriformes]] ([[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]], [[goose|geese]] ᎠᎴ [[swan|ᏌᏌ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Galliformes]] (ᎯᎠ [[pheasant|ᏝᎾᏘᏥ]], [[grouse|gantlai]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ). ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. [[Charles Sibley|Sibley]] &amp; Ahlquist ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ'' (1990) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ debated ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ). ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[taxon|taxa]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ; ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ emerged. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]].

[[Image:Bird.parts.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᏍᏗ   ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ]]

==ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏍᏗ==
{{main|bird anatomy}}
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ [[body plan|ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] Ꮎ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ adaptations (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[bird flight|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]]) Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[Scientific classification|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[vertebrate]] [[phylum]].

==ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ==
===ᏧᏪᏥ===
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[calcium carbonate]]. ᎬᏙᏗ-passerines ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Charadriiformes]], [[sandgrouse]] ᎠᎴ [[nightjar]], ᎭᏢᏃ camouflage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[brood parasite|ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ]] [[cuckoo|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ passerine ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ passerines, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᏠᏗ coloured ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[tit (bird)|ᎢᎦᎢ]] ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ-nesters.

ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ [[protoporphyrin]] ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ passerine ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ calcium ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ genetically influenced, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[gene]] ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pigmentation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ determining W ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ WZ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ZZ).

ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[nest|ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ elaboratey decorated ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[oropendola]].

===ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ===
ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ polyandry, polygyny, ᎠᎴ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ. [[Monogamy|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 91% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. [[Polygyny]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ 2% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ [[polyandry]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1%. Monogamous ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ vertebrate ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal2 | last=Gowaty | first=Patricia Adair | title=Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (''Sialia sialis'') | journal=The American Naturalist | volume=121 | issue=2 | pages=149-160 | year=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Image:Redwing_nest.jpg|left|thumb|350px|ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Redwing]] hatchlings ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[incubation|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]]. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ confining ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ physiological ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ incubating ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. &quot;ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ taxa ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ incubate, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏗᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal2 | last=Ketterson | first=Ellen D. | coauthors=and Nolan, Val | title=Male Parental Behavior in Birds | journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume=25 | pages=601-28 | year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.

==ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ==
[[Image:penguinu.jpg|thumb|[[Chinstrap Penguin]], ''Pygoscelis antarctica'']][[image:iso_linnunpontto.jpg|thumb|150px| [[birdbox]] ᎨᏒᎢ  ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ  ᎪᏢᏗ  ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ]]

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ [[chicken|ᏥᏔᎦ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ [[Egg (biology)|ᏧᏪᏥ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[goose|geese]], [[pheasant|ᏝᎾᏘᏥ]], [[turkey (bird)|ᎬᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utilized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[emu]], [[ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]]es, [[pigeon|ᏬᏱ]], [[grouse|gantlai]], [[quail|ᎫᏇ]], [[dove|ᏬᏯ]], [[woodcock]], [[songbird]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ [[passerine]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[finch|gantlai]]es.  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[poultry|gantlai]].

ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi [[swan|ᏌᏌ]]ᎠᎴ [[flamingo]]ᎨᏒᎩ delicacies ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᏊ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[feather|ᎤᎩᏓᎵ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, [[guano|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]-derived ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ nitrogen ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ [[Swiftlet|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᎦᎹ]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Passenger Pigeon|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏬᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[habitat destruction|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]], [[deforestation]] ᎠᎴ intensive [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ activities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏬᏱ ᎠᎴ [[Rock Dove|ᏅᏯ ᏬᏯ]] (''Columba livia'') ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ [[House Sparrow|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏥᏍᏆᏯ]], [[Common Starling|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Starling]], ᎠᎴ [[House Finch|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ gantlai]]es ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ.

ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Rock Dove|Homing ᏬᏱ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ tsunadatvgotanv ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ). [[Falcon|ᎠᏯᏍᏔ]]ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[cormorant|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ fishermen. [[Chicken|ᏥᏔᎦ]]ᎠᎴ [[pigeon|ᏬᏱ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[biology|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[comparative psychology|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ toxins, ᎯᎠ [[Canary|gantlai]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[coal mines|ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ]] ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ gases, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎦᎴᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ iyuwakodi ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ.

Colorful, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (e.g., [[Parrot (family)|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ [[mynah]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pet|ᎤᏓᏅᏗ]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[smuggling|trafficking]] ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; [[CITES]], ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1963, ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ trafficking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᏥᏍᏆ ᎥᏳᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[psittacosis]], [[salmonellosis]], [[campylobacteriosis]], Newcastle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏳᎩ, mycobacteriosis (avian [[tuberculosis]]), [[avian influenza|avian ᎥᏳᎩ]], [[giardiasis]], ᎠᎴ [[cryptosporidiosis]].

==ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ==
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Worldwatch ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ, ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ 1,200 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1763 | title=Worldwatch Paper #165: Winged Messengers: The Decline of Birds | Worldwatch Institute | accessdate=2006-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ cited ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fewhours/migratory-birds.htm | title=Help Migratory Birds Reach Their Destinations | accessdate=2006-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; predation ᎾᎥᎢ nonnative ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fifteen/backyard-birds.htm | title=Protect Backyard Birds and Wildlife: Keep Pet Cats Indoors | accessdate=2006-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pesticide ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.

==Trivia==
*preen ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
*ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''[[avifauna]]'''.
*ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ chemical defences ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators.  [[Tubenose]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ [[stomach oil|ᎪᎢ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[pitohui]], ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Guinea|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ]], ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ [[neurotoxin]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ.
*ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ '''avis'''.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
[[Image:Baby bird learning to fly.jpg|thumb|200px|Fledgling]]
[[Image:Sea Gull 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px| ᎠᏛᏍᎩ [[Laughing Gull|ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]]]]
* [[Anting (bird activity)|ᏙᏒᏓᎵ]]
* ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''
* [[Avian pallium|Avian ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]]
* [[Bird feeder|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]]
* [[Bird flight|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ]]
* [[Bird hybrid|ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Bird intelligence|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]]
* [[Bird observatory|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
* [[Bird migration|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]]
* [[Bird ringing|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]] (ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ)
* [[Bird skeleton|ᏥᏍᏆ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ]]
* [[Bird song|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Birdfeeding]]
* [[Birding|ᏥᏍᏆ]]
* [[Birdwatching]]
* [[Carinatae]]
* [[Conservation status|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]
* [[The biology of eggs|ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Extinct birds|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]
* [[Language of the birds|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]
* [[List of birds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]
* [[List of regional bird lists|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏠᎨᏏ]]
* [[Longisquama]]
* [[Oology]]
* [[Ornithology|Ornithology]] 
* [[Pinion (feather)|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎤᎩᏓᎵ)]]
* [[Prehistoric bird|lyudetiyvda ᏥᏍᏆ]]

ᏥᏍᏆ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[list of birds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]] ᎠᎴ [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]].

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
{{sisterlinks|Bird}}
{{Wikispecies|Aves}}
{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Aves}}
&lt;!-- 

Please note Wikipedia is not a repository of links! Only include major international, non-commercial external links 

--&gt;
*[http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN&amp;pg=home Avibase] - ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
*[http://www.bird-hybrids.com/engine.php?LA=En Bird Hybrids Database] - ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎬᏙᏗ Sibley ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ
*[http://www.i-o-c.org/IOComm/index.htm International Ornithological Committee]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/ Birdlife International] - Dedicated ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ; ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 250,000 ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
*[http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fifteen/backyard-birds.htm Protect Backyard Birds and Wildlife]
*[http://www.charityguide.org/volunteer/fewhours/migratory-birds.htm Help Migratory Birds Reach Their Destinations]
*[http://birdingonthe.net/ Birdingonthe.net]
*[http://worldtwitch.com/ Worldtwitch] - ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᏤᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ
*[http://www.hbw.com/ibc/ The Internet Bird Collection] - ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ videos ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ

[[Category:Birds|*]]

{{Link FA|bg}}
{{Link FA|no}}
{{Link FA|sl}}

[[af:Voël]]
[[ar:طائر]]
[[ast:Páxaru]]
[[bo:བྱ་]]
[[bg:Птици]]
[[ca:Ocell]]
[[cs:Ptáci]]
[[cy:Aderyn]]
[[da:Fugl]]
[[pdc:Voggel]]
[[de:Vögel]]
[[en:Bird]]
[[et:Linnud]]
[[es:Aves]]
[[eo:Birdoj]]
[[fa:پرنده]]
[[fr:Oiseau]]
[[fy:Fûgels]]
[[ga:Éan]]
[[gl:Paxaro]]
[[ko:새]]
[[hr:Ptice]]
[[io:Ucelo]]
[[id:Burung]]
[[is:Fugl]]
[[it:Aves]]
[[he:עופות]]
[[ka:ფრინველები]]
[[kw:Edhen]]
[[ku:Çûk]]
[[la:Avis]]
[[lb:Vullen]]
[[lt:Paukščiai]]
[[li:Veugel]]
[[hu:Madár]]
[[mk:Птици]]
[[ms:Burung]]
[[nah:Tototl]]
[[nl:Vogels]]
[[nds-nl:Voegels]]
[[ja:鳥類]]
[[no:Fugler]]
[[nn:Fugl]]
[[nrm:Ouaîsé]]
[[oc:Aves]]
[[ug:قۇش]]
[[nds:Vagel]]
[[pl:Ptaki]]
[[pt:Aves]]
[[ru:Птицы]]
[[scn:Aceddi]]
[[simple:Bird]]
[[sk:Vtáky]]
[[sl:Ptič]]
[[sr:Птице]]
[[su:Manuk]]
[[fi:Linnut]]
[[sv:Fåglar]]
[[ta:பறவை]]
[[th:นก]]
[[vi:Chim]]
[[chr:ᏥᏍᏆ]]
[[chy:Ve'kese]]
[[tr:Kuşlar]]
[[uk:Птахи]]
[[zh:鸟]]
[[chr:ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏓᏎᏘ</title>
    <id>2598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9331</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-28T20:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ceb:Miroir]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[image:mirror.jpeg|frame|right| ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.]]
'''ᏓᏎᏘ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ [[specular reflection|specular ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ]]; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[image|ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ. [[Curved mirror|ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[magnification|magnified]] ᎠᎴ demagnified ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[personal grooming|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[telescope|ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[laser]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[visible light|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ [[wavelength]][[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[#Instruments|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]].

==ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ==
[[Image:Waves_reflecting_from_a_curved_mirror.PNG|frame|right|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏓᏎᏘ  ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ onto  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ, [[parallel (geometry)|ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ]] ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ; ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ [[virtual image|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[mirror image|ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]]). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[concave mirror|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏓᏎᏘ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Convergence|convergent]] ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Focus (optics)|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ.   ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[convex mirror|ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏓᏎᏘ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[ray (optics)|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ &quot;ᎣᏂᏗᏢ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[spherical aberration|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]]. (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.) [[Parabolic reflector|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]]ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏃᏈᏏ) ᎾᏍᏋ focused ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ; ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ imaging nearby ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.

ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ Ꮝ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 30° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 30° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

===ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ===

{{main|Mirror image}}

==ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ==
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ [[metal|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Aranmula kannadi]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[aluminium]] ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ [[glass|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ''[[silvering|ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]]'', ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80% ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[corrosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]].

ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ''ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ'' ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[silica]]) ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lasers ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ [[optical coating|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[dielectric]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ reflectivity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ lasers ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

==ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ==
[[image:mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
===ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ===
====ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ====
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ, ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ [[physical appearance|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[clothing|ᏗᏄᏬ]], [[make-up|ᎪᏢᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ]], [[hair|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ optimal ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ digatoli.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[superstition|ᏦᏕ]] Ꮎ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

====ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ====
[[Rear-view mirror|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ [[vehicle|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]](ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ), ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ.

ᎢᎦᏛ [[motorcycle helmet|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ MROS (ᏎᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi): ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ [http://www.reevu.nl].

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ [[sunglasses]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ.

[[Image:Spiegel.jpg|thumb]]
''ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ) ᏓᏎᏘ'' ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ [[road junction|ᏅᏃᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏚᏅᏏᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[parking lot|ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᏚᏅᏏᏴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ.

ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏏᏴᏫ [[video camera|video ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ [[angle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi.

ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[corner reflector|ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[laser ranging|laser ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] ᎯᎠ [[Moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]].

ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[voyeurism]], e.g. [[upskirt]]. ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hedonistic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 'ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[The Eagles|ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ]]' [[Hotel California|ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ California]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 'ᏛᏰᎶᎲ' ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ [[cocaine|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]]. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[ego|ᎢᎦᏛ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[hall of mirrors|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ  ᏓᏎᏘ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Palace of Versailles|ᎦᏁᎸ  Versailles]].

====ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ====
''ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ'' ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ coated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[transparency (optics)|ᎤᎸᏑᏘ]] ᏦᎳᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ (ᏩᏥ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[optical instrument|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏓᏎᏘ'' ᎠᎴ [[beam splitter|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ splitter]]. Ꮝ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected — ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[interferometry]].

ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ (ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ); ᎢᏳᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[second law of thermodynamics|ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ  thermodynamics]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ.  (ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ''ᏗᏦᎳᏅ'', ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/physics/mungan/Scholarship/FaradayIsolators.pdf |title=Faraday Isolators and Kirchhoff’s Law: A Puzzle |accessdate=2006-07-18 |last=Mungan |first=C.E. |year=1999 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rayleigh, ''ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ thermodynamics'', ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ (London), Vol. '''64''', p. 577 (Oct. 10, 1901).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Faraday isolator|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ isolator]]ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[laser]].)

===ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ===
====ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ====
[[Telescope|ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ''ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎢ'' ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ) ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ wavelengths ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏱᏙᎲ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi 90% 95% ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏤ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[vacuum deposition|ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]].
protective ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. ''ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ'' ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ resurfaced ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Reflectometer|reflectometer]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[wavelength|wavelengths]] ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ exploited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[optical|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ [[cold mirror|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[hot mirror|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ]]. ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ substrate ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ transmissive [[infrared]] ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi infrared. ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ overcoatings ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ reflectivity ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ coated ᎬᏙᏗ silicon dioxide ᎠᎴ magnesium fluoride. ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ wavelength ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ [[optics|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, [[dielectric mirror|dielectric ᏓᏎᏘ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ) substrates ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[dielectric]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[optical coating|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]]. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ dielectric ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[wavelength]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] reflected ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi &amp;gt;99.999% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ayatoli ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[lasers]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, [[adaptive optics|adaptive ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ technique ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ timescale milliseconds, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi [[visible light|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏓᏎᏘ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[electromagnetic waves|electromagnetic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ
[[optics|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[astronomy|ᎡᎶᎯ]]. ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ [[radio telescope|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ]].

====ᏂᎬᎢ====
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 60 [[kilometre]]ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᎦ. ᎪᎯ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[military|militaries]] ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

====ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ====
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ [[Archimedes]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]] ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Syracuse.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ disproved, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ.  ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[Discovery Channel|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, [[Mythbusters]], ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[MIT]] ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ &quot;Archimedes ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ&quot;.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ [http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/lectures/10_Mythbusters.html successful] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎾᎢ 75 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Archimedes' iyuwakodi ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ impractical, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mythbusters ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ implausible.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Nuclear weapon|thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ x-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ onto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ farvoring nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ''(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Nuclear weapons design|Nuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ)''.

[[Image:Teller-Ulam device firing sequence.png|center|frame|ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ  x-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.]]

===ᏂᏙᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲᎾ===
====ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ====
ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ unframed, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[interior decoration|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎪᏢᏗ agatoli ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ.

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ [[sphere|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ]] ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-coated ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]] ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ''.

====ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ====
ᎯᎠ [[house of mirrors|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ  ᏓᏎᏘ]], ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[amusement park|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ.

ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Magic (illusion)|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ]] ᎪᏢᏗ [[illusion|agatoli]].

Illuminated ᎠᏕᏲᎲ [[disco ball|ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]]ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.

====ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ====
ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ [[:anamorphism|anamorphosis]] ᎤᎭ interposed ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏁᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎦᏚᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ.

==ᎬᏙᏗ electromagnetic ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ==
ᎯᎠ [[acoustic mirror|ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏎᏘ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ [[World War 1|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ 1]] ᎠᎴ [[World War 2|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ 2]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] aircrafts. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ [[atomic mirrors|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ]] ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[atom|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.

==ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ [[Perseus]] ᎠᏥᎸᎩ [[Medusa]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ mirrored ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Lewis Carroll]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Through the Looking Glass|ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ [[brothers Grimm|ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ Grimm]], ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Snow White|ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏁᎬ]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

[[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Tennyson]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Lady of Shalott|ᎠᎨᏴ  Shalott]] ᎤᎭ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, releasing ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ.

ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[labyrinth|ᏓᎧᏁᎲ]], ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Argentina|ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ [[Jorge Luis Borges]], ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[infinity|ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ]], [[impersonation|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]], ᎠᎴ [[illusion|agatoli]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Dreamtigers]]'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ digatoli. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius]]'', fictional [[heresy|heresiarch]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ &quot;ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ [[copulation|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ansigaya.&quot;

ᎤᏠᏱ, [[Edgar Allan Poe]] expresses ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[The Philosophy of Furniture|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ]]:

&lt;blockquote&gt;[R]egarded ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, colourless, ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ, – ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏂ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ: ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ kanquotsegi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎧᏅᏑᎸ Ꮭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''[[The King in the Window|ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎳᏅ]]'' ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ Lewis Carroll ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ [[Magical objects in Harry Potter#The Mirror of Erised|ᏓᏎᏘ  Erised]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi Ꮝ viewer ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ([[dark detector|ᎤᎳᏏᎩ detector]]) Ꮎ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ gazer ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ viewer ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[Johnny the Homicidal Maniac|Johnny ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ&quot; ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ thwarted ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kurt Vonnegut]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Breakfast of Champions|ᏑᎾᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ  ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ]]'', Kilgore ᏧᎾᎦ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏓᏎᏘ &quot;ᎬᎫᏍᎬ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᎫᏍᎬ&quot; ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ heroes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ laser-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Witches Abroad|Witches ᎢᏅ]]'' ᎾᎥᎢ [[Terry Pratchett]], ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ [[Mirror Master|ᏓᏎᏘ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[DC Comics|DC ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ]] ''[[Flash (comics)|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ]]'' ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Anamorphosis|ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Anamorphism]]
*[[Aranmula kannadi]]
*[[Bronze Mirrors|ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏎᏘ]]
*[[Cold Mirror|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ]] ᎠᎴ [[Hot Mirror|ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ]]
*[[Digital Micromirror Device|Digital Micromirror ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
*[[Home decor|ᎣᏪᏅᏒ decor]]
*[[Mirror Master|ᏓᏎᏘ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]
*[[Mirror Image|ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]]
*[[Periscope|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]]
*[[Rear-view mirror|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ]]
*[[Silvering|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]]
*[[TLV Mirror|TLV ᏓᏎᏘ]] - ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ Chinese ᏓᏎᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Han Dynasty|Han ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]].
*[[Venus effect|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== ᎪᏪᎵ==
*''ᏓᏎᏘ, ᏓᏎᏘ: ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ'', ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Pendergrast. ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ (2003). ISBN 0465054714.
*''ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ'', Jonathan ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ. ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ (1998). ISBN 0300077130.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://vision2form.nl/mirror_history.html History of mirrors and glass]

[[Category:Mirrors]]
[[Category:Luck]]

[[bg:Огледало]]
[[ca:Mirall]]
[[ceb:Miroir]]
[[cs:Zrcadlo]]
[[da:Spejl]]
[[de:Spiegel]]
[[en:Mirror]]
[[eo:Spegulo]]
[[es:Espejo]]
[[fa:آینه]]
[[fi:Peili]]
[[fr:Miroir]]
[[he:מראה]]
[[id:Cermin]]
[[it:Specchio]]
[[ja:鏡]]
[[nds-nl:Spegel]]
[[nl:Spiegel (optica)]]
[[nn:Spegel]]
[[no:Speil]]
[[pl:Lustro]]
[[pt:Espelho]]
[[ru:Зеркало]]
[[simple:Mirror]]
[[sk:Zrkadlo]]
[[sl:Zrcalo]]
[[sv:Spegel]]
[[tr:Ayna (cam)]]
[[zh:鏡子]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Soulbot</title>
    <id>2599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8913</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-12T17:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soulbot</username>
        <id>135</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: ang, ast, br, fa, ga, ik, sh, sw, ur</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table style=&quot;float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User chr-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User no}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User en-3}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
[[Image:Robot asimo.jpg|80px|left]]
This is a robot run by [[:no:Bruker:Soulkeeper|Soulkeeper]].

Please use my '''[[:no:Brukerdiskusjon:Soulkeeper|Norwegian talk page]]''' if you want to contact me.

This is a pywikipedia bot for interactively correcting Interwiki-links.

[[af:Gebruiker:Soulbot]]
[[als:Benutzer:Soulbot]]
[[an:Usuario:Soulbot]]
[[ang:User:Soulbot]]
[[ar:مستخدم:Soulbot]]
[[ast:Usuariu:Soulbot]]
[[bg:Потребител:Soulbot]]
[[bm:Utilisateur:Soulbot]]
[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Soulbot]]
[[bo:User:Soulbot]]
[[br:Implijer:Soulbot]]
[[bs:Korisnik:Soulbot]]
[[ca:Usuari:Soulbot]]
[[co:User:Soulbot]]
[[cr:User:Soulbot]]
[[cs:Wikipedista:Soulbot]]
[[cy:Defnyddiwr:Soulbot]]
[[da:Bruger:Soulbot]]
[[de:Benutzer:Soulbot]]
[[el:Χρήστης:Soulbot]]
[[en:User:Soulbot]]
[[eo:Vikipediisto:Soulbot]]
[[es:Usuario:Soulbot]]
[[et:Kasutaja:Soulbot]]
[[eu:Lankide:Soulbot]]
[[fa:کاربر:Soulbot]]
[[fi:Käyttäjä:Soulbot]]
[[fr:Utilisateur:Soulbot]]
[[ga:Úsáideoir:Soulbot]]
[[gd:User:Soulbot]]
[[gl:User:Soulbot]]
[[he:משתמש:Soulbot]]
[[hi:सदस्य:Soulbot]]
[[hr:Suradnik:Soulbot]]
[[hu:User:Soulbot]]
[[hy:User:Soulbot]]
[[id:Pengguna:Soulbot]]
[[ik:User:Soulbot]]
[[io:User:Soulbot]]
[[is:Notandi:Soulbot]]
[[it:Utente:Soulbot]]
[[ja:利用者:Soulbot]]
[[jbo:User:Soulbot]]
[[jv:Panganggo:Soulbot]]
[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Soulbot]]
[[ko:사용자:Soulbot]]
[[ku:Bikarhêner:Soulbot]]
[[la:Usor:Soulbot]]
[[lb:User:Soulbot]]
[[li:Gebroeker:Soulbot]]
[[lt:Naudotojas:Soulbot]]
[[lv:Lietotājs:Soulbot]]
[[mg:User:Soulbot]]
[[mk:Корисник:Soulbot]]
[[ms:Pengguna:Soulbot]]
[[na:User:Soulbot]]
[[nah:Usuario:Soulbot]]
[[nap:Utente:Soulbot]]
[[nds:Bruker:Soulbot]]
[[nl:Gebruiker:Soulbot]]
[[nn:Brukar:Soulbot]]
[[no:Bruker:Soulbot]]
[[oc:Utilisator:Soulbot]]
[[pl:Wikipedysta:Soulbot]]
[[pt:Usuário:Soulbot]]
[[qu:Usuario:Soulbot]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Soulbot]]
[[ru:Участник:Soulbot]]
[[sc:Utente:Soulbot]]
[[scn:User:Soulbot]]
[[sh:User:Soulbot]]
[[simple:User:Soulbot]]
[[sk:Redaktor:Soulbot]]
[[sl:Uporabnik:Soulbot]]
[[sq:Përdoruesi:Soulbot]]
[[sr:Корисник:Soulbot]]
[[su:Pamaké:Soulbot]]
[[sv:Användare:Soulbot]]
[[sw:User:Soulbot]]
[[ta:பயனர்:Soulbot]]
[[th:ผู้ใช้:Soulbot]]
[[tl:User:Soulbot]]
[[tr:Kullanıcı:Soulbot]]
[[ug:User:Soulbot]]
[[uk:Користувач:Soulbot]]
[[ur:User:Soulbot]]
[[vi:Thành viên:Soulbot]]
[[vo:User:Soulbot]]
[[wa:Uzeu:Soulbot]]
[[yi:באַניצער:Soulbot]]
[[zh:User:Soulbot]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:Soulbot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Soulbot</title>
    <id>2600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8774</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-20T21:53:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soulbot</username>
        <id>135</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Robot asimo.jpg|80px|left]]
This is a robot run by [[:no:Bruker:Soulkeeper|Soulkeeper]].

Please use my '''[[:no:Brukerdiskusjon:Soulkeeper|Norwegian talk page]]''' if you want to contact me.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ</title>
    <id>2601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8777</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-21T16:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Fljótsdalur.jpg|right|thumb|320px|[[Fljótsdalur]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ [[Iceland]],  ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]
[[Image:MountGilbertNV.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Mt.Gilbert &amp; ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏴᎩ Canyon, Nevada. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]
'''ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[landform]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ [[square mile|ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ]]([[square kilometre|ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometer]]) ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏝᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ [[Landscape|ᎦᏙᎯ]], dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[hill|ᎦᏚᏏ]].

==ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ==
ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ geographical processes. [[U-shaped valley|ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꭴ- ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ V-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ [[Ice Age|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda]]) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ erosive ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[glaciers|ᎤᏴᏢ]]. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ [[Lake District|ᎥᏓᎵ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Alpine countries|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ]]. [[Rift valley|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Great Rift Valley|ᎡᏆ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ.  ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ [[fluvial|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

[[Image:ValleyProfile3.png|right|420px|thumb|Schematic ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ   ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Eastern Alps|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ  Ꭴ ᎠᎴ V ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ''ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ'' ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]]

== ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ==
ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ [[main valley|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ - ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ ᎠᎴ V ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 5 km ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ [[sediment|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ [[horizontal|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[cylinder|ᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎠᎴ [[terrace|ᎦᏁᎸ]]d.

[[Side valley|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ V ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꭴ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ; ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ [[clammy|clammies]] ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[hanging valley|ᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[village|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]]ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ, ᎾᎿ [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ [[avalanches|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ]]ᎠᎴ [[landslide|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ]]. ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ [[Alluvial fan|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ]]ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. &lt;br&gt;
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ [[flooding|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]].  

==ᎤᏒᏙᏂ==
'''ᎤᏒᏙᏂ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[valley|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New England|ᎢᏤ England]] ᎠᎴ [[Missouri]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ geographic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Mansfield Hollow|Mansfield ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[notch|ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎳᏗ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Boston Hollow|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Karst]], [[Stalactite|ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Ice Hollows|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]] (e.g. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Slovenia]] ᎠᎴ [[Austria]]).

==ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ==
* [[California Central Valley|California ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [[Copper Canyon|ᎠᏥᏱ Canyon]]
* [[Danube Valley|Danube ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Europe, [[Wachau]], [[Iron Gate (Danube)|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ]])
* [[Death Valley|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [[Grand Canyon|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Canyon]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [[Great Rift Valley|ᎡᏆ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Jordan ᎯᎠ [[Red Sea|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Lake Victoria|ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]])
* [[Indus Valley|Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (Pakistan)
* [[Loire Valley|Loire ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[castle|ᎦᏁᎸ]](France)
* [[Napa Valley|Napa ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[Rhine Valley|Rhine ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᎦᏴᎵ [[graben]] iyahdvnelidasdi) (France)
* [[Rhone Valley|Rhone ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Matterhorn]] Grenoble ᎠᎴ [[Lyon]] (France)
* [[Shenandoah Valley|Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [[Valley of the Kings|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]] (Egypt)
* [[San Fernando Valley|San Fernando ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)
* [[Santa Clara Valley|Santa ᏝᏆ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[Silicon Valley|Silicon ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]&quot; (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ)

==Extraterrestrial ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ==
[[natural satellite|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ [[terrestrial planet|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ]]ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ [[valley shape|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. [[List of valleys on the Moon|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ [[impact crater|ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]. ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rille]], ᏰᎵᏇ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[lava|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[sheet|ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ [[craters|ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ([[Lunar Alps|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]], Carpathes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 300 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (e.g. [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter|J.H. Schröter]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''Selenotopographische Fragmente'' [[1791]]). ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Vallis Rheita|Rheita]] ᎠᎴ Schröter ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ '''[[Vallis Alpes]]''' (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 km (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5-10 km ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ)&amp;mdash;ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ geological ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Apollo 11|ᎡᎶᎯ 11]] ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ 1969. [[Astronomer|ᎡᎶᎯ]]ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[highland|ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[snow|ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ]] Olympica&quot; ᎾᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ extraterrestrial ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[space probe|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ]].  ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Mercury (planet)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ [[Venus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Io (moon)|Io]].

[[Image:ValMarinerisPIA00422_modest.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Valles Marineris ᎾᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Canyon iyahdvnelidasdi ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ Eurasia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ USA.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ [[solar system|ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''[[Valles Marineris]]''' ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Mars|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ''Valles'' (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ detected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1877]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Martian canals|Schiaparelli]]) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[canyon]] iyahdvnelidasdi, 4,500 x 600 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ 4-8 itsuwakodi ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ &quot;ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Canyon&quot;.  ᎯᎠ ''Valles'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[plate tectonics|tectonic]] ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[graben]]ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ''ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ'' ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ [[ice|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] [[natural satellite|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ [[Jupiter|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], [[Saturn]] ᎠᎴ [[Neptune|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ photographed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ [[Voyager program|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ interpreted ᎾᎥᎢ [[astrogeology|astrogeologists]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tectonic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᏠᏱ [[graben]] ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi geologic ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ== 
* [[Canyon]], [[Glen|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], [[Vale|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]], [[Gorge|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]], [[Channel|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], [[Gully|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]]
* [[Geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]], [[Geomorphology]], [[Geodynamics]], [[Glaciology]]
* [[Landform|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  landforms]], [[List of mountain ranges|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]
* [[Geological features of the solar system|Geological ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]], [[List of valleys on the Moon|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]
* [[List of mountains on Mars|Martian ᏙᏓᎸ]], [[List of lineae on Europa|ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ Europa]], [[List of geological features on Titan|Geologic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]], ([[valles]], [[scarp|ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[rupes|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]).

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
===Extraterrestrial ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ===
* [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMM7R7X9DE_2.html ESA image]: [[Vallis Alpes]], ᏴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ
* [http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/projekte/mars/hrsc152-OphirChasma.php Valles Marineris and Ophir Chasma], [[bilingual|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ ([[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]])

[[Category:Landforms]]
[[Category:Valleys| ]]

[[ar:سهل]]
[[bg:Долина]]
[[da:Dal]]
[[de:Tal]]
[[en:Valley]]
[[et:Org]]
[[es:Valle]]
[[eo:Valo]]
[[fa:دره]]
[[fr:Vallée]]
[[he:עמק]]
[[nl:Vallei]]
[[ja:谷]]
[[no:Dal]]
[[ug:جىلغا]]
[[pl:Dolina]]
[[pt:Vale (geografia)]]
[[ru:Долина (речная)]]
[[fi:Laakso]]
[[sv:Dal]]
[[vi:Thung lũng]]
[[zh:谷地]]
[[chr:ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ</title>
    <id>2602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8779</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-22T16:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Communitarianism */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ [[environment|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ [[Group (sociology)|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[animal|gantlai]]; ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ focuses ᎾᎿ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, [[belief|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]], [[resources|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]], ᎤᏟ ᏗᏰᎸᎯ, ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, [[risk|ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ [[identity|ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]] ᎯᎠ participants ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.  

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ'' ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ''communis,'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, D. 2001. [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=community ''Online Etymology Dictionary.'']&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ Latin ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;communitatus&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; ᎦᎷᎦ, ᎨᏒᎢ comprised ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, &quot;Com-&quot; - Latin ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ togther, &quot;-Munis-&quot; - ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ [[Indo-European]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ orgin, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ&quot; (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ), ᎠᎴ &quot;-tatus&quot; Latin ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ.  ᎠᏓᏥ sociologist [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; (''gemeinschaft'') ᎠᎴ &quot;[[society|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]&quot; (''gesellschaft''). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1887 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ''[[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft]],'' Tönnies argued Ꮎ &quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ perceived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᏋ tighter ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tönnies, F. 1887. ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft,'' p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ kinship ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ shared ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''gemeinschaft.''

[[Image:Stonehenge Summer Solstice eve 02.jpg|thumb|right|450px|[[community of interest|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ  ᎤᏁᏉᏨ]] ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Stonehenge]], England, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ solstice.]]

==ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ==

ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ [[hunter-gatherer|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]]. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[common good|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ [[sense of community|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᎴ shared ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.

ᎯᎠ catalyst ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ''ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ'' ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ participants ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ-ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ [[Herd behaviour#The concept of herd behaviour as applied to human societies .28crazes.29|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Self-organization#Self-organization in human society|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

[[Gerhard Lenski]], [[sociologist]], differentiates societies ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ: (1) ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, (2) ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, (3) ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, (4) ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Lenski, G. 1974. ''ᏴᏫ Societies: ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Macrosociology.''&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[anthropologists]] [[Morton H. Fried|Morton H. ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ]], [[conflict theory|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ theorist]], ᎠᎴ [[Elman Service|Elman ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]], [[structural functionalism|ᏂᎦᏛ theorist]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ societies ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[social inequality|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ [[state|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏅᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ:

* [[hunter-gatherer|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]].
* [[tribe|tribal]] societies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ [[social rank|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ.
* [[social stratification|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[chieftain|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]. 
* [[civilization|ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ hierarchies ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ, institutional ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎢᎦᏛ [[cultures|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎤᎭ progressed ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ-ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ [[organization|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ [[cultural evolution|cultural ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ yvwatuwidv seasonal foodstocks ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Neolithic Revolution|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]]. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ [[city-state|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᎴ [[nation-state|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]].&lt;ref&gt;Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations].&lt;/ref&gt;

Fred Cox, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ (1970) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ:
* ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ geographic ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ
* ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ organisations
* ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ shared ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ

ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ strategies ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ naure ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ. &lt;ref&gt;Cox, F.,  J. Erlich, J. Rothman, ᎠᎴ J. Tropman. 1970. ''Strategies ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ: ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ.''&lt;/ref&gt;.  ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nested, ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ integrated, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified, iyuwakodi ᏌᏊ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ planetary ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ geographic ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, 3rd ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ; ᎯᎠ organisational ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ UNO ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ agencies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, IMF, WTO, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ cultural ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ globalisation, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ disseminated ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ multinational media ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ [[institution|ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]]ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Norm (sociology)|ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]] Ꮎ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ complexes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[social capital|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[social networks|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ cultural awareness ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ''[[collective consciousness|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]].''&lt;ref&gt;Durkheim, E. 1950. ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Sociological ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ societies ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ kanquotsegi ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Industrial society|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ societies]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[privatisation]] &quot;ᎯᎠ [[commons|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]&quot;, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[village|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Britain ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ [[labourers]] ᎯᎠ [[slum|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[workers|ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ]], ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏛᎾᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[labour]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[labour market|labour ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]].  ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ &quot;privatisations&quot; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ eliminating ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ.  ᎾᏊ, societies ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. Theorists ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ulrich Beck|Ulrich ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎴ [[Anthony Giddens]] ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ modernity, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[risk society|ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]],&quot; Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ kanquotsegi vibrant ''global'' ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏪᏴ, Ꭴ. ''ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ: ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏤ Modernity'' (1992), ᎠᎴ ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ globalization?'' (2000); Giddens (1999) “Risk ᎠᎴ Responsibility”&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[social sciences|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ agatohvsdi]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sociology]], [[anthropology|anthropology]], [[psychology|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ overlapping ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏁᎵᏒ. [[Community studies|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ theories sociology ᎠᎴ [[cultural anthropology|cultural ]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ [[community psychology|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ theories ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], [[urban planning|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], [[social work|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[architecture|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏴᏫ [[organization|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[organizational studies|organizational ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]], [[organizational development|organizational ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ]] (sociology), [[social geography|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ [[computational sociology]].

==ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ==
{{Main|Structure and agency}}
[[Image:Diversity of youth in Oslo Norway.jpg|thumb|left|400px|&lt;ᎠᏰᎵ&gt; [[Group (sociology)|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]]  ᎠᏛᏍᎩ interacting]]&lt;/center&gt;

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏴᏫ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ unigatohvsv. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[identity|ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ unigatohvsv.&lt;ref name=Socialization&gt;Newman, D. 2005. [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. &quot;Building Identity: Socialization&quot;] pp. 134-140.&lt;/ref&gt; 

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ [[social structure|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Value (personal and cultural)|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ cultural ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ]], [[world view|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Attitude (psychology)|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ [[group dynamics|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ &quot;ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[socialization]]. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ [[interpersonal relationship|interpersonal ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ [[Group (sociology)|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.&lt;ref name = Socialization /&gt;

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[adolescence|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎠᎴ adulthood, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ [[role|ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Leadership|ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[sense of community|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]].

==Socialization==
{{Main|Socialization}}

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[behavior|ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ]] ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[socialization]].  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utvhisdi iyuwakodi socialization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[individual|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ]]ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[role|ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[social environment|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Socialization&quot; /&gt; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[psychodynamic]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ socialization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 1 ᎠᎴ 10. ᎠᎴ socialization ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ.&lt;ref&gt;Newman, D. 2005, p. 141.&lt;/ref&gt;

Socialization ᎨᏒᎢ influenced ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ [[norms|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]. ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, [[peer|ᎤᏂᏠᏱ]] ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ media, ᎯᎠ workplace ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[tolerance|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]], [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Trust (sociology)|ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ &quot;ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ,&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Alexis de Tocqueville|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Tocqueville]] ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.&lt;ref name = Community&gt;ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, M. 2001. [http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm Community].&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ==
[[Image:Bigdayout crowd2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎯᎠ [[sense of community|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]]]]&lt;/center&gt;
{{Main|Sense of community}}

ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ [[connectivity|ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ [[conversation|ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ]], participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, enhanced ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ-solving. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ argued Ꮎ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[Social alienation|ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[hive mind|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]]&quot; ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ behaviours ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[synergy|ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]]&quot;) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ observable ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.

McMillan ᎠᎴ Chavis (1986) ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot;: 1) ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ, 2) ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, 3) ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, ᎠᎴ 4) shared ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ interplay ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᏣ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᏙ ᎯᎠ organizational ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ (ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ (ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ iyuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ shared [[Valence|valent]] ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᏁᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᎴ congratulated (ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ). ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ (ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ).&lt;ref&gt;McMillan, D.W., &amp; Chavis, D.M. 1986. &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ,&quot; p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

''ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ'' (SCI) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Chavis ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (1986).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ workplace ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.&lt;ref&gt;Chavis, D.M., J.H. Hogge, D.W. McMillan, &amp; . Wandersman, 1986. &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Brunswick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ: ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᎦᏔ.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Communitarianism ==
[[Image:Lewes Bonfire, Martyrs Crosses.jpg||thumb|right|250px|[[Lewes#Lewes bonfire|Lewes ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ]] ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ commemorating 17 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1555  1557.]]

{{Main|Communitarianism}}
Communitarianism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ philosophies (ᎠᎴ [[Ideology|ideologies]]) ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ [[classical liberalism|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ tohi adedi]], [[capitalism]] ᎠᎴ [[socialism|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ advocating phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[civil society|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ [[social liberalism|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ tohi adedi]], communitarianism ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ societies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[health care|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]], [[abortion|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]], [[multiculturalism]], ᎠᎴ [[hate speech|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ]].

== Organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ==
{{Main|Organizational communication}}
ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ [[communication|ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ organizational ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ communicated ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎯᎠ formulation agendas, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ. Organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ organizational ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ [[organizational structure|organizational ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ geared ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.

== ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ==
{{main|Social capital}}

ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ tohi adedi ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ connectedness ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[social capital|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]].&lt;ref&gt;Putnam, D. 2000. ''ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ,'' p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Azadi1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Azadi Tower|Azadi ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎢ  [[town square|ᎦᏚᎲ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Iran|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Iran.]]]]

ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Robert D. Putnam]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[social networks|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ]] (ᎦᎪ ᏴᏫ ᎣᎾᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ (ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ).&quot; ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ agatoli ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ' ᏚᏁᏅᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Putnam ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Bowling Alone|ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ]]: ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ'' (2000), ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Putnam ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 58 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ 33 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 45 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bowlingalone.com/index.php3 ''Bowling Alone'' web site]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ]] [[cultures|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[institutions|ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[churches|ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Community centre|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ]]. [[Sociologist]] [[Ray Oldenburg|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Oldenburg]] ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[The Great Good Place (Oldenburg)|ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ]]'' Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ: 1) ᎯᎠ [[home|ᎣᏪᏅᏒ]], 2) ᎯᎠ [[workplace]], ᎠᎴ, 3) ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ hangout ᎠᎴ [[gathering place|ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ]].&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. 2006. [http://www.pps.org/info/placemakingtools/placemakers/roldenburg Ray Oldenburg].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[grassroots]] ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Project for Public Spaces|ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ &quot;[[Third Place|ᏦᎢᏁ ᎾᎿᎢ]]&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, coffeehouses, ᎾᎥᎢ pubs ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ innovative ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.&lt;ref&gt; ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Florida. 2006. [http://usfcollab.usf.edu/PDF/socialcapital.pdf Social Capital in Tampa Bay: An Update Report].&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ==
{{main|Community development}}

ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ universities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[community building|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ [[community organizing|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing]], ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ agenda. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ' ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. 

ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ universities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ alenvdidsv ᎠᏱᎴᎦ curricula ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sociology ᎠᎴ [[community studies|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ [[General Social Survey|ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[National Opinion Research Center|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Chicago|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Chicago]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Saguaro Seminar|Saguaro ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[John F. Kennedy School of Government|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ F. Kennedy ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Harvard University|Harvard ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], [[Oxford University|Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮝ '' ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ,'' &lt;ref&gt; [http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/ Community Development Journal], Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ&lt;/ref&gt; ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ sociologists ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ''ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ''ᎠᏓᏁᎸ'' ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ [[Northwestern University|ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]].  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ downloadable ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ&lt;ref&gt;ABCD ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ W.K. Kellogg ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ. 2006. [http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd/kelloggabcd.htmll''Discovering Community Power: A Guide to Mobilizing Local Assets and Your Organization's Capacity''].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Non-profit organization|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ focuses ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;mobilizing ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ&quot; &amp;mdash; ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.&lt;ref&gt;ABCD ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ. 2006. [http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd.html Welcome to ABCD].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ organizing ===
[[M. Scott Peck|M. Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[September 11, 2001|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ.  ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ &quot;ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ shared ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ consensual ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ inclusivity ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎪᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ:

# '''ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ''': ᎭᏢᏃ participants ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ&quot;, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ-ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ favourable ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ.
# '''ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ''': ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ inauthenticity ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ &quot;ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ&quot; selves.  ᎪᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ facilitator ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ leadership ᎠᎴ organisation, ᎠᎴ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ &quot;organisations ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ resisted.
# '''ᎤᏏᏩ''': ᎪᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ atempts ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ acknowledging ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ woundedness ᎠᎴ brokenness, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎦᎷᎦ
# '''ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ''': ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.  ᎪᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.

[[Image:Ithaca Hours-One Eighth.jpg|thumb|300px|right|ᎯᎠ [[Ithaca Hours|Ithaca ᏑᏟᎶᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  [[local currency|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ.]]]]

ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[potluck|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ [[book club|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]]larger–scale ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[festival|ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[construction|ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ]] ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ participants ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ contractors. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ &quot;[[Local Exchange Trading Systems|ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]&quot; (LETS)&lt;ref&gt;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Michael Linton]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Courtenay, British Columbia|Courtenay, BC]], ''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ'' [http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/explore/home.html &quot;LETSystems - new money&quot;]. Retrieved: 2006-08-01.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ  [[local currencies|ᎾᎥᎢ currencies]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Ithaca Hours|Ithaca ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ]] iyahdvnelidasdi,&lt;ref&gt;ᎯᎠ Ithaca ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Paul Glover]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [http://www.ithacahours.com/intro.html &quot;Creating Community Economics with Local Currency&quot;]. Retrieved: 2006-08-01.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ enhanced ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. 

[[Image:Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg|thumb|200px|left|ᎯᎠ anti-ᏓᏄᏩ [[affinity group|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] &quot;ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ&quot; [[Activism|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎯᎠ [[Iraq war|Iraq ᏓᏄᏩ]]]]
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ geared ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[activism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ termed &quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing.&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ.  ᎭᏢᏃ ᎣᏍᏛ-ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ constituency-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, [[boycott|ᎠᏓᏓᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎤᏬᎳ-ins, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ electoral atogiyadv. ᎯᎠ [[ARISE Detroit!|ᏗᎶᏗ Detroit!]] ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Toronto Public Space Committee|Toronto ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[activism|activist ᏓᎧᏁᎲ]] ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.

ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ focused ᎾᎿ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ resolving ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Organizing ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ distributing ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizers ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ democratic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ governance. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ [[consensus decision-making|ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing ᎠᎴ [[grassroots]] organizing, [[coalition|ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ [[faith-based community|ᎪᎯᏳᏗ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing,&quot; &quot;ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing&quot;).

===ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ===
{{Main|Community service}}

[[Community service|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ undertaken ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ [[volunteering|ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ [[Sentence (law)|sentencing]] approaches ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[justice system|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ==
[[Image:Community Circle at OUR Ecovillage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ Leafe ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;ᎠᏓᏅᏙ   nvwatohiyadv ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ  ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.ourecovillage.org/ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.html O.Ꭴ.R. Ecovillage]]]
'''ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ'''

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''&quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot;'' ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[local community|ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
*[[municipality|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ [[town|ᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎠᎴ [[village|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᏆ [[cities|ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ municipalities, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.  
*[[neighborhood|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ geographically localized ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[city|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[suburb|ᎦᏁᎸ]]. 
*[[new town|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[urban planning|ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[capital|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏂᎬᎢ [[Washington, D.C.]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], [[Canberra]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]], ᎠᎴ [[Brasília]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Brazil]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[European colonization of the Americas|European ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Amerindian]] ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.
{{Details|Community of place}}

'''ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ'''

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ''&quot;ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot;'' ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ interact ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
* &quot;ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ [[professional society|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ formalized ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Community of practice|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ  ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ]].
*[[virtual community|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[group (sociology)|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᏴᏫ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ communicating ᎠᎴ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ technologies, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Internet|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ]], ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ, [[Virtual Community of Practice|ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.) ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[motivations for contributing to online communities|motivations ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ contributing  online ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]].
{{Details|Community of interest}}

'''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ'''

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.

*[[retirement community|ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ designated ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ retirees ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ –- ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ restricted ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ lyudetiyvda, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 55. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[retirement home|ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ tohi adedi ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ.

*[[intentional community|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ residential ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ responsibilities ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Amish]] ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ, [[ashrams]], [[cohousing]], [[communes|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[ecovillages]], [[housing cooperative|ᎦᏁᎸ cooperative]], [[kibbutzim]], ᎠᎴ [[land trust|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ]].
{{Details|Intentional community}}

==ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ==
[[Image:Street Musicians in NYC.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Music|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Central Park|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]],  [[public space|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]]]]
ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ,&quot;&lt;ref&gt; Austalian ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ agatohvsdi. [http://www.science.org.au/nova/010/010glo.htm Nova: Science in the News]. Retrieved: 2006-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ scientifically ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. [[M. Scott Peck|M. Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ]] expresses ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: &quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ nvwato hiyadv, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ Ꮭ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[M. Scott Peck|M. Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ]], 1987. ''ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎱᎵ: ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv,'' p. 233.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ distinctiveness ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.


==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{portal}}
{{Wikibooks|Introduction to Sociology}}
*[[List of community topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Communitarianism]]
*[[Communitas]] ([[Victor Turner|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Turner]] ᎤᏤᎵ theories)
*[[Community informatics|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ informatics]]
*[[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft|Gemeinschaft ᎠᎴ Gesellschaft]]
*ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ [[Benedict Anderson|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ Anderson]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Imagined Communities|ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]]''
*[[Holism]]
*[[International community|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]]
*[[Nationalism]] ᎠᎴ [[Internationalism]]
*[[Original affluent society|ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Marshall Sahlins]] (1966)
*ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ''ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ'' (1983)
*[[Sense of community|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]]
*[[Tragedy of the commons|ᎤᏐᏅᏅᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Tragedy of the anticommons|ᎤᏐᏅᏅᎯ  ᎯᎠ anticommons]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
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== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
* ᎤᏪᏴ, Ꭴ. 1992. ''ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ: ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏤ Modernity.'' London: ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ
:&amp;mdash; 2000. ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ globalization?'' Cambridge: ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. 
* Chavis, D.M., Hogge, J.H., McMillan, D.W., &amp; Wandersman, . 1986. &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Brunswick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ: ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᎦᏔ.&quot; ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, 14(1), 24-40.
* Cohen, . P. 1985. ''ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.''  Routledge: ᎢᏤ York.
* [[Emile Durkheim|Durkheim, Emile]]. 1950 [1895] ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Sociological ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.  Translated ᎾᎥᎢ . . Solovay ᎠᎴ J. H. Mueller.  ᎢᏤ York:  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
* Cox, F.,  J. Erlich, J. Rothman, ᎠᎴ J. Tropman. 1970. ''Strategies ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ: ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ.'' Itasca, IL: F. E. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ.
* Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations] ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.
* Giddens, . 1999. “Risk ᎠᎴ Responsibility” ''ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ'' 62(1): 1-10.
* Lenski, G. 1974. ''ᏴᏫ Societies: ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Macrosociology.'' ᎢᏤ York: McGraw- ᎦᏚᏏ, Inc.
* McMillan, D.W., &amp; Chavis, D.M. 1986. &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.&quot; ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, 14(1), 6-23. 
* [[Jean-Luc Nancy|Nancy, Jean-Luc]]. ''ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ Communauté désœuvrée'' (ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-[[subject (philosophy)|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ).
* Newman, D. 2005. ''Sociology: Exploring ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ,'' [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. &quot;Building Identity: Socialization&quot;] ᏃᏥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. Retrieved: 2006-08-05.
* [[M. Scott Peck|ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, M..]] 1987. ''ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎱᎵ: ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv.''  ᎢᏤ York: Simon ᎠᎴ Schuster. ISBN 0684848589 
* Putnam, R. D. 2000. ''ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.'' ᎢᏤ York: Simon ᎠᎴ Schuster
* [[Seymour B. Sarason|Sarason, .B.]] 1974. ''ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: ᎤᏚᎩ ᏗᎦᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.'' San Francisco: Jossey-ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
:&amp;mdash; 1986. &quot;ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ: ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ conceptual ᎠᏰᎵ.&quot; ''ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ'', 14, 405-407.

* ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, M. K. 2001. [http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm  Community]. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎣᏂ updated: ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 28, 2005. Retrieved: 2006-07-15.
* Tönnies, F. 1887. ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft,'' Leipzig: Fues ᎤᏤᎵ Verlag, 2nd ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 1912, 8th ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, Leipzig: Buske, 1935; translated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1957 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.'' ISBN 0887387500

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
ᏂᎦᎥ -- entries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ encycopledias
* [http://www.newpantagruel.com/issues/2.3/community.php American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm Encyclopedia of Informal Education]
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ
* [http://www.community-organization-fundraising.com/ Community Organization Fundraising] ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ strategies ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ fundraisers.
* [http://www.clearvisionpk.com Community Perspective in Quran]
* [http://www.edgelife.net/glossary/community.htm Definition, articles, essays from Edge Life]


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[[Category:Community]]

[[ar:جماعة مشتركة]]
[[cs:Komunita]]
[[de:Gemeinschaft]]
[[el:Κοινότητα]]
[[en:Community]]
[[es:Comunidad]]
[[it:Comunità]]
[[he:קהילה]]
[[hu:Közösség]]
[[nl:Samenleving]]
[[ja:共同体]]
[[no:Gemeinschaft]]
[[nn:Gemeinschaft]]
[[pl:Wspólnota]]
[[simple:Community]]
[[fi:Eliöyhteisö]]
[[ta:குமுகம்]]
[[chr:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏪᏴᎢ</title>
    <id>2603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8803</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-30T19:30:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>213.39.168.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ */ image link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Butchers creek - omeo13.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎭᏫᏯ ᎦᏁᏕᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Omeo, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]

'''ᎤᏪᏴᎢ''', '''ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ''', '''ᎤᏪᏴ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ''', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ detectable [[current (water)|ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ [[stream bed|ᎦᏂᏟ]] ᎠᎴ adel didiyi.  '''ᎤᏪᏴᎢ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ waterways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎦᏚᎢ [[hydrology|ᎦᎾ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[environmental geography|environmental ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[environmental geology|environmental ]].

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ==

[[Image:Creek.jpg|thumb|left|250px| Australian ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ.]]

; [[River|ᎤᏪᏴ]]: ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[waterway]].
; ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ (ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Australia): ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ &quot;ᎡᎯᏍᏛ&quot;.
; [[Creek (tidal)|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]] (UK ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ): ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[saltmarsh]] ᎠᎴ [[Mangrove|mangrove ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ]]. ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ saltmarshes ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[tide|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[tide|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]].
; [[Tributary|ᎤᏪᏴ]]: contributory ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ (ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ). ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ.  
; ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ: ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[seep]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ [[ford (river)|forded]]. ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ.

[[image:Marshall-county-indiana-yellow-river.jpg|thumb|250px|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marshall County, Indiana|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Indiana, USA]]. ᎤᏪᏴ  ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  &quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ.&quot;]]
[[Image:Hawaii Creek.jpg|thumb|250px| rocky ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hawaii]]
[[image:Brook.jpg|thumb|250px| ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bay of Fundy|ᎥᏓᎵ  Fundy]], Nova Scotia]]

== ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ:
* ''ᎤᏪᏴ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Yorkshire]], [[Lancashire]] ᎠᎴ [[Cumbria]].
* ''Bourne'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ [[downland]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ England
* ''ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Midlands|ᎦᏙᎯ]].
* ''ᎦᎴᏴᏒ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]] ᎠᎴ [[North East England|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ England]].
* ''ᎤᏪᏴᎢ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ [[Southern England|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ England]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]:
* ''ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] ᎠᎴ [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Dutch language|Dutch ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎧᏁᏨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Peekskill]] (Peek ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ), [[Fishkill]] (ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ [[Fresh Kills|ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]].
* ''ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ'', ''ᏴᎩ'', ᎠᎴ ''ᏴᎩ'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ tributaries Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

== ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ==

; [[Confluence (geography)|ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]]: ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ tributaries ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏴᎩ.
; ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ: ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
; [[Pool|ᎦᏁᎲ]]: ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ deeper ᎠᎴ slower ᎠᏓᏅ.
; ᎤᏪᏴ: ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ shallower ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ.
; ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
; [[Headwater]]: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ.
; [[Channel (geography)|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]]: ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ.
; [[Floodplain]]: Flatlands ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ seasonal ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ.
; ᎦᏂᏟ: ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
; ᎠᎰᎵ: ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ [[estuary|ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[river delta|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎾᎾᎯ static ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
; ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ: ᎪᏍᏓᏱ demarkation ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ
; [[Thalweg]]: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ deepest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎰᎵ.
; Wetted ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏐᏴ.
; [[Spring (water)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]: ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ unconsolidated ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ aboveground ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
; [[Waterfall|ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[cascade|ᎤᏪᏴ]]: ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ nickpoint; ᎢᎦᏛ nickpoints ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[kinetic energy|kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ&quot; ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ nickpoint.

== ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ==
[[Image:Low creek02.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎡᎳᏗ Australian ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]]

; ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ : ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ geographic ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ awarded ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ; ᏅᎩᏁ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
; ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ : ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ'' ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining Ꮝ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ [[base level|alenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]] [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]].  ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  
: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ geologic ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ alenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ underlying strata ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
[[Image:StreamNorthBay.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ, Canada]]
; ᎤᏪᏴᎢ : ''ᎤᏪᏴᎢ'' ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ-ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ [[migration|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ]] ᎨᎢ.  
: ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ straighter, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ termed ''[[oxbow lake|oxbow ᎥᏓᎵ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎥᏓᎵ''.  [[flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
; ᏌᏆᎦᏘ : ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ''ᏌᏆᎦᏘ'', ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[gradient|ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]], Ꮭ [[flood plain|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[channel (geography)|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ [[meander|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ termed &quot;ᎠᏲᎵ&quot; ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ &quot;ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᎦᏴᎵ&quot; ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ &quot;ᎠᏲᎵ&quot; ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

== ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ==

[[Image:Low creek02.jpg|thumb|250px| Australian ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏓᏅᏒ finer ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎨᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎦᏁᎲ  ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ  ᎤᏪᏴ  ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ  ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ''ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ'' ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ [[topographic map|topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ dashes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ''ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ streambed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[desert|ᎢᎾᎨ]]ᎯᎠ [[American Southwest|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Southwest]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]ᎤᎶᏒᎩ.  Washes ᏰᎵᏇ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[thunderstorm|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ upstream, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[monsoon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[flash flood|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[arroyo (creek)|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Latin America|Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[wadi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Arabic]]-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Italy]] ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ {{in it|torrente}}. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ‘torrential’ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᎭ appenine ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ seasonal ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

''ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ'' ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]], ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ termed ''ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ''.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ demarkation ᎠᏰᎵ [[surface runoff|ᎦᏚᎢ runoff]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

== Watersheds ==

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎯᎠ ''[[drainage basin|watershed]]''.  ᏂᎦᎥᎢ watershed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ watersheds, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ watersheds ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ watersheds.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ [[Continental Divide|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] watershed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] watershed, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ watershed ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏱ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Gulf of Mexico|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ  Mexico]] ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎯᎠ [[Eastern Continental Divide|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ]].  ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Mexico watershed ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ [[Mississippi River|Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ watersheds, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tombigbee River|Tombigbee ᎤᏪᏴ]] watershed.

ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ watershed ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Ohio River|Ohio ᎤᏪᏴ]] watershed, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Kentucky River|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ]] watershed, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==

* [[Bayou|ᎥᏓᎵ]]
* [[Lotic System Ecology|Lotic iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Chalk stream|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]
* [[Lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]]
* [[Marsh|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]]
* [[Ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
* [[Swamp|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ]]

[[Category:Water streams| ]]
[[Category:Rivers|Stream]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]

[[de:Bach (Gewässer)]]
[[en:Stream]]
[[es:Arroyo]]
[[eo:Rojo]]
[[fr:Ruisseau]]
[[he:נחל]]
[[it:Torrente]]
[[li:Baek (water)]]
[[nl:Beek (stroom)]]
[[pl:Potok]]
[[ru:Ручей]]
[[simple:Stream]]
[[sv:Vattendrag]]
[[vi:Suối]]
[[zh:溪流]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8781</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-23T16:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ</title>
    <id>2605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8782</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-23T16:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8786</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-24T06:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Old Bailey Microcosm edited.jpg|250px|thumb| ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Old Bailey|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Bailey]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[London]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas Rowlandson ᎠᎴ Augustus Pugin ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ackermann ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ  London (1808-11).]]

'''ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Sovereignty|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] establishes ᎾᎥᎢ dikanahwadvsdi gvdi ᏓᎳᏏᏛ [[adjudication|ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ [[private law|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ]], labour, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ  ᎠᎴ [[criminal justice|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]] [[justice|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[law|ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[common law|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[civil law (legal system)| ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] [[state (law)|ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[dispute resolution|ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ==

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ establishes ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ [[jurisdiction|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[criminal jurisdiction|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ termed [[subject-matter jurisdiction|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ [[constitution|ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ enabling [[statute|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[English law|ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ''ᎢᎦᏛ'', deriving ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[trial (law)|ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ]] ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ termed &quot;ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ&quot;) ᎠᎴ [[appeal|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[judge|ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[jury|ᎠᏂᏑᎵ]]: juries ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ [[fact|ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ [[judgment|ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ. Juries ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Anglo-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[common law|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hierarchy ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ interpreted ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ factual ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏤ [[evidence (law)|ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ factual ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ deciding ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏫᏓᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ retrial ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[miscarriage of justice|ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ  ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[conviction (law)|ᏚᏚᎪᏓᏁᎸ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[quash|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.

==ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ [[Personal jurisdiction|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ: [[In personam|''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ personam'' ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], [[Jurisdiction in rem|''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ'' ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[Quasi in rem|''ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ'' ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]. ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ) ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ [[U.S. state|Ꭴ.. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Pennoyer v. Neff]]. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Minimum contacts|ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[International Shoe v. Washington|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ v. Washington]].

==ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ==
ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ Britain. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[inquisitorial system|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[common law|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[adversarial system|adversarial iyahdvnelidasdi]]. [[Procedural law|Procedural ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ
ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ: [[civil procedure|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ); ᎠᎴ [[criminal procedure|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ [[criminal law|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]].


==ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ==

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[arbitration|ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]].

{{wiktionarypar|tribunal}}

{{expandsect}}
{{Law}}
==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

===ᏂᎦᎥ===
* [[Sanctions|ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ]]
* [[International judicial institution|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[International Criminal Court|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[List of people who have acted as their own attorney|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏗᏲᎯᎯ]]

===ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ terminology===
* [[Adjudication|ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]
* [[Contempt of court|ᎠᏲᎠᏎᏗ  ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Judicial economy|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]]
* [[Jurist|ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ]]
* [[Legal proceedings|ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ]]
* [[Quash|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]]
* [[Relevance (law)|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]
* [[Rebuttal]]
* [[Subpoena|ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ]]
* [[Testimony|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ]]

===ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ===
* [[Appellate court|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Constitutional Court|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Court en banc|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ en banc]]
* [[Court of Faculties|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ  ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
* [[Court-martial|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ-ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]]
* [[Courts of England and Wales|ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ  England ᎠᎴ Wales]]
* [[Ecclesiastical court|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Equity court|ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Family court|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[High Court of Justiciary|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ  ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ]]
* [[Revolutionary Tribunal|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ([[French Revolution|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]])
* [[Scots Law|ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
* [[Scottish Courts Service|ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]]
* [[Supreme court|ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Trial court|ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==

*[http://www.courttv.com/sitemap/ Court TV] (coverage ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ)
*[http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/jacko/camj11204mediaord.pdf Example of order on media request to permit coverage, with possible reasons for and against, and possible conditions]
*[http://jeroenarendsen.nl/2006/05/court-gestures.html Court Gestures], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ? ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ? 


[[Category:Courts]]

[[cy:Llys]]
[[da:Domstol]]
[[de:Gericht]]
[[en:Court]]
[[es:Tribunal de justicia]]
[[fr:Tribunal]]
[[nl:Rechtbank]]
[[id:Pengadilan]]
[[ja:裁判所]]
[[pl:Sąd (prawo)]]
[[pt:Tribunal]]
[[simple:Court]]
[[sk:Súd]]
[[sv:Domstol]]
[[fi:Tuomioistuin]]
[[zh:法院]]
[[he:בית משפט]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Manus</title>
    <id>2607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9096</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-03T04:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Manus</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Osiyo!

ho-wa

do-hi-tsu?

ᎣᏏᏲ
ᎰᏩ
ᏙᎯᏧ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ</title>
    <id>2608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9445</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-10T16:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[qu:Killki]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Annunciation.jpg|right|250px|thumbnail|ᎯᎠ [[Annunciation|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]] - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ [[Gabriel]] ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ  [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] ([[El Greco|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Greco]], [[1575]])]] 
'''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[supernatural|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ [[monotheistic|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[Judaism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[Islam]].

==ᎧᏁᏨ==
{{wiktionarypar|angel}}
ᎯᎠ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎧᏁᏨ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Latin]], ''ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] αγγελος, ''ángelos'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏂᏙᎯ&quot; (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ gamma &quot;γγ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ &quot;ng&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). ᎯᎠ closest [[Hebrew language|ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ מלאך, ''mal'ach'' {{strong|4397}}, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏂᏙᎯ&quot;. &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ:
* אביר, ''abbir'' {{strong|47}}, [[Psalms|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] 78:25 (ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. &quot;ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ&quot;)
* אלהים, ''[[Elohim]]'' {{strong|430}}, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ 8:5
* ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏒ שנאן, ''ᏗᎬᏓᎨᏂ''' {{strong|8136}}, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ 68:17

==Angelology==
Angelology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[theology|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ hierarchical iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ [[Kabbalah|kaballistic]] [[Judaism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/etgloss/am-ani.htm
| title = Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary
| publisher = Theosophical University Press
| accessdate = 2006-03-17

}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎬᎨᏫᏒ ᏌᏊ&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| title = Angelology The Doctrine of Angels|url=http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=712
| author = J. Hampton Keathley, III, Th. M.
| accessdate = 2006-03-17

}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ [[Judeo-Christianity|Judeo-ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] atsituga ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ [[Zoroastrianism]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ [[angelology]] ᎠᎴ [[demonology|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ([[Ahriman|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Iran|Iranian]] [[Avestan]] ᎠᎴ [[Vedic religion|Vedic]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[Indo-European religion|Indo-European mythologies]] ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ existed ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ [[Zoroastrianism]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ Jewish angelology&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/Z/ZOROASTRIANISM
| title = &quot;Zoroastrianism&quot;, section &quot;Summary&quot;
| author = [[Jewish Encyclopedia|Jewish ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Christianity|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] angelology, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Zoroastrianism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Persian Empire|Persian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Babylonian captivity|ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Babylon]],&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.bible-history.com/map_babylonian_captivity/map_of_the_deportation_of_judah_jewish_encyclopedia.html|title=&quot;The Babylonian Captivity&quot;
| author = [[Jewish Encyclopedia|Jewish ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ Zoroastrianism borowed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. utolasv ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[evil|ᎤᏐᏅᎢ]] (ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ Islamic ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/Z/ZOROASTRIANISM
| title = &quot;Zoroastrianism&quot;, section 3 &quot;Possible Theological Influence&quot; and section 4, &quot;Angelology and Demonology&quot;
| author = [[International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt;: comparing ᏨᏍᎩᎾ [[Angra Mainyu]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ahriman|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]) Zoroastrian ᎪᎯᏳᏗ&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/mine/jud_zor.htm
| title = &quot;Judaism Meets Zoroastrianism&quot;
| author = Lewis Loflin
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ-ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ [[Ahura Mazda]], ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ.&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=147&amp;letter=Z&amp;search=zoroaster#429
| title = &quot;Zoroastrianism&quot;, section &quot;The Kingdoms of Good and Evil&quot;
| accessdate = 2006-03-15
| author = [[Jewish Encyclopedia|Jewish ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]

}}&lt;/ref&gt;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[helper|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zoroastrianism, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hierarchy ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Angelology ᎤᏤᎵ hierarchy&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.ccel.org/php/disp.php?authorID=schaff&amp;bookID=encyc12&amp;page=530&amp;view=
| title = New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. XII: Trench - Zwingli, pages 530-531
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ questioned ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Torah]], ᎯᎠ [[Book of Job|ᎪᏪᎵ  ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Jewish ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ predate ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi Persian ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ [[Zoroastrianism]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ Ꮎ similarities, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Zoroaster|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏐᎢ motifs, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Zoroastrian ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ&lt;ref&gt;{{

cite web
| url = http://www.sullivan-county.com/z/zor4.htm
| title = &quot;Did Zoroastrianism Influence Christianity?&quot;
| author = James Patrick Holding
| accessdate = 2006-03-15

}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zoroastrian ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ==
[[Zoroastrianism]] ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ([[Ahura Mazda]]): ᎯᎠ Amesha Spentas, Yazatas, ᎠᎴ Fravashis. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (cf. ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ Dar, ayatolv 26), Zoroastrians ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ dedicated Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.

=== Amesha Spentas ([[Middle Persian|Phl.]] Amahraspandan) (&quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;) ===
ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ, &quot;ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ&quot;, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ahura Mazda. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ:  
* Vohu Mano (Phl. Vohuman): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᏧᏓᏘᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎦ.  
* Asha Vahishta (Phl. Ardwahisht): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Asha, ᎯᎠ Amahraspand presiding ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Asha ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ. 
* Khshathra Vairya (Phl. Shahrewar): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. 'ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ iyuwakodi', ᎯᎠ Amahraspand presiding ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.  
* Spenta Armaiti (Phl. Spandarmad): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. 'ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ', ᎯᎠ Amahraspand presiding ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ 
* Haurvatat (Phl. Hordad): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. 'ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ'. ᏧᏓᏘᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. 
* Ameretat (Phl. Amurdad): ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ. 'ᎢᎪᎯᏓ', ᎯᎠ Amahraspand presiding ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
 
=== Fravashis (Phl. Farohars) (&quot;ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;) ===
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Arda Fravash (&quot;ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;). ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Y26.4, 55.1), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ patrolled ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ (Bd6.3, Zs5.2), ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. Ahura Mazda ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ Zarathushtra ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ (Yt13.19-20). ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ Druj ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ (Yt13.12-13). 

ᎯᎠ Fravashi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (Y16.7, 26.7, 26.11, 71.23, Yt22.39) (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Dhalla, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Zoroastrianism, pg 232-243, 375-378) 

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ tvga ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ).

== ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Tanakh]] ==
[[Image:Statue at Metairie Cemetery.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Statue|ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]   ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ  [[cemetery|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]], [[Louisiana]].]]
ᎯᎠ [[Biblical|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, מלאך (&quot;malach&quot;), otsel igvnelv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ,&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ({{bibleverse||Zechariah|12:8|JP}}). ᏐᎢ appellations ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot;, ({{bibleverse||Genesis|6:4|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Job|1:6|JP}} [R. V. v. 1]) ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ&quot; ({{bibleverse||Psalms|89:6-8|JP}}).

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Judaism|Jewish]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, '''Elohim'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi '' '[[Elohim]]'' (ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ), ''bnēi 'Elohim'', ''bnēi Elim'' (ᏧᏪᏥ ᎦᏁᎸ) (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ). ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ (e.g. ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ 6:2; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 1:6; {{bibleverse||Psalms|8:5|JP}}).
''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:'' [[Names of God in Judaism|ᏚᎾᏙᎥ  ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]

ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ&quot; {{bibleverse||Zechariah|14:5|JP}} ᎠᎴ &quot;watchers&quot; {{bibleverse||Daniel|4:13|JP}}. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ [[heaven|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ]]&quot; {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:3|JP}} ᎠᎴ &quot;Adonai&quot; {{bibleverse||Joshua|5:14|JP}}. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ,&quot; צבאות ''Tzevaot'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ''Adonai Tzevaot'' (ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ''Adonai Tzivo'ot''), ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ&quot; ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏛᏳᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ Moses ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ armies Israel, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ &quot;ᏗᏓᏅᏙ,&quot; πνεύματα ({{bibleverse||Revelation|1:4}}.

ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[monotheism|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Israel]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'', ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ''Malach Elohim'', ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ interchangeably ᎬᏙᏗ Adonai (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ). ([[cf.]] {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:2|JP}}, ᎬᏙᏗ 3:4; {{bibleverse||Exodus|13:21|JP}} ᎬᏙᏗ {{bibleverse||Exodus|14:19|JP}}). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎯᏁᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ({{bibleverse||Genesis|32:30|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Judges|13:22|JP}}). ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' (ᎠᎴ ''Elohim'') ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ [[Abraham|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ]], [[Hagar]], [[Moses]], [[Gideon (Judges)|Gideon]], &amp;c., ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ Israelites ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎨᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ'' (ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ 3:2). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ [[anthropomorphism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ classified, ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ''[[Logos|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]'', ᎠᎴ [[Christology|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ]] ᎯᎠ [[Trinity|ᏦᎢ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Jewish ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Kabbalist atogiyadv ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Kabbalah|kabbalistic]] ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎠᎴ ''Elohim'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎠᎴ ''Elohim''. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''[[cherubim|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]'' ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Garden of Eden|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ  ᎢᏓᏂ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{bibleverse||Genesis|18|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Genesis|19|JP}}. (J) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎠᎴ [[Lot (biblical)|ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ, ᎣᏂ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏔᎵ, ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎤᏩᏒ (Cf. 18:1 ᎬᏙᏗ 18:2, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19:17). ᎾᎾᎢ [[Bethel (Israel)|Bethel]], Jacob ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Jacob's Ladder (Bible)|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]] {{bibleverse||Genesis|28:12|JP}}, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Mahanaim]] {{bibleverse||Genesis|32:1|JP}}. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'', ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ [[theophany|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]]. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏍᎦᏯ&quot; ᎦᎪ ᎠᏁᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Jacob ᎾᎾᎢ [[Peniel]] ᎨᏒᎢ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ 32:24, 30). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{bibleverse||Isaiah|6|JP}} ᎯᎠ [[seraphim|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]], ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exilic ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exilic [[prophet|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]]ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ {{bibleverse|1|Kings|13:18|JP}} ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19:5, cf. 7, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ exilic ᎠᎴ ᎨᏛᎢ-exilic. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎢᏴᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ [[polytheist|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient Israel|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Israel]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Biblical inspiration|ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ suppressed ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ({{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|6:4-5|JP}} ᎠᎴ {{bibleverse||Isaiah|43:10|JP}}), ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Ezekiel|ᎪᏪᎵ  Ezekiel]]. [[Ezekiel]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ hierarchy ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Babylonian and Assyrian religion|Babylonian ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[angelology]] [[Zoroastrianism]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Zoroastrianism ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ). {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|9|JP}} ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ); ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;ansigaya&quot;; ''malach'', ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ezekiel. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Zechariah]], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ansigaya&quot;, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''malach'', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''Malach Adonai'' ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ {{bibleverse||Zechariah|1:11|JP}}. ᎯᎠ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎬ) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ {{bibleverse||Zechariah|3:1|JP}}. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Job|ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ''bnei Elohim'', ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᏨᏍᎩᎾ (ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ''ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ-ᏨᏍᎩᎾ''), ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 1, 2. Cf. {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|21:1|JP}}). ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Psalter (Pss. 91:11, 103:20 &amp;c.); ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{bibleverse||Psalms|78:49|JP}} ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎯᎠ [[Authorized Version|ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot;, ''ᎠᏯ.e.'' ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ezekiel ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ digatoli ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zechariah 3:9, 4:10. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ewald ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Tobit 12:15; ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ 8:2), ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᎴ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ameshaspentas ([[Amesha Spenta]]), ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ [[Persian mythology|Persian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, c. [[400 BC|400BCE]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:26|JPR}}.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Persian Empire|Persian]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ underwent ᎡᏆ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, c. [[160 BC|160BCE]], 71 ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ansigaya&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;'''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ'''&quot;, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᏆ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ&quot;; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, [[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]], [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]; ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ({{bibleverse||Daniel|8:16|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Daniel|10:13|JP}}, 20-21), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ [[Kingdom of Judah|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ  Judah]]. ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tobit]] ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], &quot;ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;. (Tob. 12:15.)

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tobit, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ [[demon|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ/[[Aramaic]] ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ (ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 4:18) Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ &quot;ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ&quot; ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ, ᎠᎴ [[Guardian angel (spirit)|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Michael, ᎯᎠ [[Guardian angel (spirit)|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] Judah. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tobit, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [[Asmodeus|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον, ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ Sarah ᎤᏤᎵ asgahah aninela, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ &quot;[[devil|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ&quot;, πνεῦμα (Tobit 3:8, 17; 6:7). 

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ Gen. 6:2, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ interpreted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Enoch|ᎪᏪᎵ  Enoch]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ''bnē Elohim'' Ꮎ ayatolv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ (cf. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ''bne Elohim'' ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏯᏔᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[John Milton|Milton]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Paradise Lost|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ]]''. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ hierarchy ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[200 BC]] .D. [[100]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jewish ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ [[Enoch]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Ascension of Isaiah|ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ  Isaiah]] ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.

=== ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Hebrew Bible|ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ({{bibleverse||Genesis|18:2|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Genesis|19:5|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Judges|6:17|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Judges|8:6|JP}}; {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|29:9|JP}}); ᎢᎦᏛ tvga ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ; ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sacrificial ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Elijah (prophet)|Elijah]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᎩᎸᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Burning bush|ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ]] ({{bibleverse||Genesis|16:13|JP}}; ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ 6. 21, 22; {{bibleverse|2|Kings|2:11|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Exodus|3:2|JP}}). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ; ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ encompassed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ {{bibleverse||Job|15:15|JP}}, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Psalmist ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ({{bibleverse||Psalm|104:4|JP}}): &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ.&quot; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ
[[Apocrypha|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]]/Deuterocanon ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ
ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ itsuwakodi, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎾᏍᏋ fulfilled—generally, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ [[sword|ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hands—one ᎠᏫᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ-ᎤᏲᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ side—and ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ({{bibleverse||Numbers|22:23|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Joshua|5:13|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|9;2|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Zecheriah|1:8|JP}} ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ contempory ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ achieved, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ). ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|21:16,30|JP}}, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ&quot;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Daniel|ᎪᏪᎵ  Daniel]], ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ &quot;clothed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎩ girded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ Uphaz: ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[beryl|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ digatoli ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ [[brass|ᏣᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ&quot; ({{bibleverse||Daniel|10:5-6|JP}}). ᎪᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎪᏯᏛ ({{bibleverse||Daniel|9:21|JP}}), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, Jewish ᎠᎴ Zoroastrian ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ [[halo (religious symbol)|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]].

[[Image:Ange.cathedrale.Bordeaux.2.png|thumb|left|140px|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Bordeaux cathedral]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ [[iconography|ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ]], ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[spirit|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]]. Depictions ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ depictions ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ deities, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ adatolasdisgi ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Eos]], [[Eros (mythology)|Eros]], [[Thanatos]] ᎠᎴ [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. 

ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ({{bibleverse||Psalms|103:20|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Psalms|78:25|JP}}; {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|14:17,20|JP}}, {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|19:28|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Zecheriah|14:5|JP}}; {{bibleverse||Job|4:18|JP}}, {{bibleverse||Job|25:2|JP}}).

ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. [[Jacob]] ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; [[Joshua]] ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot;; ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ&quot;; ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ &quot;ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot; (Gen. xxxii. 2; Josh. v. 14, 15; ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xxii. 19; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯ. 6, ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1; Ps. lxxxix. 6; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxiii. 23). ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ [[Book of Job|ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] (xxv. 3): &quot;ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ armies?&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ&quot;.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, embassies ansigaya ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ comprised ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ designated: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ.

ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎥᎠᏩᏏᏐᏗ,&quot; &quot;ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ,&quot; &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ,&quot; &quot;ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ atuyasdodi,&quot; &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ,&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot; (Gen. xlviii. 16; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxiii. 23; ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ. xxiv. 16; Mal. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 1; Isa. lxiii. 9; Ps. lxxviii. 49, R. V.). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ [[cherub|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]im, [[seraph|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ]]im, [[chayot]] (&quot;ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot;), [[Ofanim]] (&quot;ᏗᎦᏆᏙᏗ&quot;), ᎠᎴ [[Arelim]] (ᏄᏓᎴ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Thrones|ᎦᏁᎸ]]). ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎦᎪ dwelleth ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tree of Life|ᏡᎬ  ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] (ᎠᏯ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. 4, Ps. lxxx. 2, Gen. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 24). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Isaiah]] (vi. 2) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ; ᎠᎴ [[Ezekiel]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ḥayyot (Ezek. ᎠᏯ. 5 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.) ᎠᎴ ''ofanim'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ itsuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Zechariah [iii. 9, iv. 10]; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.

=== ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ agatudesdi ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ foretold [[Abraham|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ [[Isaac]], [[Manoah]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ [[Samson|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[Sodom]]. ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hebrews|ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏴᏫ]] ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[exodus|ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Egypt]], ᎦᏂ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ [[promised land|atuyastanv ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. 23.20, Num. 20.16).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ (ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1) ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ Lord—unless ᎠᎭᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Isa. xlii. 19, Ḥag. ᎠᏯ. 13, Mal. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 1), ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ meant—addressed ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ atuyastanv ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ [[Elijah (prophet)|Elijah]] ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ (ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xix. 5); ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[Jacob]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ [[piety|ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ]] ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ (Ps. xxxiv. 7, xci. 11). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪᏃ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ [[Assyria]]n ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ 185,000 ansigaya (ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xix. 35); ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎨᏯᏔᎲᎾ [[Ethiopia]]ns ᎠᏍᎦᎢᎲ&quot; (Ezek. xxx. 9); ᎯᎠ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ (Ps. xxxv. 5, 6).

ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ. xxiv. 15, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ personified, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ps. lxxviii. 49 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. &quot;ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ causative ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ&quot;; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎦᎷᎦ (Ps. xxix. 1, ciii. 20, cxlviii. 2; ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Isa. vi. 2 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.).

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xxii. 19; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯ. 6, ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1); ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ&quot; (Ps. lxxxix. 7, R. V.; . V. &quot;ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ&quot;). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (Deut. xxxiii. 2; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxviii. 7). ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ &quot;ᎠᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ fro ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ (Zech. vi. 7).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ [[Haggai]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ (ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ); ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ &quot;Malachi&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏂᏙᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xiii. 18, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ existed ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ (Gen. ᎠᏯ. 26; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxviii. 7). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ; ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᏂ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ, xiii. 18, ᎠᎴ Gen. xxxii. 30, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ questioned, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Michael ᎠᎴ Gabriel. Michael ᎨᏒᎢ [[Israel]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏐᎢ nations—the [[Iran|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ instance—were ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Daniel ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, Zechariah graded ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ digatoli (Zech. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 9, ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. 10) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ''amesha spentas'' Zoroastrianism (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ezek. ix. 2).

== Jewish ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ==
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Tanakh|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ]] (ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ [[Lot (biblical)|ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[Sodom]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ayatolv ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎯᎠ Israelites. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Jewish ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tanakh ᎡᏙᎠ stunningly ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Ezekiel|ᎪᏪᎵ  Ezekiel]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏆ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ.

ᎯᎠ [[archangel (beings)|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ [[Gabriel]], [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Uriel]], [[Raguel (archangel)|Raguel]], [[Sariel (archangel)|Sariel]], ᎠᎴ [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Jerahmeel]]. Gabriel ᎠᎴ Michael ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ [[Daniel]], Raphael ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[book of Tobit|ᎪᏪᎵ  Tobit]] (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Protestantism|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]] [[Apocrypha|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[Catholicism|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Eastern Orthodoxy|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]] [[Deuterocanonical books|Deuterocanon]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[book of Enoch|ᎪᏪᎵ  Enoch]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Old Testament|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ]] [[Pseudepigrapha]] (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ethiopian Church|Ethiopian ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]]).

===Maimonides ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᎢᎦᏛ atogiyadv ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ [[rationalism|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ atogiyadv ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Maimonides]], [[Gersonides]], [[Samuel Ibn Tibbon]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ mediated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ: Maimonides ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[Talmud|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ'' ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:4 ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:6.
&lt;small&gt;

:ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:4

:: ''&quot;...ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Aristotle]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ; ᎠᏥᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ', ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ [planets] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ....ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ intermediaries ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ [objects] ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ.&quot;''

:ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:6

:: ''&quot;...Aristotle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ nexus ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎥᏝ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎣᎾᏛ, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Scripture|ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ]] ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.''

::''...ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ...(Maimonides ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Genesis|ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ]], [[Plato]], ᎠᎴ [[Midrash]] Bereshit Rabbah)...ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ not—as ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ mentality ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ suppose—to ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ? ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ existence—including ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ are—is ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.''

::''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ! ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎨᏫ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ naïve?! ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Israel Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ Deity—despite ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ demarcating ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ lyadvnehi Intellect—that ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ-ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ sages—then ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [the naïve person] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ perceived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.''

::''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎥᏓᏗᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ clearly—to ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ themselves—that ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Midrash Bereshit Rabbah &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ.&quot;—which ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Bereshit Rabbah, &quot;ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.&quot; Midrash Bereshit Rabbah, LXXVIII. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ midrash ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ countered ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ...ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ....[Giving a few more examples of the mention of angels in rabbinic writings, Maimonides says] ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ agatudesdi ᎯᎠ gayatohvsdi Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ mind—and ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.&quot;''

&lt;/small&gt;

ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ Maimonides ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ&quot; Jewish ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ [[miracle|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 20th ᎠᎴ 21st sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.

ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Maimonides ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[Jewish philosophy|Jewish ᏁᎵᏒ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Millennium|millennia]].

== ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ==
[[Image:Jacob-angel.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|[[Jacob Wrestling with the Angel|Jacob ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] - [[Gustave Doré]], [[1855|(1855)]]]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[New Testament|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ]] ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ (''e.g.'' {{bibleref|Matthew|1:20}} (ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ), 4:11. (ᏥᏌ), [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 1:26 (Mary), [[Acts of the Apostles|ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ]] 12:7 (Peter)); ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ (''E.g.'' [[Gospel of Mark|ᎤᏙᏪᎸ]] 8:38, 13:27), ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 12:25). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ hierarchy, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ [[Gabriel]] (Luke 1:19), [[Metatron]] (Rev. 10:1 - Ꮭ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ - ), ᎠᎴ [[Michael]] (Daniel 12:1), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ [[Beelzebub|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]], (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 3:22) [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 1:13), ᎠᎴ [[Apollyon|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] (Rev. 9:11); ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Michael, Jude 9), principalities ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ (Rom. 8:38; Col. 2:10), ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi (Col 1:16). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ (Rev 7:1). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ Asia ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rev. 1-3. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ; ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Gabriel ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ [[The Virgin Mary|Mary]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ [[Messiah|ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Matt. 28:2, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]]' ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎯᎠ [[myrrh|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]]-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏥᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ [[resurrection|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ]]. ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 16:5, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏳᎳ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Luke ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ (Luke 24:4), ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ clothed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏬᏍᏗ.&quot; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ 20:12, ᎭᏢᏃ Mary ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ &quot;ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ&quot; ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᏥᏌ.

ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ witnessed ᏥᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Heaven|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ]] ᎠᎴ prophesied ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[Saint Peter|Peter]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ kalil ᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ [[hymn|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]].

ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[theology|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ. [[Seraphim|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ radiating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[4th century|4th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ, presumably ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ travelling ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ intermediaries ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ). ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ). 

:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Hierarchy of Angels|Hierarchy  ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]''

[[Image:AngelHierarchySmall.jpg|right|frame|[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/Ꮹ/largeImage?workNumber=NG1126&amp;collectionPublisherSection=ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ  ᎾᎥᎢ Francesco Botticini ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ London, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ hierarchies ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ  ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]]

ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ hierarchy ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[The Celestial Hierarchy|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Hierarchy]]'', ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-Dionysius ᎯᎠ Areopagite]], ᎤᎧᏁᎳ [[5th century|5th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] [[author|ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ [[Dionysius the Areopagite|Dionysius ᎯᎠ Areopagite]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᎭ tended ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ [[Christianity|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[Hierarchy of angels|hierarchies]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ subdivided ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ''ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Hierarchy'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ: ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ'', ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ'', ''Principalities'', ''ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ'', ''ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ'', ''iyuwakodi'', ''ᎦᏁᎸ'', ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ'', ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ hierarchy, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ closest ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyadvnehi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ referencing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Paul &quot;ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ principalities ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ&quot; (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ [[fallen angel|ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ denominatios ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ). ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ altar ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ altar adalatudi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ Sebaste, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 40 ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ renounced ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Reformed]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ [[Protestantism|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-[[Incarnation (Christianity)|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏌ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ lyudetiyvda ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ Maimonides, ᎠᎴ accepted ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mainstream ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, Beelzebul, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ rebelled ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ' ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ rebellious ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ [[folklore|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]] ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[afterlife]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᏴᏫ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ (Luke 20:35-36), ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎾᎢ 1Cor 15:51, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (1 Cor 6:3). Flavius Josephus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ, VI'', ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ resurrected ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. Zechariah 5:9 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ 1Cor 11:10 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ--ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ (Gen. 6) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ conceiving ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ resurrected ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[End times|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ  iyuwakodi]], ᎤᎲᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Swedenborgianism]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ).

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ risen ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ deemed ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ.

==Islamic ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ==
:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Angels in Islam|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam]]''
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arabic]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Qur'an|Qur']], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;Malaaikah&quot;(ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ: Malak). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[Islam]], ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Qur'an|Qur']] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dictated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ [[Muhammad]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ [[Jibril]] (Gabriel). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ([[Allah|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nurturing ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ distributing ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Gabriel ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ-ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[Ulema|Islamic ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]], ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ committing ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ [[Iblis]] ᎦᎪ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[jinn|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]]. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Quranic [[ayat]] (ᎤᏓᏢᎬ), &quot;ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; &quot;ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎢᏨᏌ unto ᎠᏓᏫ.&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ prostrated ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Iblis. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ...&quot; ([[Sura]]t [[Al-Kahf|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Kahf]], 18:50). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Jibril ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Prophets of Islam|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Psalms|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], [[Torah]], [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[Qur'an|Qur']]. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Michael (Mikaeel) ᎦᎪ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, Sarafiel (Israfil) ᎦᎪ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ [[Qiyamah|Yaum ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qiyamah]] (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ), ᎠᎴ Azrael (Izra'il), ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ Gabriel ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ [[Nakir and Munkar|Nakir ᎠᎴ Munkar]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (Surat [[Al-Muddaththir|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Muddaththir]], 74:30). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (Surat [[Al-Haaqqa|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Haaqqa]], 69:17). ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ resurrected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦ (ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jannah]] (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ), ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ).

==ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ==
[[Image:Engel Moroni Bern Tempel.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Bern Switzerland ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ  ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Moroni]]
[[Joseph Smith, Jr.|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Jr.]], ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Latter Day Saint movement|ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ([[Mormonism|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᏥᏌ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ  ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ  ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ]], (ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ &quot;ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ&quot;):

&lt;small&gt;
:: ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ'. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳ. ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ otsel igvnelv ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳ (ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ (ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ). ᏥᏭᏣᏔᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ resurrected ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ (reembodied), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ translated, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ Enoch, Elijah, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. (D&amp;C 129).''&quot;
&lt;/small&gt;

[[Joseph Smith, Jr.|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Jr.]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ (ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ 1:31-33):

&lt;small&gt;
:: ''&quot;ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏜᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.''

:: ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎸᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏍᏆᎳᏛ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏥ.''

:: ''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ yvwatuwidv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎦᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᎢᎲ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏴ.&quot;''
&lt;/small&gt;

ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Jr.]], [[Oliver Cowdery]], [[David Whitmer]], [[Martin Harris|ᏡᏡ Harris]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Cowdery, Whitmer, ᎠᎴ Harris ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏂ retracted ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ conversed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᎴ [[Moroni (Mormonism)|Moroni]], [[Nephi]], Peter, [[Saint James|James]], [[John the Apostle|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]], [[John the Baptist|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᎩ]].

Michael ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Adam and Eve|ᎠᏓᏫ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ Gabriel ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Noah]] (ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ).

== ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Zoroastrianism]], ᎯᎠ [[Amesha Spentas]] ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ don´t ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[Ahura Mazda]] (&quot;ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot;, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ); ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ [[Zarathustra]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Achaemenid]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Zoroastrianism) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ personalized, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ (ᎠᏥᎸ, digakohidi, ᎠᎹ...). 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Tennin]] ᎠᎴ [[Tenshi]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japanese mythology|Japanese ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[New Age|ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda]] ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.

===ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎧᏁᏨ [[Deva (Hinduism)|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot; (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ&quot;), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Hindus ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda ᎨᏒᎢ [[Ishvara]] (ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ weaknesses. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ishvara ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ (ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;devaduta&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;duta&quot;).  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Indra]], [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]], [[Ashvins]], [[Varuna|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Jainism ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;[[deva|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.

===Thelema===
[[Aleister Crowley]] ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Holy Guardian Angel|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]&quot;. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi [[Thelema]], ᎯᎠ [[Holy Guardian Angel|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ one’s truest ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎦᏁᎳ Crowley, ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[Augoeides]] [[Iamblichus (philosopher)|Iamblichus]], ᎯᎠ [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] [[Hinduism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Daemon (mythology)|Daemon]] ᎯᎠ [[gnostic|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]].

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Thelemites, ᎯᎠ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ one’s HGA, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ termed &quot;ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ.&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ gayatohvsdi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ [[True Will|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏫᎵ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Crowley, ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ achieved ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ inevitably [be] relied ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ step—crossing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. (''Magick ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ'', Ch.83) &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Crowley ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ staked ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.

==ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ==
ᎢᎦᏛ [[mystics|ᎤᏝᏏᏛ]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳ, Ꮎ [[soul|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎢ, digakohidi ᎠᎴ [[animal|gantlai]]ansigaya. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎠ Persian [[Sufism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi|Jalal ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Muhammad Rumi]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ [[Masnavi]]:

:''ᎠᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ,''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎠᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ gantlai.''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎠᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ? ''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎠᏯ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ!''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ agilyoasdi ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ,''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎠᏯ ᎠᏎᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ!''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ''&lt;br /&gt;
:''ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, 'ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ.' ''&lt;br /&gt;
:''(ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Wikisource, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Masnavi_I_Ma'navi:_Book_III Masnavi I Ma'navi, Book III], ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ XVII)’’

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ [[Emanuel Swedenborg]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ''ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ'' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, Ꮎ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.

===ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ media===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 21st Centuries, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ-ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ fallibilty, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ-ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ' ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Constantine]] starring [[Keanu Reeves]] ᎠᎴ [[Michael]] starring [[John Travolta|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Travolta]].  

ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ-ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [http://www.myspace.com/thechainsmokingangels The Chain Smoking Angels] residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Vietnam]] iyuwakodi ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ [[Americana]] ᎠᎴ heartbreak.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Hierarchy of angels|Hierarchy  ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]
* [[Angels in art|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Angelici (sect)|Angelici]], ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ worshipped ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ
* [[Death (personification)#Angels of death|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ  ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Guardian angel (spirit)|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]
* [[Metatron]]
* [[Spiritism]]
* [[Neon Genesis Evangelion|Neon ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ Evangelion]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
===ᎪᏪᎵ===
* Cheyne, James Kelly (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) (1899). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ''Encyclopædia biblica''. ᎢᏤ York, Macmillan.
* ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, Samuel Rolles (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) (1901) ''ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Daniel.'' Cambridge ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.
* Hastings, James (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) (1898). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ''ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ''. ᎢᏤ York: C. Scribner ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ.
* Oosterzee, Johannes Jacobus ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ''ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ: ᏓᎵᏍᏛ-ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.'' Trans. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Watson Watson ᎠᎴ Maurice J. Evans. (1874) ᎢᏤ York, Scribner, Armstrong.
* ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, George ᎠᏓᏫ (1898) ''ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ.'' London, Hodder ᎠᎴ Stoughton.
* Bamberger, Bernard Jacob, (ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 15, [[2006]]). ''ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ: ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.'' Jewish ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ISBN 0827607970
* Bennett, William Henry. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ''[[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* Briggs, Constance ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, [[1997]]. ''ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ : --Z ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 4,000 Entries.'' ᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ISBN 0452279216.
* Bunson, Matthew, ([[1996]]). ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Z : ᎦᎪ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ.'' ᏦᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0517885379.
* Cruz, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ C. [[1999]]. ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ.'' ᏅᏙ ᎤᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ &amp; ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0895556383. 
* Davidson, Gustav. ''ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ: ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ''. ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 002907052X
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* Kreeft, Peter J. [[1995]]. ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ?'' Ignatius ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0898705509
* Lewis, James R. ([[1995]]). ''ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Z.'' ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0787606529
* Melville, Francis, [[2001]]. ''ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ: ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ.'' Barron ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ; 1st ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ. ISBN 0764154036
* Ronner, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, [[1993]]. ''ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Biographies 100 ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ &amp; ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ!'' Mamre ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0932945406.
* Swedenborg, Emanuel ([[1979]]). ''ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.'' Swedenborg ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ. ISBN 0877850542
* {{1911}}

===ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ===
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|angels}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia entry on angels]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&amp;letter=A&amp;search=angelology Jewish Encyclopedia entry on angels]
* [http://www.sunna.info/Lessons/islam_331.html Angels in Islam]
* [http://www.entheomedia.org/datura_gallery.htm Entheomedia.org]


[[Category:1911 Britannica]]
[[Category:Angels| ]]
[[Category:Angels in Judaism| ]]
[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:Tanakh]]

[[ang:Engel]]
[[ar:ملاك]]
[[bg:Ангел (религия)]]
[[br:Ael]]
[[bs:Anđel]]
[[ca:Àngel]]
[[cs:Anděl]]
[[da:Engel]]
[[de:Engel]]
[[en:Angel]]
[[eo:Anĝelo]]
[[es:Ángel]]
[[et:Ingel]]
[[fi:Enkeli]]
[[fr:Ange]]
[[gd:Aingeal]]
[[he:מלאך]]
[[hi:फ़रिश्ता]]
[[hu:Angyal]]
[[id:Malaikat]]
[[it:Angelo]]
[[ja:天使]]
[[la:Angelus]]
[[lt:Angelas]]
[[ms:Malaikat]]
[[nl:Engel]]
[[no:Engel]]
[[pl:Anioł]]
[[pt:Anjo]]
[[qu:Killki]]
[[ro:Înger]]
[[ru:Ангел]]
[[simple:Angel]]
[[sk:Anjel]]
[[sq:Engjëlli]]
[[sv:Ängel]]
[[th:เทวดา]]
[[tr:Melek]]
[[uk:Ангел]]
[[vi:Thiên sứ]]
[[zh:天使]]
[[zu:Ingelosi]]</text>
    </revision>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:AaronSw]]</text>
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      <comment>corrected for Aaron</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://www.aaronsw.com/ www.aaronsw.com]

[[ar:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85:AaronSw]]
[[br:Implijer:AaronSw]]
[[cs:Wikipedista:AaronSw]]
[[cy:Defnyddiwr:AaronSw]]
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[[zh:User:AaronSw]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏩᎴᎳ</title>
    <id>2611</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2006-08-26T16:10:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Hummingbird
| image = Haeckel Trochilidae.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = A variety of hummingbirds from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s 1904 ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' (Artforms of Nature)
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = '''Apodiformes'''
| familia = '''Trochilidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], 1825
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 
Many, see text.
}} 
{{Commons|Trochilidae}}
'''ᏩᎴᎳ''' ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] '''Trochilidae'''. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ tohi adedi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[wing|ᎪᏯᏛ]], 15 80 itsuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ). ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tvga ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anaditsgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[hum|ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ digakohidi&amp;mdash;[[shrimp plant|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ]], ''[[Heliconia]]'', [[bromeliad]], [[verbena]], [[fuchsia]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[penstemon]]&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[red|ᎩᎦᎨ]] ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[nectar (plant)|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[pollinator]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-throated ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᎯᎠ [[Bee Hummingbird|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏩᎴᎳ]] (''Mellisuga helenae'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 1.8 [[gram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]].

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Rufous-tailed Hummingbird|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ]], ᎦᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 3 g ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 10-12 cm (3.5-4 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ).

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ woven ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. [[Avian incubation|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 14-19 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.

==ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ==

ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ [[plumage|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ duller.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎸᏈᏍᏗ, fairylike ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ gemlike brilliance. [[Fiery-tailed Awlbill|ᎠᏥᎸᎭ-ᎦᏛᎢ Awlbill]], [[Ruby-topaz Hummingbird|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ]], [[Glittering-bellied Emerald|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ-ᏂᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], [[Brazilian Ruby|Brazilian ᎩᎦᎨ]], [[Green-crowned Brilliant|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-crowned ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], [[Festive Coquette|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ]], [[Shining Sunbeam|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[Amethyst-throated Sunangel|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-throated Sunangel]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

==ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ==
[[Image:Male Ruby-Throated Hummingbird 1.jpg|thumb|250px| ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[Ruby-throated Hummingbird|ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ]]]]
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ intensively ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ: [[Hover|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ filmed ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[video camera|video ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]].

ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Nature (journal)|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]'', [[biophysics|biophysicist]] [[Douglas Warrick]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Rufous Hummingbird|ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ]], ''Selasphorus rufus'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[wind tunnel|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[particle image velocimetry|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ velocimetry]] techniques ᎠᎴ investigated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ generated ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ upstroke ᎠᎴ downstroke.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ 75% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ downstroke ᎠᎴ 25% ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ upstroke: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ (ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ) Ꮎ [[lift (force)|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ generated ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ dadanetlivysegv ᎯᎠ wingbeat ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏩᎴᎳ' ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ , ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[hawk moth|ᏔᏬᏗ ᏩᏐᎳ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ avian ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. &lt;ref&gt;Warrick, D.R., Tobalske, B.W., ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, D.R., (2005) &quot;ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏩᎴᎳ&quot; ''ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ''  '''435''': 1094-1097[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03647]&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ [[metabolism|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[heart|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]]ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1260 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ [http://www.hummingbirds.net/about.html#heartbeat]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ iyuwakodi ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ [[hibernation|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[torpor|ᎾᏍᏋ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎯᎠ heartrate ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ slowed dramatically (ᎯᎠ heartrate ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 50-180 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ' ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ [[bird migration|migrating]] [[Ruby-throated Hummingbird|ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ 800 [[kilometre|km]] (500 [[mile|ᏑᏟᎶᏛ]]) ᎯᎠ [[Gulf of Mexico|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ  Mexico]] ᎾᎿ nonstop ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᎪᎯ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 40 50 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ iyuwakodi. (Skutch, 1973)

==ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ==
[[Image:Hummingbird nest.jpg|thumb|ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ]]
[[Image:IMG_2377.JPG|thumb|ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Santa Monica, CA]]
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Americas|ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Alaska]] ᎠᎴ [[Canada]] [[Tierra del Fuego]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[West Indies|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Indies]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Cuba]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Bahamas]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]. ᎯᎠ [[Black-chinned Hummingbird|ᎬᎿᎨ-chinned ᏩᎴᎳ]], Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ migrant, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ Canada.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ Canada ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ warmest ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ kanquotsegi ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ kanquotsegi ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏗᎦᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ migrated ᎧᎸᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ tohi adedi ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ -20°C.

ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hardiness.

==ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ==
[[Image:Male Ruby-Throated Hummingbird 2.jpg|thumb| ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᎾᎾᎢ  ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ colourful ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏩᎴᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ [[bird feeder|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.  ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ easiest ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[honey|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ nutrients, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ (ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ granulated ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ) ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ.

ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ rinsed ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ soaked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ chlorine ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏏᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ. ᏩᎴᎳ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎳ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ.
[[Image:Female Ruby-Throated Hummingbird in Flight.jpg|thumb|200px| ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ  ᎯᎠ wingbeats]]
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.hummingbirds.net/ Hummingbirds.net].

ᏩᎴᎳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ tvga ᎾᎾᎯ [[Garage (house)|ᎠᏝ ᏗᏝᎢ ᎠᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ trapped. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏐᏴᎢ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎩᎦᎨ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[instinct|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ threatened ᎠᎴ trapped ᎨᏒᎢ tvga upward. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ trapped ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ iyatoquu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ cupped ᏧᏃᏰᏂ iyuwakodi ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏝ ᏗᏝᎢ ᎠᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ flashlight ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. (ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ: [http://www.hummingbirds.net/about.html#garage Hummingbirds.net])

==ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
[[Image:Male white-tailed Emerald.jpg|thumb|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ,&lt;br&gt;[[Monteverde]], [[Costa Rica]]]]
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Apodiformes, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ [[swift|ᎦᏥᏄᎳ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ separated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, Trochiliformes.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 325 ᎠᎴ 340 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ taxonomic viewpoint, uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ subfamilies, ᎯᎠ '''[[hermit (hummingbird)|ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]''' (subfamily '''Phaethornithinae''', 34 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎵ genera), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ '''ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᎴᎳ''' (subfamily '''Trochilinae''', ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).

ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ evolutionary biologists ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ 'tsuqagutanvsv' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.

ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏩᎴᎳ diverged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ 30 40 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. lyudetiyvda ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ identifiable ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Gerald Mayr ᎯᎠ Senkenberg ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt  ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ]] identified ᏔᎵ 30-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ''. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''Eurotrochilus inexpectatus'' (&quot;ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ European ᏩᎴᎳ&quot;), ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏌᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Stuttgart]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ unearthed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Frauenweiler, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Heidelberg]].

===ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ===
* [[List of hummingbirds|ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ]]
* [[List of hummingbirds in taxonomic order|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏩᎴᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ taxonomic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]

==ᏩᎴᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
[[Image:Nazca colibri.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᏩᎴᎳ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Nazca]]
* ᎯᎠ [[Aztec]] [[god|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] [[Huitzilopochtli]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ. &lt;!--Photo or drawing would be useful here--&gt;
* ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Nazca Lines|Nazca ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏩᎴᎳ.
* ᎯᎠ [[Ohlone]] ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. [http://www.npca.org/cultural_diversity/native_expression/hummingbird.asp source]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Hummingbird hawk moth|ᏩᎴᎳ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏩᏐᎳ]]
* [[Hemaris]], ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ
* [[Handbook of the Birds of the World|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 5, [[Lynx Edicions|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Edicions]], 1999.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;
* Alexander F. Skutch ᎠᎴ Arthur B. ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ''ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎴᎳ'', ᎢᏤ York, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ISBN 0-517-20272X
* [[Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee|Rodolphe Meyer ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Schauensee]] ''ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ''

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.hummingbirdsociety.org/indexnew.asp The Hummingbird Society]
*[http://www.hummingbirdsociety.org/photogallery/ Hummingbird Society's Photo Gallery]
*[http://www.rubythroat.org/ Operation Ruby Throat]
*[http://www.hummingbirds.net/ hummingbirds.net]
*[http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/Sampler3-Hummingbirds.html Hummingbirds of the World]
*[http://www.infochembio.ethz.ch/links/en/zool_voegel_kolibris.html Hummingbirds]
*[http://www.dyesscreek.com/miscellaneous_pages/hummingbird_photography.html How to Photograph Hummingbirds]
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=85 Hummingbird videos] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
*Video ([http://blip.tv/file/get/Edelweisswerks-hummingbirdHoversAndFeedsWmv602.wmv .wmv]) ([http://blip.tv/file/get/Edelweisswerks-hummingbirdHoversAndFeedsMp4IPod423.mp4 .mp4 - iPod]) ᏩᎴᎳ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.   tohi adedi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike].  ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.blip.tv blip.tv]
*[http://blip.tv/file/get/Edelweisswerks-hummingbirdRawTape2Scene0002Video01851.wmv Video (.wmv) Hummingbird shaping a nest].  tohi adedi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike].  ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.blip.tv blip.tv]
*[http://blip.tv/file/get/Edelweisswerks-hummingbirdRawTape2Scene0004Video01971.wmv Video (.wmv) Hummingbird adding spider's web to nest].  tohi adedi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike].  ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.blip.tv blip.tv]
*[http://blip.tv/file/get/Edelweisswerks-hummingbirdRawTape2Scene0015Video01318.wmv Video (.wmv) Hummingbird adding downy seed to nest].  tohi adedi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike].  ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.blip.tv blip.tv]

[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Pollinators]]
[[Category:Trochilidae|*]]
[[Category:Trochiliformes|*]]

[[bg:Колибриподобни]]
[[de:Kolibris]]
[[en:Hummingbird]]
[[es:Colibrí]]
[[eo:Kolibro]]
[[fr:Trochilidae]]
[[hr:Kolibri]]
[[it:Colibrì]]
[[he:קוליבריים]]
[[ka:კოლიბრები]]
[[lt:Kolibriniai]]
[[hu:Kolibrifélék]]
[[nl:Kolibries]]
[[ja:ハチドリ]]
[[no:Kolibrier]]
[[pl:Kolibry]]
[[pt:Beija-flor]]
[[sl:Kolibri]]
[[fi:Kolibrit]]
[[sv:Kolibrier]]
[[zh:蜂鸟]]
[[chr:ᏩᎴᎳ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏗᎦᎭᎵ</title>
    <id>2612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8799</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-27T05:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Lizards
| fossil_range = [[Jurassic]] - Recent
| image = Haeckel Lacertilia.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = &quot;Lacertilla&quot;, from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur|Artforms  ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]'', 1904
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = '''Lacertilia'''
| subordo_authority = [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1867
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]]
| subdivision = 
Many, see [[Lizard#Classification|ᏓᎵᏍᏛ]].
}}

'''ᏗᎦᎭᎵ''' ᎠᎴ [[reptile|gantlai]]ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Squamata]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[snake|ᎢᎾᏛ]](Ophidians). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏅᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ eyelids.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ centimeters (ᎢᎦᏛ [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] [[gecko]]) ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ([[Komodo dragon|Komodo ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]]).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[glass snake|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ]]&quot;  ᎠᎴ &quot;[[glass lizard|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]]&quot; ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ skeletal ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ eyelids ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᎾᏛ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[chameleon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[anole]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;chamele&quot;).

ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ rodents.  ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[iguana]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ gantlai ᏤᎵ.  iyuwakodi ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ [[venom (poison)|ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]]: ᎯᎠ [[Mexican beaded lizard|Mexican beaded ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[Gila monster|ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Mexico]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[southwest United States|southwest ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Melbourne, Australia ᎠᎴ Pennsylvania ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[iguania|iguanians]] ᎠᎴ [[monitor (lizard)|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ (ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ [[Venom (poison)|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ]]-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ glands. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ injected ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ. ᏐᏁᎳ [[toxins]] ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[snakes|ᎢᎾᏛ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ chemicals ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[venom clade|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ clade]]. &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ,&quot; ᎠᏗᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Greene, herpetologist ᎾᎾᎢ Cornell ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎩᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ [[Komodo dragon|Komodo ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ganahlai.  ᎯᎠ [[Gila Monster|ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Beaded Lizard|Beaded ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[predator]][[Pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[pet|ᎤᏓᏅᏗ]] ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, iguanas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ); ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ symbology ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]](e.g. [[Tarrotarro]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[regeneration (biology)|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.

ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Scincomorpha ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[skink]](ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[blue-tailed skink|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ skink]]), ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ.  ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Nile monitor|Nile ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

==ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Iguanas]], [[bearded dragon|ᎠᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], [[leopard gecko|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ gecko]], [[tegu]], ᎠᎴ [[monitor lizard|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]]ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏲᎵ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[snakes|ᎢᎾᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[tarantulas]].  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ.  

== ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ==
{| align=right
|[[Image:Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard.JPG|thumb|240px|[[Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard|Coachella ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ-toed ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]], ''Uma inornata'']]
|-
|[[Image:plumed.basilisk.750pix.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Plumed Basilisk|ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]], ''Basiliscus plumifrons'']]
|-
|[[Image:ZebraTailed-Lizard-640px.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Zebra-tailed Lizard|ᏐᏈᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]], ''Callisaurus draconoides'']]
|-
|[[Image:gila.monster.arp.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Gila monster|ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], ''Heloderma . suspectum'']]
|-
|[[Image:green.tree.monitor.lizard.arp.jpg|thumb|right|240px|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ [[monitor lizard|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]], ''Varanus prasinus'']]
|}
'''Suborder Sauria (Lacertilia) - (ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)'''
*†Family [[Bavarisauridae]]
*†Family [[Eichstaettisauridae]]
* Infraorder Iguania
**†Family [[Arretosauridae]]
**†Family [[Euposauridae]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Corytophanidae]] (casquehead ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Iguanidae]] ([[iguana]]ᎠᎴ [[spinytail iguanas]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Phrynosomatidae]] (ᏧᎵᎡᎾ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏡᎬ, ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-blotched ᎠᎴ horned ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Polychrotidae]] ([[Anolis|anoles]])
***ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Leiosauridae]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Polychrotinae)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Tropiduridae]] (neotropical ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
***ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Liolaemidae]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Tropidurinae)
***ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Leiocephalidae]] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Tropidurinae)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Crotaphytidae]] (collared ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Opluridae]] (Madagascar iguanids)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Hoplocercidae]] (ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, clubtails)
**†Family [[Priscagamidae]]
**†Family [[Isodontosauridae]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Agamidae]] ([[agamas]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Chamaeleonidae]] ([[chameleon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]])
*Infraorder [[Gekkota]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Gekkonidae]] ([[gecko]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Pygopodidae]] ([[legless lizard|legless ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Dibamidae]] ([[blind lizard|ᏗᎨᏫ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
*Infraorder [[Scincomorpha]]
**†Family [[Paramacellodidae]]
**†Family [[Slavoiidae]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Scincidae]] ([[skink]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cordylidae]] ([[spinytail lizard|spinytail ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Gerrhosauridae]] ([[plated lizard|ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Xantusiidae]] ([[night lizard|ᏒᏃᏱ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Lacertidae]] ([[wall lizard|ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**†Family [[Mongolochamopidae]]
**†Family [[Adamisauridae]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Teiidae]] ([[tegu]]ᎠᎴ whiptails)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Gymnophthalmidae]] ([[spectacled lizard|spectacled ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
*Infraorder [[Diploglossa]]
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Anguidae]] ([[glass lizard|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Anniellidae]] ([[American legless lizard|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ legless ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Xenosauridae]] ([[knob-scaled lizard|ᎦᏂᏴᏗ-scaled ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]])
* Infraorder [[Platynota]] ([[Varanoidea]])
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Varanidae]] (ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Lanthanotidae]] (ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)
**ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Helodermatidae]] ([[gila monster|ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]])
**†Family [[Mosasaur|Mosasauridae]] (ᎠᏜ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ)

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
{{commons|Category:Sauria}}
* [http://webhost.ua.ac.be/funmorph/anthony/lizards/animals.html Anthony Herrel's lizard page]
* ᎯᎠ [http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/LivingReptiles.html EMBL reptile database] 
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1689000/1689313.stm Tiny gecko] - ᎯᎠ 'ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ' ᏗᎦᎭᎵ
* ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg18825264.600;jsessionid=PEKEKIHAKIMI]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
*[http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/15-Lizards Lizards Breeds &amp; Pictures]

[[Category:Lizards| ]]
[[Category:Pet reptiles]]

[[cy:Madfall]]
[[de:Echsen]]
[[en:Lizard]]
[[es:Sauria]]
[[eo:Lacertuloj]]
[[fr:Sauria]]
[[it:Lucertola]]
[[he:לטאה]]
[[li:Herdisse]]
[[nl:Hagedis]]
[[ja:トカゲ]]
[[no:Øgle]]
[[pl:Jaszczurki]]
[[pt:Sauria]]
[[ru:Ящерицы]]
[[fi:Liskot]]
[[sv:Ödlor]]
[[tr:kertenkeleler]]
[[uk:Ящірки]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏎᎷ</title>
    <id>2613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8800</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-28T05:29:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Maize
| image = Zea mays.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Cultivars of maize
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Teosinte|Zea]]''
| species = '''''Z. mays'''''
| binomial = ''Zea mays''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''ᏎᎷ'''  (''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' ssp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''[[corn|ᏎᎷ]]''', ᎨᏒᎢ [[cereal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]] Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mesoamerica]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[15th century|15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ [[16th century|16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]], ᎠᎴ [[Australia]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''mealies''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[southern Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Africa]].  [[Hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ varieties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[heterosis]] (&quot;ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ&quot;).  ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ varieties ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ varieties ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 7 [[meter|m]] (23 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 2.5 m (9 ft). [[Sweetcorn]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ-ᏎᎷ varieties.

== ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ==

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[bamboo]] ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ ([[Node (botany)|ᏂᎯ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20&amp;ndash;30 [[centimeter|cm]] (8&amp;ndash;12 [[inch|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ]]) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ.  ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, 50&amp;ndash;100 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 5&amp;ndash;10 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ (2&amp;ndash;4 ft ᎾᎥᎢ 2&amp;ndash;4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ); ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 2&amp;ndash;3 m (7&amp;ndash;10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᏓᏘ-ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏂᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. [[Image:Maize ear.jpg|right|thumb|ᏎᎷ digakohidi ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ]] 

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ whorl ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ elongated ᎤᏚᎯᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏎᎷ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ 2&amp;ndash;4 ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.9 (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ stressed ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ).[http://maize.agron.iastate.edu/ears.html] ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[silage]] ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ denser ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ&quot; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asian cuisine|Asian ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]].

ᏎᎷ [[cultivar]]ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[temperate zone|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[day neutral plant|ᎢᎦ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ &gt; 50° F (10°C). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎷ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ [[short day plant|ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎢᎦ]] ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ.[http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/cropwater/maize.stm] ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ-ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled genetically ᎠᎴ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[phytochrome]] iyahdvnelidasdi.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ, [[inflorescence|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ consumed ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏏᎵᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ tougher ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ dries inedibility. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ [[pericarp|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ fused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Poaceae|grasses]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ) ᎥᏝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ [[pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎦᎴᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10&amp;ndash;25&amp;nbsp;cm (4&amp;ndash;10 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: blackish, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[flour|ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ]], ᏎᎷ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ [[bran|ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ]], ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎵ [[gluten|ᏤᎵ]] ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ.

[[gene]]tic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ [[starch|ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sweetcorn.

ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, [[DIMBOA]] (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ᏌᏊ).  DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hydroxamic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ benzoxazinoids) Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, pathogenic fungi ᎠᎴ [[bacteria|ᎢᎦᎢ]].  DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ grasses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ.   ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (bx) ᎦᎷᎶᎩ DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ fungi.  DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Crambidae]]).  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, DIMBOA ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ subspecies: 
* ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Amylacea ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Popcorn|ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ]] - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Everta ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Indentata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Indurata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Sweetcorn]] - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Saccharata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Waxy corn|ᎪᎢ ᏎᎷ]] - '' Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. ceratina Kuleshov
* [[Amylomaize]] - '' Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''
* ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' L. var. ''tunicata'' Larrañaga ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ . ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Hil.
ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 60 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ multi-ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.  Agronomic ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, cytological, ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ.  ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ), ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, racial complexes, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ.  

ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (n=10). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 1500 [[Centimorgan|cM]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;chromosomal ᎦᏂᏴᏗ&quot;. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ repetitive heterochromatic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ polymorphic ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ [[teosinte]]. [[Barbara McClintock]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ markers ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ [[transposon]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ &quot;ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ genes&quot;.  

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ''ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ'', funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA [[Agricultural Research Service|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ agatohvsdi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Illinois ᎾᎾᎢ Urbana-ᏂᎬᏅ]].  ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 80,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ genes, ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ gene ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ heritable variants. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1000 chromosomal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (e.g., ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., tetraploids).  ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ accessed ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.maizegdb.org/ MaizeGDB], ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Genomics ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎬᎾᏕᎾ agatohvsdi ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ (NSF), ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (USDA) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi consortium ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ [[genome]].  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ DNA ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ [[GenBank]], ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ genome-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.  Sequencing ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ genome ᎤᎭ 50,000&amp;ndash;60,000 genes scattered ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ 2.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ – ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ DNA – Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.  (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ genome ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.9 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ 26,000 genes.)

== ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ==
[[Image:Corn parents1.jpg|right|thumb|ᏔᎵ teosintes ᏄᏪᏒᎩ  ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ  ᏎᎷ]]

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ theories ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ: 
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Mexican ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ [[teosinte]], ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' ssp. ''parviglumis'', ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Balsas River valley|Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Mexico]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12% Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ otsel igvnelv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' ssp. ''mexicana'' ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ; 
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ maize—a ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ maize—and teosinte ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ''Luxuriantes'', ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ''Z. luxurians'' ᎠᎴ ''Z. diploperennis''; 
# ᎾᏍᎩ underwent ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ teosinte; 
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization ''Z. diploperennis'' ᎾᎥᎢ ''Tripsacum dactyloides''.  (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;teosinte&quot; ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ subspecies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Zea'', ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' ssp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''.)  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[1930s]], Paul Mangelsdorf ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ hybridization ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Tripsacum'', ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ tripsacum (gama ᎧᏁᏍᎦ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, negating Mangelsdorf’s ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  

ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hypotheses) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ dauntingly ᏂᎦᏛ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Nobel Prize|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]] winner [[George Beadle|George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1939]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ:
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ''Zea'' originated, 
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ tsuqagutanvsv digotsaledg digovhi 3500&amp;ndash;2700 BC (uncorrected) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ teosinte, 
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ teosintoid ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ iyuwakodi ca. 1100 BC, 
# ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
[[Image:Guila Naquitz cave.jpg|right|thumb|Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ  ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ  ᏎᎷ]]

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ researchers—[[archaeologist|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]], [[genetics|geneticists]], [[ethnobotany|ethnobotanists]], geographers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 7,500 12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ occured 9000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Mexico, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Oaxaca]] ᎠᎴ [[Jalisco]].[http://www.maizegenetics.net/publications/Matsuoka2002PNAS.pdf] ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ teosinte ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Balsas River|Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ]]. tsuqagutanvsv ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oaxaca ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 6,250 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ; 3450 BC, uncorrected); ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Tehuacan]], Puebla, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ca. 2750 BC. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ iyuwakodi ca. 1100 BC ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mexican ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ: ᏎᎷ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv teosinte ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.

ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1500 BC, ᏎᎷ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏤ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ varieties ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ.  ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[pre-Columbian|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Columbian]] [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n, [[Mesoamerican]], [[South American|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[Caribbean]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[1st millennium|1st ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] CE (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Mexico]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Southwest|Ꭴ.. Southwest]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[northeastern U.S.|northeastern Ꭴ..]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Canada, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ grassland ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ.  [[Gavin Menzies]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[1421 hypothesis|1421 - ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]]'', ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ transplanted ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ disputed [http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&amp;file=article&amp;sid=91]). 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precipitated Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ bi-ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ &quot;popped&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ.   ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ [[selective breeding|selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ intercrossing teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[USDA]] [[United States Forest Service|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 500 1,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ freshwater [[mussel|ᏓᎫᎾ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. [http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/about/newsrelease/nr_2005-06-06-mussels.htm]

== ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ==
{{Agricultural production box
|year=2005
|plant=Maize
|country1={{USA}}
|amount1=280
|country2={{CHN}}
|amount2=131
|country3={{BRA}}
|amount3=35
|country4={{MEX}}
|amount4=21
|country5={{ARG}}
|amount5=20
|country6={{IDN}}
|amount6=15
|country7={{FRA}}
|amount7=13
|country8={{IND}}
|amount8=12
|country9={{RSA}}
|amount9=12
|country10={{ITA}}
|amount10=11
|ᎡᎶᎯ=692
}}

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[Indonesia]], ᎠᎴ [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]]. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[metric ton|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2003]] – ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[rice|diligwu]] ᎠᎴ [[wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 33 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[hectare]]ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ $23 ᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[spring (season)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]. Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[C4 plant|C4 ᎦᎪᏘ]] (ᎦᎪᏘ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ C4 photosynthesis), ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[C3 plant|C3 ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ soybeans.  ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏏᎵᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ predicted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎧᏂᎩᏂ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Independence Day (United States)|ᏅᎩᏁ  ᎫᏰᏉᏂ]]&quot;, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏎᎷ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[silage]] ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ.  ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ&quot;, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ pollination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ.  ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested iyuwakodi [[winter|ᎪᎳ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Africa]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ [[drought|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[famine|ᎠᎪᏄᎳ]] ᎾᎥᎢ causing ᏎᎷ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
[[Image:Field, corn, Liechtenstein, Mountains, Alps, Vaduz, sky, clouds, landscape.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᏠᎨᏏ  ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Liechtenstein]]]]

ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Native American (Americas)|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ]]: [[bean|tuya]]ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[Squash (fruit)|ᏍᏆᏏ]]es ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏚᏏ 60&amp;ndash;120 cm (2&amp;ndash;4 ft) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ 3 ᎠᎴ 4 ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏎᎷ'' ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ nanahwunvgi 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ 10&amp;ndash;12 cm (4&amp;ndash;5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ technique digakohidi ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ. 

[[Image:Cornheap.jpg|200px|thumb|right|  ᏎᎷ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ-[[crop rotation|ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[alfalfa|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ [[soybean]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, [[winter wheat|ᎪᎳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[no-till farming|Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.  ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ cultivars ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[genetically modified|genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[biotechnology]] ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ agronomic ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ harvested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ- ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ pickers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ [[combine harvester|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ picker, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏎᎷ sheller ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ganahlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ.

==Pellagra==

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ enthusiastically ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ productivity.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ malnutrition ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎾᎿᏇ ᏱᎾᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ malnutrition ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.{{fact}}

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[alkali]]---ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏍᏚ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ ([[calcium carbonate]]) ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[Mesoamericans]]---ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ B-vitamin [[niacin]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pellagra]].  ᎪᎯ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ Nahuatl (Aztec)-derived ᏚᏙᎥ: [[nixtamalization]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ niacin, pellagra ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ [[amino acid|amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ, [[lysine]] ᎠᎴ [[tryptophan]].  Nixtamalization ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ [[beans|ᏚᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏤᎵ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[amaranth]] ᎠᎴ [[chia]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ cultural ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv ᎾᎿ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ.  ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ, pellagra disappeared.  ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ lysine ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ contributed Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

== ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ==
===ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ===
[[Image:GEM corn.jpg|thumb|right|ᎬᏙᏗ varieties  ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ  ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[genetic diversity|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ selectively ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ.]]
* [[Corn earworm|ᏎᎷ earworm]] (''Helicoverpa zea'')
* [[Fall armyworm|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ armyworm]] (''Spodoptera frugiperda'')
* [[Common armyworm|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ armyworm]] (''Pseudaletia unipuncta'')
* [[Stalk borer|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Papaipema nebris'')
* [[Corn leaf aphid|ᏎᎷ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] (''Rhopalosiphum maidis'')
* [[European corn borer|European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Ostrinia nubilalis'') (ECB)
* [[Corn silkfly|ᏎᎷ silkfly]] (''Euxesta stigmatis'')
* [[Lesser cornstalk borer|adatolasdisgi cornstalk ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Elasmopalpus lignosellus'')
* [[Corn delphacid|ᏎᎷ delphacid]] (''Peregrinus maidis'')

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ losses, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[transgenic plants|transgenic]] Bt ᏎᎷ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Bacillus thuringiensis]] (Bt) toxin. Bt ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]].

===ᎥᏳᎩ===
* [[Corn smut|ᏎᎷ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ (''Ustilago maydis''): fungal ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mexico]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''huitlacoche'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ prized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
* [[Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus|ᏎᎷ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ]]
* [[Stewart's Wilt|Stewart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ]] (''Pantoea stewartii'')
* [[Common Rust|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] (''Puccinia sorghi'')
* [[Goss's Wilt|Goss ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ]] (''Clavibacter michiganese'')
* [[Grey Leaf Spot|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]]
* [[Mal de Río Cuarto Virus|Mal ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Río Cuarto ᎥᏳᎩ]] (MRCV)

== ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[livestock|ganahlai]],  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, silage ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. [[Silage]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ chopped ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ cornstalks. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ hydrolyzed ᎠᎴ enzymatically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ fructose [[corn syrup|ᏎᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], sweetener, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[grain alcohol|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ]].  ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[bourbon whiskey|bourbon ᏫᏍᎩ]]. kanquotsegi ethanol ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (10% ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[gasoline|ᎨᏐᎵᏂ]] ([[gasohol]]) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ [[octane]] ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.  
[[Image:Corncobs.jpg|thumb|200px|Multicolored varieties  ᏎᎷ]]

ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ [[cornmeal]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ [[staple food|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[polenta]] [[Italy]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[mămăligă]] [[Romania]] [[mush|ᏩᏂᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[sadza]], [[nshima]], [[ugali]] ᎠᎴ [[mealie pap|mealie ᏂᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[tortilla]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ [[Mexican food|Mexican ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[chicha]], fermented ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].

[[Sweetcorn]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]. [[Popcorn|ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hominy|ᎦᏃᎮᎾ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎬᏙᏗ [[lye|ᎣᎳ ᎤᎥola uvysdi]]; ᎠᎴ [[grits|ᏁᏩᏛ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[U.S. Southern States|Ꭴ.. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ [[corn flakes|ᏎᎷ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ ([[cornflour]] ᎠᎴ [[masa]])  ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ [[cornbread|ᏣᎷᎦ]] ᎠᎴ Mexican [[tortillas]]. Teosinte ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fodder|ᏎᎳᏬᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ popped ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ colourful ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.  ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ varieties, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 31 ft (9m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ [http://www.angelfire.com/un/giantcrops/maize.html][Evening Journal; Washington, Iowa; 1946], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ 24 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [Journal of Heredity, 1924], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. 

{| align=right
|-
|[[Image:Corntassel 7095.jpg|145px|left|thumb|ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ]]
|[[Image:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|160px|left|thumb|ᏎᎷ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᏏᎵᎩ]]
|}

Corncobs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hollowed atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ [[smoking pipe|ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ]], ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1869]]. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[biomass]] ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ [[cherry|ᎩᏔᏯ]] ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ. 

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ''ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[maze|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]] ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Adrian Fisher]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pennsylvania]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[yew|ᎦᎪᏘ]] [[hedge (gardening)|ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ vistor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1983]], [[Barbara McClintock]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[transposons]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[model organism|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[developmental biology|developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. 

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[biomass]] ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. [[biomass gasification|biomass ᏙᎢ]] ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Strem ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Güssing]], [[Burgenland]], [[Austria]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ [[diesel]] atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ biogas ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Fischer Tropsch]] ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Bait (luring substance)|ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[coarse fishing|ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Protein per unit area|ᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
* [[Detasseling]]
* [[Moonshine|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]]
* [[Zein]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* Ferro, D.N. ᎠᎴ Weber, D.C. [http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/CPMP_1.htm Managing Sweet Corn Pests in Massachusetts]
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=42268 ITIS 42268] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[22 September|22 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ]] [[2002]]
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Zea.html A list of Zea taxonomic names] ᎪᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ taxonomists. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ Ꮭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ-gene ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ entries ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.ncga.com/WorldOfCorn/main/index.htm NCGA Corn Industry Statistics]
* [http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/thome/band1/tafel_088.html Image of Zea mays from Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz]
* [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Zea+mays&amp;CAN=WIKPEDIA Zea mays at Plants For A Future]
* [http://www.iowacorn.org/cornuse/cornuse_3.html Usage of Iowa and U.S. Corn Crop]
* [http://maize.agron.iastate.edu/corngrows.html How a Corn Plant Develops]
* [http://www.maizegdb.org/ Maize Genetics and Genomics Database project]
* [http://www.cimmyt.org/ International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]
* [http://www.milpa.nl Maize of Guatemala]

&lt;hr align=center noshade size=2 width=50% /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[[Food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] &amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp; [[List of fruits|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] &amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp; [[List of vegetables|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]&lt;/center&gt;

{{Model Organisms}}

[[Category:Biofuels]]
[[Category:Cereals]]
[[Category:Fruits and vegetables of Mexico]]
[[Category:Grains]]
[[Category:Grasses]]
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]

{{Link FA|cs}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Link FA|pt}}

[[ar:ذرة (نبات)]]
[[ast:maíz]]
[[bg:Царевица]]
[[bm:Kaba]]
[[da:Majs]]
[[de:Mais]]
[[en:Maize]]
[[es:Zea mays]]
[[eo:Maizo]]
[[fa:ذرت]]
[[fi:maissi]]
[[fr:Maïs]]
[[he:תירס]]
[[io:Maizo]]
[[id:jagung]]
[[it:Zea mays]]
[[ja:トウモロコシ]]
[[jbo:zumri]]
[[jv:Jagung]]
[[ms:Jagung]]
[[nl:Maïs]]
[[no:Mais]]
[[pl:Kukurydza]]
[[cs:Kukuřice]]
[[pt:Milho]]
[[ru:Кукуруза]]
[[sk:Kukurica siata]]
[[sl:kuruza]]
[[sr:Кукуруз]]
[[sv:Majs]]
[[ta: சோளம்]]
[[tr:mısır (bitki)]]
[[ug:ظات حعشلعق قوناق]]
[[wa:Dinrêye]]
[[zh:玉米]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hoan-be̍h]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tuya</title>
    <id>2614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8801</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-29T16:55:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Heaps of beans.jpg|thumb|right|350px|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ]]

'''tuya''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎪᏘ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]]ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[genus|genera]] [[Fabaceae]] (ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ Leguminosae) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.

== ᏚᏙᎥ ==
''tuya'' ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎠ [[broad bean|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ tuya]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ broadened ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Phaseolus]]'' ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[common bean|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ tuya]] ᎠᎴ haricot ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[runner bean|ᏓᏥᏓᎯ tuya]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Vigna]]''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ digakohidi ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[soybean]], [[pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]], [[lentil]], [[vetch]]es ᎠᎴ [[lupin]].
''tuya'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[pulse (legume)|ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ]], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[legume|ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ harvested ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.  ''ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ'' ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[soybean]] ᎠᎴ [[peanut|tuya aniladisgi]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ([[clover|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[alfalfa|ᎦᎪᏘ]]). ᎦᎪᏘ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ harvested ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuyunasdii ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ''leguminosae'', ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[coffee bean|ᎧᏫ tuya]], [[castor bean|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ tuya]]ᎠᎴ [[cocoa beans|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏚᏯ]] (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ tuya ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎠᎴ [[vanilla bean|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ tuya]](ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ).

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏯ ==
*''[[Vicia]]''
**''Faba'' ᎠᎴ [[Vicia faba|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ tuya]][[Image:Tuinboon_zaden_in_peul.jpg|thumb|''Vica faba'' (ᎠᏯᏖᎾ tuya)]]
*''[[Vigna]]''
**''Aconitifolia'' ᎠᎴ [[Moth bean|ᏩᏐᎳ tuya]]
**''Angularis'' ᎠᎴ [[azuki bean|azuki tuya]]
**'' mungo'' ᎠᎴ [[Urd bean|Urd tuya]]
**'' radiata'' ᎠᎴ [[mung bean|mung tuya]]
**''umbellatta'' ᎠᎴ [[rice bean|diligwu tuya]]
**''unguiculata'' ᎠᎴ [[cowpea]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[black-eyed pea|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ]], [[yardlong bean|yardlong tuya]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ)
*''[[Cicer]]''
**''arietinum'' ᎠᎴ [[chickpea]]
*''[[Pisum]]''
**''sativum'' ᎠᎴ [[pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]]
*''[[Lathyrus]]
*''[[Lathyrus sativus]]'' (ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏒᏙᏂ)
*''[[Lathyrus tuberosus]]'' (ᏂᎯ ᏒᏙᏂ)
*''[[Lens (genus)|ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]]''
**''culinaris'' ᎠᎴ [[lentil]] [[Image:3_types_of_lentil.jpg|thumb|Lentils]]
*''[[Lablab]]''
**''purpureus'' ᎠᎴ [[hyacinth bean|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ tuya]]
*''[[Phaseolus]]''
**''acutifolius'' ᎠᎴ [[tepary bean|tepary tuya]]
**''coccineus'' ᎠᎴ [[runner bean|ᏓᏥᏓᎯ tuya]]
**''lunatus'' ᎠᎴ [[lima bean|lima tuya]]
**''vulgaris'' ᎠᎴ [[common bean|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ tuya]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ pinto tuya, ᏧᏓᎵ tuya ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ)
*''[[Glycine (plant)|Glycine]]''
**''max'' ᎠᎴ [[soybean]]
*''[[Psophocarpus]]''
**''tetragonolobus'' ᎠᎴ [[winged bean|ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ tuya]] [[Image:Psophocarpus_tetragonolobus1.jpg|thumb|''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'' (ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ tuya)]]
*''[[Cajanus]]''
**''cajan'' ᎠᎴ [[pigeon pea|ᏬᏱ ᏒᏙᏂ]]
*''[[Stizolobium]]''
**''spp'' ᎠᎴ [[velvet bean|ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ tuya]]
*''[[Cyamopsis]]''
**''tetragonoloba'' ᎠᎴ [[guar]]
*''[[Canavalia]]''
**''ensiformis'' ᎠᎴ [[jack bean|ᏤᎩ tuya]]
*''[[Macrotyloma]]''
**''M. uniflorum'' ᎠᎴ [[horse gram|ᏐᏈᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]]
*''[[Lupinus]]'' ᎠᎴ Lupin
**''[[Lupinus mutabilis|L. mutabilis]]'' ᎠᎴ tarwi
**''[[Erythrina]]'' ᎠᎴ [[Coral bean|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ tuya]]

==Cultural ᎢᎦᏛ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Vicia faba|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ tuya]].

* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Estonia]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[Jack and the Beanstalk|ᏤᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Beanstalk]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ, ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.  ᎯᎠ [[Grimm Brothers|Grimm ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ]] ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ tuya ᏗᏍᏡᏴ Ꮝ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

* ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ tuya ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. {{citation needed}}

* [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᏚᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[laxative|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Castor_bean|ᎤᎦᏔ  ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.

* European ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᏚᏯ ᎾᎿ [[Good Friday|ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

* &quot;[[Beans Beans the Magical Fruit...|ᏚᏯ ᏚᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ...]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ugatohvsvi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ tuya ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.

==Toxins==
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏚᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[kidney beans|ᏧᏓᎵ ᏚᏯ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ toxins ([[lectin]]) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎵ ᏚᏯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ toxins ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᎢ'.

==ᏐᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ==
* tuya ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ.
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Software ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, [[JavaBeans|Java ᏚᏯ]] ᎠᎴ reusable software ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.

==[[Flatulence|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]]==

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏚᏯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ soybeans, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[oligosaccharides]], ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cabbage|tsuqwanvdena]]. anti-oligosaccharide [[enzyme]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏴᏫ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ anti-oligosaccharide enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-causing gasses ᏥᏄᏍᏗ byproduct.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[mold|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ-galactosidase, anti-oligosaccharide enzyme, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ oligosaccharides ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ. ᎪᎯ enzyme, ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United_states|Ꭴ..]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ-ᏚᏙᎥ [[Beano (dietary supplement)|Beano]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ consumed ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|Beans}}
* [http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/bean.shtml Beans for the home gardener]
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8683.htm Everett H. Bickley Collection, 1919-1980] ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, Smithsonian ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.
* [http://www.earthinpictures.com/stuff/food/fruits_and_vegetables/beans.html Bean facts and photography]
* [http://www.discovery.com/area/skinnyon/skinnyon970815/skinnyon.html Discovery Online: The Skinny On Why Beans Give You Gas]
* [http://www.bulgarian-guide.com/bulgarian-cuisine/bulgarian-food/bean-soup.html Bulgarian Guide: Bean Soup Recipe]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
*[[pulse (legume)|ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ]]
*[[List of edible seeds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ]]
*[[Baked beans|Baked ᏚᏯ]]

[[Category:Beans| ]]
[[Category:lists of foods]]

[[pdc:Buhn]]
[[de:Bohne (Pflanze)]]
[[en:Bean]]
[[fr:Haricot]]
[[ko:콩]]
[[nl:Boon]]
[[ja:豆]]
[[pl:Fasola (warzywo)]]
[[pt:Feijão]]
[[ru:Бобы]]
[[sl:Fižol]]
[[zh:豆类]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏥᎾ</title>
    <id>2615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9188</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:26:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[el:Κέδρος]], [[ln:Sedre]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Cedars
| image = Cedre-large.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = A cedar in a French garden
| regnum = [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ae
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| familia = [[Pinaceae]]
| genus = '''''Cedrus'''''
| genus_authority = Duham.
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Cedrus deodara]]''&lt;br&gt;
''[[Cedrus libani]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''C. libani''&amp;nbsp;var. ''libani''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''C. libani''&amp;nbsp;var. ''stenocoma''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''C. libani''&amp;nbsp;var. ''brevifolia''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''C. libani''&amp;nbsp;var. ''atlantica''&lt;br&gt;
}}

'''ᎠᏥᎾ''' ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ [[tree|ᏡᎬ]]ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Cedrus'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[conifer]]ous [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Pinaceae]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Fir|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ]](''Abies''), sharing ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[mountain|ᎣᏓᎸ]]ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Himalaya]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Mediterranean region|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 1,500-3200 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Himalaya ᎠᎴ 1,000-2,200 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ.

[[Image:Cedrus atlantica2.jpg|left|thumb|ᎧᏁᏍᎦ  ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎾ]]
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 40-50 m (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ 60 m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᏜ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ridged ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ-ᎤᏁᏍᏝ [[bark|ᎤᏯᎸ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dimorphic, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᎯᎠ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]] ᎠᎴ [[evergreen|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, 8-60 mm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ [[phyllotaxis]] ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏜ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ [[Conifer cone|ᏒᏙᏂ]] ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, 6-12 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Fir|''Abies'']], ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ 10-15 mm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ 20-30 mm ᎪᏯᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''Abies'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎭ 2-3 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[resin|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ defence ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]] predation. ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ pollination ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ-ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ maturing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e ᎢᎦᏛ [[Lepidoptera]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Pine Processionary|ᏃᏥ Processionary]] ᎠᎴ [[Turnip Moth|ᏓᏆᏌᏅ ᏩᏐᎳ]] (ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ Deodar ᎠᏥᎾ).

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ [[taxon|taxa]] ''Cedrus'', ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Taxonomy|taxonomic]] ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ:
* '''[[Deodar Cedar|Deodar ᎠᏥᎾ]]''' ''Cedrus deodara''. ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Himalaya]]. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 25-60 mm; ᏒᏙᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ridged ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
* '''[[Lebanon Cedar|Lebanon ᎠᏥᎾ]]''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᏥᎾ Lebanon''' ''Cedrus libani''. ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ Lebanon ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Morocco. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 8-25 mm; ᏒᏙᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ; ᏅᎩ varieties, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ:
** '''Lebanon ᎠᏥᎾ''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''libani'' ᏙᏓᎸ [[Lebanon]], ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Syria]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]]. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 10-25 mm.
** '''Turkish ᎠᏥᎾ''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' ᏙᏓᎸ southwest [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]]. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 8-25 mm.
** '''Cyprus ᎠᏥᎾ''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''brevifolia'' ᎠᎴ ''Cedrus brevifolia''. ᏙᏓᎸ [[Cyprus]]. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 8-20 mm.
** '''[[Atlas Cedar|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎾ]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''atlantica'' ᎠᎴ ''Cedrus atlantica''. [[Atlas mountains|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Morocco]] &amp; [[Algeria]]. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, 10-25 mm.
[[Image:Cedar_needle_branchlet,_one.jpg|right|thumb| ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  ᏄᏚᎳᏛᎾ]]

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ''Cedrus'' ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᏚᏙᎥ, 'kedros'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ-ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ genera ''[[Calocedrus]]'' (&quot;ᎪᏛᏙᏗ-ᎠᏥᎾ&quot;), ''[[Chamaecyparis]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Thuja]]'' (&quot;whitecedar&quot;, &quot;ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar&quot;), ''[[Sugi|Cryptomeria]]'' (Japanese ᎠᏥᎾ&quot;), ᎠᎴ ''[[Juniper|Juniperus]]'' (&quot;ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Redcedar&quot;, &quot;ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎠᏥᎾ&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cupressaceae]]; ''[[Cedrela]]'' (&quot;Spanish-ᎠᏥᎾ&quot;) ᎠᎴ ''[[Toona]]'' (&quot;Australian Redcedar&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Meliaceae]]; ᎠᎴ [[Tamarix]] (&quot;Saltcedar&quot;) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Tamaricaceae]].

==ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Cedrus wood.jpg|250px|left|thumb|ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ  ᎤᎵᎶᎯ colour ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]]
ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[horticulture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[temperate|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]]ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎳ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ -25°C (ᎯᎠ Turkish ᎠᏥᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ hardier, -30°C ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ) ᎦᏩᏒᎩ [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ [[Solomon|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ lyudetiyvda']] [[Temple_in_Jerusalem|ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jerusalem|ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hiram, ᎠᎴ Ahiram, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, Lebanon, ca 1,000 BC. ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎬ [[moth|ᏩᏐᎳ]][http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nodice/new/magazine/cedar/cedar.htm]. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ [[forestry|reforestation]] ᎠᏥᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PIcones.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos] (ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ)
* [http://www.pinetum.org/PhotoMPF2.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - Turkey] ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/ce/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus]
* Greuter, W., Burdet, H. M., &amp; ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, G. (eds.), (1984). ''Med-Checklist – ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ digakohidi ᎯᎠ circum-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ''.
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ dispersal ᎠᏥᎾ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ. ''ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Dendrology ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ'' 1993: 43-46 (1994).
* Güner, ., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., &amp; Başer, K. H. C. (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.). 2000. ''ᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ Aegean ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ'' 11 (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ 2): 5-6. Edinburgh ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0748614095

{{Pinaceae}}

[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Incense]]
[[Category:Perfumery]]

[[ar:أرز (شجرة)]]
[[bg:Кедър]]
[[ca:Cedre]]
[[da:Ceder]]
[[de:Zedern]]
[[el:Κέδρος]]
[[en:Cedar]]
[[eo:Cedro]]
[[es:Cedrus]]
[[fi:Setrit]]
[[fr:Cèdre]]
[[gl:Cedro]]
[[he:ארז]]
[[it:Cedrus]]
[[ln:Sedre]]
[[lt:Kedras]]
[[nl:Ceder]]
[[no:Sedere]]
[[pdc:Zeedrebaam]]
[[pl:Cedr]]
[[pt:Cedro]]
[[tr:Sedir]]
[[zh:香柏]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎵᎾᏫ</title>
    <id>2687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8884</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-31T23:04:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Turtles
| fossil_range = [[Triassic]] - Recent
| image = Haeckel Chelonia.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = &quot;Chelonia&quot; from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur|Artforms  ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]'', 1904
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]]
| ordo = '''Testudines'''
| ordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = 
[[Cryptodira]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Pleurodira]]&lt;br/&gt;
See text for families.
}}
'''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ''' ᎠᎴ [[reptile|gantlai]]ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ '''Testudines''' (ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[crown group|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] '''Chelonia'''), ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ shielded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[bone|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[cartilage|cartilagenous]] [[animal shell|ᎤᏯᏍᎦ]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[rib|ᎦᏄᎳᏥ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Testudines ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ (ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎠᎴ [[extinct|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Triassic]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda gantlai ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[lizards|ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[snakes|ᎢᎾᏛ]]. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ [[endangered species|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ]].  

== ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ? ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[British English|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ [[green sea turtle|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Chelonia mydas'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ '''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ''' [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/turtle?view=uk]; ᎯᎠ [[red-eared slider|ᎩᎦᎨ-eared slider]], ''Trachemys scripta elegans'', '''ᏓᎦᏏ''' [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/terrapin?view=uk]; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[box turtle|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Terrapene carolina carolina'', '''ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ''' [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tortoise?view=uk].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[American English|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ freshwater chelonians ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ'''. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ''', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Testudinidae]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[gopher tortoise|gopher ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]] (''Gopherus polyphemus''), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ '''ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ'''. &quot;'''ᏓᎦᏏ'''&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[diamondback terrapin|diamondback ᏓᎦᏏ]] (''Malaclemys ᏓᎦᏏ''), ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Algonquian]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ gantlai, [http://www.bartleby.com/61/1/T0120100.html] ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ [[Australian English|Australian ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ '''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ '''ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ freshwater ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎪᎯ confusing ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ '''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ freshwater ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [http://www.ecouniverse.com/fwturtle.html].

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ '''chelonian''', [[umbrella term|ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, conservationists, hobbyists ᎠᎴ veternarians ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ''χελώνα'' ( /çeˈlona/, ''chelone'' ), ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Chelonian ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ.

[[Image:geoffroys.side-necked.turtle.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Geoffroys ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ (''Phrynops geoffroanus'') ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]

== ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Mesozoic]], yvwatuwidv 200 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ disputed.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[clade]] [[Anapsida]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[procolophonoid]], [[millerettid]], [[protorothyrids]] ᎠᎴ [[pareiasaur]].  ᏂᎦᏛ anapsid ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ [[amniote]]ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mammalia|gantlai]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[zygomatic arch|zygomatic ᏂᎬᎢ]]).  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ anapsids ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[Permian]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ procolophonoids ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ testudines (ᎤᎵᎾᏫ).

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ anapsid-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[reversion|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ anapsid ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ phylogenetic ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ nanahwunvgi ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ [[diapsid]], ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Squamata]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[Archosauria]].  ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ upheld ᎪᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ archosauria.  Re-ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ phylogenies ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ classified ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ anapsids ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ anapsid ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ taxa ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ cladogram. ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ placodonts.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ [[proganochelys]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ &quot;ᎤᎵᎾᏫ&quot; ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ [[ankylosaurus|ankylosaur]](ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, presumably, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[parallel evolution|ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]]).

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ== 

ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏜ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ chelonian ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ [[leatherback sea turtle|leatherback ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ  200 cm (80 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 900 kg (2,000 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ 1 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ). Freshwater ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Asian softshell ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ''Pelochelys cantorii'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 200 cm ᎠᎴ 80 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᏓᏍ, 1991). ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[alligator snapping turtle|ᏧᎳᏍᎩ snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ chelonian ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 80 cm (31.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 76 kg (170 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ genera ''Geochelone'', ''Meiolania'', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Australia, ᎠᎴ Africa. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ hunted ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ [[giant tortoise|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Seychelles]] ᎠᎴ [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 cm (50 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 kg (670 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) [http://www.tortoise.org/general/wildfaqs.html#largest].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ chelonian ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''[[Archelon|Archelon ischyros]]'', [[Cretaceous|ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎾᏥ]] ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 4.6 m (15 ft) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Turtles.html].

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[speckled padloper tortoise|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ padloper ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 8 cm (3 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 140 g (5 oz). ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[mud turtle|tlawotu ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]]ᎠᎴ [[musk turtle|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]]Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Canada]] [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 13 cm (5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. 

===ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ===
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv ''[[Proganochelys]]'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ): ᎯᎠ [[Cryptodira]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Pleurodira]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ.

===ᎤᏯᏍᎦ=== 
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''[[carapace|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]''. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ''[[plastron]]''. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ plastron ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎠᏒᏢᎢ''. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 60 ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏖᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎯᎠ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[scute]]Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ outer ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ [[Epidermis (skin)|ᎠᏰᎵ]]. Scutes ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[keratin]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏐᎢ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ scutes ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ scutes. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ leatherback ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ predators ᎦᏔᏪᏚᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ African [[pancake tortoise|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquatic ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, streamlined ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ diving. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[snapping turtle|snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]]ᎠᎴ [[musk turtles|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ plastrons Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[fontanelle]]ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ leatherback ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ scutes ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fontanelles. 

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ coloured ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ blotches. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ colorful ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[painted turtle|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ plastron ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ.

===ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ Moulting=== 
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ scute (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ) ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏐᎢ gantlai. ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ moult ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aquaria, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ), ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sloughed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ. ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.

ᎯᎠ scutes ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ moulted, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thicker. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ scutes ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, newer ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ scutes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ [http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/new/gturtle.html]. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ scutes ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.

===ᎠᏍᎪᎵ=== 
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ digatoli nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ aquatic ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎤᎭ digatoli ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predators ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ glands ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ salty ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[rod cells|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.  ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ [[pursuit movement|ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ predators Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v96/n4/full/6800800a.html]

ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[jaw|ᎠᏳᎨᏂ]]ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏣᎴᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ-ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ slicing ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. Herbivourous ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏣᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ digakohidi. ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ't, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai, ᎦᎾᏍᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

===ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ=== 
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ [[Terrestrial locomotion in animals#legs to the side|ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎢᏒ]] Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[lizards|ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[mammals|gantlai]].

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ webbed ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[claws|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ [[Dog paddle swimming|ᎩᏟ ᎠᏚᎯᏂᏓᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ. ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ aligator snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, preferring ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ webbed ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ onto riverbanks ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Cold-blooded#Types of temperature control|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]]. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ webbed ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Carettochelyidae|ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ-ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ fused ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏚᎯᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ &quot;tvga&quot; ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎠᎴ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rudder|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᎵ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ freshwater ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hatchlings, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, dragging ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ kalil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.

==ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Testudines - ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ==
[[Image:Unidentified turtle.JPG|thumb|[[Gulf Coast Box Turtle|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Terrapene carolina ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ'']]
[[Image:leatherback.jpg|thumb|[[Leatherback Sea Turtle|Leatherback ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Dermochelys coriacea'']]
[[Image:Chelonia mydas (Hawaiian variety).jpg|thumb|[[Green Sea Turtle|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Chelonia mydas'']]
[[Image:Tucacas04012422TortugaCareyEretmochelysImbricata.JPG|thumb|[[Hawksbill turtle|Hawksbill ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ''Eretmochelys imbricata'']]

'''Suborder [[Paracryptodira]]''' (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)&lt;br/&gt;
:
'''Suborder [[Cryptodira]]'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Chelydridae]] ([[Snapping turtle|Snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]])
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Meiolaniidae]] ([[Meiolania|Horned ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]], ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
:*'''Superfamily Testudinoidae'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Haichemydidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Sinochelyidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Lindholmemydidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Testudinidae]] ([[Tortoise|ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]])
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Geoemydidae]] (Asian ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ Roofed ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, Asian ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Emydidae]] (ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ/ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
:*'''Superfamily Trionychoidae'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Adocidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Carettochelyidae]] (Pignose ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Trionychidae]] (Softshell ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
:*'''Superfamily Kinosternoidae'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Dermatemydidae]] (ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Kinosternidae]] (tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Platysternidae]] (ᎡᏆ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
:*'''Superfamily Chelonioidae''' ([[Sea turtle|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ]])
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Toxochelyidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cheloniidae]] (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Thalassemyidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Leatherback Sea Turtle|Dermochelyidae]] (Leatherback ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Protostegidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
'''Suborder [[Pleurodira]]'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Proterochersidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Chelidae]] (Austro-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sideneck ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Araripemydidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
:*'''Superfamily Pelomedusoidae'''
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Pelomedusidae]] (Afro-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sideneck ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Bothremydidae]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
::*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Podocnemididae]] (Madagascan ᎡᏆ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sideneck ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ)

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Jackson ratio|Jackson ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]]
*[[Tortoise|ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ]] - ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ [[British English|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.
*[[Turtle racing|ᎤᎵᎾᏫ racing]]
*[[Turtles and tortoises in popular culture|ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
*[[Turtles all the way down|ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ]]

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
* Iskandar, DT (2000). ''ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ gantlai ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ''. ITB, Bandung.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
{{sisterlinks|Turtle}}
{{Wikispecies|Testudines}}
{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Testudines}}
* [http://www.animals-pictures-dictionary.com/cat/16-Turtles Turtles Breeds &amp; Pictures]
* [http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Biology/Harbour/WILDLIF/TURTLES/ADAPT/ADAPT.HTM A description of turtles' adaptations]
* [http://www.isv.cc Internationale Schildkröten Vereinigung - German language page]
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/testudines/testudines.html UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology]
* [http://www.turtles.org/ Turtle Trax]: ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏜ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
* [http://www.tortoise.org/ California Turtle and Tortoise Club]: Informative ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ
* [http://www.turtles-zone.com/ Turtles Zone]: Resource ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.
* [http://www.turtletimes.com/ Turtle Times]: ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ.
* [http://www.gctts.org Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society]: ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ.
* [http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php Turtles of the World]: ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ.
* [http://www.chelonia.org/ Chelonia]: ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.
* [http://www.chelidae.com Chelidae.com] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ


[[Category:Turtles| ]]
[[Category:Pet reptiles]]

[[ar:سلحفاة]]
[[bg:Костенурки]]
[[cs:Želvy]]
[[cy:Crwban]]
[[da:Skildpadde]]
[[de:Schildkröten]]
[[en:Turtle]]
[[es:Tortuga]]
[[eo:Testudo]]
[[fa:لاک‌پشت]]
[[fr:Testudines]]
[[ko:거북]]
[[ilo:Pag-ong]]
[[he:צבים]]
[[la:Testudo]]
[[li:Sjèldkróddele]]
[[hu:Teknős]]
[[ms:Penyu]]
[[nl:Schildpadden]]
[[ja:カメ]]
[[pl:Żółwie]]
[[pt:Tartaruga]]
[[ru:Черепахи]]
[[simple:Turtle]]
[[sr:Корњаче]]
[[su:Kuya]]
[[fi:Kilpikonnat]]
[[sv:Sköldpaddor]]
[[tr:Kaplumbağa]]
[[zh:龜]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ethnic group</title>
    <id>2688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8888</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-03T00:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#b08261; color:#fee8ab;&quot; | {{{group}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; padding:0px; border:none;&quot; | {{{image|}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; padding:0px; border:none;&quot; | {{{caption|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#fee8ab;&quot; | Total population
| style=&quot;background-color:#fff6d9;&quot; | {{{poptime}}}
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#fee8ab;&quot; | Regions with significant populations
| style=&quot;background-color:#fff6d9;&quot; | {{{popplace}}}
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#fee8ab;&quot; | Language
| style=&quot;background-color:#fff6d9;&quot; | {{{langs}}}
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#fee8ab;&quot; | Religion
| style=&quot;background-color:#fff6d9;&quot; | {{{rels}}} {{
#if: {{{related|}}} |
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th style=&quot;background-color:#fee8ab;&quot;&gt;Related ethnic groups&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td style=&quot;background-color:#fff6d9;&quot;&gt;{{{related}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
==Usage note==
The parameters are:

* {{{group}}} — the name of the group (e.g. Armenians).
* {{{image}}} — place an appropriate image here. (Optional)
* {{{caption}}} — place an appropriate caption for the image here. (Optional, should be used only if there is an image)
* {{{poptime}}} — show how the population has changed over time; you can use {{[[Template:population|population]]}} to format each entry.
* {{{popplace}}} — show the population of the group in various different places; you can use {{[[Template:population|population]]}} to format each entry.
* {{{langs}}} — list the languages spoken by the group.
* {{{rels}}} — list the religious affiliations of the group.
* {{{related}}} — list ethnic groups that are related to the group.

Here's an example of using the image and caption fields appropriately:

&lt;nowiki&gt;|image=[[Image:Praying Tibetan Women.jpg|250px|Two Tibetan women in front of the Potala, Lhasa (2005)]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;|caption=Two Tibetan women&lt;br&gt;in front of the [[Potala]], [[Lhasa]] (2005)&lt;/nowiki&gt;
{{Template:Esoteric}}
[[Category:Infobox templates|Ethnic group]]
[[Category:WikiProject Ethnic groups templates|Infobox]]

[[es:Plantilla:Grupo étnico]]
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&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
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| style=&quot;align: center&quot; | [[Image:Information_icon.svg|50px]]
| style=&quot;width: 95%; padding: 0.4em&quot; | This template employs some extremely complicated and esoteric features of template syntax.
Please do not attempt to alter it unless you are certain that you understand the setup '''and''' are prepared to repair any consequent collateral damage if the results are unexpected.  Any experiments should be conducted in the [[Template:Template sandbox|template sandbox]] or your user space.
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Esoteric templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
{| summary=&quot;A second, &lt;noinclude&gt;, box, specifying that the code of the former box is itself simple: rather, the code of templates which it marks may be complicated&quot; class=&quot;messagebox&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Image:Information_icon.svg|50px]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;95%&quot; | Actually, ''this'' template uses very simple syntax, but templates that link to the above message do use esoteric syntax.
|}
This template is for templates with esoteric syntax.

[[Category:Template templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[fr:Modèle:Ésotérique]]
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&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Cite book</title>
    <id>2690</id>
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      <id>8890</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-03T00:51:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{esoteric}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;book&quot; style=&quot;font-style:normal&quot; {{
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__NOTOC__
This template is used to [[WP:CITE|cite sources]] in Wikipedia. It is specifically for books. This template replaces the deprecated {{tl|book reference}}. See [[Template talk:Cite book]] for documentation on usage.

[[Category:Citation templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[cs:Šablona:Citace knihy]]
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[[sl:Predloga:Cite book]]
[[vi:Tiêu bản:Chú thích sách]]
[[zh:Template:Cite book]]
[[pms:Template:Cité un lìber]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Image:UKBflag2.png</title>
    <id>2691</id>
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        <id>127</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏥᏯ</title>
    <id>2692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9087</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-30T15:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>81.178.126.128</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Otters
| image = LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Northern River Otter|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ]]s
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Mustelidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Lutrinae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 
''[[Amblonyx]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Aonyx]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Enhydra]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lontra]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lutra]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Lutrogale]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Pteronura]]''
}}

ᎯᎠ [[aquatic]] (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[marine (ocean)|ᎠᏜ]]) [[carnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[mammal|gantlai]]ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᏥᏯ''' ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[Family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] [[Mustelidae]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[weasel|ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ]], [[polecat|ᎤᏲᎢ]], [[badger|ᎤᎫᎾ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎬᏙᏗ 13 [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 [[genus|genera]], ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.

ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[collective noun|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ]] ''ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ'' ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏯ ([[Google (verb)| Google ᎠᏯᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 29 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006 ᏠᎨᏏ 63 ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ &quot;ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ ᏥᏯ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ).

==ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ==
ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (1,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ/mm², 650,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ sq. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ [[underfur]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[guard hair|ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ.

ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎦᎸᏙᎵ, streamlined ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Oriental Small-clawed Otter|ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-clawed ᏥᏯ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ African ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ tlawotuha ᎤᏪᏴ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ [[frog|ᏩᎶᏏ]], [[crayfish|ᎪᏛᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[crab|ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]]; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ [[shellfish|gantlai]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ specialised ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[metabolic rate|metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ: [[European Otter|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 15% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ-ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ; [[sea otter|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ]], 20 25%, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10°C ᏥᏯ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ 100 g ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ: ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3 5 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ, nursing ᏧᏂᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ.

==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
=== ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ ===
{{main|Northern River Otter}}
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ (''Lontra canadensis'') ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ hunted ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ aquaria, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ adel didiyi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎠᎴ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 m (3 4 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5 15 kg (10 30 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ).  ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏯ sanctuaries. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ sanctuaries ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ.

===ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ===
{{main|Sea Otter}}
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ (''Enhydra lutris'') ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ [[Bering Strait|Bering ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ 200,000 [[hair|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ cm [[skin|ᎦᏁᎦ]], ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ hunted ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ.

ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[invertebrate]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[clam|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], [[abalone]], ᎠᎴ [[sea urchin|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ]]), ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ [[tool|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ [[Animal shell|ᎤᏯᏍᎦ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 2 m (2.5 6 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ 30 kg (25 60 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[California]] ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏜ gantlai ([[Pinniped|ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ [[whale|ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ]]), ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ insulating [[blubber|ᎪᎢ]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᏓᏜᏩᏛ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

===Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏯ===
ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ ''Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli'' (ᏓᎪᎥᎩ 'Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏯ' ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ [[Gavin Maxwell]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ [[Ring of Bright Water|ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ  ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎹ]]) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh|Tigris-Euphrates ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] [[Iraq]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s.

=== European ᏥᏯ ===
{{main|European Otter}}
[[Image:Fischotter,_Lutra_Lutra.JPG|thumb|160px|European ᏥᏯ]]
ᏥᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ [[as of 2006|ᎾᏊ]] ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[chlorinated hydrocarbon]] [[pesticide]]ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[Habitat (ecology)|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]-ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ 1999 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 1,000 ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan|UK Biodiversity ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] envisages ᎯᎠ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ UK ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1960. [[Roadkill]] ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.

== ᏥᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
[[Norse mythology|Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Norse dwarves|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] [[Ótr]] ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏯ. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Old Icelandic|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Icelandic]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''otr'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᏥᏯ&quot;; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[root (linguistics)|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ &quot;ᎠᎹ&quot;, &quot;ᎦᏚᎵᏓ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎪᎳ&quot;.)

== ᏥᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ==
ᏥᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Brian Jacques]] ᎤᏤᎵ  ''[[Redwall]]'' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:
* [[Henry Williamson]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ''[[Tarka the Otter|Tarka ᎯᎠ ᏥᏯ]]''
* [[Kenneth Grahame]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[The Wind in the Willows|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]]''
* [[M. I. McAllister|M. ᎠᏯ. McAllister]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[The Mistmantle Chronicles|ᎯᎠ Mistmantle ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ]]''

==ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Lutra]] ''
*[[European Otter|European ᏥᏯ]] (''Lutra lutra'')
*[[Hairy-nosed Otter|ᎤᏭᏯᏛ-ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ]] (''Lutra sumatrana'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Hydrictis]]'' 
*[[Speckle-throated Otter|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ-throated ᏥᏯ]] (''Hydrictis maculicollis'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Lutrogale]]'' 
*[[Smooth-coated Otter|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ-coated ᏥᏯ]] (''Lutrogale perspicillata'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Lontra]]'' 
*[[Northern River Otter|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ]] (''Lontra canadensis'') 
*[[Southern River Otter|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ]] (''Lontra provocax'') 
*[[Long-tailed Otter|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏯ]] (''Lontra longicaudis'') 
*[[Marine Otter|ᎠᏜ ᏥᏯ]] (''Lontra felina'') 
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Pteronura]]'' 
*[[Giant Otter|ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏯ]] (''Pteronura brasiliensis'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Aonyx]]'' 
*[[African Clawless Otter|African Clawless ᏥᏯ]] (''Aonyx capensis'')
*[[Congo Clawless Otter|Congo Clawless ᏥᏯ]] (''Aonyx congicus'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Amblonyx]]'' 
*[[Oriental Small-clawed Otter|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏍᏗ-clawed ᏥᏯ]] (''Amblonyx cinereus'')
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Enhydra]]'' 
*[[Sea Otter|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ]] (''Enhydra lutris'')

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.ottersinsomerset.piczo.com Otters In Somerset]
*[http://www.otter.org/ International Otter Survival Fund]
*[http://www.otternet.com/index.htm Otternet]
*[http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/otter:lutra-lutra-photo-877.html Otter - photos] 
*[http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?req=otter&amp;quart=Sp2004 North American River Otter]
*[http://www.ottertrust.org.uk The Otter Trust]
[[Category:Mustelids]]
[[Category:Marine mammals]]

[[ast:Llundria]]
[[bg:Видра]]
[[cy:Dwrgi]]
[[de:Otter]]
[[en:Otter]]
[[el:Βιδρα]]
[[es:Lutrinae]]
[[eo:Lutro]]
[[fa:شنگ (جانور)]]
[[fr:Loutre]]
[[it:Lutrinae]]
[[nl:Otters]]
[[ja:カワウソ]]
[[pt:Lontra]]
[[ru:Выдра]]
[[fi:Saukko]]
[[sv:Utter]]</text>
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        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[zh-classical:圖書]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Brockhaus Lexikon.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902.]]

'''ᎪᏪᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ [[paper|Ꭺ]], [[parchment|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ, ᏩᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Page (paper)|ᎤᏆᏓᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ electronic format ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[e-book|e-ᎪᏪᎵ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[library and information science|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ agatohvsdi]], ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[monograph|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏯᎢᏒ [[publication|ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[magazine|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]], [[journal|ᏕᎪᏪᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[newspaper|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ]].

ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Galley proof|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ 'ᏩᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ promotional ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ.

ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bibliophile|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]], bibliophilist, ᎠᎴ philobiblist, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ, [[bookworm|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]].

ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[book report|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[book review|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ [[book club|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]].

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ==
=== tsuqagutanvsv ===
[[Image:Pompeii-woman.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ  ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ  ᎯᎠ [[codex|ᎪᏪᎵ]]. ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Pompeii, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ 79 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.]]
[[Image:Old book bindings.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Merton College library|Merton ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].]]
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ([[word of mouth|ᎧᏁᏨ  ᎠᎰᎵ]], [[tradition|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]], [[hearsay|ᎠᏛᎦᏅᎯ]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[writing system|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient civilization|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ&amp;mdash;ᏅᏯ, [[clay tablet|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]], ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ&amp;mdash;ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.

====ᎪᏪᎸ====
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ancient Egypt|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]], [[papyrus|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] (ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[paper|Ꭺ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2400 BC. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ glued ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Scroll (parchment)|ᎪᏪᎸ]]. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Hellenistic ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ (Latin ''liber'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[library|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Classical antiquity|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ 'Ꭺ' ᎠᎴ 'ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ' ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ [[wax tablet|ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reusable: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ melted ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ carved ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.

====ᎪᏪᎵ====
ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[codex|codices]] ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi .D., ᏥᏄᏍᏗ witnessed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pompeii]]. ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎾᎥᎢ [[Martial|ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ Apophoreta &lt;small&gt;CLXXXIV&lt;/small&gt;, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Hellenistic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[wax tablet|ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏓ) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[parchment|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ phased atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi .D.. ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ: ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ format ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ searchable. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ.

=== ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ===
====ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ====
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Roman Empire|ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi .D. ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[culture of ancient Rome|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ  ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Western Roman Empire|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ monasteries ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Latin literature|latin]] ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Cassiodorus]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ monastery ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Benedict of Nursia|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ  Nursia]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi stressed ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ influenced ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏂᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ [[printing press|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ copied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ: 
# ''ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ'', ᎦᎪ dealt ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ
# ''Calligraphers'', ᎦᎪ dealt ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ
# ''Correctors'', ᎦᎪ collated ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ
# ''Rubricators'', ᎦᎪ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ; ᎠᎴ ''Illuminators'', ᎦᎪ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ

ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎪᎯ facilitated ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna tended ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Latin. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued&lt;ref&gt;Paul Saenger. ''ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ tonudvhna ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ''. Stanford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᎩ-vocalized ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ tonudvhna ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ [[parchment|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[vellum parchment|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]] (ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ ᎦᏁᎦ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ libraries ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ, ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ chained bookshelf ᎠᎴ [[desk|ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''libri catenati'' ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. 

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ copied ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ monasteries, ᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ universities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ tohi adedi ᏧᎦᎶᎦ (''pecia''), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ atsinuqowisgv ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ stationers ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.

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====ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ incunables====
[[Image:Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg|thumb|150px|right| 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi incunable. ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏫ-tooled ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎤᏅᏏᏴ bosses ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 14th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe (ᎯᎠ technique ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ centuries ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ carved atsinuqowisgv ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ inked ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. Creating ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-carved ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. 

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[The Diamond Sutra|ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ Sutra]]''. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[block printing|ᎠᏓ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[British Library|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1907]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[archaeologist|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[Marc Aurel Stein]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ walled-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Dunhuang]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ [[colophon (book)|ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]], ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏓᎪᎵᏰ: ''ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ [caused to be] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ Wang Jie ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 13th ᎯᎠ 4th ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ 9th ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, CE [[868]] ]''.

ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Pi Sheng|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ Sheng]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ circa [[1045]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ embedded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᎧᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᏝᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ [[wax|ᎠᏜ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ iyuwakodi ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏝᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ iyuwakodi [[Johann Gutenberg]] ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[printing press|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ [[movable type|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ affordable (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ''ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: [[Chwe Yun-ui]] ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1234]]ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Goryo Dynasty|Goryo ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Korea]].'' ᎪᎯ ᏧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ'', ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.&quot; &lt;!-- need source for quote --&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.

====Ꭺ====
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ [[paper|Ꭺ]]ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎤᎴᏅᎲ yvwatuwidv 11th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꭺ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ congruent ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 200 B.C., ᎠᎴ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Europe ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[History of Islam|muslim]] territories. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ [[industrial revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]] ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Ꭺ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꭺ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.

=== ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ===
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ commodities ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ [[bookmark]]ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1584 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, Christopher Barker, ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ [[Queen Elizabeth I|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Elizabeth ᎠᏯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏏᎵᎩ bookmark.  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ bookmarks ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᎠᎴ nineteenth centuries ᎨᏒᎩ ayatoli ᏏᎵᎩ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ detachable bookmarks ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1850]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[1880]]', ᏄᏛᏁᎸ Ꭺ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.

ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ-powered ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ presses ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1800s. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ 1,100 ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 2,000 ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ. 

[[Monotype|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[linotype|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ]] presses ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6,000 ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ.

ᎯᎠ centuries ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[freedom of the press|tohi adedi  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ tohi adedi ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ censorship ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]], [[public domain|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], [[copyright|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Europe ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ risen ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 200,000 ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

== ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ==
{{main|Book design}}
ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ (''e.g.'' [[Encyclopedia|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], [[Dictionary|ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ]], [[Textbook|ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ]], [[Monograph|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ]]), Ꮝ [[structure|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] varies, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ:
#[[Book cover|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎫᏢᏗ]] (ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[illustration|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]])
#[[Title page|ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ]] (ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ)
#ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ
#ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ (ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ)
#[[Table of contents|ᎦᏍᎩᎶ  ᎦᏛᎢ]]
#[[Preface|ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ]]
#ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ
#[[Index (publishing)|ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]]

== ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-[[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], Ꭺ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Wood pulp|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] (cellulose, ᎠᏓ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏄᏬ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ Ꭺ ([[linen|ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[abaca]]).  ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ Ꭺ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ paved ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ literacy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialised ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ eased ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Second Industrial Revolution|ᏔᎵᏁ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]].

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꭺ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ Ꮎ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ [[slow fires|ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏥᎸ]] Ꮎ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ Ꭺ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ limestone ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ neutralized ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. Libraries ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [[mass deacidification|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deacidification]] ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏂᏝᏅ.  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ 1850 ᎠᎴ 1950 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ [[alkaline]] Ꭺ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ sunlight, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ dagatuwisdisgv ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ.

== ᏧᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ==


ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[library|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ, monasteries ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ [[university|universities]].  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ [[public library|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] iyahdvnelidasdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Andrew Carnegie|ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Carnegie]].  ᎪᎯ reflected ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ:  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎤᎭ [[private library|ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ [[paperback]] ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. Paperback ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ affordable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ. Paperback ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[pulp magazines|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]].  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ paperbacks) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[bookcase|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]], ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[catalogue|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.  ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ&quot;.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ libraries ᎪᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[Library classification|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] iyahdvnelidasdi.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ institutional ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ANSI]]/[[NISO]] Z39.41 - 1997.  ᎪᎯ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ (7 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ) ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ establishes ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi) ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ &quot;shelvable&quot; ᎪᏪᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[DVD]], [[video tape|video ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[Computer software|software]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ' ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ 8vo&quot; ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ [[paper size|Ꭺ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏓᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎾᎿ bookshelf, [[bookend]]ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎳᎦᎷ.

== ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ==
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi cataloguing ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Dewey Decimal System|Dewey ᏎᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Eurocentric ᎤᏞᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ libraries. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ libraries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Library of Congress|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ libraries. 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[librarian|ᎪᏪᎵ]]ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ) ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏔᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ Gutenberg ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.  ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ global ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏕᎨᏌᏗᏒ  ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ([[IFLA]]) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ [[ISBD]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[ISBN]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ participating ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN&lt;/nowiki&gt; ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎯᎠ [[publisher|ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ checksum ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0&amp;ndash;9 ᎠᎴ X (10). ᎯᎠ [[European Article Number|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] [[Barcode]]ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ 978, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Bookland]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ISBN iyahdvnelidasdi.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ISBNs.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ industrialized ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ISBNs ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ.

== ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ digital format ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[e-book|e-ᎪᏪᎵ]] (electronic ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ digital ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ, CD-ROM, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sony Librie EBR-1000EP]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ digital ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.

ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], libraries ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ-kanquotsegi ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[information explosion|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ [[electronic publishing|electronic ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Internet|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ]] ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ online ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[digital library|digital ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]], ᎾᎿ [[CD-ROM]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ e-ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ digital ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ Ꭺ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎧᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[public domain|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎾᎾᎯ digital ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ redistribution ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ availability.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ spearheaded ᎾᎥᎢ [[Project Gutenberg|ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Gutenberg]] ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Distributed Proofreaders|ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ Proofreaders]].

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ. Technologies ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[print on demand|ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
===ᏂᎦᎥ===
* [[Author|ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]
* [[Bookbinding]]
* [[Bookselling]]
* [[Independent bookstore|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ]]
* [[List of books by title|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ]]
* [[lists of authors|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]
* [[List of books by genre or type|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ]]
* [[List of books by award or notoriety|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]]
* [[List of years in literature|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ  ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]]
* [[List of banned books|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  banned ᏗᎪᏪᎵ]]
* [[List of fictional books|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  fictional ᏗᎪᏪᎵ]]

===Online ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ===
* [[The Internet Book Database of Fiction|ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ  ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ]]
* [[Internet Book List|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ]]
* [[ISBNdb.com]]
* [[Americana Exchange|Americana ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]]

===ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi===
* [[Dewey Decimal Classification|Dewey ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] (DDC)
* [[Library of Congress Classification|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] (LCC)
* [[Chinese Library Classification|Chinese ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] (CLC)
* [[Universal Decimal Classification|ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] (UDC)

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Illustrations of book titles}}
*[http://www.sharpweb.org/ Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing]
*[http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/chb/ Centre for the History of the Book]
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏩᎶᏏ</title>
    <id>2695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8897</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-06T17:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox 
| color = pink
| name = Frogs
| fossil_range = [[Triassic]] - Recent
| image = Caerulea3 crop.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[White's Tree Frog|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Litoria caerulea'')
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibian|Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]]
| ordo_authority = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
| range_map = Frog distribution.png
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = Distribution of frogs (in black)
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = [[Archaeobatrachia]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Mesobatrachia]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Neobatrachia]] &lt;br /&gt; - &lt;br /&gt;
[[List of Anuran families|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Anuran ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]]
}}
ᎯᎠ '''ᏩᎶᏏ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[amphibian]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ '''Anura''' (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎦᏂᏓᏛ-ᎦᏲᎵᎨ&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ''-,'' ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ + ''oura'', ᎦᏂᏓᏛ). ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ characterised ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ, webbed ᏎᏍᏗ, protruding [[eye|agatoli]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ [[tail|ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏴᎩ-aquatic lifestyle, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᎵᎱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[Egg (biology)|ᎤᏪᏥ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ, [[pond|ᎥᏓᎵ]]ᎠᎴ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[tadpole|ᏖᎦ]], ᎤᎭ [[gill|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[carnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[arthropod]], [[annelid]]ᎠᎴ [[Gastropoda|gastropod]]. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ noticeable ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[estrus cycle|ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[tropics|tropic]] [[subarctic]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[tropical rainforest|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ rainforest]]. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[vertebrate]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Decline in amphibian populations|lyudetiyvda ᏗᏎᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ.

ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ [[toad|ᏩᎶᏏ]]ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, prompted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[convergent evolution|convergent adaptation]] ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ taxonomic ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[toad|Bufonidae]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Atelopus]]'' ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏩᎶᏏ.&quot; 

==ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ==
[[Image:Bombina bombina 1 (Marek Szczepanek) tight crop.jpg|thumb|190px|[[European Fire-bellied Toad|European ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏂᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Bombina&amp;nbsp;bombina'')]]
{{details|List of Anuran families}}
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Anura ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᎦᏛ 5,250 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 33 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, whereof ᎯᎠ [[Leptodactylidae]] (1100 spp.), [[Hylidae]] (800 spp.) ᎠᎴ [[Ranidae]] (750 spp.) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ speciose. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 88% [[amphibian]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᎤᎭ Ꮭ taxonomic ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ taxonomic ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Anura ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Bufonidae ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, warty ᎦᏁᎦ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Fire-bellied toad|ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏂᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Bombina bombina''): ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ warty, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ classified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ suborders: [[Archaeobatrachia]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ; [[Mesobatrachia]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ evolutionary ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ; ᎠᎴ [[Neobatrachia]], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ 24 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ &quot;ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ&quot; ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ Neobatrachia ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Hyloidea ᎠᎴ Ranoidea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Ford| first=L.S.| coauthors=D.C. Cannatella| year=1993| title=The major clades of frogs| journal=Herpetological Monographs| volume=7| pages=94-117}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏛᎿ morphological ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ vertebrae, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[pectoral girdle|pectoral ᏕᎬᏔᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏖᎦ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ accepted, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ debated. ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [[molecular genetics|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Faivovich| first=J.| coauthors=C.F.B. Haddad, P.C.A. Garcia, D.R. Frost, J.A. Campbell, and W.C. Wheeler| title=Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision| journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume=294| pages=1-240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ anurans [[hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]ise ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ [[Edible Frog|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Rana esculenta'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Pool Frog|ᎦᏁᎲ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''R. lessonae'') ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Marsh Frog|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''R. ridibunda''). ''Bombina bombina'' ᎠᎴ ''Bombina variegata'' ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ utvhisdi, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ [[hybrid zone|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]].

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
{{details|Frog zoology}}
[[Image:Rana_skeleton.png|thumb|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ  ''Rana'']]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ amphibians. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ amphibians, ([[salamander|ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ]]ᎠᎴ [[caecilian]]), ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ amphibians (ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ [[vertebrate]]) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ &quot;ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ&quot; ᎡᏆᏯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ itsuwakodi; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ toxins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bloodstream. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Decline in amphibian populations|ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ]]. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 5,250 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ amphibians. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ elongated ᎤᏣᏍᏆᎳᏛ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ vertebrae, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ fused tailbone (''urostyle'' ᎠᎴ ''coccyx''), ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tailless phenotype. 

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10&amp;nbsp;mm (''[[Psyllophryne didactyla]]'' [[Brazil]] ᎠᎴ ''[[Eleutherodactylus iberia]]'' [[Cuba]]) 300&amp;nbsp;mm ([[Goliath frog|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ]], ''Conraua ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ'', [[Cameroon]]). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ [[loose connective tissue|ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ]]. ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ varies: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, warty ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢ eyelid ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ digatoli underwater, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ [[tympanum|ᎦᏚᎢ]] ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎦ.

===ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ===
[[Image:L tyleri.jpg|thumb|190px|left|[[Tyler's Tree Frog|Tyler ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Litoria tyleri'') ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ webbed ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ predators, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ adaptations ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎭ webbed ᎧᎾᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ webbed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ aquatic [[African dwarf frog|African ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Hymenochirus sp.'') ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ webbed ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ [[White's Tree Frog|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ]], arboreal ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ webbed.

[[Tree frog|Arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ]] ᎤᎭ &quot;ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ&quot; ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ interlocking ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ interlocking ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ irregularities ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ substrate. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[capillarity]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Emerson| first=S.B.| coauthors=Diehl, D.| year=1980| title=Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs| journal=Biol. J. Linn. Soc.| volume=13| issue=3| pages=199-216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎤᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ substrate. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ hopping ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᏫᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ hopping ᎠᎴ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ webbing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ aquatic ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ &quot;ᏥᏳ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Harvey|first=M. B| coauthors=A. J. Pemberton, and E. N. Smith| year=2002| title=New and poorly known parachuting frogs (Rhacophoridae : ''Rhacophorus'') from Sumatra and Java| journal=Herpetological Monographs| volume=16| pages=46-92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ adaptations aquatic ᎠᎴ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ webbing. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ extension—a metatarsal tubercle—that ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ.

===ᎦᏁᎦ===
[[Image:Crinia signifera.jpg|thumb|190px|right|[[Common Eastern Froglet|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Froglet]] (''Crinia signifera'') camouflaged ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ.]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ pelvic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ permeability ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ behaviours Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[nocturnal|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ-conserving ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ tucked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ substrate. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎯᎠ neighbouring ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ adaptations ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

[[Camouflage]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ camouflaged ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ camouflaged ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ colour. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ restricted ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ colours. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[White's tree frog|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Litoria caerulea'') varies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ. Arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎦ, enabling ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ colour ᎠᏰᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

===ᎠᏓᎯᎯ===
[[Image:Dendrobates pumilio.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''[[Dendrobates pumilio]]'',  [[poison dart frog|ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ alkaloids ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ predators.]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ [[toxin]]Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ predators.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ glands—the parotid glands—located ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Poison Dart Frog|ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ chemical ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ toxins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ irritants [[hallucinogen]], [[seizure|convulsant]], [[neurotoxin|ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[vasoconstrictor]](ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ayatoli ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ predators ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ tohi adedi ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ arthropods ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Saporito| first=R.A.| coauthors= H.M. Garraffo, M.A. Donnelly, A.L. Edwards, J.T. Longino, and J.W. Daly| year=2004| title=Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science| volume=101| pages=8045-8050}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Australian [[Corroboree Frog|Corroboree ᏩᎶᏏ]](''Pseudophryne corroboree'' ᎠᎴ ''Pseudophryne pengilleyi''), ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ [[alkaloid]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Smith| first=B. P.| coauthors=Tyler M. J., Kaneko T., Garraffo H. M., Spande T. F., Daly J. W.| year=2002| title=Evidence for biosynthesis of pseudophrynamine alkaloids by an Australian myobatrachid frog (pseudophryne) and for sequestration of dietary pumiliotoxins| journal=J Nat Prod| volume=65| issue=4| pages=439-47}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[dart|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Myers| first=C.W.| coauthors= J.W. Daly| year=1983| title=Dart-poison frogs| journal=Scientific American| volume=248| pages=120-133}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏟᏓ ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; &quot;ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1980s. ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ colours, adaptive ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[aposematism]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ (''Eleutherodactylus gaigei'' ᎠᎴ ''Lithodytes lineatus'') Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ colouration ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ' ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ([[Batesian mimicry]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Savage| first=J. M.| year=2002| title=The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica| publisher=University of Chicago Press, Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Duellman| first= W. E.| year=1978| title=The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador| journal=University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication| volume=65| pages=1-352}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ toxins ᎠᎴ extraordinarily ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ biochemists ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ&quot;. ᎯᎠ alkaloid [[epibatidine]], painkiller 200 itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[morphine]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᏐᎢ chemicals ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[HIV]] ᎥᏳᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=VanCompernolle| first=S. E.| coauthors=R. J. Taylor, K. Oswald-Richter, J. Jiang, B. E. Youree, J. H. Bowie, M. J. Tyler, M. Conlon, D. Wade, C. Aiken, and T. S. Dermody| year=2005| title=Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells| journal=Journal of Virology| volume=79| pages=11598-11606}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎦᏟᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyadvnehi ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᏬᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Phillipe| first=G.| coauthors=Angenot L.| year=2005| title=Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons| journal=J Ethnopharmacol| volume=100(1-2)| pages=85-91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Colorado River Toad|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Cane Toad|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[bufotoxin]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bufotenin]], ᎠᎴ psychoactive, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ recreational ᏄᏬᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ smoked. ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ [[urban myth|ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[psychoactive toad|psychoactive ᏩᎶᏏ]].

===ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ===
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ underwater, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ transmitted ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ bloodstream.  ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ [[rib|ᎦᏄᎳᏥ]]ᎠᎴ [[diaphragm (anatomy)|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᏩᎶᏏ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ (causing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ.

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏦᎢ-chambered [[heart|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[tetrapod]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᎠᎴ [[mammal|gantlai]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-chambered ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[respiration|respiring]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[atrium|atria]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ vessel—[[aorta|ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ [[pulmonary vein|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ deoxygenated ᎩᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎩᎬ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ lyadvnehi ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ.

==ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ amphibians, ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ: ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏖᎦ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎿ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ behaviours Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ eggs—and ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ tadpoles—for ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ.

===ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏔᎾ===
[[Image:Frogspawn closeup.jpg|190px|thumb|Frogspawn]]
[[Image:Tadpoles 10 days.JPG|190px|thumb||ᏖᎦ]]
[[Image:Frog-Zhe.jpg||190px|thumb|Froglet]]
[[Image:Green-leopard-frog-in-swamp.jpg||190px|thumb|ᎤᏔᎾ [[leopard frog|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]]]]
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ masses ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ frogspawn. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ [[predation]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ techniques ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ predators; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ predation, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ predators ᎠᎴ pathogens ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ nearby ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Warkentin| first=K.M.| year=1995| title=Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume=92| pages=3507-3510}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Cane Toad|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Bufo marinus''), ᎠᏠᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ minimise predation. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, aquatic ᏧᏪᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.

ᏧᏪᏥ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tadpole|ᏖᎦ]](ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ polliwogs). ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ aquatic, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ [[herbivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ [[alga]]e, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[diatom]]Ꮎ ᎠᎴ filtered ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[gill|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predation ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ, [[newt]], ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ [[diving beetle|diving ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[kingfisher|ᏧᎷ]]. [[Cannibalism|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏖᎦ. ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ overwinter ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Midwife toad|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Alytes obstetricans'') ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Spadefoot (''Pelobates fuscus'').

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [[Metamorphosis (biology)|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏖᎦ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. digatoli ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ rostrally ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ agatoli ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ predator, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ wider ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ froglet ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[apoptosis]] (programmed ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ resorption ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ aquatic ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ [[carnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ invertebrates ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[arthropod]], [[annelid]]ᎠᎴ [[Gastropoda|gastropod]]. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ [[mammal|gantlai]], [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ digakohidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Silva| first=H. R.| coauthors=Britto-Pereira M. C., &amp; Caramaschi U.| year=1989| title=Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by ''Hyla truncata'', a Neotropical Treefrog| journal=Copeia| volume=1989(3)| pages=781–783}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ preyed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]], ᎡᏆ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]], [[snake|ᎢᎾᏛ]], [[otter|ᏥᏯ]], [[fox|ᏧᎳ]]es, [[badger|ᎤᎫᎾ]], [[coati]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ [[#Agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).

===ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ===
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏟᏐᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ involving ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ migrating ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ.

[[Image:Bufo bufo couple during migration(2005).jpg|thumb|left|190px|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ [[Common toad|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Bufo bufo'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[amplexus]]]]
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [[amplexus]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ gripping ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[External fertilization|ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ]]: ᎯᎠ [[Ovum|ᎤᏪᏥ]] ᎠᎴ [[sperm|ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]] ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ protective ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, [[gelatin|ᏤᎵ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ frogspawn ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ timing. ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ 10 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ [[Celsius]]. Reproducing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏖᎦ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ dissolved ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, reproducing ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ iyuwakodi.

===ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ===
[[Image:Haeckel Batrachia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colour plate from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s 1904 ''Kunstformen der Natur'', depicting frog species that include two examples of parental care.]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 20% amphibian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ behaviours.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Crump| first=M.L.| year=1996| title=Parental care among the Amphibia| journal=Advances in the Study of Behavior| volume=25| pages=109-144}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏫᎵ urinate ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎹ-ᏚᏂᏴᏒ [[bromeliad]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ unfertilized ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ bromeliad iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ metamorphosed. ᏐᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ (e.g. ᎯᎠ [[midwife toad|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ]], ''Alytes spp.''). ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Australian [[Pouched Frog|Pouched ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Assa darlingtoni'') ᎤᎭ pouches ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ [[Gastric-brooding Frog|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ]](ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Rheobatrachus'') ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Australia]] ᏦᏕ Ꮝ ᏖᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ [[stomach acid|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[peristalsis]] (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ). [[Darwin's Frog|Darwin ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Rhinoderma darwinii'') ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Chile]] ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.

===ᎤᏯᏅᏛ===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[larynx|ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ amplified ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[vocal sac|ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]], ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ genera ''Heleioporus'' ᎠᎴ ''Neobatrachus'', ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ buccal ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[resonance chamber|ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ]] Ꮎ amplifies ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ''Polypedates leucomystax'', ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ catalyst ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ enhancement ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Roy| first=Debjani| year=1997| title=Communication signals and sexual selection in amphibians| journal=Current Science| volume=72| pages= 923-927}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ mounted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ.

ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ effectiveness ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ predator iyuwakodi ᏄᏓᎴ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ attracted, distracting ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ &quot;crrrrk&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ &quot;ribbit&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (e.g., [[Common frog|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Rana temporaria'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ [[Leopard frog|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Rana pipiens'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[bullfrog|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏄᏄ]] (''Rana catesbiana'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ spelt &quot;ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ o' ᎠᏓᏴᏍᏕᏍᎩ&quot;.

==ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ==
[[Image:Bufo_periglenes1.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Golden toad|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]] (''Bufo periglenes'') - ᎣᏂ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1989]]
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Antarctica]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᏩᎶᏏ' ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᎴ rely ᎾᎿ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ adaptations ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ Australian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Cyclorana]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Pternohyla]]'' ᏫᎵ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ [[hibernation|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ dries ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Wood Frog|ᎠᏓ ᏩᎶᏏ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Arctic Circle|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ buries ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ.

[[Decline in amphibian populations|ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ]] dramatically ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ threatened ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 120 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| last=Stuart| first=S.N.| coauthors= J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, B.E. Young, A.S.L. Rodrigues, D.L. Fischman, and R.W. Waller| year=2004| title=Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide| journal=Science| volume=306| pages=1783-1786}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Golden toad|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ]] Costa Rica, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Gastric-brooding Frog|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ]]Australia. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ predators/ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ emerging ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[chytridiomycosis]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ environmental ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ amphibians, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ biological [[indicator species|ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]] broader ecosystem ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ biphasic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (aquatic larvae ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Phillips| first=Kathryn| title=Tracking the Vanishing Frogs| location=New York | publisher=Penguin Books| year=1994| id=ISBN 0140246460}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ nadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Frog population decrease mostly due to traffic| author=New Scientist|journal=New Scientist|location=advance online| date=July 7, 2006|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9506-frogs-toads-and-automobiles--a-fatal-combination.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ==
[[Image:Fossilised frog.jpg|thumb|right|240px| fossilized ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Czech Republic|Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ]], ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[Palaeobatrachus gigas]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ (proto)ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Triadobatrachus]] massinoti'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Triassic]] [[Madagascar]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 250 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ agatoli ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ amphibia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[ilium]], ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[vertebrae]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ vertebrae ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ vertebrae ᎠᎴ fused, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''urostyle'' ᎠᎴ ''coccyx''). ᎯᎠ [[tibia]] ᎠᎴ [[fibula]] ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ unfused ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ Triadobatrachus ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ leaper.

ᏄᏓᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arizona]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[Prosalirus]] bitis'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ uncovered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1985, ᎠᎴ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''Triadobatrachus''. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ''Triadobatrachus'', ''Prosalirus'' ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏦᎢ-pronged [[pelvic]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ''Triadobatrachus'', ''Prosalirus'' ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ '''''Vieraella herbsti''''', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Jurassic]] (188&amp;ndash;213 Mya). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[dorsal|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[ventral]] ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏏᏴᏫ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ 33&amp;nbsp;mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.  '''''Notobatrachus degiustoi''''' ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Jurassic ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 155&amp;ndash;170 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Anura ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Jurassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ evolutionary ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[sanyanlichan]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ 125 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ 9 presacral vertebrae ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ 8 ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Antarctica]].

==ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ==
{{details|Frogs in research}}
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ; [[frog legs|ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[France]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[American South|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Louisiana]]. ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[dissection|ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ injected ᎬᏙᏗ coloured ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[organ (anatomy)|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ kanquotsegi ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[animal welfare|gantlai ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ]].

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ agatohvsdi. ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi biologist [[Luigi Galvani]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[nervous system|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ [[African clawed frog|African clawed ᏩᎶᏏ]] ᎠᎴ platanna, ''Xenopus laevis'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ laboratories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[human chorionic gonadotropin|ᏴᏫ chorionic gonadotropin]], [[hormone]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[urine|ᎠᏗᎧᏓ]] ᏔᎷᎵ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎨᏒᎢ injected ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ''X. laevis'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏠᏗ [[Egg (biology)|ᎤᏪᏥ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1952 [[Robert Briggs]] ᎠᎴ [[Thomas J. King|Thomas J. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]] cloned ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ [[somatic cell nuclear transfer|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏁᎸ nuclear ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ technique Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ [[Dolly the Sheep|Dolly ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]], ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎦᏣᏄᎳ nuclear ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metazoans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://newton.nap.edu/html/biomems/rbriggs.html | title=Robert W. Briggs Biographical Memoir | accessdate=2006-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cloning ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[embryology]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ closest ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ vertebrates, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, biologists ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ''Xenopus'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[model organism|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[developmental biology|developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ manipulatable ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ''X. laevis'' ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ''X. tropicalis'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ Ꮝ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''X. laevis''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-01-008.html | title=Developing the potential of ''Xenopus tropicalis'' as a genetic model | accessdate=2006-03-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; facilitating ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ [[genome project|genome ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ]] ''X. tropicalis'' ᏫᎵ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 2015 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Joint Genome Institute - ''Xenopus tropicalis'' Home | url=http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Xentr4/Xentr4.home.html | accessdate=2006-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏩᎶᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
{{main|Frogs in popular culture}}
ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[folklore|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], [[fairy tale|ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ, ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Michigan J. Frog|Michigan J. ᏩᎶᏏ]], [[The Frog Prince (Story)|ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ]], ᎠᎴ [[Kermit the Frog|Kermit ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ]]. Michigan J. ᏩᎶᏏ, featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Warner ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏩᎶᏏ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ [[kiss|adatawetodi]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. Kermit ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᎶᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ disciplined ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ''[[Sesame Street|Sesame ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[The Muppet Show|ᎯᎠ Muppet ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ]]''; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ behaviour ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ flamboyant ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

==Cited ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᏂᎦᎥ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{cite book|last=Cogger|first=H.G.|coauthors=R.G. Zweifel, and D. Kirschner| year=2004| title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles &amp; Amphibians Second Edition| publisher=Fog City Press| id=ISBN 1877019690}}
* Estes, R., ᎠᎴ O. . Reig. (1973). &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ: ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ.&quot; pp. 11-63 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ J. L. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.), ''Evolutionary ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ Anurans: ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ''. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Missouri ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Columbia.
*{{cite journal | last = Gissi | first = Carmela | title = Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034 | journal = Gene  | volume = 366  | pages = 228–237 | year = 2006 | month = February | coauthors = Diego San Mauro, Graziano Pesole and Rafael Zardoya}}
* {{cite book|last=Holman|first=J. A| year=2004| title=Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America| publisher=Indiana University Press| id=ISBN 0253342805}}
*{{cite journal | last = San Mauro | first = Diego | title = Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea | url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal/issues/v165n5/40546/40546.html | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 165 | pages = 590-599 | year = 2005 | month = May| coauthors = Miguel Vences, Marina Alcobendas, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer}}
*{{cite book| last=Tyler| first=M. J.| year=1994| title=Australian Frogs A Natural History| publisher=Reed Books| id=ISBN 0730104680}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Frog}}
{{cookbook}}
{{wikispecies|Anura}}
* [http://www-itg.lbl.gov/ITG.hm.pg.docs/Whole.Frog/Whole.Frog.html The Whole Frog Project] - ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ
* ''[http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/frogsdecline.html Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried]'' - ''San Francisco ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ'', ᎫᏬᏂ 20, 1992
* [http://www.xenbase.org/ Xenbase] - ''Xenopus laevis'' ᎠᎴ ''tropicalis'' ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ Resource
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Salientia Tree of Life (Salientia)]
* [http://amphibiaweb.org Amphibia Web]
* [http://markus.nolf.org/blog.php?p=160 Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching]
* [http://www.midwestfrogs.com Frog calls] - ᏍᏆᎳᎢ video ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ malformed ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/ Record UK Frogspawn sightings here] - Springwatch 2006
* [http://www.nwf.org/frogwatchUSA/ Frogwatch USA] ᏫᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Wildlife ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏕᎨᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ USGS, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/browse_imgs/amphibian_sci_1.html Amphibian photo gallery by scientific name] - ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ

{{featured article}}
{{Link FA|id}}
{{Template:Anura}}

[[Category:Frogs|*]]
[[Category:Amphibians]]

[[ar:ضفدع]]
[[ast:Xaronca]]
[[bg:Безопашати земноводни]]
[[ca:Granota]]
[[cs:Žáby]]
[[cy:Llyffant]]
[[da:Frø (padde)]]
[[pdc:Frosch]]
[[de:Froschlurche]]
[[en:Frog]]
[[el:Βάτραχος]]
[[es:Anura]]
[[eo:Anuro]]
[[fa:قورباغه]]
[[fr:Anoures]]
[[ko:개구리]]
[[id:Kodok dan katak]]
[[is:Froskar]]
[[it:Anura]]
[[he:צפרדע]]
[[ku:Beq]]
[[lt:Beuodegiai varliagyviai]]
[[li:Kwakkers]]
[[mk:Жаба]]
[[ms:Katak]]
[[nl:Kikvorsachtigen]]
[[ja:カエル]]
[[no:Springpadder]]
[[nrm:Raînotte]]
[[oc:Anura]]
[[pl:Płazy bezogonowe]]
[[pt:Anura]]
[[ru:Бесхвостые земноводные]]
[[simple:Frog]]
[[sr:Жаба]]
[[sh:Žaba]]
[[sv:Grodor]]
[[zh:无尾目]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏌᎶᎵ</title>
    <id>2696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8898</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-07T16:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Squirrel
| image = Squirrel2.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Eastern Gray Squirrel|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]], ''Sciurus carolinensis''
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| familia = '''[[Sciuridae]]'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = 
Many, see the article ''Sciuridae''.
}}
'''ᏌᎶᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[rodent]]ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Sciuridae]] (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ''skia'' &quot;[[shadow|ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ]]&quot; ᎠᎴ ''oura'' &quot;[[Tail (anatomy)|ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]]&quot; ᎠᏯ.e. &quot;ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Ꮎ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ&quot;).  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]]-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[genus|genera]] ''[[Sciurus]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Tamiasciurus]]''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ [[tree|ᏡᎬ]] ᏌᎶᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Europe]], [[Asia]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Americas|ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].  ᎤᏠᏱ [[Genus|genera]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Africa]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[flying squirrel|ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[chipmunk|ᎩᎤᎦ]], [[prairie dog|ᎢᎪᏗ ᎩᏟ]], ᎠᎴ [[woodchuck]]. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Anomaluridae]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ &quot;ᏌᎶᎵ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ '''ᏌᎶᎵ''' ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Old French|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] '''esqurial''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Vulgar Latin|ᎤᏁᎩᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Latin]] ᎧᏁᏨ '''scuriolus''' ('''ᏌᎶᎵ''').

==ᎣᎾᏗᏢ==
[[Image:Squirrel7778.JPG|thumb|200px|left|European ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ (''Sciurus vulgaris'')]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Europe]][[Red Squirrel|ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ''Sciurus vulgaris'', ᎯᎠ [[Fox Squirrel|ᏧᎳ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ''. niger'', ᎯᎠ [[Eastern Gray Squirrel|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ''. carolinensis'', ᎯᎠ [[Western Gray Squirrel|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ''. griseus'', ᎯᎠ [[Douglas Squirrel|Douglas ᏌᎶᎵ]] '' Tamiasciurus douglasii,'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[American Red Squirrel|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ''Tamiasciurus hudsonicus''. 

ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Black Squirrel|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ variant ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ variant ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colder [[climate|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Maryland]] ᎠᎴ [[Virginia]]. ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ midwestern [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwestern [[Iowa]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Council Bluffs, Iowa|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏰᏍᏙᏗ]], [[Manilla, Iowa|Manilla]], ᎠᎴ [[Missouri Valley, Iowa|Missouri ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]].  ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marysville, Kansas]], [[Omaha, Nebraska]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ Stuyvesant ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎭ existed yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Letchworth]] ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Illinois]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ohio.

ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Ireland]], ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Italy]], ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[extinct|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ (ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[conifer]] ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏞᎬ colonisation ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Italy ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe.
[[Image:blacksquirrelrev.jpg|thumb|280 px|right|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]]

[[White squirrel|ᎤᏁᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, Kansas]], [[Olney, Illinois]], [[Brevard, North Carolina|Brevard, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]], [[Marionville, Missouri]], ᎠᎴ [[Oberlin, Ohio]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sightings ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Effingham, Illinois]], [[Lemont, Illinois]], [[Laurel, Maryland|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ, Maryland]], [[Washington, DC]] ᎠᎴ [[Burnsville, MN]].

==ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ==
ᏌᏊ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ [[nut (fruit)|ᎣᏍᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ [[scatter-hoarder|ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-hoarder]], ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ.  ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.  ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ dagatuwisdisgv territories.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎿᎸᎯ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ cellulose, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏤᎵ, carbohydrates, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ.  ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏍᏓᏴ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᎳ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ itsuwakodi ᏌᎶᎵ rely ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Silver Maple|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏢᏩᎦ]].  ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ [[omnivore]]; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[nut (fruit)|ᏐᎯ]], [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]], [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], [[fungi]] (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[mushroom|ᏓᏬᎵ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ [[vegetation|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], [[egg (biology)|ᏧᏪᏥ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]], ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ [[mammal|gantlai]], ᎠᎴ [[frog|ᏩᎶᏏ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ tropics.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4489792.stm squirrels eating dogs].

ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎸᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ residential ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, digging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ potted digakohidi ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[attic|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ &quot;ᏌᎶᎵ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ&quot;, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.

[[Image:Lightmatter wild squirrel.jpg|thumb|250px| ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ  ᏐᎯ]]
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]]ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ inedible ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ [[teeth|ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ]] ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏄᏩ ᎠᏂ ᎡᎳᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ rodents' ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ). Homeowners ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ sealed ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ homeowners ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ (e.g ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ [[cats|ᏪᏌ]] ᎠᎴ [[dogs|ᎠᏂᎩᏟ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ predator ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ [[owl|ᎤᎫᎫ]]ᎠᎴ [[scarecrow|ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ignored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ [[chile pepper|chile ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᏌᎶᎵ [[trapping|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ residential ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᏌᎶᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎨᎶᎸᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ, Ꮎ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[campus|ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]es ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cities|ᏕᎦᏚᎲ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ [[Bubonic plague|ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gantlai-ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ iyuwakodi ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ fingertips ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ.

ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]] outages. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ [[transformer]]ᎠᎴ [[capacitor]]ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[electrocuted]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮎ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech [[NASDAQ]] ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ spate ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ outages ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Alabama|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Alabama]] [http://www.cw.ua.edu/vnews/display.v/ART/2002/09/18/3d87ee9a3c6dd]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏡᎬ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

==ᏌᎶᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ==
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ, iyuwakodi ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cookbooks ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Joy of Cooking|ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ  ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]].  ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[rabbit|ᏥᏍᏚ]] ᎠᎴ [[chicken|ᏥᏔᎦ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.

== ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ Ꮝ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cartoon|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Beatrix Potter|Beatrix ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]]. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ fictional ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Secret Squirrel|ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ]]. ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Tammy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Disney ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Chip 'n' Dale Rescue Rangers|ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ 'n' ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ]]''. [[Marvel Comics|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ]] ᎤᎭ [[heroine]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Squirrel Girl|ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ webcomic [[El Goonish Shive|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Goonish ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Sciuridae (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ-ᏚᏙᎥ 'ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ'), ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ [[shapeshift]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᏌᎶᎵ [[furry fandom|furry]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ), ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Neurotically Yours|Foamy ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ]].

agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. [[Olney, Illinois]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ agatoli-ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of North Texas|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎤᏴᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ]] ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ proliferation ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ayatolv ᎯᎠ ASPS ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Canada, ᎠᎴ England.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''squirrelled'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ arguably ᎯᎠ [[List of the longest English words with one syllable|ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏚ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[American English|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ [[British English|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.

ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏡᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;harveys&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᏌᎶᎵ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ 'goof' ᎠᎴ 'ᏥᏍᎪᏯ' (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ squirrely). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;squirrely&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;unpredictable&quot;, &quot;shakey&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ&quot;, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Uplift|ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ [[David Brin]], ᎯᎠ Urs ᎦᏁᎳ Jijo ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ 'skirrl' (mispronounced ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ Anglic ᎧᏁᏨ 'ᏌᎶᎵ') ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 'ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᏡᎬ-ᏥᎵᎱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Terra').

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory|Charlie ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ [[Veruca Salt|Veruca ᎠᎹ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᏎᏗ-ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ book’s [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|2005 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ adaptation]].

ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[Country Music|ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] [[parody|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ [[Cletus T. Judd]] ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᏗᏓᏲᎵᎲ ᏛᎦᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏌᎶᎵ&quot; (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Dixie Chicks|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ]]' &quot;ᏗᏓᏲᎵᎲ ᏛᎦᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ&quot;), involving ᏌᎶᎵ ᎦᎪ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ).

[[Conker the Squirrel|Conker]] ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ''[[Conker's Bad Fur Day|Conker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ]]'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Nintendo 64]] ᎠᎴ [[Microsoft Xbox]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[Almost Heroes|ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Heroes]]'', ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ (ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Steven ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ) ᎪᏢᏒᎢ gantlai (ᏌᎶᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ Lesile Edwards ([[Matthew Perry (actor)|Matthew Perry]]) ᎠᎴ Bartholomew ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ([[Chris Farley]]) ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ. Bart ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;somethin' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Brian Jacques]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ''[[Redwall]]''.
* [[M. I. McAllister|M. ᎠᏯ. McAllister]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Mistmantle Cronicles]]''
* [[Over The Hedge|ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ [[Hoodwinked|ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]] ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[hyperactive]] ᏌᎶᎵ

ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Ice Age 2|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda 2]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ &quot;Scrat&quot;.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Spongebob Squarepants]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Sandy Cheeks|ᏃᏯᎭ ᏔᎵ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏌᎶᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1980s]] ᎯᎠ UK ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[Carling Black Label|Carling ᎬᎿᎨ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ]] ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ advert ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ, Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ, negotiated ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ improbably obstical ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ''[[Mission Impossible|Mission: Impossible]]''.

==Trivia ==
ᎾᎾᎢ [[Kent State University|Kent ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ohio]], ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1961 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10 ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Canada]].  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ [[Black Squirrel Festival|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1981.

ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Maryland, College Park|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Maryland, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ agatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ nadvndhvgi ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ're ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ [[facebook]] ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ've agatoli ᏌᏊ. 

ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ &quot;ᎬᎿᎨ Oublette&quot; ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎠᏓᏫ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏪᏌ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ hunted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (.C.C) ᎨᏒᎢ nomadic ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ, ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2002 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎳ [[Lenton and Wortley Hall|Lenton ᎠᎴ Wortley ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]], [[Nottingham University|Nottingham ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 'Defendite Nuces' ᏗᏲᏒᎯ latin ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ 'ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ'.

ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ [[Alpha Gamma Delta|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Gamma ᎦᏙᎯ]].

ᏌᎶᎵ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ onto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Arsenal FC|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[UEFA Champions League|UEFA ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᏴᎩ-ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] ᎾᎿ [[April 19th|ᎫᏬᏂ 19th]], [[2006]]. [http://us.news1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/fifa/gen/fifa/20060419/i/2639763082.jpg]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra Andorra] featured ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ 1992 10 Diner ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎬᏙᏗ mintage 15,000 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ wildlife ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.

ᎯᎠ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USPS United States Postal Service (USPS)] featured ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ 29¢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993.

ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-Striped ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ (Funambulus Palmarum) ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Hindu ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Ramayana, ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Rama patted ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ shared Ꮝ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Rama ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.

[[Vair]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ [[coat of arms|ᎦᏌᎴᎾ  ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]] ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ.

ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[University of Chicago|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Chicago]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: &quot;ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago- ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ cuter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ&quot;. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ 'ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ' Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 'cuter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ'.

ᎾᎾᎢ [[The University of Texas at Austin|ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᏅᏓᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Austin]], [[albino|agatoli]] ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ tsgvwalodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ, forgetting ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ exam, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ exam, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ exams Ꮎ ᎢᎦ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Squirrel fishing|ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]]

==ᏩᏎᎸᎯ==
*Davidson, Alan.  Oxford ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (1999), &quot;ᏌᎶᎵ&quot;. p.750 ISBN 0192115790

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Sciurus vulgaris|Sciurus vulgaris}}
* [http://www.whitesquirrels.ca/ WhiteSquirrels.ca]
* [http://www.vaalea.com/squirrel/ Raising a Squirrel]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/fl/scalisti/species.html Full list of the Sciuridae]
* [http://www.ellzeys.com/ Squirrel Taxidermy and Squirrel Forms]
* [http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/durham/RedAlert/ Save the Red Squirrel]
* [http://gottshall.com/squirrels/ Jon's World o' Squirrels]
* [http://www.squirrel-rehab.org/ Looking to rehabilitate a baby Squirrel? Go here]
* [http://www.thosedarnsquirrels.com/ Those Darn Squirrels -- Squirrel Photography]
* [http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~yaz/en/squirrel_fishing.html Squirrel Fishing]
* [http://orgs.unt.edu/asps/ Albino Squirrel Preservation Society]
* [http://www3.sympatico.ca/lquirke/blacksquirrel/ Info about black squirrels in Canada]
* [http://www.forestserviceni.gov.uk/environment/red_squirrels/causes_of_decliine.htm Northern Ireland Forest Service - Red Squirrel Action Plan]
* [http://www.discoverwild.org/squirrels.htm Giant squirrels and flying squirrels of India]

[[Category:Rodents]]
[[Category:Squirrels]]

[[ar:سنجاب]]
[[ast:Esguilu]]
[[ca:Esquirol]]
[[cy:Gwiwer]]
[[da:Egern]]
[[de:Eichhörnchen]]
[[en:Squirrel]]
[[es:Ardilla]]
[[eo:Sciuro]]
[[fr:Écureuil]]
[[gl:Esquío]]
[[io:Skurelo]]
[[os:Æхсæрсæттæг]]
[[it:scoiattolo]]
[[he:סנאי]]
[[ku:Sihorîk]]
[[nl:Eekhoorn]]
[[no:Ekorn]]
[[nn:ekornfamilien]]
[[nrm:Jaqùet]]
[[pl:Wiewiórka]]
[[pt:Esquilo]]
[[ru:Белка]]
[[tr:sincap]]
[[fi:Orava]]
[[sv:Ekorre]]
[[zh:松鼠]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎢᏯ</title>
    <id>2697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8901</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-08T17:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Pumpkins.jpg|thumb|ᎢᏯ]]
[[Image:Pumpkin with stalk.jpg|thumb|right|ᎢᏯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ   ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]]

'''ᎢᏯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᏏ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ. ᎢᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gourd|ᎦᎷᎾ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ vine ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Cucurbita]]'' [[Cucurbitaceae]]. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎦᏙᎯ [[Europe]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ [[cottage garden|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]], ''[[Cucurbita]]'' varieties ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ''Curcurbita pepo'', ''Cucurbita maxima'', ''Cucurbita mixta'', ᎠᎴ ''Cucurbita moschata'' &amp;mdash; ᏂᎦᏛ digakohidi ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Western hemisphere|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ [[oblong|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ]] ᎠᎴ [[ovoid|ᏒᏙᏂ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ 40 80 [[Pound (weight)|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] (18 36 [[kilogram|kg]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ varieties ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ innards ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ [[cooking|ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pumpkin pie|ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]]. ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ [[Jack-o'-lantern|ᏤᎩ-o'-ᎤᏍᏗ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Halloween|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.

[[Botany|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. 

[[Butternut squash|ᎪᎯ ᏍᏆᏏ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏯ. 

==ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ==
ᎢᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[pollination|pollinated]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[squash bee|ᏍᏆᏏ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] ''Peponapis pruinosa'', ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ [[Pollinator decline|ᎠᏓᏱᎸ]], ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[pesticide]] sensitivity, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ pollinated ᎾᎥᎢ [[honeybee|gantlai]]ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (4,000 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ [[hand pollination|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ pollinate]].
[[Image:Pumpkins Field.jpg|thumb|ᎢᏯ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᏠᎨᏏ.]]

ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ pollinated ᎢᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ opportunistic [[fungus|ᏂᎯ]] Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ pollination ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ fungicide.

ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎦᏂ growers ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ. Growers ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ techniques, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ pollination, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ vines ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ vines ᎬᏙᏗ hypodermic ᏴᎩ.

==ᎢᎦᏛ==
[[Pumpkin chunking|ᎢᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎢᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. [[Catapult|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]], [[trebuchet|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], [[ballista|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[air cannon|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏯ chunkers ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ varieties ᎢᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ.

==ᎢᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ==
ᎯᎠ hulless ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-hulless ᎤᎦᏔ ᎢᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ roasted ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ sunflower ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[essential fatty acid|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]], [[potassium]], ᎠᎴ [[magnesium]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pepitas. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ [[Austria]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[pumpkin seed oil|ᎢᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ]].

==ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ==
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ boiled, baked ᎠᎴ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[pumpkin pie|ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]], ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ.

{{cookbook}}
* [[Pumpkin soup|ᎢᏯ ᎤᎦᎹ]]
* [[Pumpkin pie|ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]]
* [[Mashed pumpkin|Mashed ᎢᏯ]]

==ᎢᏯ trivia==
[[Image:Pumpkin.Halloween.jpg|thumb|150px| ᎢᏯ carved ᎾᎾᎯ  [[Jack-o'-lantern|ᏤᎩ-o'-ᎤᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Halloween|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]].]]
* ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ [[zucchini]].
* ᎢᏯ growers ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ dedicated ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Half Moon Bay, California|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎥᏓᎵ, California]].
* ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ 1,469 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (666 kg). ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Larry Checkon ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Cambria, Pennsylvania]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ &quot;[[squash (fruit)|ᏍᏆᏏ]],&quot; ''Cucurbita maxima'', ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ &quot;[[Atlantic Giant|Atlantic ᏂᎬᎢ]],&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎯᎠ'' &quot;ᏂᎬᎢ&quot; ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ - culminated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ hubbard ᏍᏆᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 1800'.
* ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[lutein]], ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ- ᎠᎴ beta-[[carotene]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ [[vitamin|vitamin ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.
* ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Halloween|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Celtic ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎾᎿ [[31 October|31 ᏚᏂᏃᏗ]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Celtic ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᏒᏃᏱ hollowed-atsinuqowisgv [[turnip|ᏓᏆᏌᏅ]], [[beet|ᎩᎦᎨᎦᎳᏗᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ [[rutabaga]]ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎩ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ windowsills ᎠᎴ porches ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏦᏎᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏤᎩ,&quot; ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᏤᎩ-o'-ᎤᏍᏗ&quot;.
* ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Keene, New Hampshire|Keene, ᎢᏤ Hampshire]] ᎾᏊ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ: 28,985
* [[Illinois]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]; [[Michigan]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏔᎵᏁ.
* ᎢᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]], ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ European ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ: [[Lagenaria]]
* &quot;ᎢᏯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: &quot;ᎠᏯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏂᎯ, ᎢᏯ.&quot;
* ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[list of U.S. state foods|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] [[New Hampshire|ᎢᏤ Hampshire]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{commons|Category:Pumpkin}}
*[[List of vegetables|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]
*[[Vegetable juice|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏁᎲ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* [http://www.agr.state.il.us/newsrels/r1022041.html Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production], Illinois ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
* [http://www.bigpumpkins.com/viewarticle.asp?id=115&amp;gid=32 The Largest Pumpkin Ever], bigpumpkins.com.
* [http://www.pumpkinfestival.org/worldrecord.html Keene Pumpkin Festival], ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.pumpkinshow.com The Circleville Pumpkin Show]
* [http://www.pumpkinfestival.org/ Keene Pumpkin Festival]
* [http://www.pumpkin-carving.net/  Halloween Pumpkin Carving Ideas]
* [http://www.extremepumpkins.com/ Extreme Pumpkin Carving]

===ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏯ varieties===
* [http://www.backyardgardener.com/RUPP.HTM Pumpkin Varieties] - backyardgardener.com, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ focused ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ USA.
* [http://gourmet.ninemsn.com.au/gourmettraveller/features/features132.asp April 2004 – In season] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ varieties ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia.
* [http://www.pumpkinnook.com/howto/variety.htm Pumpkins - Lots and lots of Varieties!] - ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏯ varieties, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. 
* [http://oregonstate.edu/dept/hort/233/squash.htm Squashes and Pumpkins] - Oregon ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

[[Category:Squashes and pumpkins|*]]
[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]
[[Category:Vegetable-like fruits]]

[[de:Kürbisse]]
[[en:Pumpkin]]
[[es:Calabaza]]
[[fr:Citrouille]]
[[it:Zucca]]
[[he:דלעת]]
[[nl:Pompoen]]
[[ja:カボチャ]]
[[no:Gresskar]]
[[pl:Dynia]]
[[pt:Abóbora]]
[[sl:Buča]]
[[fi:Kurpitsa]]
[[zh:南瓜]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ</title>
    <id>2698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9455</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-11T18:06:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[sk:Lov]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Hunter_Petroglyph_by_jcheever.jpg|right|thumbnail| ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᎸᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Red Deer|ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ]] ᎬᏙᏗ  [[bow (weapon)|ᎦᎵᏣᏗ]].]]

'''ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[animal|gantlai]]ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], [[recreation]], ᎠᎴ [[trade|ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ regulated ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[poaching|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  Hunted ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[game (food)|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᏆ [[mammals|gantlai]] ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ [[birds|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[execution|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] (ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ), [[homicide|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] (ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ), [[genocide]] (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ) ᎠᎴ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]] (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ).

ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ -ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ- ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, [[List of domesticated animals|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]], ᎠᎴ [[vermin|gantlai]] (ᎠᎴ &quot;varmints&quot;) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[pest control|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]]. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[wildlife management|wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ nvwatohiyadv ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ecological [[carrying capacity|ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]. Wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ regulatory ᎠᎴ licensing ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎠᎴ &quot;harvested.&quot; ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ tohi adedi ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ Ꮎ &quot;ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ punnished ᎯᎠ fullest ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[fishing|ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏗ. [[Trapping|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[wildlife]] [[photography|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[birdwatching]], ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[mushrooms|ᏓᏬᎵ]].

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
===ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ===
[[Image:Diane_de_Versailles_Leochares.jpg|thumb|right|[[Artemis]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ huntress.]]
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ [[hunter-gatherer|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] societies, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Theme (literature)|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ [[myths|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[proverb|ᎧᏁᎬᎢ]], [[aphorisms|ᎧᏁᎬᎢ]], [[adages|ᎧᏁᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[metaphors|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ practised ᎾᎥᎢ [[paleolithic|lyudetiyvda]] [[Hominina|ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ thrower ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᏟᏓ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Ꮎ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hominids ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ bipedalism ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ hairlessness ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏳᏍᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kudu, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ speared ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᏫᎵ ᏂᎯ kudu ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 35 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40 42°C. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ kudu, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ catches ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ iyuwakodi ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ chased ᎠᎴ tracked ᎡᎳᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ.
 
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ practised ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Africa.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[domestication#Animal Domestication|gantlai ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ contributor ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] (ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ&quot;) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, [[bone|ᎪᎳ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, [[sinew|ᎤᏩᏚᎾ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[feathers|ᏧᎷᏄᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[rawhide|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[leather|ᎦᏃᏥ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ, [[spears|ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[atlatl]], [[Bow (weapon)|ᎦᎵᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[arrow (weapon)|ᎦᏟᏓ]].

ᎯᎠ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ societies ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ deities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ horned ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Cernunnos]], ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ goddesses ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎪᎢ [[Artemis]] ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ [[Diana (mythology)|ᎡᎶᎯ]]. [[Taboo|ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ' dagatuwisdisgv ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ . [[Euripides]]' ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Artemis ᎠᎴ Acteon, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[pastoral|ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. [[Inuit]] ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ parkas ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 60 stitched ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ gantlai ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᏗᎵᏰᏑᎶ ᎠᎴ footwear. 

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[dog|ᎩᏟ]], [[Bird of prey|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[ferret]], ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ gantlai-aided ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ([[scent hound|ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]] ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fox hunting|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]), [[coursing|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ([[sight hound|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]] ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ), [[falconry]] ᎠᎴ ferreting. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[medieval hunting|lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pointer|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[setter|gantlai]].

=== ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ===
[[Image:Ladies Hunting.png|thumb|left|ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ''Ovid ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ''. Ꮭ 7231 ''ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.'' Bibl. nat&lt;ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt;le&lt;/ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ&gt; ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.]]

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ [[Extirpation|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ, ᏔᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ emerged. ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥ [[masculinity|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ pursued ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sport|ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[social class|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[middle English|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;'''ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ'''&quot; ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ gantlai ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hunted.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[game (food)|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎯᎠ stylized ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ [[luxury|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ]]. ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᎸᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[chariot|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[History of ancient Egypt|Pharaonic Egypt]] ᎠᎴ [[Mesopotamia]]) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ [[Tournament (medieval)|ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ: honourable, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi nvwato hiyadv.

[[Image:Nobleman in Hunting Costume preceded by his Servant trying to find the Scent of a Stag From a Miniature in the Book of Gaston Phoebus Des Deduitz de la Chasse des Bestes Sauvaiges.png|thumb|right|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ, preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ  ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ   gantlai. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ  Gaston ᎡᎶᎯ (&quot;ᏕᏍ Deduitz ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏕᏍ Bestes Sauvaiges&quot;). ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ  ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ).]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[medieval|lyudetiyvda]] [[Europe]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ) otsel igvnelv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏉᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ huntsmen; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utugi uwasv ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[aristocracy|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Robin Hood|ᏥᏉᏉ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ &quot;ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ&quot;.

===ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ===
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ symbiotic ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ evolutionary ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[cultivation|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] [[grape|ᏖᎸᎳᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]].  

ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ hunted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ, ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. 
 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ collaboration ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ, ''kynègia'', ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''kynos'' 'ᎩᏟ'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ 33-34 ᎯᎠ 196 ''orta'' (ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ansigaya) ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ [[Janissaries]] ᎨᏒᎩ ''[[Sekban]]'', ᎠᏯ.e. ᎩᏟ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ (ᎩᏟ) ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi.

ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ [[game|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]].  [[Hunting dog|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟ]]ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

=== ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi, ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ prestigious ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ [[bourgeoisie|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, recreational ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ recreational ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ selective ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ gantlai, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ugatohvsv.

== ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ==
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ prehistory, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[zoomorph]]) deities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ predators ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
 
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. 

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ itsuwakodi, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ forbidden clerics. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Juris Canonici&quot; (C. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, X, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cleric. venat.) ᎢᏧᎳ sais &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ.&quot; ᎯᎠ [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|ᏅᎩᏁ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ  ᎯᎠ Lateran]], ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pope Innocent III|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], decreed (ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ xv): &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ clerics.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Council of Trent|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ  Trent]] ᎨᏒᎢ worded ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ: &quot;ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ clerics ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. XXIV, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ., c. xii), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ declaring ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏓ (''clamorosa'') ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ (''quieta'') ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. 

Ferraris (.v. &quot;Clericus&quot;, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. 6) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ clerics ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ recreation, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. Ziegler, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ episc., l. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, c. xix), ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ. 

ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ dikanahwadvsdi gvdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ clerics ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Milan, Avignon, Liège, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. [[Benedict XIV|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ XIV]] (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ synodo diœces., l. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, c. x) ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ synodal ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ synodal ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ localities ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ consulted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ. 

==ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ==
===ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ)===
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ 'ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[princely states|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (Maha)rajas, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ etcetera ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ''ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ'', ᎠᏯ.e. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[lancer|ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]] ᏌᏊᎭ; ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mounted), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ ''[[Mir|ᎦᏁᎳ]]-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ recruited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ (e.g. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Aryan [[Bhil]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rajasthan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ [[Mewar]]), ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, techniques etcetera, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ (preferably ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Asians wildlife, ᎯᎠ (Bengal) ᏢᏓᏥ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ [[elephant|ᎧᎹᎹ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ-iyuwakodi, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Europe).

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ honour ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ lyudetiyvda [[Sahib|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ organizing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ dwindled ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎠᎴ neighbouring Himalayan monarchies (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Nepal) ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ 'ᎥᎢᏒᎢ', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [[Conservation movement|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ [[extirpation|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[poaching|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Habitat (ecology)|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]].

===Safari===
[[Image:Kenyan hunters.jpg|thumb|right|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1977 [[Kenya]] ᎤᏑᏰᏒ  ᎯᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ  ᏐᎢ tourism.]]
'''safari''' (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Swahili language|Swahili]] ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ) ᎨᏒᎢ overland ᎥᎢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Africa]]). 

'''Safari''' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Ernest Hemingway]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[The Bush (Australian)|ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[jungle|ᏓᎧᏁᎲ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Game (food)|ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]]. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ African [[List of African national parks|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ wildlife.

ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ, [[Skinner (profession)|skinners]] ᎠᎴ [[Porter (carrier)|ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ terrains. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ safari ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ-safari'' ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[hunting license|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, [[stalking|ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]], ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ outfitting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[trophy hunting|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ outfitted ᎯᎠ safaris ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗᏳ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ [[ecotourism]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai-ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-safari''', ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ wildlife ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ lenses. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ '''nvwato hiyadv ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ [[Włodzimierz Puchalski]]. 

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ===
[[Image:JohnLeechExcitedNimrod1850.jpg|thumb|right|ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1850 ᎤᏤᎵ England.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[fox hunting|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[vermin|gantlai]] ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ganahlai, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victorian]] itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ dagatuwisdisgv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ '''[[fox hunting|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]''' ᎠᎴ '''[[fox hunting legislation|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ]]'''. ᎢᎦᏛ [[animal welfare|gantlai ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ foxes, ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏉ, iyuwakodi proponents ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[rural|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, culturally ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.

ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ chasing [[hare|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[hounds|ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]]. [[Sight hound|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[greyhounds|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ '''ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ''' ᎬᏙᏗ [[scent hound|ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[beagle|gantlai]]ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ '''beagling''', ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ [[foxhound]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ [[stag|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[american mink|ᎪᏒᎩ]]. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2005 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Hunting Act 2004|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004]]. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[game stalker|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]].

ᎯᎠ '''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ''' ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[pheasant|ᏝᎾᏘᏥ]] ᎠᎴ [[grouse|gantlai]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[British Association for Shooting and Conservation|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Game (food)|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]] ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, [[Clay Pigeon Shooting|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Shooting sports|ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]])[http://www.basc.org.uk/content/shooting]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[grouse|gantlai]] ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[August 12|ᎦᎶᏂ 12]], ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[Glorious Twelfth|ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏯ ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ]]''. ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1800-1899#1831|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1831]].

===ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ===
ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ predates ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ [[treaty|ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, cultural ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Marine Mammal Protection Act|ᎠᏜ gantlai ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]]), ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏙᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ [[Alaska Native|Alaska ᎾᏰᎯᏯ]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ 50-90% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.

ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ [[U.S. state|ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ imposed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]]ᎠᎴ [[geese]]) ᎠᎴ [[endangered species|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, iyuwakodi ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, techniques ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ unprotected ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[varmints]]) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[grandfathered in|grandfathered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ]]).

ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ regulatory ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ.  ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ:
* ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ: [[White-tail deer|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], [[Moose|gantlai]], [[Wapiti#North_America|ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ]], [[Caribou|gantlai]], [[Bear|ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ]], [[Big Horn Sheep|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏲᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]]
* ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ: [[Cottontail]], [[Grey squirrel|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ]]
* Furbearers: [[Red Fox|ᎩᎦᎨ ᏧᎳ]], [[Mink|ᎪᏒᎩ]]  
* Predators: [[Mountain Lion|ᎣᏓᎸ ᏢᏓᏥ]], [[Coyote|ᏩᏯ]]
* ᎦᏚᏏ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ: [[Grouse|gantlai]], [[Chukar]], [[Pheasant|ᏝᎾᏘᏥ]]
* Waterfowl:  [[Mallard duck|Mallard ᎧᏬᏄ]], [[Canada goose|Canada ᏌᏌ]]

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ &quot;ᎦᏯᎸᏗ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ gantlai harvested.  ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏕᎬᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ restricted ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ &quot;wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏌᏊᎭ&quot;.  ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ waterfowl ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ &quot;ᎧᏬᏄ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ Wildlife ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ.

ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ&quot;.  ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ gantlai ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ.  ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ gantlai ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ iyuwakodi.

ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.  ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ [[rifle|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ banned ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ topographic ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[bow (weapon)|ᎦᎵᏣᏗ]] ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ [[black powder|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ 1800', ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[conservationists]] ᎠᎴ sportsmen, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. ᎯᎠ [[Boone and Crockett Club|Boone ᎠᎴ Crockett ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ: ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1887 ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ&quot; ethic ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ &quot;ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ hunted ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.&quot;

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ [[lobbying|ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington, D.C.]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/whatdo.html].  ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ  [http://www.ducks.org Ducks Unlimited] ᎠᎴ [http://www.deltawaterfowl.org Delta Waterfowl].

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ $200 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ' ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ agencies ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1934 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ [http://www.fws.gov/duckstamps Federal Duck Stamps], ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ [[waterfowl]] ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 16 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 5.2 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (20,000 km²) ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [http://www.fws.gov/refuges National Wildlife Refuge System] ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ waterfowl ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ wildlife ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ monies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ [[Game (food)|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Park Ranger|ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[game warden|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᏍᎩ.   

'''Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ recreation ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ regulated. Varmint ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ganahlai, [[landscaping]], infrastructure, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ [[rabbit|ᏥᏍᏚ]]ᎠᎴ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ utilized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ &quot;varmints&quot; ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ varmints ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ rodents, [[coyotes|ᏩᏯ]], [[crow|koga]], [[fox|ᏧᎳ]]es, [[feral cats|feral ᏪᏌ]], ᎠᎴ feral ᎠᏂᏏᏆ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ varmints ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[wolf|ᎠᏂᏩᏯ]].

== Wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ==
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[wildlife management|wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ wildlife ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/]. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.  ᎢᎦᏛ environmentalists ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ introducing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[predator]] ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[livestock|ganahlai]] ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ selective.

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᎾᏥ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ Ross' ᏌᏌ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 2005.&quot;   [http://www.agfc.com/rules_regs/hunting_regs_migratory_conservation_order.html] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ waterfowl ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ geese.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ.

gantlai ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ gantlai ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ. Overpopulations [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ gantlai ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ.

== ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ==
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ techniques ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ nadvndhvgi. Techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ hunted. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ technique, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[poaching|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[wildlife management|wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ forbidden ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ.

*'''[[Baiting|ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
*'''[[Hunting blind|ᏗᎨᏫ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ
*'''ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
*'''Camouflage''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ) ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
*'''[[Hunting dog|ᎠᏂᎩᏟ]]''' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏱᎴᎦ, ᎦᏅᏅᎢ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ
*'''ᎠᏱᎵᏒ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
*'''ᎧᎵᏬᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ
*'''ᎠᏓᎨᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
*'''ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ''' ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ
*'''[[Spotlighting]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ
*'''ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ iyatoquu, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ identified gantlai
*'''ᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ iyatoquu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
*'''[[Tracking (hunting)|ᎦᏅᏅᎢ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
*'''[[Trapping|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ, deadfalls) ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ gantlai

== ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ==
[[Image:Usov.jpg|right|thumbnail|[[Úsov]] Château, ᎯᎠ [[Czech Republic|Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ  ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  tropheys ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Liechtensteins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, Africa ᎠᎴ Asia.]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1800s]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ European ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ pursued ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[trophy|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ gantlai, ᎾᏍᏋ displayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ populated ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ healthier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ farmed ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Nordic countries|Nordic ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ]], ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ trophies ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, frowned ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏠᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[vegetarianism|ᎣᏩᏒ]] ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[List of domesticated animals|gantlai ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[morality|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]], ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵᏏ [[fox hunting|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ inhumane &quot;[[blood sport (hunting)|ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ]].&quot;

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ [[safari (hunting)|safari]] ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ trophies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ itsuwakodi, [[trophy hunting|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]] ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ frowned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ [[endangered|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ gantlai. ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎡᎵᏉ harassment ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᎴ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏠᏒᎯ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing, ganahlai, ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/06/MNG1UF392D1.DTL].

==ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ==
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[industry|industries]] ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ecological ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tanzania ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ 50-100 itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎳᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tented ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.  Safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anti-ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ activities ᎠᎴ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1076/is_5_41/ai_54895821/print].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ:  ᎯᎠ [[Cobham Report|Cobham ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] [[1997]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ yvwatuwidv [[Pound sterling|£]]700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[industry|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ specializing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ [[sports equipment|ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ [[tourism]]. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[luxury|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 13 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ averaged ᏁᎳᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $20.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. [[The Outdoor Channel|ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[OLN]] ᎠᎴ [[cable television|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ television]] ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Hunter's Handbook TV|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ TV]] ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ showcase ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[recreational vehicles|recreational ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]], ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ [[firearms|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ) ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ wildlife ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ducks Unlimited|ᎧᏬᏄ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation|Rocky ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ sizeable ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎯᎠ enhancement ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ 4 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ wildlife.

ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ &quot;ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ&quot; ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[forestry]], [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ [[environmentalism|environmentalists]].

==Depictions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
&lt;!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Elmerfudd.jpg|thumb|right|To non-hunters, [[Elmer Fudd]]'s [[deerstalker]] cap makes him seem more of a [[buffoon]].]] --&gt;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ portrayals ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ television ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ broader [[social commentary|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]].

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[animation|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1942 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[Bambi]]'' ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Looney Tunes|Looney ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] [[cartoon|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]]featuring [[Bugs Bunny|ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Bunny]] ᎠᎴ [[Elmer Fudd]]. ᏯᏛᎿ [[anthropomorphism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ &quot;varmints&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ [[satire|ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hunted gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ [[machismo|macho]] [[buffoon|ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ [[Ted Nugent|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Nugent]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rock and roll|ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ]] [[iconoclast|ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ]].

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ--ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[Dances with Wolves|ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 1970 ''[[Little Big Man|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ [[noble savage|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]].  Filmed depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Alaskan Bush|Alaskan ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.[http://tunt.blogspot.com/2005/03/30-hunting-for-subsistence.html]

Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross' ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ''. ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ depiction ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ L. Neil ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ agatohvsdi ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''Pallas''. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ernest Hemingway]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[new age|ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda]] [[self-help|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ [[Carlos Castaneda]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Ixtlan''.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Big Game Hunter|ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ]]
* [[Duck Hunting|ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]
* [[Fishing|ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Fox hunting legislation|ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ]]
* [[Hunting horn|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏲᎾ]]
* [[Trapping|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]
* [[Persistence hunting|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]
* [[Ornithology|Ornithology]]
* [[Wildlife]]
* [[World Hunting Association|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]

==ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.bloodybusiness.com/ BloodyBusiness.Com], ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ (UK)
* [http://www.boone-crockett.org/huntingEthics/ethics_fairchase.asp?area=huntingEthics Boone and Crockett Club &quot;Fair Chase&quot; Statement]
* [http://www.bushcraftwiki.com/wiki/Hunting BushcraftWiki.com hunting article]
* [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/huntingsafety.asp Hunting Safety]
* [http://www.booneman.com/ Michigan based grassroots hunting, fishing and habitat forum]
* [http://www.donmeredith.ca/outdoorsmen/FairChase.html Outdoors writer Don Meredith examines &quot;fair chase&quot;]
* [http://www.scifirstforhunters.org/ Safari Club International]
* [http://www.outdoor-source.net/hunting.asp Safety while Hunting]
* [http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission as an example of state agencies]
* [http://www.fws.gov/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website]
* [http://www.fws.gov/hunting/huntstat.html U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service statistics]
* [http://www.thebragginghunter.com The Bragging Hunter]
* [http://www.bchuntingblog.com BC Hunting Blog]
* [http://www.osmanischesreich.com/Geschichte/Armee/Heerwesen_I/Janitscharen/janitscharen.html Ottoman Empire website- original in German] 
* [http://www.thompsontrading.co.uk/wildfowling_dvd.htm Irish Hunting Pages]
* [http://www.horseandhound.co.uk Horse and Hound, UK based hunting magazine]
*[http://www.huntingblades.com/articles.html Hunting Articles]
{{Template:Bloodsports}}

[[Category:Archery]]
[[Category:Blood sports]]
[[Category:Hunting|*]]
[[Category:Survival skills]]
[[Category:Dog sports]]

[[af:Jag]]
[[ar:صيد]]
[[be:Паляванне]]
[[bg:Лов]]
[[bs:Lov]]
[[cs:Lov]]
[[da:Jagt]]
[[de:Jagd]]
[[en:Hunting]]
[[eo:Ĉasado]]
[[es:Caza]]
[[fi:Metsästys]]
[[fr:Chasse]]
[[gl:Cinexética]]
[[he:ציד]]
[[hr:Lov]]
[[it:Caccia]]
[[ja:狩猟]]
[[lb:Juegd]]
[[lv:Medniecība]]
[[nl:Jacht (activiteit)]]
[[nn:Jakt]]
[[no:Jakt]]
[[pl:Polowanie]]
[[pt:Caça]]
[[ru:Охота]]
[[simple:Hunting]]
[[sk:Lov]]
[[sl:Lov]]
[[sr:Лов]]
[[sv:Jakt]]
[[tr:Avcılık]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏫ</title>
    <id>2699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9453</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-11T10:33:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[pt:Cervídeos]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Deer
| image = Deervelvet.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
| subordo = [[Ruminantia]]
| familia = '''Cervidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Georg August Goldfuss|Goldfuss]], 1820
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = 
[[Capreolinae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Cervinae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Hydropotinae]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Muntiacinae]]
}}
'''ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[ruminant]] [[mammal|gantlai]] ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] '''Cervidae'''. ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[order (biology)|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] [[Artiodactyla]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ''. 

[[Image:White-tailed deer.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]]

ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''gantlai''', ''gantlai'', ''[[buck|ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ'', ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[hind|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ]]'', ''[[doe|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[cow|ᏩᎦ]]''. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[calf|calve]]'' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ''' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ''[[faun|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]]'', ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ). ''gantlai'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[Red Deer|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] gantlai tsuqagutanvsv Ꮝ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Shakespeare]] ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;[[Romeo and Juliet|Romeo ᎠᎴ Juliet]]&quot; ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[Tybalt]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ Montagues ᎠᎴ Capulets ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''hartless ᎣᏂᏗᏢ''. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ gantlai&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ gantlai&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎩᎵᏏ [[pub]] ᏚᎾᏙᎥ. 

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎴ hunted, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Australia]], [[Antarctica]], ᎠᎴ [[Africa]]. Australia ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ [[introduced species|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ sustainable ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Acclimatisation ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[Fallow Deer|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], [[Red Deer|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], [[Sambar Deer|gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], [[Hog Deer|ᏏᏆ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], [[Rusa deer|Rusa ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[Chital Deer|Chital ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]][http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects/rabbits/wildanim.html]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, environmental ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ habitable patches, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Theodore Roosevelt]]) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[deer farm|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1960s ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏊ. 

[[Image:Deer_Melbourne_Zoo.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ]]

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ruminants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ [[antler|ᏧᎷᏄᎯ]]ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[horn (anatomy)|ᎤᏲᎾ]]. ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ) ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ). ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ wrapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏅᏙ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ; ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ. 

ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi (ᎠᏂᏦᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᏰᎵ 160 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[musk deer|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[roe deer|gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮝ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ. Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ predators ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ. 

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ woodland terrain. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ swimmers. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ruminants ᎠᎴ cud-chewers ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ-chambered ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ facial gland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ agatoli. ᎯᎠ gland ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[pheromone]], ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Ꮝ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ glands ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[musk deer|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ [[liver|ᎤᏪᎳ]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ [[gallbladder]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Chinese water deer|Chinese ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎾᏙᎬ. 

[[image:deerwindow.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 34 [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ subfamilies Muntiacinae ᎠᎴ Cervinae; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎯᎠ subfamilies Hydropotinae ᎠᎴ Capreolinae. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ: ᎯᎠ [[Water Deer|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[Korea]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[Siberia|ᎤᏴᏢ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asia]].

==Genera ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ==
ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cervidae ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ:
*Subfamily Hydropotinae
**[[Chinese Water Deer|Chinese ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Hydroptes inermis'')
*Subfamily Muntiacinae (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Muntjac]])
**[[Bornean Yellow Muntjac|Bornean ᏓᎶᏂᎨ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus atherodes'')
**[[Black Muntjac|ᎬᎿᎨ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus crinifrons'')
**[[Fea's Muntjac|Fea ᎤᏤᎵ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus feae'')
**[[Gongshan Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus gongshanensis'')
**[[Indian Muntjac|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus muntjac'')
**[[Leaf Muntjac|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus putaoensis'')
**[[Reeves' Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus reevesi'')
**[[Truong Son Muntjac|Truong ᎤᏪᏥ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus trungsonensis'')
**[[Giant Muntjac|ᏂᎬᎢ Muntjac]] (''Muntiacus vuquangensis'')
**[[Tufted Deer|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Elaphodus cephalophus'')
[[image:Fawn_in_Forest_edit.jpg|right|thumb|250px|ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ]]
*Subfamily Cervinae
**[[White-lipped Deer|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎤᏲᏨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Thorold's Deer|Thorold ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus albirostris'')
**[[Philippine Spotted Deer|Philippine ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Visayan Spotted Deer|Visayan ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus alfredi'')
**[[Barasingha]] (''Cervus duvaucelii'')
**[[Red Deer|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus elaphus''; ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ wapiti ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ)
**[[Thamin]] (''Cervus eldii'')
**[[Philippine Sambar|Philippine gantlai]] ᎠᎴ [[Philippine Brown Deer|Philippine ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus mariannus'')
**[[Sika Deer|Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus nippon'')
**[[Schomburgk's Deer|Schomburgk ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus schomburgki'') ([[Extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]], [[1938]])
**[[Rusa deer|Sunda gantlai]] ᎠᎴ [[Rusa deer|Rusa ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus timorensis'')
**[[Sambar Deer|gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Cervus unicolor'')
**[[Chital]] (''ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ'')
**[[Calamian Deer|Calamian ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ calamianensis'')
**[[Bawean Deer|Bawean ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ kuhlii'')
**[[Hog Deer|ᏏᏆ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ porcinus'')
**[[Père David's Deer|Père David ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Elaphurus davidianus'')
**[[Fallow Deer|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Dama dama'')
**[[Persian Fallow Deer|Persian ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Dama mesopotamica'')
[[Image:Pudu pudu AB.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pudú]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
*Subfamily Capreolinae
**[[Roe Deer|gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Capreolus capreolus'')
**[[Moose|gantlai]] (''Alces alces''; ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England)
**[[Mule Deer|ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Odocoileus hemionus'')
**[[White-tailed Deer|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Odocoileus virginianus'')
**[[Pampas Deer|ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Ozotoceros bezoarticus'')
**[[Red Brocket|ᎩᎦᎨ Brocket]] (''Mazama americana'')
**[[Merioa Brocket]] (''Mazama bricenii'')
**[[Dwarf Brocket|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Brocket]] (''Mazama chunyi'')
**[[Grey Brocket|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Brocket]] (''Mazama gouazoubira'')
**[[Pygmy Brocket]] (''Mazama nana'')
**[[Yucatan Brown Brocket|Yucatan ᏬᏗᎨ Brocket]] (''Mazama pandora'')
**[[Little Red Brocket|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ Brocket]] (''Mazama rufina'')
**ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Pudu]] (''Pudu mephistophiles'')
**ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Pudu]] (''Pudu pudu'')
**[[Marsh Deer|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Blastocerus dichotomus'')
**[[Peruvian Guemal]] ᎠᎴ [[North Andean Deer|ᎤᏴᏢ Andean ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Hippocamelus antisensis'')
**[[Chilean Huemul]] ᎠᎴ [[South Andean Deer|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Andean ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] (''Hippocamelus bisulcus'')
**[[Reindeer|gantlai/ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] (''Rangifer tarandus'')

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ selective ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ, unspecialised [[stomach|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ]]ᎾᎥᎢ [[herbivore]] ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ: ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[sheep|ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[cattle|ᏩᎦ]] ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ digestible ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎢᏤᎢ [[grasses]], ᏩᏂᎨᎢ [[twig|ᎢᎦᏛ]], [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], [[fungi]], ᎠᎴ [[lichen|ᎤᏣᎴᏔ]].

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sheep|ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]], [[goat|ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ]], [[pig|ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[cattle|ᏩᎦ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ hunted ᎠᎴ farmed, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[venison|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]].

[[Musk|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ gland ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[abdomen|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ medicenes ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ. Deerskin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ, ᏗᎬᏩᎵᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ [[Sami people|Saami]] [[Scandinavia]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Kola Peninsula|Kola ᎦᏙᎯ]] [[Russia]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nomadic ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Asia]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ [[reindeer|ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[caribou|gantlai]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᎴ herded ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Inuit]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎨᏒᎢ imported ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]]. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎾᎥᎢ European ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ environmental ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1960s. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 400,000 ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ. 

[[Image:Deer warning sign.jpg|thumb|right|225px|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ  ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ  ᎠᏓᏅ ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ.]]

==ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Origin of Species|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]'' (1859) [[Charles Darwin]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-authenticated ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ utvhisdi ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cervulus vaginalis ᎠᎴ Reevesii  [...] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ utvhisdi.&quot;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ varieties muntjac ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ farmed ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ (ᎠᎴ Wapiti) ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ utvhisdi ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. (ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[moose|gantlai]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.) ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ comparing ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. Wapiti ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ European ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Wapiti ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ hybridized ᎬᏙᏗ Pere David ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ farmed ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ insemination ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ-ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ European ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Wapiti. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ/ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ Sika gantlai ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ Sika ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ utvhisdi ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Sika ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ), ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mongrelization. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏳᎳ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mated ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ/ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ/ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ matings ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50% ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ survived ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ disadvantaged ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᏓᏘᏰᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ strategies. ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ (ᏂᎦᏛ 4 hooves ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;stotting&quot;) ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ predators. Stotting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ specialized Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 100% genetically ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᏊ-ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ/ᎦᎵᏉᎩ-ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ [[escape behaviour|ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ behaviour]] ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ lyudetiyvda. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ranches ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ predators ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

==Fictional ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ==
[[image:Deer_running.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ]]
[[Image:Nature and Appearance of Deer and how they can be hunted with Dogs Fac simile of a Miniature in the Livre du Roy Modus Manuscript of the Fourteenth Century National Library of Paris.png|250px|thumb|&quot;ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ  ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ,&quot; ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;Livre du Roy Modus,&quot; ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[14th century|14th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]]]

*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mythology|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Deer (mythology)|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]].
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Christmas|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ &quot;[[A Visit from St. Nicholas| ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Nicholas]]&quot;), [[reindeer|ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sleigh|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] [[Santa Claus]].  
*ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ fictional ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ''Bambi''. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ''[[Bambi]]'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[white-tailed deer|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Felix Salten|ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ Salten]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Bambi, A Life in the Woods|Bambi,  ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ]]'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[roe deer|gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]].
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]],'' [[white stag|ᎤᏁᎬ gantlai]], ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ catches ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Pevensie ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.  ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᎾᏍᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ.
*ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ [[Hubertus]] ᎤᎪᎲᎩ gantlai ᎬᏙᏗ [[crucifix|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎵ Ꮝ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ [[Good Friday|ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᏥ  Azkaban]]'', ᎯᎠ [[Patronus Charm|Patronus ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏓᏓ]] Ꮎ [[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᏗᏙᎾᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Dementors]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ gantlai. [[James and Lily Potter|James ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]], ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᎠᏰᎲ [[Animagus]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai.
*ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ''[[Angel (TV series)|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]]'', ᏌᏊ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏦᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ Wolfram &amp; gantlai.
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[Baron Munchhausen|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Munchhausen]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ gantlai ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ cherries ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏔᏯ-ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ gantlai ᎬᏙᏗ [[cherry tree|ᎩᏔᏯ ᏡᎬ]] ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; presumably ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
*[[Samurai|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ [[Honda Tadakatsu]] ᏂᎬᎢ adorned ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.
*ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Chinese painting|Chinese ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[The Animals of Farthing Wood|ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ  ᏅᎩᏁ ᎠᏓ]], ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[The Great White Stag (Farthing Wood)|ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᎬ gantlai]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[nature reserve|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]] [[White Deer Park|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[World Hunting Association|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]
*[[Hunting|ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]
{{-}}

{{commonscat|Cervidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Cervidae}}
[[Category:Deer| ]]
[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]]
[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Kashrut food]]
[[Category:Halaal food]]

[[bg:Еленови]]
[[cs:Jelenovití]]
[[cy:Carw]]
[[da:Hjorte]]
[[de:Hirsche]]
[[en:Deer]]
[[eo:Cervedoj]]
[[es:Cervidae]]
[[fa:گوزن]]
[[fi:Hirvieläimet]]
[[fr:Cervidae]]
[[gd:Fiadh]]
[[he:אייליים]]
[[hu:Szarvas]]
[[id:Rusa]]
[[io:Cervo]]
[[it:Cervidae]]
[[ja:シカ]]
[[ka:ირემი]]
[[ko:사슴과]]
[[la:Cervidae]]
[[lt:Elniniai]]
[[nl:Hertachtigen]]
[[no:Hjortedyr]]
[[pdc:Hasch]]
[[pl:Jeleniowate]]
[[pt:Cervídeos]]
[[qu:Taruka]]
[[ru:Оленевые]]
[[simple:Deer]]
[[sl:Jeleni]]
[[sv:Hjortdjur]]
[[tg:Гавазн]]
[[th:กวาง]]
[[ug:بۇغا]]
[[zh:鹿科]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Gaudio</title>
    <id>2700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8909</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-10T11:51:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gaudio</username>
        <id>122</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[:es:User talk:Gaudio|Wikipedia en castellano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9495</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-18T01:57:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[ar:أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:WTC attack 9-11.jpg|right|frame|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ  [[United Airlines Flight 175|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Two World Trade Center tenants|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ]].  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ  ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ emerging ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[One World Trade Center tenants|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ]]  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ.]]
{{Sep11}}

ᎯᎠ '''ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ''' (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''9/11''') ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ coordinated [[suicide|ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] [[terrorism|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] [[List of terrorist incidents|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ [[civilian|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]], ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ, [[September 11|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11]], [[2001]]. 

Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, [[Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks|19 ansigaya]] ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[al-Qaeda|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html |title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 |publisher=CBC News |date=2004, October 29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ [[jet airliner|ᎤᏪᏴ airliner]]. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ hijackers ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Twin Towers|ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New York City|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]], ᏌᏊ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ crashed ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[The Pentagon|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, Virginia]]. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[flight crew|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ hijacked aircraft ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers; Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ [[Somerset County, Pennsylvania|ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, Pennsylvania]]. 2,976 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

==ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ== 
{{clearleft}}
[[Image:Story.crash.sequence.jpg|125px|thumb|right| sequential ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.]]
{{main|September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for the day of the attacks}}
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijacking ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[East Coast of the United States|ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] airports, fueled ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ California. ᎬᏙᏗ [[jet fuel|ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]] capacities ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 24,000 Ꭴ.. ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (91,000 liters) ᎠᎴ 144,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (65,455 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ),&lt;ref&gt;[[Boeing]]&quot;[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/767family/pf/pf_200prod.html Commercial Airplanes; Technical Characteristics: Boeing 767-200ER.]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ aircraft ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ [[incendiary bomb|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]] [[guided missile|guided ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]].
*[[American Airlines Flight 11|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11]] crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] (WTC) ᎾᎾᎢ 8:46:30 .m. ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[North American Eastern Time Zone|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ iyuwakodi]], ᎠᎴ 12:46:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). 
*[[United Airlines Flight 175|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175]] crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 9:02:59 .m. ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi (13:02:59 UTC), ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ television broadcasters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
*[[American Airlines Flight 77|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 77]] crashed ᎾᎾᎯ [[the Pentagon|ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᎾᎾᎢ 9:37:46 .m. ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi (13:37:46 UTC). 
*[[United Airlines Flight 93|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93]] crashed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwest Pennsylvania ᎣᏍᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Shanksville, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (240 km) ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ Washington, D.C., ᎾᎾᎢ 10:03:11 .m. ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi (14:03:11 UTC), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pennsylvania ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ.

Ꮭ ᏌᏊ survived ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ hijacked aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/index.html September 11: Chronology of terror].&quot; ''[[CNN]].'' [[September 12|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12]], [[2001]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ 2976 ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ 246 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, 2605 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ 125 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.  ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ 343 [[New York City Fire Department|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] firefighters, 23 [[New York City Police Department|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ 37 [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ 110-ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[7 World Trade Center|7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Marriott Hotel|Marriott ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ [[New York City Subway|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ  ᎤᏲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎾᎿ [[Manhattan Island|Manhattan ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], 25 ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ razed. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ [[Deutsche Bank Building|Deutsche ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ [[Liberty Street|nvwatohiyadv ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ demolished ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. tsunadatvgotanv ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, television ᎠᎴ [[two-way radio|ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ collapsed.&lt;ref&gt;Kugler, Sara. &quot;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/29/attack/main580620.shtml New WTC Death Toll Is 2,752].&quot; ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 30, 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijacked ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ [[Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks|hijackers]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI, ᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93 ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ 19 hijackers ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ [[BBC]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI.&lt;ref&gt;BBC ᏗᏤᎢ. &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1559151.stm Hijack 'suspects' alive and well].&quot; ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 23, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Utility knife|ᎧᏁᏌᎢ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎯᎠ [[9/11 Commission|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏰᎲ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ [[Leatherman]] multi-ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ,&lt;ref&gt;Ahlers, Mike M. &quot;[http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives].&quot; CNN. ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 27, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ chemical ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tear gas|ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[pepper spray|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 11 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. [[Bomb threat|ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.

[[Image:Pentagon crach site.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[The Pentagon|ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ 125 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ.]]
[[Image:Pentagon precollapse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮝ ᎠᏐᏴ collapsed, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  photomontage]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ aircraft, [[Flight data recorder|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ--ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ-- ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ rocked ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ unulvngi ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[9-1-1]] ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, [[Todd Beamer]], ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, &quot;[[Let's roll|ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ]].&quot; (ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Beamer ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ &quot;ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ,&quot; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ&quot; ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qaeda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Afghanistan]]. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ afterward, ᎯᎠ aircraft crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ]], [[Somerset County, Pennsylvania|ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, Pennsylvania]], ᎾᎾᎢ 10:03:11 .m. [[Eastern Daylight Time|ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi]] (14:03:11 UTC). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ timing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Earthquake#Induced earthquakes|seismic ᎪᏪᎸ]] ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 10:06 .m.&lt;ref&gt;Kim, ᎤᏓᏠᏒ-ᎠᏲᎵ; Baum, Gerald R. &quot;[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline/nodate/seismicobservations.html Seismic Observations During September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack].&quot; [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/ Center for Cooperative Research].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ captured ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed|Khalid Shaikh ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[United States Capitol|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.&quot;

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ aired ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ [[car bomb|ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ detonated ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[United States Department of State|Ꭴ.. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ']] ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ [[Harry S Truman building|Truman ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Foggy Bottom|ᎤᎬᎭᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archives.tcm.ie/breakingnews/2001/09/11/world.asp Tuesday, TCM Breaking News September 11, 2001]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ [[newspapers|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ]] ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Associated Press|AP]] ᎤᏯᏅᎯ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ [[Delta Air Lines|ᎦᏙᎯ]] [[Boeing 767|767]]&amp;ndash;ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 1989&amp;ndash;ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hijacked. ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ hijack ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ responded controllers ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Cleveland, Ohio]].

{{seealso|Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks}}

===Fatalities===
{{clearright}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; table align=&quot;right&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Fatalities&lt;ref&gt;Numbers do not include the 19 hijackers.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | New York City
|[[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] 
| 2,605&lt;ref name=&quot;hirschkorn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/10/29/wtc.deaths/ |title=New York reduces 9/11 death toll by 40 |author=Hirschkorn, Phil |date=2003, October 29 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[American 11|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 11]] 
| 88&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[United 175|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175]] 
| 59&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=2 | Pentagon 
| [[Building|ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] 
| 125&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page88.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[American 77|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77]] || 59&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page96.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Shanksville 
| [[United 93|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93]] 
| 40&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.asp |title=Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=2001, October 28 |author=Roddy, Dennis B.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=2 | Total || 2,976
|}

[[Image:The Falling Man.jpg|thumb|left|194px|&quot;[[The Falling Man|ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]&quot; ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ]]
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ignited ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 200 ᏴᏫ ᏚᎵᏔᏗᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ &quot;[[The Falling Man|ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]&quot;), ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ rooftops ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ (ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire|ᏦᎢ Shirtwaist ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ upward ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ helicopter ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ existed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ encountered locked ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ helicopters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ.
[[Image:P200336.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ  92 ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ  [[Zacarias Moussaoui]].]]

1366 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ (1 WTC): ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ [http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ trapped ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. 

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 600 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ (2 WTC). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 18 ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ collapsed. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11, [[John Ogonowski|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ogonowski]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ hijackers ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ callers ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ hijacked aircraft Ꮎ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.{{fact}}

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, evacuated, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ shielded ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ television ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Connecticut]], ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated. [[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale, ᎢᏤ York]] ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Greenwich ᎠᎴ nearby [[New Canaan, Connecticut|ᎢᏤ Canaan]], ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ wealthiest ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Associated Press|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ identified ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1,600 ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,100 ᏴᏫ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ &quot;ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 unidentified ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ matched ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ᎧᎦᎵ 23, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[Deutsche Bank Building|Deutsche ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

[[Cantor Fitzgerald L.P.]], ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 101st-105th ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 685 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ. [[Marsh &amp; McLennan Companies|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ Inc.]], ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ Cantor Fitzgerald ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ 101-93 (ᎯᎠ [[List of tenants in World Trade Center One|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] [[American Airlines Flight 11|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ), ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 295 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 37 consultants.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 400 ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ [[New York City Fire Department|NYFD]], ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed.

ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 8 ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, 5 ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 3, 8, 11, 11, 11 ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77, 3 ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 2, 3, ᎠᎴ 4 ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175 [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25771].

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ 125 ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.

===Survivors===
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 9/11 Commisson, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 16,000 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ survived, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed; ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 200 ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.

{{seealso|Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks}}

===ᏐᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ===
ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ, 27 ᎠᏁᎳ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 19 ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ participated. ᏐᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ-ᎾᏍᏋ hijackers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[20th hijacker]]:

*[[Ramzi Binalshibh]] ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[visa (document)|ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..
*[[Mohamed al-Kahtani|Mohamed ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Kahtani]], [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]]n ᎡᎲᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᎴ [[United States Immigration and Naturalization Service|Ꭴ.. ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Airport]] ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ, 2001. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ captured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Afghanistan]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Camp X-Ray|ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Guantanamo Bay Detainment Camp|Guantanamo ᎥᏓᎵ]], [[Cuba]].
*[[Zacarias Moussaoui]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Ziad Jarrah]], ᎦᎪ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ threatened ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ plotters. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Moussaoui ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda hierarchy ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏢᏫᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ arrested ᎾᎿ [[August 16|ᎦᎶᏂ 16]], [[2001]], ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ FBI ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏬᏂ 2005, Moussaoui pled ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏁᎸ conspiring hijack ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ denies ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ 9-11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Moussaoui, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ sentencing ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ directive Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ [[Richard Reid (terrorist)|Richard Reid]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ hijack ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ tvga ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4850988.stm] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ dismissed ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ Moussaoui, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qaeda, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ &quot;ᎦᎸᏆᏗᏰᏍᎩ-ᎾᎿ.&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4859180.stm] ᎾᎿ [[May 3|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 3]], [[2006]], ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏑᎵ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[death penalty|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ sentenced Moussaoui 6 ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[prison|ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ [[parole|ᎠᏥᏙᎵᏍᏗ]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4943196.stm] ᎾᎾᎢ Moussaoui ᎤᏤᎵ sentencing ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ, FBI ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ [[Greg Jones]] testified Ꮎ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, [[Michael Maltbie]], &quot;ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ Zacarias Moussaoui ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.&quot; Maltbie ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ 70 ᎾᏓᏪᏎᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, [[Harry Samit|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Samit]], ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ Moussaoui ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎵᏍ.[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/tsc.html?URI=http://select.nytimes.com/2006/03/22/opinion/22dowd.html&amp;OQ=_rQ3D1Q26nQ3DTopQ252fOpinionQ252fEditorialsQ2520andQ2520OpQ252dEdQ252fOpQ252dEdQ252fColumnistsQ252fMaureenQ2520Dowd&amp;OP=8ea544dQ2FRQ7BQ20Q3FRQ2AmpQ26Q26Q2ARQ7DAAXRAQ2FRQ7DQ7DRQ26E5e5Q26eRQ7DQ7DMQ26Q7BMQ5DVQ2AQ5Bv]

[[Image:September 17 2001 Ground Zero 04.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᏓᏓᏁᎸ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ.]]

ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Saeed al-Ghamdi (9/11 candidate)|Saeed ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Ghamdi]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ hijacker ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ), [[Mushabib al-Hamlan|Mushabib ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Hamlan]], [[Zakariyah Essabar]], [[Ali Abdul Aziz Ali]], ᎠᎴ [[Tawfiq bin Attash|Tawfiq ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Attash]]. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[9/11 Commission Report|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]], [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed|Khalid Sheikh ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎨᎳ&amp;mdash;[[Khalid al-Mihdhar|Khalid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Mihdhar]]&amp;mdash;ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ overruled ᎾᎥᎢ [[Osama bin Laden|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]].

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Mohammed Afroze|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Afroze]], ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[London]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Palace of Westminster|ᎦᏁᎸ  ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Tower Bridge|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aborted ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ-ᎾᏍᏋ hijackers, ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ hijack, ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., panicked, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏘᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2006, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ tallest ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ  [[Library Tower|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Los Angeles]], ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.[http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=1600806&amp;page=1]

ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ targeted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ. (BBC ᏗᏤᎢ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1537534.stm]). ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ [[Barksdale Air Force Base|Barksdale ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ alenvdidsv]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ [[Offutt Air Force Base|Offutt ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ alenvdidsv]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nebraska, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ Washington. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ Washington,  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ, &quot;ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ,&quot; ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ [[Ari Fleischer]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ caller ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, &quot;ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;node=&amp;contentId=A32319-2001Sep26]

==ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ==

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[terrorist|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎢᏧᎳ  &quot;ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ&quot;. 

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Pentagon|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Capitol|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[legislature|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]]) ᎨᏒᎩ targeted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ attacked ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ hijacked [[civilian|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] airliners ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[war crime|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ wilfull ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.

ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ]] ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ [[Benjamin B. Ferencz]], ᎤᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[crimes against humanity|ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first = Katy |last = Clark
 |coauthors = Benjamin Ferencz |url = http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/Ferencz.html
 |title = Crimes Against Humanity: Benjamin Ferencz Interview
 |work = The World Online |publisher = [[Public Radio International]]
 |date = [[19 September]] [[2001]] |accessdate = 2006-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Nuremburg Charter|Nuremburg ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ]]--ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[International Criminal Court|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]--ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ masssive ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Nazis ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Holocaust|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.

==ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ==
===ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ===
{{main|Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks}}

ᎯᎠ [[United States government|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ classified ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ) Ꮎ [[al-Qaeda|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda]] ᎠᎴ [[Osama bin Laden|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]] ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[Religious war|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.terrorismfiles.org/individuals/declaration_of_jihad1.html  Declaration of Jihad by Osama Bin Laden against the US], [[terrorismfiles.org]], [[August 23|ᎦᎶᏂ 23]], [[1996]]&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᎴ [[Fatwa]] [[Osama bin Laden Fatwa#1998 Fatwa|ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.emergency.com/bladen98.htm ''Saudi Arabia: Bin-Ladin, Others Sign Fatwa To 'Kill Americans' Everywhere''], [[Emergency.com|ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ.com]], [[February 23|ᎧᎦᎵ 23]], [[1998]]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ motivation ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.

[[Image: 2004-10-29_Bin_Laden_still.jpg|frame|ᏙᎢ  2004 [[Osama bin Laden|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]] video.]] 

ᎾᎿ [[September 16|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 16]], [[2001]], ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Qatar]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Al Jazeera|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Jazeera]] ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ: &quot;ᎠᏯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ motivation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Fox News|ᏧᎳ ᏗᏤᎢ]]. &quot;Pakistan ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ Taliban ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Iran ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ Afghan ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ.&quot; [[September 16|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 16]], [[2001]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꭴ.. ᏗᏤᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[November|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ]] [[2001]], Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ videotape ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]], Afghanistan, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ [[Khaled al-Harbi|Khaled ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Harbi]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;[[CNN]]. &quot;[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ Bin laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly.']&quot; [[December 14|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14]], [[2001]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[December 13|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 13]], [[2001]].

ᎾᎿ [[December 27|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 27]], [[2001]], ᏔᎵᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ video ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;[[BBC]] &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1729740.stm/ Bin Laden video condemned.']&quot; [[December 27|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 27]], [[2001]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ &quot;ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, aimed ᎾᎾᎢ forcing ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Israel]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2004 Osama bin Laden video|taped ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]], ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ., ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.&quot;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ audiotape aired ᎾᎿ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Jazeera ᎾᎿ [[May 21|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 21]], [[2006]], ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ 19 hijackers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news  | author = Staff writer |url = http://today.reuters.co.uk/News/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&amp;storyID=2006-05-24T130322Z_01_N24273711_RTRUKOC_0_UK-SECURITY-BINLADEN-TAPE.xml |title = U.S. says voice on audio tape is bin Laden's |publisher = Reuters UK |date = [[2006-05-24]] |accessdate = 2006-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image: bin_laden_12_27a.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[2001-12-27]] ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ video.]]

ᎯᎠ ''ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[9/11 Commission|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ [[July 22|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22]], [[2004]], ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ implemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda.&lt;ref&gt;[[9/11 Commission|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]]. &quot;[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm Report].&quot; [[July 22|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22]], [[2004]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ, &quot;9/11 plotters ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ $400,000 ᎠᎴ $500,000 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[9/11 Commission|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]]. &quot;[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm 5.4 A MONEY TRAIL?].&quot; [[July 22|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22]], [[2004]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ peripheral ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

===ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ===
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[al-Qaeda|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ motivation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 [[fatwa]] ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ [[Osama bin Laden|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri|Ayman ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Zawahiri]], [[Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha|Abu-Yasir Rifa'ᎠᏯ Ahmad Taha]], [[Shaykh Mir Hamzah|Shaykh ᎦᏁᎳ Hamzah]], ᎠᎴ Fazlur Rahman (Amir ᎯᎠ Jihad ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bangladesh, [[Fazlur Rahman]]).&lt;ref&gt;Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ; ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. &quot;[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement].&quot; [[February 23|ᎧᎦᎵ 23]], [[1998]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ fatwa ᏠᎨᏏ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ:
    
* Ꭴ.. ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Israel.
* Ꭴ.. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ.
* Ꭴ.. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Iraqi ᏴᏫ.

ᎯᎠ fatwa ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ:
* ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ]].
* ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
* ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ monarchies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ.
* ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
* ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ Muslim ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
* ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[Israel]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎳᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ (ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].

ᎯᎠ Persian ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ Iraq ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ cited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ Muslims, ᎯᎠ fatwa ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[Islam|Islamic]] ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ citizenry iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ reversed:  ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ &quot;ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Islamic ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[jihad]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.&quot; 

[[Image:USGS Shanksville.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎫᏬᏂ 27, 2004  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ  [[United Airlines Flight 93|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville, PA]] ([[USGS]])]]

ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 9/11 ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2004 Osama bin Laden video|2004 video]], ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ acknowledging ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ motivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[1982 Lebanon War|1982 Lebanon ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ , &quot;ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ,&quot; &quot;ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ [[religious war|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ , &quot;[bleed] ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎳᏍᏗᏱ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Al-Jazeera|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Jazeera]]. &quot;[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm Full transcript of bin Laden's speech].&quot; [[November 1|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 1]], [[2004]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏎᎵᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ wouldn't ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ iyuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ't ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Israel.&quot; 

ᎯᎠ [[9/11 Commission Report|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed|Khalid Shaikh ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]], ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi&quot; ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, stemmed &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ unigatohvsv ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꭴ.. ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Israel.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ motivation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ imputed ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ WTC: [[Mohamed Atta al-Sayed|Mohamed Atta]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Ralph Bodenstein&amp;mdash;ᎦᎪ traveled, ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ&amp;mdash;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᎪᏗᏗ imbued ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ... Ꭴ.. ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Israeli atogiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.&quot; [[Marwan al-Shehhi|Marwan ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Shehhi]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ humorless ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: &quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine?&quot;

ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ motivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ exemplified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ counterrorism ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard . Clarke]], ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, [[bin Laden|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Egypt, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ [[apostate|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. &lt;ref&gt; Clarke, Richard . 2004. ''ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ''. ᎢᏤ York: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. Ch. 6. pp. 122-124 &lt;/ref&gt; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ' ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ religiosity ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Muslim ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ [[caliphate|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]. ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ [[Sayyid Qutb]], ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muslim ᎪᏢᏗ [[caliphate|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. &lt;ref&gt; Clarke, Richard . 2004. ''ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ''. ᎢᏤ York: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. Ch. 6. pp. 131-132 &lt;/ref&gt;

Arising ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎢᏅ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ,&quot; ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11 ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. &lt;ref&gt; Bergen, Peter. 2006. ''ᎯᎠ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ: ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qaeda ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ''. ᎢᏤ York: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. Ch 8. pp. 229 &lt;/ref&gt; ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ catalyze yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᎵᏎᏗ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. &lt;ref&gt; Bergen, Peter. 2006. ''ᎯᎠ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ: ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qaeda ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ''. ᎢᏤ York: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. Ch 6. pp. 233-235 &lt;/ref&gt;

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Michale Doran, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, &quot;ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ visceral ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. &lt;ref&gt; Doran, Michael Scott. ''ᎩᎶᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ &quot;ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ&quot;. 2005. ᎢᏤ York: Norton. Ch. 1 pp. 72-75 &lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ==
{{main|Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks}}

===ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ===
[[Image:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg|thumb|right| ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[World political effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks|global ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ denounced ᎾᎥᎢ mainstream media ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ,&lt;ref&gt;September11News.com. &quot;[http://www.september11news.com/InternationalReaction.htm International Reaction to the September 11, 2001 Attacks in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington.]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ [[France]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Le Monde|Le ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ]]'' ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ summing ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅnusdv udanvtv ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ: &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ&quot; (''ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ sommes tous Américains''). 

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ [[2001 invasion of Afghanistan#Nature of the coalition|ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ [[Afghanistan]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ, George W. &quot;[http://www.un.int/usa/01_162.htm Remarks by the President to the United Nations General Assembly].&quot; [[United Nations|USUN ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ #162]]. [[November 10|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 10]], [[2001]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ [[Pakistan]]ᎠᏯ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ align ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ airports ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..&lt;ref&gt;ᎦᏁᎸ, Aamer Ahmed. &quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4513281.stm Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man].&quot; [[BBC News|BBC ᏗᏤᎢ]]. [[May 4|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 4]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], [[Australia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Indonesia]], [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Canada]], [[Russia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Jordan]], [[Mauritius]], [[Uganda]] ᎠᎴ [[Zimbabwe]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ &quot;anti-ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ&lt;ref&gt;Hamilton, Stuart. &quot;[http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf September 11th, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries].&quot; 68th IFLA ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ, [[August 18|ᎦᎶᏂ 18]], [[2002]]&amp;ndash;[[August 24|ᎦᎶᏂ 24]], [[2002]]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏬᏨ ᎯᎠ [[bank account|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᏓᎧᏁᎲ.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11th backgrounder].&quot; [[G8]]. Kananaskis ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ agencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Italy]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Philippines]] arrested ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏌ labeled ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;Walsh, Courtney C. &quot;[http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot].&quot; ''[[Christian Science Monitor|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ agatohvsdi ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]]'', [[March 7|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 7]], [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. &quot;[http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ SE Asia unites to smash militant cells].&quot; [[CNN]], [[May 8|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 8]], [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ aroused ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Bill of Rights Defense Committee|ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv  ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ]] argued Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (e.g. [[COINTELPRO]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ) ᎨᏒᎩ &quot;ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[USA PATRIOT Act|USA ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]];&lt;ref&gt;Talanian, Nancy. &quot;[http://www.bordc.org/resources/repeal.pdf A Guide to Provisions of the USA Patriot Act and Federal Executive Orders that threaten civil liberties].&quot; ''ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ'', 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; [[civil liberties|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ nvwatohiyadv]] ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[American Civil Liberties Union|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Liberties ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Liberty (pressure group)|nvwatohiyadv]] argued Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[civil rights|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ circumvented.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://action.aclu.org/reformthepatriotact/primer.html Reform the Patriot Act -- Don't Expand It!]&quot; [[American Civil Liberties Union|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Liberties ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]]. [[Liberty (pressure group)|nvwatohiyadv]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://liberty-human-rights.org.uk/issues/terrorism.shtml] nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ].&quot; [[Liberty (pressure group)|nvwatohiyadv]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Guantánamo Bay, Cuba|Guantanamo ᎥᏓᎵ]], [[Cuba]], ᏚᏂᏴ [[unlawful combatant|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᏥᏳ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎾᎥᎢ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎨᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ [[European Union|European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Organization of American States|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ  ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎠᎴ [[Amnesty International|ᎬᏩᎨᏫᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. {{see|Camp Delta}}

===ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ===
[[Image:New_York_Times_9-11.jpg|300px|thumb|right|ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ  ᎯᎠ ''[[New York Times|ᎢᏤ York itsuwakodi]]'' ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ  Ꮎ Ꭺ  ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, [[George W. Bush|George W. ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ soared 86% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/16/poll.htm |title=Poll finds a united nation |date=2001, September 16 |publisher=USA Today |author=Benedetto, Richard and Patrick O'Driscoll}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 20, 2001, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏁᏨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ [[joint session of the United States Congress|ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[List of mayors of New York City|ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]] [[Rudy Giuliani]] ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rudolph Giuliani Rudy the Rock |publisher=The Scotsman |date=2001, September 22 |page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ uniformed ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ-ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ (dubbed &quot;[[Certified first responder|ᎢᎬᏱ responders]]&quot;), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ firefighters, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ. [[Blood donation|ᎩᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 9/11.&lt;ref&gt;Glynn, Simone . &quot;[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/289/17/2246?maxtoshow=&amp;HITS=10&amp;hits=10&amp;RESULTFORMAT=1&amp;andorexacttitle=and&amp;andorexacttitleabs=and&amp;andorexactfulltext=and&amp;searchid=1119520325357_713&amp;stored_search=&amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;sortspec=relevance&amp;volume=289&amp;firstpage=2246&amp;journalcode=jama Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience].&quot; ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association|ᏕᎪᏪᎸ  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]'', '''289''', 2246-2253.&lt;/ref&gt; 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ harassment ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ, &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ&quot; ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[Sikh]], ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Sikh ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ [[turban|ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ stereotypically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Muslims ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. [[Balbir Singh Sodhi]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[September 15|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 15]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Sikh ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Muslim.

===ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theories===
{{main|9/11 conspiracy theories}}
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[conspiracy theories|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theories]] ᎤᎭ emerged. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Federal government of the United States|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ unulvngi ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. [[Researchers questioning the official account of 9/11|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theorists]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[collapse of the World Trade Center|ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliner ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[the Pentagon|ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮎ [[United Airlines Flight 93|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ.

==ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ==
===ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ===
{{main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks}}
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏩᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ iyuwakodi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, 2002. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏓᎭ, &quot;ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ&quot; ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[May 30|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 30]], [[2002]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ [[Financial assistance following the September 11, 2001 attacks|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎯᎠ [[Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks|survivors]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ deadline ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, [[September 11|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11]] [[2003]], 2,833 ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Devlin. &quot;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml 9/11 Fund Deadline Passes].&quot; ''[[CBS News|CBS ᏗᏤᎢ]]'', [[December 23|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 23]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ&quot;===
{{main|War on Terrorism}}
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ &quot;ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ.&quot; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ '[[War on Terrorism|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]],' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi global ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ sharing. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏍᏗ Afghanistan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Taliban]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ Ꭴ..-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Philippines]] ᎠᎴ [[Indonesia]], ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Islamic extremist terrorism|Islamic extremist ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]]. 

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ parameters ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ Orginazation, [[NATO]] ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ 5 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ NATO ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎤᏗᎴᎩ&quot; ᏓᏄᏩ.

ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Iraq ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ 9/11. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 11, 2001...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ, George W. &quot;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030501-15.html President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended].&quot; ''[[White House|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]]'' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ), [[May 1|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ &quot;ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ&quot;: &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ...&quot; ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ [[December 14|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14]], [[2005]].&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ, George W. &quot;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051214-1.html President Discusses Iraqi Elections, Victory in the War on Terror].&quot; ''[[White House|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]]'' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ), [[December 14|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Program on International Policy Attitudes|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ [[opinion poll|ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ]] ᎾᏍᎩ nadvndhvgi ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2003. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ, &quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Saddam Hussein ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ?&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 32% ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 37% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 12% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ 3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ.&lt;ref&gt;Kull, Steven. &quot;[http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/IraqMedia_Oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War].&quot; ''ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ (Pipa), ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Maryland.'' [[October 2|ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 2]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ unsubstantiated ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ promoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|2003 ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ  Iraq]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ Cheney ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ Iraq ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ , &quot;ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ&quot; ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ: Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ, &quot;ᎯᎠ geographic alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ 9-11.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Davies, ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ. &quot;[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1003-08.htm Study: Misperceptions About Iraq War Contributed to Support For It].&quot; ''[[Knight-Ridder|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-Ridder]],'' [[October 3|ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 3]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ emerged ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ. (Unsubstantiated Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: (1) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Czech ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ 9/11 ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ [[Mohammed Atta|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Atta]] ᎠᎴ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Prague]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ Atta ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Florida; ᎠᎴ (2) ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ Ahmed Hikmat Shakir, ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Malaysia]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 9/11 hijacker Khalid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Mihdhar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[CIA]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ.)

===ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ===
[[Image:GodBlessAmerica.jpg|thumb|250px|left|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001.]]ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[United States Department of Homeland Security|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  Homeland ᎫᏓᎸᏙ]], ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ restructuring ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[USA PATRIOT Act|USA ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]], ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[#Alleged abuses under the USA PATRIOT Act|ᏐᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ]]. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ liberties ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎭ criticized ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ invoked 9/11 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ [[National Security Agency|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Total Information Awareness|ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Awareness]]), &quot;eavesdrop ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ tsunadatvgotanv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ overseas ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;VandeHei, Jim; Eggen, Dan. &quot;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping].&quot; ''[[Washington Post|Washington ᎨᏛᎢ]].'' [[January 5|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 5]], [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, 80,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ fingerprinted ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Alien Registration Act|ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] 1940. 8,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ansigaya ᎨᏒᎩ interviewed, ᎠᎴ 5,000 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ detained ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 107-40 authorizing ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.&quot; [http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/sjres23.es.html] [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18752]

===ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ===
====ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ====
{{main|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}
[[Image:World Trade Center 9-11 Att.png|thumb|right|250px| ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 9-11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ analyzed ᎯᎠ [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ]].]]

ᏦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ collapsed ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ (2 WTC) ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 10:05 .m., ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 58 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175 ᎾᎾᎢ 9:03 .m.. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ (1 WTC) ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 10:28 .m., ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 103 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11 ᎾᎾᎢ 8:45 .m.. ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, [[7 World Trade Center|7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]] (7 WTC) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ collapsed ᎾᎾᎢ 5:30 p.m., ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 70 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/]

ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ 7 WTC ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ [[Department of Commerce|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ  ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]] ([[NIST]]). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ [[April 6|ᎫᏬᏂ 6]], [[2005]], ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ WTC ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ:
*ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ 
*ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ
*ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ
*ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ
[[Image:WTC-remnant.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[September 13]], [[2001]]:  ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ firefighter ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ' [[steel|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] infrastructures ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ trusses ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᏨ. ᎯᎠ sagging ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ buckling ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, causing ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ' stairwells ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ eligwa igai reinforced ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. NIST ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ 7 WTC ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster].&quot; ''[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ  ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]],'' [[October 26|ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 26]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;

====9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ====
{{main|9/11 Commission Report}}
ᎯᎠ ''ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ'' ([[9/11 Commission|9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]]), chaired ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Thomas Kean]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[2002]] ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ , ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎿ [[July 22|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22]], [[2004]], ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.  

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ [[9/11 Commission Report#Criticism|ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ]].

===ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Aircraft ᎦᏙᎯ===

* ''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏂᎦᏛ nonemergency ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ aircraft ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.
** [http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm 9/11 Commission]

===ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Continuity of government|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]===

* ''ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ implemented''
** [http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm 9/11 Commission]

ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ iyuwakodi ᎧᎦᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml][http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0302-01.htm]

==ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ==
===ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ===
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[New York Stock Exchange|ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] (NYSE), ᎯᎠ [[American Stock Exchange|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[NASDAQ]] ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎿ [[September 11|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ iyuwakodi [[September 17|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17]]. NYSE ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ reopened ᎾᎿ [[September 17|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17]], [[2001]], ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Great Depression|ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1929, ᎯᎠ [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ]] (“DJIA”) ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ 684 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ 7.1%, 8920, Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ-ᎢᏳᏊ ᏌᏊ-ᎢᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ DJIA ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 1369.7 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (14.3%), Ꮝ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ-ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. Ꭴ.. ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ $1.2 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ. [[As of 2005|ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  2005]] [[Wall Street|ᎠᏐᏴ]] ᎠᎴ [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ barricaded ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.

[[Image:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|200px|thumb|right|ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  ᎯᎠ WTC ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Statue of Liberty|ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ  nvwatohiyadv]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ [[Lower Manhattan|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Midtown Manhattan]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Chicago Loop|Chicago ᎫᏓᎸᏗ]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ devastated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ (28.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ sq. ft) [[Lower Manhattan|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ 41-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Deutsche Bank Building|Deutsche ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ [[Lower Manhattan|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan]]. ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[SoHo]] ᎠᎴ [[lower Manhattan|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ agoliyedidyi. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ [[Class A office space|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ-]] ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-2001 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan Midtown ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accelerated. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ alenvdidsv ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.&lt;ref&gt;Parrott, James. (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) &quot;[http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/Employment%20Impact%20of%20September%2011_Update.pdf The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data].&quot; ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ'', [[March 8|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 8]], [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2004/jun/wk5/art04.htm 9/11 and the New York City Economy].&quot; ''[[United States Department of Labor|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]: [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ]]'', [[July 1|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1]], [[2004]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ inhibited ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ priorities. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Michael Bloomberg|ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Bloomberg]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2002 iyuwakodi ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-2005, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Pataki ᎡᏆᏯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation|ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ criticized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.&lt;ref&gt;Lubell, ᎦᏁᎳ; ᎤᏪᏴ, Charles. &quot;[http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/051205groundzero.asp Power Struggle Heats Up While Development Moves Slowly at Ground Zero].&quot; ''Architectural ᎪᏪᎸ'', [[December 5|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 5]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. &quot;[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/local/story/371361p-315964c.html Fat cats miled Ground Zero].&quot; ''ᎢᏤ York ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏗᏤᎢ'', [[December 3|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 3]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᏌᏊ, [[7 World Trade Center|7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎤᎭ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Ameriprise Financial, Inc.|Ameriprise ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, Inc.]], [[spin off|ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]] [[American Express|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ Advisors ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[tenant|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;Canfield, Clarke. &quot;[http://www.boston.com/news/local/maine/articles/2005/11/19/portland_agency_takes_on_campaign_for_world_trade_center?mode=PF Portland agency takes on campaign for World Trade Center].&quot; ''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.com'', [[November 19|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 19]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ 2010, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 7 WTC ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[The Financial District (Manhattan)|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ.

ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮝ reopening. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 20% cutback ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ exacerbated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ struggling Ꭴ.. [[airline]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Bhadra, Dipasis; Texter, Pamela. &quot;[http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_01/html/paper_06/ Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel]&quot;, '''2004.''' ''ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ'', '''7(1)'''.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Chicago]] ᎠᎴ [[Los Angeles]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ downtown ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ.

===ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ===
[[Image:September 11 from space.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ: Manhattan ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ  ᎡᏆ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]]
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[asbestos]], [[lead (element)|ᎦᏂ]], ᎠᎴ [[Mercury (element)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[dioxin]] ᎠᎴ [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ debilitating illnesses ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ NYPD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ [[James Zadroga]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/408217p-345459c.html |title=WTC air doomed ex-cop |author=Schapiro, Rich |publisher=New York Daily News |date=2006, April 12}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᎠᎴ nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/ Pollution and Deception at Ground Zero: Why It Could Happen Again: Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens].&quot; '''2005.''' ''[[Sierra Club|Sierra ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]].''&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ pollutants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ fetal ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ environmental ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ analyzing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ.

==ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ==
{{main|September 11, 2001 attack memorials and services}}
[[Image:Groundzero212292005.JPG|thumb|right|200px|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2005]]
[[Image:Twintowerscross.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]]
[[Image:Wtc-2004-memorial.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Manhattan ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Jersey City, New Jersey|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004.]]

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ heroes ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. [[eternal flame|ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ [[Pentagon Memorial|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Keith Kaseman ᎠᎴ Julie Beckman KBAS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pentagonmemorial.net/site/PageServer Pentagon Memorial Fund Website].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ 2006. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ [[America's Heroes Memorial|ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ Heroes ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, 2002 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ restricted ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Flight 93 National Memorial|ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ, &quot;ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ,&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ [[crescent|ᎦᏁᎸ]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Mecca]]. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ redesigned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ [[Islam]]. 

ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center Memorial|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ'' ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Michael Arad]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2009.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ '''ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ updated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. [http://911memorials.org/usa/ 911 Memorials] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ newest ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏛᏍᏗ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ, ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ charities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏥᎨᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
{{further|[[Financial assistance following the September 11, 2001 attacks|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]}}

{{seealso|September 11, 2001 attacks in arts and literature}}

==Media==
{{commons|Category:9/11}}
{{multi-listen start}}
{{multi-listen item|filename=George W. Bush Speech - September 12, 2001.ogg|title=President George W. Bush's September 12, 2001 speech about the attacks|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{multi-listen end}}

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{|width=100%
|-valign=top
|width=50%|
*[[2001 anthrax attacks|2001 ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
*[[9/11 (film)|9/11 (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ)]]
*[[7 World Trade Center|7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]]
*[[Able Danger|ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ]]
*[[al-Qaeda|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Qaeda]]
*[[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]]
*''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'' (film)
*[[Freedom Tower|tohi adedi ᏂᎬᎢ]]
*[[Harry Samit|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Samit]]
*[[Ladenese epistle|Ladenese ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ]]
*[[List of massacres#Politically-motivated non-governmental massacres|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ motivated ᎬᏙᏗ governmental ᏕᎨᏥᎢᎲᎢ]]
*[[Osama bin Laden|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]]
*[[Osama bin Laden's Declaration of War|Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ  ᏓᏄᏩ]]
*[[Osama tapes|Osama ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]
*[[Pavel Hlava]]
*[[Project Bojinka|ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Bojinka]]
*[[Slogans and terms derived from the September 11, 2001 attack|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
|width=50%|
*[[United 93 (film)|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93 (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ)]]
*[[USS Cole bombing|USS Cole ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ]]
*[[War on Terrorism|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[World Trade Center|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ]]
*[[World Trade Center bombing|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ]] (1993)
*[[World Trade Center (film)|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ)]]
*[[World Trade Center Memorial|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ]]

'''Victims'''
*[[One World Trade Center tenants|ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]
*[[Two World Trade Center tenants|ᏔᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]]
|}

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;!--This article uses [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for its references. Please use this format when adding references to parts of the article. Any additional references not utilizing this format are subject to deletion, and external links (linkspam) added to this subject is subject to immediate deletion without warning. --&gt;
&lt;!--do not reduce font sizes, the Wiki style sheets control presentation--&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{sisterlinks|September 11}}
&lt;!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --&gt;
* [http://www.9-11commission.gov 9-11Commission.gov] - 'ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ &amp;ndash; ''archived'')
* [http://911digitalarchive.org/ 911DigitalArchive.org] - 'ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 Digital ᎪᏪᎸ: ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Histories ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th, 2001' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Library of Congress|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]])
* [http://www.911investigations.net 911 Investigations] - ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ BBC News] - 'ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ'
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=9%2F11&amp;search_crit=title&amp;search=Search&amp;date1=Anytime&amp;date2=Anytime&amp;type=form  Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding 9/11]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/911_archive/ Memory.loc.gov] - 'ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ', ᎯᎠ [[Library of Congress|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]]
* [http://www.thememoryhole.org/911/fdny_dispatches.htm TheMemoryHole.org] - ᎢᏤ York ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ audio ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[September 11|ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11]] [[2001]].
* [http://wcbstv.com/911 WCBS-TV September 11th Remembered]
* [http://www.ny1.com/WTC_Coverage/ NY1.com] - ᎢᏤ York ᏌᏊ ᏗᏤᎢ Television, 'ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ' ([[June 7|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 7]], [[2005]])
* [http://www.september11archive.com September 11, 2001 Newspaper Articles Archive] - ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 15,000 ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ 9/11/2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/nation/specials/attacked/sept11/ Washington Post] - 'ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ Unleash ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ'
* [http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Terrorism/Incidents/September_11,_2001/ Open Directory] - ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001

'''Multimedia'''
&lt;!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/profile_videos?user=JudicialWatch Plane Hits Pentagon]

* [http://www.archive.org/details/20041102-Last-Chance-911-Timeline 9/11 Timeline] - Chronology ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 4-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ.
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html CNN.com] - Video ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.
* [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/inside911/ Inside 9/11] - [[National Geographic|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic]]
*{{cite web
| title = Defense Department Releases Two Videos of Flight 77 Crashing Into Pentagon
| work =
| url =http://www.judicialwatch.org/flight77.shtml 
| accessdate=2006-07-30
}} 
* [http://ny1.com/pages/RRR/911timeline.html New York 1 channel coverage]
* [http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/shattered/ Time.com] - 'ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ: ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ', James Nachtwey
* [http://forums.putfile.com/viewtopic.php?t=1970 Various TV news coverage on Putfile.com]
* [http://wherewereyou.org Memories of the attack] (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[flashbulb memory|flashbulb ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]])

'''ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ'''
&lt;!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. --&gt;
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/ CNN September 11 memorial] - ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/damage.map.html CNN.com] - 'ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏤ York'
* [http://www.memorywiki.org/en/Category:9/11 Memorywiki] - 9/11 ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
* [http://www.newyorkmetro.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers.htm NewYorkMetro.com] - 9/11 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ: ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ', ''[[New York Times|ᎢᏤ York itsuwakodi]]''

{{War on Terrorism}}

[[Category:September 11, 2001 attacks|*]]
[[Category:Famous numbers|9]]
[[Category:Fires]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda activities]]
[[Category:Disasters in New York City]]
[[Category:World Trade Center]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:2001 disasters]]
[[Category:Anti-terrorism policy of the United States]]
[[Category:Mass casualty atrocities]]

{{Link FA|sv}}

[[ar:أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001]]
[[bg:Атентати от 11 септември]]
[[bn:সেপ্টেম্বর ১১, ২০০১ এর হামলা]]
[[bs:Napadi 11. septembra 2001.]]
[[ca:Atacs terroristes de l'11 de setembre de 2001]]
[[cs:Teroristické útoky 11. září 2001]]
[[cy:Ymosodiadau 11 Medi 2001]]
[[da:Terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001]]
[[de:Terroranschläge am 11. September 2001]]
[[el:Επιθέσεις της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001]]
[[en:September 11, 2001 attacks]]
[[eo:11-a de septembro 2001]]
[[es:Atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001]]
[[et:11. septembri terrorirünnakud]]
[[eu:2001eko irailaren 11ko atentatuak]]
[[fi:Syyskuun 11. päivän iskut]]
[[fr:Attentats du 11 septembre 2001]]
[[ga:9/11]]
[[gl:Ataques do 11 de setembro de 2001]]
[[he:פיגועי 11 בספטמבר]]
[[hr:Napadi 11. rujna 2001.]]
[[hu:2001. szeptember 11-i terrortámadás]]
[[id:Serangan 11 September 2001]]
[[io:Atenti ye 11 di septembro 2001]]
[[is:Hryðjuverkin 11. september 2001]]
[[it:Attentati dell'11 settembre 2001]]
[[ja:アメリカ同時多発テロ事件]]
[[ko:9·11 테러]]
[[la:11 Septembris 2001]]
[[lb:Terroruschléi vum 11. September 2001 an den USA]]
[[li:Aonsleeg vaan 11 september 2001]]
[[lt:Rugsėjo 11 atakos]]
[[ml:സെപ്റ്റംബര്‍ 11ലെ ഭീകരാക്രമണം]]
[[ms:Serangan 11 September 2001]]
[[nl:Terroristische aanslagen op 11 september 2001]]
[[no:Terrorangrepet 11. september 2001]]
[[pdc:Der 11 September 2001]]
[[pl:Zamach na World Trade Center i Pentagon]]
[[pt:Ataques de 11 de Setembro de 2001]]
[[ro:Atentatele din 11 septembrie 2001]]
[[ru:Террористический акт 11 сентября 2001 года]]
[[sco:11t September attacks]]
[[sh:Napadi 11. septembra 2001.]]
[[simple:September 11, 2001 attacks]]
[[sk:Útoky z 11. septembra 2001]]
[[sl:Teroristični napadi 11. septembra 2001]]
[[sr:Напади 11. септембра 2001.]]
[[sv:11 september-attackerna]]
[[th:วินาศกรรม 11 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2544]]
[[tr:11 Eylül 2001 Saldırıları]]
[[uk:Терористичний акт 11 вересня 2001 року в США]]
[[uz:2001 yil 11 sentabr terroristik hurujlari]]
[[vi:Sự kiện 11 tháng 9]]
[[yi:9/11]]
[[zh:九一一袭击事件]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sep11</title>
    <id>2702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8911</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-11T17:07:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; clear:right;&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
| style=&quot;background:#66aaff; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[September 11, 2001 attacks|Sept. 11, 2001 attacks]]'''
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | [[Timeline of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Timeline]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Background history]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Planning of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Planning]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for the day of the attacks|September 11, 2001]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for September|Rest of September]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for October|October]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Aftermath]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Victims
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Survivors]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Non-American casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Foreign casualties]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Hijacked airliners
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[American Airlines Flight 11]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[United Airlines Flight 175]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[American Airlines Flight 77]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[United Airlines Flight 93]] 
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Sites of destruction
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[World Trade Center]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[The Pentagon]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Effects
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[World political effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks|World political effects]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[World economic effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks|World economic effects]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Detentions following the September 11, 2001 attacks|Detentions]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks|Airport security]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Closings and cancellations following the September 11, 2001 attacks|Closings and cancellations]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[List of audiovisual entertainment affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks|Audiovisual entertainment]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Response
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[U.S. government response to the September 11, 2001 attacks|Government response]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks|Rescue and recovery effort]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Financial assistance following the September 11, 2001 attacks|Financial assistance]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[September 11, 2001 attack memorials and services|Memorials and services]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Perpetrators
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks|Responsibility]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks|Organizers]] 
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Miscellaneous
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks|Communication]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|Tower collapse]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[Slogans and terms derived from the September 11, 2001 attack|Slogans and terms]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[9/11 conspiracy theories|Conspiracy theories]]
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[September 11, 2001 attack opportunists|Opportunists]] 
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;&quot; | Inquiries
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|U.S. Congressional Inquiry]] 
|-
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #edf3fe;&quot; | [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|9/11 Commission]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Sep11}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ</title>
    <id>2703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8912</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-12T04:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = American Robin
| status = LC
| image = Turdus-migratorius-002.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Turdidae]]
| genus = ''[[Turdus]]''
| species = '''''T. migratorius'''''
| binomial = ''Turdus migratorius''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1766]]
}}

==Overview==

ᎯᎠ '''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ''' (''Turdus migratorius'') ᎨᏒᎢ [[bird migration|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] [[songbird]] ᎯᎠ [[Turdidae|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ 25-28 cm (10-11 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ upperparts ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ underparts, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ brighter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ [[European Robin|European ᏥᏉᏉ]] (''Erithacus rubecula'') ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ''T. m. confinus'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southwest ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ underparts.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ [[feather|ᎤᎩᏓᎵ]]ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎪᎯ agatoli-ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ.

ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[Canada]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ overwinter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Canada, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ... [[Guatemala]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎿᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ. (ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.)

ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[vagrancy (biology)|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Europe]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ 2003, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ eastwards ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ USA. Presumably ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ overwinter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003-4, ᏌᏊ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sparrowhawk]].

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ' ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ [[Egg (biology)|ᎤᏪᏥ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ 11-14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ 15-16 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ fledging. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ woodland ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ farmland ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], [[earthworm|ᎤᏂᏥᏯ]], ᎠᎴ [[Berry|berries]]. ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ, ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[earthworm|ᎤᏂᏥᏯ]]ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.

ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[West Nile virus|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Nile ᎥᏳᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Western hemisphere|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. 

ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ [[Connecticut]], [[Michigan]], ᎠᎴ [[Wisconsin]].

==ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏯᏂ==

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ thrushes, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ thrushes, Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ.  Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''cheerily'' ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ spliced ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ varies ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi ᎢᎦ.  ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ songbirds ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ predator approaches ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ &quot;PEEK!! tut tut tut tut...&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ threatened, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ whinny.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ behaviour, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ predator.  ᏥᏉᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ; ᏐᎢ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ colder ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ.

==Trivia==
*Crayola ᎤᎭ crayon ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, [[robin's egg blue|ᏥᏉᏉ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ.
*ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ depicted ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 1986 ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[Canadian dollar|ᎦᏁᎳ $2 ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ]].
*ᎯᎠ [[Disney]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Mary Poppins]], ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[London]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ portrayed ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏦᎳᏅ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[European Robin|European ᏥᏉᏉ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

==ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:American Robin KSC01pp1005.jpg|Male, front view
Image:American Robin nest.JPG|A single egg in a nest, waiting for the parents to return.
Image:AmericanRobinNestWithEggs.jpg|Nest with four eggs (the nest is approximately 5 inches (13 cm) across)
Image:AmericanRobinChicksInNest 1.jpg|Same nest with four chicks. The pink &quot;runt&quot; in the center hatched only two days later than his/her nest mates
Image:IMG 4247.JPG|Newborn Chicks awaiting a meal.  Summer 2006, San Carlos California
&lt;!-- Unsourced image removed: Image:RobinEggs.jpg --&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=51639|title=Turdus migratorius|downloaded=12 May 2006}} ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ
* ''Thrushes'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Hathaway, ISBN 0-7136-3940-7

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Commons|Turdus migratorius}}
*[http://gilbert-wesley-purdy.blogspot.com/2005/09/burroughs-observes-gourmet-robin.html Burroughs Observes a Gourmet Robin.]  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Burroughs ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ.
*[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/robin/AlbinoRobins.html Albinism in Robins]
*[http://web.mac.com/wildlifeweb/iWeb/Robin/American_Robin.html American Robin Nesting Behavior] - ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
*[http://web.mac.com/wildlifeweb/iWeb/Robin/Photos.html American Robin Photos] - ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ fledgling ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ
*[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/robin/Dictionary.html American Robin Vocalizations]
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=5989 American Robin videos] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
*[http://www.vivanatura.org/sounds/American%20Robin%20(Turdus%20migratorius).wav American_Robin.wav] - .wav ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.


[[Category:Turdidae]]
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western hemisphere)]]
[[Category:United States state birds]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]

[[pdc:Amschel]]
[[de:Wanderdrossel]]
[[en:American Robin]]
[[fr:Merle d'Amérique]]
[[ja:コマツグミ]]
[[nl:Roodborstlijster]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏩᏓᏚᎦ</title>
    <id>2704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8915</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-13T14:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.10.174.164</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Dragonfly
| image = Sympetrum flaveolum - side (aka).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Yellow-winged Darter|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Darter]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]a
| ordo = [[Odonata]]
| subordo = [[Epiprocta]]
| infraordo = '''Anisoptera'''
| infraordo_authority = [[Edmond de Selys Longschamps|Selys]], 1854
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = 
[[Aeshnidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Austropetaliidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cordulegastridae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Corduliidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Gomphidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Libellulidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Macromiidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Neopetaliidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Petaluridae]]
}}
[[Image:Dragonfly larva.jpg|thumb|200px|ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎠᏲᎵ]][[Image:Dragonfly_morphology.png|thumb|200px|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ   ᏩᏓᏚᎦ.]][[Image:Dragonfly_eye_3811.jpg|thumb|ᏩᏓᏚᎦ agatoli|200px]]


'''ᏩᏓᏚᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]] ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Odonata]], ᎯᎠ suborder [[Epiprocta]] ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ infraorder '''Anisoptera'''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ [[compound eye|multifaceted digatoli]], ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ [[insect wing|ᎪᏯᏛ]], ᎠᎴ elongated ᎠᏰᎸ.

Dragonflies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[mosquito|ᏙᏌ]]es, [[midge (insect)|ᎢᎦᎢ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[fly|anitvga]], [[bee|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], ᎠᎴ [[butterfly|butterflies]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ [[wetland]]ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏲᎵ&quot;, ᎠᎴ aquatic. Dragonflies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ grasped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ); ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[predator]] Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mosquitoes.

&lt;!--[[Image:Macromia illinoiensis.jpg|thumb|left|[[Illinois River Cruiser]] (©2003 Ted Lee Eubanks, Jr./FERMATA Inc., courtesy of [http://www.byways.org/ byways.org])]]--&gt;


==ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ==

ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[egg (biology)|ᎤᏪᏥ]] ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᎨᏴ dragonflies ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ emergent digakohidi. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]l (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ [[gill|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ [[invertebrate]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ vertebrates ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tadpole|ᏖᎦ]]ᎠᎴ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ.


== ᏂᎦᎥ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ==
===ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏪᏴ===
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fossil|lyudetiyvda]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ [[Protodonata]] ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ''[[Meganeura]] monyi'' ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Permian]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[wingspan]] 70&amp;ndash;75&amp;nbsp;cm (27.5&amp;ndash;29.5&amp;nbsp;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 19&amp;nbsp;cm (7.5&amp;nbsp;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ odonates, ᎯᎠ [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, ''[[Anax strenuus]]''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ libellulid ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, ''[[Nannophya pygmaea]]'' ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ [[Asia]] ᎬᏙᏗ wingspan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 20&amp;nbsp;mm, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3/4 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ.

Dragonflies ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ fastest ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 97 km/h (60 [[Miles per hour|mph]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.edhelper.com/AnimalReadingComprehension_197_1.html|accessdate=June 11|accessyear=2006|title=Dragonflies}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ [[Common Green Darner|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Darner]] ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ''(Anax junius)'' ᎨᏒᎢ nicknamed &quot;ᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ fastest-ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ dragonflies, ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 85 km/h (53 mph). 
ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ dragonflies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 137 km (85 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ. &lt;ref&gt;BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4759615.stm &quot;Tiny tags trace dragonfly paths&quot;], [[10 May|10 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ===

Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ agatoli ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30,000 ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[compound eye|ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ agatoli]]; ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-sensing ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[ommatidia|ommatidium]], ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 360° ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.

===Camouflage===
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ dragonflies ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ [[optical illusion|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ agatoli]], termed ''[[motion camouflage|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ camouflage]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://info.anu.edu.au/MAC/Media/Media_Releases/_2003/_030605Dragonflies.asp|accessdate=June 18|accessyear=2006|title=Dragonflies prove clever predators}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ dragonflies ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[camouflage|camouflaging]] techniques ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.

==ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
[[Image:Yellow-striped hunter dragonfly05.jpg|thumb|left|''Austrogomphus guerini'']]
===ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ dragonflies (Anisozygoptera)===
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ suborder ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ''ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ dragonflies'' ([[Anisozygoptera]], ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Anisozygoptera ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[paraphyletic]] ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ Anisoptera. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ [[infraorder]], ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Anisozygoptera ᎨᏒᎢ disbanded, Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ [[Darwinism|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]].

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ 320 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ''[[Delitzschala bitterfeldensis]]''. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Namurotypus]]''.

===Dragonflies vs. damselflies===
[[Damselfly|Damselflies]] (Suborder Zygoptera) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ dragonflies, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ damselflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lestidae), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ dragonflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎾᎿ damselfly ᎠᎴ separated; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ dragonflies ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Petaluridae (Petaltails) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Gomphidae (Clubtails). ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ Odonata, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ.

==ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ==
[[Image:Orthetrum_cancellatum.jpg|thumb|ᎠᎨᏴ [[Black-tailed Skimmer|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ Skimmer]]]]
[[Image:Anax_withmeal.jpg|thumb|[[Green Darner|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Darner]] ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ gantlai]]
* [[Emperor (dragonfly)|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]], ''Anax ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ''
* [[Keeled Skimmer]], ''Orthetrum coerulescens''
* [[Black-tailed Skimmer|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ Skimmer]], ''Orthetrum cancellatum''
* [[Common Whitetail|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Whitetail]], ''Libellula lydia''
* [[Migrant Hawker|Migrant ᎤᏓᎾᏂ]], ''Aeshna mixta''
* [[Azure Hawker|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ]], ''Aeshna caerulea''
* [[Southern Hawker|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ]], ''Aeshna cyanea''  
* [[Norfolk Hawker|Norfolk ᎤᏓᎾᏂ]], ''Aeshna isosceles'' 
* [[Common Hawker|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ]], ''Aeshna juncea''
* [[Red-veined Darter|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Darter]], ''Sympetrum fonscolombii''
* [[Common Darter|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Darter]], ''Sympetrum striolatum''
* [[Vagrant Darter|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ Darter]], ''Sympetrum vulgatum''
* [[Yellow-winged Darter|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Darter]], ''Sympetrum flaveolum''
* [[Broad-bodied Chaser|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]], ''Libellula depressa''
* [[Four-spotted Chaser|ᏅᎩ-ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]], ''Libellula quadrimaculata''
* [[Scarce Chaser|ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]], ''Libellula fulva''
* [[Green Darner|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Darner]], ''Anax junius''
* [[Downy Emerald|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], ''Cordulia aenea''

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;


== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
{{commonscat|Anisoptera}}
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/odonata.htm Dragonflies of North America - diagnostic photos and information]
* [http://www.habitas.org.uk/dragonflyireland/key1.htm Identification key to dragonflies found in Ireland] 
* [http://www.dragonflysoc.org.uk/index.htm British Dragonfly Society]
* [http://www.ups.edu/biology/museum/worldanisops.html List of Anisoptera of the World]
* [http://www.brocross.com/dfly/dfspec.htm Photos of most British species]
* [http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/dfly/dflyusa.htm Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of the United States]
* [http://www.greenexplorer.com/ Green Explorer - Checklists, photogallery,... Dragonflies of Kerala, South India.]

[[Category:Odonata]]
[[Category:Biological pest control agents]]

[[ca:Anisòpter]]
[[cy:Gwas y neidr]]
[[de:Großlibellen]]
[[en:Dragonfly]]
[[eo:Libelo]]
[[es:Anisoptera]]
[[fi:Sudenkorennot]]
[[fr:Libellule]]
[[id:Capung]]
[[it:Libellula]]
[[he:שפירית]]
[[nl:Echte libellen]]
[[ja:トンボ]]
[[pl:Ważki]]
[[pt:Libelinha]]
[[simple:Dragonfly]]
[[sl:Kačji pastir]]
[[su:Papatong]]
[[sv:Trollsländor]]
[[tl:Tutubi]]
[[zh:蜻蜓]]
[[zh-min-nan:Chhân-eⁿ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏙᏯ</title>
    <id>2705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9436</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-08T12:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[no:Bevere]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Beavers
| fossil_range = Late [[Miocene]] - Recent
| image = Beaver.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[American Beaver|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal|gantlai]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| familia = [[Castoridae]]
| genus = '''''Castor'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]
| subdivision = 
''[[American Beaver|C. canadensis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[European Beaver|C. ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]]''
}}

'''ᏙᏯ''' ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic [[rodent]]ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[Europe]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[family (biology)|ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] [[Castoridae]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏏᏴᏫ [[genus|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], '''''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ'''''. [[genetics|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] [[research|ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮎ [[hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]ization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ [[dam|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]]ᎠᎴ [[stream|ᎤᏪᏴᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ (aka [[lodge|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[pond|ᎥᏓᎵ]].  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[capybara]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ [[fangs|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ cornered. 
ᏙᏯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏔᎾ [[specimen|ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ]]ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 [[kilogram|kg]] (55 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ.  ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ lyudetiyvda, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[mammal|gantlai]].

==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
[[Image:Biberschaedel-drawing.jpg|thumb| ᏙᏯ [[skull|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]]]
[[Image:Biber_2_db.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario, Canada]]ᎯᎠ [[European Beaver|European ᏙᏯ]] (''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ'') ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ [[extinction|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ''[[castoreum]]'', [[secretion|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] Ꮝ [[scent gland|ᎦᏩᏒᎬ gland]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ [[medicine|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] properties.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Europe.  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Elbe]], ᎯᎠ [[Rhone River|Rhone]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Scandinavia]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Poland]] ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ''. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[reintroduction|reintroduced]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bavaria]] ᎠᎴ [[The Netherlands|ᎯᎠ Netherlands]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[sixteenth century|ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]: [[Giraldus Cambrensis]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1188]] (''Itinerarium'' ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Teifi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wales]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ [[first hand|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ [[2005]], ᏑᏓᎵ European ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Britain ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Gloucestershire]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]] ᎠᎴ [[Wales]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.msn.ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.uk/htx/returnofthebeaver/&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[Giant beaver|ᏂᎬᎢ ᏙᏯ]] (''Castoroides ohioensis'') ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ [[evolution|ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ disappeared, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Holocene extinction event|Holocene ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]], ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.

==ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ==
[[Image:Beaver pho34.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norway]] ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[riparian zone|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ iyahdvnelidasdi nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ downed ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ.  ᏙᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[keystone species|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ecosystem]] ᎾᎥᎢ creating [[wetlands]] Ꮎ ᎠᎴ utilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏙᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ amazing.  ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ gantlai ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tierra del Fuego]], ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ flooded ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ unstoppable ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ.

===ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ===
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators, e.g., ᏩᏯ, ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ spillways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎹ.

ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎢ lyadvnehi ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

[[Image:Beaver signs.JPG|250px|left|thumb|ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ  250 mm (10 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, felled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ.]] ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ involving ᏙᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ activities ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ stimuli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ Wilson (1971) ᎠᎴ Richard (1967, 1980) ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ loudspeaker ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ plugging ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ upstream ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disruptive; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ roadbed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ derailments ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ-atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎩᎳ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ wetlands, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ecosystem.  ᏯᏛᎿ wetland ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎢ, biodiversity (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ toxins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pesticides ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ turbidity Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
[[Image:Beaverlodge.JPG|thumb|right|250px|ᏙᏯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, approx. 20 ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. [[Ontario, Canada]]]]  

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ utugi gvdi ᏒᏙᏂ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ rodent.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ.

'''ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ'''

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ wetted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ seep ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ slowed ᎡᎳᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ.[[Image:Broken_Beaver_Dam.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. [[Allegheny State Park, New York|Allegheny ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏤ York]]]]

'''Wetland ᏗᏁᏝᎾ'''

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ settling atsinuqowisgv ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ breached ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wetland ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ [[wetlands]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ.

'''ᎯᎠ grazing ᏂᎬᏅ (ᏂᎬᏅ)'''

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ wetland kalil ᎠᎴ dries atsinuqowisgv, ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.

'''ᎯᎠ riverine ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ'''

ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ colonized ᎾᎥᎢ riverine ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ aspens, ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ favoured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ recolonize ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.

'''ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ'''

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ iyuwakodi ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider ᎠᎴ wider.  ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sparce ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ fabled ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ  ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ , ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ.

'''Nutrient ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ'''

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.  ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ adel didiyi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎵ phosphates, nitrates ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anaditsgv. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cellulose, polymer ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ molleculles  (polyglucose?).  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ cellulase ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.  ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ algae ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ cellulose ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ mollecule nitrogen ᎠᎴ phosporous ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏯᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ.

'''Pesticide ᎠᎴ herbicide ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ'''

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ herbicides ᎠᎴ pesticides ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.  ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nasties ᎠᎴ metabolized ᎠᎴ detoxified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cellulose ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

'''Denitrification'''

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Nitrate ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ nitrogen ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ nitrogen ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ Dioxide ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ, Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ denitrification.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ digakohidi, denitrification ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ aerobic ᎠᎴ anaerobic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ seeps ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ anaerobic.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.  ᎪᎯ aerobic, anaerobic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.   
    
ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ,&lt;ref&gt;http://abob.libs.ᎤᎦ.edu/bobk/bbeavdam.html&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏦᎢ ᏴᎩ, Montana ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 2,140 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, 14 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ 23 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv.&lt;ref&gt;http://ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.earthlink.ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ/~scouters2/ᏙᏯ.html&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᏕᎨᏥᎧᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ-ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ.  Unwanted ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᏕᏡᎬ.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.BeaversWW.org&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ===
ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ' ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ''ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ severed ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ tlawotu. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ gantlai (ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, [[musk rat|ᏎᎳᎩᏍᏆ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.

==ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ== 
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ startled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ forcefully slapping ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.  ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ 'ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ', ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ nearby ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ reemerge ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi.

==ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ==
ᏙᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[barter|ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[17th century|17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ [[Europe]]ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]] ᎠᎴ [[France]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ endangerment. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ [[fur trade|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]] ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ takeover ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎤᏍᏗ resurgence ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏯ; ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.

==ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda [[fantasy novel|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]''.  ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1908) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[The Tent Dwellers|ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏓᏗ ᎡᎯ]]'', ᎾᎥᎢ [[Albert Bigelow Paine]]. 

ᎯᎠ [[American Beaver|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ]] (''C. canadensis'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[List of national animals|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ gantlai]] [[Canada]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Nickel (Canadian coin)|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ [[postage stamp|postage ᎦᏯᎸᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[national symbol|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ favourite ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ furry ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ [[mascot|ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ]] [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics]] ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Montreal]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;Amik&quot; (&quot;ᏙᏯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Algonquin language|Algonquin]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Canadian Forces|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Royal 22e Régiment|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ 22e Régiment]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Canadian Military Engineers|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ.  

[[Oregon]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏓᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[List of U.S. state mammals|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai]] [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ [[New Netherland|ᎢᏤ Netherland]]). 

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ capabilities, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ  ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]], [[California Institute of Technology|California ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ  ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]], [[Oregon State University|Oregon ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[University of Toronto|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Toronto]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[London School of Economics|London ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮝ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ - [[The Beaver|ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[Quebec]], ᎯᎠ [[Roman Catholic Church|ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ]] ruled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' [[Thomas Aquinas]]; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ gantlai ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/314708.htm ''The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas''] ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 147:8 ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ argued ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ.&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[meat|ᎭᏫᏯ]] ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Lent|ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ]] ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᏯ.  &lt;ref&gt;http://www.chowdc.org/Ꭺ/Saunders%202001.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{fr}}Lacoursière, Jacques. ''Une histoire du Québec'' ISBN 2894480504 ᏕᎪᏏᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ François ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Laval ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi posed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ Sorbonne, ᎦᎪ ruled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ==
[[Image:Beavertracks.JPG|thumb|right|150px|ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ontario]]. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ approx 20cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.]]''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Brittannica]].''

'''ᏙᏯ''', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ European aquatic ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ mammalian ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ RODENTIA, ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Aryan ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ gantlai, cf. lyudetiyvda ''babhru','' ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ichneumon, Lat. ''ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ,'' ᏄᏁᎸᎾ. ''Biber,'' Swed. ''bäver,'' Russ. ''bobr';'' ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ''bhru'' ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ &quot;ᏬᏗᎨ,&quot; ᎠᎴ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Romanic, &quot;ᏬᏗᎨ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᎶᏂᏗ.&quot;

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏙᏯ (''ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (''C. canadensis''), ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. 
[[Image:Beaver dam in Yellowstone.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Yellowstone National Park|Yellowstone ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].]]
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]](Sciuridae), ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ (tibia ᎠᎴ fibula) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ arboreal ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ Castoridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aquatic. 

[[Image:Beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tierra del Fuego]].]]

ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏙᏯ--European ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ--ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ft. ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ--ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ greyish colour, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ coarser ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏬᏗᎨ. 

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ aquatic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎥᏝ travelling ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᎯᎠ European ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exterminated ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Elbe]], ᎯᎠ [[Rhone River|Rhone]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ 
ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. 

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏕᏡᎬ felled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ incisor ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ neighbourhood ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ &quot;ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ,&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ tlawotu ᎨᏒᎢ plastered ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. 

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ digakohidi. 

[[image:Beaver_dam_in_Fossil_Butte_NM-750px.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[Fossil Butte National Monument|lyudetiyvda ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]].]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ localities. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[driftwood]], [[willow|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]], [[birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ poplars; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ intermixed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

&quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ,&quot; ᎪᏪᎵᎠ Hearne, &quot;ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ frequented ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ; ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ.&quot;

ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ. 

[[Image:BeaverDam 8409.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Lassen Volcanic National Park|Lassen ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ tlawotu, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ [[wolf|ᎠᏂᏩᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[wolverine]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ favourite ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᎤᎾᏥ (''[[Nuphar luteum]]''), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[cabbage|tsuqwanvdena]]-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ [[birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]], [[poplar]] ᎠᎴ [[willow|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ]] ᏕᏡᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ berries, ᎨᏒᎢ consumed. 

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ iyuwakodi ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎳ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎩᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ.

Castoreum ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pouches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ foetid odour, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[perfume|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]]ry.

lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ England ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Pleistocene]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ England ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏙᏯ, ''Trogontherium cuvieri'', ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
{{Commons|Castor|Beaver}}

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=180211 ITIS 180211] 2002-12-14

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.aigas.co.uk/beavers-g.asp European beaver watching site at Aigas, Scotland]
* [http://www.BeaversWW.org Beavers: Wetlands &amp; Wildlife website]
* [http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/BeaveReality.htm Bob Arnebeck's beaver observation site] 
* [http://www.ecology.info/beaver-ecology.htm Ecology of the Beaver] 
* [http://www.cgkids.ca/cgkids/animal/2005_01_beaver.asp Animal fact sheets] [[Canadian Geographic|ᎦᏁᎳ Geographic]] ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ
* [http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/o1_e.cfm Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol]
* [http://www.scotsbeavers.org A website about reintroducing the beaver to Scotland]
* [http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/ugafax/QL737xR6xD84 The romance of the beaver;] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ . Radclyffe Dugmore. ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi. ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ; London, W. Heinemann [[1914]] ''(searchable ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Georgia Libraries)'' 
{{1911}}


[[Category:Beavers]]
[[Category:Fur trade]]

[[ar:قندس]]
[[bg:Бобри]]
[[cr:ᐊᒥᔅᒄ]]
[[da:Bæver]]
[[de:Biber]]
[[en:Beaver]]
[[eo:Kastoro]]
[[es:Castor]]
[[et:Kobras]]
[[fi:Majavat]]
[[fr:Castor (animal)]]
[[he:בונה (בעל חיים)]]
[[ja:ビーバー]]
[[ko:비버]]
[[lt:Bebriniai]]
[[nl:Bevers]]
[[nn:Bever]]
[[no:Bevere]]
[[nrm:Bièvre]]
[[pt:Castor]]
[[ro:Castor]]
[[ru:Бобровые]]
[[simple:Beaver]]
[[sv:Bävrar]]
[[ta:பீவர்]]
[[tr:Kunduz]]
[[uk:Бобер]]
[[zh:河狸科]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎬᎾ</title>
    <id>2706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8923</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-15T05:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Turkeys
| image = Wild turkey.jpg
| image_caption = [[Wild Turkey|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]], ''Meleagris gallopavo''
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
| familia = '''Meleagrididae'''
| familia_authority = [[George Robert Gray|GR ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], 1840
| genus = '''''Meleagris'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Wild Turkey|M. gallopavo]]''&lt;br&gt;
''[[Ocellated Turkey|M. ocellata]]''
}}
'''ᎬᎾ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᏆ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Meleagris''. ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ classed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Galliformes|gamebird]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ [[wattle|ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ]]d ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ galliform ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ colourful. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ wingspans 1.5-1.8 metres, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n '''[[Wild Turkey|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]]''' (''M. gallopavo'') ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n '''[[Ocellated Turkey|Ocellated ᎬᎾ]]''' (''M. ocellata'').

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[domesticated turkey|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ. ᎯᎠ Ocellated ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Maya civilisation|Mayans]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ speculated Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ morphological ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ocellated ᎬᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ hunted, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].  ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.

==ᏓᎪᏍᎬ==
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Europeans ᎢᎬᏱ encountered ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ identified ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Africa]]n [[Helmeted Guineafowl]] (''Numida meleagris''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ-ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ Europe ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏗᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ: ''meleagris'' ᎨᏒᎢ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ-ᏧᏓᎳᎾᏓ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[list of names for the Wild Turkey|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]].

[[Image:Turkeys on path.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.]]

[[Image:Turkey track 5777.JPG|thumb|300 px|right|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ, Georgetown, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]]

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎬᎾ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ: ᎯᎠ [[Australian brush-turkey|Australian ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎬᎾ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[megapode]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;Australian ᎬᎾ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ [[Australian Bustard]], [[Gruiformes|gruiform]].

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Domesticated turkey|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ]]
* ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[Wild Turkey|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]]
* ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ [[Ocellated Turkey|Ocellated ᎬᎾ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=35 Turkey videos] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=turkey Etymology of the word]

[[Category:Meleagrididae|*]]
[[Category:Fauna of Mexico]]

[[de:Truthühner]]
[[en:Turkey (Bird)]]
[[es:Meleagris]]
[[eo:Meleagro]]
[[fr:Meleagrididae]]
[[ko:칠면조과]]
[[it:Tacchino]]
[[nl:Kalkoenen]]
[[ja:シチメンチョウ亜科 (Sibley)]]
[[pl:Indykowate]]
[[pt:Peru (ave)]]
[[ru:Индейковые]]
[[th:ไก่งวง]]
[[tr:Hindi]]
[[no:Kalkun]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ</title>
    <id>2707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8925</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-15T06:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Wild Turkey
| status = LC
| status_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=47092|title=Meleagris gallopavo|downloaded=11 May 2006}} ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ &lt;/ref&gt;
| ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ = ᎨᏯᏔᎯ_ᎬᎾ_ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ_ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ.jpg
| ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ_ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ = 240px
| ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ_ᎠᏍᏆᏛᏛ = ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ = [[Galliformes]]
| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
| ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ = ''[[Turkey (bird)|Meleagris]]''
| ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ = '''''M. gallopavo'''''
| ᏔᎵ = ''Meleagris gallopavo''
| ᏔᎵ_ᏓᎳᏏᏛ = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}

ᎯᎠ '''ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ''' (''Meleagris gallopavo'') ᎨᏒᎢ [[gamebird]], ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[turkey (bird)|ᎬᎾ]]. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ featherless  ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᎤᏯᏅᎲ dewlap Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ engourged ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. 

ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ duller ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | first = G | last = Hill | coauthors = Doucet SM, Buchholz R | year = 2005 | title = The Effect of Coccidial Infection on Iridescent Plumage Coloration in Wild Turkeys | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 69 | pages = 387-94}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ. ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ 5,000-6,000 ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ &quot;ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ&quot; ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 9 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, 10-20% ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ thinner ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. 

== ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏯᏂ ==
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Galliformes]], ᎬᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[sexual dimorphism]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ fliers ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: [[Domesticated turkey|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ]]). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ achieving ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 50 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (80 kilometers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tvga ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ .25 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ). ᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, putts, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, cutts, ᏥᏔᎦ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ kee-kees.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Oscellated ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ/ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, &quot;ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᏫᎵ &quot;ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ&quot; ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᎾ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ announcing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ. ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.  ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ &quot;ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ&quot; ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.

== ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ==
ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Canada]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ forested ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predators. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏡᎬ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ ᎾᎾᎯ backyards ᎤᎪᎲᎢ atsinuqowisgv birdseed. ᎬᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..

== Foraging ==
ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ [[omnivore|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], foraging ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ mast ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ hazel, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏁᎢ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏔ, berries, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ vertebrates  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[snake|ᎢᎾᏛ]], [[frog|ᏩᎶᏏ]]ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. Poults ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, berries, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ forgage ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ itsuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. Alanine ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ leucine aminopeptidase ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ carbohydrate ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ alanine transporter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | first = OT | last = Foye | coauthors = Black BL | year = 2006 | month = Feb | title = Intestinal Adaptation to Diet in the Young Domestic and Wild Turkey | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology | volume = 143 | issue = 2 | pages = 184-92 | id = PMID 16406824}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ==
ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ [[polygamous]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ territories Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 5 ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ.  ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ, ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ dragging ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ strutting.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅnusdv udanvtv, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏬᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ flocked ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ inflating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ courted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ fathered ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ courted ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ-ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | first = AH | last = Krakauer | year = 2005 | month = Mar 3 | title = Kin selection and cooperative courtship in wild turkeys | journal = Nature | volume = 434 | issue = 7029 | pages = 69-72 | id = PMID 15744300}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎦᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ engulfed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.  ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ 10-12 ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ incubated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ poults ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12-24 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ precocial ᎠᎴ nidifugous.

== ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ Bejamin Franklin ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1784 criticizing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎬᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.  

:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ   ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.   ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᏙᏛ. ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ perched ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏓᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ watches ᎯᎠ Labour ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏔᏬᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

:''ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ansigaya ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ &amp; ᏌᎲᏍ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ lousy. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᎦᎡᎾ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏆᏯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ   atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᏨᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Cincinnati ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ . . .

:''ᎠᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ  ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ . . . ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ  ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ &amp; ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ, ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏳᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎾᎿ.''

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ Ꮎ () ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ, (b) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ &lt;i&gt;ᎤᎶᏐᏅ&lt;i&gt; ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᎴ (c) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏬᎭᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ advocating ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Franklin ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ advocated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]], [[Alabama]], [[Oklahoma|ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]] ᎠᎴ [[Massachusetts]]. 

ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Thanksgiving|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada.  ᎯᎠ [[Aztec]]ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Mexico|Mexican]] ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''M. g. mexicana''

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.  ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 30,000 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900'.  ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ rebounded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1980s]] ᎠᎴ [[1990s]], ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 49 ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ [[Alaska]].  ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ reintroduced ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Canada ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

== ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ:
# '''[[Eastern Wild Turkey|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ]]''' (''Meleagris gallopavo silvestris'')&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ; ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Maritimes|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5.1 5.3 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1817, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 4 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ tipped ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏬᏗᎨ.  
# '''Osceola ᎠᎴ Florida''' (''M. g. osceola'')&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Florida]] ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 80,000 100,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Seminole ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Osceola, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1980. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎬᎾ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵ overall ᎠᏰᎸ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. 
# '''Rio Grande''' (''M. g. intermedia'')&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]] ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, [[Kansas]], ᎠᎴ [[Colorado]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ northeastern ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Rio Grande ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Hawaii ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1950'.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1,022,700 1,025,700 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1879, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-coppery ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ lowrer ᎦᏐᎯ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ buff-ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ mesquite ᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 6,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ. 
# '''Merriam's''' (''M. g. merriami'')&lt;br&gt;ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Rocky Mountains|Rocky ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᏗ [[Wyoming]], [[Montana]] ᎠᎴ [[South Dakota|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Dakota]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 334,460 344,460 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ponderosa ᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ C. gantlai Merriam, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ Biological ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ. 
# '''Gould's''' (''M. g. mexicana'')&lt;br&gt;ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ Mexico ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ-ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Arizona]] ᎠᎴ [[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 650 800 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎠᎴ regulated. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1856. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Mexico. Gould ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Domesticated turkey|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ]]
* [[Ocellated Turkey|Ocellated ᎬᎾ]]
* [[list of names for the Wild Turkey|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
* {{cite web | url = http://www.nwtf.org/ | title = National Wild Turkey Federation | accessdate = May 31 | accessyear = 2006}}
&lt;/div&gt;
* http://www1.va.gov/opa/ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ/ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ/ᏬᎭᎵ.gantlai (ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ)

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/index.html All About Wild Turkeys] - ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ
*[http://www.nwtf.org/all_about_turkeys/sounds_of_turkeys.html Sounds Made by Wild Turkeys] - ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᏓᏯᏂ
*[Happy Thanksgiving http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae22.html]

[[Category:Meleagrididae]]
[[Category:United States state birds]]
[[Category:Avifauna of North America|Turkey, Wild ]]
[[Category:Wildlife of North America]]

[[de:Truthuhn]]
[[en:Wild Turkey]]
[[fr:dinde]]
[[nl:Kalkoen]]
[[ja:シチメンチョウ]]
[[pl:Indyk]]
[[sv:Kalkon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏩᏚᎵᏏ</title>
    <id>2708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8927</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-17T07:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Bees
| image = Osmia ribifloris bee.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''[[Osmia ribifloris]]''
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]a
| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
| subordo = [[Apocrita]]
| superfamilia = [[Apoidea]]
| series = '''Apiformes''' ( = '''Anthophila''')
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = 
[[Andrenidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Apidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Colletidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Halictidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Megachilidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Melittidae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stenotritidae]]
}}
[[Image:Bees Collecting Pollen 2004-08-14.jpg|thumb|right|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ pollen]]
'''ᏩᏚᎵᏏ''' (ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ superfamily '''Apoidea''') ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[wasp|ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ]]ᎠᎴ [[ant|ᏙᏒᏓᎵ]].  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 20,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Antarctica]]. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[nectar (plant)|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[pollen]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]]. 

ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [[proboscis|ᏂᎯ]] Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ [[antennae]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎦᏚ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ [[insect wing|ᎪᏯᏛ]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tvga. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (''Trigona minima'') ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.1 mm (5/64&quot;) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Megachile pluto|Megachile ᏨᏍᎩᏃ]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 39 mm (1.5&quot;). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Halictidae]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ.

==Pollination==
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[pollination|pollinating]] [[flowering plant|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[pollinator]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ecosystems Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ digakohidi. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ pollination, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ pollinators. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ pollination, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ [[electrostatic]] ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ pollen. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ foraging ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ pollen ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[scopa (biology)|scopa]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ventral [[abdomen|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ]] ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ specialized [[pollen basket|pollen ᏔᎷᏣ]]ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ opportunistic foragers, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ digakohidi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ [[oligolectic]], ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ pollen, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ oligolectic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ subgroup [[stingless bee|stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]](ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[vulture bee|ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]&quot;) ᎨᏒᎢ specialized ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. Pollen ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ soupy, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ [[spheroid|ᏒᏙᏂ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ (&quot;ᎦᏁᎸ&quot;), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ sealed ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎥᏝ interact ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ (iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ&quot;).

ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollinators ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[pollination management|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ pollination]] ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ [[honey|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ beekeepers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. [[Monoculture]] ᎠᎴ [[pollinator decline|pollinator ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ kanquotsegi ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ gantlai ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Seasonal human migration|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ concentrated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ pollination ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi cultured ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ pollination ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ wildlife. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[mosquito|ᏙᏌ]]es, [[gypsy moth|ᏥᏈᏏ ᏩᏐᎳ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[Pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ.

ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[assassin bug|ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ]]ᎠᎴ [[crab spider|ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ]]ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. [[Insecticide]]ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ digakohidi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ contaminating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. gantlai ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏗ 2000 ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ buildup, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏠᏗ 1000 1500 ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ foraging ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ casualties.

ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ bumblebees ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ pollinators ᎾᎿ cucurbits, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ, bumblebee ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ pollinators ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.

==ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ==
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ lyudetiyvda ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[flower#flower evolution|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 140 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ[http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/Faculty/sipes/earlyangiosperms.html]. 

ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ proto-[[angiosperm]], ᎠᏎᏱᎩ [[gigantopterid]], ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ environent ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ predators, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ environmental ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized symbiosis, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ propogate ᎯᎠ genes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ digakohidi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏙᎯ digakohidi ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ specialization [[island genetics|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.

== Eusocial ᎠᎴ semisocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ==
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[eusocial]] colonies, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ [[honeybee|gantlai]], [[bumblebee]], ᎠᎴ [[stingless bee|stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]. ᎣᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ cohabiting ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[semisocial]].

ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[eusocial]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ behavioral ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial&quot; (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[paper wasp|Ꭺ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ morphologically ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial&quot;.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Halictidae]], ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ&quot;. Colonies ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tropics, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ mated ᎠᎨᏴ (ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ &quot;gynes&quot;) ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[diapause]]). ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ lyadvnehi ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ. ᎯᎠ [[orchid bee|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Allodapini|allodapine]] ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ [[carpenter bee|ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial colonies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ&quot;, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ bumblebees.

ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colonies, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ [[Queen (bee)|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ]], ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ [[worker bee|ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[drone (bee)|ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Beehive (beekeeping)|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]]. gantlai ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40,000 ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ.

[[Image:Bee scale 8948.JPG|300px|right|thumb|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎠᎭᏂ  ᎤᏍᏗ halictid ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ bumblebee ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ  ᎤᎾᏥ.]]

===Bumblebees===
{{Main|Bumblebee}}
[[Bumblebee]](''Bombus terrestris'', ''B. pratorum'', ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) ᎠᎴ eusocial ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ eusocial [[Vespidae]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hornet|ᏍᏆᏚᎵ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ gantlai ᎠᎴ stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ). Bumblebee colonies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 50 200 ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ (ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exisiting), ᎠᎴ colonies ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, bumblebee ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[beekeeper]], presumably ᎤᏪᏨᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

[[Image:Bumblebee_closeup.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bumblebee]]]]

===Stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ===
{{Main|Stingless bee}}
[[Stingless bee|Stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ [[eusocial]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ colonies.

===gantlai===
{{Main|Honeybee}}
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ gantlai ᎤᎭ arguably ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.  ᎯᎠ European gantlai, ''[[Apis mellifera]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ [[honeybee|ᎠᎭᏂ]]..

==ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ communal ᏩᏚᎵᏏ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Eastern carpenter bee|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] (''[[Xylocopa virginica]]''), [[alfalfa leafcutter bee|ᎦᎪᏘ leafcutter ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] (''[[Megachile rotundata]]''), [[orchard mason bee|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏞᏌᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] (''Osmia lignaria'') ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[hornfaced bee|hornfaced ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] (''[[Osmia cornifrons]]'') ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ utvhisdi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ''ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ'' ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[beeswax|ᏤᎵ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[acarine]] ᎠᎴ ''[[Varroa]]'' [[mite|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[parasite|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]], [[Pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[disease|ᎥᏳᎩ]]. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[diseases of the honeybee|ᎥᏳᎩ  ᎯᎠ gantlai]].)

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ pollinators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ pollen ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ kanquotsegi cultured ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination.

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[oligolege]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ gantlai ᎠᎴ bumblebees ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ generalists). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ pollinate [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ digakohidi ᎠᎴ [[endangered species|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ pollinator ᎨᏒᎢ [[pollinator decline|ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]].

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ [[reed|ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ]], ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ (ᎯᎠ closest ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏪᏥ Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[gardener|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ stingless ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, preferring ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;communal&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.

==Cleptoparasitic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ==
[[cleptoparasite|Cleptoparasitic]] ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ [[cuckoo|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[apidae|apid]] subfamily [[Nomadinae]]. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ pollen-ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ [[scopa (biology)|scopa]]) ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ pollen-ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ provisioned ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏲᎵ hatches, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ pollen ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ cleptoparasite ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ) ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ cleptoparasite ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ replacing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ cleptoparasitic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ , ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎯᎠ subgenus ''Psithyrus'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ bumble ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ subgenus ''[[Bombus]]''); ᎪᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ecological ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[Emery's Rule|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]]&quot;. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ parasitize ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ''[[Townsendiella]]'', [[nomadinae|nomadine]] [[apidae|apid]], ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cleptoparasite ᎯᎠ [[melittidae|melittid]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Hesperapis]]'', ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[halictidae|halictid]] ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.

==ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ==
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Bee (mythology)|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ)]].

ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ''[[Bee-eater|Merops apiaster]]'', ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏐᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[predator]]ᎠᎴ [[kingbird]], [[mockingbird|ᎱᎱ]], ᎠᎴ [[dragonfly|dragonflies]].

[[Yellowjacket]]ᎠᎴ [[hornets|ᏍᏆᏚᎵ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ encountered ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[Characteristics of common wasps and bees|mischaracterized]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏩᏚᎵᏏ&quot;.

ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-agressive ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ '''&quot;ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ&quot;''' ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

* [[Bee anatomy (mouth)|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᎰᎵ)]]
* [[Characteristics of common wasps and bees|ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]
* [[Honeybee|gantlai]]
* [[Honeybee life cycle|gantlai ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Western honeybee|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ gantlai]]
* [[Maya the Bee|Maya ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]
* [[Bee-eater|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ]], predator

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://cache.ucr.edu/~heraty/beepage.html Bee Genera of the World]
* [http://www.bwars.com/ Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society] (UK)
* [http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov Carl Hayden Bee Research Center]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/may2003/default.htm Rescuing Australian stingless bees]
* [http://www.sankey.ws/firstbee.html The first bee of spring]
* [http://www.insectpix.net Solitary Bees &amp; Things] ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏁᎸ
* [http://www.surviveoutdoors.com/reference/beeswasps/index.asp Bee Sting Symptoms, and Treatment]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*''ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'', [[C. D. Michener]]  (2000)

[[Category:Hymenoptera]]
[[Category:Bees| ]]
[[Category:Pollinators]]

{{Link FA|pl}}

&lt;!-- interwiki --&gt;
[[an:Abella]]
[[ast:Abeya]]
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[[es:Apoidea]]
[[eo:Abelo]]
[[fr:Abeille]]
[[gl:Abella]]
[[ko:벌]]
[[hr:Pčele]]
[[io:Abelo]]
[[it:Ape]]
[[he:דבוראים]]
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[[no:Bier]]
[[oc:Abelha]]
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ</title>
    <id>2709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8930</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-18T16:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Caterpillar at 5th stage.jpg|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ [[Opodiphthera eucalypti|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏩᏐᎳ]]]]

'''ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]l ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Lepidoptera|lepidopteran]] (ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ comprising [[butterfly|butterflies]] ᎠᎴ [[moth|ᏩᏐᎳ]]).

==ᎤᏍᏗ==

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ segmented ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ [[proleg]]ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[abdomen|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ. [[Sawfly]] larvae ([[Hymenoptera]]) ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ lepidopteran ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ crochets ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ prolegs. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ prolegs, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ geometrids, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ inchworms ᎠᎴ loopers, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ locomote, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''geometrid'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ''ᎡᎶᎯ-measurer'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ prolegs. 

[[image:monarchcatterpillarsm.jpg|left|thumb|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ [[monarch butterfly|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ]]]]

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ thorax ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[spiracle|ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ airtubes.

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ digatoli ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ''stemmata'' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ larvae sawflies ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ [[ocelli]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.

==Defence==
[[image:Chenille1.jpg|right|thumb|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ]]
[[Image:CaterpillarX.jpg|thumb|ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ]]

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ''ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ digatoli'' ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ predators Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 'ᎣᏂᏗᏢ' ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ attacked. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏌᏂ [[hair|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎿᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ brushes ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ acidic digestive ᎦᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[cuckoo|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]], ᏫᎵ ᏦᏕ ᎯᎠ hairiest ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[venom|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ]] glands, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[urtication|urticating ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemicals ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; e.g., ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemical ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]n [[Saturniidae|ᏏᎵᎩ ᏩᏐᎳ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Lonomia]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ [[anticoagulant]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, causing ᎠᏂ [[hemorrhage|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ'' [[Lonomiasis]]; [http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/5/807]) ᎪᎯ chemical ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ investigated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎬ clotting).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎠᎴ [[toxic|ᎠᏓᎯᎯ]] ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Cinnabar moth|ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᏐᎳ]] (''Tyria jacobaeae'') ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ striped ᎠᎴ coloured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ colours (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[aposematism]]).

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ atuyasdodi Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ predator Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ tries ᎠᎩᏍᏗ) ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ associating ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ [[Lycaenid]] butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ chemical ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

==Behaviour==
[[Image:Snodgrass Schizura concinna.jpg|thumb|left|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-humped ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ (''Schizura concinna'')]]

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[skin|ᎦᏁᎦ]]ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ pupate ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ fastest ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏦᎳ hornworm ᏫᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ adaptations Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ specialized midgut ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ions ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ lumen (midgut ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ), ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ potassium ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ midgut ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ vertebrates.

ᎢᎦᏛ Hawaiian ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ techniques ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hawaiian ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎾᏁᏍ&quot;, [[MSNBC]], online ᎾᎾᎢ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8659911/.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏐᎢ [[carnivorous|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ larvae.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/LarvaLocomotion.html  Larva Locomotion: A Closer Look] —- video ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ larvae ᎠᎢᏒ. [http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/jr/KidsJourneyNorth.html  More video clips from nature]

[http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/VRML/blaxxun/caterpillar.htm  3D animation] Papilio polyxenes larvae ᎠᎢᏒᎢ.

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==

&lt;references /&gt;

==ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Cup moth caterpillar.jpg|Cup Moth
Image:Cup moth caterpillar02.jpg|Cup Moth on bicycle wheel
Image:Caterpillar_india_2.jpg|Caterpillar
Image:Xylena_exsoleta.jpg|''Xylena exsoleta''
Image:Xylophanes tersa caterpillar.jpg|''Xylophanes tersa''
Image:Pale_tussock_moth_caterpillar.jpg|Pale Tussock Moth Caterpillar
Image:Caterphilippine.jpg|Caterpillar
Image:Processional caterpillar.JPG|A file of processional caterpillars
Image:Woolly-Bear-Caterpillar.jpg|[[Arctiidae|Woolly Bear]]
Image:Polyphemus_caterpillar_big.jpg|[[Polyphemus moth]]
Image:Green-caterpillar-WA.jpg|Caterpillar
Image:Limetree-caterpillar.jpg|A [[Swallowtail Butterfly|Swallowtail]] caterpillar on a branch of keffir lime tree
Image:Easterntentcaterpillars.JPG|A pair of [[Eastern_tent_caterpillar|Eastern Tent Caterpillars]]
Image:DSCF1084.JPG|Caterpillar
Image:Saturnia_pavonia.JPG|Caterpillar of Saturnia pavonia (Emperor Moth)
Image:Hyles-gallii-caterpillar.jpg|Bedstraw Hawkmoth larva (''Hyles gallii'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Category:Lepidoptera]]

[[cs:Housenka]]
[[de:Raupe (Schmetterling)]]
[[fr:Chenille (larve d'insecte)]] 
[[ja:ケムシ]] 
[[ru:Гусеница]]
[[su:Hileud]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ</title>
    <id>2710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8932</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-19T17:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Rose
| image = Wild rose flower.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Rosa canina'' (Dog Rose) flower
| regnum = [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = '''''Rosa''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
Between 100 and 150, [[List of Rosa species|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ]]
}}

'''ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎯᎠ [[genus|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] '''''Rosa''''', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎪᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[northern hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏓᏍᏘᏳᏍᏘ [[shrub|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎠᎴ [[liana|ᎫᎴᎦ]], ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ digakohidi, ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ 2–5&amp;nbsp;m ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 20&amp;nbsp;m ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᎵᎱ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ digakohidi.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Latin]] ''rosa'', utolasv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Oscan ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ lyudetiyvda [[greeks|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Italy]] ''rhodion'' ([[Aeolic]] ''wrodion''), ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Aramaic]] ''wurrdā'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Assyrian language|Assyrian]] ''wurtinnu'', ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Iranian *''warda'' (cf. [[Avestan]] ''warda'', [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ'', [[Parthian language|Parthian]] ''wâr'').

ᎯᎠ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]] ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ 5–15&amp;nbsp;cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, [[pinnate]], ᎬᏙᏗ (3–) 5–9 (–13) ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ basal stipules; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[deciduous|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ [[Asia]]) ᎠᎴ [[evergreen|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ petals (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ''[[Rosa sericea]]'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ), ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ petals ᎠᎴ sepals. 

[[Image:Rosa_canina_hips.jpg|left|thumb|''Rosa canina'' ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]]
ᎯᎠ [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[rose hip|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]]. ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ [[pollination|pollinating]] [[bee|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ cultivars ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ petalled Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (e.g. ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'') ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ outer ᏂᎬᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ [[hypanthium]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 5–160 &quot;ᎤᎦᏔ&quot; (ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ-seeded ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[achene]]) embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ, ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Dog Rose|ᎩᏟ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] (''Rosa canina'') ᎠᎴ [[Rugosa Rose|Rugosa ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] (''Rosa rugosa''), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[vitamin C]], ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ richest ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] ᎠᎴ [[waxwing]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[finch|gantlai]]es, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ [[spine (biology)|ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏑᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎢ onto ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''Rosa rugosa'' ᎠᎴ ''R. pimpinellifolia'' ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ adaptation ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ browsing ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ adaptation ᏌᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ [[sand|ᎾᏳ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]](ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎾᎿ [[coast|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ [[dune|ᎾᏳ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]). ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ browsed ᎾᎥᎢ [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]]. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ.

==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
[[Image:Rosa-multiflora01.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa multiflora'']] 
{{further|[[List of Rosa species|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Rosa ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]}}

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
*''[[Rosa canina]]'' - ᎩᏟ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎧᏄᎦᎵ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ
*''[[Rosa dumalis]]'' - ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa eglanteria]]'' (syn. ''R. rubiginosa'') - Eglantine, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ
*''[[Rosa gallica]]'' - Gallic ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa gigantea]]'' (syn. ''R. x odorata gigantea'')
*''[[Rosa glauca]]'' (syn. ''R. rubrifolia'') - Redleaf ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa laevigata]]'' (syn. ''R. sinica'') - ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, Camellia ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, Mardan ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa multiflora]]'' - Multiflora ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa persica]]'' (syn. ''Hulthemia persica'', ''R. simplicifolia'')
*''[[Rosa roxburghii]]'' - ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa rugosa]]'' - Rugosa ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, Japanese ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa stellata]]'' - ᎠᏯᎶᎢᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, Sacramento ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ
*''[[Rosa virginiana]]'' (syn. ''R. lucida'') - Virginia ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ

==ᎥᏳᎩ==
ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[disease|ᎥᏳᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[rose rust|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] (''Phragmidium mucronatum''), ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[rust (fungus)|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᏂᎯ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ defoliate ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ debilitating, ᎠᎴ [[Black Spot|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]], ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ''Diplocarpon rosae'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ gvwatuwidv ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ [[powdery mildew|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ''Sphaerotheca pannosa''. ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e ᎢᎦᏛ [[Lepidoptera]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Lepidoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fungal ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.

==ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ==
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;
| [[Image:Rosa_alba_semi-plena_img_2175.jpg|thumb|right|''R. ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ'' 'ᏴᎩ-plena']]
|- 
| [[Image:Rosa_alba2.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ'' 'ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ']]
|- 
| [[Image:Rose_zepherine_drouhin_img_1838.jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ 'Zépherine Drouhin']]
|- 
| [[Image:Pink rose albury botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|right|'Cajun ᎧᎸᎬ',  ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]
|-
| [[Image:Rosa sp.61.jpg|thumb|right|'Borussia',  ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Floribunda ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]
|}
ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[garden|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[florist|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]. ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[perfume|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]]. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ [[hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[cultivar]]ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-flowered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[stamen]]mutated ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ [[petal]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1840 ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ cultivars, varieties ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ rosarium ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Loddiges|Loddiges ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Abney Park Cemetery|Abney ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]], ᎢᎬᏱ Victorian ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England. ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ emphasized ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᎦᏴᎵ-ᎠᏛᏍᎩ&quot; ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ [[scent|ᎦᏩᏒᎬ]].  

ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[temperate climate|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ cultivars ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sub-tropical|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[tropical|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[grafting|grafted]] onto ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ-ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏏᏴᏫ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ:
*'''ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ''' - ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
*'''ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ''' - ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ classified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ (ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda - lyudetiyvda ᎢᎬᏱ): 
**'''ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ''' - ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ &quot;ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ&quot;, derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''R. arvensis'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ''R. ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ [[Great Britain|ᎡᏆ Britain]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'ᏴᎩ-plena', '[[White Rose of York|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ  York]]'.
**'''[[Gallic Rose|Gallica]]''' - ᎯᎠ Gallica ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''R. gallica'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Europe]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'ᏙᏧ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Richelieu', 'Charles ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ', 'Rosa Mundi' (''R. gallica ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ'').
**'''[[Rosa damascena|ᎩᎦᎨ]]''' - Robert ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Brie ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ adatudi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Iran|Persia]] Europe ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ [[1254]] ᎠᎴ [[1276]]. ᎪᎨᏱ ᎩᎦᎨ (crosses ᎠᏰᎵ Gallica ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ''R. phoenicea'') ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ (Gallicas ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ''R. moschata'') ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: '[[Ispahan (rose)|Ispahan]]', 'ᎠᎨᏴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ'.
**'''[[Rosa centifolia|Centifolia]] (ᎠᎴ Provence)''' - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[17th Century|ᎦᎵᏆᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]], ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ &quot;ᏌᏊ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ&quot; petals. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.
**'''ᎦᎪᏘ''' - ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ centifolias, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Plant stem|ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ]] ᎠᎴ [[sepal]]. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'Comtesse ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Murinais', 'ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ'.
**'''ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ''' - ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ amazing ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ('Slater ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ', [[1792]]; 'ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ' ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ', [[1793]]; 'Hume ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ', [[1809]]; ᎠᎴ 'ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ' ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ', [[1824]]) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ [[Europe]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[18th Century|ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ]] ᎠᎴ [[19th Century|nineteenth centuries]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ', 'Mutabilis'.
**'''Portland''' - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Duke of Portland|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ  Portland]] ᎦᎪ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Italy]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1800]]) ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''R. paestana'' ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏍᎪᏍᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ' ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ' (ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᎯᎠ Portland ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ'). ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'James Veitch', 'ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Rescht', 'ᎯᎠ Portland ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ'.
**'''Bourbon''' - ᎤᏅᏌ originated ᎾᎿ l'Île ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Bourbon (ᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Réunion]]). ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ'. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[France]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1823]]. ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
**'''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ''' - ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Victorian Era|Victorian]] England, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ derived ᎡᏆ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Bourbons. ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine ᏕᏍ Violettes'.
**'''ᎤᎦᎶᎬ''' - ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ('Hume ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ' ᎠᎴ 'ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ' ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ') ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ Bourbons ᎠᎴ Noisette ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ''R. gigantea'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ), ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'ᎠᎨᏴ Hillingdon'.
**'''Bermuda &quot;ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ&quot; ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ''' - ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏔᎳᏚ &quot;ᎠᏩᏛᏗ&quot; ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bermuda]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ [[nematode]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[black spot|fungal ᎥᏳᎩ]] Ꮎ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ cultivars Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ &quot;ᏗᏙᎳᎩ&quot; ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ rediscovered.
**'''ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ''' - ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᎵᎱ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ayrshire, ᏥᎵᎱ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, ᏥᎵᎱ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᎵᎱ Bourbon). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᎵᎱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ grouped ᎢᏧᎳ. 

*'''ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ''' - ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ confusing ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ varies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎡᏆ-flowered ᎦᎪᏘ&quot;, &quot;ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ, ᎡᏆ-flowered ᎦᎪᏘ&quot;,  &quot;ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ-flowered&quot;, &quot;ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎫᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ&quot;. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ cultivars ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ:
**'''[[Hybrid Tea|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]]''' - ᎯᎠ favourite [[floristry|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ']] ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ petals ᎬᏙᏗ reflexed ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ favoured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: '[[Peace (rose)|nvwato hiyadv]]', 'ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Lincoln'
**'''Floribunda''' - ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ) ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ [[park|ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: 'ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏨᏓ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ', 'ᎤᏴᏢ', 'Tuscan ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ'.

{{seealso|Rose gallery|Rose cultivars named after celebrities}}

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Greeks|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[Ancient Rome|ᎶᎻ]] identified ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ goddesses ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ([[Aphrodite|ᎤᏬᏚ]] ᎠᎴ [[Venus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Rome]] ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ''[[sub rosa|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ rosa]]'', ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ&quot;, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ secret—derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎢᎬᏱ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]]identified ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ petals ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ [[Christ|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]].  ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ hesitant ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎶᎻ excesses ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ.  ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ Mary.

ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]].  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ varieties ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ.

==ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[love|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[beauty|ᎤᏬᏚ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ [[goddess|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]es (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Isis|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Aphrodite|ᎤᏬᏚ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[the Virgin Mary|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ Mary]]. ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Romance languages|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[Polish language|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ]]).

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[national flower|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] [[England]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[England Rugby]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Rugby Football Union|Rugby ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎸᏗ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ [[Yorkshire]] ᎠᎴ [[Lancashire]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[England]] (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ) ᎠᎴ [[Alberta]] (ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ: [[Iowa]] ᎠᎴ [[North Dakota|ᎤᏴᏢ Dakota]] ([[Rosa arkansana|''R. arkansana'']]), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (''[[Rosa laevigata|R. laevigata]]''), ᎠᎴ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] (''[[Rosa]]'' ᏂᎦᎥᏊ). [[Portland, Oregon]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ &quot;ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ&quot; ᏄᎾᏛᏅ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. 

ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ocassionally ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[rose windows|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ comprising ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ petals ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ sepals ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[socialism|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[social democracy|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Labour Party (UK)|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Irish Labour Party|ᎦᏁᎳ]] [[political party|Labour ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, Spanish (Spanish ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ' ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch ([[Pvda|Partij ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Arbeid]]) ᎠᎴ European ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ marchers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[May 1968|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1968]] ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]].

===Victorian ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ===
[[Image:Close_up_yellow_rose.jpg|thumb|right|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ: symbolising ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]
[[Image:Small_Red_Rose.JPG|thumb|right|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ: Deepest ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]]
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Victorian era|Victorian]] &quot;[[Language of flowers|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ  ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]&quot;, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ coloured ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ:
* '''ᎩᎦᎨ:''' ᎬᎨᏳᎢ 
* '''ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ:''' ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, adatolasdisgi ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ
* '''ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ:''' ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ
* '''ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ:''' ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗᏳ, ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ
* '''ᎤᏁᎬ:''' ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᎤᏕᎵᏛ, ᎣᎵᎢ, ᎠᏓᎸᏉᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ. {{seealso|White Rose}}
* '''ᏓᎶᏂᎨ:''' ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ [[platonic love|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ.
* '''ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ:''' ᎣᎵᎢ, ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ
* '''ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ:''' ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ
* '''Burgundy:''' ᎤᏬᏚ
* '''ᏌᎪᏂᎨ:''' ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ {{see|blue rose}}
* '''ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ:''' tohinusdv 
* '''ᎬᎿᎨ:''' ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ)
* '''ᎩᎨᏍᏗ:''' ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ (ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ/ᎤᏓᏥ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ) 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ. {{see|Rose (symbolism)}}

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Georgia (country)|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ  Georgia]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[non-violence|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ]] ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Freedom (political)|tohi adedi]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ [[Rose Revolution|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[House of Lancaster|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ  Lancaster]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[House of York|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ  York]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Wars of the Roses|ᏓᏄᏩ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.

===ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏦᏕ===
{{cleanup-list}}
[[Image:Maidofhonor.JPG|thumb|right|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ: ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]]
[[Image:Frenchlace3.JPG|thumb|right|ᎤᏁᎬ: ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ mythologies, Ꮭ [[undead]] ᎠᎴ [[ghost|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]]ly ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[vampires|ᏄᏁᎸᎾ]]) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏇ.
* ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ itsuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ: 
**ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, [[Eros]] ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. 
**ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Celtic ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏄᏬᏢᏛᎾ [[spirit|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ silenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ [[new moon|ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]].
* ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ [[philter|ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ]].
* ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏩᏂᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ [[Vishnu|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ.
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rome ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ &quot;ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ&quot;.
* ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Muslims,  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ [[Mohammed|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]].
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]], ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ bloomed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.
* ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ.
* ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
* ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
* ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ pruned ᎾᎿ [[St. John's Eve|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏅ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ.

===ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ===
[[Image:roses_renoir.JPG|right|thumb|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]] ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ  [[cabbage rose|tsuqwanvdena ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]]]
ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᎾᎥᎢ [[artist|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ [[France|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté|Pierre-ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ Redouté]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.

===ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ===
*''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ driest whitest ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ.'' – [[Rumi]]
*''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎥ? Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ/ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ.'' – [[William Shakespeare]], [[Romeo and Juliet|Romeo ᎠᎴ Juliet]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, sc. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ
*''O, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ'' – [[Robert Burns|Robert ᎦᎴᏴᏒ]],  [[A Red, Red Rose| ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]
*''ᏧᎾᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ; ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎦᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.'' – James Oppenheim, &quot;[[Bread and Roses|ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]&quot;
*''[[Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]'' – [[Gertrude Stein]], ''ᎦᎸᏉᏗ Emily'' (1913), ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ''.
*''ᏗᎶᏗ, ᏗᎶᏗ, ᎤᏰᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ!- Eh, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ?'' – [[Jeremy Hilary Boob]], Ph.D. (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ '[[Nowhere Man|ᎸᏢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ]]'), [[Yellow Submarine (film)|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ)]]

==ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ==
{{main|Rose oil}}
ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[attar of roses|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ  ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ [[essential oil|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ]]otsel igvnelv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ petals ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ technique originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Iran|Persia]] (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Persian) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Arabia|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70% 80% ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Rose Valley|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Kazanluk]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bulgaria]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Qamsar]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Iran]] ᎠᎴ [[Germany]]. ᎯᎠ [[Kaaba]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mecca]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Iranian ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Qamsar. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bulgaria, Iran ᎠᎴ Germany, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ (''Rosa damascena'' 'Trigintipetala') ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ''Rosa centifolia'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ' ᎪᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏓᎵ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2,000 ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ gramme ᎪᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ [[alcohol|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ]][[geraniol]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;O ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.C[CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]:CH.CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.C[CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]:CH.CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OH ᎠᎴ l-[[citronellol]]; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏜ, odourless [[paraffin|ᎪᎢ]].

== ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ==
[[Rose hip|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]]ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vitamin C ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ pressed ᎠᎴ filtered ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ-ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏕᏍᏓ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ [[tea|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]], [[jam|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]], [[jelly|ᏤᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[marmalade|ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ]].

== ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ growers==
ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ growers ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
* [[David Austin]] (&quot;ᎩᎵᏏ&quot; ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ)
* [[Peter Beales]] 
* [[Paul Chessum]]
* [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Joséphine ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Beauharnais]]
* [[Griffith Buck|Griffith ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ]], ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Iowa ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1948 1985, hybridized ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 90 ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ varieties. ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳ hardiness.
* [[Conard-Pyle Co.|Conard-Pyle ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.]] (ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ)
* [[Jules Gravereaux]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Guillot]]
* [[Meilland|Meilland ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]]
* [[Jean Pernet, père]] 
* [[Joseph Pernet-Ducher|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ Pernet-Ducher]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]], ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ [[NCCPG National Plant Collection|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[David Austin]], [[Peter Beales]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Royal National Rose Society|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[Mottisfont Abbey]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-1900 ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[University of Birmingham Botanic Garden|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Birmingham ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 'ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ'.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
{{commonscat|Rosa}}
{{wikispecies|Rosa}}
*''ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ'', E. . Platt, ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ . Detrick. ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ISBN 1-55591-476-4

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Illustration Rosa majalis0.jpg|''Rosa majalis'' from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885
Image:Illustration Rosa canina0.jpg|Dog Rose (''Rosa canina'') from Thomé
Image:Illustration Rosa pimpinellifolia0.jpg|''Rosa pimpinellifolia'' from Thomé
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;!--[[no:Rosa]] refers to the color; there is no page for the plant on nowiki.--&gt;

[[Category:Roses|*]]

[[ca:Rosa]]
[[da:Rose]]
[[de:Rosen]]
[[en:Rose]]
[[es:Rosa]]
[[fr:Rose (fleur)]]
[[ko:장미]]
[[it:Rosa (botanica)]]
[[he:ורד]]
[[ms:Bunga mawar]]
[[nl:Rozen]]
[[ja:バラ]]
[[pl:Róża (krzew)]]
[[pt:Rosa]]
[[ru:Роза]]
[[sr:Ружа]]
[[sv:Rosor]]
[[tl:Rosas]]
[[tr:Gül]]
[[zh:蔷薇属]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏔᎸᎳᏘ</title>
    <id>2711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8939</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-21T05:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Grape
| image = Close up grapes.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Wine Grapes
| regnum = [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Vitales]]
| familia = [[Vitaceae]]
| genus = '''''Vitis'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Vitis acerifolia]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis aestivalis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis amurensis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis arizonica]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis x bourquina]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis californica]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis x champinii]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis cinerea]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis x doaniana]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis girdiana]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis labrusca]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis x labruscana]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis lincecumii]]&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis monticola]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis mustangensis]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis x novae-angliae]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis palmata]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis riparia]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis rupestris]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis shuttleworthii]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis tiliifolia]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis vinifera]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Vitis vulpina]]''
}}
{{wiktionarypar|grape}}
'''ᏔᎸᎳᏘ''' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ [[vine]]. ᎯᎠ grapevine ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Vitaceae]]. ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ 6 300, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[grape juice|ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ]], [[jelly|ᏤᎵ]], [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[grape seed oil|ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ]]. 

[[Raisin]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ grapevine, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏖᎸᎳᏗ&quot;. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ grapevines ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏄᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏐᎢ digakohidi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.

== Grapevines ==
Grapevines ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e ᎢᎦᏛ [[Lepidoptera]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on grapevines|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Lepidoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ grapevines]]''.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ grapevines ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

*''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', ᎯᎠ European [[winemaking]] grapevine. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe.
*''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ grapevines, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Eastern U.S.|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ..]] ᎠᎴ [[Canada]]. 
*''[[Vitis riparia]]'', ᎨᏯᏔᎯ vine [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ winemaking ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ [[Eastern U.S.|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ..]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Quebec]].
*''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'', ᎯᎠ [[muscadine|ᏔᎸᎳᏗ]], ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ  ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Southeastern U.S.|Southeastern Ꭴ..]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Delaware]] ᎯᎠ [[Gulf of Mexico|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ  Mexico]].
*''[[Vitis aestivalis]]'', ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ Norton (AKA Cynthiana) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ winemaking
*''[[Vitis lincecumii]]'' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''Vitis aestivalis'' ᎠᎴ ''Vitis lincecumii''), ''[[Vitis berlandieri]]'' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''Vitis cinerea'' var. helleri), ''[[Vitis cinerea]]'', ''[[Vitis rupestris]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ grapevines ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[rootstock]].
*''[[Vitis arizonica]]'' ᎢᎾᎨ grapevine ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southwestern ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ.
*''[[Vitis californica]]'' grapevine ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ California ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ rootstock ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[California]] ᎠᎴ [[Oregon]].
*''[[Vitis vulpina]]''  ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Midwest]] ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]]. 
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[List of grape varieties|varieties]] grapevines; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ cultivars ''V. vinifera''.

[[Hybrids|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ crosses ᎠᏰᎵ ''[[Vitis vinifera|V. vinifera]]'' ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ varieties ''[[Vitis labrusca|V. labrusca]]'', ''[[Vitis riparia|V. riparia]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Vitis aestivalis|V. aestivalis]]''. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ (ᏂᎬᎢ [[phylloxera]]), ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ &quot;ᏬᏗᎨ&quot; ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ''[[Vitis labrusca|labrusca]]''.

ᎯᎠ [[sea grape|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ]] ''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ Buckwheat ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ''[[Polygonaceae]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ&quot;(FAO), 75866 ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometres ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ dedicated ᏔᎸᎳᏘ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 71% ᎡᎶᎯ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, 27% ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 2% ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sweetener ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ &quot;ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;100% ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ dedicated ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. &lt;!-- references needed: Popularity for the purple grape has increased tremendously over the past decade. In March 2006, the purple grape reached its peak in popularity by being prefered 83% of the time over green grapes in a University of Michigan poll. --&gt;
[[Image:GrapeField.jpg|thumb|250px|Grapevines]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ-ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ dedicated ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ:
*Spain 11,750 km²
*France 8,640 km²
*Italy 8,270 km²
*ᎬᎾ 8,120 km²
*ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ 4,150 km²
*Iran 2,860 km²
*Romania 2,480 km²
*Portugal 2,160 km²
*Argentina 2,080 km²
*ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ 1,780 km²
*Australia 1,642 km²

ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ: FAO, [http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2002_def2_EN.pdf Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf)], [https://www.awbc.com.au/winefacts/data/free.asp?subcatid=102 Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation].

Researchers,ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Marty Mayo, comparing ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ gantlai ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[heart disease|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ]] ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ [[French Paradox|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ cholesterol ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arteries. ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[resveratrol]] ([[polyphenol antioxidant]]) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ, [[heart disease|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ]], degenerative [[nerve|ᎣᏓᎾᏛ]] ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎠᏂᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ. 

ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ varieties. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ colouration ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. 

&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Grapes05.jpg|A bunch of grapes
Image:Autumn Royal grapes.jpg|Autumn Royal grapes
Image:Ripe grapes.jpg|Red and green grapes
Image:More grapes.jpg|Red grapes
Image:Flame seedless grapes.jpg|Flame seedless grapes
Image:Concord grape plant.jpg|Foliage of the Concord grape plant
Image:Grapevinefoliage.jpg|Foliage of the New England wild grape
Image:Young grapes.jpg|Young grapes
Image:Yellowjacket grapes.jpg|[[Yellowjacket]] Eating grapes
Image:Chehalem_pinot_noir_grapes.jpg|Pinot Noir grapes
Image:Grapesontable.JPG|More Red grapes
Image:Wine grapes baja.jpg|Guadalupe Valley Vineyards, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico / '''''Viñedos del Valle de Guadalupe, Ensenada, Baja California, México'''''
Image:Uvas.jpg|Guadalupe Valley Vineyards, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico / '''''Viñedos del Valle de Guadalupe, Ensenada, Baja California, México'''''
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Raisins, currants, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ==
''[[raisin]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ. ''[[Zante currant|currant]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ [[Zakynthos|Zante]] ᏖᎸᎳᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[French language|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ''raisin ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Corinthe'' ([[Corinth]] ᏖᎸᎳᏗ). ''[[sultana (grape)|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ raisin ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ Turkish ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ raisins ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ''raisin'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ [[loanword]], ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ; ''grappe'' (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ''ᏖᎸᎳᏗ'') ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''une grappe ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ raisin'').  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''raisin'' ᎨᏒᎢ uncountable ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏏᏴᏫ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ raisin.''

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮎ ''currant'' ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ [[blackcurrant]] ᎠᎴ [[redcurrant]], ᏔᎵ berries ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ.

== ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ procyanidolic oligomers, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ PCOs. [Researchers have concluded that PCOs strengthen blood vessels, and improve blood circulation. Grape seed extract may help slow aging, prevent heart disease, deter cancer, lessen allergy symptoms, and eye strain, and fight certain skin diseases. In recent studies grape extract has also been shown to lessen cellulite, and lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels. The use of grape seed extract is available in forms such as: liquid, tablet, and capsule. Grape seed extract has not yet been shown to have any negative effects on consumers.]ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ

==  Seedlessness ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ==
Seedlessness ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ seedless cultivars ᎾᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ grapevines ᎠᎴ ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ propagated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ seeded ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ techniques.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎯᎠ seedlessness ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ cultivars ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ: 'Thompson Seedless', 'Russian Seedless', ᎠᎴ 'ᎬᎿᎨ Monukka'. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''.


==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Grape}}
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=28600 Integrated Taxonomic Information System entry for Grape family]
* [http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/agrista/2004/table_en/4611.pdf Area under vine (pdf)]
* [http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/wild_grape.htm Wild Grapes]

[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Vitales]]
[[Category:Viticulture]]
[[ar:عنب]]
[[ca:Vinya]]
[[als:Weintraube]]
[[de:Weintraube]]
[[en:Grape]]
[[es:Uva]]
[[eo:Vinbero]]
[[fa:انگور]]
[[fr:Raisin]]
[[io:Vito]]
[[id:Anggur]]
[[it:Vitis]]
[[he:גפן (צמח)]]
[[mg:Voaloboka]]
[[nl:Druif]]
[[ja:ブドウ]]
[[nn:Drue]]
[[pl:Winorośl]]
[[pt:Uva]]
[[ru:Виноград]]
[[sr:Грожђе]]
[[fi:Viinirypäle]]
[[simple:Grape]]
[[sv:Vindruva]]
[[ug:ظاق سايؤا]]
[[zh:葡萄]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏁᎵᏒ</title>
    <id>2713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8947</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-24T06:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Efez Celsus Library 4 RB.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Personification|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]]  ᏁᎵᏒ ([[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ''Εννοια'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Celsus Library|Celsus ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ephesos]], [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]]]]
'''ᏁᎵᏒ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[mental|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ]] ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ  ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[model (abstract)|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ [[desire|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]]. 
ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ processes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[cognition|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], [[sentience]], [[consciousness|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], [[idea|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[imagination|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]].

''ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ'' ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ [[information|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[concepts|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[problem solving|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ solving]], [[reason|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ [[choice|ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ]]. 
ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ  ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[cognitive|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ processes ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[cognitive psychology|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]].
{{portalpar|Thinking|Brain.png}}
==ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ==
{{wiktionary|Thought}}
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ [[mind|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[pattern matching|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ [[pattern recognition|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᎢᏳᏊ [[Human self-reflection|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ]]&quot;, ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ [[experience|ugatohvsv]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[recall|ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ [[judgement|ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ [[intellect|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ [[experience|ugatohvsv]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ tsuqagutanvsv ugatohvsv. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ugatohvsv ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ [[concept|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ugatohvsv. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[reasoning|ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]. [[Logic|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi [[reasoning|ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]. ᎯᎠ awareness ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Ned Block|Ned ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ]]). 

ᎯᎠ [[imagination|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ [[feeling|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]], [[intuition (knowledge)|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[emotion|ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[hope|ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ [[irrational|ᏎᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ modeled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ electro-magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ [[consciousness|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]). [[Pattern|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[pattern formation|ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ  ([[panpsychist]]/panexperientialists - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness wikibook on consciousness]) ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ processes ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[Bernard Baars]]) ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ workspace. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[Thomas Nagel]]) ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ [[awareness|gayatohvsdi]]  ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.

== ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ/ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ==
{{wiktionary|Think}}
#ᎬᏙᏗ [[model (abstract)|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], [[symbol|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], [[diagram|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[picture|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]].
#ᎬᏙᏗ [[abstraction|ᎪᏣᎴᏛ]] ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
#ᎬᏙᏗ [[metasyntactic variable|metasyntactic ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ]]ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ.
#ᎬᏙᏗ [[iteration|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ [[recursion]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[concept|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]].
#ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ [[attention|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[concentration|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ nvwato hiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
#ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ re-ᎦᏚᎢ.
#ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ [[communication|ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ.
#[[Working backward from the goal|ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏏᏁᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ]].
#[[Fashion of thinking|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ  ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]].
#ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[learning|ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ]].

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[portal:thinking#Topics related to Thinking|List of thinking-related topics]]
* [[Abstraction|ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]
* [[Critical thinking|ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]
* [[Cognitive science|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ agatohvsdi]]
* [[Creativity|ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]
* [[Imagination|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]
* [[Introspection|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]]
* [[Lateral thinking|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]
* [[Memory-prediction framework|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ-utugi gvsv ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]
* [[Memory|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]
* [[Human self-reflection|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ]]
* [[Visual thinking|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[[Eric Baum]] (2004). ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ'', ayatolv ᏔᎵ: ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. MIT ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0-262-02548-5

[[Category:Cognition]]
[[Category:Thought| ]]

[[ar:فكر]]
[[de:Denken]]
[[en:Thought]]
[[et:Mõtlemine]]
[[eo:Penso]]
[[fr:Pensée]]
[[ia:Pensamento]]
[[it:Pensiero]]
[[he:חשיבה]]
[[lv:Domāšana]]
[[mk:Мисла]]
[[nl:Denken]]
[[ja:思考]]
[[pl:Myślenie]]
[[ru:Мышление (психология)]]
[[sr:Размишљање]]
[[fi:Ajattelu]]
[[sv:Tänkande]]
[[zh:思维]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Fang Aili</title>
    <id>2714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8949</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-25T18:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fang Aili</username>
        <id>139</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fang_Aili here]. 

[[en:User:Fang Aili]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ</title>
    <id>2715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9459</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-12T05:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ca:Fantasma]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Ghostonstaircase.jpg|thumb|250px| ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ   ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ  ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]] 
'''ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ [[the dead|ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ]] (ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ [[spirit|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] ᎠᎴ [[soul|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᎿ [[Earth|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[death|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ &quot;ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ&quot; tsuqagutanvsv ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ.

== ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ== 

'''ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ''', ᎠᎴ '''ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ''', ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ gantlai ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ.  ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ depictions ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.  ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ&quot; ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᎩ-ᎤᎸᏑᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ interact ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎦᏄᎯᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.  ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Residual Haunting|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ]]).  ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ behaving ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Caribbean ᎠᎴ Africa, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏡᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Limbo|ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Purgatory|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ propounded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mainstream [[Protestants|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[Evangelical Christians|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ [[Principality#Other uses|principalities]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[poltergeists]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ [[demons|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ researchers ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ {{fact}}, ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ recordable phenomena ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ psychic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ) ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ugatohvsvi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ.  [[Parapsychologists]] ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏗᎧᏃᏗ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[ectoplasm]].&quot;  ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ classifies ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[preternatural|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]] ᎤᎧᏁᎳ phenomena ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[poltergeists]]/[[telekinesis|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]], [[extra-sensory perception|ESP]], ᎠᎴ [[telepathy]]. Theories ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ imprinted ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, [[Spiritism]], Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Spiritists, ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ &quot;frequencies&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ realities ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ, digakohidi, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ - ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ &quot;ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ&quot;. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ Nosso Lar (&quot;ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Portuguese), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ 500 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Rio ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Janeiro, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ &quot;ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ&quot;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, extrapolating ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Spiritists, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ &quot;ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ, causing ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ - ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ - ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ dimensional ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ &quot;ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ&quot; ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ/Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴ Spiritist ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[reincarnation]]. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ &quot;recycled&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏡᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. [[Exorcism|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ reincarnated. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reincarnated, ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[demigod|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎴ agilyoasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ &quot;ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ&quot;([[Wikt:魙|魙]]). ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎫᏂᏍᎧ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ reincarnation. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ paranormal &quot;ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ tìsíguǐ (替死鬼), ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ &quot;ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[scapegoat|ᎠᏥᏓᏁᎸ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Guangzhou]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ Chinese ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Day of the Dead|ᎢᎦ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ [[Hell Bank Notes|ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꭺ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ itsuwakodi ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ &quot;ᎠᏂᎷᎬ&quot; ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ. {{fact}}

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Garuda]] [[Purana|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]], ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Vedic religion|Vedic]] ([[Hindu]]) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ reborn ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ coversation ᎠᏰᎵ Brahmana(ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Garuda ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.
ᎯᎠ brahmana ᏄᏪᏒᎩ:'ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ; ᎾᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.'
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ:'ᎢᏧᎳ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, Ꮭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, Ꮭ ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Sraddha ᎠᎴ Tarpana. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎬ. ᎾᏊ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᎯ. ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, ᎤᏏᏩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, O brahmana, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎰᏍᎦ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, ᏄᎾᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎤᏕᏅ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.'

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎯ worldview ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/planetarium/index.htm#15 here]. 

[[Buddhist|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ]] [[Samsara]] ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ [[hungry ghost realm|ᎤᏲᏏ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. [[Sentience|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏲᏏ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ. [[Asura]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ&quot;.

ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ yvwatuwidv ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ frequented ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[haunted house|ᎡᏙᎲᎩ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ&quot;; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;hauntings&quot;. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏃᏛ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ([[demons|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]], [[devils|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]], ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ energies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. 

* 'ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ controlling ᎯᎠ [[mind|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[intellect|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.

* '[[Spiritual possession|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]]' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[mind|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] (ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ, ᏄᏁᎵᏒ) ᎠᎴ [[intellect|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] (ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ) ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ person’s ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. [http://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritualresearch/difficulties/Ghosts_Demons/demonicpossession_definition.php].

==ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ== 

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ [[existence|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ]] ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[majority|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎯᎠ [[scientific community|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ [[supernatural|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[paranormal]] entities, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.{{verify source}}

ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ [[Occam's razor|Occam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ maximize [[parsimony|ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ [[knowledge|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ [[interpersonal relationship|interpersonal ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ugatohvsv [[delusion|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[causality|ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]] ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ [[senses|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[evidence|ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ doesn't ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. 

ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ questioned. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. Ascribing ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ tactic. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ.

[[Human|ᏴᏫ]] [[physiology|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ gantlai ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ peripheral ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ focused ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ focused ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ agatoli eerie ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] [[waves|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[frequencies]] ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20 [[hertz]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[infrasound]]; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ Richard ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ Richard Wiseman ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ infrasound ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ &quot;ᎡᏙᎲᎩ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎣᏪᎵᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ.[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901994082.html?oneclick=true] 

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[electromagnetic]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[electromagnetic field|electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ [[person|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ]]. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, videos paranormal ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[E-field|E-ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[B-field|B-ᏠᎨᏏ]] detectors ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ &quot;ᎣᏓᏅᏛ&quot; ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. 

ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ &quot;ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ&quot; ᎠᏏᏴᏫ automatically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [[pareidolia]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ obscured, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, [[Mozi|ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu]] (470-391 BC) 
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv? ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu ᏄᏪᏒᎩ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ digatoli ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ? ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ansigaya ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ? ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ? ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᏁᎩ: &quot;ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ? ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu ᏄᏪᏒᎩ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ rely ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Tu Po ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hsuan (827-783 BC) ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Tu Po, ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ Tu Po ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, Tu ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ Hsuan ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ)&quot; — ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ayatolv 31, translated ᎾᎥᎢ Ᏹ-pao Mei&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ==
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ [[Common Era|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]].[http://www.siu.edu/news/ghosts.html] ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ &quot;sightings&quot; ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Athens|ᎡᎵᏉ]], Greece. [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ]] ([[circa|c.]] 63 - 113 CE) ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ[http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1083.html] Sura: [[Athenodoros Cananites]] (c. 74 BCE – 7 CE), [[Stoic]] [[philosopher|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]], ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ atolisdi ᎡᏆ, Athenian ᎦᎵᏦᏕ, ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ rumours Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. Athenodoros staked atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ Ꮎ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ, dishevelled, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ spectre, ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ &quot;ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ beckoned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Athenodoros ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ; Athenodoros ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ disappeared, ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏓᏬᏅᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ shackled ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ uncovered ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎯᎠ hauntings ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ. 
 
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Tower of London|ᏂᎬᎢ  London]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ: 
* ᎯᎠ headless ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[Anne Boleyn]]; 
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[Thomas Becket]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ; 
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Edward V of England|Edward V  England]] ᎠᎴ [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York|Richard, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ  York]], ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Princes in the Tower|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ]]&quot;; 
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[Lady Jane Grey|ᎠᎨᏴ Jane ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]]; 
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[Walter Raleigh]]; 
* ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ reenact ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ [[Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury|Margaret ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, 8th ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ  Salisbury]];
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[Warren Hastings|ᏥᏍᏚ Hastings]]

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ; ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mourning|ᎤᏲ ᎤᏂᏰᎵᏒ]] ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᎧᏛ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ [[York]] ᎠᎴ [[Derby|ᏧᏟᎥᏩᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ reputed ᎾᏍᏋ centre ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ; ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ industries. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ England ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. 

[[Image:Brownlady.jpg|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ  Raynham ᎦᎳᏅᏛ|200px|right]]ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ [[Raynham Hall|Raynham ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ &quot;ᎠᎪᎲᎢ&quot; ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ itsuwakodi ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ 'ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ' ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏌᏃ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ [[Raynham Hall|Raynham ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1849 [[Major (UK)|ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ]] Loftus ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Hawkins ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎦᏂᏟ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ [[Major (UK)|ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏒᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏏᏩ agatoli-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ [[Raynham Hall|Raynham ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]] involving ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ:
''ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ: [http://www.castleofspirits.com/brownlady.html www.castleofspirits.com/brownlady.html]''

[[Biggin Hill|Biggin ᎦᏚᏏ]] ([[London]], [[England]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]] airbase. 

ᎯᎠ [[White House|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington, D.C.]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[Abraham Lincoln|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ adatolasdisgi spectres. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Roman Emperor|ᎶᎻ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] [[Caligula]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Lamian Gardens|Lamian ᎦᏁᎸ]] [[Rome]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ [[burial|ᎦᏂᏌᎲ]] ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ [[assassination|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Witch of Endor|ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ  Endor]], ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Saul the King|Saul]] [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᏙᎾᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ [[Samuel]] ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏬᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ [[Alcatraz]] ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ [[San Francisco]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎱᏥ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ. 

[[Athens, Ohio|ᎡᎵᏉ, Ohio]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ reputed ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ 5 (ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, 10) graveyards, ᏌᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ [[pentagram]]; ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ[http://www.prairieghosts.com/oh-athen.html]. [[Ohio University|Ohio ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ, ᎡᎵᏉ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ [http://www.forgottenoh.com/OU/ou.html]. 

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[New Orleans|ᎢᏤ Orleans]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[French Quarter|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ]]. ᎢᏤ Orleans' ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi spectres. 

[[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ centuries ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ [[Revolutionary War|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ]] heroes, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ [[American Civil War|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ agatohvsdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Wilfrid Laurier, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ.

ᎯᎠ [[Kuchisake-onna]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ [[mass hysteria|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎨᏱ 1979. 

Hollywood, California ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [[Haunted Hollywood|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Hollywood]].

ᎯᎠ [[ocean liner|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏳ]] [[RMS Queen Mary|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Mary]], ᎾᏊ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Long Beach, CA|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]], [[California]], ᎨᏒᎢ reputed ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ hauntings ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.  ᎾᏞᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ unulvngi ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ.

ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Mary nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ video ᎠᎴ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᎳ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ locked ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ locked ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ awoke ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᎳ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ daddy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ. 

[[Herstmonceux Castle|Herstmonceux ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ headless ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ pub ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ phenomena ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Gettysburg]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ.

{{seealso|Stigmatized property}}

==ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ== 
[[Image:Pyle pirates ghost.jpg|right|thumb|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ   ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''[[Howard Pyle]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ  ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.'']]
===ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ===
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[genre|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Renaissance|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ''ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ''. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ Endor ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Hades|ᏨᏍᎩᏃ]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ [[Homer]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Odyssey]]'' ᎠᎴ [[Virgil]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Aeneid]]''.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''Odyssey'', [[Odysseus]] ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᏤᎢ ᎩᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᏲᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [[Tiresias|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ'' ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[philosophy|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ&quot; ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏛᎾᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. [[Jonathan Swift|Jonathan ᎦᏥᏄᎳ]] satirized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Gulliver's Travels|Gulliver ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ]]'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ Gulliver ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎳᎬᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮭ agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏧᏣ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ fictional ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᏕᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ reminiscent ᎯᎠ [[Guardian angel (spirit)|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ aided ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[deus ex machina|deus ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]'' ᎾᎥᎢ resolving ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[mentor|ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ]] ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ [[perspective (cognitive)|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ  ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ]]. 

ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ. ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ atsinuqowisgv, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[denouement|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ]], ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[folk music|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ featuring ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ (variant ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Cupid and Psyche|ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ [[urban legends|ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;Hitchhiking ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ&quot;, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ (ᎠᎴ [[Elvis Presley]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ variant) ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ comprehensible ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ [[oracle|ᎤᏝᏏᏛ]] ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ participants.

===ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ=== 
{{main|Ghost story}}
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ avenged ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Elizabethan ᎠᎴ Jacobean ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ/adversarial ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ&quot;. Hauntings ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Eyrbyggja Saga|Eyrbyggja ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]'' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Gothic novel|ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ]]&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. [[Horace Walpole]] ᎤᏤᎵ 1764 ''[[The Castle of Otranto|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ  Otranto]]'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Edgar Allan Poe]], ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ&quot; ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Horror fiction|ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ/ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ.)

===ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ iyuwakodi ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ.  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[The Famous Flower of Serving-Men|ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ  ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ-ansigaya]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ motif, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ atuyasdodi ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ heroine, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv (''[[Sweet William's Ghost|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ William ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]]'', ''[[Clerk Saunders|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ Saunders]]'').

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare']] ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ''[[Hamlet|ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]]'', ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ Claudius, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏊ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ Gertrude) occupies ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Claudius. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ [[demon|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏦᏕ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. [[Julius Caesar|Julius ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ [[Brutus]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]]'' ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ Brutus ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Macbeth]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎩᎬ-bolter'd&quot; ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ [[Banquo]] ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ, Richmond, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ anime/manga [[BLEACH|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]], ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ, pluses, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Ichigo Kurosaki]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ.

[[Casper the Friendly Ghost|Casper ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Harvey Comics|Harvey ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ]]. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ghostliness, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ-ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ Casper tries ᎠᏓᎵᎢᏕᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ [[superhero]]es ᎦᎪ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[DC Comics|DC ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ]]' [[The Spectre|ᎯᎠ Spectre]], [[Deadman]], [[Omnitrix#Ghostfreak|Ghostfreak]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Ben 10]], ᎠᎴ  [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Danny Phantom|Danny ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[The Sixth Sense|ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]'', ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ [[Bruce Willis]] ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏧᏣ ([[Haley Joel Osment]]) ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ [[dead|ᎤᏲᎱᏒ]] ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ sci-fi/ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ television ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ/ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ [[BBC]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[Ghostwatch]]'', ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Monster in My Pocket|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ]] #31.

ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Headless Horseman|Headless ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]], ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Washington Irving]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow|ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ  ᎦᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ]]''. [[Tom Sawyer|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Sawyer]] ᎠᎴ [[Huckleberry Finn|ᎫᏩᏯ Finn]] ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mark Twain|ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer|ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Sawyer]]''. Boag-Munroe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ fictional ghosthunter ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ [[Stuart Neild]]. [[Algernon Blackwood]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Oscar Wilde]] (''[[The Canterville Ghost|ᎯᎠ Canterville ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]]'', 1887), [[M. R. James]], [[J. Sheridan Le Fanu]], H. R. Wakefield, ᎠᎴ [[E. F. Benson]].

Theatre ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Pepper's ghost|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]] technique.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ adaptations ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ [[folklore|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏞᎬ Japanese ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ''[[The Ring|ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hong Kong ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ''[[The Eye (2002 film)|ᎯᎠ agatoli]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ 1990 ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Ghost (film)|''ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ'']], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Patrick Swayze]]) ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎯ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ psychic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎯᎠ [[Disneyland]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, [[The Haunted Mansion|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ 999 ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 1,000.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[Doctor Who|ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎦᎪ]] ᎯᎠ 2006 ᎤᎵᏍᏛ featured &quot;ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ [[Cyberman|Cybermen]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Headless ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.

ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Pokémon]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ anime ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ entities ᎦᎪ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Pokémon (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ.)

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

{| class=&quot;{{{class|}}}&quot; ᎠᏣᏅᏗ=&quot;ᎣᎾᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: {{{bgColor|transparent}}}; ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ: {{{width|100%}}}&quot;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
| ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;{{{align|left}}}&quot; valign=&quot;{{{valign|top}}}&quot; |
*[[Beetlejuice]]
*[[BLEACH|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
*[[Bloody Mary (person)|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ Mary (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ)]]
*[[Borley Rectory]]
*[[Churel]] (ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ)
*[[Danny Phantom|Danny ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]]
*[[Doppelganger]]
*[[Electronic voice phenomenon|Electronic ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]]
*[[Exorcism|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ]]
*[[Ghostbuster]]
*[[Ghost cars|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ]]
*[[Ghost dance|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ]]
*[[Ghost Festival|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
*[[Ghost Hunters|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ]]
*[[Ghost Hunting|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]
*[[Ghosts in Malay culture|ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malay ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
*[[Ghost movies|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]]
*[[Ghost ship|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏥᏳ]]
*[[Ghost train|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]
*[[Ghostwriter]]
*[[Gidim]] (Sumerian ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ)
*[[Halloween traditions|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]]
*[[Haunted Hollywood|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Hollywood]]
*[[Holy Ghost|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]]
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
| ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;{{{align|left}}}&quot; valign=&quot;{{{valign|top}}}&quot; |
*[[Hungry ghost realm|ᎤᏲᏏ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]
*[[Hypnopompic imagery|Hypnopompic ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]
*[[Intelligent Haunting|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ]]
*[[La Llorona|ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ Llorona]]
*[[Legend tripping|ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]
*[[List of haunted locations|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Parapsychology]]
*[[Paranormal Investigation|Paranormal ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]]
*[[Phantom vehicle|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
*[[Poltergeist]]
*[[Residual Haunting|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ]]
*[[Spectral evidence|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]]
*[[Shadow People|ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᏴᏫ]]
*[[Spiritual possession|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]]
*[[Pontianak]]
*[[Spectre (creature)|Spectre (ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ)]]
*[[Spiritualism|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ]]
*[[Undead]]
*[[Vanishing hitchhiker|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ hitchhiker]]
*[[Yūrei]]
*[[Staup house|Staup ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]]
*[[boo Berry|boo ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ]]
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901994082.html?oneclick=true &quot;Sounds like terror in the air&quot;]. (Sep. 9, 2003). ''Sydney ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''.
*{{1911}}

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.iopr.org.uk Institute of Paranormal Research] - ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ paranormal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3044607.stm Ghosts 'all in the mind'] - BBC ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ.
*[http://www.paralumun.com/ghosts.htm Ghosts and Hauntings]
*[http://www.spiritsociety.org The Spirit Society] - ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᏗᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ hauntings.
*[http://www.photography-museum.com/seance.html Science vs. Séance] - Victorian photographic ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ
*[http://www.yourghoststories.com/ Your Ghost Stories] - ᏴᏫ sharing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ unigatohvsv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ.

[[Category:Ghosts| ]]
[[Category:Folklore]]
[[Category:Spirituality]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures]]

[[af:Spook]]
[[ca:Fantasma]]
[[cs:Duch]]
[[da:Spøgelse]]
[[de:Gespenst]]
[[en:Ghost]]
[[eo:Fantomo]]
[[es:Fantasma]]
[[fi:Kummitus]]
[[fr:Fantôme]]
[[he:רוח רפאים]]
[[hu:Kísértet]]
[[id:Hantu]]
[[it:Fantasma]]
[[ja:亡霊]]
[[lt:Vaiduoklis]]
[[ms:Hantu]]
[[nds-nl:Spoek]]
[[nl:Spook]]
[[no:Spøkelse]]
[[pl:Duch (spirytyzm)]]
[[pt:Fantasma]]
[[ru:Привидения]]
[[simple:Ghost]]
[[sv:Spöke]]
[[th:ผี]]
[[vi:Ma]]
[[zh:鬼]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎾᎦ</title>
    <id>2716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8954</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-28T16:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:RainbowTrout.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏧᎾᎦ (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'')]]
[[Image:Biwa Trout(Lake Biwa-JP).jpg|thumb|300px|Biwa ᏧᎾᎦ (''Oncorhynchus masou subsp'')]]

'''ᏧᎾᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] [[freshwater]] [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ [[salmon|ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ''[[Salmonidae]]''. 

ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] ''Salmoninae''.  ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ [[genus|genera]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ: ''[[Salmo]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎠᎴ ''[[Salvelinus]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ charr. ᎠᏣᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

*ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Salmo
**Adriatic ᏧᎾᎦ - ''[[Salmo obtusirostris]]''
**[[Brown trout|ᏬᏗᎨ ᏧᎾᎦ]] -''Salmo trutta''
**Flathead ᏧᎾᎦ - ''[[Salmo platycephalus]]''
**Marmorata ᎠᎴ [[Soca River|Soča]] ᏧᎾᎦ - ''[[Salmo trutta marmoratus]]''
**Ohrid ᏧᎾᎦ - ''[[Salmo letnica]]''
**[[Sevan trout|Sevan ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''[[Salmo ischchan]]''

*ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Oncorhynchus 
**[[Apache trout|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Oncorhynchus ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ''
**Biwa ᎠᎴ masou ᏧᎾᎦ - ''Oncorhynchus masou'' subsp
**[[Cutthroat trout|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Oncorhynchus clarki''
**[[Gila trout|ᎩᎳ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Oncorhynchus gilae''
**[[Golden Trout|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Oncorhynchus aguabonita''
**[[Rainbow trout|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Oncorhynchus mykiss''

*ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Salvelinus (ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ)
**[[Aurora trout|ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis''
**[[Brook trout|ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Salvelinus fontinalis''
**[[Bull trout|ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Salvelinus confluentus''
**[[Dolly Varden trout|Dolly Varden ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Salvelinus malma''
**[[Lake trout|ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ]] - ''Salvelinus namaycush''
**[[Silver trout|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᎾᎦ]] (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ) - ''Salvelinus fontinalis agassizi''

ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ, ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ [[Fish migration|anadromous]] ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Asia]] ᎠᎴ [[Europe]]. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ [[Australia]] ᎠᎴ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ displacing ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|ᎦᏚᏏ]] ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᏧᎾᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ [[adipose|ᎪᎢ]] (ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ) ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ morphologically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Ichthyology|ichthyologists]].  

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ.   ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ) ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᎾᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ colourations Ꮎ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎩᎳ [[gene]]tic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''Salvelinus fontinalis''.

ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ (''Salvelinus namaycush''), ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ 7 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 30 [[kilogram|kg]] (66 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ).

[[Image:Rainbow_Trout.jpg|thumb|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏧᎾᎦ ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'']]
ᏧᎾᎦ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ aquatic [[invertebrate]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Diptera|anitvga]], [[mayfly|mayflies]], [[Trichoptera|caddisflies]], [[Plecoptera|stoneflies]], ᎠᎴ [[Odonata|dragonflies]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Plankton|zooplankton]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ digotsaledg digovhi ᏧᎾᎦ (ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 [[centimetre|cm]]) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. 

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ.  ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Fishing hook|ᏑᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Fishing line|ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Sport fishing|recreationally]].  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[fish farm|ᎠᏣᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ fished ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[overfishing]].  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[Fishing reel|ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ]], [[fly fishing|tvga ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. Farmed ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ.

ᏧᎾᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ dramatically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[camouflage]], ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏧᎾᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ &quot;ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ&quot; ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. 
[[Image:Golden Trout.jpg|frame|right|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ (''Oncorhynchus aguabonita'')]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎤᎭ 14 ᎤᏬᎳᏨ subspecies (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎯ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ), ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Lahontan cutthroat trout|Lahontan ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] ''Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi'', [[Bonneville cutthroat trout|Bonneville ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]] ''Oncorhynchus clarki utah'', [[Colorado River cutthroat trout|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]], [[Yellowstone cutthroat trout|Yellowstone ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

* [[Trout tickling|ᏧᎾᎦ tickling]]
* [[Trout Quintet|ᏧᎾᎦ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhisgi iyahnii]], ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Franz Schubert]]. 

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* &lt;cite&gt;ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ&lt;/cite&gt;, Robert J. Behnke, ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ R. Tomelleri, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2002, hardcover, 359 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0-7432-2220-2
{{cookbook}}

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*Japanese ᏧᎾᎦ: [http://www.amago.jp.lv/index2.html Trouts and Seasons of the Mountain Village]


[[Category:Salmonidae]]
[[Category:Cold water fish]]

[[bg:Пъстърва]]
[[ca:Truita de riu]]
[[cs:Pstruh obecný potoční]]
[[de:Forelle]]
[[es:Trucha]]
[[fr:Truite]]
[[gd:Breac]]
[[gl:Troita]]
[[io:Truto]]
[[he:טרוטה]]
[[lt:Upėtakis]]
[[lb:Frell]]
[[nl:Forel]]
[[ja:マス]]
[[no:Ørret]]
[[nn:Aure]]
[[oc:Salmo trutta fario]]
[[pl:Pstrąg]]
[[pt:Truta]]
[[simple:Trout]]
[[sl:Postrv]]
[[fi:Taimen]]
[[sv:Öring]]
[[tr:Alabalık]]
[[chr:ᏧᎾᎦ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏎᎼᏂ</title>
    <id>2717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8955</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-29T05:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:CohoSalmon.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ   ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Coho ᏎᎼᏂ]]
[[Image:Chinook Salmon.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Chinook_Salmon|Chinook]] or [[King Salmon]] is the largest salmon in North America and can grow to 1.5&amp;nbsp;m (58 inches) in length and to 57&amp;nbsp;kg (125 pounds) in weight. This specimen shows the jaws drawn into a curved &quot;kype&quot;, a secondary sex characteristic typical of many male salmon around spawning time.]]

'''ᏎᎼᏂ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Salmonidae]].  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[trout|ᏧᎾᎦ]].  ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] ᎠᎴ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Great Lakes|ᎡᏆ ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ locked ᎥᏓᎵ.  ᎯᎠ [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Russian Far East|Russian ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ [[fish migration|anadromous]]: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fresh water|ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ]], ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ [[reproduce|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]. [[Folklore|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 90% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ [[spawning|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Alaska]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ populate ᎢᏤ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[glacier|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[semelparity]]. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ([[iteroparity]]), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 40 50%.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ, ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.

ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries, ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ swam upriver ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[spearfishing]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[Columbia River|Columbia ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Celilo Falls|Celilo ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ inundated ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ [[Ainu cuisine|Ainu]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ''en masse''.  ᎾᏊ, ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ fisheries ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ banned ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ [[Ireland]].  

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[British Columbia|ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia]] ᎠᎴ [[Alaska]] ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[Skeena River|Skeena ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ fisheries, ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ fisheries, ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ fisheries ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ wildlife ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ watershed.

ᎢᏧᎳ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[recreational fishing|recreational ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]] yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Australian salmon|Australian ᏎᎼᏂ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Sea water|ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ salmonidae. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ coastline Australia ᎠᎴ [[Tasmania]]. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

==ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Image:Salmoneggskils.jpg|thumb||ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ  ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ  ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ  ᎯᎠ [[yolk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[blood vessel|ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[yolk|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]]
[[Image:Salmonlarvakils.jpg|thumb||ᏎᎼᏂ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ - ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Artery|arteries]] ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏯᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ oildrops, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎦᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]]
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''redd'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ streambed ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ [[roe|ᏧᏪᏥ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ, fertilising ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ upstream ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏫᎵ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ''alevin'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ''. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ''parr'' ᎬᏙᏗ camouflaging ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎯᎠ parr ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ''smolts'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ colour ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ rubbed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ smolt ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ. Smolts ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ atsinuqowisgv-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ [[osmoregulation]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ freshwater, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''grilse''. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ [[spawn|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''whitling'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]]. ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ undergoes ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ''kype'' (ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ). ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ darker ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater ᎠᎴ  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''kelts''. ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ amazing ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ upstream ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ unigatohvsv ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ slower ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ (annuli) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Freshwater ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵᎢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ; ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ milt.

Freshwater ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ estuaries ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ [[insects|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[aquatic insects|aquatic ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ]], [[amphipods]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[crustaceans]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deeper ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predation ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ siltation, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. [[Estuaries]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ [[wetlands]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. Wetlands ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.


== ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ==  
[[Image:Edouard_Manet_068.jpg|[[Edouard Manet]]: ''ᏙᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ''|240px|right|thumb]]

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ nvwatohiyadv ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[Omega-3 fatty acids|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ overall ᎡᎳᏗ [[fat|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]] ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ''[[Science (journal)|agatohvsdi]]'', ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[dioxin]]. PCB ([[polychlorinated biphenyl]]) ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 itsuwakodi ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎠᎴ [[Omega-3|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ FSA ([[Food Standards Agency|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]) ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[methylmercury]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ.

ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ [[rule of thumb|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ  ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ]] ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[Atlantic salmon|Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ farmed (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 99%), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ-ᎦᏂᏴᏛ (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 80%).

{{Disputed}}

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ fleshed ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ colour ᏎᎼᏂ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[carotenoid]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  [[astaxanthin]] (E161j) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ.  ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ carotenoids ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[krill]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ [[shellfish|gantlai]].  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[canthaxanthin]] (E161g) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[Vitamins]], ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ colourants ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  Astaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ [[antioxidant]] Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏣᏗ [[nervous system|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. Canthaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli, causing ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ intakes [http://www.worldandi.com/public/2000/may/fishy.html].

ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.  Alaskan ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ.  [[Smoked salmon|Smoked ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ [[smoking (food)|smoked]].  [[Lox (salmon)|Lox]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ smoked ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ cured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[gravlax]]).

ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[Anisakis|anisakidae]], ᎠᏜ [[parasite|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]]Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[Anisakiasis]]. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ availability [[refrigeration|ᎦᎸᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]]ese ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ [[roe|gantlai]] ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[sashimi]] (ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎠᎴ [[sushi]].
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Poachedsalmon.jpeg|Poached salmon
Image:White_Alaskan_Salmon.jpg|White Alaskan Salmon
Image:Salmon_roe.jpg|Salmon roe at the Shiogama seafood market in Japan
Image:Salmon- Egg Membranes.jpg|Ovary of the salmon was opened and loosened
Image:Salade de jambon cru et saumon fume.jpg|Salad with ham and smoked salmon
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Environmental ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ European ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ:
*ᎥᏳᎩ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᎾ.  ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (2002) ᎠᏍᏆᏛ “The ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ salmonid ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏘᎾ-infested ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᏓᎵ.”  ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.saveourskeenasalmon.org/getInformed/scientificEvidence.php Scientific Evidence].
*Overfishing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Faroes]] ᎠᎴ [[Greenland]].
*ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ smolting.
*[[Ulcerative dermal necrosis|Ulcerative ᎠᏰᎵ ᎥᏳᎩ]] (UDN) ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ 1970s ᎠᎴ 1980s ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater ᎤᏪᏴ.
*ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ freshwater ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ redds.
*ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ &quot;ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ&quot; ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ accessibility ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ.
*ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ invertebrate ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[farm|ᎦᎶᎨᏒ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ [[pollution|ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ availability.
*ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater alenvdidsv ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ, [[irrigation|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ [[NGO]]ᎠᎴ sharing ᎠᎴ participating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ documentation ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.

* [[NOAA]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa.htm#fish list of Endangered Species], ᎯᎠ [[Endangered Species Act|ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]]
* [[Sweden]] ᎤᎭ generated ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ [[Biodiversity Action Plan|Biodiversity ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [http://www.stateofthesalmon.org/ State of Salmon] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[IUCN]] redlist [http://www.stateofthesalmon.org/assess/page.asp?pID=70 endangered salmon]

==Aquaculture==
[[Image:Salmon newborn.jpg|thumb|200px|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-incubated ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ]]
ᏎᎼᏂ [[aquaculture]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ contributor ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ farmed [[fin-fish|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ-ᎠᏣᏗ]], ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ cultured ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: [[tilapia]], [[catfish|ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ]], [[sea bass|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]], [[carp]], [[bream]], ᎠᎴ [[trout|ᏧᎾᎦ]]. ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Scotland]], [[Canada]], ᎠᎴ [[Chile]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ consumed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe.  Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ farmed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Russia]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]].

ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ [[carnivorous|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ substituting ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai ᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎪᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ [[Omega-3|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ farmed ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.  Intensive ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ [[sea lice|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᎾ]] ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ safer ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ controllable, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hatchery|hatcheries]] iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Sweden]] ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Norwegians ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ kanquotsegi ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ overharvest ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᎹ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. variant ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[ocean ranching|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Alaska]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ fishermen ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏂ.

==ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==
'''ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ'''.

===Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ===
[[Image:Atlantischer Lachs.jpg|thumb|200px|Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ]]
Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Salmo]]''. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, 
*[[Atlantic salmon|Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᎠᎴ '''ᏎᎼᏂ''' (''Salmo salar''), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ.
* ᎦᏙᎯ-locked ᏎᎼᏂ (''Salmo salar sebago'') ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎪᎯ [[subspecies]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ.
* '''''Salmo trutta''''', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[trout|ᏧᎾᎦ]], ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Brown trout|ᏬᏗᎨ ᏧᎾᎦ]].

===ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ===
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'', ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ;
*[[Sockeye salmon|Sockeye ᏎᎼᏂ]] (''Oncorhynchus nerka'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎩᎦᎨ ᏎᎼᏂ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏕᎳ ᏎᎼᏂ.&quot; ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Klamath River|Klamath ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[California]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Hokkaido Island|Hokkaido ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Bathurst Inlet|Bathurst ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Canadian Arctic|ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Anadyr River|Anadyr ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Siberia|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.
*[[Chinook salmon|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏎᎼᏂ]] (''Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, Tyee, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏎᎼᏂ, Quinnat, Tule, ᎠᎴ Blackmouth ᏎᎼᏂ.
*[[Pink salmon|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᎠᎴ '''Humpback ᏎᎼᏂ''' (''Oncorhynchus gorbuscha'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ California ᎠᎴ [[Korea]], ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Mackenzie River|Mackenzie ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎯᎠ [[Lena River|Lena ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ.
*[[Chum salmon|ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ]] (''Oncorhynchus keta'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏣᏛᎤᏥᎸ ᏎᎼᏂ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ geographic ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ: ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ [[Sacramento River|Sacramento ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ [[Kyushu]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ; ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Mackenzie ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Lena ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.
*[[Coho salmon|Coho ᏎᎼᏂ]] ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏎᎼᏂ''' (''Oncorhynchus kisutch'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎹᏱ Alaska ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ-ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ.
*[[Cherry salmon|ᎩᏔᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ]] (''Oncorhynchus masu'' ᎠᎴ ''O. masou'') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ, Korea ᎠᎴ Russia.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|Salmonidae}}
{{cookbook}}

* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/salmonweb/index.html Salmon Collection] ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Washington Libraries ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ discribing ᏎᎼᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ
* '''[pdf]''' [http://www.columbia.edu/~kjh2103/Salmon-omics-PDO.pdf ''Salmon-omics: Effect of Pacific Decadal Oscillation on Alaskan Chinook Harvests and Market Price''], Kevin Ꮀ, Columbia ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, 2005.
* [http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/finfish/salmon/species/salmon_species.php Alaska Department of Fish &amp; Game Salmon Species Descriptions]
* [http://www.critfc.org/ Tribal Salmon Restoration Plan]
* [http://www.wildsalmoncenter.org/ Wild Salmon Center] 
* [http://www.salmonfund.org SalmonFund.org] ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sustainable ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ.
* [http://www.salmonnation.com Salmon Nation] ᏎᎼᏂ restoriation orginization.
* [http://www.cjly.net/deconstructingdinner/020206.htm One Hour Radio Broadcast on Farmed Salmon in British Columbia, Canada - Kootenay Co-op Radio's Deconstructing Dinner program]
* '''[pdf]''' [http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/salmon_farmed.pdf Seafood Watch executive report on farmed Atlantic salmon] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Monterey Bay Aquarium|Monterey ᎥᏓᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]]
* [http://www.worldandi.com/public/2000/may/fishy.html Is Something Fishy Going On?] ᎾᎥᎢ Linda Joyce Forristal, worldandi.com, 2003 - ᏎᎼᏂ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ.
* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fdfishy.html Is Something Fishy Going On?]  ᎾᎥᎢ Judith E. Foulke, FDA Consumer, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1993 - ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ consumer ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
* [http://www.salmonrecipes.us Salmon Recipes] ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ.
* [http://www.great-salmon-recipes.com Great Salmon Recipes] ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.
* [http://www.activeangler.com/resources/cooking/recipes/salmon/salmon_index.asp Free Salmon Recipes]
* [http://www.acnetreatmentinfo.org/info/Salmon_for_acne Effects of Salmon on the skin disorder Acne]
* [http://www.canfisco.com/wildsalmon/salmon_history.asp?article=8 History of Salmon Canning in British Columbia]

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
* [http://www.ecotrust.org/publications/atlas.html ''Atlas of Pacific Salmon''], Xanthippe Augerot ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ Consortium, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2005, hardcover, 152 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0-520-24504-0

* ''ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ'', [[Robert J. Behnke]], ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ R. Tomelleri, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 2002, hardcover, 359 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0-7432-2220-2

* [http://www.sierraclub.org/books/catalog/0871565722.asp ''Come back, salmon.''], ᎾᎥᎢ Molly ᏒᏙᏂ, Sierra ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, 48 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0-87156-572-2 - ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ decribes ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ 'ᏬᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ'.

* ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ Anthony NetBoy, © 1973,  Houghton Mifflin ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ., 613 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ, ISBN 0-395-14013-7

[[Category:Salmon| ]]
[[Category:Cold water fish]]
[[Category:Seafood]]
[[Category:Edible fish]]

[[da:Laks]]
[[de:Lachse]]
[[en:Salmon]]
[[es:Salmón]]
[[fr:Saumon]]
[[io:Salmono]]
[[nl:Europese zalm]]
[[ja:サケ類]]
[[no:Laks]]
[[pt:Salmão]]
[[simple:Salmon]]
[[fi:Lohi]]
[[sv:Lax]]
[[zh:鮭魚]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Escherichia coli</title>
    <id>2718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9531</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T17:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Modifying: [[kn:ಎಸ್ಚರೀಶಿಯ ಕೋಲಿ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Escherichia coli''
| status = {{StatusSecure}}
| image = EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| superdomain = [[Phylogenetica]]
| domain = [[Bacteria|ᎢᎦᎢ]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Gamma Proteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Enterobacteriales]]
| familia = [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Escherichia]]''
| species = '''''Escherichia coli'''''
| binomial = ''Escherichia coli''
| binomial_authority = T. Escherich, 1885
}}
[[Image:E coli at 10000x, original.jpg|thumb|right|250px| ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ electron micrograph   ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  E. coli ᎢᎦᎢ, magnified 10,000 itsuwakodi. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ bacterium ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.]]

'''''Escherichia coli''''', ᎤᏠᏱᎭ abbreviated '''''E. coli''''', ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Theodor Escherich]], pediatrician ᎠᎴ bacteriologist, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[bacterium|ᎢᎦᎢ]] Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ [[intestine|ᏧᎵᎦᏏ]][[mammal|gantlai]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[digestion|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[intestinal flora|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ]]. Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[groundwater]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Enterobacteriaceae]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[model organism|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[bacterium|ᎢᎦᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ, &quot;enteric&quot;, ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ, ᏯᏛᎾ &quot;gastroenteritis&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 'gastro-', ᎤᏍᏉᎵ, 'entero-' ᏧᎵᎦᏏ, '-itis', ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ). &quot;ᎦᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;enteric&quot;. 

ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ''E. coli'' ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[feces|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]] Ꮎ ᏌᏊ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ 100 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ 10 ᎯᏍᎩ.  ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ''coli'' ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ digakohidi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[Enterobacter aerogenes]]'') ᎠᎴ grouped ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''[[coliform bacteria|coliform]]'' ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎯᎠ &quot;coliform ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[aerobic organism|aerobic]] ᎠᎴ [[facultative anaerobe|facultative anaerobic]], ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, [[Gram-negative|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]], ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[lactose]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 48 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 35°C (95°F). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[flatulence|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]]. ''E. coli'' ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ elongated, 1-2 µm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ 0.1-0.5 µm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

==ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ [[water purification|ᎠᎹ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[sewage treatment|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ]], ''E. coli'' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎪᎯᏳᏙ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Coliform Index|Coliform ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]].  ''E. coli'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ coliforms ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[pathogen]](''[[Salmonella typhi]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ pathogen.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[typhoid]] ᎤᏗᎴᎲᏍᎩ.), ᎠᎴ ''E. coli'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ't &quot;ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lab ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ''E. coli'' ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ''E. coli'' ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[paper mill|Ꭺ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ]].

==ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏳᎩ==
ᏦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ''E. coli'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ:

# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[urinary tract|urinary ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[honeymoon cystitis|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ cystitis]]&quot; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ, urinary ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏐᏅᎯ ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ urinary ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ urethra, ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ technique ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ([[pregnancy|ᏥᏍᏚ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, [[prostate|ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ansigaya) ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ initiating ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear.  [[Anal sex|Anal ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ.
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ (ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ulcer|ᎦᏬᏍᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[peritonitis]]&quot; Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ''E. coli'' ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[streptomycin]] ᎠᎴ [[gentamycin]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[antibiotics|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ.
# ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ''E.coli'' ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Escherichia coli O157:H7]] ᎠᎴ toxigenic (ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ toxin ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[dysentery|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᏯ (ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ). ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ varies ᎤᎪᏗᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏐᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ immunocompromised, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ.  ''E. coli'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-labile enterotoxins.  ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ, termed LT, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ [[Cholera|ᎥᏳᎩ]] toxin.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏌᏊ 'A' subunit ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ 'B' subunits ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᏊ holotoxin.  ᎯᎠ B subunits ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ toxin ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ subunit ᎨᏒᎢ cleaved ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ, causing ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ.

''E. coli'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[urinary tract|urinary ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎥᏳᎩ, [[meningitis]], [[peritonitis]], [[mastitis]], [[septicemia]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[pneumonia|ᎪᎳ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏗᎴᎬᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ enteric ''E. coli'' ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎾᎾᎯ enterotoxigenic (ETEC, causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ diarrhea ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᏩᎦ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ), enteropathogenic (EPEC, causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ diarrhea ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏍᏚ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ), enteroinvasive (EIEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ), verotoxigenic (VTEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᏩᎦ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ), enterohaemorragic (EHEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ), ᎠᏓᏂᏴᎡᎲ-effacing (AEEC, ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ E. coli ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ EPEC ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, EHEC ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᎠᎴ porcine ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏴᏫ EPEC ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ).

===ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ===
ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ guided ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ sensitivities ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ''E. coli''.  ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ''E. coli'' ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ) [[amoxycillin]], [[trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[nitrofurantoin]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ''E. coli'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ.

[[Antibiotic resistance|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ overuse ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ anitbiotics ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Johnson JR, Kuskowski MA,Menard M, ''et al.'' | title=Similarity between human and chicken ''Escherichia coli'' isolates in relation to ciprofloxacin resistance status | journal=J Infect Dis | volume=194 | pages=71&amp;ndash;8 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v194n1/35787/35787.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ==
[[Image:Lifecycle of e coli.jpg|thumb|right|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''E. coli'' ]]
&quot;ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ&quot; ''E. coli'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ''E. coli'' ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ detectable ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ lifecycle ᎯᎠ bacterium, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ [[pathogenicity]]. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ''E. coli'' ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[animal|gantlai]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ''E. coli'' ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ biological ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[mutation|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nvwatohiyadv ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[diarrhea]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ medications, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ''E. coli'' ᎨᏒᎢ [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|''E.coli'' O157:H7]].

ESBL (ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Beta-Lactamase) ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ E. coli ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ E. coli.ESBL-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ enzyme ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ beta lactamase, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ intravenous ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ.

==ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ microbiology==
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ''E. coli'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[microbiology]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ &quot;workhorse&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[molecular biology|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]].  Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ agatohvsdi.

[[Bacterial conjugation|Bacterial ᏔᎵ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''E. coli,'' ᎠᎴ ''E. coli'' ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ.

''E. coli'' ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[biological engineering|biological ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]. Researchers ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ&quot; ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[DNA]] ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ [[proteins|ᏤᎵ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ [[recombinant DNA]] ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ''E. coli'' ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ [[insulin]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[diabetes]].

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.ecocyc.org/ Encyclopedia of ''Escherichia coli'' Genes and Metabolism (EcoCyc)]
*[http://www.cciw.ca/wqrjc/35-1/35-1-1.htm The Presence of Coliform Bacteria in Canadian Pulp and Paper Mill Water Systems - a Cause for Concern?] - ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. F. Archibald (ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ)
*[http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/66/12/5155 Coliform Bacteria and Nitrogen Fixation in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment Systems] - ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. F. Archibald (ᎧᎵ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ)
* [http://briandeer.com/e-coli-o157.htm Investigation of a UK outbreak by Brian Deer]
* [http://ecoli.bham.ac.uk/ The ''E. coli'' index: resource for ''E. coli'' as a model organism]
* [http://colibase.bham.ac.uk/ coliBASE: a comparative genomics database for ''E. coli'']
* [http://www.ecoli-york.org/ EchoBASE: an integrated post-genomic database for ''E. coli'']
* [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi ''E. coli'' Statistics]
* [http://escherichia-coli.sergi5.com ''E. coli'' computational and real Models]
* [http://www.brainblog.com/cms/scientists_engineer_bacteria_to_create_living_photographs2480 Scientists engineer bacteria to create living photographs]
* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=biotech&amp;sc=&amp;id=16949&amp;pg=1 Scientists are synthetically engineering E. coli that can target and kill cancer cells]

{{Model Organisms}}

[[Category:Model organisms]]
[[Category:Enterobacteria]]

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      <comment>robot  Adding: [[sm:Mūsika]]</comment>
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'''ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ [[silence|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[pitch|ᎠᏗᏅᏗ]], [[rhythm|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]], [[harmony|nvwatohiyadv]], ᎠᎴ [[timbre|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]]. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ [[pattern|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[combinations|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ]] ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ stimuli, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[art|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ [[aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]], [[communication|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]], [[entertainment|ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ [[Definitions of music|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ varies ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

[[Image:Filippino Lippi 001.jpg|thumb|right|ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ [[Filippino Lippi]]]]
[[Image:Lorenzo Lippi 001.jpg|thumb|right|ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ [[Lorenzo Lippi]]]]

== ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ==
{{mainarticle|Definition of music}}
ᎯᎠ broadest [[definition of music|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]].  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ observable ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ labeled ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ understandable cultural ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ properties ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ properties ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ perceived ᎠᎴ processed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ:
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ/ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ. 

[[Greek philosophy|ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda theorists ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[melody|melodies]], ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[harmony|harmonies]]. [[Music theory|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᎠᏎᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ challenged ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ creating ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ explored harsher, darker [[timbres|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[death metal|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[grindcore]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ harshest ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᎭᏓᏛ.

20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ [[John Cage|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] disagreed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ melodies. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ argued Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, &quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ [[noise|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ,&quot;[http://arted.osu.edu/160/03_cage.php]. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ musicologist [[Jean-Jacques Nattiez]] (1990 p.47-8,55): &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ culturally ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ--ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ implies Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.... ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ''ᏏᏴᏫ'' ᎠᎴ ''intercultural'' ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ defining ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ.&quot; 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ [[Anton Webern]] ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ &quot;ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏴ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏴ-ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏎ&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏥᏍᏚ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe]] ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ &quot;ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.&quot;

== ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ==
{{main|History of music}}
{{see also|Music and politics}}

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ predates ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ influenced ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ versa, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Sama Veda]] ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ emphasized ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[Musical instrument|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ techniques. [[Music history|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]] ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ subfield [[musicology]] ᎠᎴ [[history|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[propaganda|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]].

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[European classical music|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], [[popular music|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[rock and roll|ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ]]), [[country music|ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[folk music|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]].

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎣᏂᏱᏳ-ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏂᎢ, [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, [[serialism]], [[bebop]]-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[Jazz]], [[Hip hop music|ᎬᎾᏍᏗ]], [[punk rock|ᏔᏩᎵ ᏅᏯ]], ᎠᎴ [[electronica]] ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''[[world music|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ European ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Wesleyan University|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ European ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, &quot;ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ musicology&quot;, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎾᎥᎢ &quot;ethnomusicology&quot;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.)

ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Gershwin]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Rhapsody in Blue|ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ jazz ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[globalization|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ]], ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Anglo-ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ African-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ' multi-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ &quot;ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ&quot; ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[music festivals|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ [[genre|ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]].

== ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ==
{{main|Aspects of music}}

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ European [[aspects of music|ᎢᎦᏛ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European-influenced ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: [[melody|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]], [[harmony|nvwatohiyadv]], [[rhythm|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]], [[Timbre|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[Musical form|ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ: [[Pitch (music)|ᎠᏗᏅᏗ]], [[timbre|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]], [[loudness|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[duration|iyuwakodi]].&lt;ref&gt;Owen, 2000: 6&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[structure|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]], [[texture (music)|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ spatial ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ. 

[[Silence|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ  ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ symphonies ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[4'33]].&quot;''ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ &quot;ᎤᏃᏴᎬ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᎷᏪᎢ.&quot;

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ varies. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ debated ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏙᏌᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ &quot;ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. 

[[pulse (music)|ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ, improvisational ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ;&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[alap]] ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ [[Hindustani music|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Dane Harwood]], &quot;ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-cultural ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ 'ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ,' ᎠᏯ ᏃᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Harwood, 1976: 522&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ==
{{main|Music industry}}
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. [[Amateur|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ]] ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ synagogues, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ freelancers, ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ).     

=== ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ===
{{main|Performance}}

[[Image:Naxi Musicians I.jpg|thumb|Chinese [[Nakhi|Naxi]] ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]

ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ deriving ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ motivation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ derived motivation, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.  ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ motivated ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ motivations ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.&quot;  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ practicing, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.

=== ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ===
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[solo (music)|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ soloistic [[performance|ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Indian classical music|ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bali]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[musical ensemble|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ [[concert|ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[religion|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ]]. 

[[Chamber music|ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[symphonic]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[musician|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ [[musical ensemble|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[rock band|ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ [[orchestra|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]].

=== ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ===
{{main|Musical notation}}

[[Image:Claves.png|thumb|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]

ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ [[oral history|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ aurally (&quot;ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏂ&quot;). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ&quot;. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ [[improvisation|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Gambia, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Africa, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ notated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[musical notation|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ [[music theory|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], nvwatohiyadv, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ. 

ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ varies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, jazz, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ notates ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. Nonetheless, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ jazz, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz &quot;ᎡᏆ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ.&quot; 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, guitarists ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ notated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tablature, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ fingerboard. Tabulature ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏬᏢᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ notate ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, stringed, fretted ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  

ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sheet music|ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ varies ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ contextual ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᎠᎴ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ notated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ utugi uwasv Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ stylistically-ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ utugi uwasv Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ tempo ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎯ &quot;ᎦᏛᎬᎢ&quot; ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ jazz, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, nvwatohiyadv, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ utugi uwasv ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ. 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ jazz ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ  ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ chord ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ jazz ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ utugi uwasv ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ &quot;ᎤᏇᏓᎵ atsinuqowisgv&quot; ᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ chordal ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ.

=== ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ===
{{main|Musical composition|Musical improvisation|Free improvisation}}
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ preconceiving ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[musical composition|ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ notated ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ deciding ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ notated ᎨᏒᎢ termed [[interpretation|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ tohi adedi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[improvisation|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎿ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ melodic, harmonic, ᎠᎴ rhythmic ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[free improvisation|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ &quot;ᏁᎵᏒ &quot; (ᏁᎵᏒᎢ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ, ''ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ'' preconceived. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Georgiana Costescu, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ stylistic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ &quot;ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ&quot; ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[precompositional]]). ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. 

ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ &quot;ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Aleatoric music|Aleatoric ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[John Cage|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Witold Lutosławski]].

=== ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ===
[[Musical composition|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ [[composition|ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ analyzing ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ -- ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ -- ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ comprising ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[improvised|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]]; ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi [[musical notation|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[Western classical music|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ [[free jazz|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ jazz]] ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ [[African]] ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ. 

ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ singling atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ. ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ [[formal elements|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ. ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[time|iyuwakodi]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[rhythm|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. 

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ [[time|iyuwakodi]]-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[rubato]] iyuwakodi, [[Italian language|Italian]] ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[tempo]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ placement ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[musical montage|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ montage]], ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ [[time|iyuwakodi]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ [[time|iyuwakodi]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.

== ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ==
{{main|Hearing (sense)}}

[[Image:Mozarteum grosser saal buehne mit orchester.jpg|thumb|ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mozarteum, Salzburg]]

ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[music cognition|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ processed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ. 

ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ugatohvsvi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎡᏆ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ socioeconomic ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.&quot; &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ&quot; ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏬᏢᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ symphonies, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ iyatoquu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏗ. 

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, nightclubs, ᎠᎴ theatres, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ, ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ. iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᎳᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ Ꮎ separated atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ &quot;ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ. 

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s, musicologists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ perceived ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ &quot;ᎦᎸᎳᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᎳᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ socioeconomic ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ-ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎬᏙᏗ-&quot;ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ socioeconomic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ-ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏗᏍᎬ, ᏔᏩᎵ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ska ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.

[[Deaf|ᏧᎵᎡᎾ]] ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ugatohvsv ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ enhanced ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Beethoven]], ᎦᎪ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Evelyn Glennie]], ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ acclaimed percussionist ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏔᎵᏚ, ᎠᎴ [[Chris Buck|Chris ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ]], ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.

{{further|[[psychoacoustics]]}}

== Media ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ==
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[mass media|media]]; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ , ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[radio|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]], [[television]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[internet|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ mixes ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ &quot;ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ&quot;. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ&quot; ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1992 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 1979 ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ Berne ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ accesible ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᎵᏍ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[music-on-demand|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ-ᎾᎿ-ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ communal. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialized ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sound recording|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ [[music video|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ video]], ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ experiencing ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. 

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[performance|ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]]ᎠᏙᏢᏗ prerecorded ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[DJ]] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[gramophone record|ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[scratching|ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 20th-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ prerecorded onto ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. [[Computers|ᎡᎵᏍ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[keyboards]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ programmed ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ [[MIDI]] ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ''ᏗᏙᎳᎩ'' ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Karaoke]], ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Japanese, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ video ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ.

== ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ==

ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᏔᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ.

ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Bachelor of Music|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎯᎠ [[Bachelor of Music Education|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Bachelor of Arts|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna  ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.  

ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ. ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Master of Music|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎯᎠ [[Master of Arts|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ  ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎯᎠ [[PhD]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[Doctor of Musical Arts|ᎦᎾᎦᏘ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ DMA. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ awarded ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ awarded ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ musicology, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 

ᎯᎠ PhD, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ musicology, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ DMA ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ DMA ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. 

=== ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ===
{{main|Music education}}
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[preschool]] postsecondary ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, [[counting|ᏛᏎᎯᎯ]], ᏍᎨ, ᎠᎴ [[cooperation|ᎠᎵᎪᏒ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ promoting ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ [[language|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ [[memory|ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ creating ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ conductive ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. &lt;ref&gt;Woodall ᎠᎴ Ziembroski, 2002&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[choirs|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ]], [[marching bands|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]], [[jazz bands|jazz ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[orchestras|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.

ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[university|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ adatudi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ overview ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ [[music appreciation|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᏗᏱ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ focuses ᎾᎿ ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ European universities ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[STSI]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bali]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea, ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ universities ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[music of Africa|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ  Africa]] ᎠᎴ Bali (e.g. Gamelan ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ).

ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[music lessons|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ- ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ techniques.

=== ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ===
{{main|musicology|music theory}}

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ''ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ'' ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[musicology]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[musicology]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ: [[systematic musicology|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ musicology]], [[historical musicology|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ musicology]], ᎠᎴ [[comparative musicology|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ musicology]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ [[music theory|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], [[music history|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ [[ethnomusicology]]. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ musicology ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ enriched ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-disciplinary ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[psychoacoustics]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ cultural ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[ethnomusicology]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Medieval|lyudetiyvda]] itsuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Quadrivium]] ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ [[Liberal Arts|ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ [[Quadrivium]], ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[harmonics|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. 

[[Zoomusicology]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ George Herzog (1941) ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ, &quot;ᎿᏛᎦ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ?&quot; François-Bernard Mâche ᎤᏤᎵ ''Musique, mythe, ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ou les Dauphins d'Arion'' (1983), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ornitho-musicology&quot; ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ technique Ruwet ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, musique, poésie'' (1972) paradigmatic segmentation ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ birdsongs ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ [[Jean-Jacques Nattiez]] (1990), &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ conceptualized (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ) ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏴᏫ.&quot;

ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ compositional ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᎴ . ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ guidelines ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ [[common practice period|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[tonal music|tonal ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. [[Musical set theory|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[set theory|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ [[atonal music|atonal ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]. [[Speculative music theory|ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[analytic music theory|ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[musical tuning|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ iyahdvnelidasdi]], ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.

== ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy ==
[[Robert Burton (scholar)|Robert Burton]] ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ''[[The Anatomy of Melancholy|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ  ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ]]'', Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. &lt;ref&gt;cf. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ, Robert Burton, subsection 3, ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 3480, &quot;ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;
ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ [3481]ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᏯ
ᏫᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏋᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ
ᎤᎭ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [3482]
ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Canus, 
Rhodian ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [3483]Philostratus, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Apollonius ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ 
ᎣᎾᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, &quot;Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ 
ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ merrier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, 
ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ enamoured, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ.&quot; Ismenias ᎯᎠ Theban,
[3484]Chiron ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ cured ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ
ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ, saith [3485]Bodine, Ꮎ ᎠᎴ
troubled ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Vitus ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-8.txt]&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.med.mun.ca/munmed/84/crellin.htm &quot;Humanities are the Hormones: A Tarantella Comes to Newfoundland. What should we do about it?&quot;] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Crellin, MUNMED, newsletter ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ gantlai, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎪᏪᎵ==
* Harwood, Dane (1976). &quot;ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ&quot;, ''Ethnomusicology'' 20, Ꮭ. 3:521-33.
* Johnson, Julian (2002). ''ᎦᎪ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ?: Cultural ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ''. Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0-19-514681-6.
* Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. &quot;ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ Musicianship.&quot; ''Orff-ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ'' XXXVII Ꮭ. 1 (2004): 11-14.
* Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ: ᏦᎢ Centuries ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany.&quot; ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ XXVI Ꮭ. 1 (2004): 8-27.
* Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. &quot;Didaktik ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Pedagogy.&quot; ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ) 22 Ꮭ. 3 (2004): 277-286. 
* Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. &quot;ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ: ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ.&quot; ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ 18 Ꮭ. 2 (ᎪᎳ 2005): 14-16. 
* Molino, Jean (1975). &quot;ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ sémiologue ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ musique&quot;, ''Musique en Jeu'', Ꮭ. 17:37-62.
* Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1987). ''ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ: ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ'' (''Musicologie générale ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ sémiologue'', 1987). Translated ᎾᎥᎢ Carolyn Abbate (1990). ISBN 0-691-02714-5.
* Owen, Harold (2000). ''ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Resource ᎪᏪᎵ''. Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ISBN 0-19-511539-2.
* Woodall, Laura ᎠᎴ Brenda Ziembroski, (2002). [http://www.songsforteaching.com/lb/literacymusic.htm|Promoting Literacy Through Music].

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[[bg:Музика]]
[[bm:Fɔlikan]]
[[bn:সঙ্গীত]]
[[bs:Muzika]]
[[ca:Música]]
[[ceb:Musika]]
[[co:Musica]]
[[cs:Hudba]]
[[cv:Кĕвĕ]]
[[cy:Cerddoriaeth]]
[[da:Musik]]
[[de:Musik]]
[[el:Μουσική]]
[[en:Music]]
[[eo:Muziko]]
[[es:Música]]
[[et:Muusika]]
[[eu:Musika]]
[[fa:موسیقی]]
[[fi:Musiikki]]
[[fiu-vro:Muusiga]]
[[fo:Tónleikur]]
[[fr:Musique]]
[[fur:Musiche]]
[[fy:Muzyk]]
[[ga:Ceol]]
[[gd:Ceòl]]
[[gl:Música]]
[[he:מוזיקה]]
[[hi:संगीत]]
[[hr:Glazba]]
[[ht:Mizik]]
[[hu:Zene]]
[[ia:Musica]]
[[id:Musik]]
[[io:Muziko]]
[[is:Tónlist]]
[[it:Musica]]
[[ja:音楽]]
[[jbo:zgike]]
[[jv:Musik]]
[[ka:მუსიკა]]
[[kn:ಸಂಗೀತ]]
[[ko:음악]]
[[kw:Ylow]]
[[ky:Музыка]]
[[la:Musica]]
[[lad:Muzika]]
[[lb:Musek]]
[[li:Muziek]]
[[lt:Muzika]]
[[lv:Mūzika]]
[[ms:Muzik]]
[[mt:Mużika]]
[[mzn:ساز]]
[[nah:Cuīcayotl]]
[[nds:Musik]]
[[nds-nl:Meziek]]
[[ne:संगीत]]
[[nl:Muziek]]
[[nn:Musikk]]
[[no:Musikk]]
[[nrm:Mûsique]]
[[oc:Musica]]
[[os:Музыкæ]]
[[pl:Muzyka]]
[[pt:Música]]
[[qu:Taki kapchiy]]
[[ro:Muzică]]
[[ru:Музыка]]
[[sa:गानं]]
[[sc:Mùsica]]
[[scn:Mùsica]]
[[sco:Muisic]]
[[sh:Muzika]]
[[simple:Music]]
[[sk:Hudba]]
[[sl:Glasba]]
[[sm:Mūsika]]
[[sq:Muzika]]
[[sr:Музика]]
[[sv:Musik]]
[[ta:இசை]]
[[tg:Мусиқӣ]]
[[th:ดนตรี]]
[[tl:Musika]]
[[tr:Müzik]]
[[ug:مۇزىكا]]
[[uk:Музика]]
[[vec:Mùxega]]
[[vi:Âm nhạc]]
[[wa:Muzike]]
[[war:Musika]]
[[yi:מוזיק]]
[[zea:Muziek]]
[[zh:音乐]]
[[zh-yue:音樂]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ</title>
    <id>2721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9503</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-20T01:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[uk:Чеснота]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Efez Celsus Library 2 RB.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Personification|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]]  ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ([[Greek Language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ''ἀρετή'') ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Celsus Library|Celsus ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ephesos]], [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]]]]
'''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ''' ([[Latin]] ''ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ''; [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] {{Polytonic|ἀρετή}}) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[excellence|ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ]] ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Moral character|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Value (personal and cultural)|ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Goodness and value theory|ᎣᏍᏛ]].  ᎯᎠ conceptual ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ [[vice|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]].

ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎧᏁᏨ {{Polytonic|ἀρετή}} (''[[Arete (excellence)|aretē]]'') ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ'' ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''vir'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏍᎦᏯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ  ''ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ&quot; ᏁᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ; ᏯᏛᎾ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ&quot;. [The unrelated Latin word ''vis'' means simply &quot;power&quot; or &quot;violence&quot;; ancient grammarians were unable to distinguish the two words.] Cf. Ernout-Meillet, ''Dictionnaire étymologique ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ langue latine: Histoire ᏕᏍ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ''.

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[norm (sociology)|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ subtleties, [[virtus|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[war|ᏓᏄᏩ]]ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[courage|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[irony|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ [[etymology|ᎧᏁᏨ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ [[chastity|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ]].  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Leo Strauss]] expresses ᎾᏍᎩ, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ.&quot;

ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᎭ [[normative]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[goodness and value theory|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]; ᎠᏯ.e. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ (ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ normative ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ) vs. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ {{Polytonic|ἠθικὴ ἀρετή}} (''ēthikē aretē'').  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ itsuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.

==ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ==

ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ lyudetiyvda ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Cardinal virtues|ᏙᏧ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]] ᎠᎴ:

*[[temperance (virtue)|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]  :  {{Polytonic|σωφροσύνη}} (''sōphrosynē'')
*[[prudence|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]]  :  {{Polytonic|φρόνησις}} (''phronēsis'')
*[[courage|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]]  :  {{Polytonic|ἀνδρεία}} (''andreia'')
*[[justice|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]  :  {{Polytonic|δικαιοσύνη}} (''dikaiosynē'')

ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ [[Plato]] ᎠᎴ [[Socrates]].

==ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ==

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᏙᏧ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''cardo'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏙᏌᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ pivotal ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.

ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ [[Plato]] ᎠᎴ [[Aristotle]], ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, 
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ - ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ - ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Plato|Plato']] ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 'ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ'. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.

Aristotle ᎠᏗᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ harmonized:
 
*'''dianoethic''' ('''''ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ'''''; 

**{{Polytonic|νοῦς τῶν ἀρχῶν}} (''ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ tōn archōn'') - '''ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ''', 
**{{Polytonic|ἐπιστήμη}} (''epistēmē'') - '''agatohvsdi''', 
**{{Polytonic|σοφία}} (''sophia'') - '''agatohvsdi''', 
**{{Polytonic|τέχνη}} (''technē'') - '''ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏳ''', 
**{{Polytonic|φρόνησις}} (''phronēsis'') - '''ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ''') 
*ᎠᎴ '''ethic''' ('''''ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ'''''; 
**'''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ''': 
***{{Polytonic|ἀνδρεία}} (''andreia'') - '''ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ''', 
***{{Polytonic|σωφρoσύνη}} (''sōphrosynē'') - '''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ'''; 
**'''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ''': 
***{{Polytonic|ἐλευθεριότης}} (''eleutheriotēs'') - '''ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ''', 
***{{Polytonic|μεγαλoπρεπεία}} (''megaloprepeia'') - '''ᎠᎦᎵᏯ'''; 
**'''ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ''': 
***{{Polytonic|μεγαλoψυχία}} (''megalopsychia'') - '''ᎠᏢᏉᏛ''', 
***{{Polytonic|φιλoτιμία}} (''philotimia'') - '''assertivity''', 
***{{Polytonic|πραότης}} (''praotēs'') - '''ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ'''; 
**'''ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ''': 
***{{Polytonic|εὐτραπελία}} (''eutrapelia'') - '''ᎤᏬᏢᏗ''', 
***{{Polytonic|ἀληθεία}} (''alētheia'') - '''ᏚᏳᎪᏛ''', 
***{{Polytonic|φιλία}} (''philia'') - '''ᎣᎵᎢ'''; 
**'''ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ''': 
***{{Polytonic|δικαιoσύνη}} (''dikaiosynē'') - '''ᏚᏳᎪᏛ''') 
ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.

[[Nietzsche]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ denies ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.

==ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ==

[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ [[Stoic]] ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ [[prudence|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.  ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.

==ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ==
{{See also|Seven virtues}}
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎯᎠ [[three theological virtues|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[faith|ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]], [[hope|ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Charity (virtue)|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[love|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]/[[agape|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ]], ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 13:13 (νυνι δε μενει ''πιστις ελπις αγαπη'' τα τρια ταυτα μειζων δε τουτων η αγαπη ''pistis, elpis, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ''). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᏎᏍᏗ) ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ [[prudence|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]].

==ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ==

ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎯ broader ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.  ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ [[individual|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ underlying ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[value (Semiotics)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[semiotics|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]).  ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ (e.g. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.  Societies ᎤᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ shared ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ' ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ:
* [[Ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ('''[[virtue|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]''' - [[vice|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]], [[Goodness and value theory|ᎣᏍᏛ]] - [[bad|ᎤᏲᎢ]], [[morality|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] - ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ - [[Amorality|amoral]], ᏚᏳᎪᏛ - ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, [[permission|ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ]] - impermissible) 
* [[Aesthetics|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] ([[beauty|ᎤᏬᏚᎯ]], [[ugliness|ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ]], ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏍᎩ) 
* [[Doctrine|ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ([[politics|ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ]], [[ideology|ideological]], [[religion|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ]] ᎠᎴ [[social|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ]] [[belief|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ) 
* [[Innate|ᎢᎦᏛ]]/ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Biological reproduction|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[Survival skills|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ]], ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ)

[[value system|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎴ prioritized ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ('''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[Moral character|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ '''ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ''' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Goodness and value theory|ᎣᏍᏛ]]) ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[Western culture|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-5}}
*[[acceptance|ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ]] 
*[[altruism|ᎣᏩᏒ]]
*[[appreciation|ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᏗᏱ]]
*[[assertiveness]]
*[[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]]
*[[awareness]]
*[[Balance (metaphysics)|ᎤᏘᏴᎯ]]  
*[[being beautiful in spirit|ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] 
*[[Charity (virtue)|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] 
*[[chastity|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ]]
*[[cleanliness|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Personal commitment|commitment]]  
*[[compassion|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]]  
*[[confidence|ᎰᏩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ]]
*[[consciousness|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
*[[Sexual continence|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ]]
*[[co-operation|cooperativeness]]  
*[[courage|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]]  
*[[courtesy|courteousness]] 
*[[creativity]] 
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*[[critical thinking|ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ]]  
*[[curiosity|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[dependability]] 
*[[detachment|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] 
*[[determination|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ]] 
*[[diligence|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]]
*[[discipline|ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]]    
*[[empathy]] 
*[[endurance|ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]
*[[enthusiasm|ᎠᎦᎵᏲᎢᏍᏗ]]  
*[[excellence|ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ]]
*[[fairness|ᎤᏬᏚ]] 
*[[faith|ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]] 
*[[fidelity|ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]]
*[[focus|ᎠᏰᎵ]]  
*[[foresight|ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ]] 
*[[forgiveness|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]]
*[[fortitude|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
*[[freedom|tohi adedi]]
*[[free will|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ]]
{{col-5}}
*[[friendship|ᎣᎵᎢ]]  
*[[generosity|ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ]] 
*[[happiness|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ]]
*[[helpfulness]]  
*[[honesty|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ]] 
*[[honour]]
*[[hope|ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ]]fulness
*[[hospitality|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]
*[[humility|ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ]]
*[[humor|ᎤᏬᏢᏗ]]
*[[idealism|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
*[[imagination|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]  
*[[independence|ᎬᏙᏗ]]  
*[[innocence|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]]  
*[[integrity|ᎧᎵᏬᎯ]]  
*[[intuition (knowledge)|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
*[[inventiveness]]  
*[[kindness|ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ]]
*[[love|lovingness]]  
*[[loyalty|ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]]  
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*[[mercy|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]]
*[[moderation|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]  
*[[manners|ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ]]
*[[modesty|ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ]]
*[[morality|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]]
*[[nonviolence]]
*[[nurture|nurturing]]  
*[[obedience|ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]] 
*[[openness|ᎢᎦᏪᏛ]]
*[[optimism|ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ]]
*[[patience|ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ]]  
*[[peace|nvwato hiyadv]]fulness
*[[perfection|ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ]]  
*[[perseverance|ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]] 
*[[piety|ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ]]
*[[potential|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ]]
*[[prudence|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]]
*[[purpose|ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ]]fulness
*[[respect|ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]]fulness  
*[[Social responsibility|ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ]]  
{{col-5}}
*[[restraint|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
*[[self-awareness|ᎣᏩᏒ-awareness]]  
*[[self-discipline|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]]  
*[[self-esteem|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎦᎸᏉᏗ]]  
*[[self-reliance|ᎣᏩᏒ-utugi gvsv]]
*[[self-respect|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]]  
*[[Sensitivity (human)|sensitivity]] 
*[[sharing]]
*[[sincerity|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ]]  
*[[spirituality|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ]]
*[[sympathy|ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ]]
*[[tact|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ]]fulness
*[[Temperance (virtue)|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]] 
*[[tolerance|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]]
*[[trustworthiness|ᎧᎵᏬᎯ]] 
*[[honesty|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] 
*[[understanding|ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ]]  
*[[altruism|ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ]]
*[[wisdom|agatohvsdi]]
{{col-end}}

==ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ [[vice|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]].  ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ organizing ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏧ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ [[folly|ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ]], [[venality|ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ]], [[cowardice|ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[lust|ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ]].  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ [[blasphemy|ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]], [[despair|ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[hatred|ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ]].  

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Aristotle]] ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ. ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ; ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ &quot;ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ&quot; ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ, [[tolerance|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ayatoli-mindedness ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-headedness ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.  ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.

== ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ==

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ [[seven deadly sins|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ enumerated ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas Aquinas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ugatohvsv ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Cassian ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Gregory ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ.&quot;[1] &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎭᏂ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (Latin ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ, e.g., ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᏗᏅᏏᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ.  

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ, ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ, ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ, ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ, ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ: ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ, ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ,  ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ,  ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏙᏧ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ&quot; Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ behaviour. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reinforced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.

Ranked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[Dante]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Divine Comedy|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Purgatorio), ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ:

#[[Pride|ᎠᏢᏉᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Vanity|ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ]] — ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ (ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ; Dante ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏧᎾᏓᎵ&quot;). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ [[Seven Deadly Sins|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]], ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superbia.
#[[Avarice|ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ]] (ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, [[Greed|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]]) — ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ (ᎠᎴ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Dante, &quot;ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ&quot;). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ avaritia.
#[[Lust|ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ]] — ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ sexual ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. Dante ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ&quot;. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ luxuria.
#[[Wrath|ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Anger|ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ]] —  ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (Dante ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ&quot;). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ira.
#[[Gluttony|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] —  overindulgence ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ intoxicants, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ (&quot;ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Dante ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gula.
#[[Envy|ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[jealousy|ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ]]; ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ (Dante: &quot;ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ deprive ᏐᎢ ansigaya ᎤᎾᏤᎵ&quot;). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Latin ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ invidia.
#[[Sloth|ᎾᏍᏋ]] ᎠᎴ [[Laziness]]; ᎤᏓᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ wastefulness iyuwakodi allotted. Laziness ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ.  (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ accidie, acedia)

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ hierarchy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏢᏉᏛ (ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᎦᏘᎭ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ schema ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ.

ᎯᎠ 4th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi Egyptian ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna Evagrius Ponticus ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ &quot;ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ,&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ &quot;ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ&quot; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ]]  ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1992 ᎾᎥᎢ [[Pope John Paul II|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Paul ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Beatitudes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.

==ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ==

ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ (translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;te&quot; 德) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese philosophies ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Confucianism]] ᎠᎴ [[Taoism]].  Chinese ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[humanity|ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ]], [[xiao]] ᎤᏠᏱᎭ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[filial piety|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ]], ᎠᎴ [[zhong]] ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[loyalty|ᎪᎯᏳᎯ]].  ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ normative ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ Chinese ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Analects]]'', [[Confucius|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]] ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ global ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ: ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ.

==ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ==

[[Martin Seligman|ᏡᏡ Seligman]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ researchers ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[positive psychology|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[psychology|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ dysfunction ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ [[personality|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ]], ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ &quot;ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ widest ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, Seligman ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ [[kindness|ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ]] ᎠᎴ [[courage|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ.

ᎯᎠ researchers ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.

* '''agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ''': creativity, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-mindedness, ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ
* '''ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ''': ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎪᏢᏒᎢ
* '''ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ''': ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ
* '''ᏚᏳᎪᏛ''': citizenship, ᎤᏬᏚ, leadership
* '''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ''': ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ, ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ
* '''ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ''': ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᏗᏱ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ, ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ

==ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ'==
*&quot;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ '''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ''' (ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎠᎴ '''ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ''' (ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ) ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ steadfastness, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.&quot;  ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ, ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ Peter 1.5-7.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
#''ᎢᏤ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ'', ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, 1967. pg 704.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Bushido]]
*[[Chivalry|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]]
*[[Consequentialism]]
*[[Epistemic virtue|Epistemic ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]
*[[Ethics|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[Goodness|ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ]]
*[[Intellectual virtues|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]
*[[Knightly Virtues|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]
*[[Morality|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]]
*[[Paideia]]
*[[Seven Deadly Sins|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]] 
*[[Sin|ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]]
*[[Social justice|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
*[[Three theological virtues|ᏦᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]].
*[[Value theory|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]
*[[Vice|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ]]
*[[Virtue ethics|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[Virtues of Ultima|ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ  Ultima]]

&lt;!-- *[[piety]] sole single virtue listed, too subjective! --&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.deadlysins.com/virtues.html Cardinal, Contrary, Heavenly and other Virtues] 
* [http://www.clearvisionpk.com/Qualities_God_Loves.html Virtues in Quran] 
* [http://www.thefourvirtues.com The Four Virtues]
* [http://www.metamind.us/virtues The Virtues Project]
* [http://www.virtuesproject.com/ Virtues Project International]
* [http://www.VirtueScience.com VirtueScience.com]
* [http://www.virtuemag.org Virtue Magazine]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03343a.htm  ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' &quot;Cardinal Virtues&quot;]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3.htm ''Summa Theologica'' &quot;Second Part of the Second Part&quot;]
* [http://courage.beagooddoctor.org The Courage Project]

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[[zh:美德]]</text>
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    <title>ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ</title>
    <id>2722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8960</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-07T15:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>159.212.128.12</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Wpdms nasa topo green river utah.jpg|300px|right|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ,  ᎤᏪᏴ  ᎯᎠ Colorado, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ highlighted ᎾᎿ  ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]], 730 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (1,175 km) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wyoming]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Utah]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ  ᎫᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 40 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (64 km) ᎾᎾᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Colorado]].  ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Colorado Plateau|Colorado ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[canyon]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ Colorado.

==ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ==

[[image:GreenRiverWY.jpg|left|thumb|256px|ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Wyoming]]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Wyoming, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Sublette County, Wyoming|Sublette ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]], ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ [[continental divide|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bridger-Teton National Forest|Bridger-Teton ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Wind River Range|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Wyoming, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ southwest ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Big Sandy River (Wyoming)|ᎡᏆ ᏃᏯᎭ ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming|Sweetwater ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Green River, Wyoming|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Flaming Gorge Reservoir|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎥᏓᎵ]], ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Flaming Gorge Dam|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern Utah.

[[Image:Green River UT 2005-10-14.jpg|thumb|right|256px|ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎣᏓᎸ Canyon ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ Dinosaur ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ  ᎠᏯᏖᎾ irrigated ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ.]]

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ eastward, ᎫᏓᎸᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Uinta Mountains|Uinta ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᏓᏰᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Utah ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Colorado, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Dinosaur National Monument|Dinosaur ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Canyon of the Lodore|Canyon  ᎯᎠ Lodore]] (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ Lodore) ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Yampa River|Yampa ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ westward ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ Utah ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ Uintas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Whirlpool Canyon|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ Canyon]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Utah ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ southwest ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Yampa Plateau|Yampa ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Ute Tribe|Uintah ᎠᎴ Ouray ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Ouray National Wildlife Refuge|Ouray ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Wildlife ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ [[Ouray, Utah]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Duchesne River|Duchesne ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[White River (Utah)|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ]]. ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Willow River (Utah)|ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎤᏪᏴ]].

[[Image:Mineral-Bottom.jpg|thumb|left|256px|ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Canyonlands National Park|Canyonlands ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].]]

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Nine Mile River|ᏐᏁᎳ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Roan Cliffs|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ--ᎦᏐᎯ [[Desolation Canyon|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Gray Canyon|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 120 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (192 km). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Price River|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ]]. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ canyon ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ [[Green River, Utah|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Utah]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[San Rafael River (Utah)|San Rafael ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Emery County, Utah|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[Wayne County, Utah|Wayne ᏍᎦᏚᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Canyonlands National Park|Canyonlands ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Colorado.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Utah ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ mining, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1950s]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1963]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ conservationists.  ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Whirlpool Canyon|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ Canyon]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ conservationist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ traded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎯᎠ [[Sierra Club|Sierra ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] ᎤᎩᏒ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᏍᏛᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 100 -300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 300 - 1000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3 - 50 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ motorboats upstream ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Archaeology|tsuqagutanvsv]] ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ canyons ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Fremont people|Fremont ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flourished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[7th century|7th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎯᎠ [[13th century|13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]. ᎯᎠ Fremont ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᎩ-nomadic ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pithouses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ canyon ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ centuries, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Shoshone]] ᎠᎴ [[Ute Tribe|Ute]] ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏧᎳ nomadic ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Uinta ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[Shoshone]] ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ''ᎤᎦᏔ-kee-dee-Agie'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎢᎪᏗ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ.&quot; 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1776]], ᎯᎠ Spanish ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Dominguez ᎠᎴ Escalante ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ '''Rio ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ San Buenaventura'''. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, [[Captain Bernardo Miera y Pacheco|ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Bernardo Miera y Pacheco]], ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Great Salt Lake|ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Ocean|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]].  ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Spanish ᎠᎴ Mexican ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Rio Verde, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ [[Old Spanish Trail (trade route)|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Spanish ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]] [[California]] ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Utah.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wyoming ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ disputed [[Oregon Country|Oregon ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1819]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1825]], ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ William Ashley ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ floated ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ kanquotsegi ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Whiterocks, Utah]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Browns Park, Utah|ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[John C. Fremont|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ C. Fremont]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1840s]]. Fremont ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ cartographic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Miera, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1869]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surveyed ᎠᎴ mapped ᎾᎥᎢ [[John Wesley Powell|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Wesley Powell]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869 ᎠᎴ [[1871]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ansigaya ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ canyons, geographic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1878]] ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Vernal, Utah|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]]  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[Mormonism|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]] ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jeremiah Hatch|Jeremiah ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ survived [[diphtheria]] ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Meeker Massacre|Meeker ᏕᎨᏥᎢᎲᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Colorado. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ. iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[1940s]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ.  Tourism ᎤᎭ emerged ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ.

==ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ==
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[petroleum|ᎪᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ashley Field|Ashley ᏠᎨᏏ]] ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ [[natural gas|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎯᎠ [[Green River Basin|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ [http://ww2.scripps.com/cgi-bin/archives/denver.pl?DBLIST=rm05&amp;DOCNUM=20000], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[shale oil|shale ᎪᎢ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mined ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[uranium]].

==Airport==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ airport (FAA Identifier: UT75) ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎩᎳ utugi gvsv ᎤᏬᏚᎯ canyon.  [http://www.airnav.com/airport/UT75] [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=green+river,+ut&amp;ll=38.532062,-109.996415&amp;spn=0.005031,0.012710&amp;t=k&amp;hl=en Google Maps]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Crystal Geyser|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬ]]
*[[Dinosaur National Monument|Dinosaur ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]
*[[List of Wyoming rivers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Wyoming ᎤᏪᏴ]]
*[[List of Colorado rivers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]]
*[[List of Utah rivers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Utah ᎤᏪᏴ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
{{unreferenced}}

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://historytogo.utah.gov/greenriver.html Utah History: The Green River]

{{Colorado_River_system}}

[[Category:Tributaries of the Colorado River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Colorado]]
[[Category:Rivers of Utah]]
[[Category:Rivers of Wyoming]]
[[Category:Colorado Plateau]]

[[de:Green River (Colorado River)]]
[[en:Green River (Utah)]]
[[ja:グリーン川 (ユタ州)]]
[[sl:Green River (Utah)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2006</title>
    <id>2723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9424</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T19:55:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[nrm:2006]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Events==
==Births==
==Deaths==

[[Category:21th century]]

[[af:2006]]
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[[th:พ.ศ. 2549]]
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[[yi:ה'תשס&quot;ו]]
[[zh:2006年]]
[[zh-classical:二〇〇六年]]
[[zh-min-nan:2006 nî]]
[[zh-yue:2006年]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ</title>
    <id>2724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8967</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-09T20:34:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:RainySmokies.jpg|thumb|275px| ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Great Smoky Mountains|ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ]], ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]]
[[Image:Appalachian_map.jpg|thumb|right|'''[[Appalachian Mountain system|Appalachian ᎣᏓᎸ iyahdvnelidasdi]]''' ]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ''' ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ [[mountain range|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ]], ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ [[mountain chain|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ  ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Blue Ridge Mountains|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ''' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ '''Smokies''', ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Tennessee|ᏖᎾᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[North Carolina|ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Eastern Continental Divide|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[national park|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1930s]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 9 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ[http://www.nps.gov/grsm/gsmsite/welcome.html]. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Nantahala National Forest|Nantahala ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], [[Pisgah National Forest|Pisgah ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎠᎴ [[Cherokee National Forest|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

==ᏚᏙᎥ==
[[Image:Gsm100 1547.jpg|250px|thumb|left|ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ (ᎠᎩᏒᎯ [[July 9|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 9]], [[2006]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg, ᏖᎾᏏ]])]]
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[haze|ᎤᎳᏏᎩ]] Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, [[hydrocarbon]]ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[tree|ᏡᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[vegetation|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[humidity|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sky|ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]], ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.  [[Visibility|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]] ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ dramatically ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[smog]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Midwest]], ᎠᎴ smog [[forecast|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ nearby [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, ᏖᎾᏏ]], ᎠᎴ [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]].

==ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ==
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎨᏒᎢ [[Clingmans Dome|Clingmans ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] (6,642 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, 2,024 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (90 m) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, [[South Carolina|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]], [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]], ᎠᎴ [[Kentucky|ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ]]). Clingmans ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ. ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᎳᏗ terrain. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Mount LeConte|ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ LeConte]] (6,593 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, 2,010 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ alenvdidsv. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 50 80 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (130-200 cm)[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/research/climo/sappfig3.htm], ᎠᎴ snowfall ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv terrain ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ yvwatuwidv 40 50 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (100-130 cm).

==ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ gantlai==
Biological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ hallmark ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 10,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ documented; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ 90,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ[http://www.nps.gov/grsm/pphtml/nature.html]. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[wildflower]]ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[bee balm|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ]], [[Solomon's seal|lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ]], [[Dutchman's breeches|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏑᎶ]], ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[trillium]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[hardy|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] [[orchid|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]].

ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ecosystem ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nvwatohiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ contributing ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ [[Red Spruce|ᎩᎦᎨ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[invasive species|invasive]] [[hemlock woolly adelgid|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tsuga|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[balsam woolly adelgid|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[fir|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ]]. [[Pseudoscymnus tsugae]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ[http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/predators/pseudoscymnus_tsugae.html].

ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Maine]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[Canada]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (1,500 m) [[AMSL]].  ᎢᎦᏛ [[bird migration|ᏥᏍᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]] ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎾᎥᎢ&quot; [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[rhododendron|ᎤᏬᏚ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎯᎠ [[Catawba rhododendron|Catawba ᎤᏬᏚ]] ᎤᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[rosebay rhododendron|rosebay ᎤᏬᏚ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ- ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ-flowered ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[flame azalea|ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ azalea]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Catawbas.  ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[mountain laurel|ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[autumn|ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᏰᎸᎭ mountaintops ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Rime (frost)|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ [[valley|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ [[broadleaf]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ [[snow|ᎤᎾᏥ]]Ꮎ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ.

==ᎠᎹ==
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Little Pigeon River|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ ᎤᏪᏴ]], [[Oconaluftee River|Oconaluftee ᎤᏪᏴ]], [[Nantahala River|Nantahala ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.  ᎯᎠ [[French Broad River|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]], ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Smokies.  [[Norfolk Southern|Norfolk ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ]] ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

[[Flooding|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ [[rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[2004]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Hurricane Frances|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Frances]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ, [[landslide|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[wind|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Hurricane Ivan|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ivan]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ.  ᏐᎢ ᎨᏛᎢ-[[hurricane|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Hurricane Hugo|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Hugo]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1989]], ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies.

==ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ tourism==
ᎯᎠ [[culture|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[Appalachia]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Cherokee|ᏣᎳᎩ]] ᏴᏫ.  [[Tourism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[Pigeon Forge|ᏬᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Gatlinburg]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ [[Cherokee, North Carolina|ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]].  

[[Rafting|ᏥᏳ]], ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎬᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ [[whitewater]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ [[summer|ᎪᎨᏱ]].  [[Skiing|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Cataloochee]] ᎠᎴ [[Ober Gatlinburg]].

[[Country music|ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ [[Dolly Parton]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sevierville]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Dollywood]] [[amusement park|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ]]
*[[Appalachian Trail|Appalachian ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ]]
*[[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg, ᏖᎾᏏ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*[http://www.nps.gov/grsm/gsmsite/welcome.html National Park Service website]
*[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/research/climo/pcptxtnwd.htm National Weather Service Southern Appalachian Precipitation study]
*[http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/predators/pseudoscymnus_tsugae.html Cornell University study on invasive balsam woolly adelgid control]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.smokymountains.org/ Smoky Mountains]
*[http://www.visitsmokies.org/ Visitsmokies.org]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/nphtml/gsmhome.html History and maps]
*[http://www.northcarolina.com/stories/mysticalmountains.htm Mystical mountains]

[[Category:Appalachian culture]]
[[Category:Great Smoky Mountains National Park]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the United States]]

[[da:Great Smoky Mountains]]
[[en:Great Smoky Mountains]]
[[pt:Montanhas Great Smoky]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ</title>
    <id>2725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9194</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:35:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ko:블루리지 산맥]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Blue Ridge NC.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
[[Image:Appalachian_map.jpg|thumb|right|'''[[Appalachian Mountain system|Appalachian ᎣᏓᎸ iyahdvnelidasdi]]''' ]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ]], ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Georgia Pennsylvania.  ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Appalachians, ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Great Appalachian Valley|ᎡᏆ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]], bordered ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians|ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[granitic|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] charnockites, metamorphosed ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ limestones.  ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ charnockites ᎠᎴ 1.2 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ, ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ chemical ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ limestones Ꮎ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lowered ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.

ᎯᎠ [[Blue Ridge Parkway|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ Parkway]] ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ 469 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (750 km) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Appalachians ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ: [[Shenandoah National Park|Shenandoah]] ᎠᎴ [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ parkway, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ([[gneiss]]) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ swirls ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[Grandfather Mountain|ᎤᏚᏚ ᎣᏓᎸ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, ᎯᎠ geological ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ westward ᎯᎠ [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians|ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Great Smoky Mountains|ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Brushy Mountains (North Carolina)|Brushy ᏙᏓᎸ]] (&quot;ᎠᏴᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ} ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ [[Pennsylvania]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎣᏓᎸ]].  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]] ᎠᎴ [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[New Jersey|ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[Hudson River|Hudson ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ [[The Berkshires|ᎯᎠ Berkshires]] [[Massachusetts]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Green Mountains|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ]] [[Vermont]].  

ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mount Mitchell (North Carolina)|Mt. Mitchell]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North Carolina|ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] ᎾᎾᎢ 6,684 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2,037 m).  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 39 ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina ᎠᎴ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (1,829 m); ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ 6,000 ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, [[New Hampshire|ᎢᏤ Hampshire]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mt. Washington]].

ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ [[Virginia]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1600s ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[Powhatan]] ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''Quirank''.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.theblueridgemountains.com/ The Blue Ridge Mountains.com]

[[Category:Mountain ranges of the United States]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Virginia]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of West Virginia]]
[[Category:Appalachian culture]]

[[da:Blue Ridge Mountains]]
[[de:Blue Ridge Mountains]]
[[en:Blue Ridge Mountains]]
[[ko:블루리지 산맥]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎾᏳ</title>
    <id>2726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9521</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T22:10:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[uk:Пісок]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Sand patterns.jpg|thumb|300px|[[surface wave|ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏳ]]
'''ᎾᏳ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[granular matter|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]]. ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎣᏌᏂ uniyatolv [[rock (geology)|ᏅᏯ]], comprising ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0.0625 (ᎠᎴ {{Fraction|1|16}}) 2 [[millimeter]].  ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed '''ᎾᏳ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ'''. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[geology|geology]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[silt|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]: ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0.0625 mm ᎡᎳᏗ 0.004 mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ [[gravel|ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 mm ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 64 mm (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[grain size|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎬᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ).  ᎾᏳ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ rubbed ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ (ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ).

== ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏳ ==
[[Image:Sand under electron microscope.jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎾᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  scanning electron ᎢᎦᎢ]]
[[Image:Volcanic sand (Perissa, Santorini, Greece).jpg|thumb|right|300px|ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ  ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏳ]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏳ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-[[tropical|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ [[silica]] (silicon dioxide), ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[quartz|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ chemical ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[weathering|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏳ varies ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ [[coral sand|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[limestone]]. [[Arkose]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ [[sandstone]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ [[feldspar]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[weathering|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nearby) [[granite|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[magnetite]], [[chlorite group|chlorite]], [[glauconite]] ᎠᎴ [[gypsum]]. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetite ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ basalts. ᎯᎠ chlorite-glauconite ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[basalt]]([[lava|ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[olivine]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ gypsum ᎾᏳ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ [[White Sands National Monument|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Mexico|ᎢᏤ Mexico]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏳ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[garnet|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ [[gemstone]].

== ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ==

ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]]es, [[dune|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]], [[bar (landform)|ᎾᏳ ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ]], [[bar (landform)|ᎾᏳ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[deserts|ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

== ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ==

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[arenology]]. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ agatudesdi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[granite|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[gneiss]] ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏳ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ tohi adedi ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.

==ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏳ==
[[Image:Sand sorting tower.jpg|thumb|right|ᎾᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ  ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.]]
*ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[concrete|ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]].  ᎾᏳ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏅᏯ crusher digakohidi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[mansand]]''.  Graded ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[abrasive]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sandblasting]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[media filter|media ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[water|ᎠᎹ]].

*[[Brick|ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ]] [[manufacturing plant|ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ]]ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[clay|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ.  ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ [[paint|ᎦᎶᏁᏗ]] ᎪᏢᏗ textured ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ.

*ᏃᏯᎭ [[soil|ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[watermelon|ᎬᎩᏍᏗ]], [[peach|ᏆᏅ]]es, ᎠᎴ [[peanut|tuya aniladisgi]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ intensive [[dairy farming|ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

*ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Landscape engineering|landscaping]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ (e.g. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ [[golf|ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]] ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ).

*ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[glass|ᎠᏓᎨᏗ]] ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ.

*ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ beaches ᎭᏢᏃ seasonal ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

*[[Sandbag|ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ [[gun|ᎦᎶᏇ]] ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏏᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏳ.

*[[Sand castle|ᎾᏳ ᎦᏁᎸ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏳ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[sand art and play|ᎾᏳ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ]]).

==ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏳ==

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ activities involving ᎾᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[sandblasting]].  ᏕᎦᏃᏛᎢ silica ᎾᏳ ᎾᏊ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ respiratory ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ silica ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ [[silicosis]], [[lung disease|ᏧᏪᎳ ᎥᏳᎩ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎣᏌᏂ silica ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi.  [[Material safety data sheet|ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ]](MSDS) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silica ᎾᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ &quot;ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ silica ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ&quot; [http://www.simplot.com/industrial/silica/silica_msds.cfm].

=== ᎾᏳ 'mining' ===

ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ digging ᎾᏳ &quot;ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ,  sandhills, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎿ beaches ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ collapsed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons|Category:Sand}}
*[[Quicksand]]
*[[Dry quicksand|ᎤᎧᏲᏗ quicksand]]
*[[Grain size|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎬᎢ]]
*[[Sandstone]]
*[[Dust storm|Sandstorm]]
*[[Singing sand|ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏳ]]
*[[White Sands National Monument|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]
*[[Falling Sand Game|ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᏳ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ]]

[[Category:Granular materials]]
[[Category:Pedology]]
[[Category:Sediments]]
[[Category:Sedimentology]]

{{Link FA|nl}}

[[ca:Sorra]]
[[cs:Písek (materiál)]]
[[cy:Tywod]]
[[da:Sand]]
[[de:Sand]]
[[en:Sand]]
[[eo:Sablo (mineralo)]]
[[es:Arena]]
[[et:Liiv]]
[[fr:Sable]]
[[gd:Gainmheach]]
[[he:חול]]
[[hu:Homok]]
[[io:Sablo]]
[[it:Sabbia]]
[[ja:砂]]
[[la:Harena]]
[[lt:Smėlis]]
[[nl:Zand]]
[[nn:Sand]]
[[no:Sand (materiale)]]
[[pl:Piasek]]
[[pt:Areia]]
[[ro:Nisip]]
[[ru:Песок]]
[[simple:Sand]]
[[sv:Sand]]
[[th:ทราย]]
[[ug:سىلىقلىماق (قۇم قەغەز بىلەن)]]
[[uk:Пісок]]
[[zh:沙]]
[[zh-yue:沙]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎦᏍᎩᎶ</title>
    <id>2727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9493</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-17T23:26:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[bg:Стол]], [[hu:Szék]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:AChair.jpeg|thumb|200px|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎭ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]]

'''ᎦᏍᎩᎶ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ [[furniture|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[sitting|ᎠᏂᏅᎢ]], ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏗ, ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.  ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.  ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎦᏗ'''. ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ '''[[couch|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]]''', '''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ''', '''[[settee|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]''', '''[[loveseat]]''' (ᏔᎵ-seater ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ '''[[Bench (furniture)|ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]]'''.  ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ footrest ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Ottoman (furniture)|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]'', ''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ'' ᎠᎴ [[footstool|poof]].  ᎦᏍᎩᎶ mounted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ theatre ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎦᏗ'''.  ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ.  
 
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ drilled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ.   

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.   ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ headrests.   Headrests ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]] injuries ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[rear-end collision|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]].

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ==
{{main|history of the chair}}

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ atlvquodod ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ. “The chair” ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[House of Commons|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎬᏉ. ᎯᎠ [[Chest (furniture)|ᎦᏁᏥ]], ᎯᎠ [[Bench (furniture)|ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ iyuwakodi ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ survived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ seigneurial ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ [[ancient history|tsuqagutanvsv]] ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Cairo, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Egypt]] ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎧᏁᏗ. ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ carved ᎠᎴ gilded [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Ancient Greece|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ centuries ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Tang dynasty|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] (618 - 907 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎦᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ datsituga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Renaissance|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ.

ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᎪᎲᎩ kanquotsegi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎯᎠ [[Slumber Chair|ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]], moulded ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ergonomic ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎯᎠ recliner ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ [[1960s]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ: ᎯᎠ [[butterfly chair|ᎧᎹᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]], [[bean bag#furniture|tuya ᎦᏅᏛᎢ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ [[pod chair|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ urethane ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ Foof ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;Poof ᎦᏍᎩᎶ&quot;. Technological ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ plywood ᎠᎴ laminate ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ polymers. ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

==ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ergonomics==
[[Image:Rough wood rocking chair.jpg|right|thumb|ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ  ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓ  ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ  ᎠᎦᏴᎵ-ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎭᎦᏔ.]]
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, [[ergonomic]](ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ergonomic ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, stackability, foldability, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎦᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.  &quot;ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏗᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.   ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ reclined.  ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ television ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ.

Ergonomic ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.   ᎦᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dangling ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ (&quot;popliteal ᎦᏇᏅᏗ&quot;).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ  ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ.   ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏗ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ&quot; (&quot;ischial tuberosities&quot;).  

reclining ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ problematic ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏴᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ &quot;ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ&quot; ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ reclined.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, reclining ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.   ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, backrests ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ:  ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ backrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ backrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ.   Headrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ &quot;whiplash&quot; ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ injuries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ jerked ᎦᏐᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ.  Reclining ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ backrests ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ sitter ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᎿ.  

ᏕᏥᎾ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.   ᎤᏬᎳ-ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ padded ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᎩᎷᏗ.  ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ.   ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ).   ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ.   ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ.   ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ distributing ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.   ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ firmer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ.  ᎭᏢᏃ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.  contoured ᎦᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ.  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ [[buttocks|Ꮨ]], ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ.

ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ [[anthropometry|anthropometric]] ᏗᏟᎶᏛ.  ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.   Anthropometric ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.   ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ anthropometric ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[popliteal height|popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[buttock popliteal|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ popliteal]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.  

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ seated, ᎯᎠ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ thigh ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ&quot;.  (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ seated.)  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ansigaya, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 16.3 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 15.0 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pot_anth.html].  ᎯᎠ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏗ.  ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 17 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ seated, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ popliteal ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Ꮨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ.  ᎪᎯ anthropometric ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.  ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 38-43 cm ᎠᏍᏛᎩ.

ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ anthropometric ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ armrest ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ.   ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ armrests.  ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎧᏂᎩᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ &quot;ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ&quot; ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  &quot;ᎦᏗ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ  ᏗᎦᏗ.   ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ stadiums ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ adjustable ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏁᎳ.

===ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ===
[[Image:Japanese chair and armrest.jpg|thumb|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Japanese ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎬᏙᏗ [[zabuton]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ armrest]]
[[Image:HynesConvCtrBusShelter.agr.jpg|thumb|ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏦᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ  ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎡᎳᏗ]]
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ armrests. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, armrests ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ armrests. Armrests ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ).  Armrests ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᏯᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ armrest ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

[[couch|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]], [[Bench (furniture)|ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[privacy|ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ]] e.g. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[public transport|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[public place|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ [[proxemics|ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ]]. loveseat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᎭ ''Ꮭ'' ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Movie theater#.22The_back_row.22|ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[commons:Category:benches|pictures of benches with and without arm rests]].

==ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᎦᏗ==
[[Image:Lightmatter bench.jpg|left|thumb| ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ  ᎤᏬᎳ ᎾᎿ]]
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:
ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏗ.
*ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
*ᎠᏓ slats, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ
*Padded ᎦᏃᏥ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓ alenvdidsv ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ
*Stuffed ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ padded ᎦᏃᏥ
*ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ
*ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ
*ᏅᏯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[marble|ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ]]
ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ.
*ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, woven ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ
*ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ tooled ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ
*ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ
*ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ woven ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏗ, ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ
*[[Caning (furniture)|ᏰᎵᏇ]], woven ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Juncaceae|ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ]], [[reed (plant)|ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ]], [[rawhide|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎦᎨᏛ Ꭺ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ grasses, [[cattail|ᎠᏍᏘᏍᎷᏍᎩ]]ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ
*ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, [[Ash tree|ᎪᏍᏚ]], [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] ᎠᎴ [[hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]] ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ woven  
*ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ woven ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏗ

==ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ==

ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ codified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.   [[ISO]] 9241-5:1988[http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=16877&amp;ICS1=13&amp;ICS2=180&amp;ICS3=], &quot;Ergonomic ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 	(VDTs) -- ᎢᎦᏛ 5: Workstation layout ᎠᎴ postural ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 
&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ISO 6875.  tuya ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ANSI]] ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ  ASTM F1912-98[http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ASTM+F1912%2D98].  ISO 7174 specifies ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ASTM F1858-98 specifies ᎣᏂ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ASTM E1822-02b ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ stacked.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Institutional ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ (BIFMA)[http://www.bifma.org] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ BIFMA X5.1 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᎾᏍᎩ specifies ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ[http://www.lifetime.com/TablesAndChairs/bifma.pdf]:
*ᎦᏍᎩᎶ backstrength 150 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (68 kg)
*ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ
*ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ 75 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (34 kg) ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (25 mm) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ
*ᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ 225 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (102 kg) ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (150 mm) ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ
*ᎦᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ 100,000 ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ 125 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (57 kg) ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (50 mm)  ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ &quot;ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᎵ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ catastrophically.

ᎡᏆ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ
[http://www.tbpc.state.tx.us/spec_lib/425/specs/06-12a.html].  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies (e.g. Canada ᎤᏤᎵ [[Canadian General Standards Board|ᎦᏁᎳ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ]] ᏰᎵᏇ/CGSB 44.15M [http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=23061] ᎾᎿ &quot;ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ/CGSB 44.232-2002 ᎾᎿ &quot;ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ&quot; ).

==Accessories==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ footrest, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ '''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ'''.  ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ footrest ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏗ.  ᎢᏳᏃ matched glider, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ mounted ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ glider.

'''ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎫᏢᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ adatolastanv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ decor.   ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᏇᎷᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.  ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ couches ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ.

'''ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᎷᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.   ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ.  Orthopedic backrests ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ.  [[Obus Forme]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ.   ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ adjustable ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

'''ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ.

'''ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏛᎢ''' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ draped ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-weighted ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ.

==ᎩᎵᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ==
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ''ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏗ'', ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ suspenseful ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ''ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒ.

Activities Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ''rearranging ᎯᎠ deckchairs ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]''. 

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ''.


==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{Wiktionarypar|chair}}
{{commonscat|Chairs}}
*[[Bean bag|tuya ᎦᏅᏛᎢ]]
*[[Electric chair|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.
*[[History of the chair|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]]
*[[List of chairs|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.humanics-es.com/ergonomics.htm#Sitting Ergonomics of sitting postures and seating]


[[Category:Furniture]]

[[bg:Стол]]
[[ca:Cadira]]
[[ceb:Chaise]]
[[cs:Židle]]
[[da:Stol (møbel)]]
[[de:Stuhl (Möbel)]]
[[dv:ގޮނޑި]]
[[en:Chair]]
[[eo:Seĝo]]
[[es:Silla]]
[[eu:Aulki]]
[[fi:Tuoli]]
[[fr:Chaise]]
[[gl:Cadeira]]
[[he:כיסא]]
[[hi:कुर्सी]]
[[hu:Szék]]
[[it:Sedia]]
[[ja:椅子]]
[[ko:의자]]
[[nl:Stoel]]
[[nn:Stol]]
[[no:Stol]]
[[nrm:Tchaîse]]
[[pl:Krzesło]]
[[pt:Cadeira]]
[[ru:Стул]]
[[simple:Chair]]
[[sv:Stol]]
[[zh:椅]]
[[zh-yue:凳]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vargenau</title>
    <id>2728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9509</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-21T19:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[hsb:Wužiwar:Vargenau]], [[kk:Қатысушы:Vargenau]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Bonjour,

Je suis un Wikipédien français. Merci de me contacter sur [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].

Hello,

I am a French Wikipedian. Please contact me on [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].

Hallo,

Ich bin ein französischer Wikipedia Benutzer. Bitte gehen Sie zu : [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].

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[[vi:Thành viên:Vargenau]]
[[vo:User:Vargenau]]
[[wa:Uzeu:Vargenau]]
[[war:User:Vargenau]]
[[wo:User:Vargenau]]
[[yi:באַניצער:Vargenau]]
[[zh:User:Vargenau]]
[[zh-classical:User:Vargenau]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:Vargenau]]
[[zh-yue:User:Vargenau]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Vargenau</title>
    <id>2729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8986</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T16:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vargenau</username>
        <id>140</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Bonjour,

Je suis un Wikipédien français. Merci de me contacter sur [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].

Hello,

I am a French Wikipedian. Please contact me on [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].

Hallo,

Ich bin ein französischer Wikipedia Benutzer. Bitte gehen Sie zu : [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Escarbot</title>
    <id>2730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9510</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-21T20:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[aa:User:Escarbot]], [[kk:Қатысушы:Escarbot]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|width=&quot;60%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Robot en cours de test'''
|-
| Ce robot en cours de test est destiné à faire des interwikis.
|-
| Dresseur : [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]]
|-
| Laissez vos commentaires sur [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|ma page de discussion]]. Merci.
|}

{|width=&quot;60%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Robot currently under test'''
|-
| This robot currently under test will only be used to make interwiki links.
|-
| Owner: [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]]
|-
| Please leave your comments (in French or English) on [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|my French talk page]]. Thank you.
|}

[[aa:User:Escarbot]]
[[ab:Участник:Escarbot]]
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[[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Escarbot]]
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[[sw:User:Escarbot]]
[[ta:பயனர்:Escarbot]]
[[te:సభ్యుడు:Escarbot]]
[[tet:User:Escarbot]]
[[tg:Корбар:Escarbot]]
[[th:ผู้ใช้:Escarbot]]
[[tk:User:Escarbot]]
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[[tr:Kullanıcı:Escarbot]]
[[tt:Äğzä:Escarbot]]
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[[vi:Thành viên:Escarbot]]
[[vo:User:Escarbot]]
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[[war:User:Escarbot]]
[[wo:User:Escarbot]]
[[yi:באַניצער:Escarbot]]
[[zh:User:Escarbot]]
[[zh-classical:User:Escarbot]]
[[zh-min-nan:User:Escarbot]]
[[zh-yue:User:Escarbot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Escarbot</title>
    <id>2731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8989</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T16:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Escarbot</username>
        <id>132</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|width=&quot;60%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Robot en cours de test'''
|-
| Ce robot en cours de test est destiné à faire des interwikis.
|-
| Dresseur : [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]]
|-
| Laissez vos commentaires sur [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|ma page de discussion]]. Merci.
|}

{|width=&quot;60%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Robot currently under test'''
|-
| This robot currently under test will only be used to make interwiki links.
|-
| Owner: [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]]
|-
| Please leave your comments (in French or English) on [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|my French talk page]]. Thank you.
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏓᏬᎵ</title>
    <id>2732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8990</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-16T16:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:TallMushroom.jpg|thumb|right|150px|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Pileus ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ.]]

'''ᏓᏬᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ [[fruiting body|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ]] (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, [[spore|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]]-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ) [[fungus|ᏂᎯ]], ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''[[mycelium]]''') ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ '''''[[hypha]]e'''''. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ broader ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ''ᏓᏬᎵ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ mycelium ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎪᏏᏛ ᎠᏓ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏓᏬᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ&quot; ᏓᏬᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''''basidiocarp'''''. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;'''ᏚᏩᎷ'''&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ basidiocarp Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᏬᎵ ==
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ [[Agaricales|agarics]] (ᎯᎠ [[button mushroom|ᎦᏙᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ), [[Boletales|boletes]], [[Cantharellus|chanterelles]], [[tooth fungus|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ fungi]], [[polypore]], [[puffball]], [[jelly fungi|ᏤᎵ fungi]], [[coral fungi|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ fungi]], [[Bracket fungus|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi]], [[stinkhorn]], ᎠᎴ [[cup fungus|ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ fungi]]. ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ fungi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[mycology|mycologist]]. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ&quot; ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Basidiomycota]]'' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ fungi&quot;). ᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ classified ᎾᎥᎢ mycologists ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Ascomycota]]'' (ᎠᎴ &quot;[[sac fungi|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ fungi]]&quot;), ᎯᎠ [[morel]] ᎠᎴ [[truffle]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᏓᏬᎵ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ [[macroscopic]] fungal ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 14,000 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ fungi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 140,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ (ᏓᏬᎵ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, Nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Chang ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, 2004)

[[Edible mushroom|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cooking|ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[cuisine|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ varieties ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ vitamins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[thiamine]] (B{{ssub|1}}), [[riboflavin]] (B{{ssub|2}}), [[niacin]] (B{{ssub|3}}), [[biotin]] (B{{ssub|7}}), [[cyanocobalamin|cobalamins]] (B{{ssub|12}}) ᎠᎴ [[ascorbic acid|ascorbic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] (C), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]], [[selenium]], [[potassium]] ᎠᎴ [[phosphorus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ [[poison|ᎠᏓᎯᎯ]]ous, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ varieties, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ risky &amp;mdash;riskier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]&amp;mdash; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ separating ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[mushroom hunting|ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]].

{{-}}

== ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ==
ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ macroscopic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. &quot;ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ&quot; ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎴ '''pileus''' ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ '''stipe'''. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Agaricales|agarics]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ [[gill (mushroom)|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]ᎠᎴ '''lamellae''' ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Boletales|boletes]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''[[pore|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]]'''. [[Bracket fungus|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi]] ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ stipe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ [[genus|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ colour, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[spore print|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ]].

===Apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ===
'''Apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏬᎵ [[spores|ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ germinating [[mycelium]] ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ uniyatolv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[germ slit|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[germ pore|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏬᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[apical pore|apical ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]].

ᏓᏬᎵ genera ᎬᏙᏗ apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ''[[Agrocybe]]'', ''[[Panaeolus]]'', ''[[Psilocybe]]'', ᎠᎴ ''[[Pholiota]]''.

==Chemical properties==
ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ chemical properties ᏓᏬᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[secondary metabolites|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ metabolites]] Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]]. ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ basidiocarp: ᎯᎠ mycelium ᎤᎭ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ protoplasmic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ defence ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ chemicals Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏬᎵ inedible, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ causing ᎯᎠ consumer ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[emetic|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]) ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Mushroom poisoning|ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]). [[Psilocybin]] ᏓᏬᎵ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ [[psychopharmacology|psychedelic properties]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;shrooms&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[smart shop|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ''(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Psychedelic mushroom|Psychedelic ᏓᏬᎵ]]).'' ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ psychoactive ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Amanita muscaria|tvga agaric]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[shaman|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]ic ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Siberia|ᎤᏴᏢ]].

ᎾᏊ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ fungi utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ethnobotanist]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ researchers. [[Hen of the woods|Maitake]], [[shiitake]], ᎠᎴ [[reishi]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ researched ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ anti-[[cancer|ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]], anti-[[virus|viral]], ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ tohi adedi-enhancement properties. [[Psilocybin]], ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ psychedelic ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[obsessive-compulsive disorder|obsessive-compulsive ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[cluster headache|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[migraine headache|migraine ᎥᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏪᏍᏓᏁᎲ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ potentiate ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ugatohvsv. ''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[entheogen]]''. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ psychoactive properties, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Velada]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[shaman|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]], [[curandera]] (ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ-healer), [[Maria Sabina]].

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ starters (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[tinder fungus|ᎪᏛᏙᏗ fungi]]). [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi ᎯᎠ Iceman]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏬᎵ.  ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[fungi]], ᏫᎵ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ kanquotsegi ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ biological remediation ᎠᎴ filtration technologies. [http://www.USPTO.gov The US Patent and Trademark office] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ searched ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mycoremediation]] ᎠᎴ [[mycofiltration]].

==ᏓᏬᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tolkien|Tolkien']] ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ''[[The Lord of the Rings|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ]]'', [[hobbit|hobbits]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎸᏉᏛᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ.

==ᎧᏅᏑᎸ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Mushroom 2.jpg|Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus ''Leucocoprinus sp.''
image:300px_Chinese_Mushrooms_ejrs.gif|Chinese mushrooms.
Image:Mushroom immatures.jpg|Emerging mushrooms, too young to accurately identify.
Image:20050814-001-fungus.jpg|''Ganoderma sp.''
Image:Yellow mushroom on old oak tree1.jpg|''Laetiporus sulphureus.''
Image:Wild_mushroom_tecpan_guatemala.JPG|Some mushrooms have vivid colors, like this Amanita muscaria.
Image:Diminute_mushrooms.JPG|Diminute mushrooms.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==

* [[Edible mushroom|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ]]
** Champignon ᎠᎴ [[Button mushroom|ᎦᏙᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ]]
** [[Oyster mushroom|ᏓᎬᎾ ᏓᏬᎵ]]
** [[Shiitake mushroom|Shiitake ᏓᏬᎵ]]
* [[Mushroom hunting|ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]]
* [[Psychedelic mushroom|Psychedelic ᏓᏬᎵ]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/ MykoWeb: Mushrooms, Fungi, Mycology]
* [http://www.namyco.org/ North American Mycological Association]
* [http://www.shroomery.org/ The Shroomery] ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ''Psilocybe'' ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, psychedelic ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ
* [http://www.mushroomcouncil.org/ The Mushroom Council (U.S.A)]
* [http://www.vermontmushrooms.com Green Mountain Mycosystems: Independent research on traditional medicinal mushroom properties, and premium mushroom-based teas and extracts]
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_info12.shtml A list of psilocybin-containing mushrooms]
* [http://www.mushworld.com/ MushWorld]
* [http://www.pygmies.info/gathering.html African Pygmies - Mushroom gathering]
* [http://mushrooms.simons-rock.edu/ An Aid to Mushroom Identification (Simon's Rock College)]
* [http://www.clusterbusters.com/ Cluster Busters, information on medicinal use of hallucinogenic mushrooms to treat headaches]
* [http://www.mushroominfo.com/index.html Mushroom Info]
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_effects.shtml Effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms]
* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/ Mushroom Expert,great website containing huge informations on both farmed and wild mushrooms.]
== ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ==
* ''ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ dituyasdanelv, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ'' (1991) ISBN 0-89815-388-3
* ''ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ'' (2000) ISBN 1-58008-175-4
* ''ᏓᏬᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ: ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ'' (1983) ISBN 0-9610798-0-0
* ''ᏓᏬᎵ: ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, Nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ&quot; (2004) ISBN 0-8493-1043-1
*'' Mycelium ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ: ᎯᎳᎪ ᏓᏬᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (2005) ISBN 1-58008-579-2
* ''ᏓᏬᎵ Demystified: ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Fungi'' (1986) ISBN 0-89815-169-4
* ''Psilocybin ᏓᏬᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ: ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ'' (2004) ISBN 0-932551-64-5
* ''Psilocybin ᏓᏬᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'' (1996) ISBN 0-89815-839-7

[[Category:Mushrooms|*]]

[[als:Pilze]]
[[bs:Gljive]]
[[ca:Bolet]]
[[cs:Houby]]
[[de:Pilze]]
[[en:Mushroom]]
[[el:Μανιτάρι]]
[[es:Seta]]
[[fr:Champignon]]
[[gl:Cogomelo]]
[[ja:キノコ]]
[[ko:버섯]]
[[lv:Sēnes]]
[[nl:Paddenstoel (schimmel)]]
[[pl:Owocnik]]
[[pt:Cogumelo]]
[[simple:Mushroom]]
[[sr:Гљива]]
[[ug:مور]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᏛᏅ</title>
    <id>2733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8997</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-17T22:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox | color = pink
| name = Crayfish
| image = Crayfish.jpeg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| subordo = [[Pleocyemata]]
| infraordo = [[Astacidea]]
| superfamilia = '''Astacoidea'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;'''Parastacoidea'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], 1879&lt;/small&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]]
| subdivision ='''Astacoidea'''&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Astacidae]]&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Cambaridae]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Parastacoidea'''&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Parastacidae]]
}}

'''ᎪᏛᏅ''', ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᏥᏍᏛᎾ''' ᎠᎴ '''crawdad''', ᎠᎴ [[fresh water|freshwater]] [[crustacean]]ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ [[lobster|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏝᏰᎵ tohi adedi [[pollution|polluted]] ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[invasive species|invasive]] ''[[Procambarus clarkii]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 3&amp;nbsp;[[metre|m]] (10&amp;nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''astacology'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://147.72.68.29/crayfish/IAA/ |title=International Association of Astacology}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ &quot;[[decapod anatomy|decapod ᎤᏍᏗ]]&quot;.

==ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏛᏅ==
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎪᏛᏅ&quot; ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎠᏣᏗ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Old French language|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''escrevisse'' ([[French language|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ''écrevisse'') ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Old Frankish language|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Frankish]] *''krebitja'' (cf. [[crab|ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]]), ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ''. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ &quot;ᎪᏛᏅ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᏣᏗ&quot; ([[folk etymology|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ [[American English|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] variant &quot;ᏥᏍᏛᎾ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ derived.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''ᎪᏛᏅ'' (ᎠᎴ ''cray'') ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[spiny lobster|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[freshwater]] crays ᎠᎴ ''koura'', ᎯᎠ [[Māori]] ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lobster|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ]], '''crawdads'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayou&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mudbug Madness : Crawfish |author=Pableaux Johnson |url=http://www.bayoudog.com/articles/kitchen_stories/mudbug_madness_crawfish.php |publisher=Bayou Dog |accessdate=August 28 |accessyear=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;, '''mudbugs'''&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayou&quot;/&gt; ᎠᎴ [[yabby|yabbies]].

==Geographical ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ==
[[Image:krafta pa brygga.jpg|thumb| Swedish ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏛᏅ]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏛᏅ, ᏔᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[northern hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[southern hemisphere|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ([[Gondwana]]-ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Parastacidae]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], [[Madagascar]] ᎠᎴ [[Australasia]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[pleopod]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal2 |author = [[Horton H. Hobbs|Hobbs, H H, Jr]] |year=1974 |title=Synopsis of the families and genera of crayfishes (Crustacean: Decapoda) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |volume=164 |pages=1–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Astacidae]] ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Eurasia]] ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cambaridae]] ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[Asia]] ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 250 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏁᎳ genera, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cambaridae]]. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[Astacidae|astacid]] ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Pacific Northwest|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ headwaters ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Continental Divide|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ]].

[[Australasia]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ centre ᎪᏛᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎳᏚ genera. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ [[Australia]]n ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[genus|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ''Cherax'', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[marron]] (''Cherax tenuimanus''), [[red-claw crayfish|ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ]] (''Cherax quadricarinatus''), [[yabby]] (''[[Cherax destructor]]'') ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ yabby (''Cherax preissii''). ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ, ''[[Astacopsis gouldi]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 3&amp;nbsp;[[kilogram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Tasmania]].

[[Madagascar]] ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ([[endemic (ecology)|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]) ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''[[Astacopsis madagascarensis]]''.

[[Image:Crayfish-Astacus astacusP1002890.JPG|thumb|''[[Astacus astacus]]'']]

[[Europe]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ genera ''[[Astacus]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Austropotamobius]]''.

''[[Cambaroides]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Asia.

==Moulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏛᏅ==
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ [[ecdysis|moult]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ [[exoskeleton]]ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ moult ᎾᎿ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ moults ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ moult, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ moulting ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ calcium ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[exoskeleton]].

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ moult, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ onto Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ꮝ [[pincer]], ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ swimmerets (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ [[oxygen|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ [[carapace|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ [[appendage|ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]]ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://media.putfile.com/Moult-hi |title=Video of a crayfish moulting |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ moulted ᎪᏛᏅ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predators, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ calcium ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

== ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ==
[[Image:BoiledCrawdads.jpeg|left|thumb|Boiled ᎪᏛᏅ]]

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]] ᎠᎴ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Louisiana]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᏥᏍᏛᎾ''; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, 98% ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Louisiana. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ boiled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, paprika, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[potato|ᏄᎾ]]es, [[sausage|ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ]], [[maize|ᏎᎷ]], [[onion|ᏒᎩ]], [[turkey|ᎬᎾ]] neckbones ᎠᎴ [[garlic|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]] ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Seafood boil|''ᏥᏍᏛᎾ tuyasdi'']]. 

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[Cuisine of the United States|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ blackened. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cajun cuisine|cajun]] ᎠᎴ [[creole cuisine|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ [[étouffée]], ᏥᏍᏛᎾ [[po' boy|po' ᎠᏧᏣ]], ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ beignets&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.utahdiving.com/recipes.htm |title=Crayfish recipes |publisher=UtahDiving.com |accessyear=2006 |accessdate=August 28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sweden]] ᎠᎴ [[Finland]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ consumed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ. ᎯᎠ tuyasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]], [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]], [[ale|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[dill]] ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ freshwater ᎪᏛᏅ, ''[[Astacus astacus]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ transplanted ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''[[Signal crayfish|Pacifastacus leniusculus]]'', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ imported. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎯᎠ Mexican ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Acocil]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Mexican [[Aztec]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎾᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed (ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ boiled) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Mexican ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Mexico.

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ swept ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1990s, featuring Ꮝ ᎡᏥ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ Sichuan ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ chilli) ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beijing, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏥ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ nicknamed &quot;ᎡᏥ Xiao&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ iced ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎨᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ.

==ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ==
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater aquaria. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ leftover ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ digakohidi. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏕᎰᏌᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ imported ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[England]], ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ — ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ flung ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏪᏴ.

==ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ==
{{main|crayfish plague}}

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[crayfish plague|ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[water mould|ᎠᎹ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ''Aphanomyces astaci''. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Astacus]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ [[signal crayfish|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ]] ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Europe]].

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
{{commons|Crayfish}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*Gilbertson, ᎠᏓᏰᎳᏍᏗ; ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Lab ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ; McGraw ᎦᏚᏏ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎢᏤ York; ISBN 0-07-237716-X (ᏅᎩᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, 1999)
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Crayfish]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Swedish cuisine]]
[[Category:Louisiana cuisine]]
[[Category:Seafood]]

[[de:Flusskrebse]]
[[en:Crawfish]]
[[eo:Kankro (besto)]]
[[fr:Écrevisse]]
[[ja:ザリガニ下目]]
[[nl: rivierkreeften]]
[[fi:ravut]]
[[sv:Kräfta]]
[[zh:小龙虾]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏯᏍᎦ</title>
    <id>2734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8998</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-19T02:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Seashells by designerd cc-by-sa-2.0.jpg|thumb|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ seashells]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ outer ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[animal|gantlai]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎤᏯᏍᎦ'''. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[exoskeleton]], ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ [[mollusk|gantlai]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[chitin]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ).

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[nacre|ᎤᏂᏥ]], ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[conchiolin]] ([[scleroprotein]]), ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[calcium carbonate]] (&lt;nowiki&gt;CaCO&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[calcite]] ᎠᎴ [[aragonite]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ platy ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.  

ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ secreted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[epithelial cells|epithelial ᎦᏁᎸ]] (ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[ectoderm]]) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ gantlai. gantlai [[blood|ᎩᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dissolved [[calcium]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎯᎠ calcium ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ calcium carbonate. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ onto ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ''ᎤᏂᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ'' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎤᏂᏥ ᏓᎬᎾ''), ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ [[parasite|ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ damaging [[detritus|ᎢᎦᏛ]].  

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.  ᎪᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ wider ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.

[[Image:moreseashells.jpg|thumb|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ seashells]]

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ irritated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''encystation'' ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏓᏁ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, concentric ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.

ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ outlast ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi. ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ limestone. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ beaches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ seashells, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ [[Conchology|ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

==Trivia==
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ [[Papua New Guinea|Papua ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ]] iyuwakodi [[1933]].

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.seapulse.com/gallery/categories.php?cat_id=1 Shell Identification]
* [http://xahlee.org/xamsi_calku/xamsi_calku.html 110 Photos of various seashells]
* [http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/theshells/ Conchologists of America]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Carapace|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]
* [[Coral|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]
*  (http://www.cuviture.com) ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ
[[Category:Mollusc products]]
[[Category:Zoology]]
[[Category:Animal anatomy]]

[[cs:Schránka]]
[[de:Schale]]
[[en:Shell]]
[[es:Concha]]
[[fa:صدف]]
[[fr:Coquillage]]
[[it:Conchiglia]]
[[ja:貝殻]]
[[nl:Schelp]]
[[pl:Muszla]]
[[pt:Concha]]
[[sv:Skal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ</title>
    <id>2735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9160</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T22:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[el:Ακτή]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:A44.jpg|right|thumb|300px|ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ coastline  ᎯᎠ [[West Coast, New Zealand|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]]  [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]]]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]. '''coastline''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, '''ᎦᏙᎯ''' ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.

ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ saltwater tributaries. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ sheltered ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[gulf|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Headlands and bays|ᎥᏓᎵ]]. [[shore|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ) ᎠᎴ [[lake|ᎥᏓᎵ]](ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ). ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[Stream bed|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎡᎳᏗ [[river|ᎤᏪᏴ]] (ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᎵ. ''ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ [[pond|ᎥᏓᎵ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[levee|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]].

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ&quot;, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[jurisdiction|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ defining ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ environmental ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ.

==Environmental ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ecosystem]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[salt|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[estuary|estuaries]] ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᎹ [[marsh|ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]]es ᎠᎴ [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]]es ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]], [[animal|gantlai]], ᎠᎴ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[food chain|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ]].

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[sea level rise|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ]], [[wave|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[weather|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] phenomena, ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] [[Accretion (geology)|ᎧᏁᏉᎩ]] ᎠᎴ reshaping ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[flood|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ [[continental shelf|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ drowned ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ([[ria]]).

==ᏴᏫ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ==
[[Image:Marbleheadcoastline.jpg|thumb| ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ coastline ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]].]]
ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ environmental ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏴᏫ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ [[climate change|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ contributing ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ accelerated ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sea level rise|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ. ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreational ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ threatened ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ [[aesthetic|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[waste|ᎤᏲ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]]es ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[transport|ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]]ation [[petroleum|ᎪᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[tanker (ship)|tankers]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ [[oil spill|ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗ]]ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏜ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ powered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ [[bilge|alenvdidsv]] ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ geographic ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎤᏤᎵ [[West Coast, New Zealand|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[East Coast of the United States|ᎧᎸᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[West Coast of the United States|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]].

ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ global ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ seaborne ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ centuries ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ [[harbour]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ [[port|ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ. ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[landlocked|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ overseas ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ [[canal|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ]]ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.

ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]]es ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[tourists|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[island nation|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ Caribbean, tourism ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ recreational activities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[swimming|ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ]], [[fishing|ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]], [[surfing|ᎤᏪᏴ]], [[boating|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ]], ᎠᎴ [[Sunlight#Sunbathing|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ]].

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Nor'easter|ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ'ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[hurricane|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ experiencing ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]], [[Canada]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ migrants. [[Coastal defenses|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ erected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ [[navy|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[coast guard|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]].

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ==
*[[Emergent coastline]] - ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ risen ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
*[[Submergent coastline]] - ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ risen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
*[[Concordant coastline|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ coastline]] - ᏅᏯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ.
*[[Discordant coastline|ᎬᏙᏗ coastline]] - ᏅᏯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ.

== ᎦᏙᎯ [[landform]]ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ==
[[Image:Accreting coast Image6.png|frame|center|ᎦᏙᎯ landforms. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎥᏓᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ  ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎢ. Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ cuspate ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ tombolo ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎩᎵᏏ ᎥᏓᎵ. Tombolo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ  ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ.]]

*[[Arch|ᏂᎬᎢ]] &amp;mdash; [[archipelago|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]]
*[[Bar (landform)|ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[barrier island|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] &amp;mdash; [[headlands and bays|ᎥᏓᎵ]] &amp;mdash; [[beach|ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[boondock]]
*[[Headlands and bays|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] &amp;mdash; [[cave|ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ]] &amp;mdash; [[cliff|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] &amp;mdash; [[cove|ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎢ]]
*[[River delta|ᎦᏙᎯ]] &amp;mdash; [[dune|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
*[[Estuary|ᎥᏓᎵ]]
*[[Fjord]]
*[[Gulf|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ]]
*[[Headlands and bays|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]]
*[[Island|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]] &amp;mdash; [[island arc|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]
*[[Lagoon|ᎥᏓᎵ]]
*[[Mud flat|tlawotu ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]]
*[[Peninsula|ᎦᏙᎯ]]
*[[Raised beach|ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[ria]]
*[[Salt marsh|ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] &amp;mdash; [[sea|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] &amp;mdash; [[spit (landform)|ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ]] &amp;mdash; [[Stack (geology)|ᏕᎦᏒᏛ]] &amp;mdash; [[stump|ᎤᏂᏜᎬ]]
*[[Tombolo]]
*[[Wave cut cliff|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] &amp;mdash; [[wave cut notch|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[wave cut platform|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ]]
*[[Lewis Fry Richardson#Research on the length of coastlines and borders|ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ  coastline?]]

==ᎦᏙᎯ Processes==
*[[attrition|ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ]]
*[[Current (water)|ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Denudation|ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[deposition (geology)|ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]]
*[[Flooding|ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ]]
*[[Longshore drift|Longshore ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]]
*[[Saltation (geology)|ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[sea level change|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]] &lt;small&gt;([[eustatic]] &amp;mdash; [[isostatic]])&lt;/small&gt; &amp;mdash; [[sedimentation]] &amp;mdash; [[sediment transportation|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ]] &amp;mdash; [[solution|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ]] &amp;mdash; [[sub-aerial processes|ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏂᎦᏛᎢ processes]] &amp;mdash; [[suspension (chemistry)|ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Tide|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]]
*[[Wave|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]]&amp;mdash; [[weathering|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Reef|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ]]
*[[Earth science|ᎡᎶᎯ agatohvsdi]]
*[[Engineering geology|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ]]
*[[Geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]] &amp;mdash; [[Geology|Geology]] &amp;mdash; [[Geomorphology]]
*[[How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension|ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  Britain? ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]]
*[[Marine biology|ᎠᏜ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
*[[Ocean|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]]
*[[Geography|ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ]]
*[[Coastal management|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]

==ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ==
*ᎯᎠ [[Oyster Coast Apalachicola Bay Florida|ᏓᎬᎾ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Apalachicola ᎥᏓᎵ Florida]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ
*ᎯᎠ [[County Antrim|ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Antrim]] ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, [[Northern Ireland|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ireland]] - ᎪᎯ coastline ᎤᎭ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ([[Giant's Causeway|ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ]]), ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏃᏯᎭ beaches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ.
*[[Gold Coast (British colony)|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] ([[Ghana]])
*[[Pepper Coast|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] ([[Liberia]])
*[[Côte d'Ivoire]] (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ)
*[[Slave Coast|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] ([[Benin]])
*[[Skeleton Coast|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] [[Namibia]]
*[[Barbary Coast|Barbary ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Maghreb]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ Africa
*[[Gold Coast, Australia|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, Australia]]
*[[Gold Coast, Florida|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, Florida]] ᎠᎴ [[Long Island|&quot;ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ&quot;  ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ]], ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ&quot; ᎠᏜ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ
*[[French Riviera|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ Riviera]] - [[France]], [[Monaco]]
*[[Italian Riviera]] - [[Italy]]
*[[Jurassic Coast|Jurassic ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] ([[England]])
*[[West Coast, New Zealand|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎢᏤ Zealand]]
*[[East Coast of the United States|ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
*[[West Coast of the United States|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
*[[Gulf Coast of the United States|ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]
*[[Costa Brava]] ᎠᎴ [[Costa del Sol|Costa del ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ [[Spain]]
*[[Côte d'Azur]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ Riviera [[France]] 
*[[Adriatic Coast|Adriatic ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ]] [[Croatia]] ᎠᎴ neighbouring ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ
*ᎯᎠ [[Alaska North Slope|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ]] ᎦᏙᎯ [[Alaska]]
*[[Byron Bay, Australia|Byron ᎥᏓᎵ, Australia]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.ukcoastguide.co.uk/ UK Coast Guide]


[[Category:Landforms]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]

[[af:Kuslyn]]
[[an:Costa]]
[[ast:Costa]]
[[bg:Бряг]]
[[ca:Costa]]
[[da:Kyst]]
[[de:Küste]]
[[el:Ακτή]]
[[en:Coast]]
[[es:Costa]]
[[fi:Rannikko]]
[[fr:Côte (géographie)]]
[[gl:Costa (xeografía)]]
[[is:Strönd]]
[[it:Costa]]
[[ja:海岸]]
[[ko:연안]]
[[nl:Kust]]
[[pl:Wybrzeże]]
[[pt:Costa (geografia)]]
[[ru:Побережье]]
[[simple:Coast]]
[[sl:Obala]]
[[sv:Kust]]
[[zh:海岸]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ</title>
    <id>2736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9005</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-22T04:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Finance}}
'''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ''' ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, [[businesses|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ [[factors of production|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[risks|ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ]] entailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ '''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ''' ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ: 
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [[money|ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[asset|ᎠᎦᎵᏯ]]
* ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ
* Profiling ᎠᎴ managing ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ
* ᏥᏄᏍᏗ verb, &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[business|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]].

==ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ '''ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ techniques Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ (entities) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.

[[entity|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ adatolasdodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ [[income|ᎤᎷᏤᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᎾᎵᎬᏩᎳᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi Ꮝ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, [[financial intermediary|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bank|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[bond market|ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ [[interest|ᎤᏁᏉᏨ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. 

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ activities ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ.  ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ adatolasdodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ.  adel didiyi ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ.  adel didiyi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ compensators ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ.

ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ institutional investors ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ adel didiyi, ᎦᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ XYZ Inc, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ 100 ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ 1/100 ᎤᏤᎵᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏂᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ 1/100 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing&quot;.  ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ financing) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.    

ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ([[personal finance|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]), ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ([[public finance|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]), ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ([[corporate finance|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ activities ᎠᎴ achieved ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ institutional ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ==
ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[List of finance topics#Personal finance|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]] ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv
*ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ) ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ?
*ᎭᏢᏃ ᏫᎵ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ (e.g. ᎨᏥᏍᏕᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ)?  
*ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ utugi gvsv ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ?
*ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ (ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ)?
*ᎯᎳᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ subsidies ᎠᎴ penalties) ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ?

ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, financing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[real estate|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ [[insurance|ᎫᏓᎸᏙ]], e.g. ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[retirement|ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ]].

==ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, managerial ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ [[corporate finance|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ' activities. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ balancing ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ profitability. 
ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[ownership equity|ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[credit (finance)|adatudi]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[Bond (finance)|ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ [[capital structure|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]. ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ [[working capital|ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ adel didiyi ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ adatudi.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ atolisdi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ atuyasdodi ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ resell ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎫᏴᎲᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi.  ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ [[fund management|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]. ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[asset|ᎠᎦᎵᏯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[List of finance topics#Investment management|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]] -  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ [[portfolio (finance)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] - ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ'', ''ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ'' ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏌᏊ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ 
*ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ: ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ - ᎤᎵᏍᏛ - iyuwakodi ᎤᏚᎳᏗ - ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ - ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ
*ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ: lyadvnehi vs ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ - hedging ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ 
*ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ

'''ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Accounting profession|ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, [[Financial accounting|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ.

==Shared ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ consolidating ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[shared services|shared ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]] ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ centralized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.

==ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ==
ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[List of finance topics#Public finance|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ
*ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ 
*ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ() Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ
*ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ
*ᎠᏓᏚᎩ issuance ([[municipal bond|ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ

==ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ==
{{Main|Financial economics}}

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ interrelation ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ [[variables|ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ]], .. [[price|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]], [[interest rate|ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ [[Real vs. nominal in economics|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ:
*[[List of finance topics#Valuation|ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ]] - ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ
**ᎯᎳᎪ risky ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ? (ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ)
**ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[cash flows|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ]] ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ? (ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ) 
**ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ? (ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ)
**ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ? (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ)

*[[List of finance topics#Financial markets|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]
**Commodities - [[List of finance topics#Commodity markets|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
**ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ - [[List of finance topics#Stock market|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
**ᏗᏚᎳᏙ - [[List of finance topics#Bond market|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
**ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ- [[List of finance topics#Money market|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
**ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ - [[List of finance topics#Derivatives market|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]

*[[List of finance topics#Financial institutions and banking|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ  [[List of finance topics#Financial supervision, regulation, and accreditation|ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ]]

==ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ==
{{Main|Financial mathematics}}

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[mathematics|ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ]], ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ [[statistics|ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ]]. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ adatudi - [[stock|ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[Bond (finance)|ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. - ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ subfield ᎨᏒᎢ [[actuarial science|ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ]].

==ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ==
{{Main|Experimental finance}}

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ [[Experimental Finance|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ' ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ processes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, researchers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ utugi gvsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Funding|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ '''financing'''
* ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 250 ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wikipedia. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[list of finance topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]].
* [[List of publications in economics#Finance|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]
* [[Forex]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
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* [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/category.cfm?cid=1 Wharton Finance Knowledge Project] - aimed ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.
* [http://www.financial-guide.net/content-intro.html&amp;language=en Financial-Guide.net] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ strategies, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ terminology.
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ - ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/  Prof. Aswath Damodaran]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, grouped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://web.utk.edu/~jwachowi/wacho_world.html Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students], Prof. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ M. Wachowicz[http://www.recent-articles.info -]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Arizona|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Arizona]], [http://www.studyfinance.com/ studyfinance.com]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.quantnotes.com/fundamentals/ quantnotes]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᎧᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᎿ behavioral ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pgreenfinch/behavioral-finance.htm BF gallery]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ - Spanish ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ glossaries ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/dictionaries/finance-english-spanish/index.htm English to Spanish Dictionary of Finance Terms] ᎠᎴ [http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/dictionaries/finance-spanish-english/index.htm Spanish to English Dictionary of Finance Terms]
*ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᏨ Wiki ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://glossary.reuters.com/index.php/Main_Page Reuters Financial Glossary]
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[[Category:Finance| ]]

[[be:Фінансы]]
[[de:Finanzierung]]
[[el:Χρηματοοικονομικά]]
[[en:Finance]]
[[es:Finanzas]]
[[fr:Finance]]
[[fur:Finance]]
[[id:Keuangan]]
[[it:Finanza]]
[[hu:Pénzügy]]
[[nl:Financiën]]
[[ja:金融]]
[[pl:Finanse]]
[[pt:Finanças]]
[[ru:Финансы]]
[[scn:Finanza]]
[[fi:Rahoitus]]
[[sv:Finansväsen]]
[[th:การเงิน]]
[[tr:Finans]]
[[uk:Фінанси]]
[[zh:金融]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ</title>
    <id>2737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9006</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T16:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:View of Wall Street.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Wall Street|ᎠᏐᏴ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]], [[Manhattan]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ [[New York Stock Exchange|ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  [[symbol|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.]]
{{portalpar|Business and Economics}}

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], '''ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[social science|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ agatohvsdi]] [[management|managing ᏴᏫ]] ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ [[Productivity (economics)|productivity]] ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ [[product (business)|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[money|ᎣᎷᏤᎯ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ''[[wiktionary:busy|busy]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ [[viable|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
&lt;!-- The term refers to commercial, professional, and industrial activity generally, as in &quot;business continues to evolve as markets change.&quot;--&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏦᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ &amp;mdash; ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ), ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ [[company|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[corporation|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ generalized ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ [[market sector|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ,&quot; &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ,&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ&quot; -- ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ suppliers ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ [[economic freedom|ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ]] ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[expertise]] ᎠᎴ [[skill|ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]]ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ technological ᎠᏌᎶᏙᏗ.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ, (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cooperative]], [[non-profit organization|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]ᎠᎴ (''ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ'') [[government|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ predominatly [[capitalist|ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ]] economies, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[profit|ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ [[wealth|ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ]] ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ.
 
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ''ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ [[financial return|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[Work (project management)|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] &amp;mdash; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ''[[time|iyuwakodi]], [[effort|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎠᎴ [[money|ᎠᏕᎳ]].''

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Marxists]] ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;[[means of production|ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ  ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.&quot;  [[Socialists|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ sizable ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

&lt;!-- This article is concerned primarily with the first definition of individual businesses, but also contains links to general business and management topics, in the sense of the second definition.--&gt;

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ focuses ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ-ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ activities ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ:
* [[Manufacturer|ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ]]ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[product (business)|ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[raw material|ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[goods|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ.
* [[service|ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ [[consumers]]. ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ decorators ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ entertainers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
* [[Retail|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ]]ers ᎠᎴ [[distribution (business)|Distributors]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ-ansigaya ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ consumer, ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ consumer-oriented ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ distributors ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ.
* [[Agriculture|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[mining]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ.
* [[Financial|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ adel didiyi ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ [[capital|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]].
* ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ resale ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ packaged software ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ.
* [[Utilities]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ.
* [[Real estate|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, atolisdi, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ properties, ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ.
* [[Transport|ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ]]ation ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᎯᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ

==ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ):
; [[Finance|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ : ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Accounting|ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ]]
; [[Human Resources|ᏴᏫ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]] : ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hiring, ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, payroll, ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
; ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ : ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ managing ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ
::; [[Marketing|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]] : ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ promoting ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ [[positioning|ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ]] ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ
::; [[Sales|ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ]] : ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[contract|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]]) ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ
; ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ/ᎾᏛᏁᎸ : ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ
::; [[Production|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] : ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ 
::; [[Customer service|ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] : ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ
; [[Procurement|ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] : ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:
::; [[Strategic sourcing|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ sourcing]] : ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ
::; ᎣᏩᏍᎬ : processes ᎯᎠ [[purchase order|ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ
; [[Research and Development|ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ]] : ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (e.g. [[pilot plant|ᎠᏜ ᎦᎪᏘ]])
; [[Information Technology|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]] : ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ
; tsunadatvgotanv/ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ : ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ
; ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ : ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ typing, ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ)
; ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ : ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ


[[Management|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ leadership ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ.

==ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ [[jurisdiction|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]]ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ [[commercial law|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[partnership|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]], [[corporation|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ), ᎠᎴ [[sole proprietorship|ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]].

{{globalize}}
===Organizing ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ===

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ:
* ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ utugi elisv ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ : ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ wider ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎿ [[stock market|ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ.
* ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ : ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎸᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
* [[Limited liability|ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ]] : ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ entities, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ unincorporated ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ.
* ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ : ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
* ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ : ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[shareholder|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ]], ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ shielded ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[personal liability|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ &quot;ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.&quot; ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ unulvngi ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ specialized ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ (USA: ᏂᎦᎥ) ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. Ꮭ paperwork ᎠᎴ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ.

ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ'', ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.

ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deciding ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

#ᏂᎦᎥ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ (ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ), ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ creating ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
#ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ&quot; ᏴᏫ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[double-taxation|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-taxation]], ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ayatolv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ imposed.
#ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᎭ simplified ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ specialized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ simplified, ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ. 
#ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ&quot; (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Initial public offering|IPO]]) -- ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ basically ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ wider ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ investors ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ -- ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ tighter ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ entities ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ LLCs Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ), ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ entities ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[REIT]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA, [[Unit Trust|ᏌᏊᎭ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎯ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ &quot;ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.&quot;

===ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ===

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. 

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ([[OSHA]] ᎠᎴ [[Health and Safety|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]), anti-ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (lyudetiyvda, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, disabilities, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, sexual ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ), ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, [[Trade union|ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏦᏪᏐᎸᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ [[working hour|ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ]]iyuwakodi.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ specialized ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ adatudi ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᏦᏔ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ industries ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ utilities, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ adatudi, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ providers. Environmental ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ==
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '[[capital|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]]'), ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ [[securities|adatudi]] (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ remedies. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ &quot;adatudi&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. 

ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ (IPO) ᎾᎿ [[stock exchange|ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[New York Stock Exchange|ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Nasdaq]] (USA), ᎯᎠ [[London Stock Exchange|London ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] (UK), ᎯᎠ [[Tokyo Stock Exchange|Tokyo ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ]] (ᎠᏰᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ.

ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ &quot;ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ governance (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ' ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ implemented ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ adatudi ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (SEC). ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ regulatory ᏗᏂᏰᎸ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ, Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ, forcing kanquotsegi specialization ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ 5 10 ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, healthcare ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, adatudi ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, M&amp;ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎦᎪ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ), ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ERISA ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ERISA ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ), ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏬᏗ regulatory ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (specializing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, trademarks ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ), telecommunications ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ.

==ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ==
ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ &quot;[[intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]&quot; Ꮎ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ techniques Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ trademarking. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ trademarking ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ signatories ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ [[treaty|treaties]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.

==ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ [[Business Operations|ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ   ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[management|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ [[finance|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[marketing|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[organizational studies|ᏴᏫ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[strategic management|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[manufacturing|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[service|ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], [[management information systems|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]], ᎠᎴ [[business intelligence|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ]].

==ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ==
ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ&quot;. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[IPO]], [[MBO]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.


== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1600 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ sublists.
*[[Accounting|ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ]]
**[[List of accounting topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Advertising]]
*[[Banking|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]]
*[[Big business|ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]
*[[Business broker|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᎾᏓᏁᎯ]]
*[[Business ethics|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
**[[List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Business school|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Commerce|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ]]
*[[Commercial law|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
**[[List of business law topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Companies|ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ]]
**[[List of companies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ]]
*[[Economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]
**[[Financial economics|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]
**[[List of economics topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Electronic commerce|Electronic ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ]]
**[[Ebusiness]]
*[[Entrepreneurship]]
*[[Finance|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ]]
**[[List of finance topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Government ownership|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ]]
*[[Human Resources|ᏴᏫ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ]]
**[[List of human resource management topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏴᏫ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Industry|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]
*[[Intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]
*[[International trade|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]]
**[[List of international trade topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Insurance|ᎫᏓᎸᏙ]]
*[[Investment|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]
*[[Management|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]
**[[List of management topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Management information systems|ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
**[[List of information technology management topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Manufacturing|ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ]]
**[[List of production topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Marketing|ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ]]
**[[List of marketing topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Organizational studies|Organizational ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Real Estate|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]]
**[[List of real estate topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[Small business|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]
*[[Strategic Management|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ]]

==ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
{{sisterlinks|Business}}
{{Wikibookspar|Wikiversity|School of Business}}
*[[Defecation|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] -- &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎯᎠ carthorse ᏄᏛᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ.&quot;
*Productivity -- &quot;ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot; ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, e.g. &quot;ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;.
*[[The Business|ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[punk rock|ᏔᏩᎵ ᏅᏯ]] ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.
*[[Sexual intercourse|Sexual ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ sexual ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;
*[[Confidential|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ]] [[information|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]]. E.g., &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᏂᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;.
*[[Clientele|ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ]]. E.g. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.myownbusiness.org/course_list.html How To Start A Business] 14 ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
*[http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/StartingBusiness Starting a Business] ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 155 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
*[http://www.otherrealm.org/info/business.php A list of resources helpful for starting your own business]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Finance] ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ
*[http://www.marketwatch.com/ MarketWatch.com] ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ indices, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ
*[http://www.ibtimes.com/ International Business Times] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ global ᏗᏤᎢ coverage.
*[http://www.experienced-people.co.uk/ Buying and selling businesses]

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:School subjects]]

[[bn:ব্যবসা]]
[[cs:Obchod]]
[[da:Erhvervsliv]]
[[de:Betriebswirtschaftslehre]]
[[el:Επιχείρηση]]
[[en:Business]]
[[es:Empresa]]
[[et:Ettevõte]]
[[ga:Gnó]]
[[id:Bisnis dan Industri]]
[[ja:ビジネス]]
[[lt:Verslas]]
[[nl:Industrie in Nederland]]
[[pl:Biznes]]
[[su:Bisnis]]
[[sv:Näringsliv]]
[[th:ธุรกิจ]]
[[zh:工商业]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏒᏃᏱ</title>
    <id>2795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9083</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-28T17:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Melbourne at night02.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Melbourne]] [[skyline]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ]] 

'''ᏒᏃᏱ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[horizon|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ [[day|ᎢᎦ]] (ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎢᎦ&quot; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᎢᎦ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 24-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ).

==iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ==
ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ. ᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 32 [[minute of arc|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ  ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]. ᏔᎵ, ᎯᎠ [[celestial body atmosphere|ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]] refracts [[sunlight]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[horizon|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 34 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ centre ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 50 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. 
ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Autumnal equinox|autumnal]] (ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ/ᎤᎶᏒᎩ) ᎠᎴ [[Vernal equinox|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] (ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ) [[equinox]]es, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[equator|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ equinoxes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[geographical pole|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]]. ᎯᎠ [[summer|ᎪᎨᏱ]] ᎠᎴ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]] [[solstice|solstices]] ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ shortest ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.  [[Image:Nott painting.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Nótt]], ᎯᎠ Norse ᎬᎨᏳᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Peter Nicolai Arbo]].]]

ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[North Pole|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[South Pole|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ]], ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ equinoxes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ equinox ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Tropic of Cancer|Tropic  ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Tropic of Capricorn|Tropic  Capricorn]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Northern Hemisphere|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[Denmark]] ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎤᎭ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Southern Hemisphere|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[Antarctica]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[Chile]] ᎤᎭ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ugatohvsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[latitude|ᎤᏜᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 6 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ unigatohvsv ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ (ᎪᎳ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ experiencing ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ (ᎪᎨᏱ).

ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎪᎳ.

==ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ==

ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ iyuwakodi ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[sleep|ᎦᎸᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏍᎦᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ activities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ.[[Image:MATTTREVITHICKBW.JPG|thumb|200px|left| ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ nighttime]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[lighting|ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[economy|ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, [[moon|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]]ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.

ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎾᏒᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Magic (paranormal)|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎤᏠᏱ, mythical ᎠᎴ folkloric ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vampire|ᏄᏁᎸᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[werewolf|werewolves]] ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ lyadvnehi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. [[Ghost|ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ yvwatuwidv ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{Commons|Category:Night}}
*[[Day|ᎢᎦ]]
*[[Nocturnal animal|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ gantlai]]
*[[Olbers' paradox|Olbers' ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Parts of a day]]

[[ar:ليل]]
[[ca:Nit]]
[[da:Nat (tidsrum)]]
[[de:Nacht]]
[[en:Night]]
[[es:Noche]]
[[eo:Nokto]]
[[fr:Nuit]]
[[io:Nokto]]
[[id:Malam]]
[[it:Notte (astronomia)]]
[[he:לילה]]
[[nl:Nacht]]
[[ja:夜]]
[[no:Natt]]
[[nn:Natt]]
[[pl:Noc]]
[[pt:Noite]]
[[ru:Ночь]]
[[simple:Night]]
[[fi:Yö]]
[[sv:Natt]]
[[ta:இரவு]]
[[zh:晚上]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9090</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-31T17:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes 003.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Pierre-Cécile Puvis ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Chavannes: ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ'', 1883]]
'''ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ugatohvsv envisioned ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[sleep|ᎦᎸᏗ]].  ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ [[lucid dreaming|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]], ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[suspension of disbelief|ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ  ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ realizing ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ dreaming—being ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ oneiric ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ experiencing ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ upsetting ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[nightmare|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ
[[oneirology]].

ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ). ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ [[Dream interpretation|ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ [[physiology|physiologically]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ neural processes ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ, [[psychology|ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[unconscious|ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[spirituality|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ utugi gvsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ([[oneiromancy|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ]]).

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ awakened ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[rapid eye movement|ᎦᏣᏄᎳ agatoli ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. 

==ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi==

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient history|tsuqagutanvsv]], ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[deity|ᎦᏁᎸ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ-ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ [[battle|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ]]ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Torah (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 5 ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ) ᎠᎴ Koran ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏂ.

ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]].  ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Nevers|ᎥᏝ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Golden Legend|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]]'', ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Charlemagne]] ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[wild boar|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[hunt|ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ [[child|ᎠᏲᎵ]], ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ atuyastanv ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[death|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ nakedness.  ᎯᎠ [[bishop|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎥᏝ interpreted ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ [[roof|ᎦᏦᏔ]] ᎯᎠ [[cathedral]] dedicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏧᏣ-ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ [[Saint Quiricus and Saint Julitta|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Cyricus]].  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Devil|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ. 

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Charaka]] (300 BC) ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Charaka Samhita]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ : &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ugatohvsvi, ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ugatohvsv, ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ugatohvsv, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ&quot;.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ theories Sigmund Freud, ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ prompted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ stimuli.

{{section stub}}

==ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ==

===ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ===
{{ExpertVerify|July 2006}}

ᎣᏓᏅᏛ [[Joe Griffin|Joe ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ [[human givens|ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ reviewed ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎴ nadvndhvgi 12 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Griffin
| first = J.
| year = 1997
| title = The Origin of Dreams: How and why we evolved to dream
| publisher = The Therapist Ltd
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Griffin
| first = J.
 = Tyrrell, I.
| year = 2004
| title = Dreaming Reality: How dreaming keeps us sane or can drive us mad
| publisher HG Publishing
}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Interviewed ᎾᎥᎢ ''ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ'' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ &quot;ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏭᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏁᎸᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ autonomic arousal ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ waking ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ – ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousing ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎵᏒ – Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ don’t ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏰᏨᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ aroused, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ arousal ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ don’t ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ arousal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ deactivated.&quot; (''ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.'' ᎫᏬᏂ 12th pp44-47)    

ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Michel Jouvet]] ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ behaviours ᎠᎴ programmed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ neonate. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identifies ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Jouvet
| first = M.
| year = 1978
| title = Does a genetic programming of the brain occur during paradoxical sleep? Cerebral Corrlates of Conscious Experience
| publisher = Elsevier
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏭᏎᎸ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏠᏱ – ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ – ᏂᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎦᏅᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ activated ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ utugi gvsv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ deactivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ programmed behaviour ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.

&quot;ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ&quot; ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ aroused, Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ arousals ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ Ꮭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ hypothesized Ꮎ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ utugi dunvsv ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ deactivating ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousing ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎦ. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ' utugi dunvsv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ autonomic ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ.

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ utugi gvsv fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ:
# ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ waking utugi dunvsv.
# utugi dunvsv ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousal Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ arousal, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ.
# ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousal ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎢᎦ.

[[Arthur J. Deikman]] M. D., Clinical ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Psychiatry, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ stimulating ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Griffin, 
| first = J.
  coauthor = Tyrrell, I.
| year = 2003
| title = Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking
HG Publishing
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy===
ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy. [[Human givens|ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ]] therapists ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ therapy ᎤᎭ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏢᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ troubling ᎠᏂ. ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ [[hypnosis]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ activating ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ phenomena ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ psychotherapy, ᎪᎯ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ psychotherapists ᎠᎴ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ.

===ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ===

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ utugi gvsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv.  ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎢᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.  ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ [[conversion|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]]ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]] ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Islam]] [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ''ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ versa.'' {{fact}} 

[[Oneiromancy|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ]], utugi gvsv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Judeo-Christianity|Judeo-ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Tanakh]], [[Jacob]], [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Daniel]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Yahweh]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[New Testament|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ]], ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ [[Saint Joseph|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ]], ᎯᎠ asgahah aninela [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[Angel Gabriel|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Gabriel]] ᎤᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ Mary ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Jesus|ᎤᏪᏥ  ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Magi|ᏦᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ansigaya]] ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Bethlehem]], [[angel|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Mary ᎠᎴ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] [[Egypt]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ [[Israel]]. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Saint Patrick|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Patrick]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ [[Ireland]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Patrick ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Antrim]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Wicklow]] ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ homeland. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Patrick dreamt Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏂ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Islam]], ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&amp;cid=1119503546124].

[[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ]] [[philosopher|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]][[scepticism|sceptical]] ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ (ᏂᎬᎢ [[René Descartes]]) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ unigatohvsv ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ&quot; ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ viewpoint ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ determining ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏰᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ.  ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ waking ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ.&lt;br&gt;
[[Scientific evidence|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]] ᎾᎿ [[lucid dreaming|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1980s]] ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ researchers Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ gayatohvsdi ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[eye movement|agatoli ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ]] ᏂᎬᎢ[http://web.archive.org/web/20050213195023/http://www.stanford.edu/~mgoldens/lab/psyphy_lucidity.html][http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html].

===Psychodynamic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ===
:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: [[Dream interpretation|ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]''

ᎢᏧᎳ [[Sigmund Freud]] ᎠᎴ [[Carl Jung]] ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[unconscious|ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[conscious|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏧᎳ Ꮎ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Freud ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ lyadvnehi censorship ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ, Jung argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ''agatudesdi'' ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.
[[Fritz Perls]] ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ holistic ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ gestalt therapy. ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ignored, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ suppressed. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ gestalt ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reintegrate ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ analysed atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.

===ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ===

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ-ᎾᏍᎩ biological ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[REM sleep|ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ.  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ awakened ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ utugi uwasv Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ.  ᎢᎦᏛ neurologists ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[daydream|daydreaming]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| year = 2006
| title = How Dream Works
| url = http://science.howstuffworks.com/dream4.htm
| accessdate = 2006-05-04
}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| year = 2006
| title = Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep
| url = http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm
| accessdate = 2006-05-04
}}&lt;/ref&gt;).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ iyuwakodi ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ matches ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyuwakodi ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[brain|ᎤᏅᏥᏓ]] ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ &amp;mdash; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ &amp;mdash; ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ competing theories ᎯᎠ [[neurology|ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]] ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.

[[Eugen Tarnow]] ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ [[long term memory|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ strangeness ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ format ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, reminiscent ᎯᎠ Penfield &amp; Rasmussen’s ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Cerebral cortex|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ unigatohvsv ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ.  Tarnow ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ reworking Freud ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Freud ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[long term memory|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]] iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ Freud ᎤᏤᎵ “Dream Work” ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[long term memory|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Tarnow
| first = Eugen
| year = 2003
| title = How Dreams And Memory May Be Related
| publisher = NEURO-PSYCHOANALYSIS
| edition = 5(2)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ [[activation synthesis theory|activation ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Allan Hobson]] ᎠᎴ [[Robert McCarley]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ unigatohvsv ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ pons. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ midbrain ᎠᎴ forebrain ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ agatoli ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ. ᎯᎠ activated forebrain ᎾᎯᏳᎢ synthesizes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ generated ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Hobson
| first = J.A.
| coauthors = McCarley, R.
| year = 1977
| title = The brain as a dream state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process
| publisher = American Journal of Psychiatry
| edition = 134
| pages = 1335-1348
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ neurotransmitters, [[norepinephrine]] ᎠᎴ [[serotonin]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ.  ᎪᎯ chemical ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hypothesized ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[psychosis|psychotic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Mark Solms|ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Solms]] ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ generated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[forebrain]], ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Solms
| first = M.
| year = 2000
| title = Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms
| publisher = Behavioral and Brain Sciences
| edition = 23(6)
| pages = 793-1121
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Combining Hobson ᎤᏤᎵ activation ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Solms ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ-activation ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Jie Zhang ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ activation ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. Zhang hypothesizes Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, encode ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏫᏒᏗ&quot;. NREM ᎦᎸᏗ processes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ (declarative ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ); ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ processes ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ (procedural ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ). Zhang ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ procedural ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ activation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ inputs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ basically ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ-activation ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ. Zhang ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ activation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ inducer ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ associative ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Zhang
| first = Jie
| year = 2004
| title = Memory process and the function of sleep
| publisher = Journal of Theoretics
| edition = 6-6
| url = http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/Articles/6-6/Zhang.pdf
| accessdate = 2006-03-13
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last = Zhang
| first = Jie
| year = 2005
| title = Continual-activation theory of dreaming, Dynamical Psychology
| url = http://www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/2005/ZhangDreams.htm
| accessdate = 2006-03-13
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏐᎢ==
===ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ===
ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ (DAMT) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ (lyudetiyvda ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵᏗᎪᏢ ᏗᎪᎦᏍᏗ). ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ DAMT ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ awaking ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ DAMT ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ correlated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ behaviour ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ugatohvsv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=1757662&amp;dopt=Abstract
| title = Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom
| accessdate = 25 Feb
| accessyear = 2006
| author = Hajek P, Belcher M.
| publisher = Journal of Abnormal Psychology
| year = 1991
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sceptical ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ===
{{main|dream argument}}
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏊ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ't ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ're ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ). ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Descartes]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Meditations on First Philosophy|ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[sceptical hypothesis|sceptical hypotheses]].

===ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ===
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Hamilton-Parker, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ''ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'', ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ awoken ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᎾᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Henry ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ''ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ'', ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ technique ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ [[dream journal|ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ]]. [[Stephen LaBerge]], ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ''Exploring ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏙᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ dreamt ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.

===Deja Vu===
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ugatohvsvi ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ. ᎪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ experiencing ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.

===ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, &quot;ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Salvador ᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ yvwatuwidv Pomegranate, ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ&quot; (1944).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ examining ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ (http://www.asdreams.org/2003/ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ/genevieve_alain.htm).

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Daydream]]
*''[[Dreams (1990 film)|ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ (1990 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ)]]''
*[[Dream art|ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]
*[[Hallucination|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]
*[[Hypnogogia]]
*[[Lucid dreaming|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]
*[[Reality in Buddhism|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ]]
*[[Dream Yoga in Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition|ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ Yoga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tibetan ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ Dzogchen ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]]
*[[Nightmare|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]]
*[[Nocturnal emission|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Premonition|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ]]
*[[Sleep|ᎦᎸᏗ]]
*[[Circadian rhythm|Circadian ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
===Cited===
&lt;!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref(erences/)&gt; tags--&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;

===ᏂᎦᎥ===
*ᎡᎯᏍᏛ, F. &amp; Mitchinson, G. (1983) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ''ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ'' '''304''', 111-114.
*Tarnow, E. (2003) ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ. ''Neuro-Psychoanalysis '''5(2)''', 177-182 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [http://cogprints.org/2068/]

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
*[[Shriram Sharma Acharya|Acharya, Pt. Shriram Sharma]], [http://www.awgp.org/books/english/sleep_dreams_spiritual.pdf ''Sleep, Dreams and Spiritual Reflections''], pdf ᎠᏝᎥᎢ, 2000
*[[Artemidorus]], ''ᎯᎠ Oneirocritica Artemidorus'', ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Microfilms, [[New Haven|ᎢᏤ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]] (1971).
*[[Gerolamo Cardano]], ''Sul sonno e sul sognare '', Marsilio, [[Venezia]] (1989).
*[[Carlos Castaneda]], ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'', Rayo, (1994).
*[[Sigmund Freud]], ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams|ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ  ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ]]'', Avon, (1980).
*[[Jayne Gackenbach]], [[Stephen LaBerge]], ''ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ: ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'', ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]] (1988).
*[[Patricia L Garfield]], ''ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'' (1974) ISBN 0-671-21903-0
*[[Carl Jung]], ''ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ'', [[Princeton University Press|Princeton ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] (1974).
*[[Will Phillips|ᏫᎵ Phillips]], ''ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ: ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎯ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ'', ISBN 1-57566-048-2, [[Kensington, NY 1996]], Totonada ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ 1994
*[[Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche]], ''ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ Yoga ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ'', ᎤᎾᏥ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ, [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca, ᎢᏤ York]] (1992).
*[[Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche]], ''ᎯᎠ Tibetan Yogas ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏗ'', ᎤᎾᏥ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ, [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca, ᎢᏤ York]] (1998).

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wikiquote}}

*[http://aras.org''Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism''] ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ (ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ)
*[http://humanform.info/htm/intelligent.htm Dreams - the intelligent universe] ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
*[http://dreams.valasearch.com Valasearch Dreams] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/#1/ The Epistemology of Descartes (fulltext)] lyudetiyvda ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ
*[http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/dreams.htm Dreams and the Vedanta-sutra (Vedic/Hindu tradition)]
*[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/5569228/site/newsweek/ Newsweek Article exploring dreams]
*[http://www.thedreamexplorer.com The Dream Explorer] Online resource ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
*[http://www.dreammoods.com/dreamdictionary Dream Moods Dictionary] Online ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
*[http://www.dreamstell.net DreamsTell!] ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ 'ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ' ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ
*[http://www.experienceproject.com/dreams.php Dream Interpretation] ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ sharing ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ resource

[[Category:Dreaming]]
[[Category:Personal life]]
[[Category:Psychotherapy]]
[[Category:Symbols]]

[[ca:Somni]]
[[cs:Sen]]
[[da:Drøm]]
[[de:Traum]]
[[en:Dream]]
[[et:Unenägu]]
[[es:Ensueño]]
[[eo:Sonĝo]]
[[fr:Rêve]]
[[gl:Soño]]
[[io:Revo]]
[[is:Draumur]]
[[it:Sogno]]
[[he:חלום]]
[[nl:Droom]]
[[ja:夢]]
[[no:Drøm]]
[[pl:Sen (stan)]]
[[pt:Sonho]]
[[ru:Сновидение]]
[[fi:Uni]]
[[sv:Dröm]]
[[th:ความฝัน]]
[[tr:rüya]]
[[zh:夢]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏓᎾᎵᎲ</title>
    <id>2797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9092</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T18:08:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Combate_naval.jpg|thumb|right|300px|&quot;Combate ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Iquique&quot; - ᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᎢᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas Somerscales, XIX sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]]

'''ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ''', ᎠᎴ '''ᏓᎾᎵᎲ''', ᎨᏒᎢ purposeful [[violent|ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ]] [[conflict|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[person|ᎠᏏᏴᏫ]]ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ [[dominance (biology)|ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Opposition (politics)|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ&quot; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ [[military force|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[warfare|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]], ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏓᎾᎵᎲ&quot; ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[boxing|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ [[wrestling|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ]] matches. ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ unilateral, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ implies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ [[synonym|ᎦᏛᎬᎢ]]ously.

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ [[law|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ unregulated. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Geneva Convention|Geneva ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ), lyudetiyvda [[chivalry|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Knights of the Round Table|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] [[Arthurian legend|Arthurian ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Marquess of Queensberry rules|Marquess  Queensberry ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]] (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ).

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[warfare|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ [[military|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[insurgencies]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ). ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[laws of war|ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ  ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[soldiers|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[non-combatants|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]].

ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[weapon|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎤᏬᏰᏂ--ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ([[mêlée]]) ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, [[touch|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ([[Strike (attack)|ᎬᏂᎲᎢ]], [[kick|ᎠᏓᏴᏖᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, [[strangling]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ [[mêlée weapon|mêlée ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] ([[knife|ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]], [[sword|ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ]], [[baton|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ [[projectile|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]]. 

[[Hand-to-hand combat|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ--ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ:
*[[Stand-up fighting|ᎦᏙᎬ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ]]
*[[Clinch fighting|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ]]
*[[Ground fighting|ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ]]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Assault|ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]]
* [[Battle|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ]]
* [[Duel|ᎠᎿᏟᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎲ]]
* [[Hand to hand combat|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ  ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ]]
* [[Martial arts|ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]
* ''[[On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace|On Combat]]''
* [[Showdown]]
* [[Warfare|ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]]
* [[Weapon|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]

[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Military conflicts]]

[[de:Kampf]]
[[en:Fight]]
[[es:Lucha]]
[[fr:Combat]]
[[pt:Luta]]
[[ru:Бой]]
[[sv:Slagsmål]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ</title>
    <id>2798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9095</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-02T19:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[image:flint.jpg|thumb|180px| ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏂᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Onondaga (geological formation)|Onondaga]] limestone ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, [[Buffalo, New York|ᏯᎾᏌ, ᎢᏤ York]]. (3.8 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ)]]
'''ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ''' (ᎠᎴ '''flintstone''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, [[sedimentary rock|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ]] [[cryptocrystalline]] [[silicate]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[mineral|ᎪᎢ]] [[quartz|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[Chalcedony|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]. ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Nodule (geology)|ᏂᎯ]]ᎠᎴ masses ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[chalk|ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᎴ [[limestone]].

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏅᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ [[diagenesis]]. ᏌᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏤᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ kalil cavities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ crustaceans ᎠᎴ molluscs ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ silicified. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.

== ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe]], ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ [[flint (tool)|toolmaking ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ]] ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Belgium]] (Obourg, [[flint mines|ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ]] [[Spiennes]]), ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[English Channel|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[Paris Basin (geology)|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎯᎠ Sennonian ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ [[Rügen]], [[Grimes Graves|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Jurassic]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Kraków]]-ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Poland]]. ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ mining ᎨᏒᎢ attested ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Palaeolithic]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Neolithic]] ([[Michelsberg culture|Michelsberg ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], [[Funnelbeaker culture|Funnelbeaker ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]).

[[Image:flintbeach.jpg|thumb|left|ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ  ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏂᎯ eroded atsinuqowisgv  ᎯᎠ nearby [[chalk|ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, [[Cape Arkona|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Arkona]], [[Rügen]]]]
*ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ [[Rock (geology)|ᏅᏯ]] ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Stone Age|ᏅᏯ lyudetiyvda]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hammerstone]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ).
*ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ onto [[tinder|ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]], ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ.  ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎠᎬᏂᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[woodcraft]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[camping|campers]] ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ 'ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ' ugatohvsv.  ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[fire_stick|ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]).  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, [[Ferrocerium|ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ miniaturized ᎠᎴ integrated ᎾᎾᎯ [[Cigarette_lighter|ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ practise.
*ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[scouting|ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏢᏃ woodcraft ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏖᏃ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ.
*ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[flintlock]] firearm. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ flintlock ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1842]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ flintlock ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ muzzleloader ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ.
*ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[13th century|13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏅᏯ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[England]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ England ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, predating ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏃᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[East Anglia|ᎧᎸᎬ Anglia]].
*ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ media ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ colour, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ chromophoric oxides ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ adatolasdisgi ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ colouring contaminants.
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ [[ceramic|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]] ᏗᏂᏰᎸ; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ impurites ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, calcined ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ filler ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[pottery|ᏗᏩᎵ]] ᏗᏂᏰᎸ.  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᏊ, ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ, ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ siliceous fillers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{Commons|Flintstone}}
*[[Chalcedony|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]
*[[Chert]]
*[[Eolith]]
*[[Obsidian]]
*[[List of minerals|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎪᎢ]]
*[[Ferrocerium]], ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ&quot;
*[[Grimes Graves|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ]], lyudetiyvda ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norfolk]], [[England]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.theaaca.com/Learning_Center/flintvs.htm Flint vs Chert Authentic Artefacts Collectors Assn.]
* [http://www.flintsource.net/ Flintsource.net European Artefacts - detailed site]
* [http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/fire/flintandsteel/RBclarifications.html Flint and steel clarifications]

[[Category:Sedimentary rocks]]
[[Category:Lithics]]

[[ca:Sílex]]
[[cy:Callestr]]
[[da:Flint]]
[[de:Feuerstein]]
[[en:Flint]]
[[es:Sílex]]
[[eo:Siliko]]
[[fr:Silex]]
[[id:Rijang]]
[[ko:플린트]]
[[he:צור (סלע)]]
[[la:Silex]]
[[lt:Titnagas]]
[[nl:Vuursteen]]
[[ja:燧石]]
[[pl:Krzemień]]
[[pt:Sílex]]
[[ru:Кремень]]
[[sl:Kremen]]
[[fi:Piikivi]]
[[sv:Flinta]]
[[vi:Đá lửa (lịch sử)]]
[[zh:燧石]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hoé-chio̍h]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ</title>
    <id>2799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9523</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-23T22:58:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Removing: [[hu:Szivárvány]], [[ug:ھەسەن ـ ھۈسەن]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:450px-Epcot rainbow.jpg|right|250px|thumb| ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ arches ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[Florida]].]]
[[Image:Endless rainbow.jpg|right|250px|thumb|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ  ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
'''ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[optics|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[meteorology|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ [[optical spectrum|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[sky|ᎦᎷᎾᏗ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ onto ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[color|multicolored]] [[circle|ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[red|ᎩᎦᎨ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ [[violet (color)|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colours, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ [[sequence|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ]] ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[red|ᎩᎦᎨ]], [[orange (color)|ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[yellow|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[green|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], [[blue|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], [[indigo|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[violet (color)|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[Number of the Beast (numerology)|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ connotations]] ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ [[6 (number)|ᏑᏓᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[7 (number)|ᎦᎵᏉᎩ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi [[Isaac Newton]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ [[visual spectrum|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]].

== ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ==
[[Image:TakakkawFalls2.jpg|left|250px|thumb|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎤᎷᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Takakkaw Falls|Takakkaw ᎦᎶᏍᎦ]], [[Canada]]]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] [[drop (liquid)|ᎪᎭᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ [[sunlight]] ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ [[altitude|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[angle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ [[cloud|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[waterfall|ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ]]ᎠᎴ [[fountain|ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ]]. ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ backlit ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[virga]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ dispersing ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎢᎦ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, [[moonbow]], ᎠᎴ [[night|ᏒᏃᏱ]]-iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ moonlit ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ [[visual perception|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ colour ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, moonbows ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ perceived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎬ.

[[Image:Rainbow Fountain.jpg|right|250px|thumb|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ   ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[dispersion (optics)|ᎧᏁᏉᎩ]] sunlight ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[refraction|refracted]] ᎾᎥᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ [[sphere|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]) raindrops. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ refracted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ raindrop, [[reflection (physics)|reflected]] ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ refracted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ overall ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[angle|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40°&amp;ndash;42°. ᎪᎯ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ [[refractive index|refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]]. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ [[surface tension|ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] waterdrops ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ 1.33. Seawater, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ 'ᎠᎦᏍᎬ'ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ seawaves.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ dispersive, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ sunlight ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[wavelength]], ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ colour, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. [[Blue|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ refracted ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ [[focal point|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[spectrum|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] crosses ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ outer colour ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [[total internal reflection|ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ]]; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎯᎠ spectra ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ colours ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.

&lt;center&gt;
{|
|[[Image:rainbowrays.png|right|250px|thumb|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ  [[drop (liquid)|raindrop]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ  ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]), [[reflection (physics)|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi]] ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ  ᎯᎠ raindrop, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ atsinuqowisgv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ raindrop. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ  ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ  40.6°&amp;ndash;42°.]]
|[[Image:rainbow1.png|right|250px|thumb|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ [[colour]] ([[wavelength]]) ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ refracted ᎾᎥᎢ  adatolasdisgi ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ raindrop, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ  ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ  ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.]]
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ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[optical illusion|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ raindrops refract ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ sunlight ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ raindrops ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ raindrops ᎠᎴ perceived ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ centred ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[antisolar point|antisolar ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[horizon|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ), ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 40°&amp;ndash;42° ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 42°, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ raindrops ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ: agatoli ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ vantage ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᏄᏓᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ sprinkler. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ colourless ᎦᎵᏣᏗ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[angle of view|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ  ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ]] 84°. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[135 film|35&amp;nbsp;mm]] ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 19&amp;nbsp;[[millimetre|mm]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, iyuwakodi ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ 28&amp;nbsp;mm [[wide-angle lens|ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ]]. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[fixed-wing aircraft|ᏥᏳ]], ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Glory (optical phenomenon)|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ]], ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 5°&amp;ndash;20°, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80° ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.

ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ?
# ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ frequencies ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ.
# ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, c, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, v, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ, n = c / v.
# n ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.333 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ 

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. 
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ indices ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Snell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
 It is: n1 * sin (theta1) = n2 * sin (theta2)

==ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ==
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᏔᎵᏁ, dimmer ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ. ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ sunlight ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrops, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 50°&amp;ndash;53°. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ colours ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ unlit ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Alexander's band|Alexander ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]], ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Alexander of Aphrodisias|Alexander  ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎦᎪ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ.
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{|
|[[Image:rainbowrays2.png|right|250px|thumb|ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ viewer. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, brightest ᎾᎾᎢ 50°&amp;ndash;53°.]]
|[[Image:Regenbogen (NASA).jpg|right|250px|thumb| ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ reversed colours ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ outer (ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ) ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ [[Alexander's band|Alexander ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ.]]
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ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ outermost ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ rippling ᎠᎴ pulsating ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ.

[[Image:Supernumerary rainbow 03 contrast.jpg|right|250px|thumb| ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ-enhanced ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ   ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ.]]
[[Image:Rainbows.jpg|right|250px|thumb|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  reflected ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ  ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ.]]

ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colour ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ geometric [[optics|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[interference|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrops.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Phase (waves)|dadanetlivysegv]], reinforcing ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[constructive interference|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]], creating ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv dadanetlivysegv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ wavelength, cancelling ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[destructive interference|ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]], ᎠᎴ creating ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ differentiated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour, creating ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. Supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ clearest ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[wave|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas ᎠᏲᎵ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1804.

ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ variants ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏢᏃ sunlight ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ raindrops, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ '''ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ''' ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ.

'''reflected''' ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ raindrops ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. reflected ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ== 
ᎯᎠ Persian ᎡᎶᎯ [[Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi|Qutb ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Shirazi]] (1236-1311), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Kamal al-din al-Farisi|Kamal ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Farisi]] (1260-1320), ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Farisi.html]. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Robert Grosseteste]] ᎾᎿ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Roger Bacon|Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon2.html Opus Majus]'' 1268 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. [[Theodoric of Freiberg|Theodoric  Freiberg]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1307.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ &quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ (ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ&quot; (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ David C, Lindberg, ''[[Roger Bacon|Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ:  ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ?'', ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Vol. 57, Ꮭ. 2, p. 235).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ involving ᏔᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ.

[[Image:Descartes Rainbow.png|right|thumb|300px|René Descartes' ᎤᏙᏢᏒ  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi]]

[[René Descartes|Descartes]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1637, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ raindrops didn't ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ experimented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ emerged, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[refraction|ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]] (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ , [[Snell's law|Snell]]) ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.

[[Isaac Newton]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ [[Prism (optics)|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colours, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ refracted ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.  Newton ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ iyuwakodi [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas ᎠᏲᎵ]] realised Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ [[interference|ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.

ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1820s ᎾᎥᎢ [[George Biddell Airy|George Biddell ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]], ᎦᎪ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[Mie scattering|Mie ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ]], ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Gustav Mie]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1908. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ computational ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏂ fuller ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Nussenzveig ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ overview{{ref|Nussenzveig}}.

[[Image:WhereRainbowRises.jpg|right|250px|thumb|ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ   ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.]]
[[Image:Peter Paul Rubens 074.jpg|right|250px|thumb| ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  [[landscape|ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] [[oil painting|ᎪᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Peter Rubens]].]]

== ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ==

=== ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ===
{{Main|Rainbows in mythology}}
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Descartes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, [[Theodoric of Freiburg|Theodoric  Freiburg]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.)

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ([[Iris (mythology)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]) ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Chinese mythology|Chinese ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ sealed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ [[Nüwa]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hindu mythology|Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Indradhanush]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ [[Indra]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[thunder|ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norse Mythology|Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Bifröst]] ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Ásgard]] ᎠᎴ [[Midgard|ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ [[leprechaun|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Hebrew Bible|ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[covenant (Biblical)|atuyasdodi]] ᎠᏰᎵ [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ atuyasdodi [[Noah]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[B'nei Noah]]. [[B'nei Noah]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-atogiyadv ᎦᎪ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ Noah. ᎯᎠ Noahide ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jewish ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ [[Talmud|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ]].

=== ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ===
{{Expandsect}}

[[Virginia Woolf]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[To The Lighthouse| ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]'' highlights ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ Ramsey ᎤᏤᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ, 
''&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ&quot;''

ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ [[William Wordsworth]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1802, &quot;[[s:My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold|My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold The Rainbow]]&quot;, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ:

:''ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ ᎯᎪᏩᏛ''
::''ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ:''
:''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ;''
:''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ;''
:''ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ,''
::''ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ!&amp;hellip;''

[[Image:Harpe de lumiere.jpg|right|thumb|250px|&quot;Harpe ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Lumière&quot; ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Georges Noblet]]

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ Newtonian deconstruction ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ provoked [[John Keats|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Keats]] ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ &quot;[[s:Lamia|Lamia]]&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1820:

:''ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏓᏓ tvga''
:''ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ?''
:''ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ:''
:''ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ woof, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ''
:''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ.''
:''ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ,''
:''ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ mysteries ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ,''
:''ᎤᏏᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ gnomed ᎠᏆᏤᎵ &amp;ndash;''
:''Unweave ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ''

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Richard Dawkins]]; ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Unweaving the Rainbow|Unweaving ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]]: agatohvsdi, ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ'':

:&quot;ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Keats, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ Newton ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colours. Keats ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. agatohvsdi ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏰᏃ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.&quot;

[[The Rainbow|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ [[1915]] ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[D.H. Lawrence]].

===ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ.  Ocassionally ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Georges Noblet ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;Harpe ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Lumière&quot; ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

===ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ===
[[Image:Rainbow of hearts.jpg|right|250px|thumb|&quot;ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ  ᏧᎾᏓᏅᏙ&quot; ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Seng P. Merrill. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ permuted.]]
[[Image:Gay flag.svg|right|250px|thumb|ᎯᎠ [[rainbow flag|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ]] ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ simplified ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot;[[Over the Rainbow|ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ]]&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ  Oz]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot;[[The Rainbow Connection|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ]]&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''[[The Muppet Movie|ᎯᎠ Muppet ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ [[Lucky Charms (cereal)|ᎠᏓᏒᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏓᏓ]] ᎾᎥᎢ alluding ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ [[leprechaun|ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎯᎠ [[Greenpeace]] ᏥᏳ, ''[[Rainbow Warrior|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ]]'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Cree]] [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] [[Legend of Rainbow Warriors|ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ]] Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ &quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.…&quot;

[[Rainbow Gathering|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ [[hippies]] ᎦᎪ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ nvwato hiyadv, ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, tohi adedi ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ [[rainbow flag|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ]] ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ &lt;!--subjugated--&gt;ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[LGBT social movements|ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎠᎴ lesbian ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ [[gay pride|ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours symbolising ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[gay community|ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]].  ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ [[Peasants' War|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ' ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.  ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Cooperative]] ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Peace symbol#The Peace Rainbow Flag|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ  nvwato hiyadv]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Italy]]; ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tawantin Suyu]], ᎠᎴ [[Inca|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Peru]] ᎠᎴ [[Ecuador]]; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Druze]] ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle east|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]]; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Jewish tohi adedi Oblast]].

==ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ colours==
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[mnemonic]] &quot;'''R'''ichard '''O'''f '''Y'''ork '''G'''ave '''B'''attle '''I'''n '''V'''ain&quot;, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ colour. ᎯᎠ mnemonic ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ  York]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Wakefield|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Wakefield]], ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Richard ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ [[Richard III of England|Richard ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ Yorkist ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Battle of Bosworth Field|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ  Bosworth ᏠᎨᏏ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[York]], ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎡᎪᎢ &quot;'''R'''owntrees '''O'''f '''Y'''ork '''G'''ave '''B'''ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ '''I'''n '''V'''alue&quot;, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ [[confectionery]] [[Rowntrees]].  ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏙᎥ Roy G. Biv ᎠᎴ [[ROYGBIV]].  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ [[phonetic|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]].  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ &quot;'''R'''ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ '''O'''ut '''Y'''ᎠᏆᏤᎵ '''G'''ranny ᎤᏤᎵ '''B'''oots '''I'''n '''V'''inegar&quot;.

ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ recalled ᎾᎥᎢ electronics technicians ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Electronic colour code|Electronic colour ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
*[[Colour]]
*[[Optical phenomenon|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ]]
*[[Prism (optics)|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ (ᎠᏨᏍᏛ)]]
*[[Glory (optical phenomenon)|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ]]
*[[Rain|ᎠᎦᏍᎬ]]
*[[Sun dog|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎩᏟ]]
*[[Halo (optical phenomenon)|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]]
*[[Moonbow]]
*[[Fog bow|ᎤᎬᎭᏛ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ]]
*[[Circumhorizontal arc|Circumhorizontal ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]]
*[[Rainbows in mythology|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]
*[[Rainbow flag|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ]]
*[[Rainbow Gathering|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ]] 
*[[Rainbow Family|ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]]
*[[Spectrum|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
*Robert Greenler, ''ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ Glories'', (1980) ISBN 0-521-38865-1
*Raymond L. ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ Alastair B. Fraser, ''ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ: ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ agatohvsdi'', (2001) Penn. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ SPIE ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ISBN 0-271-01977-8
*David K. ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ &amp; William Livingston, &quot;ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ&quot;, 2nd ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ (2001) ISBN 0-521-77504-3
*M.G.J. Minnaert, &quot;ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ&quot;, 1995 ISBN 0-387-97935-2
*M. Minnaert, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ&quot;, 1973 ISBN 0-486-20196-1
*Naylor, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, &quot;atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ&quot;, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80925-8
*{{note|Nussenzveig}} Nussenzveig, H. Moyses, “The ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ,”  ''ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ'' '''236''' (1977), 116

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{wikiquotepar|Rainbows}}
{{commons|Rainbow}}
*[http://www.sundog.clara.co.uk/rainbows/supers.htm Supernumerary rainbows]
*[http://www.atoptics.co.uk/ Lez Cowly's Atmospheric Optics]
*[http://www.sundog.clara.co.uk/rainbows/reflect.htm Reflection rainbows]
*[http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/rnbw.html Beverly T. Lynds' About Rainbows]
*[http://www.rainbowlight.net/elemsci.htm Blake Ebersole's Rainbow Science]
*[http://www.jal.cc.il.us/~mikolajsawicki/rainbows.htm Supernumerary and Multiple Rainbows]
*[http://eo.ucar.edu/rainbows/ About rainbows]
*[http://www.missouriskies.org/rainbow/february_rainbow_2006.html   Spectacular rainbow at Elam Bend (McFall, Missouri)]
*[http://www.photocentric.net/rainbows_finding.htm Finding and Photographing rainbow]
*[http://www.wetter-foto.de/fotos-11-1-all-Regenbögen.html Rainbow photography from Germany]
*[http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/33/ Walter Lewin's Discussion on colors and rainbow physics]

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Optical phenomena]]

[[ar:قوس قزح]]
[[bg:Дъга (оптична)]]
[[bn:রংধনু]]
[[bs:Duga]]
[[ca:Arc de Sant Martí]]
[[cs:Duha]]
[[da:Regnbue]]
[[de:Regenbogen]]
[[en:Rainbow]]
[[eo:Ĉielarko]]
[[es:Arco iris]]
[[et:Vikerkaar]]
[[fi:Sateenkaari]]
[[fr:Arc-en-ciel]]
[[fur:Arc di Sant Marc]]
[[gd:Bogha-frois]]
[[gl:Arco da vella]]
[[he:קשת בענן]]
[[hr:Duga]]
[[id:Pelangi]]
[[it:Arcobaleno]]
[[ja:虹]]
[[ko:무지개]]
[[la:Arcus (caelestis)]]
[[lt:Vaivorykštė]]
[[nl:Regenboog]]
[[nn:Regnboge]]
[[no:Regnbue]]
[[pdc:Reggebogge]]
[[pl:Tęcza]]
[[pt:Arco-íris]]
[[qu:K'uychi]]
[[ro:Curcubeu]]
[[ru:Радуга]]
[[simple:Rainbow]]
[[sl:Mavrica]]
[[sr:Дуга]]
[[su:Katumbiri]]
[[sv:Regnbåge]]
[[ta:வானவில்]]
[[tr:Gökkuşağı]]
[[uk:Веселка]]
[[vi:Cầu vồng]]
[[yi:רעגנבויגן]]
[[zh:彩虹]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏐᎯ</title>
    <id>2800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9098</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-07T02:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Hazelnuts.jpg|thumb|[[Hazelnut|ᏳᎩᏛ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Common Hazel|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Hazel]]]]
[[Image:Chestnut.jpg|thumb|[[Chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]]]]
[[Image:Caov2 002 phd 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Carya ovata'' ᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ]]

'''ᏐᎯ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]] [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]].

==ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ==
'''ᏐᎯ''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[botany|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]'' ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]] (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ (ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ unfused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Carpel|pistil]]ᎬᏙᏗ ''ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ'' ovaries (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ''indehiscent'' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ digakohidi-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[order (biology)|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] [[Fagales]]. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ (e.g. [[birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]], [[alder]], [[hornbeam]], [[wingnut]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ (e.g. [[tanoak]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ [[bitter|ᎤᏴᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᏋ [[edible|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. 
;ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Fagales
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Juglandaceae]] 
**[[Walnut|ᏎᏗ]], [[Butternut (tree)|ᎪᎯ]] (''Juglans'')
**[[Hickory|ᏩᏁᎢ]], [[Pecan|ᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᏅᎯᏓ]] (''Carya'')
**[[Wingnut]] (''Pterocarya'')
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Fagaceae]]
**[[Chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]] (''Castanea'')
**[[Beech]] (''Fagus'')
**[[Oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] (''Quercus'')
**[[Lithocarpus|ᏅᏯ-ᏧᏍᎦ]], [[Tanoak]] (''Lithocarpus'')
*ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Betulaceae]]
**[[Alder]] (''Alnus'')
**[[Birch|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] (''Betula'')
**[[Hazel]], [[Filbert]] (''Corylus'')
**[[Hornbeam]] (''Carpinus'')

==ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
'''ᏐᎯ''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cuisine|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ (ᎠᎴ misapplied, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ viewpoint) ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]]Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ, ᎪᎢᎭ [[seed|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[food|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, sprouted, ᎠᎴ roasted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[snack food|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cookery|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[cosmetics|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]].  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ, ᎣᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[jay|ᏜᏴᎦ]]ᎠᎴ [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]ᎠᏓᎾᏅ [[acorn|ᎫᎴ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[autumn|ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.

[[Image:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|right|thumb|[[Korean Pine|Korean ᏃᏥ]] ᏃᏥ ᎣᏍᏛ - unshelled, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ; shelled, ᎡᎳᏗᏢ]]
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ:
*[[Almond]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ [[drupe]] - ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ &quot;ᎤᏇᏓᎵ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
*[[Brazil nut|Brazil ᏐᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Capsule (fruit)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]].
*[[Candlenut]] (ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ.
*[[Cashew]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]].
*[[Coconut]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ [[drupe]].
*[[Corn nut|ᏎᎷ ᏐᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ [[maize|ᏎᎷ]] ᎤᎦᏔ.
*[[Aesculus|ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ [[Capsule (fruit)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]].
*[[Peanut|tuya aniladisgi]] ᎨᏒᎢ [[legume|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ.
*[[Pine nut|ᏃᏥ ᏐᎯ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[pine|ᏃᏥ]] ([[Pinophyta|coniferous]] ᏕᏡᎬ).
*[[Pistachio]] ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏌᎨᎢ-shelled [[drupe]].

''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:'' [[List of edible seeds|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ]]

==ᎣᏍᏛ vs. ᎤᎦᏔ==
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ'', ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ.  ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ.  ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.  ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ [[ovary|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ mislabeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[legume|ᎦᎪᏘ]] (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ), [[drupe]] (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ [[endocarp]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎦᏔ) ᎠᎴ [[Capsule (fruit)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] (ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ).

==ᏐᎯ allergy==
[[Allergy]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎯ allergy, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (e.g. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏐᎯ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ]].

Allergy [[peanut|tuya aniladisgi]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ tuya aniladisgi allergy ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[baby food|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ tuya aniladisgi ᎠᏂᎧᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tuya aniladisgi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ [[Fabaceae|ᏒᏙᏂ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies tuya aniladisgi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic tuya aniladisgi. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᏡᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ&quot;.

==Nutritional ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Mixed nuts bowl.jpg|left|thumb|ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ  [[mixed nuts|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ]]]]
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[epidemiological]] ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[coronary heart disease|coronary ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ]]. ᎾᏞᎬ [[clinical trials|clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[almonds]] ᎠᎴ [[walnuts|ᏎᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎾ [[LDL]] cholesterol ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ [[fatty acid|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ hypolipidemic ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ [[glycemic index|glycemic ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]] (Ꭹ). ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, dietitians ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[insulin resistance|insulin ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[type 2 diabetes mellitus|ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 diabetes mellitus]].

:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ'' [[Chart of nutritional properties of nuts and oily seeds|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ  nutritional properties  ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎭ ᎤᎦᏔ]]

==ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏐᎯ&quot; ᎯᎠ [[Aesculus|ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], (''Aesculus hippocastanum''), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''[[conker]]'''.  Conkers ᎠᎴ inedible ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[conker|conkers]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ threaded onto ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ conker ᎾᎥᎢ hitting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ.  ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''Aesculus californica'', ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] [[California]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᎠᎪᏄᎳ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ leached ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.sankey.ws/crf/whatisanut.html Photos of some nuts]
*[http://www.sankey.ws/nutcracker.html Nut crackers]
*[http://nutra-smart.net/nuts Nutra-Smart.net] ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ
*[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/foods/nuts/index.html Linus Pauling Micronutrient Information Centre] ᎣᏍᏛ
*[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/504S?maxtoshow=&amp;HITS=10&amp;hits=10&amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;fulltext=nuts&amp;searchid=1&amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;sortspec=relevance&amp;resourcetype=HWCIT American Journal of Clinical Nutrition] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bioactive ᏑᏓᎴᎩ: ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎾ lipids ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ

{{cookbookpar|Nuts and Seeds}}

[[Category:Botany]]
[[Category:plant morphology]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]

[[be:Арэхі]]
[[da:Nød (frugt)]]
[[de:Nussfrucht]]
[[en:Nut]]
[[eo:nukso]]
[[es:nuez (fruto)]]
[[fr:Noix]]
[[he:אגוז]]
[[ja:種実類]]
[[nl:Noot (vrucht)]]
[[no:Nøtt]]
[[pt:Noz (fruta)]]
[[ru:Орех]]
[[sv:Nöt]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎧᏁᏨᎢ</title>
    <id>2801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9099</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T03:08:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Voting}}
'''ᎧᏁᏨᎢ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[blackball|ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]]) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[vote|ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ]]rs.  ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ voter ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ shared. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ simplest ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ Ꭺ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ voter ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ atogiyasgi, ᎠᎴ [[government|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ electronic ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ voter ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ballot Box|ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎢ [[Polling Station|ᎠᏎᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ]].

[[Image:Bundestagswahl 05 stimmzett.jpg|thumb|left|150|ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ constituency ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.]]

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ==
ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[voting system|ᎠᏑᏰᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. [[Ranked ballot|Ranked ᎧᏁᏨᎢ]]ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ voters ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ atogiyasgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[first-past-the-post|ᎢᎬᏱ-tsuqagutanvsv-ᎯᎠ-ᎨᏛᎢ]] iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ voters ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ atogiyasgi.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[party-list proportional representation|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ-ᏙᎪᏩᎸ]] iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[open list|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[closed list|ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ atogiyadv ᎯᎠ [[long and short ballot|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ]].  ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[secretary of state|ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ  ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], [[county surveyor|ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ]], [[register of deeds|ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ  ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ]], [[county coroner|ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]], ᎠᎴ [[city clerk|ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ]].  ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ [[blind voting|ᏗᎨᏫ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disputed.  ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗᏍᎩ attacked ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Progressive Era|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] (circa 1893-1917). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[ballot reform|ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]] ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

==ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ==
ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ.  ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ voters ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ mismark ᎧᏁᏨᎢ.  

ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎧᎹᎹ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ''' ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Florida]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. presidential election, 2000|Ꭴ.. presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, 2000]] ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ mismarked ᎧᏁᏨᎢ.  

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ voter ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᏗᏰᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[electoral reform|electoral ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]].  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ [[referendum]] ᎠᎴ [[opinion poll|ᎠᏎᎸ]], ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᏫᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ sampling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ whereon ᎯᎠ voter ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ [[political party|ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]] Ꮎ nominated ᎯᎠ atogiyasgi, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ) Ꮎ voter ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ atogiyasgi ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙᏃ Ꮎ voter ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, /ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ utugi uwasv ᎠᏂ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.

ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏲᏨᎯ&quot; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ unclear, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ.
[[Image:Voterseyeview.jpg||thumb|right|150px|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ 2000 Florida 'ᎧᎹᎹ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ'.]] 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ controversies yvwatuwidv [[electronic voting|electronic ᎠᏑᏰᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[voting machine|ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ]] ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[electoral fraud|electoral ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]].

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[List of democracy and elections-related topics|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] 
*[[Chad (paper)|Chad (Ꭺ)]]
*[[Democracy|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]
*[[Direct democracy|ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]
*[[E-democracy|E-ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]
*[[Vote counting systems|ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]]

[[Category:Elections]]

[[de:Stimmzettel]]
[[en:Ballot]]
[[it:Ballots]]
[[nl:Ballots]]
[[pl:Ballots]]
[[sr:Ballots]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koga</title>
    <id>2802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9100</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-09T19:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Crow
| image = Corvus corone Rabenkrähe 1.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Carrion Crow|ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ koga]]
| regnum = [[Animal|gantlai]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passerine|Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Corvidae]]
| genus = ''''' Corvus '''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
See text.
}}
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ '''koga''' ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[genus|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] [[Corvus]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ [[passerine]] [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ [[continent|ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ offshore ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Hawai‘i]]) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

koga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ [[evolve|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]d ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Asia]] ᎠᎴ radiated atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎾᎯ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], [[Africa]], [[Europe]], ᎠᎴ [[Australia]]. 

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0401892101v1 evidence] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Australasian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (Corvidae) ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[jays|ᏜᏴᎦ]], [[magpies|ᎠᏳᎨᏂ]] ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎬᎿᎨ ''Corvus'' koga ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Australasia ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asia]]. ''Corvus'' ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ re-ᎤᏴᎸᎩ Australia (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ [[dove|ᏬᏱ]]-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ [[jackdaw]]([[Eurasia]]n ᎠᎴ [[Daurian Jackdaw|Daurian]]) ᎯᎠ [[Common Raven|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ᎯᎠ [[Holarctic]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Thick-billed Raven|ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎳᏅ]] ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ [[Ethiopia]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ [[collective noun|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ koga ᎨᏒᎢ ''ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ''. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ''.

==ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Corbeau branche Kyo.jpg|thumb|right|''koga ᎾᎿ  ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ'', Maruyama Kyo (1733-1795)]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ/Collared/ᎦᎵᏦᏕ koga ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Australian/Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎯᎠ [[Neogene]] lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ koga ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ. Jackdaw-, koga- ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ existed ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ koga ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Iron Age|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda]], ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxa. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ koga ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-documented.

ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ [[extinct|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏌᏊ lyudetiyvda Caribbean koga ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ [[last ice age|ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.

===ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ===
'''Australian ᎠᎴ Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Australian Raven|Australian ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. coronoides''
*[[Forest Raven|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. tasmanicus''
**ᏗᎦᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ''C. (t.) boreus''
*[[Little Crow|ᎤᏍᏗ koga]] ''C. bennetti''
*[[Little Raven|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. mellori''
*[[Torresian Crow|Torresian koga]] ''C. orru''
*[[New Caledonian Crow|ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ koga]] ''C. moneduloides''
*[[Long-billed Crow|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga]] ''C. validus''
*[[White-billed Crow|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga]] ''C. woodfordi''
*[[Bougainville Crow|Bougainville koga]] ''C. meeki''
*[[Brown-headed Crow|ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ koga]] ''C. fuscicapillus''
*[[Grey Crow|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ koga]] ''C. tristis''
*ᎢᏤ Ireland koga, ''Corvus'' sp. ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]])

'''ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
* [[Chatham Islands Raven|Chatham ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎪᎳᏅ]], ''C. moriorum'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]])
* [[New Zealand Raven|ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎪᎳᏅ]], ''C. antipodum'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]])

'''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Asian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Slender-billed Crow|ᎦᎸᏙᎵ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga]] ''C. enca''
*[[Piping Crow|Piping koga]] ''C. typicus''
*[[Banggai Crow|Banggai koga]] ''C. unicolor'' (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[extinct|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]])
*[[Flores Crow|Flores koga]] ''C. florensis''
*[[Collared Crow|Collared koga]] ''C. torquatus''
*[[Daurian Jackdaw]] ''C. dauricus''
*[[House Crow|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ koga]] ''C. splendens''
*[[Large-billed Crow|ᎡᏆ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga]] ''C. macrorhynchos''
**[[Jungle Crow|ᏓᎧᏁᎲ koga]] ''C. (m.) levaillantii''

'''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ African ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Brown-necked Raven|ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. ruficollis''
*[[Fan-tailed Raven|ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. rhipidurus''
*[[Jackdaw]] ''C. monedula'' 
*[[Rook (bird)|ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ]] ''C. frugilegus''
*[[Hooded Crow|ᎠᏰᎵ koga]] ''C. cornix''
**Mesopotamian koga, ''C. (c.) capellanus''
*[[Carrion Crow|ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ koga]] ''C. corone''
*''Corvus larteti'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]], ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Miocene France)
*''Corvus antecorax'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]], ᎢᎬᏱ - ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Pleistocene Europe; ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ subspecies ''[[Corvus corax]]''
*''Corvus betfianus'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*''Corvus praecorax'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*''Corvus simionescui'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*''Corvus pliocaenus'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*''Corvus fossilis'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*''Corvus moravicus'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])
*?''Corvus hungaricus'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])

'''Holarctic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Common Raven|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. corax''
**[[Pied Raven|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ]], ''C. c. varius'' morpha ''leucophaeus'' ([[extinct|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ variant)

'''ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[American Crow|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ koga]] ''C. brachyrhynchos''
*[[Chihuahuan Raven|Chihuahuan ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. cryptoleucus''
*[[Fish Crow|ᎠᏣᏗ koga]] ''C. ossifragus''
*[[Northwestern Crow|ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ koga]] ''C. caurinus''
*[[Tamaulipas Crow|Tamaulipas koga]] ''C. imparatus''
*[[Sinaloan Crow|Sinaloan koga]] ''C. sinaloae''
*[[Jamaican Crow|Jamaican koga]] ''C. jamaicensis''
*[[White-necked Crow|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ koga]] ''C. leucognaphalus''
*[[Hispaniolan Palm Crow|Hispaniolan ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ koga]] ''C. palmarum''
*[[Cuban Palm Crow|Cuban ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ koga]] ''C. minutus''
*[[Cuban Crow|Cuban koga]] ''C. nasicus''
*Puerto Rican koga ''C. pumilis'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]]; ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ subspecies ''C. nasicus/palmarum'')
*''Corvus galushai'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]], ᎡᏆ ᏃᏯᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Miocene Wickieup, USA)
*''Corvus neomexicanus'' ([[fossil|lyudetiyvda]])

'''ᎤᎦᎾᏭ African ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Cape Crow|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ koga]] ''C. capensis''
*[[Pied Crow|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ koga]] ''C. albus''
*[[Somali Crow|Somali koga]] ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ''' ''C. edithae''
*[[Thick-billed Raven|ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. crassirostris''
*[[White-necked Raven|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎪᎳᏅ]] ''C. albicollis''

'''ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ'''
*[[Mariana Crow|Mariana koga]], ''C. kubaryi''
*[[Hawaiian Crow|Hawaiian koga]] ᎠᎴ '''‘Alala''' ''C. hawaiiensis'' ([[extinct in the wild|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ]], ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ''C. tropicus'')
*ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga, ''C. impluviatus'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]])
*ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ koga, ''C. viriosus'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|lyudetiyvda]])

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ [[chronospecies|chronosubspecies]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ koga, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[magpie|ᎠᏳᎨᏂ]]ᎠᎴ [[jay|ᏜᏴᎦ]], ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Corvidae]].

==ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ==
===ᏓᏯᏂ===
koga ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ vocalisations.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ koga' iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ [[language|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.  koga ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎪᎯ behaviour ᎨᏒᎢ presumably ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  koga' vocalisations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ vocalisations Ꮎ koga ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ&quot;, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ echoed ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ &quot;ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᏛᏎᎯᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏧᎳ), ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ &quot;eh-aw&quot; ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ vocalisations ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ koga).  koga ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ frequencies ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vocalisations.

===ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ===
[[Image:CrowWastebag.jpg|thumb|250px|left|koga ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ punctured wastebag]]
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ koga ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ [[avian IQ]] ᏗᎦᏛᏗ[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4286965.stm]. koga  ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. koga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' ᎠᎴ ''Corvus caurinus'') ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ capabilities ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, hierarchic societies involving ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ &quot;ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ.  ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[New Caledonian Crow|ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ koga]], ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ intensively ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ [[tool|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ--ᎢᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ [http://www.orenhasson.com/EN/bait-fishing.htm hooded crows] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Israel ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ-ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ. koga ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ midair [[jousting|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ-&quot;[[game of chicken|ᏥᏔᎦ]]&quot; ᎪᏢᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.

koga ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmKO-QMyLc4&amp;NR use traffic to crack nuts] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

===Colour ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ===
'''ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ colour ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ koga societies&lt;br&gt;
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ koga ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ [[bird of prey|raptor]]ᎠᎴ &quot;[[falconiformes]]&quot;, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏔᏅ.  koga ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ manoeuvring ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ colour ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ colouring ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ societies.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ koga; [[raven|ᎪᎳᏅ]]ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ambushes ᎾᎥᎢ koga.  koga ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. {{fact}}

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦ predators koga, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ predators, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎫ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ koga ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ.  Presumably ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ colour ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ nighttime ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ.  koga ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎤᎫᎫ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ
ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ koga ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᏁᎶᏗ&quot; ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ &quot;[[counting coup|ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᏳᏊ]]&quot; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ raptor atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎫᎫ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

'''Intra-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ colour ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ koga societies'''&lt;br&gt;
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᏌᏊ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ [[albinism]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:

* ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎬᎿᎨ koga stunningly ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ.
* ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ (ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ darker ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ)
* ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ digatoli (ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ).
* ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, forcing ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ behaviours, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ behaviours ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.

== ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ==
koga, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[raven|ᎪᎳᏅ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[legend|ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[mythology|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[portent|ᎪᏪᎶᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ [[death|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, unnerving ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[carrion|ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[battle|ᏓᎾᏟᎲ]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ depiction ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]] ᎠᎴ [[Exorcist: The Beginning]], koga ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ digatoli ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎪᎯ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ koga ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ [[carrion|ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, koga ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ [[Coyote|ᏩᏯ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, koga ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏳᏊ) ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[Pest (animal)|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] [[crops|ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring koga ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ  Gilgamesh]]'', ᎯᎠ [[Chaldean mythology|Chaldean ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Utnapishtim]] ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[dove|ᏬᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Noah]] ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ [[Genesis|ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ]].  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ,  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁ Utnapishtim ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ.  Utnapishtim extrapolates ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ hasn't ᎢᎦᎷᎦ.  ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ koga ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ koga, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[occult|ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ]] ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ koga ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, koga ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ [[symbolism|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[afterlife]], ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ mythologies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ.  ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎳᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎠᎴ b) ᎾᎾᎢ [[cemetery|cemeteries]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ. {{fact}}

ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ [[Neopagan]], koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ [[psychic]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ  ''[[Aether (classical element)|ᎤᎩᏓᎵ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎠᏓᏅᏙ'', ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ''ᎤᏃᎴ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ associating ᎯᎠ colour ᎬᎿᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ&quot; ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[akasha]]), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎯᎠ &quot;colour&quot; ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[psychic ability|psychic ᏅᏏᎾᏒ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ frequencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[visible spectrum|ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Ꮭ colour.

===ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ goddesses ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ identified ᎬᏙᏗ koga ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ===
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ eponymous [[Pacific Northwest|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ]] ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ''[[Raven (mythology)|ᎪᎳᏅ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''koga'', ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ ''[[Hugin and Munin|Hugin ᎠᎴ Munin]]'', ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Norse mythology|Norse]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Odin|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] goddesses ᎯᎠ ''[[Mórrígan]]'' ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''[[Badb]]'' (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mórrígan), ᎠᎴ ''[[Shani]]'', [[Hindu]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏜᏪᏤᎸᏙᏗ koga.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ koga ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Athena, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
*[[Corvidae]]
*[[Scarecrow|ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ]]
*[[Ischys]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ koga ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ.
*[[To eat boiled crow| ᎠᎩᏍᏗ boiled koga]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* '''ᎪᏍᏓᏱ''', B. J. (2003): Osteometry ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎪᎳᏅ (Aves: Corvidae: ''Corvus''). ''ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Palaeontology'' '''1''': 43-58. {{DOI|10.1017/S1477201903001019}} (HTML ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ)

* '''ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ''', Trevor H. &amp; '''Holdaway''', Richard N. (2002): ''ᎯᎠ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ Moa: lyudetiyvda ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏤ Zealand''. Indiana ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Bloomington. ISBN 0-253-34034-9.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Commons|Category:Corvus}}
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm Frequently Asked Questions About Crows]
*[http://www.crows.net/ crows.net: The Language &amp; Culture of Crows]
*[http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2005/6/Books_naturally_ND_05.cfm In the Company of Crows and Ravens], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ M. Marzluff ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ Angell
*[http://www.clcookphoto.com/crows.htm Crow photographs and comments]
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/crow/weirmovie.mov Video of crow making and using tools]
*[http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/tools/tools_main.shtml More info on tool use by crows, with references]
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=188 Crow videos] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
*[http://www.crowbusters.com/ Crow Busters], ᎾᎿ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ koga

[[Category:Corvus]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]

[[bn:কাক]]
[[cy:Brân]]
[[da:Corvus]]
[[pdc:Grabb]]
[[de:Raben und Krähen]]
[[en:Crow]]
[[es:Cuervo]]
[[eo:Korvo]]
[[fa:کلاغ]]
[[fr:Corvus]]
[[io:Kornilo]]
[[he:עורב]]
[[sw:Kunguru]]
[[ms:burung Gagak]]
[[nl:kraaien]]
[[ja:カラス]]
[[pt:Corvo (ave)]]
[[ru:Ворон (род)]]
[[scn:Corvus]]
[[sv:Kråkor]]
[[ta:காகம்]]
[[th:อีกา]]
[[zh:乌鸦]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ᏇᏂ</username>
        <id>142</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">ᎣᏏᏲ!

[[cho:User:Benjamin]]
[[el:Χρήστης:Βενιαμίν]]
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[[es:Usuario:Benjamín]]
[[eo:Vikipediisto:Benjamen]]
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[[sv:Användare:Benjaminb]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏂᏥ</title>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[zh-yue:阿媽]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Mother,Child,ReliefSculpture,SoldierField,Chicago.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏚᎾᎧᏛ  ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ; ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ  ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Soldier Field|ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ]], [[Chicago, Illinois]], [[USA]].]]
[[Image:Female mallard nest - natures pics edit2.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎠᎨᏴ mallard ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᏂᏛ]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ [[mammal|gantlai]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[human|ᏴᏫ]], ᎯᎠ biological ᎤᏂᏥ [[gestation|gestates]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ [[embryo|ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[fetus]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[womb|ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[conception (biology)|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ]] iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ fetus ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ labour ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ [[childbirth|ᎤᏕᏅ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ [[milk|ᎤᏅᏗ]] ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-sexual ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, &quot;ᎤᏂᏥ&quot; ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ &quot;ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ&quot;; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ-celled ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ&quot;.

ᏧᏂᏥ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ biological ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᎪ kalil ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[adoption|adoptive]] ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ [[stepmother|ᎤᏘᎿ ᎤᏥ]] (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ [[father|ᎠᏓᏙᏓ]]). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ stereotypical ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᏥ.

ᏧᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ, ᎾᎿ [[Mother's Day|ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎯᎠ [[Blessed Virgin Mary|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ Mary]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ''.

&quot;toiyadvnedi&quot;/&quot;ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ&quot;, &quot;Mom&quot;/&quot;mommy&quot;, &quot;ᎡᏥ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎡᏥ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Asian ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;Amma&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;Oma&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;Ammi&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ &quot;M&quot; ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;[[wiktionary:mother]]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏥ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ societies, [[single mother|ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏥ]]ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{wiktionary|mother}}
* [[List of songs about mothers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏂᏥ]]
* [[Surrogate mother|ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᏂᏥ]]
* [[Mother Nature|ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ]], [[Mother goddess|ᎤᏂᏥ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]], [[Mother (neopaganism)|ᎤᏂᏥ (neopaganism)]], [[Mother Earth|ᎤᏂᏥ ᎡᎶᎯ]], [[Great Mother|ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᏥ]], [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ)]], [[Mother Motherland|ᎤᏂᏥ Motherland]]
* [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary, ᎤᏂᏥ  ᏥᏌ]]
{{Commons|Category:Childbirth}}

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Family]]
[[Category:Human development]]
[[Category:Women]]

[[an:Mai]]
[[cs:Matka]]
[[de:Mutter]]
[[en:Mother]]
[[eo:Patrino]]
[[es:Madre]]
[[fi:Äiti]]
[[fr:Mère]]
[[it:Madre]]
[[ja:母親]]
[[mg:Reny]]
[[nds-nl:Moor (meens)]]
[[nl:Moeder]]
[[nn:Mor]]
[[pt:Mãe]]
[[simple:Mother]]
[[sk:Matka (biológia)]]
[[sr:Мајка]]
[[sv:Mor]]
[[tr:Anne]]
[[uk:Мати]]
[[yi:מוטער]]
[[zh:母親]]
[[zh-yue:阿媽]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9110</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T23:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[system|iyahdvnelidasdi]] [[signal|ᏂᎬᎢ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ [[symbol|ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], Ꮎ encode ᎠᎴ decode [[information|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]].

==Overview==
[[Image:Caslonsample.jpg|thumb|'' ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ''  typeset ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ William Caslon, ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1728 ''[[Cyclopaedia]]''.]]

[[Human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lexeme]]) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[grammar|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]([[wiktionary:rule|rule]]) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ manipulated.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ properties ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.  

ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[gesture|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ [[communication|ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏂ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ properties, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ shared properties ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. 

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Dialect#.22Dialect.22 or .22language.22|Ꮭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[dialect|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[Max Weinreich]] ᎨᏒᎢ adatunv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ &quot;[[Language-dialect aphorism| ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ  ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ]];&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ cultural ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[writing systems|ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi]], ᎠᎴ [[mutual intelligibility|ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ]].

ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[constructed language|ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Esperanto|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ]], [[Ido]], [[Interlingua]], [[Klingon language|Klingon]], programming ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ restricted ᎯᎠ properties shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
{{clear}}

==Properties ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Surfacegyri.jpg|thumb|ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ: [[Broca's area|Broca ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]], [[Wernicke's area|Wernicke ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]], [[Supramarginal gyrus]], [[Angular gyrus|ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ gyrus]], [[Primary Auditory Cortex|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ]]]]
ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏐᏅ [[grammar|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. &lt;!-- uh?  how can a language manipulate symbols? Because a language also often has a grammar, it can manipulate its symbols to express clear and regular relationships between them. --&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎩᏟ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᏁᎩ, &quot;ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ&quot;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ &lt;!--?--&gt; ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear. ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ? ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎩᏟ? ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ? ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ? ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ, &quot;ᎠᏯ'm ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ&quot;, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ &quot;ᎩᏟ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ.
&lt;!-- added some Nots to show what a poor example this is --&gt;

ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mapped onto ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ onto ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''{{lang|es|nada}}'' ᎤᏩᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Spanish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ &quot;ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ&quot;. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Spanish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ memorized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ''{{lang|hr|nada}}'' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ&quot;.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Onomatopoeia|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;jarn&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ memorized ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.

==ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ==
{{main|Natural language}}
ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ [[linguistics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]].

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ [[dialect|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]][[German language|ᎠᏓᏥ]] ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ [[language family|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[dialect continuum|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ continuum]]). 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ [[biology|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[interaction|ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[population|ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ]]. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Dialect|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[August Schleicher|ᎦᎶᏂ Schleicher]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.)

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache|Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache ᎠᎴ Dachsprache]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ finer [[distinction|ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ]]ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

===ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ===
{{main|Origin of language}}
Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎩᎳ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ).  ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ (2,000,000) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ''[[Homo habilis]]'', ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ (40,000) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi [[Cro-Magnon]] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. 

===ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ===
ᎯᎠ [[Taxonomic classification|ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ underlying ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ (ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ properties ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ); ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ: 
* ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ relatedness ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ,
* ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ([[grammar|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]) ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ typological ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ,
* ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ geographical ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areal ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ utugi uwasv , ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[linguistics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. (ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ biological [[phylogenetics]] ᎠᎭᏂ: ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [[monophyletic]] vs. [[polyphyletic]] ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.)

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ [[historical-comparative linguistics|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], typological&amp;mdash;[[linguistic typology|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ typology]].

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[Taxonomy|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[Taxonomic classification|Taxonomic ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ taxonomies.

====ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ====
{{main|Language family}}

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]].

ᎯᎠ shared ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ shared ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[homology (biology)|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.)

====Typological ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ====
{{main|Linguistic typology}}

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ typological ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[verb]], ᎯᎠ [[subject (grammar)|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[object (grammar)|ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sentence (linguistics)|ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ: [[SVO language|SVO]], [[SOV language|SOV]], [[VSO language|VSO]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ, ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ([[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ [[SVO language|SVO ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᎪᏗ.)

ᎯᎠ shared ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ (= ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ typological ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ arisen ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[analogy (biology)|ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.) ᎤᎾᏤᎵ cooccurence ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&amp;mdash;[[language universal|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ]].

====Areal ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ====
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ linguistically ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ areal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎠᎴ ''[[sprachbund]]'': [[Balkan linguistic union|Balkan ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[European languages|European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]; [[Caucasian languages|Caucasian ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ [[genetic relatedness of languages|genetically ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ]], ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ: ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ''converged'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[areal feature (linguistics)|areal ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]&quot;.

N.B.: ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ geographical ᏚᏙᎥ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ areal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎯᎠ [[taxa]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ([[language family|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.

===ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ===
{{main|Constructed language}}

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ideological ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ [[artificial language|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], [[Esperanto|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[L. L. Zamenhof]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ--ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.  ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ  (&quot;loglangs&quot;) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Lojban]].

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], ᎠᎴ [[Christopher Paolini]], ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, [[Artistic language|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.

==ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ==
{{main|Linguistics}}
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' (தொல்காப்பியம்), ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Tamil language|Tamil ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ yvwatuwidv [[200 BC]] ᎾᎥᎢ Tolkāppiyar. Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ [[consonant|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[vowel|ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ breakthrough. 
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North India|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Pāṇini]], ᎯᎠ [[5th century BC|5th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BC]] ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ formulated 3,959 ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ [[Sanskrit language|lyudetiyvda]] [[morphology (linguistics)|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ''{{Unicode|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}}'' (अष्टाध्यायी). {{Unicode|Pāṇini’s}} ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ systematized ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ [[phoneme]], ᎯᎠ [[morpheme]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Root (linguistics)|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]]; ᎯᎠ phoneme ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ millennia ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Middle East|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[Persian language|Persian]] ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Sibawayh]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 760 CE ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ monumental ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ''ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-kitab fi ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-nahw'' (الكتاب في النحو, ''ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ''), ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Linguistics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ [[phonetics|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[phonology|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]].

ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[science|agatohvsdi]], [[mathematics|ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[formal system|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ formalization ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;semantic ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ&quot;. ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[academic discipline|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] [[linguistics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Ferdinand ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Saussure]]. &lt;!--

Where do Wittgenstein and Quine argue this? [[Philosopher]]s such as [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[W. V. Quine]], and [[Jacques Derrida]] have disputed the possibility of such a rigorous study of language by questioning many of the assumptions necessary for such a study, and have put forth their own views on the nature of language. There is no end in sight to this debate.--&gt;

==ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ==
{{main|Animal language}}

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;[[animal language|gantlai ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ researchers ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[human language|ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[animal communication|gantlai ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]].  ᎢᎦᏛ researchers ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ separating ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ publicised ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[chimpanzee]]ᎠᎴ [[gorilla|ᏄᏁᎸᎾ]]ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[American Sign Language|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 [[Kanzi]], ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ bonobo chimpanzee ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ creating ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ gantlai ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ debated ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ [[semantics]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᎭ [[syntax|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ researchers ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ continuum ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ behaviour ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ &quot;[[mirror cells|ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏁᎸ]]&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[primate|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ]]. ᎪᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ [[scientific|ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ]] ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᏊ [[definition|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]]. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ&quot;? ᎤᎪᏗᏗ researchers ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮎ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ [[Analogy|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[wikt:homologous|homologous]].

==ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ==
{{main|Formal language}}

ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ [[computer science|ᎡᎵᏍ agatohvsdi]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ entities ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[programming language|programming ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[markup language|markup ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[character string|ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]], ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ [[formal grammar|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ semantics ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
*[[List of languages|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[List of official languages|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[List of common phrases in various languages|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Ethnologue]] — ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ
*[[Official language|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Extinct language|ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Symbolic communication|ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]]
*[[Translation|ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ]]
*[[Whistled language|Whistled ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]

{{col-4}}
*[[Computer-assisted language learning|ᎡᎵᏍ-assisted ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ]] (ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ)
*[[Deception|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]
*[[Language education|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
*[[Language reform|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ]]
*[[Language policy|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ]]
*[[Language school|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
*[[Linguistic protectionism|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ protectionism]]
*[[Linguistics basic topics|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ]]
*[[List of language academies|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ academies]]
*[[Visual language|ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]

{{col-4}}
*[[Intercultural competence|Intercultural ᏰᎵᏊ]]
*[[Metacommunicative competence|Metacommunicative ᏰᎵᏊ]]
*[[Naming|ᏓᎪᏍᎬ]]
*[[Non-verbal communication|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]]
*[[Non-sexist language|ᎬᏙᏗ-sexist ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Orthography]]
*[[Philology|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]] ᎠᎴ [[Historical linguistics|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Philosophy of language|ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ  ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Profanity|ᎠᏍᎦᏂ]]
*[[Psycholinguistics]]
*[[Sign language|ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]

{{col-4}}
*[[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis|Sapir-Whorf ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]
*[[Slang|ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]
*[[Speech therapy|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ therapy]]
*[[Terminology]]
*[[Tongue-twister|ᎦᏅᎪ-twister]]
*[[ISO 639]] (2- ᎠᎴ 3-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ)
*[[ISO 639-3]] (3-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)
*[[FOXP2]] (gene Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ SLI)
*[[ILR scale|ILR ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ)

{{col-end}}

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, David (1997). ''ᎯᎠ Cambridge ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.'' Cambridge, Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
* ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, David (2001). ''ᎯᎠ Cambridge ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.'' Cambridge, Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
* Katzner, K. (1999). ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.'' ᎢᏤ York, Routledge.
* McArthur, T. (1996). ''ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.'' Oxford, Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
* [[Eric R. Kandel|Kandel ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ]], Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. ''[[Principles of Neural Science|ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ  Neural agatohvsdi]]'', ᏅᎩᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, 1173 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ. McGraw-ᎦᏚᏏ, ᎢᏤ York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Language.ogg|2005-07-19}}
* [http://www.primitivism.com/language.htm ''Language: Origin and Meaning'' by John Zerzan]
* [http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/animals/animals.html Animal sounds in different languages]
* [http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet]
* [http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/ Speech accent archive]
* [http://multilingualbooks.com/online-radio.html/ Listen to online radio of the world's languages]
* [http://polyglottery.wordpress.com Learning Global Languages]
* [http://www.audioenglish.net/ English as a foreign language]
* [http://acp.eugraph.com The Animal Communication Project]
* [http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages]
*  [http://www.watchtower.org/library/g/2000/8/8/article_01.htm &quot;Languages — Bridges and Walls to Communication&quot;], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''[[Awake!|ᎤᏰᏨᎩ!]]'' ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ
* [http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Language_%26_communication Language &amp; Communication at The Psychology Wiki]

[[Category:Languages| ]]
[[Category:Communication]]

[[af:Taal]]
[[als:Sprache]]
[[ar:لغة]]
[[ast:Idioma]]
[[az:Dil]]
[[be:Мова]]
[[bg:Език]]
[[bm:Kan]]
[[bs:Jezik]]
[[ca:Idioma]]
[[ceb:Pinulongan]]
[[cs:Jazyk]]
[[cy:Iaith]]
[[da:Sprog]]
[[de:Sprache]]
[[en:Language]]
[[el:Γλώσσα]]
[[eo:Lingvo]]
[[es:Lenguaje]]
[[et:Keel (keeleteadus)]]
[[eu:Hizkuntzak]]
[[fa:زبان]]
[[fi:Kieli]]
[[fr:Langage]]
[[fur:Lengaç]]
[[fy:Taal]]
[[ga:Teanga]]
[[gd:Cànan]]
[[gl:Linguaxe]]
[[gu:ભાષા]]
[[he:שפה]]
[[hr:Jezik]]
[[hu:Nyelv]]
[[ia:Linguage]]
[[id:Bahasa]]
[[ilo:Pagsasao]]
[[io:Linguo]]
[[is:Tungumál]]
[[it:Linguaggio]]
[[ja:言語]]
[[jbo:bangu]]
[[jv:Basa]]
[[kg:Ndinga]]
[[ko:언어]]
[[ku:Ziman]]
[[kw:Yeth]]
[[ky:Тил]]
[[la:Lingua]]
[[lb:Sprooch]]
[[li:Taol]]
[[ln:Lokótá]]
[[lt:Kalba]]
[[mk:Јазик]]
[[ml:ഭാഷ]]
[[ms:Bahasa]]
[[na:Langue]]
[[nb:Språk]]
[[nl:Taal]]
[[nn:Språk]]
[[nrm:Laungue]]
[[oc:Lenga]]
[[pdc:Schprooch]]
[[pl:Język (mowa)]]
[[pt:Linguagem humana]]
[[qu:Simi]]
[[rmy:Chhib]]
[[ro:Limbă]]
[[ru:Язык (система знаков)]]
[[simple:Language]]
[[sk:Jazyky]]
[[sl:Jezik]]
[[sq:Gjuha]]
[[sr:Језик]]
[[sv:Språk]]
[[sw:Lugha]]
[[th:ภาษา]]
[[tl:Wika]]
[[tr:Dil]]
[[uk:Мова]]
[[vi:Ngôn ngữ]]
[[vo:Pük]]
[[wa:lingaedje]]
[[xh:Ulwimi]]
[[zh:語言]]
[[zh-min-nan:Gí-giân]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏃᎴ</title>
    <id>2806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9526</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T10:52:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[ar:إعصار]], [[lv:Tornado]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb|300px| ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Oklahoma|ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ  ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎠᎦᏴᏖᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ.]]
'''ᎤᏃᎴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ [[cumulonimbus cloud|cumulonimbus]] (ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, [[cumulus cloud|ᎤᏬᎩᎸ]]) ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. Tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ayatoli ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

Tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110&amp;nbsp;mph (175&amp;nbsp;km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250&amp;nbsp;ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75&amp;nbsp;ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎯᎸᏍᎩ kilometers) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 300&amp;nbsp;mph (480&amp;nbsp;km/h), ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6&amp;nbsp;km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100&amp;nbsp;kilometers).&lt;ref name=&quot;fastest wind&quot;&gt; {{cite web| url = http://www.usatoday.com/weather/tornado/wtwur318.htm| title = Doppler radar measures 318 mph wind in tornado| accessdate = 2006-09-08| last = Williams| first = Jack| year = 1999| publisher = [http://www.usatoday.com USA Today]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;widest tornado&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/archive/hallam/hallam.php| title = Hallam Nebraska Tornado | accessdate = 2006-09-08| author = Omaha/Valley, NE Weather Forecast Office | date = 2005-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;&gt; {{cite web| url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado| title = The Online Tornado FAQ| accessdate = 2006-09-08| last = Edwards| first = Roger| date = 2006-04-04| publisher = [[Storm Prediction Center|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ utugi gvsv ᎠᏰᎵ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Antarctica]]; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ tornadoes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Science News 1&quot;&gt; Perkins, Sid.  &quot;[http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp Tornado Alley, USA].&quot;  ''[http://www.sciencenews.org/ Science News]''.  [[May 11|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 11]], [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ugatohvsv tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ [[Canada]], ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ [[Europe]], ᎧᎸᎬ-ᎠᏰᎵ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ [[Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB article&quot;&gt; &quot;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-218357 Tornado].&quot; ''[http://www.britannica.com/eb/ Encyclopædia Britannica]''. 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ᎧᏁᏨ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎤᏃᎴ&quot; ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''tronada''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tornado Online Etymology Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ&quot;), ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[folk etymology|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ]] ''tornar'' (&quot;ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ&quot;).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: ''twister'', ''ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ'', ''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ'', ''ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ'', ''willy-willy'', ''ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ'', ''ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ'', ''ᎠᏕᏲᎲ'', ''ᏍᏕᏱᏛ'', ᎠᎴ ''stovepipe''. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ''willy-willy'' ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[dust devil|ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia. {{facts}}

== ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ==
[[Image:Funnel cloud approaching the ground - NOAA.jpg|thumb|200px|right| ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.]]
[[Image:Trombe.jpg|thumb|200px|right| waterspout ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ [[Florida Keys|Florida ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ]].]]
[[Image:GID Landspout.jpg|thumb|200px|right| landspout ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[North Platte, Nebraska|ᎤᏴᏢ Platte, Nebraska]] ᎾᎿ [[May 22|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22]], [[2004]].]]
''ᎤᏃᎴ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Weather Service|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] (NWS) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;''ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ alenvdidsv.''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Spotter Guide&quot;&gt; Doswell, Moller, Anderson ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. &quot;[http://www.weather.gov/os/brochures/adv_spotters.pdf Advanced Spotters' Field Guide].&quot; ''[http://www.commerce.gov/ US Department of Commerce], [http://www.nws.noaa.gov National Weather Service]''. 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Bernoulli's principle|Bernoulli ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ]]) ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ''ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ''. 

''[[funnel cloud|ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ.  ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tornadoes, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;/&gt;

ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ''[[Multiple vortex tornado|ᏎᏍᏗ vortices]]'', ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ yvwatuwidv ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ''[[satellite tornado|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ &quot;[[orbit|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ), ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏌᏊ, ᎡᏆ multi-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;/&gt;

''[[waterspout]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ waterspouts&amp;mdash;ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ &quot;ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ&quot; waterspouts&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᏋ tornadoes. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ lyudetiyvda tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ (F0 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, waterspouts ᎠᏓᏅ onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ waterspouts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[supercell]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ waterspouts, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.

''[[landspout]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[mesocyclone]].  ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎪᏍᏚᎭ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ weaker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ tornadoes, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ tornadoes, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Spotter Guide&quot;/&gt;.

''[[gustnado]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirl ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Outflow boundary|ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[downburst]]. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ gustnadoes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ tornadoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;gustnado AMS&quot;&gt; &quot;[http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=gustnado1 AMS Glossary of Meteorology].&quot;  ''[http://www.ametsoc.org/ American Meteorological Society]''.  ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ localized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ.

''[[dust devil|ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirling ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ phenomena ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ tornadoes, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest tornadoes, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ skies.  ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ tornadoes ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ fatalities, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[arid|ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;&gt; Lyons, Walter .  &lt;u&gt;ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ&lt;/u&gt;. Detroit, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ: ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dust devil injury&quot;&gt; [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ssd/techmemo/sr207.htm New Mexico Severe Weather Climatology]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

[[Image:Dimmit Sequence.jpg|thumb|200px|left| ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ   ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ alenvdidsv ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.  ᎪᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ  ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ.  ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ causing ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Dimmitt, Texas|Dimmitt, ᏅᏓᎩ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.]]

== ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Spotter Guide&quot;/&gt;  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ [[mesocyclone]] ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ supercell.  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ downdraft (RFD).  ᎪᎯ downdraft ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ approaches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ mesocyclone ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ mesocyclone approaches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ [[wall cloud|ᎠᏐᏴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]].  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ RFD ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, creating ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ) ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ, ᎦᏚᎵᏓ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ''ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ''.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᏂᎬᏉ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ&amp;nbsp;ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ RFD, ᎾᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ''dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ'', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ mesocyclone ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ downdraft ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ supercells, tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ [[wiktionary:cycle|cyclically]].  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ mesocyclone ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ inflow ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ''occluded'' mesocyclone, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi.

ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ-accepted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ tornadoes, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ landspouts, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ tornadoes, ᎠᎴ tornadoes ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ vortices.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ&amp;mdash;ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ.
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== ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ==

[[Image:Binger_Oklahoma_Tornado.jpg|thumb|200px|right| ''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ'', ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ  ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.]]
[[Image:Roping_tornado.jpg|thumb|200px|right| ''ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ.]]
[[Image:1957_Dallas_multi-vortex_1_edited.JPG|thumb|200px|right| ''ᏎᏍᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ'' [[1957 Dallas Tornado Outbreak|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᏙᏯᏗᏢ  [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas, ᏅᏓᎩ]] ᎾᎿ [[April 2|ᎫᏬᏂ 2]], [[1957]].]]

=== ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ===
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ayatoli [[funnel|ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ]], ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ [[debris|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ.  

ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ landspouts ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ swirl ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 40&amp;nbsp;mph (64&amp;nbsp;km/h), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ.  

ᎡᏆ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ twisters, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᏆ [[Wedge (mechanics)|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏗᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ tornadoes'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ''.  ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ugatohvsvi ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.  

Tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ayatoli ᏧᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ -ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ tornadoes, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ pictured ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ,  ᎠᎴ ''roping atsinuqowisgv'', ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ''ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ''.  ᏎᏍᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ swirls ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ obscured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎪᏍᏚᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, tornadoes ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ obscured ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ugatohvsvi meteorologists ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎠᏂ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;

=== ᏂᎬᎢ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ yvwatuwidv 500&amp;nbsp;ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150&amp;nbsp;m) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 5&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (8&amp;nbsp;km).  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ tornadoes.

ᎤᏓᏂᎳ tornadoes, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ dissipating tornadoes, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ayatoli, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 7&amp;nbsp;ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2&amp;nbsp;m) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6&amp;nbsp;km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ.  [[Hallam, Nebraska Tornado Outbreak|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ Hallam, Nebraska]] ᎾᎿ [[May 22|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22]], [[2004]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ 2.5&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (4&amp;nbsp;km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ&lt;ref name=&quot;widest tornado&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/archive/hallam/hallam.php Hallam Nebraska Tornado].&quot; ''[http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/ National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Omaha/Valley, NE]''. ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ meteorologists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Tri-State Tornado|Tri-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], ᎠᎴ [[Indiana]] ᎾᎿ [[March 18|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 18]], [[1925]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 219&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (352&amp;nbsp;km).  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[November 1992 Tornado Outbreak|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 160&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (260&amp;nbsp;km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern [[North Carolina|ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina]] ᎾᎿ [[November 22|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 22]], [[1992]].&lt;ref name=&quot;severe plot&quot;&gt; ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Storm Prediction Center|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ utugi gvsv ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [http://www.spc.noaa.gov/software/svrplot2/ SeverePlot], ᎠᏎᏊᎢ software ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[John Hart|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ gantlai]], ᎦᏂ forecaster ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ SPC.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}

=== ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ===
Tornadoes, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.  Tornadoes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ swirling ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.  ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏁᎬ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ travelling ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ waterspout, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ.  ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ, ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ.  Tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Great Plains|ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏅ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.  

[[Image:Waurika_Oklahoma_Tornado_Back_and_Front.jpg|thumb|250px|left|These are two photographs of the [[Waurika, Oklahoma]] tornado of [[May 30]], [[1976]], taken at nearly the same time.  In the top picture, the tornado is ''front-lit'', with the sun behind the east-facing [[camera]], so the funnel appears nearly white.  In the lower image, where the camera is facing the opposite direction, the tornado is ''back-lit'', with the sun behind the clouds.&lt;ref name=&quot;PD tornado images&quot;&gt; Edwards, Roger.  &quot;[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/torscans.htm Public Domain Tornado Images].&quot;  ''[http://www.spc.noaa.gov Storm Prediction Center]''.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;[[Backlighting (lighting design)|ᎦᏐᎯ-ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ]]&quot;, ᎠᎴ viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ, viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ.  Tornadoes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ.&lt;ref name=&quot;target tornado&quot;&gt;'''VIDEO''' Lloyd, Linda ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.  &lt;u&gt;ᏗᏲᏍᏗ: ᎤᏃᎴ&lt;/u&gt;.  [http://www.weather.com The Weather Channel Enterprises, Inc.]  1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᏖᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ tornadoes, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ &quot;ᎢᎦᎢ&quot;, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.  Tornadoes ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.  ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ tornadoes ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎠᎦᏍᎬ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ alenvdidsv'', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ updraft, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ 4 ᎠᎴ 8 pm, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ thickest ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏒᏃᏱ-iyuwakodi tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ doppler radar ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ&lt;ref name=&quot;Science News 2&quot;&gt; Monastersky, R.  &quot;[http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/5_15_99/fob1.htm Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record].&quot;  ''[http://www.sciencenews.org Science News]''.  [[May 15|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 15]], [[1999]]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎳ&lt;ref name=&quot;inside eyewitness&quot;&gt; ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, Alonzo .  &quot;[http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/058/mwr-058-05-0205.pdf Seeing the Inside of a Tornado].&quot;  ''[[Monthly Weather Review|ᏏᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ]]''.  [[May, 1930|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, 1930]].&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎤᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, tohinusdv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ [[eye (cyclone)|agatoli]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[tropical cyclone|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]].  ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎧᎵ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ), ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ blocked atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ swirling ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ.

=== ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ===
Tornadoes ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cyclone|cyclonic]] ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ (counterclockwise ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ).  ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ cyclonically ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Coriolis effect|Coriolis ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ]]; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 100 ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ anticyclonic ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ landspouts ᎠᎴ gustnados ᎠᏕᏲᎲ anticyclonically.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, anticyclonic supercell ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sunnyvale Tornado&quot;&gt; Monteverdi, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.  &quot;[http://tornado.sfsu.edu/geosciences/StormChasing/Cases/Sunnyvale/Sunnyvale.html Sunnyvale and Los Altos, CA Tornadoes].&quot;  ''[http://tornado.sfsu.edu/ San Francisco State University, Department of Geosciences]''.  [[January 25, 2003|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 25, 2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;
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== ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ==
Tornadoes ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ tornadoes, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ '''F5''' tornadoes ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500&amp;nbsp;ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150&amp;nbsp;m) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;severe plot&quot;/&gt;

[[Image:Norton, Kansas tornado 06241909.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ᏌᏊ  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ   ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norton, Kansas]] ᎾᎿ [[June 24|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 24]], 1909.]]
===ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ===
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ doppler radar, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ guesses ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ tornadoes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 500&amp;nbsp;mph, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ [[supersonic]].  

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙ mounted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ.  ᎾᎿ [[April 2|ᎫᏬᏂ 2]], [[1957]], ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ traversed ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas, ᏅᏓᎩ]].  ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ [[photograph|ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]ᎠᎴ [[film|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]tornadoes ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ filmed ᎠᎴ photographed ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.  ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ footage ᎠᎩᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ flung ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ travelling ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 170&amp;nbsp;mph.&lt;ref name=&quot;target tornado&quot;/&gt;  ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.

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[[Image:Fujita_scale_technical.PNG|thumb|300px|left| ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ  ᎯᎠ [[Fujita scale|Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ [[Beaufort scale|Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Mach number|Mach ᏎᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1971, [[Ted Fujita|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ.  ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[Allen Pearson]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Fujita scale|Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[Beaufort scale|Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Mach number|Mach ᏎᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᏛᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ '''F1''' ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ '''B12''' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ '''F12''' ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Mach 1. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ '''F0''' ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ '''F5'''.

ᎯᎠ [[TORRO scale|TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ Organisation (TORRO)]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1974, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ 12 ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ broader ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ tighter ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ '''T0''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ tornadoes '''T11''' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ tornadoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;TORRO history&quot;&gt;Meaden, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Terence.  &quot;[http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/about/history.php A Brief History of TORRO (to 1985)].&quot;  ''[http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/index.php The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation]''.  1985.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ayatoli ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.  ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.  ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Europe ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Doppler radar]] ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ), [[videogrammetry]] (ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ video footage), ᎠᎴ [[empirical|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]] ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegitation.

ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ nadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes.  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006, ᎯᎠ [[American Meteorological Society|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ [[Fujita scale#The Enhanced F-Scale .28EF Scale.29|Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]], ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ assessed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.  ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.  ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ F-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ '''F0''' '''F12''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ capped ᎾᎾᎢ '''EF5''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ≥&amp;nbsp;200&amp;nbsp;mph (≥&amp;nbsp;320&amp;nbsp;km/h)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC FAQ&quot;/&gt;  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[February 2|ᎧᎦᎵ 2]], [[2007]].

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ Ꮎ '''F5''' ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ [[April 26|ᎫᏬᏂ 26]], [[1991]].  [[Andover, Kansas Tornado Outbreak#The Red Rock Tornado|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ monitored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ Doppler radar, ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.  ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 115-120 m/(257-268&amp;nbsp;mph ᎠᎴ 414-432&amp;nbsp;km/h).  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ radar ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ±&amp;nbsp;5-10&amp;nbsp;m/(±&amp;nbsp;11-22&amp;nbsp;mph ᎠᎴ ±&amp;nbsp;18-36&amp;nbsp;km/h), ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ '''F5''' ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ Ꮎ tornadoes ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎸᏢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak|ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] [[May 3|ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 3]], [[1999]], ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ 36 ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Moore, Oklahoma|Moore, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]]).  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7 pm, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ 318&amp;nbsp;mph &lt;ref name=&quot;fastest wind&quot;/&gt;, 50&amp;nbsp;mph ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ.  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ '''F6''' ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ tornadoes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

===ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, '''F0''' ᎠᎴ '''F1''' ('''T0''' ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ '''T3''') tornadoes ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ tornadoes.  ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes (ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ '''F4''', '''T8'''), ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Basic Spotter Guide&quot;&gt; Edwards, Moller, Purpura ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.  &quot;[http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/basicspot.pdf Basic Spotters' Field Guide].&quot; ''[http://www.commerce.gov/ US Department of Commerce], [http://www.nws.noaa.gov National Weather Service]''. 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;  ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ tornadoes ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ tornadoes.  ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Bangladesh.

===ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ===
{{Further|[[Fujita scale|Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ]]}}

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[News style#Terms and structure|lede]] ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110&amp;nbsp;mph (175&amp;nbsp;km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250&amp;nbsp;ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75&amp;nbsp;ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6&amp;nbsp;km) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ.  

ᏔᎵ tornadoes Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ drastically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏔᎵ tornadoes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ tornadoes ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[#Life cycle|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ appearence ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi.  ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ approaches.  ᎠᏰᎵ 1997 ᎠᎴ 2005 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, 38 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ '''F1''' tornadoes, ᎠᎴ 3 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ '''F0''' tornadoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC past tornadoes&quot;&gt; &quot;[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/historical.html Climatological or Past Storm Information and Archived Data].&quot;  ''[http://www.spc.noaa.gov Storm Prediction Center]''.  2006.&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest ᎤᏃᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.

*'''ᎤᏓᏂᎳ tornadoes'''
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[#Typical intensity|ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ]], ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ tornadoes ᎠᎴ designated '''F1''' ᎠᎴ '''F0''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏓᏂᎳ&quot; tornadoes.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tornadoes, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.  '''F0''' ᎠᎴ '''F1''' tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ&amp;mdash;ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 75% tornadoes rated ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.&lt;ref name=&quot;severe plot&quot;/&gt; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ fatalities.  

'''F0''' ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegitation.  ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎠᎴ [[chimney|ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ]].  Billboards ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎸ ᎡᎳᏗ.  ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ uprooted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.

'''F1''' ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ fatalities ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ '''F0''' tornadoes.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ pushed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ.  ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ agilyoasdi ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏦᏔ.

*'''ᎦᏛᎬᎢ tornadoes'''

'''F2''' tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ &quot;ᎦᏛᎬᎢ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[tropical cyclone|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]](ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ).  ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ agilyoasdi ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ outer ᏓᏐᏴ.  ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ.  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Projectile|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ]], causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ snapped ᎠᎴ uprooted.

'''F3''' ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ.  ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ; ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ outer ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏐᏴ.  ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ agilyoasdi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ vegitation.

*'''ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ tornadoes'''

'''F4''' ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏒᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ airborne, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ flung ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

'''F5''' ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.  '''F5''' tornadoes ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ &quot;''ᏂᎬᎢ phenomena ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ''&quot;.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, '''F5''' tornadoes ᎤᎭ [[Lubbock Tornado|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ skyscrapers]], ᎠᎴ [[Jarrell Tornado|ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ]].

== utugi gvsv ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ==
[[Image:SPC_severe_outlook_04072006.png|thumb|300px|right|[[probability|Probabilistic]] ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Storm Prediction Center|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ utugi gvsv ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ  ᎯᎠ [[April 6-8, 2006 Tornado Outbreak|ᎫᏬᏂ 6-8, 2006 ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ  ᏂᎦᎥ [[severe weather|ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]] (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ [[hail|ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ]], damaging ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ tornadoes), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ   ᎤᏃᎴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 25&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (40&amp;nbsp;km)  ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎯᎠ hashed ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ  10% ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ   [[Fujita scale|F2]] ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 25&amp;nbsp;ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (40&amp;nbsp;km)   ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.]]

=== ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ utugi gvsv ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Storm Prediction Center|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ utugi gvsv ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ]].  ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ tornadoes.  ᎯᎠ SPC ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[Numerical weather prediction|ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ NAM, GFS, WRF, ᎠᎴ RUC utugi gvsv ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ indicies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dewpoint.  

[[Severe weather terminology (United States)|ᎾᎿ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[National Weather Service|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[Severe weather terminology (United States)|watches]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ SPC.  &lt;!--something about the NEXRAD network should be included here, especially regarding its role in detecting tornadoes.  I have an excellent picture which could illustrate both reflectivity and velocity data from a tornadic supercell.--&gt;

&lt;!-- some research is needed on international storm spotting 
Trained [[weather spotter]]s are often on alert to look for tornadoes and notify local weather agencies when severe weather is occurring or predicted to be imminent.  --&gt;
ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[Skywarn]] spotters, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[sheriff|ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ deputies]], [[State police|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ tornadoes.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi elisv, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ spotters ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ unagatodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵᏊ tornadoes ᎾᏞᎬᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎾᎿ.

=== ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ [[Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ Organisation (TORRO)]] ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ utugi gvsv.

=== ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], utugi gvsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Japan Meteorological Agency|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]].


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==ᎤᏃᎴ==
===ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ===
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ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|UK]] ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ tornadoes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.&lt;ref name=&quot;TORRO FAQ&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.torro.org.uk/severeweather/tornadofaqs.htm
| title = Tornado Facts
| accessdate = August 17
| accessmonthday =
| accessyear = 2006
| author = Prof. Derek M. Elsom
| last = 
| first = 
| authorlink = 
| coauthors = 
| date = 
| year = 2002
| month = 
| format = 
| work = 
| publisher = [[Tornado and Storm Research Organisation|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ Organisation]]
| pages = 
| language = 
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
. [[Bangladesh]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ tornadoes ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ media coverage. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 179 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bangladesh ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA&lt;ref name=&quot;bangladesh tornado&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/qr/qr169/qr169.pdf
| title = The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems
| accessdate = August 17
| accessyear = 2006
| author = Paul, Bhuiyan
| year = 2004
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;!--add your text above here


The United States experiences by far the most tornadoes of any country, and has also suffered the most intense ones. Tornadoes are common in several states, particularly in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. More strong and violent tornadoes occur here than anywhere else in the world.  While [[Florida]] has more reported tornadoes by land area than anywhere else in the world, most tornadoes which form here are resultant of non-rotating thunderstorms, or are spawned by [[tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], both of which tend to be weaker than traditional tornadoes.

Some people mistakenly believe that tornadoes only occur out in the countryside.  This is hardly the case.  While it is true that the [[plains states]] are the most tornado-prone places in the nation, it should be noted that tornadoes have been reported in every U.S state, including [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]].  One likely reason why tornadoes are so common in the central U.S is because this is where arctic air first collides with warm tropical air from the [[Gulf of Mexico]] where the cold front has not been &quot;weakened&quot; yet.  As it heads further east, however, it is possible for the front to lose its strength as it travels over more warm air.  Therefore, tornadoes are not as common on the [[east coast]] as they are in the midwest, however, they have happened on rare occasion, such as the F2 twister that struck the northern suburbs of [[New York City]] on [[July 12]], [[2006]] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/14/nyregion/14storm.html?ex=1153022400&amp;en=6f91606b06e86635&amp;ei=5087%0A]. 

Tornadoes can occur west of the continental divide but they are infrequent and usually relatively weak with a short duration.  Recently tornadoes have struck the Pacific coast town of  [[Lincoln City, Oregon]] (1996), and downtown [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] (1999) (see [[Salt Lake City Tornado]]).  The [[California Central Valley]] is an area of some frequency for tornados, albeit of weak intensity.  More tornadoes occur in [[Texas]] than in any other US state. The state which has the highest number of tornadoes per unit area is [[Florida]], although most of the tornadoes in Florida are weak tornadoes of '''F0''' or '''F1''' intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of [[hurricane]]s that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is [[Oklahoma]]. The neighboring state of [[Kansas]] is another particularly notorious tornado state. It records the most F4 and F5 tornadoes in the country. It should be mentioned that states such as Oklahoma and Kansas have much lower population densities than Florida and that tornadoes may go unreported.

[[Canada]] also experiences numerous tornadoes, although fewer than the United States. In Canada, at least 80-100 tornadoes occur annually (with many more likely undetected in large expanses of unpopulated areas), causing tens of millions of [[Canadian dollar|dollars]] in [[damage]]. Most are weak F0 or F1 in intensity, but they are on average a few F2 or stronger that touchdown each season. For example, the tornado frequency of [[Southwestern Ontario]] is about half that of the most prone areas of the central US plains.  The last multiple tornado-related deaths in Canada were caused by a tornado in [[Pine Lake, Alberta|Pine Lake]], [[Alberta]], on [[July 14]], [[2000]], where 12 died.  The two worst tornados in terms of death toll on Canadian soil were the [[Edmonton Tornado]] of July 31, 1987, which measured F4, and the misnamed [[Regina Cyclone]] of June 30, 1912, which was likely an F4 or weak F5 tornado. The city of [[Windsor, Ontario]] was struck by strong tornados three times within a 27 year span (1946, 1953 and 1974) ranging in strength from a F2 to F4.   

Tornadoes do occur throughout the world as well; the most tornado-prone region of the world (outside [[North America]]), as measured by number of reported tornadoes per unit area, is the Netherlands, followed by the United Kingdom (especially [[England]]). [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Argentina]], [[Italy]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Germany]], [[Estonia]], and portions of [[Uruguay]] also have pockets of high tornadic activity. Occasional strong tornadoes occur in [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], and portions of [[Paraguay]] and [[Brazil]]. Tornadoes have recently hit [[South Africa]] and parts of [[Pakistan]] in 2001 as well, and on April 4 2006, a rare F2 tornado hit northwestern Israel, causing significant damage and injuries.  Approximately 170 tornadoes are reported per year on land in Europe. One notable tornado of recent years was the [[Birmingham Tornado (UK)|tornado]] which struck [[Birmingham, United Kingdom]], in July 2005. A row of houses was destroyed, but no one was killed. A strong F3 (T7) Tornado hit the small town Micheln in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany on July 23 2004 leaving 6 people injured and more than 250 buildings massively damaged. {{facts}}
--&gt;

===ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===
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&lt;!-- add your text above here

Not every [[thunderstorm]], [[supercell]], [[squall|squall line]], or [[tropical cyclone]] will produce a tornado. Precisely the right atmospheric conditions are required for the formation of even a weak tornado. On the other hand, 700 or more tornadoes a year are reported in the contiguous United States.

On average, the United States experiences 100,000 thunderstorms each year, resulting in more than 1,200 tornadoes and approximately 50 deaths per year.  The deadliest U.S. tornado recorded is the [[March 18]], [[1925]], [[Tri-State Tornado]] that swept across southeastern [[Missouri]], southern [[Illinois]] and southern [[Indiana]], killing 695 people. The biggest [[tornado outbreak]] on record&amp;mdash;with 148 tornadoes, including six F5 and 24 F4 tornadoes&amp;mdash;occurred on [[April 3]], [[1974]].  It is dubbed the [[Super Outbreak]]. Another such significant storm system was the [[Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak]], which affected the United States Midwest on [[April 11]], [[1965]].  A series of continuous tornado outbreaks is known as a [[tornado outbreak sequence]], with significant occurrences in May 1917, 1930, 1949, and 2003.
--&gt;

===iyuwakodi ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===
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&lt;!-- add your text above here

The time of year is a big factor of the intensity and frequency of tornadoes in the United States.  On average, in the United States as a whole, the month with the most tornadoes is May, followed by the months June, April, and July.  On average, there are around 294 tornadoes nationwide during the month of May, and as many as 543 tornadoes have been reported in the month of May alone ( in 2003 ).  The months with the fewest tornadoes are usually December and January, although major tornado outbreaks can basically occur any time of year.  In general, in the Midwestern and Plains states, springtime ( especially the month of May ) is the most active season for tornadoes, while in the far northern states ( like [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]] ), the peak tornado season is usually in the summer months ( June, July, and August ) In the colder autumn and winter months, tornado activity is generally limited to the south, where it is possible for warm Gulf of Mexico air to penetrate.

The reason for the peak of tornado season in the spring has much to do with temperature patterns in the U.S.  Tornadoes often form when cool, polar air travelling southeastward from the rockies overrides warm, moist, unstable Gulf of Mexico air in the eastern states.  Tornadoes therefore tend to be commonly found in front of a cold front, along with heavy rains, hail, and damaging winds.  Since both warm and cold weather are common during the springtime, the conflict between these two air masses tends to be most common in the spring.  As the weather warms across the country, the occurrence of tornadoes spreads northward.  Tornadoes are also common in the summer because they can also be triggered by hurricanes, although the tornadoes caused by hurricanes are often much weaker and harder to spot.  Winter is the least common time for tornadoes to occur, since hurricane activity is virtually non - existent at this time, and it is more difficult for warm, moist maritime tropical air to take over the frigid arctic air from Canada, occurences are found mostly in the Gulf states and Florida during winter.  Interestingly, there is a second active tornado season of the year - sometime around late October/early November.  Autumn, like spring, is a time of the year when warm weather alternates with cold weather frequently, especially in the midwest, but the season is not as active as it is during the springtime and frequencies are higher along the Atlantic Coastal plain as oppposed to the Midwest.
--&gt;
==ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ==
{{main|Tornado records}}
{{expandsection}}
{{clear}}


==ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ==
===ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ===
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===ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ approaches...===
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===ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ===
{{main|Tornado myths}}
{{expandsection}}

== ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ==
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ tornadoes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. &lt;ref name=&quot;VORTEX book&quot;&gt; &quot;[http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/noaastory/book.html VORTEX:  Unraveling the Secrets].&quot;  ''[http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/ National Severe Storms Laboratory]''.&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎣᎾᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ.  ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[VORTEX|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], deployment [[TOtable Tornado Observatory|ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ]] (ᎯᎠ TOtable ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ meteorologists.

== ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ tornadoes ==

[[Image:Saltlaketornado.jpeg|thumb|[[Salt Lake City Tornado|ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ]], [[August 11|ᎦᎶᏂ 11]], [[1999]]. (ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Electrical substation|substation]] exploding)]]

ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ windblown ᎢᎦᏛ.  Tornadic ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 300&amp;nbsp;mph (480&amp;nbsp;km/h).  [[Tornado season|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ tornadoes ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏒᎯᏰᏱ; ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ tornadoes ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ [[hobbyist]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[storm chasing|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ tornadoes ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ.  ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ oncoming tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ yvwatuwidv 1990. 

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ tornadoes ᏄᏩᎿᏅ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[sensationalistic|ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ.  ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[weather wars|ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ competing ᎾᎥᎢ media ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ TV ᏗᏤᎢ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ, ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ escalating technological ᏌᏊ-upsmanship ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏅ.

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Environment Canada|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Canada]], ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ''ᎠᏥᎸᎩ'' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ 12 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ 1 (12,000,000:1). ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ factually ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗ. Tornadoes ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ injuries ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

== Cultural ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ==
=== Tornadoes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ===
[[Image:OZ5-2-94.JPG|thumb|300px|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ labeled 'Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ'.  ''ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ'' ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ (1894)]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[cartoonist]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[metaphor|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ''[[The Wizard of Oz|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ  Oz]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] [[utopia|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]], ᎯᎠ [[Land of Oz|ᎦᏙᎯ  Oz]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Wicked Witch of the East|ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ  ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ oppressed ᎤᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ [[Munchkin]].  ᎯᎠ [[storm cellar|ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ]] ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1894 ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

1960s [[advertising campaign|advertising togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[detergent|ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ cleaner]], [[Ajax cleanser|Ajax]], ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ &quot;ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ&quot;.

Tornadoes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Dream interpretation|ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[fear|ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ]], [[chaos|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, e.g. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.{{facts}}

=== ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ===
* ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ  Oz]]'', 1939.
* ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Bridge|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]]'', 1990.
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117179/ Night of the Twisters (TV)]'', 1996.
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0117942/ Tornado! (TV)]'', 1996.
* ''[[Twister (film)|Twister]]'', 1996.
* ''[[Atomic Twister (TV)|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Twister (TV)]]'', 2001.
* ''[[The Day After Tomorrow|ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏑᎾᎳᏱ]]'', 2004.
* ''[[Perfect Disaster: Super Tornado (Discovery Channel)]]'', premiered ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 19, 2006.
* ''[[Category 7: The End of the World]]'', 2005.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Cyclone|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]
* [[Derecho]]
* [[Downburst]]
* [[Dust Devil|ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]]
* [[Emergency Alert System|ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi]]
* [[Fire whirl|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]]
* [[Funnel cloud|ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ]]
* [[Gustnado]]
* [[History of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes|ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ-spawned tornadoes]]
* [[Landspout]]
* [[List of F5 tornadoes|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  F5 tornadoes]]
* [[List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  tornadoes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]]
* [[List of tornado-related deaths at schools|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏃᎴ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
* [[Mesocyclone]]
* [[Multiple vortex|ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏃᎴ]]
* [[NLM Cityhopper Flight 431|NLM Cityhopper ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 431]]
* [[Severe weather|ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]
* [[Supercell]]
* [[Tornado Alley|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ]]
* [[Tornado records|ᎤᏃᎴ ᎪᏪᎸ]]
* [[Tornadoes of 2006|Tornadoes  2006]]
* [[Waterspout]]

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ==
*[[Thomas P. Grazulis]] (1993). ''ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Tornadoes 1680-1991, Chronology ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ''. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Environmental ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ISBN 1-879362-00-7

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
{{commons|Tornado}}

;ᏂᎦᎥ
*[http://www.stormreportmap.com/# Real Time Reports overlaid on Google Maps.]
*[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/monthlytornstats.html  US Tornadoes, Year to date reports.]
*[http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/researchitems/tornadoes.shtml Tornado research and education] ([[National Severe Storms Laboratory|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ]])
*[http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/torn/home.rxml WW2010: Tornadoes]
*[http://www.tornadoproject.com/ The Tornado Project]
*[http://www.torro.org.uk/ The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation]
*[http://www.essl.org/ European Severe Storms Laboratory]
*[http://www.tordach.org TorDACH: Centre of Competence for Severe Local Storms in D, A, CH]
*[http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/nebraska/U_S_SEVERE.html U.S. Severe Weather and Meteorology and Climatology] ([[University of Nebraska at Lincoln|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Nebraska ᎾᎾᎢ Lincoln]])
*[http://cimms.ou.edu/~erik/Tornadoes/Forecasting/Detailed/Detailed.htm Tornado Forecasting] (Rasmussen ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Markowski)
*[http://www.ejssm.org/ Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology]
*[http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/mesoscale/tornado.htm NWS Jet Stream Online Weather School]
*[http://www.msnbc.com/modules/tornado/default.asp Birth of a Tornado] ~ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ MSNBC Interactive
*[http://www.tornadoarchive.com Tornado Newspaper Articles Archive] ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50,000 ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ tornadoes ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
;ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ
*[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/torscans.htm Tornado images] ([[Public Domain|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]])
*[http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nssl/index.html National Severe Storms Laboratory Photo Album]
*[http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/historic/nws/index.html National Weather Service Historical Image Collection]
*[http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/swat/Cases/990503/case.html]

;ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ
*[http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/NWSTornado/ NOAA Tornado Preparedness Guide]
*[http://tornadoproject.com/safety/safety.htm Tornado Safety] (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ)
*[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/school.html Tornado Preparedness Tips for School Administrators] (NOAA / SPC)
*[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/papers/overpass.html Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Fallout from the May 3, 1999 Tornado Outbreak] (ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, Norman, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ)
*[http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/tornado.html Natural Disasters - Tornado] ᎡᏆ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ
*[http://www.fema.gov/kids/tornado.htm FEMA for Kids: Tornado]

;ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ
*[http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/ks/tornado_1 Tornadoes in Kansas] [[Library of Congress|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ  ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]], ''ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ''
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/pan:@field(SUBJ+@od1(Tornadoes+)) Tornado damage] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1899; archived ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ)
*[http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0404/feature1/index.html Chasing Tornadoes] ([[National Geographic Magazine|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]])
*[http://www.stormtrack.org/ Stormtrack magazine]
*[http://stormwiki.unk.edu/ StormWiki]
*[http://www.stormreportmap.com/ Storm Report Map] (ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ Tornadoes, ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ)
*[http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/breaking_news/14158868.htm person carried by tornado survives.]

[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Severe weather and convection]]
[[Category:Tornado| ]]
[[Category:Winds]]

[[ar:إعصار]]
[[be:Тарнада]]
[[bs:Tornado]]
[[ca:Tornado]]
[[cr:Kashtun]]
[[cs:Tornádo]]
[[da:Tornado]]
[[de:Tornado]]
[[en:Tornado]]
[[eo:Tornado (ŝtormo)]]
[[es:Tornado]]
[[et:Tromb]]
[[fi:Tornado]]
[[fr:Tornade]]
[[gd:Cuairt-ghaoth]]
[[he:טורנדו (סופה)]]
[[hr:Tornado]]
[[id:Tornado]]
[[it:Tornado]]
[[ja:竜巻]]
[[ko:토네이도]]
[[lv:Tornado]]
[[nl:Tornado (wervelwind)]]
[[nn:Tornado]]
[[no:Tornado]]
[[pl:Tornado]]
[[pt:Tornado]]
[[ro:Tornado]]
[[ru:Смерч]]
[[scn:Turnatu]]
[[simple:Tornado]]
[[sk:Tornádo]]
[[sl:Tornado]]
[[sr:Торнадо]]
[[sv:Tromb]]
[[th:ทอร์นาโด]]
[[tl:Ipo-ipo]]
[[tr:Hortum (meteoroloji)]]
[[ug:قۇيۇن]]
[[vi:Vòi rồng]]
[[yi:טורנעידא]]
[[zh:龍捲風]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kńg-lê-á-hong]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ</title>
    <id>2807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9112</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-19T07:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| align=right style=&quot;overflow:auto&quot;
|-
|[[Image:Sinulog festival 2006.jpg|thumb|The 2006 [[Sinulog festival]] in the [[Philippines]]]]
[[Image:Renfair entertainers.jpg|thumb|[[Renaissance festival|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]]]
|}
'''ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ''' ᎠᎴ '''fest''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ staged ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. 

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[religion|ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ]], '''ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ''' ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ honour [[God|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[god|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]]. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[secular|ᎯᏍᎩ]] [[idiom|ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[slang|ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ [[meal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[religious festival|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] [[liturgical calendar|liturgical ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ '''ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ([[Christmas|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]])''' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ '''ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ([[Easter|ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ]])'''.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Catholic|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ]], [[Eastern Orthodox|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[Anglican|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] liturgical ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ adatolasdisgi ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ commemorating ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
[[Image:Village Feast Fac simile of a Woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant facetious Work of the End of the Sixteenth Century edition of 1609.png|right|thumb|ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.--Fac-ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ   ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ &quot;Sandrin ou Verd Galant,&quot; ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ  ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ  1609).]]

== ᎧᏁᏨ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''fest'' ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Middle English|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Middle French|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ᎧᏁᏨ festivus, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festivus. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1589. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;feste&quot; (ᏌᏊ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ &quot;fest&quot;) ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festa. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ circa 1200, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ verb circa 1300.&lt;ref name=&quot;feast&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=feast | title =Etymology of &quot;feast&quot;, etymonline.com | accessdate = 2006-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ==
ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ itsuwakodi [[celebration|ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ geographical ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tsuqagutanvsv itsuwakodi, ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ itsuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ [[elderly|ᎤᏛᏐᏅᎯ]] shared ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[knowledge|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[family|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ [[mating|ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]]. ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ [[anniversary|anniversaries]] ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ seasonal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ cultural ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;fests&quot;) ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ comemorate ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ. &lt;!-- Festivals may be categorized into seasonal, religious, cultural descriptions??? --&gt;

===Seasonal ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ===
[[Image:Kufstein Almabtrieb 2005.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Almabtrieb]]'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Kufstein]], Austria]]
Seasonal ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[solar calendar|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[lunar calendar|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[season|ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seasonal [[inundation|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Nile River|Nile ᎤᏪᏴ]], ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[irrigation|ᎠᎹ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ utvhisdi ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Alps|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ [[pasture|ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ]]ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''[[Almabtrieb]]''. ᎤᏬᎳᏨ [[winter festival|ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[Chinese New Year|Chinese ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Dongzhi|ᎪᎳ solstice]].

===&lt;nowiki&gt;'Fests'&lt;/nowiki&gt;===
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ comemorate ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ , ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[college|ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'Fests'. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ fests ᎠᎴ:

*'''Mecca''' [[Hindu College|Hindu ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], [[Delhi]].
*'''ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ''' [[IIT Delhi]].
*'''[[Saarang]]''' [[IIT Madras]], [[Chennai]].
*'''Goonj''' [[uiet|UIET]], [[Chandigarh]].
*'''ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ''' [[dcet|DCET]], Chandigarh.

== ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Ancient Egypt|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]]ian ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ramesses III|Ramesses ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Libyans]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ determinded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BC, 11,341 loaves ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ 385 ᎫᎫ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. &lt;ref name=&quot;egypt&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/festival.htm | title =Egypt: Grand Festivals in Ancient Egypt | accessdate = 2006-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ [[Sed festival|Sed ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ thirtyth ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ [[pharaoh]]ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ.

== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ==
* [[Arts festival|ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
*[[Beer festival|ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Film festival|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Food festival|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Literary festival|ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Mela Festival|Mela ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Music festival|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[New Age Festival|ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Religious festival|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Storytelling festival|Storytelling ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[:Category:Television festival]]
* [[Theatre festival|Theatre ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Renaissance festival|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[List of festivals|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Wiktionary:Fest]]
* [[Wiktionary:Festival]]
* [[liturgical year|liturgical ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ]]
*  [[moveable feast|moveable ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[festive ecology|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* [http://www.exhibitafrica.com/o-events-cul.php ExhibitAfrica: Database of Afrocentric events &amp; festivals]
*[http://www.britishrock.cc Festivalguide (Datebase and Line Ups of european and worldwide music festivals]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06021b.htm An article on ecclesiastical feasts in the Catholic Encyclopaedia]
*[http://web-japan.org/atlas/festivals/festi_fr.html Japan Atlas Festivals] 
*[http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/laudsfeast.htm#SOLEMNITIES A calendar of Catholic Feasts and Solemnities]
*[http://rootsyrecords.com/HtmlFiles/djembevideo.htm Traditional African Drumming Festivals]

&lt;!-- Please do not add links to websites of individual festivals. Thanks. 
--&gt;

[[Category:Festivals| ]]

[[bn:উত্সব]]
[[da:festival]]
[[de:Festival]]
[[en:Festival]]
[[es:Festival]]
[[fr:Fête]]
[[id:Festival]]
[[ja:フェスティバル]]
[[nn:Festival]]
[[pl:Festiwal]]
[[sv:Festival]]
[[zh:节日]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏲᎵ</title>
    <id>2808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9115</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:26:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - A Calling (1896).jpg|thumb|[[Bouguereau]] ᎤᏤᎵ '' ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ''.]]
'''ᎠᏲᎵ''' (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ: '''ᏗᏂᏲᎵ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ lyudetiyvda, ᏔᎵ ᏴᏫ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ adulthood. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ&lt;ref&gt;Houghton Mifflin ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏅᎩᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ [[puberty|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ]] ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 18.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Convention on the Rights of the Child], ᎢᎦᏛ 1, ᎤᏓᏡᎬ 1.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ discusses prepubescent ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᏲᎵ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[parent|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]]: ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ''&quot;Benjamin, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ 46, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ Tobias, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ 73&quot;''. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ generalized ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[child node|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏂᎯ]].

==ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ==
[[Image:Freundinnen.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏔᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ.]]
[[Image:NaomiSzeto 2006-01-13.jpg|thumb|right|250px| ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎵ]]
[[Image:Nina-Cicchelli-Age-12-June-07-1994.JPG|thumb|right|250px|12 year old Child, Nina Cicchelli, Date of birth June-07-1994]]
''ᎠᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ processes ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ. 
''ᎠᏅᏬᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ [[medicine|ᏅᏬᏘ]] ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ encompasses ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ prenatal teenagers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 0-21 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ).

ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi 21st sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ. 

*[[Zygote|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ [[Conception|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ]], ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ
*[[Embryo|ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[fetus]]
*[[Childbirth|ᎤᏕᏅ]]
*'''ᎠᏲᎵ:'''
**[[Infant|ᎠᏲᎵ]] (ᎤᏍᏗ) (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 0 - 1.5)
***[[Neonate]] (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏏᏅᏙ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ
**[[Toddler]] (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 1.5 - 4)
**ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ (schoolchild (ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ)) - [[Primary education|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ/ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] lyudetiyvda (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 4 - 11)
***[[prepubescence]], ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 10 - 11, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ)
**[[Preadolescence]] (preteen, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ) - ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, [[middle school|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] lyudetiyvda (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 11 - 12, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ prepubesent ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ.)
*[[Adolescence|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] (teenager) (13-19)
*[[Young adult|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ]] (18-25)
*[[Adult|ᎤᏔᎾ]] (ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ lyudetiyvda 18-21 ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ; ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ)
**[[Young adult (psychology)|ᎢᎬᏱ adulthood]] (20-39)
**[[Middle age|ᎠᏰᎵ lyudetiyvda]] (40-59)
**[[Advanced adult|ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ]]/[[Senior citizen|ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᎲᎢ]] (60+)
*[[Death|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]] (ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ)
[[Image:Child tongue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎠᏧᏣ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎦᏅᎪ.]]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:
*[[Twenty something|ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] (20-29)
*[[Thirty something|ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]] (30-39)
*ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ/Quadragenarian (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980)(40-49) 
*Quinquagenarian (50-59)
*ᎤᏚᏚ (60-69)
*Septuagenarian (70-79)
*ᎤᏚᏚ (80-89)
*ᎤᏚᏚ (90-99)
*[[Centenarian|ᎤᏚᏚ]] (100-109)
*[[Supercentenarian]] (110+)

===ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ===
* [[Learning|ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ]]
* [[Music lessons|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
* [[Infant Education|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Language acquisition|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Developmental psychology|Developmental ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
* [[Child art|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]]

==ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏲᎵ prodigies==
{{main|Child prodigy}}
* [[Christian Friedrich Heinecken|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Friedrich Heinecken]] (''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ [[Lübeck]]'')
* [[Isaac Albéniz]]
* [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* [[Sarah Chang]]
* [[Tiger Woods|ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᏙᎯ]]

==ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ==
[[Image:Alice Liddel - Beggar Girl.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Alice Liddell|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Liddell]] ᎾᎾᎢ 7.]]
{{main|Human development}}

ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ [[clinical psychology|clinical]] ᎠᎴ [[developmental psychology|developmental ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[human development theory|ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[economics|ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏂᏓᏛ [[welfare economics|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]). 

ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[education|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[language|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[literacy]] ᎠᎴ [[numeracy]], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[capital (economics)|ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ]] ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[individual capital|ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]]. 

ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ labour ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[production|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]], [[means of persuasion|ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ  ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]] ᎠᎴ [[means of protection|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ adulthood. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sports|ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ]], [[music|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[performing arts|ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[child actor|ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᏲᎵ''' ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ [[training|ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ lyudetiyvda. ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Tiger Woods|ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[golf|ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ &quot;tohi adedi&quot;, [[child murder|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]], [[child abandonment|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏑᎳᎪᎬ]], [[military use of children|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᏗᏂᏲᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ &amp;ndash; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[value of life|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ  ᏗᏂᏲᎵ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ [[UN Human Development Index|ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[measuring well-being|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ criteria. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[child abuse|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons|Child}}
{{wiktionarypar|Child|Children|Prepubescent}}

'''[[List of child related articles|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏲᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ]]'''
* [[Boy|ᎠᏧᏣ]], [[Girl|ᎠᎨᏳᏣ]]
* [[Child abandonment|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏑᎳᎪᎬ]]
* [[Child abuse|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
* [[Child carrier|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]]
* [[Child custody|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]
* [[Child discipline|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Child labor|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]
* [[Child prodigy|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]]
* [[Child sexual abuse|ᎠᏲᎵ sexual ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
* [[Child murder|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Child sexuality|ᎠᏲᎵ sexuality]]
* [[Child support|ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]
* [[Childcare]]
* [[Childhood|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]]
* [[List of youngsters in history|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]]
* [[Defense of infancy|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ  ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]]
* [[Education|ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], [[School|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]]
* [[Educational psychology|ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ]]
* [[Fathers' rights|ᎤᏂᏙᏓ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
* [[Adult infantilism|ᎤᏔᎾ infantilism]]
* [[Parenting|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ]]
* [[Parental Alienation Syndrome|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ Syndrome]]
* [[Parental leave|ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]
*[[Pedophilia]] 
* [[Play_(activity)|ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ]]
* [[Street children|ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ]]
* [[Children's culture|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Children's street culture|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]]
* [[Taking Children Seriously|ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ utvyolistanvhi]]
* [[Toy|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ]]
* [[UNICEF]]
* [[Visitation|ᎥᏳᎩ]]
* [[Auxology]]
* [[Indigo children|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ]]
* [[List of songs about children|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ]] 
* [[Françoise Dolto]]

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{{end box}}


[[Category:Children]]
[[Category:Educational psychology]]
[[Category:Human development]]
[[Category:Humans]]

{{Link FA|pt}}
[[da:Barn]]
[[de:Kind]]
[[en:Child]]
[[et:Laps]]
[[el:Παιδί]]
[[es:Niño]]
[[eo:Infano]]
[[et:Laps]]
[[fr:Enfant]]
[[ga:Leanbh]]
[[id:Anak]]
[[is:Barn]]
[[it:Bambino]]
[[he:ילדות]]
[[ku:Zarok]]
[[lt:Vaikas]]
[[mt:Tifel]]
[[mi:Tamariki]]
[[nl:Kind]]
[[ja:子供]]
[[no:Barn]]
[[nrm:Éfaunt]]
[[pl:Dziecko]]
[[pt:Criança]]
[[ru:Ребёнок]]
[[scn:Picciriddu]]
[[simple:Child]]
[[fi:Lapsi]]
[[sv:Barn]]
[[tg:Кӯдак]]
[[tl:Anak]]
[[tr:Çocuk]]
[[yi:קינד]]
[[zh:儿童]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ</title>
    <id>2809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9339</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T09:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[eo:Fenikso (birdo)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Phoenix detail from Aberdeen Bestiary.jpg|thumb|275px|ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Aberdeen Bestiary]].]]

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mythology|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ '''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ''' ᎠᎴ '''phœnix''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[Mythology|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ [[fire bird (mythology)|firebird]].  

ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 500 ᎠᎴ 1461 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ), ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ [[plumage|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]].  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ Ꮝ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ [[cinnamon|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ; ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎶᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ [[embalm|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]]ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[myrrh|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Egypt|Egyptian]] ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Heliopolis (ancient)|Heliopolis]] (&quot;ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]]). ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ &amp;mdash; ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[Holy Spirit|ᎠᏥᎸ]] ᎠᎴ [[divinity|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ) ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ([[Bennu]] ᏥᏍᏆ) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ [[Christianity|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ [[Christian symbolism|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ [[resurrection|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ]], [[immortality|ᎢᎪᎯᏓ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[afterlife|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎤᎶᏐᏅ-ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ]] [[Jesus Christ|ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]].

ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptians ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[stork]] ᎠᎴ [[heron (bird)|Ꮵ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[Bennu|benu]]'', ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ''[[Book of the Dead|ᎪᏪᎵ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Heliopolis, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ [[sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]] [[sun-god|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] [[Ra]]. 

== ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ==


[[Image:The GNU V Arms of Sir Robert Bell bearing a crest with the HOLY GRAIL ANO DO 1577.jpg|thumb|right|198px|(16th century illuminated heraldic glass panel), depicting two [[Bennu]] birds or [[phoenix]] (early [[Christian]] symbol) and  The Arms of [[Sir Robert Bell (Knight)]] d. 1577]]

ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Garuda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ firebird ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. Ꮝ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindu ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ramayana.

ᎯᎠ [[Greeks|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''bennu'' (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Egyptian ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[date palm|ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ]] ᏡᎬ), ᎠᎴ identified ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ'', ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ colour ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ (cf. ''[[Phoenicia]]'').  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Roman mythology|ᎶᎻ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ pictured ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[peacock|ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[eagle|ᏬᎭᎵ]]. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Greek mythology|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arabia|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]] ᏐᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ bathed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Apollo (god)|ᎡᎶᎯ]] ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏍᎨ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  

ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[East Africa|ᎧᎸᎬ Africa]].  ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ [[salt flat|ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ]]Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ [[egg (biology)|ᏧᏪᏥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎤᏩᏢᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎤᏩᏢᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[turbulence|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] [[flame|ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Russia]]n ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Zhar-Ptitsa]] (Жар-Птица), ᎠᎴ firebird, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[1910]] [[The Firebird|ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Igor Stravinsky]].
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ [[Alexander Ypsilanti (1792-1828)|Alexander Ypsilantis]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Greek Revolution|ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], symbolizing Greece ᎤᏤᎵ rebirth, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[John Capodistria|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Capodistria]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (1828-1832). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ''[[Greek phoenix|ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]]''. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Second Hellenic Republic|ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Regime of the Colonels|ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ  1967-1974]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ disappeared ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1974, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Order of the Phoenix (Greek medal)|ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ [[Atlanta]] (torched ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[US Civil War|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]]), [[San Francisco]] (ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[earthquake|ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1906), [[Lawrence%2C_KS|Lawrence, Kansas]] (attacked ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ raiders ᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ [[William_Quantrill|William Quantrill]]), ᎠᎴ [[Portland%2C_ME|Portland, Maine]] (ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ), ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ cities’ rebirths ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Phoenix|ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Arizona]], ᎯᎠ 5th ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] Ꮎ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Hohokam]] ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ.

==ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
[[Image:Uofchicagophoenix.png|135px|right|thumb|ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ  ᎯᎠ [[University of Chicago|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Chicago]], ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ  ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ]]
[[Image:21April1967emblem.PNG|150px|thumb|ᎯᎠ '''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ''' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ  ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ  ᎯᎠ [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]]. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ Greece ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ footer ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ 21 ᎫᏬᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ.]]

===ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ===
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ [[Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering|Franklin W. Olin ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[University of Chicago|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  Chicago]]. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ (ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ) ᎾᎥᎢ [[Stephen Douglas]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 1889; ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ symbolized ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Chicago]] ᎤᏤᎵ rebirth ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Great Chicago Fire|ᎡᏆ Chicago ᎠᏥᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1871]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ - [[Elon University|Elon ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Ꮝ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ &quot;Fightin' ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Elon ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Elon ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999, ᎠᎴ [[Swarthmore College|Swarthmore ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006.

ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[Université_de_Caen|Caen ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]], symbolizing Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮝ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1944]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ fraternities, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ [[Alpha Sigma Phi|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Sigma Phi]] ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon|Sigma ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Epsilon]], ᎾᏍᎩ signifies ᎯᎠ rebith ayatolv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ [[Alpha Sigma Alpha|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Sigma ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1914.

===ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ===
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ''[[The Tempest (play)|ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]]'', 

:''ᎾᏊ ᎠᏯ ᏫᎵ believ''e
:''Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ [[unicorn|ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ]]; Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ''
:''ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ' ᎦᏁᎸ; ᏌᏊ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ''
:''ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ.''
::-(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.27)

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Timon of Athens|ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ  ᎡᎵᏉ]]'', [[senator|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ]] [[metaphorically|ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ]] ᏓᏯᏂ [[Timon of Philius|ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ]] &quot;ᎤᏰᎸᎭ [[gull|ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flashes ᎾᏊ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.&quot;

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ [[Apostolic Father|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ]] [[1 Clement|1 ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[Renaissance|ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]] ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ rarest ᏗᏖᎵᏙ – ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi. [[Jonson]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Volpone (1605), ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, vii. 204-5 ᎪᏪᎵᎠ: 'ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ phœnix, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, shee ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.' ᏄᏓᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[John Webster|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Webster]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[The White Devil|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]] (1612): 

&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ noblemen, / ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ invited ᏂᎯ ᏄᎳᏏᎾᏛᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, / ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ, / ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎩᎵᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎯ / ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎾ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ /
ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.&quot; [Act I, scene i, 23-25]

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Marvell ᎤᏤᎵ 1681 ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ &quot;ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ&quot; ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ.  

Sylvia Townsend Warner ᎤᏤᎵ 1940 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot; satirized ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ maltreated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ sideshow, agatudesdi ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ atlvquodod.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Eudora Welty ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda 1941 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ &quot;ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ&quot; ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

[[Edith Nesbit]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, [[The Phoenix and the Carpet|ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ legendry ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ quirky ᎣᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.

ᎯᎠ 1957 [[Children's literature|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ]] [[David and the Phoenix|David ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

Phuong, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Graham Greene ᎤᏤᎵ _ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ_ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ Westerner, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.&quot;

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ [[society|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]], Montag ᎠᎴ Faber ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ray Bradbury|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Bradbury]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Fahrenheit 451]].  ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[mythological|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏍᏚ.

[[Image:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ  [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]]]]

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, [[J.K. Rowling|J.K. duniyvtosotisgv]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᏓᎪᎥᎩ [[Fawkes]] (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Guy Fawkes|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Dumbledore]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. Dumbledore ᎤᏤᎵ [[Patronus Charm|Patronus]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ, phoenixes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ unpure ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ' ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ heartstring) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ (dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓ). ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ [[Lord Voldemort|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Voldemort']] ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ  ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Dumbledore|Dumbledore']] ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, [[Fawkes]], ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Priori Incantatem#Priori Incantatem|Priori Incantatem]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Neil Gaiman ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ 'Firebird', ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ  ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ; ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ 'ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎯ'. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ unexperienced, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ swallowed ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ practised ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. 

[[Sylvia Plath]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ &quot;ᎠᎨᏴ Lazarus.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ committing ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Lazarus]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ transformed ᎾᎾᎯ firebird, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ rebirth, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ liken demonic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ: &quot;atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏚ / ᎠᏯ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ / ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ansigaya ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ.&quot;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alan Gibbons 'Legendeer' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheonix ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ rebirth ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏚᏥ Andreas ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Legendeer. Pheonix ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏚᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ travelling ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ 3 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ; ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece; Vampyrs; Norse ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ reavelled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ/ᎤᏕᏅ patrolling ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Bradbury ᎤᏤᎵ '''Fahrenheit 451''' ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.  ᎯᎠ bigest ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 165, &quot;ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheonix ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏎ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.  ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ sprang atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.  ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ're[humans] ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ've ᎤᎩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ pheonix ᎥᏝ ᎠᏰᎲ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ've ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, someday ᎢᏧᎳ'll ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ goddamn ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ.  ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ.&quot; 

===ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ===
[[Transsylvania Phoenix|Transsylvania ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [[Romania|Romanian]] ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ folkloric ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ logo.

ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ [[Queen (band)|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ']] logo ᎤᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ logo ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, [[Freddie Mercury|Freddie ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]].

ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ [[30 Seconds to Mars|30 ᏔᎵᏁ  ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ logo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

[[Phoenix (band)|ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ [[France|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ/ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.

[[La Fenice|ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ Fenice]] (&quot;ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot;) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ [[Opera|ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ]] ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Venice, Italy|ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ, Italy]].

Bassist [[Dave Farrell]] [[Linkin Park|Linkin ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ [[Live (band)|ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ (ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ)]] ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎧᏁᎬᎢ &quot;ᎪᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ sexual ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reborn ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ [[Bound for Glory|ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏬᎭᎵ anitvga Agian&quot; ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ turnes ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ...&quot;

ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Ꮎ referene ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ:
*[[AFI (band)|AFI]]: &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot;
*[[Annihilator (band)|Annihilator]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ'')
*[[The Cult|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ]]: &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[Love (Cult album)|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]'')
*[[Dan Fogelburg]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot;
*[[Fortress (band)|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ'')
*[[Headhunters]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot; (sung ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ *[[Celtic language|Celtic]]){{cn}}
*[[Kids in the Way|ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏙ&quot;
*[[Stratovarius]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot;
*[[Thrice|ᏦᎢᏁ]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ&quot;
*[[Robbie Williams]]: &quot;ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ&quot; (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[I've Been Expecting You|ᎠᏯ've ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utugi uwa ᏂᎯ]]'')

===Artwork===
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Theodore Roszak ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1958 &quot;ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.&quot;

===ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brisbane, Australia===
[[Image:BrisTramPhoenixEmblem.jpg|thumb|right|200px|ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ  ᎯᎠ 8 ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brisbane Australia ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Paddington ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ]]

ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[Paddington tram depot fire|Paddington ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1962]], ᎯᎠ [[Brisbane City Council|Brisbane ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ featured ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ [[motorman]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ &quot;risen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ&quot;.

===Video ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ===
*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ultima 7: ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ Pheonix ᎦᎪ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ creating Pheonix ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ Pheonix ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ Boydon ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎸ.

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Final Fantasy|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Final Fantasy V|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ V]], [[Final Fantasy VI|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ VI]], [[Final Fantasy VII|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ VII]], [[Final Fantasy VIII|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎾᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[Final Fantasy IX|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ IX]].  ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ V, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ [[side-quest|ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ ᎬᏃᏛ.  ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ Reina, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᎥᎢ diving ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ VI, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Locke, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ Rachel, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Magic in the Final Fantasy series#Summon Magic|magicite]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ [[down feathers|ᎡᎳᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Japanese ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ.

*ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Peter ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sega ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ [[Shining Force II|ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]].

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ [[Ratchet &amp; Clank: Up Your Arsenal]], ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏥᏳ ᏂᎯ tvga yvwatuwidv ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ .k.. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ.&quot;

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Protoss]] togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[StarCraft]], ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Fenix(StarCraft)|Fenix]].  ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ storyline ᎭᏢᏃ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cybernetic ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ creating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ Protoss ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎳ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎾᎥᎢ [[Infested Kerrigan]].

*ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ summoned ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Warcraft III|Warcraft ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ reborn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏥ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

*ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ-ᏥᏄᏍᏗ-ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ downgrade 'Firebird,' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ recruited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏁᎸ Heroes ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ (ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ upgrades).  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ elementals ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ... ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ HoMM, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦyeli igidv nigallisdisgv, ᎾᏍᎩ rebirths ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ.

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Golden Sun: The Lost Age]] ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ encountered ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ rebirthing ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏐᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lost Magic|ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ.

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Age of Mythology|lyudetiyvda  ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Thoth.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hatched ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ.

*ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ [[Archon (computer game)|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]], ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Atari 8-bit family|Atari]] ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ported ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏒᎦᏔ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ 64, Amiga ᎠᎴ IBM PC.

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ &quot;Elementalist&quot;.  ᎾᏍᎩ anitvga atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ nearby ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ exploding ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ targeted ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ , stylized ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ Ꮎ revitalizes ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ.

*ᎯᎠ [[Pokémon]] tohi adedi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ Pokémon ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᏓᎪᎥᎩ [[Moltres]] ᎠᎴ [[Ho-oh|Ꮀ-oh]]. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ romanisation ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Fenghuang|Chinese ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]], ''Houou''.

*ᎯᎠ [[Shenmue]] ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ carved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏯ ᏓᏎᏘ.

*ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ PlayStation ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ &quot;ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Rancher 2&quot; (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ 2), ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎣᏓᎸ Kawrea. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ pictured ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ combining ᏔᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ (ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kawrea ᎠᏥᎸ ᎣᏓᎸ). ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ CD'.

* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Game Boy Advance|ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ]] ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ [[Mega Man Zero 2|Mega ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ 2]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ bosses ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ Magnion'' ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ abilaties.

* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Megaman Battle Network 5|Megaman ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ 5]] ᎩᎦ ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Higsby's|Higsby']]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Protoman, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ summoned ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎦᎿᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ healed ᏂᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

* ᎯᎠ [[Nintendo DS]] ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ [[Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney]] ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ rookie [[defense attorney|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏗᏲᎯᎯ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᎪ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ &quot;ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ&quot; ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ.

===ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ TV===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, &quot;Santa Sangre&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Fenix.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ ''[[Dark Shadows|ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Laura Murdoch Collins ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Collinsport, Maine ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ asgahah aninela, Roger.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ Laura ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ 100-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ lifespan, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ storyline.  ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎯᎠ reincarnation ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᏥ - ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Laura ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ reincarnated ᎦᏲᎵ itsuwakodi ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ plotlines ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ [[Ra]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ survivors ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, reframing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Star Trek|ᏃᏈᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ]]'' ᎡᎶᎯ, ''[[Phoenix (Star Trek)|ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ spacecraft ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ''ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ'' ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ timeline, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ [[World War Three|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏦᎢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ reborn ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ, ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]'' ᎾᎥᎢ [[C. S. Lewis|C. . Lewis]], ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ anitvga ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Peter ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ safer ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!|Yu-Ꭹ-Oh!]]'' ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ Nephthys, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ &quot;rebirth&quot; ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ-ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ revived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Graveyard (ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏛ).  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ [[Nephthys]] ᎨᏒᎢ Egyptian ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ''Yu-Ꭹ-Oh!'' tohi adedi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 2-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ restricted ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ alenvdidsv, ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ restricted ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ) ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ 2-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''Yu-Ꭹ-Oh!'', ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ, [[The Winged Dragon of Ra|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ  Ra]], ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, Ra ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 1000 ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ Ra ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ revived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Graveyard.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''[[Harry Potter|ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]]'' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, [[Albus Dumbledore]] ᎤᎭ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Fawkes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Super Sentai|ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Sentai]] ᎠᎴ [[Power Rangers|ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ]] tohi adedi, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[mecha]] ᎠᎴ [[Zord]]ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Gosei Sentai Dairanger]]'' (footage ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers|ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ Morphin ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ]]''), ᎯᎠ HououRanger controlled ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ Firebird Thunderzord ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Fenghuang|Chinese ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ]].
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Chouriki Sentai Ohranger]]'' (footage ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Power Rangers: Zeo]]''), OhRed piloted ᎯᎠ SkyPhoenix, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Zeo ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ V – ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ Zeozord V.
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Seijuu Sentai Gingaman]]'' (footage ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Power Rangers: Lost Galaxy]]''), ᎯᎠ mecha GigaPhoenix ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi StarBeast GigaPhoenix ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ mechanized. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Stratoforce Megazord ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ Galactabeast ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ [[zord]].
* ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Mahou Sentai Magiranger]]'' (footage ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''[[Power Rangers: Mystic Force]]'') MagiRed ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ Majin (humanoid) ᎠᎴ Majuu (gantlai) ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ MagiPhoenix ᎠᎴ MagiFirebird (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ Firebird ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''X-ansigaya'' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[Jean Grey|Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]], ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ resurfaces ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ resurrecting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.  ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ, ᏥᏍᏆ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ underwater ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ X-ansigaya ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᏨ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ anime ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ &quot;ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Rancher&quot; ᎠᏧᏣ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Genki ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ sucked ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Fantasia 2000|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ 2000]], ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[fire bird|ᎠᏥᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ]] ᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ [[The Firebird|ᎯᎠ Firebird]] ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Igor Stravinsky]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ japanese anime ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Seiya, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Ikki ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

===ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Osamu Tezuka]] ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ featured ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 12 ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[Phoenix (manga)|Hi Ꮭ Tori]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ cultural, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, rebirths, reincarnations ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.

ᎯᎠ [[X-Men|X-ansigaya]] ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ' ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ featured ᎯᎠ fabled ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ merging ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ X-ansigaya ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ [[Jean Grey|Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏜ shuttle ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Jean ᎤᏤᎵ empathic ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ-tuned ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ugatohvsvi ᏂᎬᎢ [[sensations|ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Jean ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ heralded ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ X-ansigaya battling ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ symbolized ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ), [[Rachel Summers|Rachel ᎪᎨᏱ]], ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda [[anime]] tohi adedi, ''[[Science Ninja Team Gatchaman|agatohvsdi Ninja ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ Gatchaman]]'', ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ [[superhero]] ᎤᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ aircraft, ''ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ.

==ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[Demonolatry|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ]] ᏌᏊ [[demon|ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Flereous ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ Pheonix ᎦᎪ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ.&quot;

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Fenghuang]], ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
* [[Bennu]], Egyptian ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
* [[Huma (mythology)|Huma (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ)]], Persian ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/translat/55r.hti Entry for the Phoenix in The Aberdeen Bes

[[Category:Legendary birds]]

[[bg:Феникс]]
[[ca:Fènix]]
[[cs:Fénix]]
[[da:Fugl Føniks]]
[[de:Phönix (Mythologie)]]
[[el:Φοίνικας (μυθολογία)]]
[[en:Phoenix (mythology)]]
[[eo:Fenikso (birdo)]]
[[es:Fénix]]
[[fi:Feeniks]]
[[fr:Phénix]]
[[gd:Ainneamhag]]
[[he:עוף החול]]
[[hu:Főnix]]
[[is:Fönix]]
[[it:Fenice]]
[[ja:フェニックス]]
[[la:Phoenix]]
[[lt:Feniksas]]
[[nl:Feniks]]
[[no:Fugl Føniks]]
[[pl:Feniks (mitologia)]]
[[pt:Fênix]]
[[ro:Pasărea Phoenix]]
[[ru:Феникс]]
[[sh:Feniks]]
[[ta:பீனக்ஸ்]]
[[th:ฟีนิกซ์ (ตำนาน)]]
[[ug:سۇمۇرۇغ]]
[[uk:Фенікс]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ</title>
    <id>2811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9121</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T19:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Thanksgiving.jpg|right|thumb| ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ontario]], featuring [[turkey (bird)|ᎬᎾ]], mashed [[potato|ᏄᎾ]]es, [[squash (fruit)|ᏍᏆᏏ]], [[sweet potato|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ]]es, [[broccoli]], [[Brussels sprouts|Brussels ᏚᏱᏢ]], [[stuffing|ᎠᏑᏯᎾ]], [[cranberry]] ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, [[gravy|ᎪᎢ ᎠᏑᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.]]

ᎯᎠ centerpiece ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ [[Thanksgiving|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Canada]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, starring ᎡᏆ roasted [[domesticated turkey|ᎬᎾ]].   ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ
ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.

==ᎬᎾ==
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎬᎾ ᎢᎦ''. ᎯᎠ [[USDA]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ 269 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ.

[[Turducken]], ᎬᎾ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Louisiana]]. [[Deep frying|ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ [[turkey fryer|fryer]]ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ nationalization ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.

==ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᎾ==
ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. [[Goose|ᏌᏌ]] ᎠᎴ [[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]], ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ European centerpieces [[Christmas|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]] ᎢᎦ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[West Coast of the United States|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], [[Dungeness crab|Dungeness ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ variant ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[goose|ᏌᏌ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ. [[Vegetarian|ᎣᏩᏒ]]ᎠᎴ [[vegan]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ [[tofurkey]], [[tofu]] ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ.

==ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ dish—so ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.

ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᎩ-ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;ᎠᏚᎷᎳ&quot; ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ [[cranberry sauce|cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]], [[stuffing|ᎠᏑᏯᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[gravy|ᎪᎢ ᎠᏑᏍᏗ]].  ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[sweet potatoes|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ]], [[mashed potatoes|mashed ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ]], [[green bean|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuya]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuya casserole, ᎠᎴ [[Waldorf salad|Waldorf ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ [[pie|ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[pumpkin pie|ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]], [[apple pie|ᏒᎦᏔ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[pecan pie|ᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᏅᎯᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]]. 

[[Image:New England Thanksgiving Dinner.jpg|right|300px|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ England]]

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏑᏯᎾ&quot; (ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏓᏄᏬᏍᎬ&quot;) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ.  Southerners ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[cornbread|ᏣᎷᎦ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏁᎬ [[bread|ᎦᏚ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ: [[oyster|ᏓᎬᎾ]], [[apple|ᏒᎦᏔ]], [[chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], [[raisin]], [[celery]] ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, [[sausage|ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ [[giblets|ᎤᏳᏘ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada.

ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[Italian-American|Italian-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ [[lasagna]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ [[Ashkenazi]] [[Jew|atogiyadv]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏅᎯ [[kugel]], ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ [[pudding|ᎠᏑᏰᎸᎯ]]. [[Irish-Americans|ᎦᏁᎳ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ [[beef|ᏩᎦ ᎦᎵᏣᏔᏅ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ vegan ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ centerpieces ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ stuffed ᎠᎴ baked [[pumpkin|ᎢᏯ]].

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Wartime ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ effectiveness, ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ&quot; ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ southerners ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Northeasterners. 

[[Christmas dinner|ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ [[Christmas|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]].

[[Category:Thanksgiving]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ</title>
    <id>2812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9177</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T23:06:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: co, el, eu, gl, hy, qu</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[precious metal|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]] Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[money|ᎠᏕᎳ]], [[store of value|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[jewellery|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gold nugget|ᎤᏝᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[alluvial deposit|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ]]ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[coinage metal|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ (trivalent ᎠᎴ univalent) [[transition metal|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[dentistry|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[electronics]]. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Gold standard|ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[International Monetary Fund|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ]] (IMF) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Bank for International Settlements|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ]] (ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ). Ꮝ [[ISO 4217|ISO ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ '''XAU'''.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ [[chemical element|chemical ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[periodic table|ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ '''ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ''' (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ''aurum'') ᎠᎴ [[atomic number|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ]] 79. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ [[auric]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ chemicals ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ [[chlorine]], [[fluorine]], [[aqua regia|ᎠᎹ regia]] ᎠᎴ [[cyanide|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mercury (element)|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[nitric acid|nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.  Nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  

==ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ== 
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ metallic ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[yellow|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[black|ᎬᎿᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[ruby|ᎩᎦᎨ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ uniyatolv, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ [[colloid]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[purple|ᎩᎨᏍᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ [[plasmon frequency|plasmon ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏝᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[malleable|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[ductility|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]] [[metal|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]] ᎤᎾᏅᏛ; ᏏᏴᏫ [[gram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏌᏊ [[square meter|ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ]], ᎠᎴ [[ounce|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᎾᎾᎯ 300 [[square foot|ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ]]. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[copper|ᎠᏥᏱ]] ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ redder ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, [[iron|ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, [[aluminium]] ᎩᎨᏍᏗ, [[platinum]] ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ [[bismuth]] ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ &amp;mdash; ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20% ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[electrum]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ whiter ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Relative density|ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ [[heat|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᎴ [[electricity|ᎢᏳᏊ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Earth's atmosphere|ᎤᏃᎴ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[reagent|ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ]]. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, [[oxygen|ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[corrosion|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ chemical ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[coin|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[jewelry|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]; ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, [[halogen]]ᏫᎵ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ [[aqua regia|ᎠᎹ regia]] ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ [[oxidation state|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ +1 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) ᎠᎴ aurous ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ) ᎠᎴ +3 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᎴ auric ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ [[reduction (chemistry)|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitated]] atsinuqowisgv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[oxidation|oxidized]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ Reith ᎯᎠ Australian ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ precipitating ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/enviro/EnviroRepublish_1032376.htm | title=Environment &amp; Nature News - Bugs grow gold that looks like coral - 28/01/2004 | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 5.90×10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;.

==ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ==
ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[alloy|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[jewelry|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]], [[Coin|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[money|ᎠᏕᎳ]] ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[carat (purity)|karats]] (k), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 24k. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ 22k, 18k, ᎠᎴ 14k. ᎡᎳᏗᎨ &quot;k&quot; ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ. ᏂᎦᏚ karat ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎠᏥᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[bronze|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ. ᏁᎳᏚ karat ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏘ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏱ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ karat ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ alloyed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ karat ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ&quot;, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[sterling silver|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]]. Karat ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ chemical properties, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[20th century|20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ connectors.
                 
*ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[gold thread|ᎠᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[embroidery|ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]].
*ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[computer|ᎡᎵᏍ]], tsunadatvgotanv ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, [[spacecraft]], [[jet aircraft|ᎤᏪᏴ aircraft]] ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ.
*ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[Electroplating|electroplated]] ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ connectors ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ.
*ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[crown (dentistry)|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ]] ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ [[bridge (dentistry)|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ malleablity ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ incisors ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎦᎵᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.
*[[Colloidal gold|Colloidal ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ [[nanoparticle]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ [[color|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ labs ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ, biological ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ [[ceramic|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ.
*[[Chlorauric acid|Chlorauric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[photography|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
*[[Gold(III) chloride|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[catalyst]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[organic chemistry|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ [[Inorganic compound|ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ]].
* ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ enabling biological ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[scanning electron microscope|scanning electron ᎢᎦᎢ]].
* ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Nobel Prize|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]], ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ [[medal|ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎯᎠ winner (ᎬᏙᏗ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎾᎿᎢ finisher, ᎠᎴ [[bronze|ᏬᏗᎨ]] ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ.)
*ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ infrared ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[satellite|ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ astronauts' ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.
*[[Disodium aurothiomalate]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rheumatoid [[arthritis]] (administered intramuscularly). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ [[lymphocyte]] proliferation, [[lysosome|lysosomal]] enzyme ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ [[reactive oxygen species|reactive ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[macrophage]], ᎠᎴ [[IL-1]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ photosensitive [[rash|ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ]]es, gastrointestinal ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ [[kidney|ᏧᏓᎵ]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
*ᎯᎠ isotope ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-198, ([[half-life|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]: 2.7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[cancer|ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]] ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ.
*ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[varak]] ᎠᎴ (varaq) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]. ᎤᎲᎢ Ꮭ reactivity ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ Ꮭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᎪᎸᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ delicacies ($1,000 ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏦᏕ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ radioisotopes (ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
*[[White gold|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ [[platinum]], [[palladium|ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]], [[nickel|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ [[zinc|ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ]]) ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ platinum.
*ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ/[[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]] ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ specialized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ (ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ([[rose gold|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]]).

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Image:Tutanchamun_Maske.jpg|thumb|right|Funerary ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ  [[Tutankhamun]]]]

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[human|ᏴᏫ]]ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[2600 BCE]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Tushratta]] ᎯᎠ [[Mitanni]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt. Egypt ᎠᎴ [[Nubia]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ  ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Old Testament|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ [[Black Sea|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi [[Midas]], ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Lydia]] ᎠᏰᎵ [[630s BCE|643 ᎠᎴ 630 BCE]].

ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fueled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ displayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], [[Peru]], ᎠᎴ [[Colombia]].

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[precious metal|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[currency|currencies]] (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[gold standard|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ]]) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ properties (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[gold album|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ]]). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Thomas More|Thomas ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ [[Utopia (book)|''ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ'']]. ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ-ᏗᎦᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎷᏨ, ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏅᏯᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ-ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ examining ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎯᎠ ''ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ'' ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Mohs' scale of mineral hardness|Mohs' ᏗᎦᏛᏗ  ᎪᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ purer ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎶᏄᎮᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ softer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tsuqagutanvsv ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ geologically; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, 75% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[1910]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.goldsheetlinks.com/production2.htm | title=GOLDSHEET - YEARLY and CUMULATIVE WORLD GOLD PRODUCTION CHARTS | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏦᎢ [[1 E2 m|20 m]] (66 ft) ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ (8000 m³).

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[alchemy|alchemists]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[lead|ᎦᏂ]] &amp;mdash; presumably ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ mythical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ [[philosopher's stone|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏯ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᏝ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ alchemists promoted ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ [[chemistry|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ]]. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ [[circle with a point at its centre|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ  ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ]] (☉), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ [[astrology|astrological]] ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ [[Egypt]]ian [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Chinese character|Chinese ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]] (ᎾᏊ 日). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[gold synthesis|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]].

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], [[gold rush|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ]]es ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[California gold rush|California]], [[Colorado gold rush|Colorado]], [[Central Otago goldrush|Otago]], [[Australian gold rushes|Australian]], [[Witwatersrand]], [[Black Hills|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ]], ᎠᎴ [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ rushes.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mined ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ.

==ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ==
{{See also|:Category:Gold minerals}}
[[Image:GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|200px| ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ]]
[[Image:Native gold nuggets.jpg|200px|right|thumb|ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ California (ᎦᏚᎢ) ᎠᎴ Australia (ᎭᏫᏂ), ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ [[octahedron|octahedral]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ]]
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ chemical ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[gold nugget|ᎤᏝᏅᎯ]]) ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎢ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ [[quartz|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vein|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎠᎴ sulfide ᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ sulfide ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ [[pyrite]], [[chalcopyrite]], [[galena]], [[sphalerite]], [[arsenopyrite]], [[stibnite]] ᎠᎴ [[pyrrhotite]]. Rarer ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ [[petzite]], [[calaverite]], [[sylvanite]], [[muthmannite]], [[nagyagite]] ᎠᎴ [[krennerite]].

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Crust (geology)|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 0.03 [[gram|g]]/1000 [[kilogram|kg]] (0.03 [[Parts per million|ppm]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). [[Hydrothermal]] [[ore|ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic ᏅᏯ]]ᎠᎴ [[igneous rock|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏅᏯ]]; [[alluvial deposit|ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[placer deposit|placer ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ]]ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.

[[Image:Gold ravine.JPG|thumb|left|200px|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ enrichment ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ: ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ chemical ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ processes ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[erosion|ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ [[metamorphism]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sulfide ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ termed ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᎦᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ eroded, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ    ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ placer ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sedimentary|ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ]] ᎬᎿᎨ [[shale]] ᎠᎴ [[limestone]] ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ disseminated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[platinum group metals|platinum ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]].

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎢ 0.1 2 [[milligram|mg]]/[[tonne|t]] (0.1 2 [[Parts per billion|ppb]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.

==ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ==
{{main|Gold prospecting|Gold mining|Gold extraction}}
[[Image:Gold mine.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ   ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, Australia]]
[[Image:GoldOreUSGOV.jpg|200px|right|thumb|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ]]
ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ [[gold extraction|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ achieved ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ mined ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[open-pit mining|ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ [[hard rock mining|ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏅᏯ]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ agatoli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1880s, [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ world’s ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1970 accounted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 79% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 [[tonne]]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 342 tonnes. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ kanquotsegi ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ [[Johannesburg]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Orange Free State|ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Transvaal]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎠᏆᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ [[Second Boer War|ᏔᎵᏁ Boer ᏓᏄᏩ]] [[1899]]&amp;ndash;[[1901]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ [[British Empire|ᎩᎵᏏ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ [[Boers]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎦᎴᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa.
[[Image:Nugsrandt.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Arizona]]
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[Canada]], [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ [[Western Australia|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Australia]]. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South Dakota|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Dakota]] ᎠᎴ [[Nevada]] ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. [[Siberian|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ  [[Russia]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. [[Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ [[Pascua Lama|Pascua ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]] ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ [[Atacama]], ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Chile]] ᎠᎴ [[Argentina]]. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ  ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ artisanal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Removal of Barriers to the Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining | url=http://www.unido.org/file-storage/download/?file_id=10644 | last=Beinhoff | first=Christian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Wohlwill process|Wohlwill ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Miller process|ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]].  ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[parting and inquartation|ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ inquartation]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[cuppelation]], ᎠᎴ refining ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[aqua regia|ᎠᎹ regia]].

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1-2 ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ). [[Fritz Haber]] (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ [[Haber process|Haber ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]]) ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ [[First World War|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]]. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unduly ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified.  [[Gold synthesis|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ foreseeable ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.  

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ $238 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[troy ounce|troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ mining ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, global ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏨᎩ 2,604 tonnes, ᎠᎴ 67% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 2001, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ mined totalled 145,000 tonnes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.gold.org/discover/knowledge/faqs/ | title=World Gold Council &gt; discover &gt; gold knowledge &gt; frequently asked questions | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ==
{{main|Gold as an investment|Gold standard}}

[[Image:LBMA Au AM USD 2001-06042006.png|thumb|right|330px|LBMA USD ᏑᎾᎴᎢ [[Gold Fix|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ fixings]] ($ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 2001]]

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[troy weight|troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ [[gram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ alloyed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''[[carat (purity)|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''karat'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎬᏙᏗ 24 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ [[gold bar|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0 1, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[millesimal fineness|ᎯᏍᎩᏁ fineness]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.995.

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Gold Fixing|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[London]], originating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919, ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ benchmark ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[gold standard|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ]] ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[weight|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ  [[troy weight|troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ $20.67 ($664.56/kg), ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1934]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revalued $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1125.27/kg). ᎾᎥᎢ 1961 ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ European adel didiyi ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ devaluation ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎿ [[17 March|17 ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ]] [[1968]], ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1.13/g) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ; ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1975 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎠᏰᎵ adel didiyi ᏙᎢ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[official gold reserves|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[store of value|ᎠᏓᎾᏅ  ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ lyudetiyvda. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Federal Reserve Bank|Ꭴ.. ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]].

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1968 ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ranged ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ $850/oz ($27,300/kg) ᎾᎿ [[21 January|21 ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ]] [[1980]], ᎡᎳᏗ $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) ᎾᎿ [[21 June|21 ᏕᎭᎷᏱ]] [[1999]] (London ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://kitco.com/LFgif/au75-pres.gif | title=kitko.com: GOLD - London PM Fix 1975 - present (GIF) | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎿ [[11 May|11 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ]] [[2006]] ᎯᎠ London ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ $715.50/oz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.lbma.org.uk/statistics_current.htm | title=London Gold &amp; Silver Statistics from the LBMA | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 2005 ᎯᎠ [[World Gold Council|ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,859 tonnes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,754 tonnes, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ 105 tonnes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.gold.org/value/stats/statistics/gold_demand/index.html | title=World Gold Council &gt; value &gt; research &amp; statistics &gt; statistics &gt; supply and demand statistics | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ==
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ [[asset|ᎠᎦᎵᏯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ restricted ᎠᎴ banned. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎠᏰᎵ 1933 ᎠᎴ 1975. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] expropriated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ  [[Executive Order 6102|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 6102]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Richard Nixon]] ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.

== ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ==
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ [[noble metal|ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, [[gold(III) chloride|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] (ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ[[chlorine|ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ]]&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) ᎠᎴ chlorauric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ([[hydrogen|H]]AuCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) (aurous, univalent, +1) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) (auric, trivalent, +3). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ +5 ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ +7 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[fluorine]] (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ pentafluoride, AuF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ heptafluoride, AuF&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ -1 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; [[anion]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''aurides'' ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[caesium]] auride, CsAu, rubidium auride, [[rubidium|Rb]]ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ tetramethylammonium auride, (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ:
*ᎯᎠ AuCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; ion ᎤᎶᏐᏅ dissolving ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[aqua regia|ᎠᎹ regia]]
*[[Gold halide|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ halide]]([[fluorine|F]],[[chlorine|ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ]],[[bromine|Br]],[[iodine|ᎠᏯ]])
*[[Gold chalcogenides|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ chalcogenides]] ([[oxygen|O]], [[sulfur|sulfur]], [[selenium|Se]],[[tellurium|Te]])
*[[Gold cyanide|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ(CN)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;/sup&gt; ion, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[potassium gold cyanide|potassium ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]] KAu(CN)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
*[[Gold cluster compound|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ]]
*ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ [[hydrazine|hydrazide]]: ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, AuN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ archaically ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''aurum fulminans''

''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ [[:Category:Gold compounds|Gold compounds]].''

== Isotopes ==

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ [[isotope]] ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ 18 [[radioisotope]]ᎬᏙᏗ &lt;sup&gt;195&lt;/sup&gt;ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[half-life|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] 186 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[Salted bomb|ᎠᎹ]]&quot; ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[nuclear weapon|nuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]]([[cobalt|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ). ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, irradiated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ neutron ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ exploding thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ isotope ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ-198 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ 2.697 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ .411 [[MeV]] [[Gamma ray|gamma ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]], ᎦᏛᎬᎢ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ radioactivity ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, tested, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.

==ᏅᏬᏘ==
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. [[Liver|ᎤᏪᎳ]] ᎠᎴ [[kidney|ᏧᏓᎵ]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 50% arthritis ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ safest ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ-coated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ nano-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[toxin]]-[[indicator|ᎪᎯᏳᏙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4872188.stm | title=BBC NEWS | Technology | Gold nanoparticles to trap toxins | accessdate=2006-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Aurum Metallicum (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[homeopathic|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.

==ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ==
[[Image:3sovriegns.jpg|thumb|right|150px|ᏦᎢ [[gold sovereign|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ  [[Krugerrand]]]]
[[Image:Goldkey_logo_removed.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Swiss minted 1 kg [[gold bar|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ]].]]

ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ extremities ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Exodus|ᎪᏪᎵ  ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ [[Golden Calf|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[idolatry|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Communist|ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ]] [[propaganda|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ]], ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[pocket watch|ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏩᏥ]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ accessories ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ [[tycoon|ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ]]. [[Credit card|adatudi ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ]] ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ colouring ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ--ᎯᎠ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ “gold;” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ atsinuqowisgv-ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, [[platinum]] (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ-ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ [[Centurion Card|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ]]) ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Genesis|ᎪᏪᎵ  ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ]], [[Abraham|ᎡᏆᎭᎻ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ [[silver|ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ]]. ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ [[orator|ᎠᏏᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[John Chrysostom|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Chrysostom]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ “mouth ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏅᎪ.” ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ anniversaries, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 50-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[wedding anniversary|ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ]], [[golden jubilee|ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎡᏆ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ rewarded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ. Winners ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Olympic Games|Olympic ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Nobel Prize|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]]), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Academy Awards|ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]], ᎯᎠ [[Emmy Awards|Emmy ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]], ᎯᎠ [[Palme d'Or|Palme d'ᎠᎴ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[British Academy Film Awards|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]).

lyudetiyvda ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ inaugurated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ [[anointing|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ symbolizing ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Orthodox Christianity|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ geographic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sicily]].

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Sun|ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;references /&gt;
*[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/79.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &amp;ndash; Gold]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[22/22k]]
* [[Carat (purity)|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ)]]
* [[Colloidal gold|Colloidal ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]]
* [[Gold as an investment|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]
* [[Gold coin|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Precious metal|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]]
* [[Digital gold currency|Digital ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]]
* [[Hallmark]]
* [[Altay Mountains|Altay ᏙᏓᎸ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Commons|Gold}}
{{wiktionary|gold}}
*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index.html WebElements.com &amp;ndash; Gold] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ)
*[http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/gold/gold.htm Mineral Galleries - Native Gold]
*[http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html ''Getting Gold'' 1898 book]
*[http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold]

[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Gold]]
[[Category:Precious metals]]

{{Link FA|cs}}
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{{Link FA|fr}}

&lt;!-- The below are interlanguage links. --&gt;

[[af:Goud]]
[[ar:ذهب]]
[[ast:Oru]]
[[ay:Quri]]
[[bg:Злато]]
[[bs:Zlato]]
[[ca:Or]]
[[co:Oru]]
[[cs:Zlato]]
[[cy:Aur]]
[[da:Guld]]
[[de:Gold]]
[[el:Χρυσός]]
[[en:Gold]]
[[eo:Oro]]
[[es:Oro]]
[[et:Kuld]]
[[eu:Urre]]
[[fa:طلا]]
[[fi:Kulta]]
[[fr:Or]]
[[gd:Òr]]
[[gl:Ouro (elemento)]]
[[he:זהב]]
[[hi:सोना]]
[[hr:Zlato]]
[[hu:Arany]]
[[hy:Ոսկի]]
[[id:Emas]]
[[io:Oro]]
[[is:Gull]]
[[it:Oro]]
[[ja:金]]
[[jbo:solji]]
[[ko:금]]
[[ku:Zêr]]
[[la:Aurum]]
[[lb:Gold]]
[[li:Goud]]
[[lt:Auksas]]
[[lv:Zelts]]
[[mk:Злато]]
[[ms:Emas]]
[[nl:Goud]]
[[nn:Gull]]
[[no:Gull]]
[[nrm:Or]]
[[oc:Aur]]
[[pl:Złoto]]
[[pt:Ouro]]
[[qu:Quri]]
[[ro:Aur]]
[[ru:Золото]]
[[scn:Oru]]
[[sh:Zlato]]
[[simple:Gold]]
[[sk:Zlato]]
[[sl:Zlato]]
[[sr:Злато]]
[[sv:Guld]]
[[ta:தங்கம்]]
[[th:ทองคำ]]
[[tl:Ginto]]
[[tr:Altın]]
[[ug:ئالتۇن]]
[[uk:Золото]]
[[vi:Vàng]]
[[zh:金]]
[[zh-min-nan:Au (goân-sò͘)]]
[[zh-yue:金]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᏢᏅ</title>
    <id>2813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9131</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T06:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Image:NCI_butter.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ (pictured) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ, ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:NCI_butter.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ (pictured) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ   [[butter knife|ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ]].]]
'''ᎪᏢᏅ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[dairy product|ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ]] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[churning (butter)|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ]] ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ [[fermentation|fermented]] [[cream (food)|ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ]] ᎠᎴ [[milk|ᎤᏅᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[spread (food)|ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[condiment|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cooking|ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ]] ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.  ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[butterfat]] dagatuwisdisgv ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏗ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[cattle|ᏩᎦ]]' ᎤᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏐᎢ [[mammal|gantlai]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[sheep|ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]], [[goat|ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ]], [[Water Buffalo|ᏯᎾᏌ]], ᎠᎴ [[yak|gantlai]]. [[Edible salt|ᎠᎹ]], [[flavoring|ᎠᏑᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[preservative|ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ. [[Kitchen rendering|ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ [[clarified butter|clarified ᎪᏢᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ''[[ghee|ᎪᎢ]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ butterfat.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[refrigerated]], ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎠᎴ  ᎡᎷᏪᎢ spreadable ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ [[room temperature|ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 32&amp;ndash;35&amp;nbsp;°C (90&amp;ndash;95&amp;nbsp;°F). ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[yellow|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ manipulated ᎬᏙᏗ [[food coloring|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[annatto|ᎩᎦᎨ]] ᎠᎴ [[carotene]].

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[purée]]d ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ [[peanut|tuya aniladisgi]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[peanut butter|tuya aniladisgi ᎪᏢᏅ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[apple butter|ᏒᎦᏔ ᎪᏢᏅ]]. ᏐᎢ [[fat|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]]ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ&quot;; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[cocoa butter|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[shea butter|shea ᎪᏢᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ&quot;, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎪᏢᏅ'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[English language|ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]], ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Germanic languages|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]]) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ''butyrum'', utolasv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ''boutyron''. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᏩᎦ-ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ&quot; (''bous'' &quot;ᏩᎦ ᎡᏳᏍᏗ, ᏩᎦ&quot; + ''ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ'' &quot;ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ&quot;), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utolasv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[Scythian languages|Scythian]].&lt;ref&gt;Douglas ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ''Online ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ'' ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=butter ''butter'']. Retrieved 27 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[butyric acid|butyric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Rancidification|ᎤᏲᎢ]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ.

==ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Butter Fügen.jpg|right|thumb|280px|ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ  ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ-controlled ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ.]]
{{main|Churning (butter)}}

[[Homogenization|Unhomogenized]] ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[butterfat]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ [[membrane|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[phospholipid]]([[fatty acid|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] [[emulsifier]]) ᎠᎴ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ agitating ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, separating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ consistencies, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ butterfat ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ butterfat, butterfat [[crystals|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ]], ᎠᎴ undamaged ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ consistencies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ.  

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[pasteurization|pasteurized]] ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 80&amp;nbsp;°C (180&amp;nbsp;°F). ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ churned, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5&amp;nbsp;°C (40&amp;nbsp;°F) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ butterfat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[buttermilk|ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ]]&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ fermented skimmed ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ rinsing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ&quot;: pressed ᎠᎴ kneaded ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[scotch hands|ᎦᏁᎳ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ embedded ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80% butterfat ᎠᎴ 15% ᎠᎹ; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 65% ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 30% ᎠᎹ. Butterfat ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ [[hydrocarbon]] ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[triglyceride]], [[ester]] derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[glycerol]] ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ [[fatty acid|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[rancidification|ᎤᏲᎢ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[butyric acid|butyric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎠᎴ [[diacetyl]].

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏢᏅ==
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ milkings ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ fermented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ fermented ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''cultured ᎪᏢᏅ'''. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[bacterium|ᎢᎦᎢ]] ᎤᎧᏛ [[lactose|ᎤᏅᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᎾᎾᎯ [[lactic acid|lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[diacetyl]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ fuller-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ &quot;ᎠᏓᎾᏅ&quot; ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pasteurized ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ''[[Lactococcus]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Leuconostoc]]'' ᎢᎦᎢ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ bacterial ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎯᎠ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ aging ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ-ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ. 

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[pasteurization|pasteurized]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ [[pathogen]]ic ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[microbe|ᎢᎦᎢ]]. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pasteurized ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ'''. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[refrigeration|ᎦᎸᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ separator.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ cultured unpasteurized ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ'''. ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ &quot;cleaner&quot; ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ-ᎤᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ pasteurization ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ. 

ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[Continental Europe|ᎦᏙᎯ Europe]], cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ labeled ''European-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ '''spreadable ᎪᏢᏅ''' ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ softer ᎾᎾᎢ colder ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ chemical ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ incorporating [[vegetable oil|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎪᎢ]]ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. '''Whipped ᎪᏢᏅ''', ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ spreadable, ᎨᏒᎢ aerated ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ [[nitrogen]] ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ&amp;mdash; ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ [[oxidation|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[rancidification|ᎤᏲᎢ]].

ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ salted ᎠᎴ unsalted ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. Salted ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎣᏌᏂ, ᎢᎦᎢ [[edible salt|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ [[brine|ᎠᎹᎭ]] ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ salted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ blander ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ uncultured ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[preservative|ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]].

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[butterfat]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ&quot; ᎠᏎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ 80% butterfat ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ, averaging yvwatuwidv 81%.  European-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 85% butterfat. '''[[Clarified butter|Clarified ᎪᏢᏅ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ butterfat. Clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ Ꮝ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ settling, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, [[whey]] ᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ butterfat ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ poured ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ [[casein|ᏨᏕᎨᏫ]] ᏤᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. '''[[Ghee|ᎪᎢ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ (120&amp;nbsp;°C/250&amp;nbsp;°F) ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ [[antioxidant]]ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎪᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
[[Image:ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Ancient butter-making techniques were still practiced in the early 20th century. Picture taken from March 1914 ''[[National Geographic]]''.]]

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ [[dairy farming|ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ]], ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Mesopotamia]]n ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ 9000 ᎠᎴ 8000&amp;nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[sheep|ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[goat|ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ; [[cattle|ᏩᎦ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[domestication|ᎫᏄᏡᏂ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ.&lt;ref&gt;ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ McGee p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Africa]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Near East|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ sealed. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ rocked ᎠᎴ fro iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi.

ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ [[Mediterranean Sea|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] ᎠᎴ [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, unclarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ&amp;mdash; ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ [[cheese|ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece ᎠᎴ Rome ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ [[barbarian|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ [[Anaxandrides]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[Thracians]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''boutyrophagoi'', &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dalby p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Pliny's Natural History|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ]] ᏓᏯᏂ ᎪᏢᏅ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ properties.&lt;ref&gt;Bostock ᎠᎴ Riley ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;query=chapter%3D%232043;layout=;loc=28.36|Book Book 28, chapter 35].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Dalby ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ translated ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[ghee|ᎪᎢ]]. ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ  ᎯᎠ Erythraean ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ 1st sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi CE [[Arabian Sea|Arabian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ geographer [[Strabo]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ [[Arabia|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]].&lt;ref&gt;Dalby p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[Agni]], ᎯᎠ [[Hindu]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Rig Veda|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ Veda]], circa 1500&amp;ndash;1200&amp;nbsp;BCE. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ [[Krishna|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ prehistory, ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ [[staple food|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ. 

[[Image:MakingButter1499.jpg|left|thumb|230px|ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏴ, ''ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Kalendrier ᏕᏍ Bergères'', ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, 1499.]]

ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. [[Scandinavia]] ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ: ᎪᏢᏅ. [http://webexhibits.org/butter/history-firkins.html Ancient Firkins].&lt;/ref&gt; ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ Rome ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ [[Middle Ages|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ consumed ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[peasant|ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ [[Roman Catholic Church|ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ]] ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Lent|ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ]]. [[Bread|ᎦᏚ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏦᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ [[middle class|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 33, &quot;ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe&amp;mdash;[[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Iceland]], ᎠᎴ Scandinavia&amp;mdash;ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ-ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ([[firkin|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[peat|ᎪᏛᏙᏗ]] [[bog|tlawotui]], ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏯᏛᎿ &quot;tlawotui ᎪᏢᏅ&quot; ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ, airless, [[antiseptic|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[acid|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]ic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ tlawotui. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ &quot;grayish ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 11th&amp;ndash;14th centuries; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ: ᎪᏢᏅ. [http://webexhibits.org/butter/history-firkins.html Ancient Firkins].&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[France]], ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ireland, ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Normandy]] ᎠᎴ [[Brittany]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1860s, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France Ꮎ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Napoleon III of France|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]] ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ France ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869, [[Hippolyte Mège-Mouriés|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ [[margarine]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ margarine ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[beef|ᏩᎦ ᎦᎵᏣᏔᏅ]] [[tallow|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ margarines ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ yvwatuwidv 1900.

iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1860s, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ [[cheese|ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ]] ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1870s, ᎯᎠ [[centrifuge|ᎤᏣᏘᎾ]] ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ separator ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ, marketed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sweden|Swedish]] ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ [[Gustav de Laval|Carl Gustaf Patrik ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Laval]]. ᎪᎯ dramatically ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ eliminating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ-ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1900, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ; Europe ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ margarine, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ, iyuwakodi ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ healthier. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, margarine ᎤᏲᏨᎯ overtook ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1950s&lt;ref&gt;ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ: ᎪᏢᏅ. [http://webexhibits.org/butter/consumption-butter-fat.html Eating less butter, and more fat].&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ margarine ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [http://www.imace.org/graphique/prod-eu.htm this chart] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Margarine ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Europe [http://www.imace.org/margarine/stat.htm statistics]. Retrieved 4 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ==

[[Image:DRFButter.jpg|thumb| ᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎬᎩᎶᏍᏗ  ᎪᏢᏅ]]
[[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, dedicating ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ [[ghee|ᎪᎢ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ 1,470,000&amp;nbsp;[[tonne|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni]] ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (522,000&amp;nbsp;ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ France (466,000), [[Germany]] (442,000), ᎠᎴ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] (307,000). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, Germany ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ 578,000&amp;nbsp;ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ France (528,000), [[Russia]] (514,000), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (505,000). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏅ domestically. ᎢᏤ Zealand, [[Australia]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Ukraine]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (1999). [http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1999/99-07dairy/toc.htm Dairy: Word Markets and Trade]. Retrieved 1 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2005. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[European Union|European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]], ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ inconsistencies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ clarified butterfat ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ).&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ varieties ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ''[[Smen]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ spiced [[Morocco|Moroccan]] clarified ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. [[Yak|gantlai]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Tibet]]; ''[[tsampa]]'', [[barley]] ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. [[Butter tea|ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Himalaya]]n ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Tibet, [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ [[tea|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ &amp;mdash; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎤᏲᎢ&quot;&amp;mdash;gantlai ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Africa]]n ᎠᎴ [[Asia]]n [[developing country|ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ workable ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ fermented ᎤᏅᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;Crawford ''ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ'', ᎢᎦᏛ B, ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ch. 1: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E15.htm#ch1 Butter]. Retrieved 28 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ==
ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ spreadable ᏗᏙᎳᎩ yvwatuwidv 15&amp;nbsp;°C (60&amp;nbsp;°F), ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ [[refrigerator|ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ]] ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ&quot; ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. iyuwakodi ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[New Zealand|ᎢᏤ Zealand]] featured &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ conditioner&quot;, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ&amp;mdash;ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ&amp;mdash;ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ukwhitegoods.co.uk/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=668 Bring back butter conditioners]. Retrieved 27 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2005. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ phased atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[energy conservation|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ wrapped ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hastened ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ. Wrapped ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [http://www.joyofbaking.com/butter.html joyofbaking.com], unsalted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ salted ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;[[Acadian]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ&quot; ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ.  ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ overheating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ countertop ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ spoilage.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ softened, [[spice|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], [[herb|ᎦᎪᏘ]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ''. ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, sliced, ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi onto ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ [[dessert|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]; ᏯᏛᎿ [[hard sauce|ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[distilled beverage|ᏗᏓᏅᏙ]]. 

[[Image:Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Hollandaise sauce|Hollandaise ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ [[asparagus]] ᎠᎴ [[potato|ᏄᎾ]]es.]]
Melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ [[sauce|ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[French cuisine|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. ''[[Beurre noisette]]'' (hazel ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎠᎴ ''[[Beurre noir]]'' (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ [[vinegar|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎠᎴ [[lemon juice|ᎴᎹᏂ ᎦᏁᎲ]]. [[Hollandaise sauce|Hollandaise]] ᎠᎴ [[bearnaise sauce|béarnaise]] ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ [[emulsion|ᏤᎵ]][[egg (food)|ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ]] ᎠᎴ melted ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ [[mayonnaise]]ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎢ. Hollandaise ᎠᎴ béarnaise ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ [[emulsifiers]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏰᎵᏊ emulsifiers&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ&amp;mdash;ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. ''[[Beurre blanc|Beurre ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]]'' (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]], ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ''Beurre monté'' (ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ unflavored ''beurre ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ'' ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ adatolasdodi Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ&quot; ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ: ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎹ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ thicker ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ&amp;mdash;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ McGee, pp. 36 (''beurre noisette'' ᎠᎴ ''beurre noir''), 632 (''beurre ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ'' ᎠᎴ ''beurre monté''), ᎠᎴ 635&amp;ndash;636 (hollandaise ᎠᎴ béarnaise).&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[sautéing]] ᎠᎴ [[frying|ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 150&amp;nbsp;°C (250&amp;nbsp;°F)&amp;mdash;ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ [[smoke point|ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]] butterfat ᎨᏒᎢ yvwatuwidv 200&amp;nbsp;°C (400&amp;nbsp;°F), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.&lt;ref&gt;McGee p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ gantlai ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ cultural ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.

ᎪᏢᏅ kalil ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[baking|ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[lard|ᎪᎢ]], [[suet|ᎪᎢ]], ᎠᎴ [[shortening|ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[cookie|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[dough|ᎦᏓᏆᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[cake|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ]] [[batter (cooking)|ᎠᏑᎨᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[leavening agent|ᏑᏓᎴᎩ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ [[creaming|ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ locked ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ aerate ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[shortbread]] ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. [[Pastry|Pastries]] ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[pie|ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ]] ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ atsinuqowisgv. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ.

==ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Butter, unsalted | kJ=2999 | protein=1 g | fat=81 g | carbs=0 g | vitA_ug=684 | satfat=51 g | monofat=21 g | polyfat=3 g | opt1n=[[Cholesterol]] | opt1v=215 mg | right=1 | source_usda=1 | note=Fat percentage can vary.&lt;br/&gt;See also [[Butter#Types of butter|ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ  ᎪᏢᏅ]]. }}
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ [[tablespoon|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎪᏢᏅ (14&amp;nbsp;[[gram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]]) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 100&amp;nbsp;[[calorie]], ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, 11&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 7&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ [[saturated fat|ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]], ᎠᎴ 30&amp;nbsp;[[milligram|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]][[cholesterol]].&lt;ref&gt;ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-A00001-01c0000.html nutritiondata.com]. Retrieved 27 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ cholesterol. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ contributor ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[heart disease|ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ margarine ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unsaturated ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ cholesterol. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ accepted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[trans fat|trans ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]]ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[Hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ margarines ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ &quot;ᎤᏲᎢ&quot; [[LDL cholesterol]] ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/cholmonth/q_a.htm Q&amp;A about Saturated Fat, Trans Fat, and Cholesterol] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ (Ꭴ..) ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᏧᏪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ (2005). Retrieved 15 ᎫᏬᏂ 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Trans-ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ margarines ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ.

ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[lactose]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[lactose intolerance|lactose ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ]].&lt;ref&gt;ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ [http://www.gastro.net.au/diets/lactose.html here], ᏌᏊ [[teaspoon|ᎤᏏ ᎠᏗᏙᏗ]] ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 0.03&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ lactose; ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 400 itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ.&lt;/ref&gt; ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ [[milk allergy|ᎤᏅᏗ allergies]] ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎠ allergy-causing ᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ.&lt;ref&gt;Allergy ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa. [http://www.allergysa.org/milk.htm Milk Allergy &amp; Intolerance]. Retrieved 27 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
*{{cite book | author=McGee, Harold | title=On Food and Cooking (Revised Edition) | publisher=Scribner | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-684-80001-2}}  pp 33-39, &quot;ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ Margarine&quot;
*Dalby, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ (2003). [http://print.google.com/print?id=FtIXAe2qYDgC&amp;pg=PA65&amp;lpg=PA65&amp;dq=ancient+butter&amp;prev=http://print.google.com/print%3Fq%3Dancient%2Bbutter&amp;sig=v4KcVHbXcBCMmULupU9KFzYnlXg&amp;pli=1&amp;auth=DQAAAHAAAACYAYxkiTnWQ0KAe-pRGBmICRGf4VimZixegL-rO7AefEADSeL6thpbja9LWlwSM4q-WeiSoMP5lcSgYFwL-K2PlkuXV0nBolXoV0JwLiCVBmvIGHwc6C07ulnlPccx95CDDkDvA1Wa9WBClyLkoEFf Food in the Ancient World from A to Z], 65. Google ᎦᎴᏯᏛ. ISBN 0-415-23259-7 (accessed ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 16, 2005). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Routledge (UK).
*Michael Douma (ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ). [http://webexhibits.org/butter WebExhibits' Butter pages]. Retrieved ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 21, 2005.
*{{cite book | author=Crawford, R.J.M. ''et al'' | title=The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year=1990 | id=ISBN 92-5-102899-0}} [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E00.htm Full text online]
*Grigg, David B. (Nov 7, 1974). [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;hl=en&amp;id=16-ejysyRCgC&amp;dq=butter+laval&amp;prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Dbutter%2Blaval&amp;lpg=PA196&amp;pg=PA196&amp;sig=FMjjtQ1Ex4GVeE4TE1rZpl2ESlw The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach], 196-198. Google ᎦᎴᏯᏛ. ISBN 0-521-09843-2 (accessed ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 28, 2005). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{cookbook}}
*[http://www.milkingredients.ca/dcp/article_e.asp?catid=145&amp;page=216  Composition and characteristics of butter, The Canadian Dairy Commission]
*[http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/butter.html  Manufacture of butter, The University of Guelph]

[[Category:Butter|*]]

[[als:Butter]]
[[ar:زبدة]]
[[ca:Mantega]]
[[cs:Máslo]]
[[cy:Menyn]]
[[da:Smør]]
[[de:Butter]]
[[en:Butter]]
[[es:Mantequilla]]
[[eo:Butero]]
[[fr:Beurre]]
[[id:Mentega]]
[[it:Burro]]
[[he:חמאה]]
[[la:Butyrum]]
[[lt:Sviestas]]
[[nl:Echte Boter]]
[[ja:バター]]
[[no:Smør]]
[[pl:Masło]]
[[pt:Manteiga]]
[[ru:Масло коровье]]
[[simple:Butter]]
[[sk:Maslo]]
[[fi:Voi]]
[[sv:Smör]]
[[ta:வெண்ணெய்]]
[[zh:奶油]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:ᎠᏲᎵ</title>
    <id>2814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9136</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-30T17:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>209.74.96.60</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix header</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Image replacement==
[[:Image:NaomiSzeto_2006-01-13.jpg]] should be replaced with [[:Image:Asian girl with dimples.jpg]]. However, I'm reluctant to do this myself since I don't have the correct font installed so I see a bunch of question marks and I really don't want to replace all the text with question marks instead, so someone please take care of this. --[[:en:User:Howcheng]] 17:45, 30 November 2006 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᏣᎷᎦ</title>
    <id>2815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9139</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T22:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Image:Cornbread.jpg|right]]

'''ᏣᎷᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ [[quick bread|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎦᏚ]](ᎦᏚ leavened...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cornbread.jpg|right]]

'''ᏣᎷᎦ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ [[quick bread|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎦᏚ]](ᎦᏚ leavened chemically, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ) ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ [[cornmeal]].  ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[maize|ᏎᎷ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, [[polenta]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Italy]].

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Europe]]ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.  [[Native Americans|ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.  Europeans ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏛᏍᎩ cornmeal ᎾᎾᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ.  ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ loaves ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

==ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏣᎷᎦ==
ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[soul food|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ.  ᏣᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ baked, ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, steamed.  Steamed ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ mushy, chewier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ cornmeal [[pudding|ᎠᏑᏰᎸᎯ]] ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ. 

===ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-baked ᏣᎷᎦ===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-baked ᏣᎷᎦ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[rural|ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ  ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Southern states|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ [[bacon|ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ]] ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, [[lard|ᎪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-[[Seasoning (cast iron)|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ cornmeal, [[egg (food)|ᎤᏪᏥ]] ᎠᎴ [[buttermilk|ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ]] ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ.  ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ, ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ.  ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚ ᏫᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏣᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, muffins ᎠᎴ loaves.

===ᏎᎷ pone===
ᏎᎷ pone (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏴᏫᏯ pone&quot;) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ cornmeal ᎠᎴ [[hominy|ᎦᏃᎮᎾ]] [[grits|ᏁᏩᏛ]], ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ baked ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[butter|ᎪᏢᏅ]], [[margarine]], ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ ᎪᎢ.  ᏎᎷ pone ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[Southern U.S. cuisine|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Mark Twain|ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain]]. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ pone ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ crunchy ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ chewy ᎦᏅᏙᎬ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᏎᎷ pone&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ possesses ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ (&quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏎᎷ pone&quot;), ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, folksy ᎠᎴ &quot;hick&quot; ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ (e.g., &quot;ᏎᎷ pone&quot; ᎤᏬᏢᏗ).  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pejorative, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ midwestern Ꭴ..

===ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏣᎷᎦ===
ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎾᎿ rangetop, ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ cornmeal (cornmeal ᎬᏙᏗ [[soda]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ chemical leavener ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ crunchy ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, mushy ᎦᏚ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ (3-4&quot; ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ  ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]] [[flour|ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ&quot; ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

===Jonnycakes===
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ thinner, ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ [[pancake|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏚ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ johnnycake, johnny ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ, [[jonnycake]], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, battercake, [[hoecake|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᏚ,  Shawnee ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, jonakin, ᎠᎴ jonikin. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 'ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 'Shawnee ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ', ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎧᏁᏨ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Midwest ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

===Hushpuppies===
thicker ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ chopped [[onions|ᏒᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ [[beer|ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ [[hushpuppy]], ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ [[fish|ᎠᏣᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ [[seafood]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᏣᎷᎦ (ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎤᏂᎷᏨᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ&quot;) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ [[flour|ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ]], ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ cornmeal, [[milk|ᎤᏅᏗ]], [[egg (food)|ᏧᏪᏥ]], [[leavening agent|ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], [[salt|ᎠᎹ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]], ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎠᎴ sweeter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ.

==ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ aficionados ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ flavorings ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᎠᎴ [[molasses|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ saltier ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Pork rind#Cracklings|cracklins]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]], ᎯᎠ [[Mexico|Mexican]] ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎭ spawned ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏛ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ creamed ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ, [[jalapeño]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ topped ᎬᏙᏗ shredded ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ.

==ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ==
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎷᎦ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sports talk radio|ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]] ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ hungrily, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ substandard ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ offseason, ᎯᎠ [[Detroit Lions|Detroit ᏢᏓᏥ]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[NFC North|NFC ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{cookbookpar|Corn Bread}}
*[[Hushpuppy]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.realcajunrecipes.com/recipes/514.rcr Basic Classic Cornbread recipe at RealCajunRecipes.com]
*[http://www.bread-maker.net/Bread-Types/Corn-Bread.htm A history of Corn Bread]
*[http://members.tripod.com/blinfool/page17.html The Cornbread Chapter]

[[Category:Quick breads]]
[[Category:American breads]]
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]

[[en:cornbread]]
[[nl:Maïsbrood]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ</title>
    <id>2816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9140</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-04T22:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: :''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]] ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. '''[[land grant|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]] ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. '''[[land grant|ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ '''[[patent leather|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ]]'''.''
{{Intellectual property}}
'''ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ [[exclusive right|ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[state|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] patentee (ᎯᎠ [[inventor|ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Term of patent|ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ  iyuwakodi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ regulated, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ (ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[invention|ᏗᏁᏝᎾ]]) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[novelty (patent)|ᎢᏤ]], [[inventive step and non-obviousness|ᏗᏁᏝᎾ]], ᎠᎴ [[utility (patent)|ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ]] ᎠᎴ [[industrial applicability|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ]].

ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ patentee ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ '''ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ''' ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ [[claim (patent)|ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.  ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ patentee ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ patentee ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, [[pharmacology|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]] ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ [[medication|ᏄᏬᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏬᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ regulatory ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[laser]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ broader ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ lasers Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ&quot; ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Latin]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''patere'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ&quot; (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ agoliyedidyi) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''[[letters patent|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ denoted [[royal decree|ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]]ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ [[business|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]es.

== ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ==

ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ [[right|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] ''ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ'' ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ patented [[invention|ᏗᏁᏝᎾ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Term of patent|ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, [[Term of patent|ᎤᏠᏱᎭ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ]].  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ, tohi adedi, mortgaged, ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[sufficiency of disclosure|ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.  ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[patent specification|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[Claim (patent)|ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ]] Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎶᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.  ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ.  ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ analogized ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏢᏗ.  ᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[patentability]].  

ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ exclusionary ᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ infringing ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ patented [[mouse trap|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ]] ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ, ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.  ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ.

ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ [[litigation|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ]](ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ territories (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[France]] ᎠᎴ [[Austria]]) ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ penalties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ.&lt;ref&gt;[[DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary|DLA ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ Rudnick ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Cary]] (2005) ''ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ Europe'', handout ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [http://cecollect.com/ve/ZZf3096aBBft91T940 this link].&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ criminalize ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.  {{cite press release|title=UK patent attorneys welcome clamp down on fake goods but oppose move to criminalize patent infringement|publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys|CIPA]]|date=[[2006-06-22]]|url = http://www.cipa.org.uk/pages/whatsnew/article?6701D3CC-74FD-4B1C-BB73-7C6918A423B4 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ [[injunction|ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]] ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᏎ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ infringer ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ &quot;[[doctrine of equivalents|ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ  ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ]]&quot;).

ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ infringer ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.  ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[patentability]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ licensing.  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [[license|licensing ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ [[contract|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ (ᎯᎠ licensor) ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ licensee ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ licensor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.  ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cross-licensing|ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-licensing]] ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ developers ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.

===ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ entities ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ entities ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏧᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[assignment (law)| ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ]] ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Assignee (Company) Name |url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/patog/week39/OG/help/help.htm#Assignee%20(Company)%20Name  |work=Help Page |publisher= U.S. Copyright and Trademark Office (USPTO) | accessdate=2007-07-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ.  ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ.  

ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.  ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ.

=== ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ===
{{Patent law}}
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ treaties, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ treaties ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ global harmonisation ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ lyadvnehi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.  ᎯᎠ [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ WTO ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, enforcing ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ global ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ  ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1883]].  ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ [[priority right|ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ]]: ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎨᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ.

ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ varies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ [[United States Constitution|ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ]] ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ [[United States Congress|ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ &quot;ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ...&quot; ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ codified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ 35 ᎯᎠ [[United States Code|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Trademark ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ|]][http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode35/usc_sup_01_35.html]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1977 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amended.&lt;ref&gt;ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ [[Supremacy of Parliament|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ  ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[European Patent Convention|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] (EPC) (administered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[European Patent Office|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] (EPO), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Patent Cooperation Treaty|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]] (PCT) (administered ᎾᎥᎢ [[WIPO]] ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 120 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ), Ꮎ centralise ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ.    ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ARIPO, OAPI, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ traties ᏄᎾᏛᏅ African ᎠᎴ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[European patent law|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ EPC ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 30 European ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ [[European Union|European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ [[Malta]].  ᎯᎠ EPO ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ &quot;European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ EPC ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. [http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/e/ar2.html EPC Art. 2(2)] &lt;ref&gt; ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ/Stauder, ''ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ'', Munich, 2003&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎯᎠ EPC ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. 

ᎯᎠ PCT ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ procedural ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ PCT iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ.  PCT ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[patent prosecution|prosecuting]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

== ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ==
{{details|Economics and patents}}

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ yvwatuwidv.

ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ,&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[innovation|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ]]ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[public domain|ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[common good|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ]]. ᎢᏳᏃ [[inventor|ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ. ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[term of patent|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ patentee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ.

ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ [[research and development|ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ]] (R&amp;D). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[corporation|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ R&amp;D ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, R&amp;D ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ eliminated ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ technological ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ breakthroughs. ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ R&amp;D ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ [[free rider problem|ᎠᏎᏊᎢ  ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ]] ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ underlying ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ [[property (ownership right)|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]: ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ?

ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ industries (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ - ᎡᎵᏍ processors, software, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ prototypical ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ commerical productization (ᎠᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.  (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏛᎢ-R&amp;D ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ 7--1 {{citation needed}}).  ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ competing ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ productization ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.

ᏅᎩᏁ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ workarounds patented ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ creating ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ technologies Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ.

ᏌᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ-iyuwakodi ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ licensor.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ licensing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ buildup ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎤᏤᎵ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ manufacturability. 

===ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ===

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ &quot;ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[priority date|ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ]], ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[First to file and first to invent|ᎢᎬᏱ  ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]]) ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ argued Ꮎ monopolies ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ [[competition|ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ]] ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ [[Michael Heller (law professor)|Michael Heller]] ᎠᎴ [[Rebecca Eisenberg]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 ''agatohvsdi'' ᎤᏓᏡᎬ.&lt;ref&gt;Heller, M.., &amp; Eisenberg, R.. (1998).  ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ?  ᎯᎠ Anticommons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Biomedical ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.  agatohvsdi, 280(1 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1998), '''280''', 698-701.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Heller ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[tragedy of the anticommons|ᎤᏐᏅᏅᎯ  ᎯᎠ anticommons]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ postulated Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ fragmented Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ, Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. 

ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ &quot;ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ.&quot;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ software ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bustpatents.com www.bustpatents.com], retrieved ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 29, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 10 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ Europe ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ [[software patent|software ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]].  ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ software ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ technique ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lpf.ai.mit.edu lpf.ai.mit.edu], retrieved ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 29, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi dyestuffs ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ faltered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ flourished ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ yli iyulistanv ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ innovative ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ [[Dyson (appliances)|Dyson]] bagless ᏅᏙᎲᏅ cleaner ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ cleaner ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎤᎭ benefitted ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ perceived ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ , ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.  ᎯᎠ [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ]] ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights#Access to essential medicines|ᎤᏚᎳᏗ licences]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ lyadvnehi ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi.

== ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ==
{{details|History of patent law}}
[[Image:USpatents18002004.JPG|thumb|right|Ꭴ.. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ, 1800&amp;ndash;2004.[http://www.uspto.gov/ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ/ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h_ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.htm]]]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1474]].  ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ [[Republic of Venice|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ  ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ]] ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ communicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ infringers. England ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Statute of Monopolies 1623|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ  Monopolies]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1623]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[James I of England|James ᎠᏯ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.&quot;  ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ [Queen Anne] (1702-1714), ᎯᎠ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏲᏒ.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.patent.gov.uk/copy/history/index.htm http://www.patent.gov.uk/copy/history/index.htm], retrieved ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 29, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (1778-1789), ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[US Patent Act (1790)|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1790.

== ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ==

:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Patent application|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[Patent prosecution|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]].''

ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ otsel igvnelv ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ [[Patent application|ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ procedural ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ [[patent application|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utlnvgi, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Patentability|ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ communicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ), ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ [[maintenance fee (patent)|ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏠᏒᎯ]], ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ &lt;ref&gt;ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Maintenance fee (patent)|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ (ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ)]] ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

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==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

{{wikiquote}}

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[List of patent legal concepts|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.

=== ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ===

:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Intellectual property organization|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]''
:''ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Patent office|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]]''

=== Treaties, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ===


*[[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ  ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]] (ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ)
*[[American Inventors Protection Act|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ]] (AIPA)
*[[Budapest Treaty|Budapest ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]]
*[[Community Patent|ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] (''ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ'')
*''[[Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions|ᎦᎸᏆᏗᏰᏍᎩ Directive ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Patentability  ᎡᎵᏍ-Implemented ᏗᏁᏝᎾ]]'' (''ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ'')
*[[Directive on the patentability of biotechnological inventions|ᎦᎸᏆᏗᏰᏍᎩ Directive ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Patentability  Biotechnological ᏗᏁᏝᎾ]]
*[[European Patent Convention|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]] (EPC)
*[[European patent law|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[European Patent Litigation Agreement|European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] (EPLA) (''ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ'')
*[[Japanese patent law|Japanese ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[London Agreement (2000)|London ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ]] (''ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ'')
*[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ  ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]
*[[Patent Reform Act of 2005|Ꭴ.. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ  2005]]
*[[Patent Cooperation Treaty|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]] (PCT)
*[[Patent Law Treaty|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]] (PLT)
*[[Substantive Patent Law Treaty|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ]] (SPLT) (''ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ'')
*[[Statute of Monopolies 1623|ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ  Monopolies 1623]]
*[[Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention|Strasbourg ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ]]
*[[United States patent law|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]

=== ᏐᎢ ===

*[[Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys|ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ]] (CIPA)
*''[[epoline]]''
*''[[esp@cenet]]''
*[[Industrial design rights|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]
*[[Industrial property|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]
*[[INPADOC]]
*[[Intellectual property|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ]]
*[[International Patent Classification|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] (IPC)
*[[List of patent case law|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[List of people associated with patent law|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ]]
*[[List of top United States patent recipients|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]]
*[[Patent attorney|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏗᏲᎯᎯ]]
*[[Patent clerk|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ]]
*[[Patent troll|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ]]
*[[Patent pirate|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]
*[[United States Patents Quarterly|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ]]
*[[X-Patent|X-ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]
*[[Patent_attorney#Notable_blogs| ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Blogs]]

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ 
* '''ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[patent office|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp this list] ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ WIPO
* '''ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ''', ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[intellectual property organization|ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ '''ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ download ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ''' ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[prior art|ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]].

=== ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ===

* [http://www.bl.uk/services/reading/bipcentre.html The British Library - Business and Intellectual Property Centre] ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ
* [http://www.ipnewsflash.com IP Newsflash] - ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ caselaw ᎠᎴ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ
* [http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html USPTO] - ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ
* [http://wikipatents.com/ WikiPatents Community] - commented ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 
* [http://www.ipmenu.com IPMenu] - IP ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ capabilities

=== ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ===

* [http://www.patent.freeserve.co.uk/ ''Patently Absurd'' British Patents]
* [http://www.library.umaine.edu/patents/historical.htm Information on Historical Patents]
* [http://www.patentlysilly.com Patently Silly]
* [http://ipfunny.blogs.com IP Funny Blog]
* [[Patent Bending|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]] TV ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ


[[Category:Intellectual property]]
[[Category:Patent law|*]]
[[Category:Monopoly (economics)]]


[[af:Patent]]
[[ar:براءة اختراع]]
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[[ca:Patent]]
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[[el:Ευρεσιτεχνία]]
[[et:Patent]]
[[es:Patente]]
[[eo:Patento]]
[[fa:حق امتیاز]]
[[fr:Brevet]]
[[gl:Patente]]
[[id:Paten]]
[[it:Brevetto]]
[[he:פטנט]]
[[lt:Patentas]]
[[hu:Találmány]]
[[nl:Octrooi]]
[[ja:特許]]
[[ka:პატენტი]]
[[no:Patent]]
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[[pt:Patente]]
[[ru:Патент]]
[[simple:Patent]]
[[sl:Patent]]
[[fi:Patentti]]
[[sv:Patent]]
[[th:สิทธิบัตร]]
[[tr:Patent]]
[[uk:Патент]]
[[vi:Sáng chế]]
[[zh:专利]]</text>
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* [[Copyright]]
* [[Patent|Patents]]
* [[Trademark|Trademarks]]
* [[Geographical indication]]
* [[Industrial design rights]]
* [[Trade secret|Trade secrets]]
* ''[[Sui generis]]'' rights
** [[Database rights]]
** [[Mask work]]
** [[Plant breeders' rights]]
** [[Supplementary protection certificate|Supplementary protection certificate]] (SPC)
** [[Traditional knowledge]]
* [[Moral rights]]
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* [[Copyright]]
* [[Patent|Patents]]
* [[Trademark|Trademarks]]
* [[Geographical indication]]
* [[Industrial design rights]]
* [[Trade secret|Trade secrets]]
* ''[[Sui generis]]'' rights
** [[Database rights]]
** [[Mask work]]
** [[Plant breeders' rights]]
** [[Supplementary protection certificate|Supplementary protection certificate]] (SPC)
** [[Traditional knowledge]]
* [[Moral rights]]
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    <title>ᎦᏃᏥ</title>
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      <comment>New page: [[image:leathertools.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᏥ-ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]

'''ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꭺ�...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[image:leathertools.jpg|thumb|250px|ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᏥ-ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]

'''ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[tanning|ᎤᏣᏓᏪ]] [[rawhide|ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ]], [[pelt|ᎠᏰᎵ]]ᎠᎴ [[skin|ᎦᏁᎦ]][[animal|gantlai]], ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ [[cow|ᏩᎦ]].
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[clothing|ᏗᏄᏬ]] ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. 
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ [[wood|ᎠᏓ]], ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[technology|ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ]]. 
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]].

==ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ==
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ processes ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ gantlai ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏃᏥ.

* '''ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[tannin]] (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;ᎤᏣᏓᏪ&quot;) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ chemicals ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ. ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏚᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ drastically ᎠᎴ plasticize, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ.
* '''ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[aluminium|ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] [[salt|ᎠᎹ]]ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᎢᎯ ᎠᎴ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ &quot;tawed&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ.
* '''ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ dries. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᎤᏣᏓᏪ, [[rawhide|ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ &quot;ᎦᏃᏥ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ lumped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ stiffer ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[drum|ᎠᎱᎵ]] ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏰᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎩᏟ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ. 
* '''[[Boiled leather|Boiled ᎦᏃᏥ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ (ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ) Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ immersed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ boiled [[wax|ᎠᏜ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[armour]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[book binding|ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]].
* '''ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ''', ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1858, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ chromium [[sulfate]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ chromium. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ drastically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ. 
*'''ᎤᏅᏥᏓ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎠᎴ exceptionaly ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᎹ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-intensive ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ emulsified ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ gantlai ᏧᏅᏥᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ industralized.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ.

ᎦᏃᏥ&amp;mdash;ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ&amp;mdash;ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ oiled ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[mink oil|ᎪᏒᎩ ᎪᎢ]], [[neatsfoot oil|neatsfoot ᎪᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ lifespan dramatically. 

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[tanning|ᎤᏣᏓᏪ]].

===ᎦᏃᏥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ:

* '''ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ''' ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sanded ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ breathability, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ '''ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ''' ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ.  ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ atsinuqowisgv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ &quot;Patina&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ footwear, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ.

*  '''ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ''' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ&quot;). ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ sanded ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ. ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.

* '''[[Suede]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. Suede ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. Suede ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ suede ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ, ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ techniques ᎪᏢᏗ suede ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ suede, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ pressed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ atsinuqowisgv ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. '''Latigo''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.

ᏐᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ-ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

* '''[[Patent leather|ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Newark, ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Seth Boyden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1818]]. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ.

* '''[[Shagreen|ᎠᏰᎵ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎴ grainy ᏗᎦᎪᏗ untanned ᎦᏃᏥ, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.

* '''[[Buckskin (leather)|Buckskin]]''' ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ tawing ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ gantlai ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ suede-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ smoked ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ briefcases, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.

* '''ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏃᏥ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ briefcases, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ.  ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᎵ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ.

* '''Napa ᎦᏃᏥ''', ᎠᎴ Nappa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, toiletry ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 'ᎤᏙᎯᏳ' ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.

* '''[[Bicast leather|Bicast ᎦᏃᏥ]]''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ marketed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ consumers.

* '''[[Bonded Leather|ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ]]''' , ᎠᎴ &quot;Reconstituted ᎦᏃᏥ&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ 90% 100% ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᏥ tanneries ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ) ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᎢᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ.

ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ thicknesses. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ thicknesses ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ otsel igvnelv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ:
* 1 oz/ft² = 1/64 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (0.4 mm)

ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 7 8 oz ᎨᏒᎢ 7/64 8/64 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (2.8 3.2 mm) ᎤᎭᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ variability ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ensuring ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ millimetres.

===ᎦᏃᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ===
[[Image:Tanned leather.JPG|right|thumb|ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Marrakech]]]]

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[cow|ᏩᎦ]] ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏬᏍᏗ. [[Kangaroo|ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ]] ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[motorcycle|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] [[glove|ᎠᎵᏰᏑᎶ]]. ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ motorcyclists ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏩᎦ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[snake|ᎢᎾᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[crocodile|gantlai]]ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1970s]], ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ [[ostrich|ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ]]es ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[Hermès]], [[Prada]], [[Gucci]], ᎠᎴ [[Louis Vuitton]]. ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ &quot;ᏌᏌ ᏂᎯ&quot; ᎭᎦᏔ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Thailand]], [[sting ray|ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᎦ ᎦᏃᏥ.   ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏣᎴᎩ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏁᎬ highlight ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ.

==ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ==

ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi. Acidic ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ '''[[red rot|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ]]''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ humidities, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ. 

ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ humidities (ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 40%) ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ desiccated, irreversably ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ.

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[conditioner]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[art conservation|conservators]] ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ artifact ᎬᏙᏗ lyadvnehi chemicals, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ.

==ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ==

ᎦᏃᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ:
* [[leather dying|ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ]]
* [[leather painting|ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ]]
* [[leather carving|ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]
* [[leather stamping|ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ]]
* [[leather embossing|ᎦᏃᏥ ᏂᎯ]]
* [[pyrography]]
* [[beading|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]

==ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
[[Image:Leather-Shoes.jpg|thumb|ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ]]
ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[cowboy|ᏩᎦ ᏗᎨᎯᏙᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ-jacketed ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ-helmeted ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎸ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ metonymical ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ '''ᎦᏃᏥ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''ᎤᏣᏓᏪ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[physical punishment|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ [[spanking|ᏂᎬᎢ]]) ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏩᏍᏛᏂᏍᏗ.

[[Leather fetishism|ᎦᏃᏥ fetishism]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ [[sexual fetishism|fetishistic]] ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏰᏩᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ. 

ᏎᏍᏗ [[rock group|ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[Heavy Metal music|ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ]] ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Scorpions (band)|ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏨᎢᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[Judas Priest|ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏄᏬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[Rob Halford|ᎠᏓᎾᏐᏗ Halford]] [[Judas Priest|ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ]] ᏚᏄᏩ synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ itsuwakodi, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ vinyl ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, Napa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Mercedes-Benz.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[vegan]] ᎠᎴ [[Animal Rights|gantlai ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ activists]] ᎤᎭ boycotted ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎩᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-ᎦᏃᏥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Vegan microfiber ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

* [[Adarga]] (ᎦᏃᏥ [[Buckler|ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ]])
* [[Tanning|ᎤᏣᏓᏪ]]
* [[Leather subculture|ᎦᏃᏥ subculture]]
* [[Pleather]]
* [[Horse tack|ᏐᏈᎵ ᎦᎭᏙᏗ]]
* [[Henry Burk|Henry Burk - ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi  ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|Leather}}
* [http://expofergus.com/cowhide-tanning.htm Chromium tanning process]
* [http://www.leatherpages.com/ Major Leather Industry Resource Site]


[[Category:Leather]]

[[da:Læder]]
[[de:Leder]]
[[en:Leather]]
[[es:Cuero]]
[[eo:Ledo]]
[[fr:Cuir]]
[[he:עור (חומר גלם)]]
[[nl:Leder]]
[[ja:皮革]]
[[no:Lær]]
[[pt:Couro]]
[[simple:Leather]]
[[sl:Usnje]]
[[fi:Nahka]]
[[sv:Läder]]
[[ta:தோல்சரக்கு நுட்பியல்]]
[[tr:Deri]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tiyoringo</title>
    <id>2820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9223</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-14T14:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tiyoringo</username>
        <id>143</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== バベル(Babel) ==
&lt;table style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User ja}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User en-2}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User de-1}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User zh-1}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User es-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User fr-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User it-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User nl-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User pt-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User ru-0}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User simple-2}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User BirthdayYear|1|9|7|X}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User windows}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User browser:Microsoft Internet Explorer}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User inclusionist}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User 歴検 2級世界史}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;!--&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User death-expand}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;--&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User Hutu}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User Yahoo! JAPAN}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{User Google}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
== 他言語版リンク ==
*[[aa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[ab:Участник:Tiyoringo|アブハズ語（アブハジア共和国）]]
*[[af:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|アフリカーンス語（南アフリカなど）]]
*[[ak:User:Tiyoringo|アカン語（ガーナ、コートジボアール）]]
*[[als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|アレマン語（スイス、高地ドイツ）]]
*[[am:User:Tiyoringo|アムハラ語（エチオピア）]]
*[[an:Usuario:Tiyoringo|アラゴン語（スペインの一部）]]
*[[ang:User:Tiyoringo|古英語]]
*[[ar:مستخدم:Tiyoringo|アラビア語]]
*[[arc:User:Tiyoringo|現代アッシリア語]]
*[[as:User:Tiyoringo|アッサム語（インド・アッサム地方）]]
*[[ast:Usuariu:Tiyoringo|アストゥーリア語（ポルトガルの方言）]]
*[[av:Участник:Tiyoringo|アヴァル語（ダゲスタン共和国）]]
*[[ay:User:Tiyoringo|アイマラ語（ボリビア・ペルー）]]
*[[az:İstifadəçi:Tiyoringo|アゼルバイジャン語]]
*[[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Tiyoringo|バシキール語（バシコルトスタン）]]
*[[bar:User:Tiyoringo|ババリア語]]
*[[bat-smg:User:Tiyoringo|（リトアニアの一部）]]
*[[be:Удзельнік:Tiyoringo|ベラルーシ語]]
*[[bg:Потребител:Tiyoringo|ブルガリア語]]
*[[bh:User:Tiyoringo|ビハリ語（インド・ビハール州）]]
*[[bi:User:Tiyoringo|ビスラマ語（バヌアツ、ニューカレドニア）]]
*[[bm:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|バンバラ語（マリ、ブルキナファソ、コートジボアール、ガンビア）]]
*[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Tiyoringo|ベンガル語（バングラデシュ）]]
*[[bo:User:Tiyoringo|チベット語]]
*[[bpy:User:Tiyoringo|（バングラデシュ・ミャンマー国境地方）]]
*[[br:Implijer:Tiyoringo|ブルトン語（ブルターニュ地方）]]
*[[bs:Korisnik:Tiyoringo|ボスニア語]]
*[[bug:User:Tiyoringo|ブギス語（スラウェシ島南部）]]
*[[bxr:User:Tiyoringo|（ブリヤート語（ブリヤート共和国）]]
*[[ca:Usuari:Tiyoringo|カタルーニャ語（カタロニア地方）]]
*[[cbk-zam:User:Tiyoringo|スペイン語系言語（フィリピン南部）]]
*[[cdo:User:Tiyoringo|閩東語]]
*[[ce:User:Tiyoringo|チェチェン語]]
*[[ceb:User:Tiyoringo|セブアノ語（セブ島ほか）]]
*[[ch:User:Tiyoringo|チャモロ語（グアム、マリアナ諸島）]]
*[[cho:User:Tiyoringo|チョクト語（アメリカ先住民）]]
*[[chr:User:Tiyoringo|チェロキー語（アメリカ先住民の一部）]]
*[[chy:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]]
*[[co:User:Tiyoringo|コルシカ語]]
*[[cr:User:Tiyoringo|クリー語（カナダ、アルバータ州/ラブラドル州）]]
*[[cs:Wikipedista:Tiyoringo|チェコ語]]
*[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Tiyoringo|カシューブ語（ポーランドの一部など）]]
*[[cu:User:Tiyoringo|古代教会スラヴ語（東ヨーロッパ）]]
*[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Tiyoringo|チュヴァシ語（ヴォルガ川周辺の一部]]
*[[cy:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[da:Bruger:Tiyoringo|デンマーク語]]
*[[de:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|ドイツ語]]
*[[diq:User:Tiyoringo|（トルコ東部）]]
*[[dv:User:Tiyoringo|ディベヒ語（モルディブ）]]
*[[dz:User:Tiyoringo|ゾンカ語（ブータン）]]
*[[el:Χρήστης:Tiyoringo|ギリシャ語]]
*[[eml:User:Tiyoringo|（サンマリノ）]]
*[[en:User:Tiyoringo|英語]]
*[[eo:Vikipediisto:Tiyoringo|エスペラント語（人工言語）]]
*[[es:Usuario:Tiyoringo|スペイン語]]
*[[et:Kasutaja:Tiyoringo|エストニア語]]
*[[eu:Lankide:Tiyoringo|バスク語（バスク地方）]]
*[[ewe:User:Tiyoringo|エウェ語（ガーナ、トーゴ）]]
*[[fa:کاربر:Tiyoringo|ペルシア語（イラン、タジキスタン、アフガニスタン）]]
*[[ff:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[fi:Käyttäjä:Tiyoringo|フィンランド語]]
*[[fiu-vro:User:Tiyoringo|ヴォロ語（エストニア南東部）]]
*[[fj:User:Tiyoringo|フィジー語（フィジー）]]
*[[fo:Brúkari:Tiyoringo|フェロー語（フェロー諸島）]]
*[[fr:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|フランス語]]
*[[frp:User:Tiyoringo|アルピタン語（フランス、イタリア、スイス国境地帯）]]
*[[fur:Utent:Tiyoringo|フリウリ語（イタリア、スロベニア国境地帯）]]	
*[[fy:Meidogger:Tiyoringo|フリジア語（北海沿岸など）]]
*[[ga:Úsáideoir:Tiyoringo|アイルランド語]]
*[[gd:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド・ゲール語]]
*[[gl:User:Tiyoringo|ガリシア語]]
*[[glk:User:Tiyoringo|（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]]
*[[gn:User:Tiyoringo|グアラニー語（パラグアイ、ボリビア）]]
*[[got:User:Tiyoringo|ゴート語（ほぼ死語）]]
&lt;!--
*[[gsw:User:Tiyoringo]](als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo)
--&gt;
*[[gu:User:Tiyoringo|グジャラート語（インド、グジャラート州）]]
*[[gv:User:Tiyoringo|マン島語]]
*[[ha:User:Tiyoringo|ハウサ語（ナイジェリア北部など）]]
*[[haw:User:Tiyorinho|ハワイ語]]
*[[he:משתמש:Tiyoringo|ヘブライ語]]
*[[hi:सदस्य:Tiyoringo|ヒンディー語（インドの大部分）]]
*[[ho:User:Tiyoringo|（パプアニューギニアの一部）]]
*[[hr:Suradnik:Tiyoringo|クロアチア語]]
*[[hsb:User:Tiyoringo|（ザクセン）]]
*[[ht:User:Tiyoringo|ハイチ語]]
*[[hu:User:Tiyoringo|ハンガリー語]]
*[[hy:User:Tiyoringo|アルメニア語]]
*[[hz:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[ia:Usator:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]]
*[[id:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]]
*[[ie:User:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]]
*[[ig:User:Tiyoringo|イボ語（ナイジェリア、赤道ギニア）]]
*[[ii:User:Tiyoringo|彝語（四川省、雲南省少数民族）]]
*[[ik:User:Tiyoringo|イヌイット語（アラスカなど）]]
*[[ilo:User:Tiyoringo|イロカノ語（ルソン島北部）]]
*[[io:User:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]]
*[[is:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|アイスランド語]]
*[[it:Utente:Tiyoringo|イタリア語]]
*[[iu:User:Tiyoringo|イヌクティトゥット語（カナダ北極海沿岸地方）]]
*[[ja:利用者:Tiyoringo|日本語]]
*[[jbo:User:Tiyoringo|ロジバン（人工言語）]]
*[[jv:Panganggo:Tiyoringo|ジャワ語（ジャワ島中部、東部）]]
*[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Tiyoringo|グルジア語]]
&lt;!--
*[[kaa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
--&gt;
*[[kg:User:Tiyoringo|コンゴ語（コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、アンゴラ]]
*[[ki:User:Tiyoringo|（ケニアの一部）]]
*[[kj:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ）]]
*[[kk:Қатысушы:Tiyoringo|カザフ語]]
&lt;!--
*[[kk-cn:User:Tiyoringo]]
*[[kk-kz:User:Tiyoringo]]
*[[kk-tr:User:Tiyoringo]]
--&gt;
*[[kl:User:Tiyoringo|グリーンランド語]]
*[[km:User:Tiyoringo|クメール語（カンボジア）]]
*[[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Tiyoringo|カンナダ語（インド南部）]]
*[[ko:사용자:Tiyoringo|朝鮮語]]
*[[kr:User:Tiyoringo|（ナイジェリア、チャド、ニジェール、カメルーン）]]
*[[ks:User:Tiyoringo|カシミール語（カシミール地方）]]
*[[ksh:Medmaacher:Tiyoringo|リプアーリ語（ラインラント、ベルギー東部）]]
*[[ku:Bikarhêner:Tiyoringo|クルド語]]
*[[kv:Участник:Tiyoringo|コミ語（ロシア・コミ共和国）]]
*[[kw:User:Tiyoringo|コーンウォル語（イギリス、コーンウォル地方）]]
*[[ky:User:Tiyoringo|キルギス語]]
*[[la:Usor:Tiyoringo|ラテン語]]
*[[lad:User:Tiyoringo|ジュデズモ語（スペイン系ユダヤ人）]]
*[[lb:User:Tiyoringo|ルクセンブルク語]]
*[[lbe:User:Tiyoringo|（ダゲスタン共和国南部）]]
*[[lg:User:Tiyoringo|ガンダ語（ウガンダ）]]
*[[li:Gebroeker:Tiyoringo|リンブルグ語（低地ドイツ語）]]
*[[lij:User:Tiyoringo|リグリア語]]
*[[lmo:User:Tiyoringo|ロンバルド語（ロンバルディア地方）]]
*[[ln:User:Tiyoringo|リンガラ語（コンゴ民主共和国、コンゴ共和国）]]
*[[lo:User:Tiyoringo|ラーオ語（ラオス）]]
*[[lt:Naudotojas:Tiyoringo|リトアニア語]]
*[[lv:Lietotājs:Tiyoringo|ラトビア語]]
*[[map-bms:User:Tiyoringo|バニュマス語（ジャワ島中部ほか）]]
*[[mg:User:Tiyoringo|マダガスカル語]]
*[[mh:User:Tiyoringo|マーシャル語（マーシャル諸島、ナウル）]]
*[[mi:User:Tiyoringo|マオリ語（ニュージーランド先住民）]]
*[[mk:Корисник:Tiyoringo|マケドニア語]]
*[[ml:User:Tiyoringo|マラヤラム語（インド南部）]]
*[[mn:User:Tiyoringo|モンゴル語]]
*[[mo:User:Tiyoringo|モルドバ語]]
*[[mr:User:Tiyoringo|マラーティー語（インド西部）]]
*[[ms:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|マレー語]]
*[[mt:User:Tiyoringo|マルタ語]]
*[[mus:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]]
*[[my:User:Tiyoringo|ビルマ語（ミャンマー）]]
*[[mzn:User:Tiyoringo|マザーンダラン語（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]]
*[[na:User:Tiyoringo|ナウル語]]
*[[nah:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ナワトル語（メキシコ先住民）]]
*[[nap:Utente:Tiyoringo|ナポリ語]]
*[[nds:Bruker:Tiyoringo|低ザクセン語（ドイツ北部）]]
*[[nds-nl:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|オランダ低ザクセン語（オランダ北部）]]
*[[ne:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]]
*[[new:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]]
*[[ng:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ南部）]]
*[[nl:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|オランダ語]]
*[[nn:Brukar:Tiyoringo|ニーノシュク（ノルウェーの方言）]]
*[[no:Bruker:Tiyoringo|ノルウェー語]]
&lt;!--
*[[non:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
--&gt;
*[[nov:User:Tiyoringo|ノヴィアル（人工言語）]]
*[[nrm:User:Tiyoringo|ノルマン語（ノルマンディー地方）]]
*[[nv:User:Tiyoringo|ナバホ語（ニューメキシコ州、ユタ州先住民族）]]
*[[ny:User:Tiyoringo|チェワ語（マラウイ）]]
*[[oc:Utilizaire:Tiyoringo|オック語（ガスコーニュ地方など）]]
*[[om:User:Tiyoringo|オロモ語（エチオピア、ケニア）]]
*[[or:User:Tiyoringo|オリヤー語（インド・オリッサ州）]]
*[[os:Архайæг:Tiyoringo|オセット語（北オセチア共和国）]]
*[[pa:User:Tiyoringo|パンジャブ語（インド・パンジャブ州、パキスタン）]]
*[[pag:User:Tiyoringo|（ルソン島中部）]]
*[[pam:User:Tiyoringo|パンパンガ語（フィリピン北部の一部）]]
*[[pap:User:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語系言語（オランダ領アンチル諸島及びアルバ）]]
*[[pdc:User:Tiyoringo|ペンシルバニア・ドイツ語（ペンシルバニア州、カナダ・アメリカ国境）]]
*[[pi:User:Tiyoringo|パーリ語（上座仏教教典）]]
*[[pih:User:Tiyoringo|ノーフォーク語（オーストラリア領ノーフォーク島）]]
*[[pl:Wikipedysta:Tiyoringo|ポーランド語]]
*[[pms:Utent:Tiyoringo|ピエモンテ語（ピエモンテ地方）]]
*[[ps:User:Tiyoringo|パシュトー語（アフガニスタンの一部）]]
*[[pt:Usuário:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語]]
&lt;!--
*[[pt-br:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
--&gt;
*[[qu:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ケチュア語（インカ帝国）]]
*[[rm:User:Tiyoringo|ロマンシュ語（スイス）]]
*[[rmy:Jeno:Tiyoringo|ロマ語（ジプシー）]]
*[[rn:User:Tiyoringo|ルンディ語（ブルンジ）]]
*[[ro:Utilizator:Tiyoringo|ルーマニア語]]
*[[roa-rup:User:Tiyoringo|アルーマニア語（ルーマニア語の流れを持つ）]]
*[[roa-tar:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[ru:Участник:Tiyoringo|ロシア語]]
*[[ru-sib:User:Tiyoringo|（シベリア）]]
*[[rw:User:Tiyoringo|（ルワンダ）]]
*[[sa:User:Tiyoringo|サンスクリット語（インドの古典言語）]]
*[[sc:Utente:Tiyoringo|サルディーニャ語（サルディーニャ島）]]
*[[scn:User:Tiyoringo|シチリア語（シチリア島）]]
*[[sco:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド語]]
*[[sd:User:Tiyoringo|シンディー語（パキスタン、シンド州）]]
*[[se:User:Tiyoringo|北部サーミ語（ラップランド）]]
*[[sg:User:Tiyoringo|サンゴ語（中央アフリカ共和国）]]
*[[sh:User:Tiyoringo|セルビア・クロアチア語]]
*[[si:User:Tiyoringo|シンハラ語（スリランカ）]]
*[[simple:User:Tiyoringo|シンプル英語]]
*[[sk:Redaktor:Tiyoringo|スロバキア語]]
*[[sl:Uporabnik:Tiyoringo|スロベニア語]]
*[[sm:User:Tiyoringo|サモア語]]
*[[sn:User:Tiyoringo|ショナ語（ジンバブエなど）]]
*[[so:User:Tiyoringo|ソマリ語（ソマリア）]]
*[[sq:Përdoruesi:Tiyoringo|アルバニア語]]
*[[sr:Корисник:Tiyoringo|セルビア語]]
&lt;!--
*[[sr-ec:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[sr-el:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[sr-jc:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[sr-jl:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
--&gt;
*[[ss:User:Tiyoringo|スワジ語（スワジランド）]]
*[[st:User:Tiyoringo|ソト語（レソト）]]
*[[su:Pamaké:Tiyoringo|スンダ語]]
*[[sv:Användare:Tiyoringo|スウェーデン語]]
*[[sw:User:Tiyoringo|スワヒリ語（ケニア、タンザニア）]]
*[[ta:பயனர்:Tiyoringo|タミル語（スリランカ）]]
*[[te:సభ్యుడు:Tiyoringo|テルグ語（インド南東部）]]
*[[tet:User:Tiyoringo|テトゥン語（東ティモール）]]
*[[tg:User:Tiyoringo|タジク語]]
*[[th:ผู้ใช้:Tiyoringo|タイ語]]
*[[ti:User:Tiyoringo|ティグリヤ語]]
*[[tk:User:Tiyoringo|トルクメン語（トルクメニスタン）]]
*[[tl:User:Tiyoringo|タガログ語（フィリピン）]]
*[[tlh:User:Tiyoringo|クリンゴン語（スタートレック）]]
*[[tn:User:Tiyoringo|ツワナ語（ボツワナ）]]
*[[to:User:Tiyoringo|トンガ語]]
*[[tokipona:User:Tiyoringo|トキポナ（人工言語）]]
*[[tpi:User:Tiyoringo|トク・ピジン（パプア・ニューギニア、ソロモン諸島、バヌアツ）]]
*[[tr:Kullanıcı:Tiyoringo|トルコ語]]
*[[ts:User:Tiyoringo|（モザンビーク、スワジランドなど）]]
*[[tt:Äğzä:Tiyoringo|タタール語（北アジア）]]
*[[tum:User:Tiyoringo|トゥンブカ語（マラウイなど）]]
*[[tw:User:Tiyoringo|トウィ語（ガーナ）]]
*[[ty:User:Tiyoringo|タヒチ語]]
&lt;!--
*[[tyv:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
---&gt;
*[[udm:Викиавтор:Tiyoringo|ウドムルト語（ロシアの一部）]]
*[[ug:User:Tiyoringo|ウィグル語]]
*[[uk:Користувач:Tiyoringo|ウクライナ語]]
*[[ur:صارف:Tiyoringo|ウルドゥー語（パキスタン、インドなど）]]
*[[uz:User:Tiyoringo|ウズベク語（ウズベキスタン）]]
*[[ve:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ、ジンバブエ）]]
*[[vec:Utente:Tiyoringo|ヴェネツィア語]]
*[[vi:Thành viên:Tiyoringo|ベトナム語]]
*[[vls:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|フラマン語]]
*[[vo:User:Tiyoringo|不明]]
*[[wa:Uzeu:Tiyoringo|ワロン語（ベルギー南部）]]
*[[war:User:Tiyoringo|ワライワライ語（フィリピン中部）]]
*[[wo:User:Tiyoringo|ウォロフ語（セネガル、ガンビア、モーリタニア）]]
*[[wuu:User:Tiyoringo|呉語（上海ほか）]]
*[[xal:Орлцач:Tiyoringo|オイラト語（モンゴル西部など）]]
*[[xh:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ共和国）]]
*[[yi:באַניצער:Tiyoringo|イディッシュ語（ユダヤ人、主に中欧、東欧）]]
*[[yo:User:Tiyoringo|ヨルバ語（ナイジェリア）]]
*[[za:User:Tiyoringo|チワン語（広西省少数民族など）]]
*[[zea:User:Tiyoringo|オランダ南西部北海沿岸地方]]
*[[zh:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]]
*[[zh-classical:User:Tiyoringo|古文/文言文（漢文）]]
&lt;!--
*[[zh-cn:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]]
*[[zh-hk:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]]
--&gt;
*[[zh-min-nan:User:Tiyoringo|閩南語（福建省南部）]]
&lt;!--
*[[zh-sg:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]]
*[[zh-tw:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]]
--&gt;
*[[zh-yue:User:Tiyoringo|広東語]]
*[[zu:User:Tiyoringo|ズールー語（南アフリカ、ズールー族）]]

== プロフィール(PROFILE) ==
*[[:ja:Wikipedia:善意にとる]]
=== BASKETBALL ===
*[[NBA]]、[[w:New York Knics|ニューヨーク・ニックス]]のファン。
*[[2006年バスケットボール世界選手権]]のうち、[[さいたまスーパーアリーナ]]で行なわれた20試合中、12試合を観戦した。
**決勝戦（[[スペイン]]対[[ギリシャ]]）7位8位決定戦（[[リトアニア]]対[[ドイツ]]）(4階席より観戦,仕事のため7位8位決定戦は第2Qぐらいから)[[画像:20060903 2157~001.jpg]]
**3位から6位決定戦（[[アメリカ]]対[[アルゼンチン]]）、（[[フランス]]対[[トルコ]]）スタンドS席より観戦
**5位から8位戦（フランス対ドイツ）、（トルコ対リトアニア）、アリーナS席(ゴール裏2列目)より観戦
**準々決勝2日目（アメリカ対ドイツ）、（ギリシャ対フランス）、アリーナS席より観戦
**ベスト8決定戦2日目（アメリカ対[[ニュージーランド]]）、（ドイツ対[[ナイジェリア]]）、（フランス対[[アンゴラ]]）、（ギリシャ対[[中国]]）、午前午後は観客入替（1日4試合スタンドS席より観戦、午後は最後列）
*購入したグッズ
**ピンバッジ（観戦したほぼ全ての試合、スペイン優勝、その他多数）
**[[タオル]][[マフラー]]（ギリシャ（中国戦後）、トルコ（フランス戦後）ドイツ（ナイジェリア戦後？））
**Tシャツ（予選Bグループのもの2種類（黒、白）、ギリシャ、トルコ、北海道の絵柄入りの記念Tシャツ（[[札幌]]ラウンドのもの、ただしXXXサイズ、[[北海道]]出身の職場の人へプレゼント）
**お菓子3種類
**タイピン（優勝カップ）
**ボールペン（[[バツマル]]）
**シャーペン（バツマル）
*購入したグッズ（公式以外）
**[[携帯ストラップ]]（キティ）部活動シリーズ
*購入予定グッズ（DVD全てのセット）
*:さすがに30,000円のトーナメントピンバッジ限定200か300セットは購入しませんでした。何年か前だったり、10,000円くらいなら買ってました。
=== OTHER SPORTS ===
*[[NFL]]、[[Chicago Bears|シカゴ・ベアーズ]]のファン。
*[[Jリーグ]]、[[ジェフ千葉]]（[[古河電工]]のときより）のファン。
*天皇杯（サッカー）に出場したことのある大学の出身。J1のチームとの試合には応援に出かけました。
== リンク(LINK) ==
*[[利用者:Tiyoringo/立ち上げ記事]]
*[http://www.nba.com/hawks/ アトランタ・ホークス]
*[http://www.nba.com/celtics/ ボストンセルティックス]
*[http://www.nba.com/bobcats/index_main.html シャーロット・ボブキャッツ]
*[http://www.nba.com/bulls/ シカゴ・ブルズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/ クリーブランド・キャバリアーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/mavericks/ ダラス・マーベリックス]
*[http://www.nba.com/nuggets/ デンバー・ナゲッツ]
*[http://www.nba.com/pistons/index_main.html デトロイト・ピストンズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/warriors/index_main.html ゴールデンステート・ウォリアーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/rockets/index_main.html ヒューストン・ロケッツ]
*[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ インディアナ・ペイサーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/clippers/index_main.html ロサンゼルス・クリッパーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/lakers/ ロサンゼルス・レイカーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/ メンフィス・グリズリーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/heat/ マイアミ・ヒート]
*[http://www.nba.com/bucks/ ミルウォーキー・バックス]
*[http://www.nba.com/timberwolves/ ミネソタ・ティンバーウルブズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/nets/ ニュージャージー・ネッツ]
*[http://www.nba.com/hornets/ ニューオーリンズ・ホーネッツ]
*[http://www.nba.com/knicks/ ニューヨーク・ニックス]
*[http://www.nba.com/magic/index_main.html オーランド・マジック]
*[http://www.nba.com/sixers/index_main.html フィラデルフィア・セブンティシクサーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/suns/index_main.html フェニックス・サンズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/blazers/ ポートランド・トレイルブレイザーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/kings/ サクラメント･キングス]
*[http://www.nba.com/spurs/ サンアントニオ・スパーズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/sonics/ シアトル・スーパーソニックス]
*[http://www.nba.com/raptors/ トロント・ラプターズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/jazz/ ユタ・ジャズ]
*[http://www.nba.com/wizards/index_main.html ワシントン･ウィザーズ]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎬᎩᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9534</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T18:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thijs!bot</username>
        <id>147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot  Adding: [[eo:Akvomelono]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Watermelon
| image = Vampire watermelon.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Citrullus lanatus'' 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Cucurbitales]]
| familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Citrullus]]''
| species = '''''C. lanatus'''''
| binomial = ''Citrullus lanatus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb]].) Matsum. &amp; Nakai
}}
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Watermelon, edible parts | kJ=127 | protein = 0.6 g | fat=0.2 g | carbs=7.6 g | fiber=0.4 g | water=91 g | vitC_mg=8 |  source_usda=1 | right=1 }}
'''ᎬᎩᏍᏗ''' (''Citrullus lanatus'', ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Cucurbitaceae]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]] vine-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ (ᎫᎴᎦ ᎠᎴ trailer) [[herb|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Africa]].  ᎪᎯ [[flowering plant|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ [[accessory fruit|ᎤᏬᏣᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᏗᎦᎪᏗ Ꮎ [[botany|ᎠᏫᏒᏅ]] ᎤᏯᏅᏛ [[false berry|ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ]].  ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ [[melon]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''[[Cucumis]]''), ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ descriptor ''Citrullus vulgaris'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ (''vulgaris'' ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;ᏧᏣᏔᏊ&quot; &amp;mdash; Shosteck, 1974).

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==

[[David Livingstone]], ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ Africa, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari ᎢᎾᎨ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ originated. ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv melon ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ '''Tsamma''' melon (''Citrullus lanatus'' var ''citroides''). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ [[pinnatifid]] ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 100 melons ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ vine. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ganahlai. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ [[rind|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ melon (ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ [[citron|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], ᎯᎠ citrus ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ); ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ [[pectin]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, jellies, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gelled ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Baja California]].
[[Image:Watermelon.jpg|left|thumb|ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ]]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ [[Egypt]] ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 5,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hieroglyphs.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ [[pharaohs]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ afterlife. 

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 10th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi .D., ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.  ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, [[Moors|ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ]] ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Europe; ᎠᎴ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Mariani ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ &amp; ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ'', &quot;ᎬᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1615.

''ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Online ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa'' ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]] [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎠᏂᏴᏫ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1500s. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ cultivating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Mississippi Valley|Mississippi ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Massachusetts]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1629. [[US South|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ]] ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Egerton ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ African [[Atlantic slave trade|ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ]] ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]]. ᏅᏓᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ horticulturalist Jerry ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Ph.D., ᏠᎨᏏ African ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ European ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ farmed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Florida]] (ᎾᎥᎢ 1664) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Colorado River|Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎾᎥᎢ 1799). ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ sightings ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ [[US Midwest|Midwestern ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] (1673), [[Connecticut]] (1747), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Illiana]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (1822).

iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1940s, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. Melon ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ tended ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Truck farming|ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ roadside ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ.  ᎾᏊ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Charles Fredric Andrus, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina]], ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ &quot;Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ melon ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Charleston.&quot; Ꮝ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ. Ꮝ adaptability ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ: [[anthracnose]] ᎠᎴ [[fusarium wilt|fusarium ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ]]. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 44 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ varieties ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ''Charleston ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Florida]], [[Texas|ᏅᏓᎩ]], [[California]] ᎠᎴ [[Arizona]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ USA ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.

[[Image:Watermelon_seedless.jpg|thumb|ᎤᏍᏗ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ]]
[[Image:Citrullus lanatus.jpg|thumb|ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ]]
ᎪᎯ ᎾᏊ-ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ melons. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎦᏐᏆᎸ varieties ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎩᎦᎨ- ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-fleshed, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ melons.&quot;

==ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ==
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (4,000 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[pollination]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, seeded varieties. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ seedless ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ pollen, [[pollinizer]] ᏚᏓᏅ varieties ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ pollen ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ pollination ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seedless ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ [[pollinator]] ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (1,300 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ).

[[Image:Male and female watermelon 1458.JPG|right|thumb|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ  ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ [[Ovary (plants)|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ pollinated) ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ]]

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;seedless&quot; ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seeded varieties, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ [[tetraploid]] ᎦᎪᏘ (ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ [[genetic manipulation|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ]], ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[colchicine]]) ᎬᏙᏗ [[diploid]] [[pollen]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[triploid]] ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ seedless ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ pollenized ᎾᎥᎢ diploid ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏔᎵ varieties ᎤᎦᏔ; Ꮎ ᎯᎠ triploid seedless ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ diploid ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ pollenize ᎯᎠ triploid. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮭ seedless ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. O J Eigsti ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Stockholm, Sweden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1948. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ collaboration ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ iyuwakodi ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ tetraploid ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reorganized ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ (ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sunmelon) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ SunWorld ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏌᏚ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ supermarkets yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏤᎵ tetraploid ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sunmelon ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ Syngenta, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ Novartis .G.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Zentsuji]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ cubic ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1390088.stm (BBC)]  ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ melons ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Watermelon Leaves 2540px.jpg|A group of watermelon leaves
Image:Single Watermelon Leaf 2000px.jpg|A closeup of a watermelon leaf
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ==
ᎢᏤᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ [[smoothie]].

ᎯᎠ simplest ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ crossways ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏯᎳᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ (pictured ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ).  ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎫᎭᎸ, Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᎴ balled ᎬᏙᏗ melon baller.  ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ melons ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ [[syrup|ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]] ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[fruit salad|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]].

ᏌᏊ-ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ yvwatuwidv 48 [[calories]].  ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[vitamin C]] ᎠᎴ [[vitamin A|vitamin ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ 14.59 mg vitamin C ᎠᎴ 556.32 IU vitamin .  ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[vitamin B6]] ᎠᎴ [[vitamin B1]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ [[potassium]] ᎠᎴ [[magnesium]].  ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ [[carotenoid]] [[antioxidant]], [[lycopene]].

ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ [[stir frying|ᎠᏑᏰᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ]], [[stew|ᎫᏅᎯ]]ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[pickling|pickled]]. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-fruited ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[olive oil|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎪᎢ]], [[garlic|ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ]], [[chili pepper|chili ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], [[scallions]], [[sugar|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᎠᎴ [[rum|ᎠᏓᏴᏍᏕᏍᎩ]] (ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ).  Pickled ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Russia]] ᎠᎴ [[Romania]].{{fact}}

ᎬᎩᏍᏗ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fat|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]] ᎠᎴ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[snack|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[oilseed]].  Specialized varieties ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[woman|ᎠᏂᎨᏴ]], competing ᎬᏙᏗ [[sunflower seed|sunflower ᎤᎦᏔ]], ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ [[roasting|roasted]] ᎠᎴ [[seasoning|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[West Africa|ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Africa]], ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[egusi]] ᎤᎦᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ-specialized ᎬᎩᏍᏗ varieties ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[colocynth]], ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.

ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 92 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ [[water|ᎠᎹ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ [[South Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa]], ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ alcoholic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ enhanced ᎬᏙᏗ [[alcoholic beverage|alcoholic ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ [[liquor|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ.

==Varieties==

Orangeglo - ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎡᏆ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 20-30 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. 90-100 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ - ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ 1930'. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ/ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ) ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. yvwatuwidv 90 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ  ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ Saskatchewan - ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, yvwatuwidv 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ striped ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Saskatchewan, Canada ᎾᎥᎢ Russian imigrants. 80-85 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

Melitopolski - ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 11-12 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ Ꮎ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Volga ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Russia, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ melon-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi. ᎯᎠ Melitopolski ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ piled ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Moscow ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ. yvwatuwidv 95 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

==ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ==

ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Mexico|Mexican]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ [[Day of the Dead|Dia ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ los Muertos]] (ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ &amp;mdash; [[October 31|ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 31]]&amp;ndash;[[November 2|ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2]]) ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.  ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ [[ceramic|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mexican [[still life|ᏙᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]] ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ derogatorily. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th centuries, [[African American|African ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]]ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[racism|racist]] [[caricature|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎸᏉᏛᎩ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ.

Southerners ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[lampoon|lampooned]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[US South|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Southerners ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ [[self-parody|ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ-spitting ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Georgia ᎤᏤᎵ &quot;[[Redneck Games|Redneck Olympics]].&quot;

ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎬᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ [[Left-wing politics|ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ-ᎪᏯᏛ]] [[Worldwide green parties|ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ]], ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ&quot; (ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[socialism|ᏓᎳᏏᏛ]].)

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
* [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/vegetabletravelers/watermelon.html &quot;An African Native of World Popularity.&quot;] ''ᏅᏓᎩ &amp;M ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Aggie ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Blomberg, Marina ([[June 10|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 10]], [[2004]]). [http://www.gainesville.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040610/MAGAZINE03/106100003&amp;SearchID=73214462703808 &quot;In Season: Savory Summer Fruits.&quot;] ''ᎯᎠ Gainesville ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmbreeders/andrus.html &quot;Charles Fredric Andrus: Watermelon Breeder.&quot;] ''Cucurbit ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ agatohvsdi''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://agsyst.wsu.edu/Watermelon.htm &quot;Crop Production: Icebox Watermelons.&quot;] ''Washington ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Vancourver ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Hamish, Robertson. [http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/cucurbitaceae/citrullus_lanatus.htm &quot;Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon, Tsamma).&quot;] ''ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Online ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa''. Retrieved ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. 15, 2005.
* ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, J.E.; Damicone, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ; Roberts, ᏥᏍᏚ; Duthie, Jim; Edelson, Jonathan. [http://pearl.agcomm.okstate.edu/hort/vegetables/f6236.htm &quot;Watermelon Production.&quot;] ''ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ Cooperative ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Jerry, Ph.D. ([[June 5|ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 5]], [[2002]]). [http://www.plantanswers.com/garden_column/june02/june5.htm &quot;Gardening Column: Watermelons.&quot;] ''ᏅᏓᎩ Cooperative ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏓᎩ &amp;M ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi''. Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://www.iskratv.com/shorts/clips/cfC/uks010_043.html &quot;Redneck Olympics.&quot;] ''ISKRA television''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005. 
* Shosteck, Robert (1974). ''ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ digakohidi: ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Biographical ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ''. ᏅᎩ/ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ York itsuwakodi ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.: ᎢᏤ York. 
*[http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&amp;dbid=31 &quot;Watermelon.&quot;] ''ᎯᎠ George Mateljan ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ Healthiest ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ''. Retrieved Jul. 28, 2005.
* [http://www.watermelon.org/index.asp?a=dsp&amp;htype=funn&amp;pid=35 &quot;Watermelon History.&quot;] ''ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* [http://www.sundia.com/AboutRecipes.php &quot;Watermelon Nutritional Information&quot;] ''Sundia ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ: ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ nutritional ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.
* Wolford, Ron ᎠᎴ adel didiyi, Drusilla. [http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/veggies/watermelon1.html &quot;Watch Your Garden Grow: Watermelon.&quot;] ''ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Illinois ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ''. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2005.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[List of fruits|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Vampire watermelons|ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ]]
{{commons|Watermelon}}
{{Wiktionary}}

[[Category:Melons]]
[[Category:African American culture]]
[[Category:Accessory fruit]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]

[[ar:بطيخ أحمر]]
[[bg:Диня]]
[[bn:তরমুজ]]
[[ca:Síndria]]
[[da:Vandmelon]]
[[de:Wassermelone]]
[[el:Καρπούζι]]
[[en:Watermelon]]
[[eo:Akvomelono]]
[[es:Citrullus lanatus]]
[[fa:هندوانه]]
[[fi:Vesimeloni]]
[[fr:Pastèque]]
[[he:אבטיח]]
[[hu:Görögdinnye]]
[[id:Semangka]]
[[it:Citrullus lanatus]]
[[ja:スイカ]]
[[kk:Қарбыз]]
[[lt:Tikrasis arbūzas]]
[[ms:Pokok Tembikai]]
[[nl:Watermeloen]]
[[no:Vannmelon]]
[[pdc:Wassmeloon]]
[[pl:Kawon]]
[[pt:Melancia]]
[[ru:Арбуз]]
[[simple:Watermelon]]
[[sl:Lubenica]]
[[sr:Лубеница]]
[[sv:Vattenmelon]]
[[te:పుచ్చ]]
[[tr:Karpuz]]
[[uk:Кавун]]
[[zh:西瓜]]
[[zh-min-nan:Si-koe]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ</title>
    <id>2823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9154</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T05:46:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: 
[[Image:Anderson Sophie Young Girl Fixing Her Hair.jpg|thumb|right|&quot;ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ&quot;, ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sophie Gengembre Anders...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
[[Image:Anderson Sophie Young Girl Fixing Her Hair.jpg|thumb|right|&quot;ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ&quot;, ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sophie Gengembre Anderson]]]]
'''ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[skin|ᎦᏁᎦ]], ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[mammal|gantlai]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[epidermis (skin)|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[hair follicles|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[dermis]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ&quot; ([[trichome]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ [[plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ [[arthropod]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]]ᎠᎴ [[spider|ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]] [[bristle|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-[[human|ᏴᏫ]] [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ varieties [[cat|ᏪᏌ]], [[dog|ᎩᏟ]], ᎠᎴ [[mouse|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ]] ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.

== ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ==
=== ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[mammal|gantlai]], ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[great apes|ᎡᏆ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ: coverage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎦᏁᎦ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ &quot;[[The Naked Ape|ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ]]&quot;).

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ thinner ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ adaptations ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ [[plains|ᏂᎬᏅ]] ᎯᎠ [[savanna|ᏂᎬᏅ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[bipedal]] [[locomotion|ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ [[posture|ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ [[body temperature|ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ''ᏂᎬᏅ'' ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ [[cursorial hunting|cursorial ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ thinning ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ [[chimpanzee]] ᎠᎴ [[gorilla|ᏄᏁᎸᎾ]] ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[radiant heat|ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ bipedal ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ predates [[hominid]]' ᎠᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[forest|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ{{citation needed}}.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ (ᎯᎠ &quot;[[Aquatic ape hypothesis|Aquatic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ]]&quot;) ᎤᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ postulated ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[bipedal]] ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[salt marsh|ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Danakil]] ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[Ethiopia]], ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[hominid]] ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ 5 ᎠᎴ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ gantlai, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ streamlining ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[aquatic]] ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎯᎠ [[eccrine]] [[sweat glands|ᎠᎵᎠᎷ glands]] ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ hominids ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ chimpanzees ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ eccrine glands, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. 

ᏦᎢᏁ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ [[Fisherian runaway|Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ]] [[sexual selection|sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎭᏂ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ){{citation needed}}. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[neoteny]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[juvenile|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]]-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[#Types of hair|ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ  ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[vellus hair|vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]). ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[vellus hair|vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]] (ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ [[terminal hair|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[chest hair|ᎦᏁᏥ]], [[abdominal hair|ᎤᏍᏉᎵ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ [[sexual selection|sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ [[sexual dimorphism]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ theories ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ [[depilation|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ]] ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[sexy]]&quot; ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ [[shaving|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ansigaya.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[sexual selection|sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]]-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ [[parasite|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]]ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. &quot;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, [[ectoparasite]]ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[biting flies|ᎤᏴᏢ anitvga]], ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ&quot;, &quot;ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ hairlessness ᎨᏒᎢ adaptation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ectoparasite ᎠᎧᎵᎢ.&quot; ᎠᏗᎭ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Pagel, [[evolutionary biologist]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ [[Walter Bodmer]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Reading|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ  ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ]], [[UK]]. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ 'ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎪᎯ adaptation ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ gene/ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ&quot; ᎠᏗᎭ Pagel. &quot;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ scenario [[sexual selection|sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ newscientist ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ:
http://www.newscientist.com/ᎤᏓᏡᎬ.ns?id=dn3807

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Pagel ᎠᎴ Walter Bodmer ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ
http://www.anthro.utah.edu/~rogers/pubs/Pagel-BL-270-S117.pdf

=== ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ===
[[Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 043.jpg|right|thumb|ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Hopi ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Edward . Curtis, 1922]]  ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ:
* [[Lanugo]], ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ [[fetus]]es
* [[Vellus hair|Vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎣᏌᏂ, &quot;[[peach fuzz|ᏆᏅ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ]]&quot; ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes
* [[Terminal hair|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, coarser, thicker, ᎠᎴ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ

=== ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ===
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ noticeable ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai. Ꮝ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ termed [[alopecia]], ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[baldness]]. 

ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ '''[[vellus hair|vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]''' ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ [[sex|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[race|ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ:  ᎯᎠ [[lips|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[nipple|ᏂᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ [[hand|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ [[feet|ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ]], ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ [[navel|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[scar|ᎤᏁᎸᏒ]] ᏂᎦᏛ.  ᎯᎠ [[density|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[hair follicles|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ [[square centimeter|ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter]]) varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ.
[[Image:Androgenic hair.JPG|thumb|left|ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ  androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ]]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ [[hormone]]([[androgen]]) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[puberty|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ '''ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ''' vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ '''[[terminal hair|ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]''' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ [[hair follicles|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ [[androgen]], ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ [[testosterone]] ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ termed '''[[androgenic hair|androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]'''. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ sensitivities. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ testosterone ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ androgen sensitivity. ᎯᎠ [[pubic]] ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ androgens.

ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes, ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[axillary hair|underarms]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[pubic hair|pubic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ansigaya ᎠᏛᏍᎬ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ '''[[sexual dimorphism]]''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[facial hair|facial ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], [[chest hair|ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]], [[abdominal hair|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ [[human leg|ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ]] ᎠᎴ [[arm|ᎧᏃᎨᏂ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ [[gene]]tic ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. 

ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hirsutism]]. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hypertrichosis]]. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.

[[Image:Gray945.png|thumb|left|150px|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ   ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
[[Image:Shuau with long hair.jpg|thumb|right|150px| ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ gantlai ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ dormancy. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, [[hair follicles|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ [[bulbous|ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ [[millimeter]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏦᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ pubic ᎠᎴ armpit ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[root|ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[dormancy]], ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ pushes ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏌᏊ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.25 centimeters, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.5 [[inch|ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ]]es, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏏᏅᏙ. [[Anthropologist]]ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ [[adornment|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]], byproduct ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ [[natural selection|ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]] ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏐᎢ [[somatic|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[Fisherian runaway|Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ]] [[sexual selection|sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[marker]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ&amp;mdash;ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ 39 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ&amp;mdash;ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv 80 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ). ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes) ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ.

=== Aging ===
[[Image:Old Hmong Man (Sapa Vietnam).jpg|150px|right|thumb| ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[Hmong people|Hmong]] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]

ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[pigment|ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ colourless. ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ aging. ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ 75 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ansigaya ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ/ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ overall 'ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ' ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[blond|ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ]] ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ aging. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ doesn't ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏃᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ afterward ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ [[fiber|ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]]ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ [[bubble|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ [[medula]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ [[scalp|ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ]] [[hair loss|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ]] ᎠᎴ thinning ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accompanies aging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[male pattern baldness|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ baldness]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 50&lt;ref name=&quot;halfofmen&quot;&gt;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_site=ozarksnow&amp;f_site=ozarksnow&amp;f_sitename=Springfield+News-Leader+%28MO%29&amp;p_theme=gannett&amp;p_product=SNLB&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_field_base-0=&amp;p_text_base-0=baldness&amp;Search=Search&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_queryname=700&amp;s_search_type=keyword&amp;p_sort=_rank_%3AD&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date%3AB%2CE&amp;p_text_date-0= &quot;Uncovering the bald truth about hair loss.&quot;] ''Springfield ᏗᏤᎢ-ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ'', ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 10, 2005.  &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ansigaya&quot; ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[baldness]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ [[primate|ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ]] [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ evolutionary ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[myth|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]]; ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᏂᎦᏛ [[dehydrate]], ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ.

=== Pathological ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ===
ᏄᏬᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[cancer|ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]] [[chemotherapy]] ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, noticeable ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ [[eyebrow]], ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ dividing ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ cancerous ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏐᎢ [[disease|ᎥᏳᎩ]]ᎠᎴ [[Physical trauma|trauma]]ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ patches.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ [[poison|ᎠᏓᎯᎯ]]ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Col. [[Lafayette Baker]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ [[July 3|ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 3]], [[1868]], ᎬᏙᏗ [[atomic|ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ]] [[absorption|ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ]] [[spectrophotometer]] ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ [[arsenic|ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Wallace Pollock|Wally Pollack]], Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ . Neff, Pollack ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ Baker ᎤᏤᎵ [[beer|ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ. Baker ᎤᏤᎵ [[diary|ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ]] ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ suitcoat ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ.

=== ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ===

ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ''ᎯᎠ [[Physics|ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ]] Factbook'', ᎯᎠ [[diameter|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 17 181 [[µm]] (millionths [[meter|ᎠᏎᎯᎯ]]), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 0.017 mm 0.181 mm.[http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLey.shtml]
g ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]

== Cultural ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ==
=== ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ===
[[Image:Hair.jpg|right|thumb|120px|ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ  ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏣᏅᏗ,&quot; ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ societies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ [[haircut]] ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ [[cultural]] ᎠᎴ [[social role of hair|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ]]. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient Egypt|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]] ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shaved, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egyptian ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎪᎯ &quot;[[sidelock]]&quot;. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ shaved ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ [[lice|ᏘᎾ]], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ [[wig|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient Greece|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece]] ᎠᎴ [[ancient Rome|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome]] ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎦᏳᎳ differed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ haircuts. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[chignon|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ [[henna]] ᎠᎴ sprinkled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. Men’s ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ shaved. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rome [[hairdressing]] ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[upper class|ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]]es ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[slavery|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ]]ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ [[barber|ᏗᏓᏍᏙᏰᏍᎩ]] ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. 
[[Image:Maasai_tribe.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Maasai ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ styling]]

&lt;!-- The tradition of women having long hair and men having short hair is usually traced back to times of war, where having long hair meant that one was weak and was to be spared. Generally men, being viewed as strong and dominant, would cut their hair short, while women who were considered inferior and weaker, would keep their hair long so that they would be spared. --&gt;

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ styling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[Africa]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏴᏫ dealt ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ [[Maasai]] [[warrior|ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ]]ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ [[braid|ᎤᏇᎷᎬ]]ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, shaved ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ [[grease|ᎪᎢ]]; ᎢᎦᏛ stiffened ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ [[animal|gantlai]] [[dung|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]]. 

ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ cultural ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ influenced ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[17th Century|17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ [[19th Century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ansigaya ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ-ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[ponytail]]. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-haired ansigaya ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[George Washington]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ [[Napoleon Bonaparte|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Bonaparte]] ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ flamboyant ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ [[World War I|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ]] ansigaya ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ [[beard|ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ]]. ᎯᎠ [[trench warfare|ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ]] ᎠᏰᎵ [[1914]] ᎠᎴ [[1918]] ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ansigaya [[lice|ᏘᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[flea|ᏣᏑᎦ]] [[infestation|ᎥᏳᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ persisted.

ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ansigaya ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ armies ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-[[medieval|lyudetiyvda]] [[Europe]] ᎠᎴ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]].

ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ lifestyle ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Western Culture|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]] iyuwakodi [[World War One|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏌᏊ]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ [[Pentecostal]] ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[trim|ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ]]ming ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎯᎠ [[1960s]] ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ tohi adedi ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.  ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centimeters) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ [[scalp|ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ]] ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[forehead|ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ]] ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ (midpoint ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ [[buttock|ᎣᏂᏗᏢ]]ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[thigh]]), [[waist|ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, [[hip|ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ]] ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-thigh. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[genetics|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᎴ overall ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎡᏆ [[internet communities|ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ lifestyle.

=== ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ===
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ itsuwakodi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [[chest hair|ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]] ᎾᎿ ansigaya ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[virility|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[masculinity]]; ᏐᎢ societies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ youthfulness.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ancient Egypt|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt]], ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[beauty|ᎤᏬᏚ]]. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Egyptian ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ&lt;ref name=&quot;egypt&quot;&gt;Dersin, Denise, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (Eds.) (1996). ''ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ adel didiyi ᎯᎠ Nile''. Richmond, Virginia: iyuwakodi-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.&lt;/ref&gt;). ᎯᎠ [[ancient Greece|ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ [[youth|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. [[Islam]] ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ armpit ᎠᎴ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[fitrah|ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ  fitrah]]). 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ]] societies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[twentieth century|ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ [[bikini]] ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ sexual ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ advertising ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎪᎯ media ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ansigaya, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;[[manscaping]]&quot;.

=== ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ===
[[Hair care|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, chemicals ᎠᎴ techniques. 
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ societies.
{{Sectstub}}

==ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ fictional ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ==
ᎪᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ fictional ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ansigaya ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ.

* [[Absalom]]
* [[The Beatles|ᎯᎠ Beatles]]
* [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Ludwig ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Beethoven]], ᎢᎦᏛ theologeons ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. 
* [[Björn Borg]]
* [[David Bowie]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ziggy Stardust]]
* [[Louise Brooks|Louise ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ]]
* [[Brunhilda of Austrasia|Brunhilda  Austrasia]], ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ [[death penalty|ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]].
* [[Kurt Cobain]]
* [[Coolio]]
* [[George Clooney]], ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Caesar cut|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]
* [[Angela Davis]]
* [[Robert De Niro|Robert ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Niro]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Travis Bickle|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Bickle]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Taxi Driver|Taxi ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ]]
* [[Bo Derek|ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ Derek]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ [[Ten|ᏍᎪᎯ]] ([[1979]])
* [[Dido (singer)|Dido (ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ)]], ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ [[Dido flip|Dido ᎠᏗᏅᏗ]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Farrah Fawcett]]
* ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ [[Friends|ᏧᎾᎵᎢ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ hairstyles ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ.
* [[Crystal Gayle|ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Gayle]]
* [[Whoopi Goldberg]]
* [[Goldilocks]]
* [[Ruud Gullit]], Dutch footballer, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ dreadlocks.
* [[Audrey Hepburn]]
* [[Moe Howard]] [[The Three Stooges|ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ Stooges]]
* [[The Jackson Five|ᎯᎠ Jackson ᎯᏍᎩ]]
* [[Michael Jackson]], ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[jheri curl|jheri ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ [[Thriller]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.
* [[Samuel L. Jackson]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Jules]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pulp Fiction (film)|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ]].
* [[Jommeke]], Belgian ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jef Nys]].
* [[Don King|ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]]
* [[Elsa Lanchester]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [[The Bride of Frankenstein|ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ  Frankenstein]]
* [[Tom Lanoye|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Lanoye]], Belgian ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ hearstyles
* [[Pippi Longstocking]]
* [[Princess Leia|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏪᏥᎠᏘ Leia]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Star Wars|ᏃᏈᏏ ᏓᏄᏩ]]
* [[John Lydon|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Lydon]]/[[Johnny Rotten|Johnny ᎤᎪᏏᏛ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[The Sex Pistols|ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎦᎶᏇ]]
* [[Madame de Pompadour|ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Pompadour]], ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Pompadour]] haircut
* [[Bob Marley|ᏆᏆ Marley]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[dreadlocks]] ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ.
* [[Harpo Marx]]
* [[Medusa]]
* [[John McEnroe|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ McEnroe]]
* [[Jim Morrison]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Jean-Marie Pfaff]], Belgian ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏗ
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Rapunzel]]
* [[The Rolling Stones|ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ]]
* [[Samson|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]]/[[Simpson]]
* [[Bart Simpson]]
* [[Marge Simpson]]
* [[Son Goku|ᎤᏪᏥ Goku]]
* [[Cloud Strife|ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ]], ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ [[Final Fantasy VII|ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ VII]]
* [[Tammin Sursok]]
* [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[The Cure|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]
* [[Mr. T.|ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. T.]]
* [[Shirley Temple|Shirley ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ]]
* [[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]]
* [[Donald Trump|Donald galgvda]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ [[combover]] hairstyle
* [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Cousin Itt|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Itt]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Addams Family|Addams ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ]] tv ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ
* [[Chuck Norris|ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Norris]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]

== gantlai ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ==
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ [[mammals|gantlai]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pelage]], [[fur|ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ]] ᎠᎴ [[wool|ᎤᏩᏅ]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pelage ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ [[porcupine|ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[mane|ᎦᏅᏙᎬ]][[lion|ᏢᏓᏥ]]). ᎯᎠ [[polar bear|ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ]] ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ pelage ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᎴ [[pigmentation|unpigmented]] ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ [[sunlight]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[ultraviolet]] [[light|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]], ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ. 

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ gantlai ᎤᎭ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquatic gantlai, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[whale|ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[dolphin|ᎠᎺᏉᎯ]], ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[pinniped]]ᎠᎴ [[Mustelidae|ᏥᏯ]]ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ). ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter). ᎡᏆ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[elephant|ᎧᎹᎹ]]ᎠᎴ [[rhinoceros|ᎳᏃᏏᎳ]] Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ overheating) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==

{{Commons|Category:Hair|Hair}}

* [[Xie Qiuping]]
* [[Facial hair|Facial ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Chest hair|ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Abdominal hair|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Pubic hair|Pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Hypertrichosis]]
* [[Hirsutism]]
* [[Baldness]]
* [[Depilation|ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ]]
* [[Widow's peak|ᎤᏬᏑᎶᏨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ]]
* [[Cowlick]]
* [[Social role of hair|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ  ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Blond|ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ]]
* [[Brunette|ᏬᏗᎨ]]
* [[Red hair|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Trichophilia]]
* [[Trichotillomania]]
* [[Trichology]]
* [[Hair care|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Hair style|ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ]]
* [[List of songs about hair|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ]]
* [[Eponymous hairstyles]]
* [[Poliosis]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=122411 Discussion about shaving and cultures]
*[http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/dermatology/hair/hair.htm Hair disorders] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Cleveland Clinic

{{integumentary_system}}
{{human anatomical features}}

[[Category:Hair| ]]
[[Category:Human appearance]]
[[Category:Integumentary system]]
[[Category:Animal anatomy]]

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  <page>
    <title>User:Ev</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Babel-5|chr-0|en-3|es|de-2|fr-1}}

[[meta:User:Ev]]


*You can leave me a message on [[m:User talk:Ev|my talk page on meta]].
*Vous pouvez me laisser un message sur [[m:User talk:Ev|ma page de discussion sur méta]].
*Puede dejarme un mensaje en [[m:User talk:Ev|mi página de discusión en meta]].
*Puoi lasciarmi un messaggio nella [[m:User talk:Ev|mia pagina di discussione su meta]].
*Sie können mir eine Nachricht auf [[m:User talk:Ev|meiner Diskussionsseite im meta]] hinterlassen.


( Please, help me by adding a similar message in Cherokee at the top of the list, and removing this petition at the same time. Thanks :-)</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ</title>
    <id>2828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9245</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-19T06:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: 
[[Image:Van Dyck - Charity.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Allegory|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ  ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎤᏂᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥ�...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
[[Image:Van Dyck - Charity.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Allegory|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ]] ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ  ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ  ᎤᏂᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Anthony van Dyck|Anthony ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Dyck]]]]

== ᎧᏁᏨ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1400, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ 'ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ; ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎬᎪudotlv gvgotvdi Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ.' ᎯᎠ [[fraternity|ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1700, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ 'optimistic ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ; ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ erected ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.' ᎪᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎯ.&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|1]]&lt;/sup&gt;

== ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ==
=== ''Caritas'': selfless ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ===

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] [[theology|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]] '''ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ''', ᎠᎴ ''[[Love (religious views)#Christian|ᎬᎨᏳᎢ]]'' (''[[agapē]]''), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ [[three theological virtues|ᏦᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ]]: 
:''Deus caritas ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ'' - &quot;ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ&quot;.

ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏳᎯ-ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏩᏒ-sacrificial.   ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ &quot;ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.&quot;  ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ''caritas'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ''ᏫᎵ'' ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.  ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ.

[[Image:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Charity (1878).jpg|thumb|right|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]]]
ᎾᏍᎩ comprised ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏧᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏩᏒ.

[[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ([[1 Corinthians 13|ayatolv 13]] ([[KJV]])):

:''ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᏯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏣᏱ, ᎠᎴ tinkling ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ mysteries, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᏯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏯ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ profiteth ᎠᏴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.''

:''ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ suffereth ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ; ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ envieth ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ; ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ vaunteth ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ puffed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, Doth ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ, seeketh ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ provoked, thinketh Ꮭ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ; Rejoiceth ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ rejoiceth ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ; Beareth ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, believeth ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, hopeth ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, endureth ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ.''

:''ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎥᏝ faileth: ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ prophecies, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.'' 

:''ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ: ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᎧᏛ: ᎾᏊ ᎠᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎠᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ.''

:''ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ abideth ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.''

ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[King James Version|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ James ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ]] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ''ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ'' ᎠᎴ ''ᎬᎨᏳᎢ'' ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ''caritas'' / ἀγάπη: ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ; ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎬᎨᏳᎢ'', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.  ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ''caritas''.

ᎯᎠ [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ  ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ  ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ]] ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;''ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ'', ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ endureth ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ.&quot;  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ &quot;ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ unto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ;&quot; (Moroni 7:47,48) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.  ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ, &quot;ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ thy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ansigaya...&quot; (ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ atuyasdodi 121:45)  ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ encompasses ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ansigaya, ᎯᎠ motivating ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ansigaya ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ, Redeemer, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ansigaya ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ iyuwakodi.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Nephi ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ.&quot; (1 Nephi 11:23) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ugatohvsv Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ selfless ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ''caritas'' ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏙᏗ, ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ.

=== ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ===
[[Image:Ravi Varma-Lady Giving Alms at the Temple.jpg|thumb|left|ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ]]

ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏬᏑᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᎴ handicapped, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎹ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ:  ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ homebound, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ [[dowry|dowries]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ, educating ᎤᏓᏂᏯᏛ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ &quot;ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ&quot; -- ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[filial piety|ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ.  ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ &quot;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ&quot; -- ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ.

[[Image:Sisters of Charity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Missionaries of Charity|Missionaries  ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ]],  [[religious order|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]] dedicated  ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ]]
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ.  ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ.  ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ entailed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.  ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ -- ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ -- ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [[Begging|ᎠᏚᎳᏗᏍᎩ]].

ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ charities.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[orphanage|ᎤᎾᏓᏂᏯᏛ]], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ adel didiyi, [[religious order|ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ]]dedicated ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, [[hospital|ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ]], ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ homebound ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.  ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ adatolasdodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.  ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.  ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sunni Islam|ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Islam]] ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[Zakat]], ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ [[Five Pillars of Islam|ᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ. ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Given name|forename]], ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.

== ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ==
#ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎯ, ''ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ 1400-1700'' (Oxford 1985) 168.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[[Altruism|ᎣᏩᏒ]]
*[[Charitable trust|ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ]]
*[[Charity fraud|ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ]]
*[[Foundation (charity)|ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ (ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ)]]
*[[Tzedakah]]
*[[Dan (Hinduism)|Dāna]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09397a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' &quot;Love (Theological Virtue)&quot;]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03592a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' &quot;Charity and Charities&quot;]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3.htm ''Summa Theologica'' &quot;Second Part of the Second Part&quot;] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ 23-46
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1295&amp;letter=A ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' &quot;Alms&quot;]
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=371&amp;letter=C ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' &quot;Charity and Charitable Institutions&quot;]
*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=3056 Charity in Judaism]

[[Category:Charities]]
[[Category:Spirituality]]
[[Category:Virtues]]

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      <comment>New page: &lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot;&gt;[[Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.png|left|50px| ]]&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 60px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikiquote]] has a collection of quotations related to:&lt;div style=&quot;margin-lef...</comment>
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    <title>ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg|thumb|left|220px|''ᎠᏓᎸᏉᏙᏗᏱ  ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ'' (1535-40), ᎾᎥᎢ Florentine [[Mannerist|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Agnolo Bronzino]]

'''ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[Christian|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]] [[holiday|ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ]] ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ [[December 25|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]]. [[Eastern Christianity|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Julian Calendar|Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[January 7|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]]. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ birthdate ᏥᏌ. 

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ'' ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Middle English|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ''Christemasse'' ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Old English|ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ]] ''Cristes mæsse.''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathChrit&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm &quot;Christmas&quot;], ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ'', 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ &quot;[[Jesus|ᎦᎶᏁᏛ']] [[Mass (liturgy)|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ]]&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shortened [[Xmas]] ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎶᎻ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ &quot;X&quot; ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Greek language|ᎠᎪᎢ]] ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ [[Chi (letter)|Χ]] (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ), ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ (Χριστός).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ influenced ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[Yule]] ᎠᎴ [[Saturnalia|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. 

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Western culture|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Santa Claus]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Father Christmas|ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]], [[Saint Nicholas|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]], ᎠᎴ [[Father Frost|ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ]]). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ [[United States|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ]], [[United Kingdom|ᎩᎵᏏ]] ᎠᎴ [[Australia|Australian]] ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs disseminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, television, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ media.

==ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==


===ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ===

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ [[December 25|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25]]. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[Annunciation|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]] ([[March 25|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25]]), ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ [[Incarnation (Christianity)|ᎢᎦᏛ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[December solstice|ᎪᎳ solstice]].

yvwatuwidv 220, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ [[Tertullian]] ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 29. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[crucifixion|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ [[crucifixion|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]] ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ [[April 3|ᎫᏬᏂ 3]], ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 33 (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Odenwald&quot;&gt;Odenwald, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Sten, [http://holtz.org/Library/Social%20Science/History/Metals%20Age/Dating%20Jesus%20Death%20by%20Lunar%20Eclipse.htm &quot;Can you date the crucifixion of Jesus Christ using astronomy?&quot;], 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ [[Julian calendar|Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.)

ᎾᎥᎢ 240, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ [[March 25|ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25]], ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ [[vernal equinox|ᎠᏛᏍᎩ equinox]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathAnnun&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01542a.htm &quot;The Feast of the Annunciation&quot;], ''ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ,'' 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[crucifixion|ᎡᎯᏍᏛ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ Jewish ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ lyudetiyvda,&quot; ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duchesne&quot;&gt;[[Louis Duchesne|Duchesne, Louis]], ''Les origines du culte chrétien: Etude sur ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ liturgie latine ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Charlemagne''. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, 1889.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talley&quot;&gt;Talley, Thomas J., ''ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Liturgical ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ''. Pueblo ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎢᏤ York, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[Annunciation|ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ]], ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ [[December solstice|ᎪᎳ solstice]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''bruma''. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏯ.e. Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. (ᎯᎠ [[Julian calendar|Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[December 24|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 24]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 45 BC. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ slippage, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ astronomical solstice ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ [[December 21|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 21]] ᎠᎴ [[December 22|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 22]]).

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏌ' ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Sextus Julius Africanus]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''Chronographiai'' (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 221), ᎢᎬᏱ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 245, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ [[Origen]] denounced ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏥᏌ &quot;ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ pharaoh.&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ, Origen ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 274, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Aurelian]] designated ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ [[Sol Invictus|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus]] (ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎦᏙᎬ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ&quot;). Aurelian ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ solstice ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ [[Mithras]], [[syncretism|ᎦᏇᏅᏗ]] ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Persian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. Mithras ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Syrian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.[[Image:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mural ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ  ᏥᏌ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[catacombs|ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ]]  Rome, ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 4th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.]]

Mithras ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎪ sprang ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Mithratic ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ Mithras' ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ dedicated Mithras ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ promoted Mithraism ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Commodus]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ emphasized ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ utugi uwasv ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ. Mithraism collapsed ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine ᎠᏯ]] ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (312), ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Constantine ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Christology|ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ  ᎦᎶᏁᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ Alexandrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:14 John 1:14]), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Nestorianism|Antioch ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1:9-11 Mark 1:9-11]). ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;&gt;ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, Alexander, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=13022&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=13022&amp;g13022=x&amp;g9142=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x&amp;e=true &quot;Medieval Christmas&quot;], ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ'', ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1986, '''36''' (12), pp. 31 - 39.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]], ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[theotokos]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᎠᏱᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rome ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 336. ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 350.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt;

===lyudetiyvda ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ===

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ outgrew ᎯᎠ [[Christological]] ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏡᏡ,&quot; ᎾᏊ [[Advent|ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Candlemas|ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ [[January 6|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Epiphany|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ [[Early Middle Ages|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]]. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Charlemagne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crowned ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ, 800.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Easter|ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi.

ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Saturnalia|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ]]. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ [[December 17|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]], ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda&quot; ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ itsuwakodi, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ,&quot; ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus.&lt;ref name=Sempronia&gt;Sempronia, Julilla,[http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/242252 &quot;Ancient Voices: Saturnalia], ''AncientWorlds'' 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, Italy ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Advent|ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ]] (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ&quot; (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ [[Epiphany|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt;

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ Christianize, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ''Jul'' ([[Yule]]), ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏔᎵᏚ-ᎢᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ [[Thor|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ &quot;Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ.&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''Mitwinternacht'' (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵᏚ ''Rauhnächte'' (ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Reichmann&quot;&gt;Reichmann, ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ, [http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/xmasintr.htm &quot;Christmas&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[High Middle Ages|ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ]], ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ &quot;ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.&quot; ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Richard II of England|Richard ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ  England]] hosted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1377 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ oxen ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ &quot;Yule ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ&quot; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ lyudetiyvda ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ dancers ᎦᎪ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ dancers Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏛᏓᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Yule).&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt; &quot;ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ&quot; -- ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, promiscuity, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt;

===ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ itsuwakodi===
[[Image:1863 harpers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Santa Claus]] ᏧᏃᏰᏂ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏓᏁᏗ  ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Thomas Nast]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ Santa Claus ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ''[[Harper's Weekly|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ]]'', 1863.]]

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Reformation|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]], ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ&quot; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ [[Puritan|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Charles I of England|Charles ᎠᏯ  England]], ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, [[Canterbury|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durston&quot;&gt;Durston, Chris, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=12890&amp;g12890=x&amp;g9130=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x &quot;Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642-60&quot;], ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ'', ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1985, '''35''' (12) pp. 7 - 14.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ [[English Restoration|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Anglican|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]] ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ [[Dissenter|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]]).

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ [[Tudor]] ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[A Christmas Carol| ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ [[Charles Dickens]] ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowell&quot;&gt;Rowell, Geoffrey, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=9784&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=9784&amp;g9784=x&amp;g9777=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x &quot;Dickens and the Construction of Christmas&quot;], ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ,'' ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1993, '''43''' (12), pp. 17 - 24.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ &quot;[[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]]&quot; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Germany, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.&lt;ref name=Harper&gt;ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, Douglas, [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christ Christ], ''Online ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ,'' 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ asgahah aninela [[Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert]] enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. [[Christmas card|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ]]ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s.&lt;ref name=Harper/&gt; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.
[[Image:FatherChristmastrial.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Father Christmas|ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]] ᎦᏂᎳᏕᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏑᎵ  ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ Tryal  ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ'' (1686) ᎾᎥᎢ Josiah ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ]]
ᎯᎠ [[Puritans|ᎢᎦᏛ]] [[New England|ᎢᏤ England]] ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Boston, Massachusetts|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] (1659-81). [[Virginia]] ᎠᎴ [[New York|ᎢᏤ York]], ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ [[American Revolution|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ&quot;. ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ [[Washington Irving]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ [[American Civil War|ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ]] ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870. 

[[Santa Claus]] ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ ''Sinterklaas,'' ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. Dutch ᎦᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. Irving ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas &quot;ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Irving&quot;&gt;Irving, Washington, ''ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ York'', 1812.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ Santa Claus ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ &quot;[[A Visit from Saint Nicholas| ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]]&quot; (1822) ᎾᎥᎢ [[Clement Clarke Moore|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Clarke Moore]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ Santa ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ distributing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ cartoonist [[Thomas Nast]] (1840-1902), ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1880s, Nast ᎤᏤᎵ Santa ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ standardized ᎾᎥᎢ advertisers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mikkelson&quot;&gt;Mikkelson, Barbara ᎠᎴ David P., [http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/santa.asp &quot;The Claus That Refreshes&quot;], ''Snopes.com,'' 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Father Christmas|ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi,&lt;ref name=Harper/&gt; ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ iyuwakodi Victorian Britain remade ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ Santa.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Christmas truce|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France (1914). ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi afterward. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ soccer ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ 133rd ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ bested Britain ᎤᏤᎵ Seaforth Highlanders 3-2.

==ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ==
{{main | Nativity of Jesus}}

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Gospel of Luke|kenohedv  Luke]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Gospel of Matthew|kenohedv  Matthew]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ [[Gospel of Mark|kenohedv  ᎤᏙᏪᎸ]], ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ kenohedv ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ [[Markan priority|Markan ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ]], ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Luke, [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[angel|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] Ꮎ ᎯᎠ [[Holy Spirit|ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]] ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ. Mary ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ atsinuqowisgv Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ &quot;ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.&quot; ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ asgahah aninela [[Saint Joseph|ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Nazareth]] ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150 kilometres (90 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ tsuqagutanvsv ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, [[Bethlehem]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[census|ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ]] ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ [[Augustus]]. ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ Mary ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]]. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ.&quot; ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, &quot;ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ nvwato hiyadv ansigaya ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ favour ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ adalatudi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏌ ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:5-2:20 Luke 1:5-2:20]).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Matthew, [[Biblical magi|lyudetiyvda]] ᎤᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[Herod|ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jerusalem|ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ, &quot;ᎭᏢᏃ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ atogiyadv? ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ.&quot; (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+24:17 Numbers 24:17].) ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''lyudetiyvda'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ansigaya.&quot; ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda [[Babylon]] ᎦᎪ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Daniel ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Book of Daniel|ᎪᏪᎵ  Daniel]]. Daniel ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ itsuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[messiah|ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ]] ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+9:24-27 Daniel 9:24-27]), ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᏴᏫ.

ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]], ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏦᎢ: Balthassar, [[Melchior]], ᎠᎴ [[Caspar]]. Balthassar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Babylonian ᏚᏙᎥ Belshazzar. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel. Melchior ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Aramaic]]. Caspar ᎨᏒᎢ Latinized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Gondophares, [[Parthia]]n (ᎠᏯ.e. Persian) ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ prophecies Ꮎ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+60:3 Isaiah 60:3], [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+72:11 Psalms 72:11]).

ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ advisors ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ Bethlehem, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ [[David]], ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Micah+5:2-4 Micah 5:2-4]. &quot;ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ,&quot; ᎤᏓᎶᏄᎮᏌᏘ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Bethlehem, ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ [[Star of Bethlehem| ᏃᏈᏏ]] Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏌ. ᏥᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Luke. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ (''paidion''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᎵ (''brephos''). ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎡᏙᎠ ᏥᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ [[gold|ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]], [[frankincense|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[myrrh|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]]. (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+60:1-7 Isaiah 60:1-7], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brueggemann&quot;&gt;Brueggemann, Walter, [http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2103 &quot;Off by Nine Miles (Isaiah 60:1-7; Matthew 2:1-12)&quot;], ''ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi'', Dec. 19-26, 2001, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Egypt]]. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ Bethlehem ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 2 ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Nazareth]] ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2:1-23 Matthew 2:1-23]).

[[Image:Adorazione del Bambino - Beato Angelico.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''ᎠᏓᎸᏉᏙᏗᏱ  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ'' (1439-43),  mural ᎾᎥᎢ Florentine ᏕᎬᏔᏛ [[Fra Angelico]].]]

==ᏐᎢ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ==

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ [[Roman Catholic|ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Protestant|ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Europe ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ [[January 7|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7]]. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Orthodoxy|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ]] ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Julian calendar|Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ determining ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ dubbed ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ Saviour ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ.&quot; Armenian ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ [[January 6|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tchilingirian&quot;&gt;Tchilingirian, Hratch, [http://www.sain.org/Armenian.Church/xmas.txt &quot;Armenian Christmas: Why Armenians Celebrate Christmas on January 6th?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎯᎠ [[Christmas season|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[Christmas Day|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[twelve days of Christmas|ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ  ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]], ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ [[Twelfth Night (holiday)|ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏒᏃᏱ]], ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Epiphany (feast)|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi, Swedish ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ nvwato hiyadv (''julefrid'') ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[robbery|ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[manslaughter|ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎾᎿ [[Knut]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ([[January 13|ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 13]]), Swedish ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]] (''julgransplundring''). 

[[Image:Leech ghostpresent big.jpg|thumb|left|px300|Scrooge ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ  ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏝᏄᏏ. ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[Charles Dickens]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[A Christmas Carol| ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' (1843).]]

ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Thanksgiving|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Philippines]], ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ &quot;-ber ᎢᏯᏅᏓ&quot; (ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, ᏚᏂᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.).

ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ [[December 25|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25]] ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Christmas Eve|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Scandinavia]], [[Lithuania]] ᎠᎴ [[Poland]], ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Europe]]ᎠᎴ [[Commonwealth of Nations|ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ]] ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Boxing Day|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᎦ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Finland]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Romania]], [[Austria]], ᎠᎴ [[Catalonia]] ([[Spain]]), ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[St. Stephen's Day|ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Stephen ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Quebec]], ᎯᎠ [[December 26|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 26]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''Lendemain ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Noël'' (&quot;ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ&quot;).

==ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ==
{{main|Christmas worldwide}}

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]], ᎯᎠ [[Christmas ham|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ]], ᎯᎠ [[Yule log|Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ]], [[holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]], [[mistletoe|ᎤᏓᎳ]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ [[presents|ᎠᏓᏁᎭ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ carryover ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ [[Yule]].

[[Image:wiki_christmas.JPG|thumb|right|ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ [[Postage stamp|ᏗᎦᏯᎸᏗ]] ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ  ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. [[Austria]], 1999]]

Russia banned ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1917 iyuwakodi 1992. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Jehovah's Witnesses|ᏱᎰᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ]], [[Puritans|ᎢᎦᏛ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ [[fundamentalists]], ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Bible|ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[southern hemisphere|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]], ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎪᎯ clashes ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎳ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ-coated Santa Claus ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᎾ ᏓᏂᏒᎾᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[Australia]] ᎤᏤᎵ [[Bondi Beach|Bondi ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ]]. [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]] ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ Santa Claus ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[New Year's Day|ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''bada ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ'' (&quot;ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦ&quot;), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv Santa Claus ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[South Korea|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea]], ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ.

===Santa Claus ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ bringers ᏗᏓᏁᏗ===

ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ mythical ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Saint Nicholas|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]], [[bishop|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[Myra]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fourth century|ᏅᎩᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] Lycia, [[Asia Minor|Asia ᎠᏲᎵ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Palestine ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Myra. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ [[Diocletian]] ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ [[Constantine]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Council of Nicaea|ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ  Nicaea]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ [[December 6|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 345 ᎠᎴ 352. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1087, Italian ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ ᎤᏃᏍᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ Myra ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ [[Bari]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ San Nicola ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bari. ᎪᎢᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏏᎵ ᎦᏚ ᎨᏥᏁᎸ di . Nicola, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CatholicMyra&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11063b.htm &quot;Nicholas of Myra&quot;], ''ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ,'' 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎯᎠ [[the Netherlands|Dutch]] ᎤᏬᎳᏨ [[Saint Nicholas|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]], ᎠᎴ [[Sinterklaas]], ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ [[December 6|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ renamed Santa Claus ᎠᎴ [[Saint Nick|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Anglo-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎾᎿ [[sleigh|ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ [[reindeer|ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ [[chimney|ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ]], ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ behaviour ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.
[[Image:Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif|left|framed|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]]

ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Santa ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ behaviour. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ iyuwakodi, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ [[booby prize|ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]], ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ [[Switch (rod)|ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.

ᎯᎠ [[French language|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ]] ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Santa, [[Père Noël]], ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santa ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Santa Claus ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ [[Knecht Ruprecht]], ᎠᎴ [[Black Peter|ᎬᎿᎨ Peter]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, [[elf|elves]] ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Mrs. Claus|ᎠᎨᏴ. Claus]]. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[shopping mall|ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ]]ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ [[Australia]] ᎤᎭ Santa Claus ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa kalil ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ [[Canada]] ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᏗ [[Christmas stocking|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏓᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Santa ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ kalil ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏏᏩ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa kalil ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas kalil ᎾᎿ [[December 5|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 5]], ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ. ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.

====Timing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ====
[[Image:gifts_xmas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ.]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands]], [[Saint Nicholas|ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ [[Germany]], ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ [[December 5|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 5]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ [[candy|ᎧᎵᏎᏥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hungary Santa Claus ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: Mikulás) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎪᎳ ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: Télapó) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Krampusz. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎨᏒᎢ [[December 24|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 24]], ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Santa Claus ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hungary]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎵ) [[Jesus|ᏥᏌ]] ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: Jézuska), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Santa Claus. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Spain]], ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[magi|lyudetiyvda]] ᎾᎿ [[Epiphany|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]] (ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Poland]], Santa Claus ([[Polish language|ᎦᎶᏂᏗ]]: Święty Mikołaj) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ [[December 5|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 5]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ [[December 6|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6]]) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ [[Christmas Eve|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ]], [[December 24|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 24]], (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Finland]], ''[[Joulupukki]]'' ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ [[December 24|ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 24]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Russia]], ''[[Grandfather Frost|ᎤᏚᏚ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ]]'' ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Scotland]], ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ [[Hogmanay]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ [[New Year's Eve|ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ - esepcially ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1967]] - ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ exchanging ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ &quot;[[Twelve Days of Christmas|ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ  ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]]&quot;, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. iyuwakodi ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎿ [[Boxing Day|ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᎦ]].

===ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ nvwato hiyadv===
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ nvwato hiyadv ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Finland]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939 ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ [[Turku]], Finland ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Finnish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television.
[[Image:Juletræet.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  Danish ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, 2004.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ''Jumala ompi linnamme'' (ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ [[Martin Luther|ᏡᏡ Luther]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''Ein` feste Burg ist unser Gott'') ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ nvwato hiyadv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.

===ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Western world|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ]], ᏗᏲᏛᎯ Ꭺ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ motifs ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[Christmas trees|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ]], [[holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]], [[poinsettia]], [[mistletoe|ᎤᏓᎳ]], ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᏥᎸᏓᏙᏗ, [[Santa Claus]], ᎯᎠ [[Nativity of Jesus|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]], [[angels|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]], carolers, nutcrackers, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ, ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏂᏧᏣ, ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, candies, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ [[penguins]].

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ [[Christmas lights|ᏓᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[Christmas ornaments|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ [[garland|ᎦᏐᏆᎸ]]ᎠᎴ [[evergreen|ᎦᏌᏆᎸ]] ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ [[holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[mistletoe|ᎤᏓᎳ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Australia]], [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ]] ᎠᎴ [[South America|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ adatolasdisgi ᏫᎬᏍᏗ [[Europe]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ illuminated ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ [[poinsettia]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ digakohidi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[holly|ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ]], [[mistletoe|ᎤᏓᎳ]], ᎩᎦᎨ [[amaryllis]], ᎠᎴ [[Christmas cactus|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ]].

Municipalities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ endorsing ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎯᎠ [[Supreme Court of the United States|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]] ruled Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nativity of Jesus|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]] ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lynch&quot;&gt;[http://www.belcherfoundation.org/lynch_v_donnelly.htm ''Lynch vs. Donnelly] (1984)&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ [[Saudi Arabia|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ  Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ]] ᎯᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[Christianity|ᏚᏳᎪᏛ]].

===ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ===
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ [[pageant|ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ]]ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ retelling ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ [[carols|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ [[volunteer|ᏫᎵ]] ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴ [[fundraising]] ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[charities]].

ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[Christmas dishes|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Eastern Europe|ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Europe]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ [[fasting|ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]]. ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Christmas card|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ]]ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ  ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[season's greetings|ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎮᎵᏤᏘ]]&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ&quot;, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ senders ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ .

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᏕᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ involving ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏗᏔᎲ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ fatalities ᎧᏁᏉᎩ.

===ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ media===
{{multi-listen start}}
{{multi-listen item|filename=Deck the Halls.ogg|title=Deck the Halls|description=[[Deck the Halls|alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ]]|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{multi-listen item|filename=Oh holy night.ogg|title=Oh Holy Night|description=[[Oh Holy Night|Oh ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏒᏃᏱ]]|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{multi-listen item|filename=Angels We Have Heard On High.ogg|title=Angels We Have Heard On High|description=[[Angels We Have Heard On High|ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ]], performed by Clarinet and French Horn|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{multi-listen end}}

==ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ media==
{{main|Christmas in the media}}
[[Image:Now is it Christmas again (1907) by Carl Larsson.jpg|thumbnail|300px|left|&quot;ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏏᏇ&quot; (1907) ᎾᎥᎢ Carl Larsson.]]

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fictional ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ [[fairy tale|ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ]], ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ [[miracle|ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ]]. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.

ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky']] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ''[[The Nutcracker|ᎯᎠ Nutcracker]]'' ᎠᎴ Charles Dickens ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[A Christmas Carol| ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]''. ''[[The Nutcracker|ᎯᎠ Nutcracker]]'' ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ [[nutcracker]] Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ [[Germany|ᎠᏓᏥ]] [[girl|ᎠᎨᏳᏣ']] ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[A Christmas Carol| ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ [[Ebenezer Scrooge|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Scrooge]]. Scrooge ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ [[compassion|ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ]], [[philanthropy|ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ]], ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Dickens'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Hans Christian Andersen|H. C. Andersen']] ''[[The Little Match Girl|ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ]],'' ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ [[slum|ᎦᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᏂᏚᎳᏑᎸᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ matches, ᎠᎴ peeking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏔᎲ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Anglophone ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1881, ᎯᎠ [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[magazine|ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ]] ''Ny Illustrerad Tidning'' ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ [[Viktor Rydberg]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ''Tomten'' featuring ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jenny Nyström|ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Nyström]] ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Swedish mythical ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ''[[tomte]],'' ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.


ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[film|ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[TV special|TV ᎤᏤᎵᏛ]]. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ video ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ resold ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ''[[It's a Wonderful Life|ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ  ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ]]'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ''ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ'' ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. Ꮝ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, [[George Bailey]], ᎨᏒᎢ businessman ᎦᎪ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿ [[Christmas Eve|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ]], [[Guardian angel (spirit)|ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ]] ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ committing [[suicide|ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas| Charlie ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ]]'' ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ [[Charlie Brown|Charlie ᏬᏗᎨ]] tries ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ deeper ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ''[[A Christmas Story| ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ]]'' (1983) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ lyudetiyvda.

ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ''[[Silent Night|tonudvhna ᏒᏃᏱ]]'' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ''[[Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus|ᎥᎥ, Virginia, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ  Santa Claus]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ.

[[Radio|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[television]] ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ [[Christmas carol|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]ᎠᎴ [[Christmas song|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]], ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[European classical music|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Hallelujah chorus|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ]] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Handel]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''[[Messiah (Handel)|ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ]]''. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ''[[Nutcracker Suite|Nutcracker ᎦᏂᏓᏛ]]'', ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tchaikovsky ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ'' ([[BWV]] 248). Television ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ programming, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ.

==ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ==

ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ, ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ [[Black Friday (shopping)|ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ [[Thanksgiving|ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ inventories.

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United Kingdom|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ]], ᎯᎠ [[Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ (ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ) ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. 

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ [[Christians|ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ anti-[[consumerism|consumerists]], ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ commercialization ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Christmastime ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.  ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

[[Image:DSC04820.JPG|thumb|250px|left|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  Brazilian ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ]]
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[economists]] ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ [[deadweight loss|deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[orthodox|ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ]] [[microeconomic theory|microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ]], ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ $4 ᎯᏍᎩ deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏩᏒ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadweight&quot;&gt;&quot;ᎯᎠ Deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ&quot;, ''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ'', ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1993, '''83''' (5)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;econ&quot;&gt;[http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=885748 &quot;Is Santa a deadweight loss?&quot;] ''ᎯᎠ Economist'' Dec. 20, 2001&lt;/ref&gt; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ complicating ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[North America|ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]], ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, [[fantasy|ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ]] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Academy Awards|ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ]]. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. [[Home video|ᎣᏪᏅᏒ video]] ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏛ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear: both&quot;/&gt;

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{sisterlinks|Christmas}}
*[[Christmas season|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ]]
*[[Christmas carol|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]
*[[Christmas cracker|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]
*[[Christmas dishes|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ]]
*[[Christmas movie|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ]]
*[[Christmas music|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]
*[[Christmas tree|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ]]
*[[Christmas worldwide|ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]
*[[Twelve Days of Christmas|Twelvetide]]
*[[Twelve Holy Days|ᏔᎵᏚ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ]]
*[[Twelfth Night (holiday)|ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏒᏃᏱ (ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ)]]
*[[Epiphany (Christian)|ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ]]
*[[Biblical Magi|ᎠᏓᎸᏉᏙᏗᏱ  ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda]]
*[[Nativity scene|ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ]]
*[[Saturnalia|ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ]]
*[[Yule]]
*[[Carols by Candlelight|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ]]
*[[American Christmas traditions|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ]]
*[[Festive ecology|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
* &quot;ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ,&quot; ''ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ Columbia ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ''. ᎢᏤ York ᎠᎴ London, Columbia ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ 1975.
*[http://www.ucg.org/booklets/HH/christmasuntoldstory.htm &quot;A History of Christmas from the UCG&quot;]
*[http://www.theholidayspot.com/christmas/worldxmas/manylanguages.htm &quot;Merry Christmas in 123 Languages&quot;].
*[http://www.theholidayspot.com/christmas/worldxmas/ &quot;Christmas celebrations around the world&quot;].
*[http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/christmas/ &quot;Christmas in South America&quot;].
*[http://festivalsinindia.net/christmas/index.html Christmas in India]
* Restad, Penne L., ''ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ: ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ'', ᎢᏤ York, Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. 1995. ISBN 0-19-509300-3
*[[Max Heindel|Heindel, Max]], ''[http://www.rosicrucian.com/mic/miceng01.htm The Mystical Interpretation of Christmas]'' 1920. ISBN 0-911274-65-0.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- interwiki - codes to foreign language articles below, do not remove --&gt;

[[Category:Christmas]]
[[Category:Christian festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Holidays in New Zealand]]

[[af:Kersfees]]
[[ang:Crīstesmæsse]]
[[ar:كريسمس]]
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    <title>Template:Multi-listen start</title>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-22T18:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div class=&quot;medialist listenlist&quot;&gt;
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      <timestamp>2006-12-22T18:54:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;Find more information on '''{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' by searching Wikipedia ᎤᏤᎵ [[Wikipedia:Sister projects|sister projects]...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;Find more information on '''{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' by searching Wikipedia ᎤᏤᎵ [[Wikipedia:Sister projects|sister projects]]:&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|25px| ]] [[wiktionary:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|Dictionary definitions]] from Wiktionary&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|25px| ]] [[wikibooks:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|Textbooks]] from Wikibooks&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|25px| ]]  [[wikiquote:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|Quotations]] from Wikiquote&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|25px| ]]  [[wikisource:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|Source texts]] from Wikisource&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|25px| ]]  [[commons:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|Images and media]] from Commons&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|25px| ]]  [[wikinews:Special:Search/{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|News stories]] from Wikinews
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    <title>Image:Now is it Christmas again (1907) by Carl Larsson.jpg</title>
    <id>2839</id>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-22T19:06:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{PD-art}}</text>
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    <title>Image:Wiki christmas.JPG</title>
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      <id>9291</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T19:07:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{PD-stamp}}</text>
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    <title>Template:PD-art</title>
    <id>2841</id>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-22T19:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;!-- License: Public domain, transcluded from Template:PD-art --&gt;
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- License: Public domain, transcluded from Template:PD-art --&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;float:left&quot; id=&quot;imageLicenseIcon&quot;&gt;[[Image:PD-icon.svg|50px|Public license]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:68px&quot; id=&quot;imageLicenseText&quot;&gt;
The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the [[public domain]] in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus '''100''' years. This photograph of the work is also in the [[public domain]] in the [[United States of America|United States]] (see [[Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]).
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    <title>Template:PD-stamp</title>
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      <timestamp>2006-12-22T19:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
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      <comment>New page: {| align=&quot;CENTER&quot; class=&quot;boilerplate&quot; id=&quot;pd&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;&quot;
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{| align=&quot;CENTER&quot; class=&quot;boilerplate&quot; id=&quot;pd&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;&quot;
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|}[[Category:Public domain stamp images|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Image copyright tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ca:Plantilla:DP-segell]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Yes0song</title>
    <id>2843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9301</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-24T07:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yes0song</username>
        <id>151</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: en: I am &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps&quot;&gt;Song&lt;/span&gt; Si-young from the Republic of Korea ([[:en:South Korea|South Korea]]).  *[[:en:User:Yes0song|My user page in English Wikipedia]] ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">en: I am &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps&quot;&gt;Song&lt;/span&gt; Si-young from the Republic of Korea ([[:en:South Korea|South Korea]]).

*[[:en:User:Yes0song|My user page in English Wikipedia]]
*[[:ko:사용자:Yes0song|My user page in Korean Wikipedia]]
*[[Special:Contributions/Yes0song|My contributions in Cherokee Wikipedia]]

[[ang:User:Yes0song]]
[[ar:مستخدم:Yes0song]]
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[[fi:Käyttäjä:Yes0song]]
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[[nl:Gebruiker:Yes0song]]
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[[zh-yue:User:Yes0song]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:TXiKiBoT</title>
    <id>2844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9310</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-27T21:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TXiKiBoT</username>
        <id>153</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᎾᎩᎾ</title>
    <id>2845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9320</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-28T16:28:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>67.186.225.37</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = American Chestnut | image = American_Chestnut.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = American Chestnut leaves and nuts | regnum = [[Plant|Ꭶ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = American Chestnut
| image = American_Chestnut.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = American Chestnut leaves and nuts
| regnum = [[Plant|ᎦᎪᏘ]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
| familia = [[Fagaceae]]
| genus = '''''[[Chestnut|Castanea]]'''''
| species = '''''C. dentata'''''
| binomial = ''Castanea dentata''
| binomial_authority = (Marsh.) Borkh.
}}

ᎯᎠ '''ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ''' (''Castanea dentata'') ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ southeasternmost [[Canada]]. ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ [[deciduous|ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] hardwood ᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30-45 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (100-150 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ 3 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ranged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Maine]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Ontario]] [[Mississippi]], ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Atlantic]] ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[Ohio Valley|Ohio ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]]. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ [[chestnut|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European [[Sweet Chestnut|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], [[Chinese Chestnut|Chinese ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]] ᎠᎴ [[Japanese Chestnut|Japanese ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ''C. dentata'' ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᎤᎪᎲᎩ-ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ ''dentata'', Latin ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᎪᏍᏓᏱ&quot;. ᎯᎠ [[leaf|ᏧᎦᎶᎦ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 14-20 centimeters (5-8 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 7-10 centimeters (3-4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ broader ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Chinese ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beech ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[beech]] ᎠᎴ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Sapindaceae]].

[[Image:AmericanChestnutPollen.JPG|thumb|left|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (pollen) catkins]]
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏱᏙᎯ [[nut (fruit)|ᎣᏍᏛ]], ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ. 

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ mast ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[White-tailed Deer|ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[Wild Turkey|ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎯᎠ [[Passenger Pigeon|ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏬᏱ]]. [[American Black Bear|ᎬᎿᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ. 

== ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ==
[[Image:Castanea_dentata.JPG|thumb|right|ᎠᏲᎵ ᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ]]
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ hardwood ᎠᏙᎯ ᏡᎬ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ [[chestnut blight|ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]], ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Asian ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ (''Cryphonectria parasitica'', ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ''Endothia parasitica'') ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ imported Asiatic ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Chestut ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Bronx Zoo|Bronx ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏩᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ airborne ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ girdled ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎢᏤ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏱᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏜᎬ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (20 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3 ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ 25 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 60 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ (featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic'') ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Sherwood, Oregon]], ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Revelstoke]], [[British Columbia|ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia]].

[[Image:Castanea_dentata_field_trial.jpg|thumb|left|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ sapling ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]]
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ [[Canadian Chestnut Council|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Ontario]]. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ [[The American Chestnut Foundation|ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ backcrossing ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ × Chinese ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ intercrossing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ genes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎠ [[White House|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᎯᎠ [[United States National Arboretum|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ backcrossing ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
Overall, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi elisv Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010.

ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Jackson County, Tennessee|Jackson ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏖᎾᏏ]]. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 61 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 23 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (75 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ pollinated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ pollen ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ [[The American Chestnut Foundation|ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ]]; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ genes ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ [[18 May|18 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ]] [[2006]], biologist ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Georgia ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Warm Springs, Georgia|ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 20-30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ 13 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (40 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ southernmost ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ [http://www.macon.com/mld/macon/news/politics/14611668.htm]. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Talladega National Forest|Talladega ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ]], [[Alabama]] ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006.[http://www.al.com/search/index.ssf?/base/news/1150795196293730.xml?birminghamnews?nstate&amp;coll=2]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 26 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (85 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 35 centimeters (14 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ).
ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, hypovirulence (ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏒᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-causing ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. 

==ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ [[The Christmas Song|&quot;ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ  ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ&quot;]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ identifiable ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ). ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ roasted, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ preferably roasted. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ European [[Sweet Chestnut|ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ yellowish-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ [[Aesculus|ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ']] &quot;[[conker]]&quot; ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.

ᎯᎠ [[wood|ᎠᏓ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-grained, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ radial ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ hardwoods. ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[tannin]], ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, [[split-rail fence|ᏗᏍᏡᏴ-ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ]], ᏒᏓᎷᎩ, ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, plywood, paperpulp, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. Tannins ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[bark|ᎤᏯᎸ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ refashioned ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. &quot;Wormy&quot; ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ [[insect|ᏨᏍᎪᏱ]] ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sawn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎪᎯ &quot;wormy&quot; ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=233500325 Flora of North America]
*[http://www.acf.org The American Chestnut Foundation]
*[http://www.ppws.vt.edu/griffin/accf.html American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation]
*[http://www.uoguelph.ca/~chestnut/index.htm Canadian Chestnut Council]
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1229_051229_chestnut.html National Geographic article]
*[http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?req=chestnut&amp;quart=W2002 The American Chestnut Tree, reprinted from American Forestry, 1915]
*[http://www.chattoogariver.org/index.php?req=chestnutfuture&amp;quart=W2002 Chestnut in the Future, reprinted from American Forestry, 1915]
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/cade12.htm ''Castanea dentata'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051901548.html Rare American Chestnut Trees Discovered (''Washington Post'', May 19, 2006)]
*[http://www2.volstate.edu/jschibig/resurrectingthechestnut.htm Resurrecting The American Chestnut]

[[Category:Fagaceae|Chestnut, American]]
[[Category:Flora of Canada|Chestnut, American]]

[[de:Amerikanische Kastanie]]
[[en:American Chestnut]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Current events</title>
    <id>2846</id>
    <restrictions>edit=sysop:move=sysop</restrictions>
    <revision>
      <id>9355</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-30T06:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Current events]]&quot;: spamming [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</comment>
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{| cellspacing=&quot;3&quot;
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ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ|ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏲᎢ]]! ᏣᎳᎩᏍ ᎯᏬᏂᏍᎩ? Wikipedia is a project to build an [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|open-content]] [[encyclopaedia]] in [[#ᎠᏂᏐᎢ|many languages]]. This Cherokee edition, called [[ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]], was started in May of 2004, and we are now working on [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] [[Wikipedia:What is an article|articles]]. You can help! Simply click the &quot;edit&quot; button and fly away!

Learn [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|how to edit pages]], experiment in the  [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|ᏃᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ]], and visit our [[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Community Portal]] to find out how '''you''' can participate in the development of Wikipedia.

''Important Note:'' To view these pages correctly, you will need a [[Unicode|Unicode-compatible Cherokee font]].

== Example articles (needing improvement): ==
* '''countries/cities''':
** '''[[ᎠᏏᎠ]]''': [[ᏥᎾ]], [[ᏣᏆᏂ]], [[ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]]
** '''[[ᎡᎶᏆ]]''': [[ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]], [[ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ]], [[ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]], [[ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]], [[ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]], [[ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]], [[ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ]], 
** '''ᎠᎺᎵᎦ''': [[ᎠᎺᎢ]], [[ᏄᏲᎩ]],
* '''languages''': [[ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]], [[ᎩᎵᏏ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ)]], [[ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]],
* '''animals/plants''': [[ᏥᏍᏆ]], [[ᏡᎬᎢ]], [[ᎩᏳᎦ]]
* '''[[ᏣᎳᎩ]]''': [[ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ]], [[ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ]], [[ᏍᏏᏆᏱ]], [[ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ]],
* '''religion''': [[ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ]], 
* '''other''': [[ᎣᎩᏙᏓ (ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ)]], [[ᎤᏐᎪᏍᏓᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎭᎳ]], [[ᏛᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ]], [[ᎤᎫᎾ]], [[ᏧᎾᎻ]], 


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&lt;!--&lt;h3 id=&quot;sister&quot;&gt;Wikipedia — ᏦᏍᏛᏓᎸ&lt;/h3&gt;
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If you find Wikipedia or its sister projects useful, please consider making a [http://wikimediafoundation.org/ fundraising donation]. Donations are used primarily for purchasing computer equipment and launching new [[m:Complete_list_of_wikimedia_projects#Proposed_projects|projects]].
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    <title>Template:Commons</title>
    <id>2847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9359</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-30T06:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot;&gt;[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]] &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 60px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to: &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''''[...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;infobox sisterproject&quot;&gt;[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|45px| ]]
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 60px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to:
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 10px;&quot;&gt;'''''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''&lt;/div&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>ᎫᎴ</title>
    <id>2848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9401</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-03T17:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Image:Acorns in Scotland.jpg|thumb|ᎫᎴ  [[Sessile Oak|Sessile ᏧᏍᎦ]]]]  ᎯᎠ '''ᎫᎴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎯᎠ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] ᏡᎬ (...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Acorns in Scotland.jpg|thumb|ᎫᎴ  [[Sessile Oak|Sessile ᏧᏍᎦ]]]]

ᎯᎠ '''ᎫᎴ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ [[fruit|ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎯᎠ [[oak|ᏧᏍᎦ]] ᏡᎬ (genera ''Quercus'', ''[[Lithocarpus]]'' ᎠᎴ ''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Fagaceae]]). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ [[nut (fruit)|ᏐᎯ]], ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]] (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ [[cupule]]. ᎫᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1-6 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 0.8-4 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 ᎠᎴ 24 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[List of Quercus species|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  Quercus ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ [[morphology (biology)|ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎠᎴ [[phenology]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ.

==ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ==
ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ wildlife ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[bird|ᏥᏍᏆ]]ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[jay|ᏜᏴᎦ]], [[pigeon|ᏬᏱ]], ᎢᎦᏛ [[duck|ᎧᏬᏄ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ [[woodpecker|ᎫᎫᏣ]]. ᎤᏍᏗ [[mammal|gantlai]]Ꮎ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ [[mouse|ᏥᏍᏕᏥ]], [[squirrel|ᏌᎶᎵ]]ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ [[rodent]]. ᎡᏆ gantlai ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pig|ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ]], [[bear|ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ]]ᎠᎴ [[deer|ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎫᎴ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 25% ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwest [[Europe]], ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎸᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, kalil ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿ ᎫᎴ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[horse|ᏐᏈᎵ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[human|ᏴᏫ]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎫᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ constituted ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎯᎠ [[larva|ᎠᏲᎵ]]e ᎢᎦᏛ [[moth|ᏩᏐᎳ]]ᎠᎴ [[weevil]]ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ. 

ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ consumed ᎠᎴ cached. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nutrients. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎫᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]], [[carbohydrate]]ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ [[calcium]], [[phosphorus|ᎠᏨᏍᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[potassium]], ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[vitamin]] [[niacin]]. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ [[food energy|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ varies ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ. 

ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ [[tannin]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ tannins, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ [[polyphenol]], ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ [[metabolize]] ᏤᎵ, ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏎ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎫᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ. ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ tannins. ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎫᎴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ iyuwakodi ᏰᎵᏊ groundwater ᎤᎭ percolated ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏂ [[leaching|ᏝᏄᏏ]] ᎯᎠ tannins atsinuqowisgv. ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ gantlai metabolize tannins ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎫᎴ-ᏝᏄᏏ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.

[[Image:Quercus kerrii acorns.jpg|thumb|ᎫᎴ  ''Quercus kerrii'']]

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ tannins ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tannins, ᎠᎴ nutty ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ flavour, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ enhanced ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. Tannins ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ chopped ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, iyuwakodi ᎠᎹ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[fat|ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ]], ᎫᎴ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ [[mould|ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]]y ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᎪᎢ.

===ᎫᎴ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ===
ᎫᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎦᏔ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ eligwa igai ᎠᎹ, sunlight ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ 20-30 m ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏡᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᎴ predators ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ ᎫᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎫᎴ predators ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.  ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ.  

ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ behaviour ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ associating ᎬᏙᏗ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ nutritionally ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ dispersal ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏜᏴᎦ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎡᏆ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂ. 

ᎫᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏎᎸ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏚᏱᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ [[lignin]]Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ.

==Cultural ᎢᎦᏛ==
ᎫᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ [[patience|ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ labour. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎩᎵᏏ [[proverb|ᎧᏁᎬᎢ]] ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ''ᎡᏆ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ'', urging ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. [[germany|ᎠᏓᏥ]] [[folklore|folktale]] ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ [[Satan|ᏨᏍᎩᎾ]], ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ atuyastanv ᎤᏤᎵ [[soul|ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ]], ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ digakohidi ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Britain]], ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aging ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ.  

ᎯᎠ [[Norse mythology|Norse]] ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ Ꮎ [[Thor|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] sheltered ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ windowsill ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[lightning|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ]], ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ decorated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ [[Japan|ᎠᏰᎵ]], ([[Jomon]] ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ), ᎫᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.  ᎤᏅᏌ harvested, peeled ᎠᎴ soaked ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ tannins, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ processed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Korea]], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ''[[dotorimuk]]'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎴ.

[[Motif (art)|motif]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ celtic ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Ornament (architecture)|ᎠᏣᏅᏙ]] ᎾᎿ [[cutlery|ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]], ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ [[finial]]ᎾᎾᎢ [[Westminster Abbey|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ Abbey]]. ᎯᎠ [[gothic language|ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ]] ᏚᏙᎥ ''akran'', ᎠᏓᏥ [[Eicher]], ''ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.'', ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ &quot;ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ unenclosed ᎦᏙᎯ&quot;. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ. [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] ᎤᏁᏨ &quot;achornes okes&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1300s]]. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ [[etymology|ᎧᏁᏨ]] ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ &quot;ᏎᎷ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᏧᏍᎦ-ᎤᏲᎾ&quot;, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.   

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1600s]], ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ administered ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ anaditsgv. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ utugi gvsv ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ, ᎢᏳᏃ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ).

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ mast-ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.

===ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎫᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ===
ᎫᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ resource. 

ᎫᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ processed ᎾᏞᎬᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ Ꮎ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎫᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ cached ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎫᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ. ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ focused ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. 

ᎠᏂᎨᏴ shelled ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.   

ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ lyadvnehi ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎫᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ larvae ᎫᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎫᎴ weevils Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 95% ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ dormancy ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏩᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ fertilizing ᏧᏍᎦ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ tohi adedi ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ eliminated ᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ subclimax ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏍᎦ dominated. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sunlight, ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, eliminating ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ savannahs ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ spaced maximize ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ flammable ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᎭ ravaged ᎠᏂᎧᎵᎢ, ᎪᏛᏙᏗ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ techniques, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[controlled burning|controlled ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ]], ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ.

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
* Baumhoff, ᏡᏡ . (1963) ''Ecological Determinants ᏅᏁᎯᏯ California ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.'' ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᎴ Etnology 49(2)155-235. 
* ᏬᏗᎨ, Leland R. (1979) ''ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ California ᏧᏍᎦ ᏕᏡᎬ''ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ California ᎤᏤᎵ Hardwood ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ'', ᎦᎪᏘ ᏆᏄᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Norman Pillsbury (eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44, USDA, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, Pac. .W. ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ, Berkeley, California, pp. 184-194.
* Janzen, Daniel H. (1971) ''ᎤᎦᏔ Predation ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.'' Richard F. Johnson, Peter W. ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ ᎠᎴ Charles Michner (eds.).
* [http://www.nativetech.org/recipes/recipe.php?recipeid=115 Nupa Acorn Soup] (Miwokan ᎠᏅᏬᏗ)
* [http://www.siouxme.com/acorn.html Cooking With Acorns: A Major North American Indian Food]
* [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-001-02s02dn.html nutrition facts for acorn flour]
* [http://www.sciencetoymaker.org/acorn/assembl.html How to whistle an acorn]

{{1911}}

[[Category:Fagaceae]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Ornaments]]

[[da:Agern]]
[[en:Acorn]]
[[es:Bellota]]
[[eo:Glano]]
[[fr:Gland (fruit)]]
[[ko:도토리]]
[[id:Acorn]]
[[ja:ドングリ]]
[[pl:Żołądź (botanika)]]
[[sv:Ekollon]]
[[zh:栓皮櫟]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ</title>
    <id>2849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9444</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-08T21:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>70.103.108.66</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Piano.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A grand piano, with the lid up.  Most pianos are about 150&amp;nbsp;cm wide.  Grand pianos such as the &quot;baby grand&quot; pictured are about as long as they are wide, but a Concert Grand can measure up to 3&amp;nbsp;m perpendicular to its keyboard.]]

'''ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[musical instrument|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]], [[percussion instrument|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]], ᎠᎴ [[string instrument|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi [[musical instrument classification|ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[felt|ᎤᏒᏂᎸ]] ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ. ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ transmitted ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ [[Bridge (instrument)|ᎠᏒᏢᎢ]] ᎯᎠ [[Sounding board|soundboard]].

ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[piano|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[western music|ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, [[chamber music|ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᎴ [[accompaniment|ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ [[musical composition|ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ [[rehearsal|ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ transmitted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ replicated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ electronic keyboards, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ [[popular music|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ]] ᎠᎴ [[classical music|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ]], ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ'' ᎨᏒᎢ shortened ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ [[Italian language|Italian]] ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ''gravicèmbalo col ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ e ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ'' (ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ''[[harpsichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]] ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ''). ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pressed. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ [[non-touch-sensitive keyboards|ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ-ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ keyboards]].

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ keyboard stringed ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ [[clavichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[harpsichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Tangent (clavichord)|ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ dampened ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ.

== ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ==
{{see also|Fortepiano}}

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ stringed keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Pollens ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. 1), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ:  [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]] [[Padua]], [[Italy]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Cristofori ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ, ᎯᎠ [[Medici]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1700. ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ Cristofori ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1720s.

ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ technological ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ centuries ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[harpsichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, soundboard, ᎠᏒᏢᎢ, ᎠᎴ keyboard. Cristofori, ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.

Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ solving, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ).  ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏍᏘ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ [[Action (piano)|ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ]] ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ approaches ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ. Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ quieter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ louder ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.

Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ iyuwakodi Italian ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ, [[Scipione Maffei]], ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ (1711), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ [[Gottfried Silbermann]], ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[organ (instrument)|ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ. Silbermann ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Cristofori', ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ: Silbermann ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᏗᏝᎡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[damper pedal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ. 

Silbermann ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[1730s]], ᎠᎴ Bach ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ iyuwakodi, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Silbermann, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ heeded. Bach ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1747, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ Silbermann ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ flourished ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[18th century|18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Viennese ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ [[Johann Andreas Stein]] (ᎦᎪ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Augsburg]], Germany) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi [[Nannette Stein]] (ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ Johann Andreas) ᎠᎴ [[Anton Walter]]. Viennese-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏃᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ [[piano concerto|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[piano sonata|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], ᎠᎴ replicas ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[authentic performance|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]] ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Mozart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏰᎲ softer, clearer ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ''fortepiano'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ 18th-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

==ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ==
[[Image:Piano hammers.jpg|thumb|right|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1790 1860, ᎯᎠ [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ underwent ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ [[Industrial Revolution|ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ technological ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[piano wire|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ]]) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ.

ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ.  ᎯᎠ tonal ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ [[octaves|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]] Mozart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ 7⅓ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ) ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, technological ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ atsitugv ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ [[Broadwood pianos|Broadwood]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ splendour ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮝ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.  ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, louder, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ.  ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] ᎠᎴ [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ:  ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1790s, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 1810 (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Beethoven ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 1820.  ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ:  ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ.

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ shifted [[Paris|ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ Érard ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] ᎠᎴ [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]].  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1821, [[Sébastien Érard]] ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ '''ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ escapement''' ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ risen Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Henri Herz]], ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ escapement ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ:

*ᎬᏙᏗ '''ᏦᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ''' ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ
*ᎯᎠ '''ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎠᏖᎵᏙ&quot;, ᎤᏬᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ soundboard, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ thicker, tenser, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ 20 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni).  ᎯᎠ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ patented ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Boston, Massachusetts|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ]] ᎾᎥᎢ [[Alpheus Babcock]], combining ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᎵᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏘ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ (1821, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Broadwood ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ Samuel Hervé) ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ (Thom ᎠᎴ Allen, 1820, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Broadwood ᎠᎴ Érard).  Babcock ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Chickering And Sons|Chickering &amp; Mackays]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ patented ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᎵ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ (1843). ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.
*'''ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ''', ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Henri Pape ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1826, ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ layered ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ wider ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ.
*ᎯᎠ '''sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''' (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ), ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1844 ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jean Louis Boisselot]] ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Steinway]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1874.
*ᎯᎠ '''ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ&quot;; ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ overlapping slanted ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ soundboard, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ.  ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏤᎵᏒ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Jean-Henri Pape]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ patented ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ Henry [[Steinway]] Jr. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1859]].
[[Image:DuplexScaling.jpg|thumb|350px|Duplex scaling:  Treble strings of a 182 cm. grand piano.  From lower left to upper right:  dampers, main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bridge (long bar perpendicular to strings), hitchpins.]]
* ‘‘‘Duplexes’’’ ᎠᎴ [[Aliquot stringing|ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᏄᏓᎨᏒ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1872 Theodore Steinway patented iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏠᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Blüthner]] (1872), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/ClientBookLineCIMU/recherche/NoticeDetailleByID.asp?ID=0162147 Taskin] (1788), ᎠᎴ [[Collard &amp; Collard|Collard]] (1821) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎶᎩ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.   

ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ, ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ attained ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ processes, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Innovations in the Piano|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]).

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ '''ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ''' ᎠᏰᎲ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Silbermann ᎠᎴ Frederici ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold|Petzold]] ᎠᎴ [[Alpheus Babcock|Babcock]]. ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1890s (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ), Steinway ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Zumpe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ sonority ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.

{{Main article|square piano}}

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ '''ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ''' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ '''ᏂᎦᏛᎢ''', '''ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ''' ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ evocatively ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ revived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ advertising ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ '''ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ''' ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Southwell ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1806 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ''ᎤᏂᏍᏔᎸᏍᏘ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ''.

ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ '''ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ''' ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ '''ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ''' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, adatunv Robert Wornum ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1810 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''birdcage ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ'' ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ''', ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ &amp; Blanchet ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ '''ᎦᎪᏘ''' ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 1930s iyuwakodi ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ &quot;ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ&quot; ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ. {{Main article|Spinet}}

===ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ===

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ admired [[piano repertoire|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ꮎ [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], ᎠᎴ [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.  ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], ᎠᎴ [[Johannes Brahms|ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Piano history and musical performance|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ]].

==ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ==
===ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ===
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ: ᎯᎠ [[grand piano|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

'''[[Grand piano|ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]''' ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ keyboard.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ.  ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅ generalisation distinguishes ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ&quot;, (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.2&amp;nbsp;m 3&amp;nbsp;m ᎦᏅᎯᏓ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ&quot; (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.7&amp;nbsp;m 2.2&amp;nbsp;m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ &quot;ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ&quot; (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ).  ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ [[inharmonicity]] ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ tuned ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ [[equal temperament|ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ (''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: [[Piano tuning|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]]''). ᎧᎵ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.  

&lt;!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:8215a.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Yamaha U3-S Upright Piano]] --&gt;

'''ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ''', ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ''', ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ nanahwunvgi ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ upward ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎴ responsiveness.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏌᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ.    ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, catches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.  ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 14 [[trill (music)|ᎤᏪᏴ]] ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Innovations in the piano|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[1863]], [[Henri Fourneaux]] ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ '''[[player piano|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]''', ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ &quot;ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ&quot; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[piano roll|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[19th century|19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi]], [[toy piano|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ.

ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''[[prepared piano|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ [[1980s]], '''[[digital piano|digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]''' ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[sampling (signal processing)|digital sampling]] ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.  ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, weighted ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ [[MIDI]] interfaces.  ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ [[sympathetic strings|ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ sympathetically]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-linearity ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ [[resonance|ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ' ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎯ digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.  ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[physical modelling synthesis|ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ software.

===Keyboard===

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ keyboard, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Musical keyboard|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ keyboard]].  ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[harpsichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[C major|C ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ]] ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ 88 ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎵᏉᎩ [[octave|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]]ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏦᎢᏁ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ A0 C8). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ 85 ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ A0 A7), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ [[Bösendorfer]] ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ F0, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏰᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ C0, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.  ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ hinged ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ flipped ᎡᎳᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ disorientation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ keyboard; ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reversed (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ sympathetically ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ fuller ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.  ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[Stuart and Sons|Stuart ᎠᎴ ᏧᏪᏥ]] ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ F0 ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ F8 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.

===ᎠᎳᏏᏗ===

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ''ᎠᎳᏏᏗ'', ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.  (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ pressed upward ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ.)  ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.

ᎯᎠ '''[[damper pedal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ]]''' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''' ᎠᎴ '''ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ&quot;, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ rightmost ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.  ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ padded ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vibrating.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed.  ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ.  ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ.  ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ''[[legato|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮭ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ.  ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ [[sympathetic vibration|sympathetically]] ᎬᏙᏗ whichever ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ enriches ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.  

ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ techniques ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ achieving ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ''ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ''.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, pedalling ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ coloristic ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ '''[[soft pedal|ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ]]''' ᎠᎴ &quot;una corda&quot; ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi leftmost ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ.  ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ.  ᎪᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ modifies Ꮝ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.  ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Italian musical terms|Italian ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ]].

ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Cristofori ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th centuries, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ iyuwakodi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ&amp;mdash; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ &quot;una corda&quot;, Italian ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ &quot;ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ&quot;.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ spaced ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ &quot;una corda&quot; ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎢᏳᏃ shifted ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.  

ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ' ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ &quot;una corda&quot; ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

Digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.  ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, leslie ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ/ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, vibrato ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏳᎳ-ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ '''sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''' ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ&quot; ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.  ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.  ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[pedal point|ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ]]ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.  ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ. (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.)  ᏎᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ-sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ [[Olivier Messiaen]] ᎤᏤᎵ ''ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ d'oiseaux''.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎭ '''ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ '''ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''' ᎠᎴ '''celeste ᎠᎳᏏᏗ''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ sostenuto.  ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ muted&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; ᎠᎯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ neighbours.  ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[transposing piano|transposing ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ [[Irving Berlin|Irving ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ]] ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[clutch|ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ]] ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, enabling ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ shifted ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ.

====ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ====

ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ [[pedalboard|ᎠᎳᏏᏗ keyboard]], enabling ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ [[pipe organ|ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ keyboard, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ detachable) ᏌᏊᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ termed '''ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ'''. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ nineteenth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]] ᎠᎴ [[Charles-Valentin Alkan|Alkan]]. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ pianistic ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ [[organist|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]practise ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. [http://www.pianoworld.com/fun/pedal.htm] [http://www.nmsu.edu/~muzine/pnovarht.htm]

===ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ===

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ sturdiness.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ outer '''ᎠᏍᏛᎢ''' ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ hardwood, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏢᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ beech.  ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ [http://www.speech.kth.se/music/5_lectures/conklin/thepianocase.html Harold A. Conklin], ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ &quot;ᎯᎠ vibrational ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ dissipating ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎦᎾᏩᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.&quot;  ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ laminating ᏩᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ hardwood ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, iyahdvnelidasdi Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Theodore Steinway ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1880.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᎭ '''ᏕᎦᏂᏴᏛ''' ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ (ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ acoustically ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ softwood, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.

ᎯᎠ '''pinblock''', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᏆᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ hardwood, (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏢᏩᎦ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ gripping ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.  

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ '''ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ''' (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[piano wire|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ]]), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.  ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ tonal ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ.  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ wrapped ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ, ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[Piano acoustics|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]].

ᎯᎠ '''ᎠᏖᎵᏙ''', ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[cast iron|ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ]].  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ transmitted ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ (ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ) ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ soundboard.  ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.  ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.  ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ decorating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ; ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ [http://www.pianosupply.com/anonftp/grand1.jpg grand parts] ᎠᎴ [http://www.pianosupply.com/anonftp/upright.jpg upright parts] ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ '''ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ [[hardwood]] (e.g. ᏢᏩᎦ, beech. hornbeam). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]], [[plastics|ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ]] ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.  ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1940s ᎠᎴ 1950s, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ crystallized ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ.  ᎯᎠ [[Steinway]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ [[Teflon]], synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ [[DuPont]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ &quot;ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ&quot; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi.  (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Teflon ᎨᏒᎢ &quot;ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ&quot; ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ajacent ᎯᎠ Teflon ᏫᎵ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, causing ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ [[Kawai]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[carbon fiber|ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ]]; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ technicians.

[[Image:SoundboardBracesRibs.jpg|thumb|400px|View from below of a 182-cm grand piano.  In order of distance from viewer:  softwood braces, tapered soundboard ribs, soundboard.  The metal rod at lower right is a humidity control device.]]

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ '''soundboard'''.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ [[spruce|ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ]] (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏒᏓᎷᎦ glued ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ).  ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.  ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-grained, ᎩᏄᏙᏗ-sawn, ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ soundboards.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ [[plywood]].

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ '''ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ''' ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ [[basswood]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ.  ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[ebony|ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ [[ivory|ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ]], ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ-ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.  [http://www.pianoparts.com/pcgi/finder/keyword=7e05127 Legal ivory] ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ otsel igvnelv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.  ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ innovated ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;Ivorine&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;Ivorite&quot;, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [http://www.pianoparts.com/pcgi/finder/keyword=7e05121 other makers], Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏂᎩᏛ hardwood ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ; ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏙᏗ 136&amp;nbsp;kg (300&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Steinway ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ D) ᎦᏙᏗ 480&amp;nbsp;kg (990&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ).  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎯᎠ [[Fazioli]] F308, ᎦᏙᏗ 691&amp;nbsp;kg (1520&amp;nbsp;ᏄᏓᎨᏒ).

===ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ===

:''ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ:  [[Care and maintenance of pianos|ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ  ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ '''ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ''' ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ tuned ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ recognised ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ &amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;440&amp;nbsp;Hz.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ '''voiced''' ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ.  ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ '''rebuilt''' ᎠᎴ '''reconditioned'''. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎾᎥᎢ replacing ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.

==ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ==

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[European classical music|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]], [[jazz]], [[Film music|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], [[television music|television]], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ.  ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ [[composer|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ]]ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.

ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ.  ᏯᏛᎾ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ: &quot;ᎯᎠ ivories&quot;, &quot;ᎯᎠ joanna&quot;, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ&quot;, ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ() ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ()&quot;, &quot;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ joe()&quot;.  ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;tickling ᎯᎠ ivories&quot;.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:  [[Social history of the piano|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ:

* ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ''[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|ᎢᏤ ᎸᏱ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ  ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]]'' (ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ online ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ), ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎡᏆ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.  ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: &quot;ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ&quot;.
* ᎯᎠ ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ online ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1988 ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ&quot;.
* &lt;cite&gt;ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ&lt;/cite&gt; ᎾᎥᎢ Larry ᎣᏌᏂ (4th ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. Jamaica ᏂᎬᏅ, Massachusetts:  Brookside ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ,  2001; ISBN 1-929145-01-2) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᎢ evaluative ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ.  ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
*''ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ: technological ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cristofori ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Edwin M. ᎣᏍᏛ (1982, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
*''ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ'' ᎾᎥᎢ Stewart Pollens (1995, Cambridge:  Cambridge ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, Ꮝ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Cristofori, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.

==ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ==
* {{cite book
 | title = The pianist's guide to pedaling
 | first = Joseph
 | last = Banowetz
 | coauthors = Elder, Dean
 | location = Bloomington
 | publisher = Indiana University Press
 | year = 1985
 | id = ISBN 0-253-34494-8
}} &amp;mdash; ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
* {{cite book
 | title = Piano roles : three hundred years of life with the piano
 | first = James
 | last = Parakilas
 | location = New Haven, Connecticut
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 1999
 | id = ISBN 0-300-08055-7
}} &amp;mdash; ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.  ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
* {{cite book
 | title = Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
 | first = Arthur A.
 | last = Reblitz
 | year = 1993
 | location = Vestal, NY
 | publisher = Vestal Press
 | id = ISBN 1-879511-03-7
}}
* {{cite book
 | title = The Piano Shop on the Left Bank
 | first = Thad
 | last = Carhart
 | publisher = Random House
 | location = New York
 | year = 2002
 | origyear = 2001
 | id = ISBN 0-375-75862-3
}} &amp;mdash; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ autobiographical ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
* {{cite book
 | title = Men, Women, and Pianos:  A Social History
 | first = Arthur
 | last = Loesser
 | origyear = 1954
 | year = 1991
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Dover Publications
}} ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ York: Simon ᎠᎴ Schuster, 1954, ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ extraordinarily ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
* {{cite book
 | title = Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)
 | first = Christo
 | last = Lelie
 | publisher = Kok-Lyra
 | location = Kampen
 | year = 1995
}} ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Dutch, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ, ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ en ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.

== ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
{{wikibooks|Piano}}
* [[Innovations in the piano|ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Piano tuning|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]]
* [[Pianist|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ]]
* [[Piano acoustics|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]
* [[Piano key frequencies|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ frequencies]] (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[equal temperament|ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ]])
* [[Player piano|ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Piano roll|ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ]]
* [[Prepared piano|ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Social history of the piano|ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ  ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[String piano|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Tangent piano|ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]

=== ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏠᎨᏏ ===
* [[Lists of solo piano pieces|ᏠᎨᏏ  ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ]]
* [[List of famous piano makers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi]]
* [[Classical pianists (recorded)|ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ (ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ)]]

=== ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ===

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ &quot;ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ&quot; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ [[electric|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[electronics|electronic]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[acoustics|ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ]].

* [[Digital piano|Digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Electric piano|ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Rhodes piano|Rhodes ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Stage piano|ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Toy piano|ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]

=== ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ===

* [[Clavichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]
* [[Hammered dulcimer|Hammered ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]
* [[Harpsichord|ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commonscat|Pianos}}
* [http://www.grand-pianos.org ''Grand Pianos'']
* [http://www.uk-piano.org/history/history.html ''History of the Piano Forte''] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Tuners, UK
* [http://www.frederickcollection.org/collection.html The Frederick Historical Piano Collection]
* [http://www.ptg.org Piano Technicians Guild]
* [http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=54tp00 88 Keys to Freedom: Segues Through the History of American Piano Music] ᎾᎥᎢ [['Blue' Gene Tyranny|'ᏌᎪᏂᎨ' Gene ᎦᏅᎾᏩ]]
* [http://www.hammerfluegel.net ''Hammerflügel'' photoarchive of historical pianos and piano history]
* [http://ukpianos.co.uk/piano-articles.html Various Piano Articles]
* [http://www.newoctave.com/quiz/ Locating &amp; identifying the many parts of a grand piano]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/mireut/mats.htm Table of wood materials found in pianos]
* [http://www.westsend.com/services/moving/piano-moves.html  Piano moving tips]
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~deben/freebies.html &quot;Free Piano Sheet Music&quot;] 100% ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ copyrighted ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ.

'''Chord ᎠᏩᏘᏍᎩ'''
* [http://www.looknohands.com/chordhouse/piano/ ''chord house ::: piano''] ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ

[[Category:Piano| ]]
[[Category:Keyboard instruments]]
[[Category:String instruments]]

[[ar:بيانو]]
[[bg:Пиано]]
[[ca:Piano]]
[[cs:Klavír]]
[[da:Klaver]]
[[de:Klavier]]
[[es:Piano]]
[[eo:Piano]]
[[fa:پیانو]]
[[fr:Piano]]
[[ko:피아노]]
[[hr:Klavir]]
[[id:Piano]]
[[is:Píanó]]
[[it:Pianoforte]]
[[he:פסנתר]]
[[kn:ಪಿಯಾನೋ]]
[[lv:Klavieres]]
[[lt:Pianinas]]
[[hu:Zongora]]
[[nl:Piano]]
[[ja:ピアノ]]
[[no:Piano]]
[[nn:Piano]]
[[pl:Fortepian]]
[[pt:Piano]]
[[ro:Pian]]
[[ru:Фортепиано]]
[[simple:Piano]]
[[sl:Klavir]]
[[sr:Клавир]]
[[sh:Klavir]]
[[fi:Piano]]
[[sv:Piano]]
[[th:เปียโน]]
[[vi:Dương cầm]]
[[tr:Piyano]]
[[uk:Фортепіано]]
[[zh-yue:鋼琴]]
[[zh:钢琴]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎧᏫ</title>
    <id>2850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9449</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-10T21:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
[[Image:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumbnail|300px|right| ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ  ᎧᏫ]]
'''ᎧᏫ''' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ roasted [[seed|ᎤᎦᏔ]](ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ [[bean|tuya]], ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ) ᎯᎠ [[Coffea|ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ traded [[commodity|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ), ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[petroleum|ᎪᎢ]]) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ico.org/coffee_story.asp | title=International Coffee Organization - The Story of Coffee | accessdate=2006-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, 6.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998-2000, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5143e/y5143e0v.htm FAO document repository] - ''ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏗᎦᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ commodities; ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2010. Rome, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ Argiculture Organisation ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, 2003. ISBN 92-5-105077-5.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[caffeine]], [[stimulant|ᎠᏅᏬᏗ]]. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 7 ᎦᎾ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ca. 207&amp;nbsp;mL) ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 80-140 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ caffeine.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/caffeine/caffeine_info1.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;

ᎧᏫ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ [[tea|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]] ᎠᎴ [[water|ᎠᎹ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ingested ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ.&lt;ref name=tap&gt;{{cite journal | last = Villanueva1 | first = Cristina M. | coauthors = Cantor, Kenneth P.; King, Will D.; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K.; Cordier, Sylvaine; Lynch, Charles F.; Porru, Stefano; Kogevinas, Manolis | year = 2006 | title = Total and speciﬁc ﬂuid consumption as determinants of bladder cancer risk | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 118 | issue = 8 | pages = 2040–2047 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.21587 | accessdate = 2006-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;p&gt;

==ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ==
{{main|History of coffee}}
ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 9th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Europe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Coffea%20arabica.pdf#search=%22%22Coffea%20Arabica%22%20native%22 John K. Francis ''Coffea arabica L. RUBIACEAE'' Factsheet of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ''ᎧᏫ'' ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Arabic]] ᎧᏁᏨ ''Qah'Ꮹ'' ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ [[Ottoman language|ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Turkish]] ''Kahve'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ [[wine|ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ intoxicating [[liquor|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]]. ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ Islamic ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ anaditsgv ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ anaditsgv ᎧᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ forbidden ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ imams ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mecca]] ᎾᎾᎢ 1511 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ [[Cairo]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1532 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt, coffeehouses ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ berries ᎨᏒᎩ sacked. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1524 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ [[Selim I|Selim ᎠᏯ]].&lt;ref&gt;Hanauer. ''ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ''. 1907. p. 291 f.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1538, [[Léonard Rauwolf]], ᎠᏓᏥ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Near East|ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ]], ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ westerner ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎦᏢ:  &quot;ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ illnesses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. Ꮝ consumers ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏢᏫᏎᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ cupful. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bunnu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Léonard Rauwolf, ''Reise ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Morgenlander'' (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ)&lt;/ref&gt;. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ugatohvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Muslims ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Persia]], [[Egypt]], ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Africa ᎠᎴ [[Turkey|ᎬᎾ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ cafeteria, Kiva Han, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1475 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Constantinople]]. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[Muslim]] ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ Europe, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎩᎵᏏ [[coffeehouses]] ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. [[Lloyds of London|Lloyds  London]], ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ coffeehouse.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lloyds.com/About_Us/History/Chronology.htm Lloyd's History and Chronology at http://www.lloyds.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎧᏫ tuya ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ==
:{{main|Coffee varietals}}
[[Image:Coffee Flowers Show.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''[[Coffea arabica]]''&amp;mdash;[[Brazil]]]]
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Coffee|ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ]], ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ [[Ethiopia]], ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Kaffa Province, Ethiopia|Kefa]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏛ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EA763&quot;&gt;Mekete Belachew, &quot;ᎧᏫ,&quot; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ von Uhlig, Siegbert, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'' (Weissbaden: Horrowitz, 2003), p.763.&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ''[[Coffea canephora (robusta)]]''. ''Robusta'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40-50% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ caffeine, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ''arabica'' ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EA763&quot; /&gt; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ''arabica'' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ''arabica'', ''robusta'' ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ &quot;ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏚᎵᏓ cardboard&quot; ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ''robustas'' ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ [[espresso]] ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ &quot;crema&quot; (foamy ᎠᏍᎪᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Italy]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-roasted ''robusta''. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ roasters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''robusta'' ᏚᏯ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5019413.html | title=Process for improving the quality of Robusta coffee - US Patent 5019413 | accessdate=2006-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-marketed ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ''Coffea liberica'' ᎠᎴ ''Coffea esliaca'', ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ [[Liberia]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[Sudan]] ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.&lt;ref name=&quot;EA763&quot; /&gt;

[[Brazil]] ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ flooded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ''robusta'' ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/04/vietnam/ &quot;Vietnam has played a major role in the increase of global coffee supply&quot;, &quot;Nearly all coffee grown in Vietnam is of the Robusta variety&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ 1975-1989 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ pricing ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2001 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://your-coffees.co.uk/amsterdamcoffeeshop | title=amsterdam coffee shop, amsterdam coffee shop information | accessdate=2006-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 ᎯᎠ &quot;c&quot; ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ [[United States dollar|ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$]]3.00/[[pound (mass)|ᏄᏓᎨᏒ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2001 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$0.43/ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. Robusta ᎧᏫ (traded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ London ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏤᎵ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ (multinational roasters, ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.

[[Image:DirkvdM orosi coffee-trees.jpg|thumb|300px|ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ-ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Orosí]], Costa Rica. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ pruned]]
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ&quot; ᎧᏫ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ''robusta'' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ contributing ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/markprince/11-27-2002 | title=CoffeeGeek - So You Say There's a Coffee Crisis | accessdate=2006-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ''arabica'' ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa, Indonesia ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[coca]] ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ᎦᎴᏴᏛ 'Max Havelaar' ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ [[fair trade|ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎧᏫ growers negotiated ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ roasters ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ &amp; ᏗᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Starbucks ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee | title=Fair Trade Coffee | accessdate=2006-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ecological: ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sustainably harvested, ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᏫ vs. ᎯᎠ newer mono-cropped ᎧᎵ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ varieties, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ deforestation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.&lt;ref&gt; http://www.thanksgivingcoffee.com/justcup/songbird/whatisit.ᏕᎬᏔᏛ&lt;/ref&gt;

''Arabica'' ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ exported ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Yemen]], ᎠᎴ [[Java (island)|Java]], ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Indonesia]]. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. Varietal&lt;ref&gt; ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ 1.0.1 (1.0.1) ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ © 2005 ᏒᎦᏔ ᎡᎵᏍ, Inc., &lt;/ref&gt; ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ denoting taxonomic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ arabica ᎠᎴ robusta ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎧᏫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ varietal, ''bourbon'', ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ: Rwanda ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Bourbon). ᎧᏫ aficionados ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ auctioned ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arabica ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎧᎸᎬ Africa/ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Asia/ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ (ᎠᏑᏴᏗ criteria ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ &quot;[[citrus]]-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎦᏙᎯ&quot;), ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ &quot;ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;ᎠᏣᏅᏙ&quot;), ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ mouthfeel, ᎠᎴ [[acidity|ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]]. ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ tangy ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ processed ᎧᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ pH ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ [[pH]] yvwatuwidv 5).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461534810/pH_Scale_Some_Common_Solutions.html | title=pH Scale: Some Common Solutions - Chart - MSN Encarta | accessdate=2006-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ subspecies ᎠᎴ [[varietal]].&lt;ref&gt;''ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ'', ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ James ᎦᏁᎸ; ''ᎧᏫ: ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ, 5th ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ'', ᎾᎥᎢ Kenneth Davids &lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Caracoli,&quot; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ peaberry, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ tuya ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎩᏔᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏔᎵ. ᎯᎠ Caracoli ᏚᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ (~4% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ). ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ flavour ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ tuya ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏔᏯ, Caracoli ᏚᏯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized.

==ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏫ==
:{{main|Economics of coffee}}
ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ [[commodities]] ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-traded ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ #1.  ᎧᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ environmental ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.

ᎧᏫ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe.&lt;ref name=tap /&gt; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2002 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 22.1 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FNP/is_19_42/ai_109025996 | title=Bottled water pours past competition - Brief Article DSN Retailing Today - Find Articles | accessdate=2006-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎧᏫ==
{{main|Coffee and health}}

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] ᎠᎴ [[cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular ᎥᏳᎩ]] [[cancer|ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ]] ᎠᎴ [[cirrhosis]]. ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.{{fact}} ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ unclear ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ caffeine ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ chemical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ).{{fact}}

ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ [[diabetes mellitus type 2|diabetes mellitus ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ consumers, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ caffeine ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ.&lt;ref&gt;Pereira ᎡᏥ, Parker ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, Folsom AR. ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 diabetes mellitus. ''ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Med'' 2006;166:1311-1316. &lt;!--PMID awaited--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ [[cirrhosis]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎳ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ 1 ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 20%, ᎠᎴ 4 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 80%.&lt;ref&gt;http://archinte.ᎠᎹ-assn.org/cgi/ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ/ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ/166/11/1190&lt;/ref&gt;

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ anaditsgv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ lyudetiyvda ᏫᎵ &quot;ᎾᏛᏍᎬᎾ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ&quot;.

==ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ==
[[Image:Espresso-roasted coffee beans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Roasted ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ]]
{{main|Processing of coffee}}
ᎤᏣᏘ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ labour ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ processed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ consumers ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ. ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ, defruited, ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ&amp;mdash;ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ processes&amp;mdash;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ.

{{main|Coffee roasting}}
{{seealso|Home roasting coffee}}
ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ consumed. ᎧᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ [[Coffee roasting|roasted]] ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ supplier; ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ [[Home roasting coffee|ᎣᏪᏅᏒ roasted]].

==ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ==
{{main|Coffee preparation}}

ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏫ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ processes ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎯᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ roasted ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎯᎠ consumer. ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ roastery, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ roastery ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ consumer ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ packaged, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ &quot;ᏂᎦᏛ-tuya&quot; ᎧᏫ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.  &quot;Turkish&quot; ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ coarsest ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[coffee percolator|ᎧᏫ percolator]] ᎠᎴ [[french press|ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ.  ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ: &quot;ᎤᏪᏴ&quot; ᎠᎴ &quot;Ꭺ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ&quot; ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ &quot;ᎤᏪᏴ&quot; ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.  ᎯᎠ [[espresso]] ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏫ tuya ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ brewed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ. Roasted arabica ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎿ [[coffee preparation|ᎧᏫ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. 

===ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎧᏫ===
ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ consumers ᎦᎪ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏫ. [[Instant coffee|ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ]] ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎾ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea. [[Vending machine|ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ]]ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ varieties ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ, ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Korean ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᎯ, ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. Japanese ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ availability ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-bottled ᎧᏫ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-blended ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎣᏂ, ᎦᎾ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ institutional ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ''robusta'' ᎧᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 500 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ 1,000 ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ preheated.&lt;ref&gt;ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ: ᎠᏐᏴ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 21st, 2005, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ C4, ''Commodities ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ''&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ==
:''ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: [[Coffeehouse]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎧᏫ, ᎠᎴ [[caffè]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ Italian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.''
{{main|Social aspects of coffee}}
ᎧᏫ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ coffeehouses ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ cafés, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ impacted ᎯᎠ lifestyle ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Yemen, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ intoxicant. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Islam ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ &quot;ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ&quot; ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ repressed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.accidentalhedonist.com/index.php/2006/03/24/food_stories_the_sultan_s_coffee_prohibi | title=Food Stories: The Sultan's Coffee Prohibition | last=Hopkins  | first=Kate | date=2006-03-24 | accessdate=2006-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎬᏙᏗ rebellious ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ activities ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ banning ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.&lt;ref&gt;Allen, Stewart. &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ==
ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ [[fertilizer|ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ [[nitrogen]] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. [[Starbucks]], ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ acidic, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ chemical processes Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[sawdust|ᎤᏍᎪᎬ]] ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[tomato]]es, [[chili pepper|chili ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ]], [[blueberries]], ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ &quot;[[Vegas roach trap|ᏂᎬᏅ roach ᏌᏛᏗ]]&quot;. 

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. [[Latte art|Latte ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ espresso-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. [[Arfé]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
* [[Kopi Luwak|ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ]]
* [[Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis|Colombian ᎧᏫ-Growers ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ]] (Spanish: &quot;Eje cafetero Colombiano&quot;)
* [[Colombian National Coffee Park|Colombian ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎧᏫ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ]]
* [[Fazendas]]
* [[Frappe]]
* [[Irish coffee|ᎦᏁᎳ ᎧᏫ]]
* [[Maraba Coffee|Maraba ᎧᏫ]]
* [[Tea|ᎤᎦᎶᎬ]]
* [[Toddy coffee|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎧᏫ]]
* [[Turkish coffee|Turkish ᎧᏫ]]

==ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ==

* ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, Robert (1869). [[Chambers' Book of Days|ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ' ᎪᏪᎵ  ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/jan/27.htm January 27], retrieved ᎧᎦᎵ 21, 2006.
* Jacob, Heinrich Eduard: ''ᎧᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ''. ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ: Burford ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, 1998. ISBN 1-58080-070-X. (ᎾᏛᏁᎸ: [[Lynn Alley|Lynn ᎦᏁᎸ]]).
* {{de icon}}Mai, Marina. &quot;[http://www.jungle-world.com/seiten/2006/01/6925.php Boom für die Bohnen&quot;] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ'' Nr. 1, 2006/ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 4, 2006. ISSN 1613-0766.
* Pendergrast, ᎤᏙᏪᎸ. ''ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎧᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ Transformed ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ'', ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, 1999. ISBN 0-465-05467-6
* &quot;ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ,&quot; Stewart ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ Allen, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{commons|Coffee}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{cookbook}}
* Benjamin Joffe-Walt ᎠᎴ Oliver Burkeman, ''[[The Guardian|ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ]]'', [[16 September|16 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ]] 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,2763,1571608,00.html &quot;Coffee trail&quot;] - ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ethiopian ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ Choche London ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ
* [http://medicineworld.org/cancer/lead/6-2006/coffee-blood-pressure-and-adrenaline.html#coffee-and-bloodpressure Coffee and blood pressure]
*[http://www.coffee365.co.uk Coffee] - UK ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎧᏫ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ
*[http://www.globalisationinstitute.org/blog/agriculture/coffee-that-really-helps-development-20060317601/ Coffee that really helps development]
*[http://www.coffeegeek.com Coffeegeek.com] - ᎯᎠ consumer ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎧᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏌ
*[http://historyofalcoholanddrugs.typepad.com/alcohol_and_drugs_history/coffee/index.html Coffee news page] - [[Alcohol and Drugs History Society|ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏬᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]

{{Coffee}}

[[Category:Coffee|*]]
[[Category:Arabic words]]
[[Category:Coffeeshops]]
[[Category:Crops]]

{{Link FA|es}}
{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Link FA|no}}
{{Link FA|vi}}

[[ar:٬هوة]]
[[bn:দmiddot;ফি]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ka-pi]]
[[bs:Kahva]]
[[bg:Кафе]]
[[ca:Cafè]]
[[cs:Káva]]
[[cy:Coffi]]
[[da:Kaffe]]
[[de:Kaffee]]
[[en:Coffee]]
[[et:Kohv]]
[[es:Café]]
[[eo:Kafo]]
[[fa:٬هوه]]
[[fr:Café]]
[[gl:Café]]
[[ko:커피]]
[[hr:Kava]]
[[id:Kopi]]
[[os:Къофи]]
[[is:kaffi]]
[[it:Caffè]]
[[he:קפה]]
[[lt:Kava]]
[[hu:Kávé]]
[[mk:Кафе]]
[[ms:Kopi]]
[[nl:Koffie]]
[[ja:コーヒー]]
[[no:Kaffe]]
[[pl:Kawa]]
[[pt:Café (bebida)]]
[[ru:Кофе]]
[[sq:Kafeja]]
[[simple:Coffee]]
[[sk:Káva]]
[[sr:Кафа]]
[[fi:Kahvi]]
[[sv:Kaffe]]
[[tl:Kape]]
[[th:กาแฟ]]
[[vi:Cà phê]]
[[tpi:Kopi]]
[[tr:Kahve]]
[[uk:Кава]]
[[zh-yue:咖啡]]
[[zh:咖啡]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Naldo 1065</title>
    <id>2851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9491</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-17T17:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naldo 1065</username>
        <id>157</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[w:es:Usuario:Naldo 1065|Click here]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[w:es:Usuario:Naldo 1065|Click here]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ᎠᎱᎵ</title>
    <id>2852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9524</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-24T02:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeffrey V. Merkey</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page:  [[Image:DrumMozartRegiment.jpg|thumb|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Unger, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ B, 40th ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᏤ York lyudetiyvda ᏫᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Mozart ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
[[Image:DrumMozartRegiment.jpg|thumb|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Unger, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ B, 40th ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎢᏤ York lyudetiyvda ᏫᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Mozart ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 20, 1863 ]]
[[Image:Drums for sale at the National Museum of the American Indian.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᎯᎸᏍᎩ [[Amerindians|ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ]]-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[National Museum of the American Indian|ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ  ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ]].]]

'''ᎠᎱᎵ''' ᎨᏒᎢ [[musical instrument|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[Percussion instrument|ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ]] ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[membranophone]]. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ [[Skin|ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]], ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ''[[drumhead|ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ]]'' ᎠᎴ ''drumskin'', Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[drumstick]], ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[sound|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ]]. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭ gvwatuwidv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ varies ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ [[cylinder|ᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[timpani]], ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ [[bowl|ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ]]-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ([[tar (drum)|ᎠᏜ]]), ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ([[bongo drums|bongo ᎠᎱᎵ]]), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ([[talking drum|ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ]]).

ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ [[timbales]]), ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ resonating ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ African ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hollowed-atsinuqowisgv ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[steel pan|Caribbean ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎱᎵ]], ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ  ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ceremonies. ᎯᎠ [[sound of a drum|ᎤᏃᏴᎬ   ᎠᎱᎵ]] ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ.

ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ [[popular music|ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ]] ᎠᎴ [[jazz]], ''ᎠᎱᎵ'' ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ [[drum kit|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᎴ ''[[drummer|ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ]]'' ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ percussionists ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎱᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ [[communication|ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ]]. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ Africa ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.- ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ [[drum (communication)|ᎠᎱᎵ (ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ)]].

lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3000 BC.[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1895569907&amp;id=JcaxjYL1fzwC&amp;pg=PT9&amp;lpg=PT9&amp;dq=%22first+drums%22&amp;sig=dTJfX95Tm8gEmJo_zLOW731MeJA]

==ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ==
{{commonscat|Drums}}
* [[Chenda]]
* [[Double drumming|ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ]]
* [[Drum and bass|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ]]
* [[Drum beat|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]]
* [[Drum kit|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ)
* [[Drum machine|ᎠᎱᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ]]
* [[Drum replacement|ᎠᎱᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ]]
* [[Hand drum|ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[Hearing the shape of a drum|ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ   ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[List of drummers|ᏙᎪᏩᎸ  ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ]]
* [[Musical instrument|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ]]
* [[Musical notation#Drums|ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ]]
* [[Percussive Arts Society|Percussive ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]]
* [[Tabla]]

==ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Drum.ogg|2005-04-13}}
* [http://www.drummeressentials.com Drum lessons eBook] - 45+ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ eBook ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ PDF
* [http://www.drum-videos.com/drum-videos.html Drum Video Lessons] - ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎱᎵ instructional videos.
* [http://www.drumminmen.com/ Drummin' Men] - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Resource ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
* [http://www.drumtopia.com/ Drumtopia Drum News]- ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ, ᎠᎱᎵ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
* [http://www.drum-dvds.com/drum-dvds.html Instructional Drum DVDs]- ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
* [http://www.drummerworld.com/ Drummer World]- ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ online ᎠᎱᎵ clinics ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ videos.
* [http://www.rockdrummingsystem.com Rock Drum Lessons] - ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ PDF, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ.
[[Category:Drums|*]]

[[da:Tromme]]
[[de:Trommel]]
[[eo:Tamburo]]
[[en:Drum]]
[[es:Tambor]]
[[fi:Rumpu]]
[[fr:Tambour (musique)]]
[[he:תוף]]
[[is:Trommur]]
[[it:Tamburo]]
[[ja:太鼓]]
[[nl:Trommel]]
[[nn:Tromme]]
[[no:Tromme]]
[[pl:Bęben]]
[[pt:Tambor]]
[[sl:Boben]]
[[sv:Trumma]]
[[tr:Davul]]
[[zh:鼓]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{delete|interwiki spam --[[User:Thogo|Thogo]] 23:07, 24 January 2007 (UTC)}}
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Hello! I want to know, where you have a section for advertising at a forum? Or it is not present? I have not found it. 
P.S. Are you see storm in Europe? It's a horror...</text>
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