Main Page

Wikiphidiya nrwiki https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7 first-letter Iinrhatjhi Khethekileko Asiqongelane Umsebenzisi Umsebenzisi asiqongelane Wikiphidiya Wikiphidiya asiqongelane Isimumathi Isimumathi asiqongelane MediaWiki MediaWiki asiqongelane Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo asiqongelane Lisizo Lisizo asiqongelane Mkhakha Mkhakha asiqongelane TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Main Page 0 1 3277 2834 2025-07-02T08:24:31Z Owaziwako 24 3277 wikitext text/x-wiki  {| style="width:100%; background:#fcfcfc; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" |style="width:56%; color:#000"| {| style="width:400px; border:solid 0px; background:none;" | | |- | | style="width:400px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |<div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Siyakwamukela ku[[Wikipedia|Wikiphidiya]] yelimi lesiNdebele</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Iwikiphidiya yi-[[Encyclopedia|encyclopediya]] yasimahla [[Wikipedia:Introduction|etlolwa ngiwo woke umuntu]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;">Njenganje kunemitlolo ema-'''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]''' y[[Isindebele|esiNdebele]]. Asithome! </div> |} <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no bgcolor=#f0f0f0 buttonlabel=Tlola ikhasi elitjha searchbuttonlabel=Search </inputbox> | | | style="width:14%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Iinaga|Iinarha Zephasi]] * [[Portal:Amalimi|Amalimi]] * [[Portal:Ubukgoni|Ubukghoni]] |style="width:14%; font-size:95%;"| * [[Portal:Amaholideyi|Amalanga Wokuphumula]] * [[Portal:Imidlalo|Imidlalo]] * [[Portal:Imvelo|Imvelo]] |style="width:20%; font-size:95%;"| * [[Portal:Ezigumiwako|Ezigonyiwako]] * [[Portal:Amasonto|Amasonto]] * [[Portal:Ubuvumi|Ubavumi]] |} {| width=100% cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" valign="top" style="background:#F1FAFF;" |- ! ! style="background:#E3E4FA; border:1px solid #eeeeee; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%">[[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|25px|:Isewula Afrika]] [[Isimumathi:Flag of Eswatini.svg|25px]] [[Isimumathi:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|25px]] <br><small>''Siragela phambili ngesikhethu''</small></div> |}  {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"  | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Imitlolo edzubhulwe..</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{:Main Page/Featured Article}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">UBewazi na?...</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{:Main Page/Did you know}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" |  | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">OKUNGAPHAKATHI</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{:Main Page/Topics}}</div> |} |} </tr> </table>  <div id="mpbanner" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;width: 100%; background-color:#E3E4FA; padding: .2em 0; border: 1px solid #BFB1A3; color: #000; margin-top:+.2em;font-family:verdana,arial,helvetica">{{:Main Page/Interwikis}}</div> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e8jzid7lifqmll2w4smwk2o1w6tneih Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Birth date 10 58 236 235 2024-10-14T13:46:14Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 235 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{df|}}}|[[{{#expr:{{{3}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}]]|[[{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3}}}}}]]}} [[{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">{{{1}}}-{{padleft:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3}}}|2|0}}</span>)</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} {{Documentation|Template:Birth date and age/doc}} </noinclude> klj342t3duxbd2r4jnzex171ooukdvs Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Birth date and age 10 59 239 238 2024-10-14T13:46:15Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 237 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{df|}}}|{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}},}} {{{1|{{{year}}}}}}<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{padleft:{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}</span>)</span><span class="noprint"> (age {{age | {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} | {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }})</span></includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> ex6dfvbt0dgs17odpjrtencllo8h93a Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Br separated entries 10 60 368 242 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{1|}}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}|<br />}}}}{{{2|}}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|<br />}}}}{{{3|}}}<noinclude> </noinclude> ef7c84fxdsg9hcc5gh5zn6cdamkxz4g Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Citation/core 10 61 248 247 2024-10-14T13:46:15Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 245 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="citation {{{Citation class|{{{Citation type|}}}}}}" {{ #switch:{{{Ref|}}} ||none = |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}" |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}} |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}} }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}" }} }}>{{  #if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }} |{{{AuthorMask}}} |{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=—}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given1}}} }}]] |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given1}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<2 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }} |  |{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given2}}} }}]] |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<3 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given3}}} }}]] |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname4|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<4 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given4}}} }}]] |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given4}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname5|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<5 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given5}}} }}]] |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given5}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname6|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<6 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname7|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given6}}} }}]] |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given6}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname7|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<7 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname8|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given7}}} }}]] |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given7}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname8|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<8 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname9|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given8}}} }}]] |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given8}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname9|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Coauthors|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}{{{Coauthors|}}}| }}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} | ({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} | ({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||{{#if:{{{TransItalic|}}}||{{{TransTitle|}}}}}}} |{{ #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}  }}{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2={{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |''<nowiki />{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}<nowiki />'' |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |  }}[{{{TransTitle}}}] }}" }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Place|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} written at {{{Place}}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|.|I|i}}n  }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |;  |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} | |{{{Sep|,}}} ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.||.}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2="{{{Title}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}} |  }}[{{{TransTitle}}}] }}" }}{{ #if: {{{TitleNote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{TitleNote}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{language|}}} | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{format|}}} | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}  }}''<nowiki />{{{Periodical}}}<nowiki />''{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} | ({{{PublicationPlace}}}<nowiki>: </nowiki>{{{Publisher}}}) | ({{{PublicationPlace}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} | ({{{Publisher}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} | {{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}|'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />'''|{{{Volume}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} | ({{{Issue}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} | ({{{Issue}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |<nowiki>: </nowiki> {{{At}}} }} |{{  #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }} {{Citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2=''<nowiki />{{{Title|}}}{{ #if:{{{TransItalic|}}}| [{{{TransItalic}}}] }}<nowiki />'' }} }}{{ #if: {{{TitleType|}}} | ({{{TitleType}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} '''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />''' }}{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Edition|}}} | ({{{Edition}}} ed.) }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationPlace}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |<nowiki>:</nowiki> |{{{Sep|,}}} }} {{{Publisher}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Date}}}{{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PublicationDate|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}} | (published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}} | (published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Periodical|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{At}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ARXIV|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=arxiv |input1={{{ARXIV|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ASIN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=asin |input1={{{ASIN|}}} |input2={{{ASIN-TLD|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=bibcode |input1={{{BIBCODE|}}} }} }}{{  #if:{{{DOI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=doi |input1={{{DOI|}}} |input2={{{DoiBroken|}}} |input3={{{template doc demo|}}}}} }}{{  #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=isbn |input1={{{ISBN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=issn |input1={{{ISSN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{JFM|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=jfm |input1={{{JFM|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{MR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=oclc |input1={{{OCLC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=ol |input1={{{OL|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PMC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=pmc |input1={{{PMC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PMID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{RFC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=rfc|input1={{{RFC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=ssrn |input1={{{SSRN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Citation/identifier |identifier=zbl |input1={{{ZBL|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{ID}}} }}{{  #if: {{{Archive|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Archive}}}[[Mkhakha:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]] |{{ #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}} | {{{Sep|,}}} {{#ifeq: {{{DeadURL|}}} | no | {{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}} |{{Citation/make link|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived}} from the original |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived }} | {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}| from {{Citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}} }} }}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}| on {{{ArchiveDate}}}}}{{ #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}} |. {{citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}} |If you specify <code>|{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}=</code>{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}|| and <code>|deadurl=no</code>}}}}, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify <code>|{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}=</code>| {{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|also|first}} specify <code>|url=</code>}}}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |<span class="printonly">{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }}</span> |{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{AccessDate|}}} | <span class="reference-accessdate">{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|,|, r|. R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}</span> }} }}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}| – ''<nowiki />{{{laysource}}}<nowiki />''}} }}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}} |  ({{{laydate}}}) }}{{#if:{{{quote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} "{{{quote}}}" }}{{{PS|}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f2d0jem28ub5avk9xz9ciitbs9t590y Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Citation/identifier 10 62 252 251 2024-10-14T13:46:16Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{identifier}}} |arxiv={{hide in print |[[Citation/arXiv|arXiv]]:[http://arxiv.org/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |arXiv:{{{input1|}}} }} |asin={{hide in print |[[Citation/Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] [//www.amazon.{{#switch: {{{input2|}}} |ca=ca |cn=cn |de=de |ed=es |fr=fr |it=it |jp=co.jp |co.jp=co.jp |uk=co.uk |co.uk=co.uk |#default=com }}/dp/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |ASIN {{{input1|}}} }} |bibcode={{hide in print |[[Citation/Bibcode|Bibcode]] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |Bibcode {{{input1|}}} }} |doi={{hide in print |{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{input1|}}}|3}}|10. |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |[[Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} |[[Mkhakha:Pages with DOIs inactive since {{#time: Y | {{{input2|}}} }}]] | }} |[[Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://dx.doi.org/{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }} |{{citation error|nocat={{{input3|}}}|cat=Pages with DOI errors|Bad DOI specified}} }} }}{{only in print |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |doi:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) |doi:{{{input1|}}} }} }} |isbn={{hide in print |[[Citation/International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Khethekileko:BookSources/{{{input1|}}}|{{{input1|}}}]] }}{{only in print |ISBN {{{input1|}}} }} |issn={{hide in print |[[Citation/International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [//www.worldcat.org/issn/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |ISSN {{{input1|}}} }} |jfm={{hide in print |[[Citation/Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik|JFM]] [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |JFM {{{input1|}}} }} |jstor={{hide in print |[[Citation/JSTOR|JSTOR]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |JSTOR {{{input1|}}} }} |lccn={{hide in print |[[Citation/Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] [http://lccn.loc.gov/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |LCCN {{{input1|}}} }} |mr={{hide in print |[[Citation/Mathematical Reviews|MR]] [http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |MR{{{input1|}}} }} |oclc={{hide in print |[[Citation/OCLC|OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |OCLC {{{input1|}}} }} |ol={{hide in print |1={{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|A}} |[[Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|M}} |[[Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/books/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|W}} |[[Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/works/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |<includeonly>[[Mkhakha:Pages with OL errors]]<span class="error">Error: Bad OL specified!</span></includeonly> }} }} }} }}{{only in print |1=OL{{{id|{{{1}}}}}} }} |osti={{hide in print |[[Citation/Office of Scientific and Technical Information|OSTI]] [http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |OSTI {{{input1|}}} }} |pmc={{hide in print |[[Citation/PubMed Central|PMC]] [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |PMC {{{input1|}}} }} |pmid={{hide in print |[[Citation/PubMed Identifier|PMID]] [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |PMID {{{input1|}}} }} |rfc={{hide in print |[[Citation/Request for Comments|RFC]] [//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |RFC {{{input1|}}} }} |ssrn={{hide in print |[[Citation/Social Science Research Network|SSRN]] [http://ssrn.com/abstract{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |SSRN {{{input1|}}} }} |zbl={{hide in print |[[Citation/Zentralblatt MATH|Zbl]] [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{only in print |Zbl {{{input1|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> qo21ujv9ykok3p462l9wnnymv27q8ag Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Citation/make link 10 63 256 255 2024-10-14T13:46:16Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}} |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] |{{{2}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> kpq1iofpfn0fdo5bshpu1vjve3ehx2d Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Cite book 10 64 370 264 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Citation/core |Citation class=book |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_chapter|}}} |TransItalic={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{{chapter|{{{contribution|{{{section|}}}}}}}}} |TitleType={{{type|}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|{{{sectionurl|}}}}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{series|{{{version|}}}}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Mkhakha:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> hq6j0fz2uhr1wwbwrn8slrbuw0k0ese Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Cite news 10 65 374 266 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 265 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pbjnspfej5gxihr9izxrzkow3f1uf3i Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Cite web 10 66 376 274 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 271 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Citation/core |Citation class=web |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{work|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{ #if:{{{title|}}} |{{{title}}} |{{ #if:{{{trans_title|}}} | |{{citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}}|no <code>|title=</code> specified|Cite web}} }} }} |TransTitle={{{trans_title|}}} |TitleType={{{type|}}} |language={{{language|}}} |IncludedWorkURL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}} }} |Series={{{agency|{{{series|{{{version|}}}}}}}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessed|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Mkhakha:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> belaiv8mhopefyuklxknbie9h2upxbe Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Col-begin 10 67 378 277 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 275 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="{{{class|}}} multicol" style="background:{{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width:{{{width|100%}}};" 45u6tgubp740avopi6j07ksc5hdns6b Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Col-break 10 68 380 280 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 278 wikitext text/x-wiki <p></p> | width="{{{width|}}}" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" {{#if: {{{gap|}}} | style="padding-left:{{{gap}}};" }}| ifjgi1kkpoayt9mz4eut6myjeqtypuu Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Col-end 10 69 382 283 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 281 wikitext text/x-wiki <p></p> |} ap29tgbr3h2pbiiab9hb7ep9w1arcqa Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Column-width 10 70 286 285 2024-10-14T13:46:18Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 284 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>-moz-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; -webkit-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; column-width: {{{1|30em}}};</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> sum88q311kc02222mb4cgzbikcx7fqy Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Commons 10 71 288 287 2024-10-14T13:46:18Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 287 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float:right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Isimumathi:Commons-logo.svg|46px|none|Commons]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><span class="plainlinks">'''''[{{localurl:Commons:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}?uselang=ts {{{2| {{PAGENAME}} }}}]'''''</span></div> </div> </div><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 2j1i85gin3hwudk2zwghl0ww1u7vj5a Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Documentation 10 72 385 291 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Documentation|main|_content={{ {{#invoke:Documentation|contentTitle}}}}}}<noinclude>  </noinclude> 2xhh66tsv150gi3f97xaydn2109p9s5 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Ethnic group 10 73 296 295 2024-10-14T13:46:19Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 295 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:280px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{Ubutjhaba}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|220px]] |} |- | align="center" colspan="2" | ''{{{umtlolo}}}'' |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Ubuningi be sitjhaba''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Ubuningi}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Lapho batholakala ngobuningi''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Amaphrovinci}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Amalimi esitjhaba''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Amalimi}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Isiqhema sekolo''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Ikolo}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Ukuhlobana ngobutjhaba''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Bahlobane}}} |} <noinclude> <pre> {{Ethnic group |Ubutjhaba = |isithombe = |umtlolo = |Ubuningi = |Amaphrovinci = |Amalimi = |Ikolo = |Bahlobane = }} </pre> [[Mkhakha:Abantu]] </noinclude> tf5zrdmbaza1s98n35ha9hvzwfodw3i Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Hide in print 10 74 387 299 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 298 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Mkhakha:Exclude in print|!]] </noinclude> 9fydqxab8pz8c7ka7s0m5hkla03jc1i Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:ICD10 10 75 302 301 2024-10-14T13:46:20Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{#ifeq: {{{1|}}} | H | {{#ifexpr: {{{2|-1}}} >= 0 and {{{2|}}} < 60 | ICD-10 Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa | {{#ifexpr: {{{2|-1}}} >= 60 | ICD-10 Chapter VIII: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process | ICD-10 Chapter H }} }} | ICD-10 Chapter {{{1}}}}}|{{{1}}}]][http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/{{{1}}}{{{2}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|.{{{3}}}}} {{{2}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|.{{{3}}}}}]<noinclude> {{Documentation}}  </noinclude> qu6gervjpcg01kjw33s2fk73fzv2nfu Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:ICD9 10 76 305 304 2024-10-14T13:46:20Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 304 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9={{{1}}} {{{1}}}]<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 7862yarzx3ir7zon2m18zx1sdhsh6oh Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Icon 10 77 307 306 2024-10-14T13:46:20Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:{{#switch:{{lc:{{{class|{{{1|}}}}}}}} |fa = Featured article star.svg {{!}} Featured article |far = Cscr-star piece.png {{!}} Featured article review |farc = Cscr-star piece.png {{!}} Featured article removal candidate |ffa|dfa = Featured article star - cross.svg {{!}} Former featured article |fac|fan = Cscr-candidate.svg {{!}} Featured article candidate |ffac|nofa = Featured article star - cross.svg {{!}} Failed featured article candidate |fl = Featured article star.svg {{!}} Featured list |flrc|flr = Cscr-star piece.png {{!}} Featured list removal candidate |ffl|dfl = Cscr-featured-strike.svg {{!}} Former featured list |flc|fln = Cscr-candidate.svg {{!}} Featured list candidate |fflc|nofl = Cscr-former.svg {{!}} Failed featured list candidate |a = Symbol a class.svg {{!}} A-Class article |dac|daa = Symbol unsupport A vote.svg {{!}} Demoted A-Class article |acc|acn|aac = A candidate.svg {{!}} A-Class article candidate |noac|faac = Symbol unsupport A vote.svg {{!}} Failed A-Class article candidate |ga = Symbol support vote.svg {{!}} Good article |gar = GA Candidate Neutral vote(ChaosNil).svg {{!}} Good article reassessment |dga = Symbol unsupport vote.svg {{!}} Delisted good article |gan|gac = GA candidate.svg {{!}} Good article nominee |ga2 = Symbol neutral vote.svg {{!}} Good article, 2nd opinion |gah = Symbol wait.svg {{!}} Good article on hold |fgan|noga|gaf|gf = Symbol oppose vote.svg {{!}} Failed good article nominee |fp = Cscr-featured.svg {{!}} Featured picture |ffp = Cscr-former.svg {{!}} Former featured picture |vp = ENWP VP Logo.svg {{!}} Valued picture |vpc = Valued pics 1.svg {{!}} Valued picture candidate |fs = Cscr-featured.svg {{!}} Featured sound |ffs = Cscr-former.svg {{!}} Former featured sound |fsc = Cscr-candidate.svg {{!}} Featured sound candidate |fpo = Cscr-featured.svg {{!}} Featured portal |fpor = Cscr-star piece.png {{!}} Featured portal review |ffpo = Featured article star - cross.svg {{!}} Former featured portal |fpoc = Cscr-candidate.svg {{!}} Featured portal candidate |ft = Cscr-featuredtopic.svg {{!}} Featured topic |ftrc = Cscr-star piece.png {{!}} Featured topic removal candidate |fft|dft = DFT candidate_cluster.svg {{!}} Former featured topic |ftc|ftn = FT candidate cluster.svg {{!}} Featured topic candidate |gt = Support cluster.svg {{!}} Good topic |gtrc = Symbol unsupport vote.svg {{!}} Good topic removal candidate |gtc|gtn = GA candidate cluster.svg {{!}} Good topic candidate |bplus|b+ = Symbol bplus class.svg {{!}} Bplus-Class article |b = Symbol b class.svg {{!}} B-Class article |br|bcr = Bclass-checklist.svg {{!}} B-Class review |c = Symbol c class.svg {{!}} C-Class article |start = Symbol start class.svg {{!}} Start-Class article |stub = Symbol stub class.svg {{!}} Stub-Class article |list|comparison= Symbol list class.svg {{!}} List-Class article |no = Crystal button cancel.svg {{!}} Unknown-Class article |book = Symbol book class2.svg {{!}} Wikipedia book |cat|categ |category = Folder Hexagonal Icon.svg {{!}} Category |dab|disamb |disambig |disambiguation = Symbol dab class.svg {{!}} Disambiguation page |image|file = Video-x-generic.svg {{!}} File |portal = Portal-puzzle.svg {{!}} Portal |project = Symbol information vote.svg {{!}} Project page |red|redir |redirect = Symbol redirect vote2.svg {{!}} Redirect |temp|templ |template = Symbol template class.svg {{!}} Template |essay = Essay.svg {{!}} Essay |na = Symbol neutral vote.svg {{!}} Non-article page |aa = Yes check.svg {{!}} Audited article of limited subject matter |da = Symbol oppose vote.svg {{!}} Demoted article |dyk = Symbol question.svg {{!}} Did You Know? |dyk2 = DYK questionmark icon.svg {{!}} Did You Know? |pr = Nuvola apps kedit.png {{!}} Peer review |ppr = Nuvola apps kedit.png {{!}} Portal peer review |q|question = Symbol question.svg {{!}} Question |qi = Quality images logo.svg {{!}} Quality image on Wikimedia Commons |vi = Valued image seal.svg {{!}} Valued image on Wikimedia Commons |tfa = Wikipedia-logo.svg {{!}} Today's Featured Article |itn = Globe current.svg {{!}} In The News |otd = Nuvola apps date.svg {{!}} On This Day |wikiproject = People icon.svg {{!}} WikiProject |wikipedia = Wikipedia-logo.svg {{!}} Wikipedia page |commons = Commons-logo.svg {{!}} Commons page |wikiquote = Wikiquote-logo.svg {{!}} Wikiquote page |wikiversity = Wikiversity-logo.svg {{!}} Wikiversity page |wikibooks = Wikibooks-logo.svg {{!}} Wikibooks page |wikisource = Wikisource-logo.svg {{!}} Wikisource page |wiktionary = Wiktionary-logo.svg {{!}} Wiktionary page |wikinews = Wikinews-logo.svg {{!}} Wikinews page |wikispecies = Wikispecies-logo.svg {{!}} Wikispecies page |wikidata = Wikidata-logo.svg {{!}} Wikidata page |wikivoyage = Wikivoyage-logo.svg {{!}} Wikivoyage page |meta = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg {{!}} Meta-wiki page |four = Four Award.svg {{!}} Four Award |million = Million award logo.svg {{!}} Million Award |#default = Symbol question.svg }}|{{{size|16x16px}}}|link=]]<noinclude> </noinclude> 8jmsy7v2j59nucinglj9d2dgehyodx3 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Image class names 10 78 389 309 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 308 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> </noinclude>{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}}|Replace this image male.svg|Replace this image female.svg|Replace this image1.svg|Replace this imageb.svg|[[Isimumathi:Replace this imageb.svg|150px]]|Replace this image male.svg|[[Isimumathi:Replace this image female.svg|150px]] =metadata dummy}}<noinclude> </noinclude> alon77ny0lw4atjdqtheq7ahos7brzb Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox 10 79 312 311 2024-10-14T13:46:21Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}<noinclude>  </noinclude> 1y1i092vweoykeg31cfnti68cioaenn Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox Website 10 80 393 315 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 313 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox borderless" summary="Template:Infobox Website" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:90%; text-align:left; width:24em;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;" | {{{websitename|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}} |- {{#if:{{{websitelogo|{{{logo|}}}}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{websitelogo|{{{logo}}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#ifeq:{{{collapsible|}}}|yes| {{!}} colspan="2" {{!}} {{hidden|Screenshot|{{{screenshot}}}{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|<br />{{{caption}}}}}|bg1=#ccccff|ta2=center}} {{!}}- | {{#if:{{{screenshot|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" {{!}} {{{screenshot}}}{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|<br />{{{caption}}}}} {{!}}- }} }} {{#if:{{{url|}}}| ! [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] {{!}} {{{url}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{slogan|}}}| ! [[Xologeni]] {{!}} {{{slogan}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{alexa|}}}| ! Nkutlunya wa [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] {{!}} {{{alexa}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{commercial|}}}| ! Ku bindzula? {{!}} {{{commercial}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{type|}}}| ! Muxaka wa tluka {{!}} {{{type}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{reg|{{{registration|}}}}}}| ! Vutsarisi {{!}} {{{reg|{{{registration}}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{language|}}}| ! [[Natural language|Tindzimi]] leti ngakona {{!}} {{{language|}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{owner|}}}| ! Nwini {{!}} {{{owner}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{author|}}}| ! Vatumbuluxi {{!}} {{{author}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{date_of_launch|{{{launch date|}}}}}}| ! Ri pfuriwa {{!}} {{{date_of_launch|{{{launch date}}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{rev|{{{revenue|}}}}}}| ! Mali {{!}} {{{rev|{{{revenue}}}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{{current_status|{{{current status|}}}}}}| ! Xiyimo xa sweswi-nyana {{!}} {{{current_status|{{{current status}}}}}} {{!}}- }} |}<noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> ss4bw6rzofdcg6b7x4wu6183iukcxgu Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox disease 10 81 1271 320 2024-10-14T13:47:09Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 319 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="toc" style="float:right;width:18em;padding:0.5em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <table style="width:100%;"> <tr><th colspan="2"><big>{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big></th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">''Ukuhlukaniswa kweengaba neentlabagelo zangaphandle''</td></tr> {{#if:{{{image|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">[[Isimumathi:{{{image|}}}{{{Image|}}}|150px|center|{{{caption|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]] <small>{{{caption|}}}{{{Caption|}}}</small></td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{ICD10|}}}|<tr><td>'''ICD/CIM-10'''</td><td>{{{ICD10|}}} {{{ICD10}}}{{#if:{{{ICD10-2|}}}|{{{ICD10-2|}}} {{{ICD10-2}}}|}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{ICD9|}}}|<tr><td>'''ICD/CIM-9'''</td><td>{{{ICD9|}}} {{{ICD9}}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{OMIM|}}}|<tr><td>'''OMIM'''</td><td>[http://omim.org/entry/{{{OMIM|}}} {{{OMIM}}}]</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{DiseasesDB|}}}|<tr><td>'''DiseasesDB'''</td><td>[http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb{{{DiseasesDB|}}}.htm {{{DiseasesDB}}}]{{#if:{{{DiseasesDB-2|}}}|, [http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb{{{DiseasesDB-2|}}}.htm {{{DiseasesDB-2}}}]|}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|<tr><td>'''MedlinePlus'''</td><td>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/{{{MedlinePlus|}}}.htm {{{MedlinePlus}}}]</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|<tr><td>'''eMedicine'''</td><td>''<Placeholder>''</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}|<tr><td>'''MeSH'''</td><td>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&term={{{MeSH}}} {{{MeSH}}}]</td></tr>|}} </table> </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> cka8ra07le1weu7jafzwixzljytx9ok Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox person 10 82 324 323 2024-10-14T13:46:21Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = biography vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{box_width|}}}|width:{{{box_width}}};}} | above = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}|<span class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|}}}}}}</span><br />}}<includeonly><span class="fn">{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</span></includeonly>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}|<br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|}}}}}}</span>}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Isimumathi:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{image size|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{alt|}}}]]}} | imageclass = {{image class names|{{{image}}}}} | caption = {{{image caption|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}} | label1 = Native name | data1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<span class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}" xml:lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</span> }} | label2 = Baptised | data2 = {{{baptised|}}} | label3 = Born | data3 = {{br separated entries|{{#if:{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}}</span>}}|{{{birth_date|{{{birthdate|}}}}}}|{{{birth_place|{{{birthplace|}}}}}}}} | label4 = Disappeared | data4 = {{br separated entries|{{{disappeared_date|}}}|{{{disappeared_place|}}} }} | label5 = Status | data5 = {{{disappeared_status|}}} | label6 = Died | data6 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|{{{deathdate|}}}}}}|{{{death_place|{{{deathplace|}}}}}}}} | label7 = Cause of death | data7 = {{{death cause|{{{death_cause|}}}}}} | label8 = Body discovered | data8 = {{{body discovered|{{{body_discovered|}}}}}} | label9 = Resting place | class9 = label | data9 = {{br separated entries|{{{resting place|{{{resting_place|{{{restingplace|}}}}}}}}}|{{{resting place coordinates|{{{resting_place_coordinates|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}}}}}}}} | label10 = Monuments | data10 = {{{monuments|}}} | label11 = Residence | class11 = {{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}||label}} | data11 = {{{residence|}}} | class12 = category | label12 = Nationality | data12 = {{{nationality|}}} | label13 = Other names | class13 = nickname | data13 = {{{other names|{{{other_names|{{{othername|{{{alias|}}}}}}}}}}}} | class14 = category | label14 = Ethnicity | data14 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | class15 = category | label15 = Citizenship | data15 = {{{citizenship|}}} | label16 = Education | data16 = {{{education|}}} | label17 = ''[[Alma mater]]'' | data17 = {{{alma mater|{{{alma_mater|}}}}}} | label18 = Occupation | class18 = role | data18 = {{{occupation|}}} | label19 = Years active | data19 = {{{years active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label20 = Employer | data20 = {{{employer|}}} | class20 = org | label21 = Organization | data21 = {{{organization|{{{organizations|}}}}}} | class21 = org | label22 = Agent | data22 = {{{agent|}}} | class22 = agent | label23 = Known for | data23 = {{{known for|{{{known_for|{{{known|}}}}}}}}} | label24 = Notable works | data24 = {{{notable works|{{{notable_works|}}}}}} | label25 = Style | data25 = {{{style|}}} | class25 = category | label26 = Influenced by | data26 = {{{influences|}}} | label27 = Influenced | data27 = {{{influenced|}}} | label28 = Home town | data28 = {{{home town|{{{home_town|}}}}}} | label29 = Salary | data29 = {{{salary|}}} | label30 = Net worth | data30 = {{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}} | label31 = Height | data31 = {{{height|}}} | label32 = Weight | data32 = {{{weight|}}} | label33 = Television | data33 = {{{television|}}} | label34 = Title | data34 = {{{title|}}} | class34 = title | label35 = Term | data35 = {{{term|}}} | label36 = Predecessor | data36 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label37 = Successor | data37 = {{{successor|}}} | label38 = Political party | data38 = {{{party|}}} | class38 = org | label39 = Political movement | data39 = {{{movement|}}} | class39 = category | label40 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Opponent(s)</span> | data40 = {{{opponents|}}} | label41 = Board member of | data41 = {{{boards|}}} | label42 = Religion | data42 = {{{religion|}}} | class42 = category | label43 = Denomination | data43 = {{{denomination|}}} | class43 = category | label44 = Criminal charge | data44 = {{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}} | label45 = Criminal penalty | data45 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label46 = Criminal status | data46 = {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}} | class46 = category | label47 = Spouse | data47 = {{{spouse|}}} | label48 = Partner | data48 = {{{partner|{{{domesticpartner|}}}}}} | label49 = Children | data49 = {{{children|}}} | label50 = Parents | data50 = {{{parents|}}} | label51 = Relatives | data51 = {{{relations|{{{relatives|}}}}}} | label52 = Call-sign | data52 = {{{callsign|}}} | label53 = Awards | data53 = {{{awards|}}} | data54 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data55 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data56 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data57 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data58 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data59 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | label60 = Signature | data60 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Isimumathi:{{{signature}}}|{{px|{{{signature_size|}}}|150px}}|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}]]}} | header61 = {{#if:{{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}}|Website}} | data62 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}} | below = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|'''Notes'''<div style="line-height:1.2em;">{{{footnotes}}}</div>}} | belowstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left }}{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{image|}}}}} |Replace this image male.svg |Replace_this_image_male.svg |Replace this image female.svg |Replace_this_image_female.svg=[[Mkhakha:Infoboxes without image]] }} </noinclude> hp87m0b9o5la13q4uzro9jiyah5nscq Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:MONTHNAME 10 83 326 325 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 325 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude>  </noinclude> pyb2vz745mhk9h37yekxaz9s4t8lmqg Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:NUMBEROFARTICLES 10 84 328 327 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Khethekileko:Prefixindex/Wp/nr|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/nr}}]]<noinclude></noinclude> ku87v5bdqhfv36aulmindw7c0ko819x Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Official Document 10 85 331 330 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 330 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:250px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{ibizo}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|150px]] |} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Unyaka wokutlola:''' || {{{unyaka wokutlola}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Indawo yo kutlolwa:''' || {{{indawo yo kutlolwa}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Inarha yomtlolo:''' || {{{inarha yomtlolo}}} |} <noinclude> <pre> {{Official Document| | ibizo = | isithombe = | Unyaka wokutlola = | Indawo yo kutlolwa = | Inarha yomtlolo = }} </pre> [[Mkhakha:Amatlolo]] </noinclude> atrw1aa0i0yjs2axvwc5umnhugoqo2g Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Only in print 10 86 395 336 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{hide in print|1}}||{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> rm8emca34tsah296fr9jh9dzgyhnfxo Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Person 10 87 347 346 2024-10-14T13:46:23Z Jon Harald Søby 12 10 revisions imported 346 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:250px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{ibizo}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|150px]] |} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Umsebenzi:''' || {{{umsebenzi}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Ubelethwe ngo:''' || {{{ubelethwe ngo}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Indawo yo kubelethwa:''' || {{{indawo yo kubelethwa}}} |} <noinclude> <pre> {{Person| | ibizo = | isithombe = | umsebenzi = | ubelethwe ngo = | indawo yo kubelethwa = }} </pre> [[Mkhakha:Abantu]] </noinclude> lcr516a5z20w8eoij7ygnaqgaboipy0 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Pp-meta 10 88 397 351 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{small|}}}}}|yes| <div class="metadata plainlinks" id="protected-icon" style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:55px; top:10px;"> {{#tag:imagemap| Image:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver-medium.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Pix.gif }}}}}{{!}}20px{{!}}{{{icon-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Fully protected |semi=Semi-protected |move=Move protected |indef=Permanently protected |create=Protected from creation |office=Protected by the Wikimedia Office |#default= }}}}} default [[{{{icon-link|Wikipedia:Protection policy#{{lc:{{{type}}}}}}}}|{{{icon-text|This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|article|page}} is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |semi=semi- |move=move- |indef=permanently<nowiki> </nowiki> |create=creation- |office= |full |#default= }}protected{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>until {{#time:F j, Y|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{{icon-reason|}}}.}}}]] desc none }} </div> | {{{!}} {{main talk other | demospace={{{demospace|}}} | 1 = class="ambox ambox-protection metadata plainlinks" | 2 = class="messagebox standard-talk metadata plainlinks" | 3 = class="messagebox protected metadata plainlinks" style="border:2px solid #99B; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em;" }} {{!}} {{main talk other|1=class="ambox-image" {{!}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}}}} [[Isimumathi:{{{image|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=Padlock.svg |semi=Padlock-silver-medium.svg |move=Padlock-olive.svg |indef=Padlock-red.svg |office=Padlock-black.svg |create=Padlock-skyblue.svg |#default=Pix.gif }}}}}|40px|{{{icon-text|This page is {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |semi=semi- |move=move- |indef=permanently<nowiki> </nowiki> |create=creation- |office= |full |#default= }}protected.}}}]] {{!}} {{main talk other|1=class="ambox-text"|demospace={{{demospace|}}}}} style="v-align:center; align=left;" {{!}}'''{{{reason-text|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full=This page is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |semi=Editing of this {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|article|page}} by [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed_users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Anonymous_users|unregistered]] users is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|disabled]] |move=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|article|page}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from [[Lisizo:Moving a page|page moves]] |indef=This page is [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing ''indefinitely'' |office=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|article|page}} is currently [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing |create=[[Lisizo:Starting a new page|Recreation]] of this {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|article|page}} [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|has been disabled]] }}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{type}}}}}|indef||{{#if:{{{expiry|}}}| until {{#time:[[F j]], [[Y]]|{{{expiry}}}}}}}}}{{{reason<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}.}}}'''<br /> {{{explanation-text|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{dispute}}}}}|yes|This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the {{#ifeq:{{{type}}}|move|[{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=move&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} current title]|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|action=history}} current version]}}.}} See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protection policy]] and [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=protect&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} protection log] for more details. {{#switch:{{lc:{{{type}}}}} |full|indef=Please discuss any changes on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]]; you may use the {{tlx|editprotected}} template to ask an [[Wikipedia:Administrator|administrator]] to make the edit if it is supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:8}}||You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that this page be unprotected.}} |semi=If you cannot edit this {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}=article|{{ns:6}}=image|#default=page}} and you wish to make a change, you can {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discuss changes on the talk page]],}} [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection#Current requests for unprotection|request unprotection]], [[Khethekileko:Userlogin|log in]], or <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin&type=signup <span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Sign in / create account">create an account</span>]. |move=The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] or at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be unprotected. |office=If you are able to edit this page, please discuss all changes and additions on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] first. '''Do not remove protection from this article unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do so.''' |create=Please see the {{#if:{{{xfd|}}}|'''[[{{{xfd}}}|deletion discussion]]''' or the}} [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=delete&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log] for details of why this page was deleted. If you would like to create a page at this title, you must first [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] for it to be unprotected, or for the deleted material to be restored via [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. }}}}} {{!}}} }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{categories|no}}}}}|no||{{{categories|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>  </noinclude> 0n6gak318gueb9jr0novqnc0w6dn0zg Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Pp-template 10 89 399 355 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 352 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude><includeonly>{{pp-meta |type=indef |small={{{small|}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |expiry= |dispute=no |icon-text=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|image, included in a high-risk template or message,|high-risk template}} is indefinitely protected from editing to prevent vandalism. |reason-text=This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:image}}=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]] and/or [[Khethekileko:Allmessages|system messages]], |#default=[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]] }} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing to prevent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:image}}=<br /><small>'''Do not move this image''' to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].</small>}} |categories={{{categories|[[Mkhakha:Protected templates]]}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{pp-template|categories=no}} </noinclude> jt5doxh60qo6rqc9u7fvmm3j8rub2u8 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Refbegin 10 90 358 357 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 357 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="refbegin {{#if: {{{normalfont|}}} | refbegin-100 }} {{#if: {{{1|}}} | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{Column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{Column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{Column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }}">{{#if: {{{indent|}}} | <dl style="text-indent: -{{{indentsize|3.2}}}em;">}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} {{/TemplateData}} </noinclude> 4ipebpx1uiz8tfnqxpm8qn8tl3s2b90 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Refend 10 91 360 359 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 359 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly></dl></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{template doc|Template:refbegin/doc}} {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "description": "Ends a reference lists started by {{refbegin}}.", "params": { } } </templatedata> </noinclude> ge8cznfxl0zil9rreahsolaz4ivrvek Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Reflist 10 92 1772 364 2024-10-30T18:57:34Z Pppery 47 Move to Wikidata 1772 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="references-small" {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}| style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; -webkit-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}};" | {{#if: {{{1|}}}| style="-moz-column-count:{{{1}}}; -webkit-column-count:{{{1}}}; column-count:{{{1}}};" }} }}> {{#tag:references||group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude> birqo0hptm2rfa59ssbmdnqb9nhv3t6 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar 10 93 1863 366 2024-11-03T12:02:32Z Minorax 38 1863 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center">'''Izigaba zemitlolo eqakathekileko'''</div> {| border="5" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" height="50" border=0 style="background: transparent; color:inherit; margin:auto;" | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1|Isigaba 1]] |     | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 2|Isigaba 2]] |     | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 3|Isigaba 3]] |} jf3qyroskyn2nncwtmpb2o9rbih4pu4 Mkhakha:Abatloli 14 94 402 401 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 401 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq Mkhakha:Amatlolo 14 95 405 404 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 404 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq Mkhakha:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo 14 96 408 407 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 407 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq Mkhakha:Wikipediya 14 97 411 410 2024-10-14T13:46:27Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 410 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq Module:Arguments 828 100 427 426 2024-10-14T13:46:27Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 426 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides easy processing of arguments passed to Scribunto from -- #invoke. It is intended for use by other Lua modules, and should not be -- called from #invoke directly. local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local arguments = {} -- Generate four different tidyVal functions, so that we don't have to check the -- options every time we call it. local function tidyValDefault(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then val = val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if val == '' then return nil else return val end else return val end end local function tidyValTrimOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then return val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') else return val end end local function tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then if val:find('%S') then return val else return nil end else return val end end local function tidyValNoChange(key, val) return val end local function matchesTitle(given, title) local tp = type( given ) return (tp == 'string' or tp == 'number') and mw.title.new( given ).prefixedText == title end local translate_mt = { __index = function(t, k) return k end } function arguments.getArgs(frame, options) checkType('getArgs', 1, frame, 'table', true) checkType('getArgs', 2, options, 'table', true) frame = frame or {} options = options or {} --[[ -- Set up argument translation. --]] options.translate = options.translate or {} if getmetatable(options.translate) == nil then setmetatable(options.translate, translate_mt) end if options.backtranslate == nil then options.backtranslate = {} for k,v in pairs(options.translate) do options.backtranslate[v] = k end end if options.backtranslate and getmetatable(options.backtranslate) == nil then setmetatable(options.backtranslate, { __index = function(t, k) if options.translate[k] ~= k then return nil else return k end end }) end --[[ -- Get the argument tables. If we were passed a valid frame object, get the -- frame arguments (fargs) and the parent frame arguments (pargs), depending -- on the options set and on the parent frame's availability. If we weren't -- passed a valid frame object, we are being called from another Lua module -- or from the debug console, so assume that we were passed a table of args -- directly, and assign it to a new variable (luaArgs). --]] local fargs, pargs, luaArgs if type(frame.args) == 'table' and type(frame.getParent) == 'function' then if options.wrappers then --[[ -- The wrappers option makes Module:Arguments look up arguments in -- either the frame argument table or the parent argument table, but -- not both. This means that users can use either the #invoke syntax -- or a wrapper template without the loss of performance associated -- with looking arguments up in both the frame and the parent frame. -- Module:Arguments will look up arguments in the parent frame -- if it finds the parent frame's title in options.wrapper; -- otherwise it will look up arguments in the frame object passed -- to getArgs. --]] local parent = frame:getParent() if not parent then fargs = frame.args else local title = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '') local found = false if matchesTitle(options.wrappers, title) then found = true elseif type(options.wrappers) == 'table' then for _,v in pairs(options.wrappers) do if matchesTitle(v, title) then found = true break end end end -- We test for false specifically here so that nil (the default) acts like true. if found or options.frameOnly == false then pargs = parent.args end if not found or options.parentOnly == false then fargs = frame.args end end else -- options.wrapper isn't set, so check the other options. if not options.parentOnly then fargs = frame.args end if not options.frameOnly then local parent = frame:getParent() pargs = parent and parent.args or nil end end if options.parentFirst then fargs, pargs = pargs, fargs end else luaArgs = frame end -- Set the order of precedence of the argument tables. If the variables are -- nil, nothing will be added to the table, which is how we avoid clashes -- between the frame/parent args and the Lua args. local argTables = {fargs} argTables[#argTables + 1] = pargs argTables[#argTables + 1] = luaArgs --[[ -- Generate the tidyVal function. If it has been specified by the user, we -- use that; if not, we choose one of four functions depending on the -- options chosen. This is so that we don't have to call the options table -- every time the function is called. --]] local tidyVal = options.valueFunc if tidyVal then if type(tidyVal) ~= 'function' then error( "bad value assigned to option 'valueFunc'" .. '(function expected, got ' .. type(tidyVal) .. ')', 2 ) end elseif options.trim ~= false then if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValDefault else tidyVal = tidyValTrimOnly end else if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly else tidyVal = tidyValNoChange end end --[[ -- Set up the args, metaArgs and nilArgs tables. args will be the one -- accessed from functions, and metaArgs will hold the actual arguments. Nil -- arguments are memoized in nilArgs, and the metatable connects all of them -- together. --]] local args, metaArgs, nilArgs, metatable = {}, {}, {}, {} setmetatable(args, metatable) local function mergeArgs(tables) --[[ -- Accepts multiple tables as input and merges their keys and values -- into one table. If a value is already present it is not overwritten; -- tables listed earlier have precedence. We are also memoizing nil -- values, which can be overwritten if they are 's' (soft). --]] for _, t in ipairs(tables) do for key, val in pairs(t) do if metaArgs[key] == nil and nilArgs[key] ~= 'h' then local tidiedVal = tidyVal(key, val) if tidiedVal == nil then nilArgs[key] = 's' else metaArgs[key] = tidiedVal end end end end end --[[ -- Define metatable behaviour. Arguments are memoized in the metaArgs table, -- and are only fetched from the argument tables once. Fetching arguments -- from the argument tables is the most resource-intensive step in this -- module, so we try and avoid it where possible. For this reason, nil -- arguments are also memoized, in the nilArgs table. Also, we keep a record -- in the metatable of when pairs and ipairs have been called, so we do not -- run pairs and ipairs on the argument tables more than once. We also do -- not run ipairs on fargs and pargs if pairs has already been run, as all -- the arguments will already have been copied over. --]] metatable.__index = function (t, key) --[[ -- Fetches an argument when the args table is indexed. First we check -- to see if the value is memoized, and if not we try and fetch it from -- the argument tables. When we check memoization, we need to check -- metaArgs before nilArgs, as both can be non-nil at the same time. -- If the argument is not present in metaArgs, we also check whether -- pairs has been run yet. If pairs has already been run, we return nil. -- This is because all the arguments will have already been copied into -- metaArgs by the mergeArgs function, meaning that any other arguments -- must be nil. --]] if type(key) == 'string' then key = options.translate[key] end local val = metaArgs[key] if val ~= nil then return val elseif metatable.donePairs or nilArgs[key] then return nil end for _, argTable in ipairs(argTables) do local argTableVal = tidyVal(key, argTable[key]) if argTableVal ~= nil then metaArgs[key] = argTableVal return argTableVal end end nilArgs[key] = 'h' return nil end metatable.__newindex = function (t, key, val) -- This function is called when a module tries to add a new value to the -- args table, or tries to change an existing value. if type(key) == 'string' then key = options.translate[key] end if options.readOnly then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; the table is read-only', 2 ) elseif options.noOverwrite and args[key] ~= nil then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; overwriting existing arguments is not permitted', 2 ) elseif val == nil then --[[ -- If the argument is to be overwritten with nil, we need to erase -- the value in metaArgs, so that __index, __pairs and __ipairs do -- not use a previous existing value, if present; and we also need -- to memoize the nil in nilArgs, so that the value isn't looked -- up in the argument tables if it is accessed again. --]] metaArgs[key] = nil nilArgs[key] = 'h' else metaArgs[key] = val end end local function translatenext(invariant) local k, v = next(invariant.t, invariant.k) invariant.k = k if k == nil then return nil elseif type(k) ~= 'string' or not options.backtranslate then return k, v else local backtranslate = options.backtranslate[k] if backtranslate == nil then -- Skip this one. This is a tail call, so this won't cause stack overflow return translatenext(invariant) else return backtranslate, v end end end metatable.__pairs = function () -- Called when pairs is run on the args table. if not metatable.donePairs then mergeArgs(argTables) metatable.donePairs = true end return translatenext, { t = metaArgs } end local function inext(t, i) -- This uses our __index metamethod local v = t[i + 1] if v ~= nil then return i + 1, v end end metatable.__ipairs = function (t) -- Called when ipairs is run on the args table. return inext, t, 0 end return args end return arguments 5qx9tzlul9ser30uxj9nbasjt92cevn Module:Category handler 828 101 429 428 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 428 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- CATEGORY HANDLER -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{category handler}} template in Lua, -- -- with a few improvements: all namespaces and all namespace aliases -- -- are supported, and namespace names are detected automatically for -- -- the local wiki. This module requires [[Module:Namespace detect]] -- -- and [[Module:Yesno]] to be available on the local wiki. It can be -- -- configured for different wikis by altering the values in -- -- [[Module:Category handler/config]], and pages can be blacklisted -- -- from categorisation by using [[Module:Category handler/blacklist]]. -- -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load required modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily load things we don't always need local mShared, mappings local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function trimWhitespace(s, removeBlanks) if type(s) ~= 'string' then return s end s = s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if removeBlanks then if s ~= '' then return s else return nil end else return s end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- CategoryHandler class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local CategoryHandler = {} CategoryHandler.__index = CategoryHandler function CategoryHandler.new(data, args) local obj = setmetatable({ _data = data, _args = args }, CategoryHandler) -- Set the title object do local pagename = obj:parameter('demopage') local success, titleObj = pcall(mw.title.new, pagename) if success and titleObj then obj.title = titleObj else obj.title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() obj._usesCurrentTitle = true end end -- Set suppression parameter values for _, key in ipairs{'nocat', 'categories'} do local value = obj:parameter(key) value = trimWhitespace(value, true) obj['_' .. key] = yesno(value) end do local subpage = obj:parameter('subpage') local category2 = obj:parameter('category2') if type(subpage) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(subpage) end if type(category2) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(category2) end obj._subpage = trimWhitespace(subpage, true) obj._category2 = trimWhitespace(category2) -- don't remove blank values end return obj end function CategoryHandler:parameter(key) local parameterNames = self._data.parameters[key] local pntype = type(parameterNames) if pntype == 'string' or pntype == 'number' then return self._args[parameterNames] elseif pntype == 'table' then for _, name in ipairs(parameterNames) do local value = self._args[name] if value ~= nil then return value end end return nil else error(string.format( 'invalid config key "%s"', tostring(key) ), 2) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressedByArguments() return -- See if a category suppression argument has been set. self._nocat == true or self._categories == false or ( self._category2 and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Yes and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Negative ) -- Check whether we are on a subpage, and see if categories are -- suppressed based on our subpage status. or self._subpage == self._data.subpageNo and self.title.isSubpage or self._subpage == self._data.subpageOnly and not self.title.isSubpage end function CategoryHandler:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() -- Check whether the category suppression arguments indicate we -- should skip the blacklist check. return self._nocat == false or self._categories == true or self._category2 == self._data.category2Yes end function CategoryHandler:matchesBlacklist() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleMatchesBlacklist else mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') return mShared.matchesBlacklist( self.title.prefixedText, mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/blacklist') ) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressed() -- Find if categories are suppressed by either the arguments or by -- matching the blacklist. return self:isSuppressedByArguments() or not self:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() and self:matchesBlacklist() end function CategoryHandler:getNamespaceParameters() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleNamespaceParameters else if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end return mShared.getNamespaceParameters( self.title, mappings ) end end function CategoryHandler:namespaceParametersExist() -- Find whether any namespace parameters have been specified. -- We use the order "all" --> namespace params --> "other" as this is what -- the old template did. if self:parameter('all') then return true end if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end for ns, params in pairs(mappings) do for i, param in ipairs(params) do if self._args[param] then return true end end end if self:parameter('other') then return true end return false end function CategoryHandler:getCategories() local params = self:getNamespaceParameters() local nsCategory for i, param in ipairs(params) do local value = self._args[param] if value ~= nil then nsCategory = value break end end if nsCategory ~= nil or self:namespaceParametersExist() then -- Namespace parameters exist - advanced usage. if nsCategory == nil then nsCategory = self:parameter('other') end local ret = {self:parameter('all')} local numParam = tonumber(nsCategory) if numParam and numParam >= 1 and math.floor(numParam) == numParam then -- nsCategory is an integer ret[#ret + 1] = self._args[numParam] else ret[#ret + 1] = nsCategory end if #ret < 1 then return nil else return table.concat(ret) end elseif self._data.defaultNamespaces[self.title.namespace] then -- Namespace parameters don't exist, simple usage. return self._args[1] end return nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p._exportClasses() -- Used for testing purposes. return { CategoryHandler = CategoryHandler } end function p._main(args, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local handler = CategoryHandler.new(data, args) if handler:isSuppressed() then return nil end return handler:getCategories() end function p.main(frame, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = data.wrappers, valueFunc = function (k, v) v = trimWhitespace(v) if type(k) == 'number' then if v ~= '' then return v else return nil end else return v end end }) return p._main(args, data) end return p 3gubklzofemfn9qf4shfenu5oqsei9z Module:Citation/CS1 828 102 431 430 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 430 Scribunto text/plain local z = { error_categories = {}; error_ids = {}; message_tail = {}; } -- Whether variable is set or not function is_set( var ) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end -- First set variable or nil if none function first_set(...) local list = {...}; for _, var in pairs(list) do if is_set( var ) then return var; end end end -- Whether needle is in haystack function inArray( needle, haystack ) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs( haystack ) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[ Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. Because deprecated parameters (currently |day=, |month=, |coauthor=, and |coauthors=) aren't related to each other and because these parameters may be concatenated into the variables used by |date= and |author#= (and aliases) details of which parameter caused the error message are not provided. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. ]] function deprecated_parameter() if true ~= Page_in_deprecated_cat then -- if we haven't been here before then set a Page_in_deprecated_cat=true; -- sticky flag so that if there are more than one deprecated parameter the category is added only once -- table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'deprecated_params', {error_message}, true ) } ); -- add error message table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'deprecated_params', {}, true ) } ); -- add error message end end -- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. function substitute( msg, args ) -- return args and tostring( mw.message.newRawMessage( msg, args ) ) or msg; return args and mw.message.newRawMessage( msg, args ):plain() or msg; end --[[ Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the Module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) ]] function kern_quotes (str) local left='<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">%1</span>'; -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark local right='<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">%1</span>'; -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark if str:match ("^[\"\'][^\']") then str = string.gsub( str, "^[\"\']", left, 1 ); -- replace (captured) leading single or double quote with left-side <span> end if str:match ("[^\'][\"\']$") then str = string.gsub( str, "[\"\']$", right, 1 ); -- replace (captured) trailing single or double quote with right-side <span> end return str; end -- Wraps a string using a message_list configuration taking one argument function wrap( key, str, lower ) if not is_set( str ) then return ""; elseif inArray( key, { 'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title' } ) then str = safeforitalics( str ); end if lower == true then return substitute( cfg.messages[key]:lower(), {str} ); else return substitute( cfg.messages[key], {str} ); end end --[[Citation/ Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. | Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] function argument_wrapper( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; --force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = selectone( args, list, 'redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] ); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = cfg.defaults[k] or ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[ Looks for a parameter's name in the whitelist. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] function validate( name ) local name = tostring( name ); local state = whitelist.basic_arguments[ name ]; -- Normal arguments if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then deprecated_parameter (); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end -- Arguments with numbers in them name = name:gsub( "%d+", "#" ); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last# state = whitelist.numbered_arguments[ name ]; if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then deprecated_parameter (); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end return false; -- Not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- Formats a comment for error trapping function errorcomment( content, hidden ) return wrap( hidden and 'hidden-error' or 'visible-error', content ); end --[[Citation/ Sets an error condition and returns the appropriate error message. The actual placement of the error message in the output is the responsibility of the calling function. | Sets an error condition and returns the appropriate error message. The actual placement of the error message in the output is the responsibility of the calling function. ]] function seterror( error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix ) local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[ error_id ]; prefix = prefix or ""; suffix = suffix or ""; if error_state == nil then error( cfg.messages['undefined_error'] ); elseif is_set( error_state.category ) then table.insert( z.error_categories, error_state.category ); end local message = substitute( error_state.message, arguments ); message = message .. " ([[" .. cfg.messages['help page link'] .. "#" .. error_state.anchor .. "|" .. cfg.messages['help page label'] .. "]])"; z.error_ids[ error_id ] = true; if inArray( error_id, { 'bare_url_missing_title', 'trans_missing_title' } ) and z.error_ids['citation_missing_title'] then return '', false; end message = table.concat({ prefix, message, suffix }); if raw == true then return message, error_state.hidden; end return errorcomment( message, error_state.hidden ); end -- Formats a wiki style external link function externallinkid(options) local url_string = options.id; if options.encode == true or options.encode == nil then url_string = mw.uri.encode( url_string ); end return mw.ustring.format( '[[Citation/%s|%s]]%s[%s%s%s %s]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or " ", options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Formats a wiki style internal link function internallinkid(options) return mw.ustring.format( '[[Citation/%s|%s]]%s[[Citation/%s%s%s|%s]]', options.link, options.label, options.separator or " ", options.prefix, options.id, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki(options.id) ); end -- Format an external link with error checking function externallink( URL, label, source ) local error_str = ""; if not is_set( label ) then label = URL; if is_set( source ) then error_str = seterror( 'bare_url_missing_title', { wrap( 'parameter', source ) }, false, " " ); else error( cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"] ); end end if not checkurl( URL ) then error_str = seterror( 'bad_url', {}, false, " " ) .. error_str; end return table.concat({ "[", URL, " ", safeforurl( label ), "]", error_str }); end -- Formats a link to Amazon function amazon(id, domain) if not is_set(domain) then domain = "com" elseif ( "jp" == domain or "uk" == domain ) then domain = "co." .. domain end local handler = cfg.id_handlers['ASIN']; return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label=handler.label , prefix="//www.amazon."..domain.."/dp/",id=id, encode=handler.encode, separator = handler.separator}) end --[[ format and error check arXiv identifier. There are two valid forms of the identifier: the first form, valid only between date codes 9108 and 0703 is: arXiv:<archive>.<class>/<date code><number><version> where: <archive> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation <class> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation <date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01 first digit of YY for this form can only 9 and 0 <number> is a three-digit number <version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces (undocumented) the second form, valid from April 2007 is: arXiv:<date code>.<number><version> where: <date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01 <number> is a four-digit number <version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces ]] function arxiv (id) local handler = cfg.id_handlers['ARXIV']; local year, month, version; local err_cat = "" year, month, version = id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/([90]%d)([01]%d)%d%d%d([v%d]*)$"); -- test for the 9108-0703 format if not year then -- arXiv id is not proper 9108-0703 form year, month, version = id:match("^(%d%d)([01]%d)%.%d%d%d%d([v%d]*)$"); -- test for the 0704- format if not year then err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_arxiv' ); -- arXiv id doesn't match either format else -- id is the 0704- format year = tonumber(year); month = tonumber(month); if ((7 > year) or (1 > month and 12 < month)) or -- is year invalid or is month invalid? (doesn't test for future years) ((7 == year) and (4 > month)) or -- when year is 07, is month invalid (before April)? is_set (version) and nil == version:match("v%d+") then -- is version proper format of single 'v' followed by digits? err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_arxiv' ); -- set error message end end else -- id is the 9108-0703 format; are the date values ok year = tonumber(year); month = tonumber(month); if ((91 > year and 7 < year) or (1 > month and 12 < month)) or -- if invalid year or invalid month ((91 == year and 8 > month) or (7 == year and 3 < month)) or -- if years ok, are starting and ending months ok? is_set (version) and nil == version:match("v%d+") then -- is version proper format of single 'v' followed by digits? err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_arxiv' ); -- set error message end end return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) .. err_cat; end --[[ lccn normalization (http://www.loc.gov/marc/lccn-namespace.html#normalization) 1. Remove all blanks. 2. If there is a forward slash (/) in the string, remove it, and remove all characters to the right of the forward slash. 3. If there is a hyphen in the string: a. Remove it. b. Inspect the substring following (to the right of) the (removed) hyphen. Then (and assuming that steps 1 and 2 have been carried out): 1. All these characters should be digits, and there should be six or less. (not done in this function) 2. If the length of the substring is less than 6, left-fill the substring with zeroes until the length is six. Returns a normalized lccn for lccn() to validate. There is no error checking (step 3.b.1) performed in this function. ]] function normalize_lccn (lccn) lccn = lccn:gsub ("%s", ""); -- 1. strip whitespace if nil ~= string.find (lccn,'/') then lccn = lccn:match ("(.-)/"); -- 2. remove forward slash and all character to the right of it end local prefix local suffix prefix, suffix = lccn:match ("(.+)%-(.+)"); -- 3.a remove hyphen by splitting the string into prefix and suffix if nil ~= suffix then -- if there was a hyphen suffix=string.rep("0", 6-string.len (suffix)) .. suffix; -- 3.b.2 left fill the suffix with 0s if suffix length less than 6 lccn=prefix..suffix; -- reassemble the lccn end return lccn; end --[[ Format LCCN link and do simple error checking. LCCN is a character string 8-12 characters long. The length of the LCCN dictates the character type of the first 1-3 characters; the rightmost eight are always digits. http://info-uri.info/registry/OAIHandler?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=reg&identifier=info:lccn/ length = 8 then all digits length = 9 then lccn[1] is alpha length = 10 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both alpha or both digits length = 11 then lccn[1] is alpha, lccn[2] and lccn[3] are both alpha or both digits length = 12 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both alpha ]] function lccn(lccn) local handler = cfg.id_handlers['LCCN']; local err_cat = ''; -- presume that LCCN is valid local id = lccn; -- local copy of the lccn id = normalize_lccn (id); -- get canonical form (no whitespace, hyphens, forward slashes) local len = id:len(); -- get the length of the lccn if 8 == len then if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits) err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- set an error message end elseif 9 == len then -- LCCN should be adddddddd if nil == id:match("%a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- does it match our pattern? err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- set an error message end elseif 10 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddd or dddddddddd if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits) ... if nil == id:match("^%a%a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- ... see if it matches our pattern err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- no match, set an error message end end elseif 11 == len then -- LCCN should be aaadddddddd or adddddddddd if not (id:match("^%a%a%a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") or id:match("^%a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d")) then -- see if it matches one of our patterns err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- no match, set an error message end elseif 12 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddddd if not id:match("^%a%a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- see if it matches our pattern err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- no match, set an error message end else err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- wrong length, set an error message end if not is_set (err_cat) and nil ~= lccn:find ('%s') then err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_lccn' ); -- lccn contains a space, set an error message end return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=lccn,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) .. err_cat; end --[[Citation/ Format PMID and do simple error checking. PMIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMID to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMIDs are issued. | Format PMID and do simple error checking. PMIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMID to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMIDs are issued. ]] function pmid(id) local test_limit = 30000000; -- update this value as PMIDs approach local handler = cfg.id_handlers['PMID']; local err_cat = ''; -- presume that PMID is valid if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if PMID has anything but digits err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_pmid' ); -- set an error message else -- PMID is only digits local id_num = tonumber(id); -- convert id to a number for range testing if 1 > id_num or test_limit < id_num then -- if PMID is outside test limit boundaries err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_pmid' ); -- set an error message end end return externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) .. err_cat; end --[[ Determines if a PMC identifier's online version is embargoed. Compares the date in |embargo= against today's date. If embargo date is in the future, returns true; otherwise, returns false because the embargo has expired or |embargo= not set in this cite. ]] function is_embargoed(embargo) if is_set(embargo) then local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good1, embargo_date, good2, todays_date; good1, embargo_date = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', embargo ); good2, todays_date = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, 'U' ); if good1 and good2 and tonumber( embargo_date ) >= tonumber( todays_date ) then --is embargo date is in the future? return true; -- still embargoed end end return false; -- embargo expired or |embargo= not set end --[[ Format a PMC, do simple error checking, and check for embargoed articles. The embargo parameter takes a date for a value. If the embargo date is in the future the PMC identifier will not be linked to the article. If the embargo specifies a date in the past, or if it is empty or omitted, then the PMC identifier is linked to the article through the link at cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].prefix. PMCs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMC to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMCs are issued. ]] function pmc(id, embargo) local test_limit = 5000000; -- update this value as PMCs approach local handler = cfg.id_handlers['PMC']; local err_cat = ''; -- presume that PMC is valid local text; if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if PMC has anything but digits err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_pmc' ); -- set an error message else -- PMC is only digits local id_num = tonumber(id); -- convert id to a number for range testing if 1 > id_num or test_limit < id_num then -- if PMC is outside test limit boundaries err_cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_pmc' ); -- set an error message end end if is_embargoed(embargo) then text="[[Citation/" .. handler.link .. "|" .. handler.label .. "]]:" .. handler.separator .. id .. err_cat; --still embargoed so no external link else text = externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, --no embargo date, ok to link to article prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) .. err_cat; end return text; end -- Formats a DOI and checks for DOI errors. -- DOI names contain two parts: prefix and suffix separated by a forward slash. -- Prefix: directory indicator '10.' followed by a registrant code -- Suffix: character string of any length chosen by the registrant -- This function checks a DOI name for: prefix/suffix. If the doi name contains spaces or endashes, -- or, if it ends with a period or a comma, this function will emit a bad_doi error message. -- DOI names are case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable Unicode characters so the test for spaces, endash, -- and terminal punctuation may not be technically correct but it appears, that in practice these characters are rarely if ever used in doi names. function doi(id, inactive) local cat = "" local handler = cfg.id_handlers['DOI']; local text; if is_set(inactive) then local inactive_year = inactive:match("%d%d%d%d") or ''; -- try to get the year portion from the inactive date text = "[[Citation/" .. handler.link .. "|" .. handler.label .. "]]:" .. id; if is_set(inactive_year) then table.insert( z.error_categories, "Pages with DOIs inactive since " .. inactive_year ); else table.insert( z.error_categories, "Pages with inactive DOIs" ); -- when inactive doesn't contain a recognizable year end inactive = " (" .. cfg.messages['inactive'] .. " " .. inactive .. ")" else text = externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) inactive = "" end if nil == id:match("^10%.[^%s–]-/[^%s–]-[^%.,]$") then -- doi must begin with '10.', must contain a fwd slash, must not contain spaces or endashes, and must not end with period or comma cat = ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_doi' ); end return text .. inactive .. cat end -- Formats an OpenLibrary link, and checks for associated errors. function openlibrary(id) local code = id:sub(-1,-1) local handler = cfg.id_handlers['OL']; if ( code == "A" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "M" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) elseif ( code == "W" ) then return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/works/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) else return externallinkid({link=handler.link, label=handler.label, prefix= "http://openlibrary.org/OL",id=id, separator=handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) .. ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_ol' ); end end --[[ Validate and format an issn. This code fixes the case where an editor has included an ISSN in the citation but has separated the two groups of four digits with a space. When that condition occurred, the resulting link looked like this: |issn=0819 4327 gives: [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0819 4327 0819 4327] -- can't have spaces in an external link This code now prevents that by inserting a hyphen at the issn midpoint. It also validates the issn for length and makes sure that the checkdigit agrees with the calculated value. Incorrect length (8 digits), characters other than 0-9 and X, or checkdigit / calculated value mismatch will all cause a check issn error message. The issn is always displayed with a hyphen, even if the issn was given as a single group of 8 digits. ]] function issn(id) local issn_copy = id; -- save a copy of unadulterated issn; use this version for display if issn does not validate local handler = cfg.id_handlers['ISSN']; local text; local valid_issn = true; id=id:gsub( "[%s-–]", "" ); -- strip spaces, hyphens, and endashes from the issn if 8 ~= id:len() or nil == id:match( "^%d*X?$" ) then -- validate the issn: 8 digits long, containing only 0-9 or X in the last position valid_issn=false; -- wrong length or improper character else valid_issn=is_valid_isxn(id, 8); -- validate issn end if true == valid_issn then id = string.sub( id, 1, 4 ) .. "-" .. string.sub( id, 5 ); -- if valid, display correctly formatted version else id = issn_copy; -- if not valid, use the show the invalid issn with error message end text = externallinkid({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, prefix=handler.prefix,id=id,separator=handler.separator, encode=handler.encode}) if false == valid_issn then text = text .. ' ' .. seterror( 'bad_issn' ) -- add an error message if the issn is invalid end return text end --[[ This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those citations that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] function set_titletype(cite_class, title_type) if is_set(title_type) then if "none" == title_type then title_type = ""; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end if "AV-media-notes" == cite_class or "DVD-notes" == cite_class then -- if this citation is cite AV media notes or cite DVD notes return "Media notes"; -- display AV media notes / DVD media notes annotation elseif "podcast" == cite_class then -- if this citation is cite podcast return "Podcast"; -- display podcast annotation elseif "pressrelease" == cite_class then -- if this citation is cite press release return "Press release"; -- display press release annotation elseif "techreport" == cite_class then -- if this citation is cite techreport return "Technical report"; -- display techreport annotation elseif "thesis" == cite_class then -- if this citation is cite thesis (degree option handled after this function returns) return "Thesis"; -- display simple thesis annotation (without |degree= modification) end end --[[Citation/ Determines whether a URL string is valid At present the only check is whether the string appears to be prefixed with a URI scheme. It is not determined whether the URI scheme is valid or whether the URL is otherwise well formed. | Determines whether a URL string is valid At present the only check is whether the string appears to be prefixed with a URI scheme. It is not determined whether the URI scheme is valid or whether the URL is otherwise well formed. ]] function checkurl( url_str ) -- Protocol-relative or URL scheme return url_str:sub(1,2) == "//" or url_str:match( "^[^/]*:" ) ~= nil; end -- Removes irrelevant text and dashes from ISBN number -- Similar to that used for Special:BookSources function cleanisbn( isbn_str ) return isbn_str:gsub( "[^-0-9X]", "" ); end -- Extract page numbers from external wikilinks in any of the |page=, |pages=, or |at= parameters for use in COinS. --TODO: Fix so this code supports urls like this: -- http://www.history.navy.mil/download/va125153.pdf#page=13 %w/:\. function get_coins_pages (pages) if not is_set (pages) then return pages; end -- if no page numbers then we're done while true do pattern = pages:match("%[(%w*:?//[^ ]+%s+)[%w%d].*%]"); -- pattern is the opening bracket, the url and following space(s): "[url " if nil == pattern then break; end -- no more urls pattern = pattern:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1"); -- pattern is not a literal string; escape lua's magic pattern characters pages = pages:gsub(pattern, ""); -- remove as many instances of pattern as possible end pages = pages:gsub("[%[%]]", ""); -- remove the brackets pages = pages:gsub("–", "-" ); -- replace endashes with hyphens pages = pages:gsub("&%w+;", "-" ); -- and replace html entities (– etc.) with hyphens; do we need to replace numerical entities like   and the like? return pages; end --[[ ISBN-10 and ISSN validator code calculates checksum across all isbn/issn digits including the check digit. ISBN-13 is checked in checkisbn(). If the number is valid the result will be 0. Before calling this function, issbn/issn must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-isxn characters. ]] function is_valid_isxn (isxn_str, len) local temp = 0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, len) }; -- make a table of bytes len = len+1; -- adjust to be a loop counter for i, v in ipairs( isxn_str ) do -- loop through all of the bytes and calculate the checksum if v == string.byte( "X" ) then -- if checkdigit is X temp = temp + 10*( len - i ); -- it represents 10 decimal else temp = temp + tonumber( string.char(v) )*(len-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; -- returns true if calculation result is zero end -- Determines whether an ISBN string is valid function checkisbn( isbn_str ) if nil ~= isbn_str:match("[^%s-0-9X]") then return false; end -- fail if isbn_str contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X isbn_str = isbn_str:gsub( "-", "" ):gsub( " ", "" ); -- remove hyphens and spaces local len = isbn_str:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return false; end if len == 10 then if isbn_str:match( "^%d*X?$" ) == nil then return false; end return is_valid_isxn(isbn_str, 10); else local temp = 0; if isbn_str:match( "^97[89]%d*$" ) == nil then return false; end -- isbn13 begins with 978 or 979 isbn_str = { isbn_str:byte(1, len) }; for i, v in ipairs( isbn_str ) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber( string.char(v) ); end return temp % 10 == 0; end end -- Gets the display text for a wikilink like [[Citation/A|B]] or [[Citation/B|B]] gives B function removewikilink( str ) return (str:gsub( "%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l) return l:gsub( "^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1"); end)); end -- Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions function safeforurl( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'wikilink_in_url', {}, true ) } ); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '[', [']'] = ']', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end -- Converts a hyphen to a dash function hyphentodash( str ) if not is_set(str) or str:match( "[%[%]{}<>]" ) ~= nil then return str; end return str:gsub( '-', '–' ); end -- Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... '' function safeforitalics( str ) --[[ Note: We cannot use <i> for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, <i> and '' tend to interact poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy. ]] if not is_set(str) then return str; else if str:sub(1,1) == "'" then str = "<span />" .. str; end if str:sub(-1,-1) == "'" then str = str .. "<span />"; end -- Remove newlines as they break italics. return str:gsub( '\n', ' ' ); end end --[[ Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. TODO: safejoin() has a flaw where it won't remove the duplicate character from a |title= / |url= combination. This is because by the time we get here, |title=http://somesite.com and |title=Document Title. have been combined: [http://somesite.com and ''Document Title.''] so that now, the last character is not sepc but is ] (unless sepc == ']' which breaks the external link) ]] function safejoin( tbl, duplicate_char ) --[[ Note: we use string functions here, rather than ustring functions. This has considerably faster performance and should work correctly as long as the duplicate_char is strict ASCII. The strings in tbl may be ASCII or UTF8. ]] local str = ''; local comp = ''; local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then str = value; elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1,1) == '<' then -- Special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); else comp = value; end if comp:sub(1,1) == duplicate_char then trim = false; end_chr = str:sub(-1,-1); -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr.. ")" if end_chr == duplicate_char then str = str:sub(1,-2); elseif end_chr == "'" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then str = str:sub(1, -4) .. "''"; elseif str:sub(-5,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-4,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == "]" then if str:sub(-3,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then trim = true; elseif str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then if str:sub(-2,-1) == duplicate_char .. " " then str = str:sub(1,-3); end end if trim then if value ~= comp then local dup2 = duplicate_char; if dup2:match( "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end value = value:gsub( "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) else value = value:sub( 2, -1 ); end end end str = str .. value; end end return str; end -- Attempts to convert names to initials. function reducetoinitials(first) local initials = {} local i = 0; -- counter for number of initials for word in string.gmatch(first, "%S+") do table.insert(initials, string.sub(word,1,1)) -- Vancouver format does not include full stops. i = i + 1; -- bump the counter if 2 <= i then break; end -- only two initials allowed in Vancouver system; if 2, quit end return table.concat(initials) -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end -- Formats a list of people (e.g. authors / editors) function listpeople(control, people) local sep = control.sep; local namesep = control.namesep local format = control.format local maximum = control.maximum local lastauthoramp = control.lastauthoramp; local text = {} local etal = false; if sep:sub(-1,-1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if maximum ~= nil and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end for i,person in ipairs(people) do if is_set(person.last) then local mask = person.mask local one local sep_one = sep; if maximum ~= nil and i > maximum then etal = true; break; elseif (mask ~= nil) then local n = tonumber(mask) if (n ~= nil) then one = string.rep("—",n) else one = mask; sep_one = " "; end else one = person.last local first = person.first if is_set(first) then if ( "vanc" == format ) then first = reducetoinitials(first) end one = one .. namesep .. first end if is_set(person.link) then one = "[[Citation/" .. person.link .. "|" .. one .. "]]" end if is_set(person.link) and nil ~= person.link:find("//") then one = one .. " " .. seterror( 'bad_authorlink' ) end -- check for url in author link; end table.insert( text, one ) table.insert( text, sep_one ) end end local count = #text / 2; if count > 0 then if count > 1 and is_set(lastauthoramp) and not etal then text[#text-2] = " & "; end text[#text] = nil; end local result = table.concat(text) -- construct list if etal then local etal_text = cfg.messages['et al']; result = result .. " " .. etal_text; end -- if necessary wrap result in <span> tag to format in Small Caps if ( "scap" == format ) then result = '<span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps">' .. result .. '</span>'; end return result, count end -- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID. function anchorid( options ) return "CITEREF" .. table.concat( options ); end --[[ Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. ]] --Original function function extractnames(args, list_name) local names = {}; local i = 1; local last; while true do last = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'redundant_parameters', i ); if not is_set(last) then -- just in case someone passed in an empty parameter break; end names[i] = { last = last, first = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), link = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), mask = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'redundant_parameters', i ) }; i = i + 1; end return names; end --[[ Broken. Editor CITEREF IDs are broken by this code (no editor list). Author CITEREF ID render correctly function extractnames(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local err_msg_list_name = list_name:match ("(%w+)List") .. 's list'; -- modify AuthorList or EditorList for use in error messages if necessary while true do names[i] = -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 { last = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), first = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), link = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'redundant_parameters', i ), mask = selectone( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'redundant_parameters', i ) }; if names[i].first and not names[i].last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn names[i].first = nil; -- set first to nil so we don't confuse the implicit et al message code table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'first_missing_last', {err_msg_list_name, i}, true ) } ); -- add this error message break; -- and done because lastn not found elseif not names[i].first and not names[i].last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 == count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- last with or without a first if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'missing_name', {err_msg_list_name, i-1}, true ) } ); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- bump to the next name end return names; -- all done, return our list of names end ]] -- Populates ID table from arguments using configuration settings function extractids( args ) local id_list = {}; for k, v in pairs( cfg.id_handlers ) do v = selectone( args, v.parameters, 'redundant_parameters' ); if is_set(v) then id_list[k] = v; end end return id_list; end -- Takes a table of IDs and turns it into a table of formatted ID outputs. function buildidlist( id_list, options ) local new_list, handler = {}; function fallback(k) return { __index = function(t,i) return cfg.id_handlers[k][i] end } end; for k, v in pairs( id_list ) do -- fallback to read-only cfg handler = setmetatable( { ['id'] = v }, fallback(k) ); if handler.mode == 'external' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, externallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode == 'internal' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, internallinkid( handler ) } ); elseif handler.mode ~= 'manual' then error( cfg.messages['unknown_ID_mode'] ); elseif k == 'DOI' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, doi( v, options.DoiBroken ) } ); elseif k == 'ARXIV' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, arxiv( v ) } ); elseif k == 'ASIN' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, amazon( v, options.ASINTLD ) } ); elseif k == 'LCCN' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, lccn( v ) } ); elseif k == 'OL' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, openlibrary( v ) } ); elseif k == 'PMC' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, pmc( v, options.Embargo ) } ); elseif k == 'PMID' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, pmid( v ) } ); elseif k == 'ISSN' then table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, issn( v ) } ); elseif k == 'ISBN' then local ISBN = internallinkid( handler ); if not checkisbn( v ) and not is_set(options.IgnoreISBN) then ISBN = ISBN .. seterror( 'bad_isbn', {}, false, " ", "" ); end table.insert( new_list, {handler.label, ISBN } ); else error( cfg.messages['unknown_manual_ID'] ); end end function comp( a, b ) -- used in following table.sort() return a[1] < b[1]; end table.sort( new_list, comp ); for k, v in ipairs( new_list ) do new_list[k] = v[2]; end return new_list; end -- Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider -- Generates an error if more than one match is present. function selectone( args, possible, error_condition, index ) local value = nil; local selected = ''; local error_list = {}; if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end -- Handle special case of "#" replaced by empty string if index == '1' then for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do v = v:gsub( "#", "" ); if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end end for _, v in ipairs( possible ) do if index ~= nil then v = v:gsub( "#", index ); end if is_set(args[v]) then if value ~= nil and selected ~= v then table.insert( error_list, v ); else value = args[v]; selected = v; end end end if #error_list > 0 then local error_str = ""; for _, k in ipairs( error_list ) do if error_str ~= "" then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-separator'] end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', k ); end if #error_list > 1 then error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-final-separator']; else error_str = error_str .. cfg.messages['parameter-pair-separator']; end error_str = error_str .. wrap( 'parameter', selected ); table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( error_condition, {error_str}, true ) } ); end return value, selected; end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) allows automated tools to parse -- the citation information. function COinS(data) if 'table' ~= type(data) or nil == next(data) then return ''; end local ctx_ver = "Z39.88-2004"; -- treat table strictly as an array with only set values. local OCinSoutput = setmetatable( {}, { __newindex = function(self, key, value) if is_set(value) then rawset( self, #self+1, table.concat{ key, '=', mw.uri.encode( removewikilink( value ) ) } ); end end }); if is_set(data.Chapter) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "bookitem"; OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Chapter; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; elseif is_set(data.Periodical) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "article"; OCinSoutput["rft.jtitle"] = data.Periodical; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; else OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "book" OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Title; end OCinSoutput["rft.place"] = data.PublicationPlace; OCinSoutput["rft.date"] = data.Date; OCinSoutput["rft.series"] = data.Series; OCinSoutput["rft.volume"] = data.Volume; OCinSoutput["rft.issue"] = data.Issue; OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; OCinSoutput["rft.edition"] = data.Edition; OCinSoutput["rft.pub"] = data.PublisherName; for k, v in pairs( data.ID_list ) do local id, value = cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS; if k == 'ISBN' then value = cleanisbn( v ); else value = v; end if string.sub( id or "", 1, 4 ) == 'info' then OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ id, "/", v }; else OCinSoutput[ id ] = value; end end local last, first; for k, v in ipairs( data.Authors ) do last, first = v.last, v.first; if k == 1 then if is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.aulast"] = last; end if is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.aufirst"] = first; end end if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = table.concat{ last, ", ", first }; elseif is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; end end OCinSoutput.rft_id = data.URL; OCinSoutput.rfr_id = table.concat{ "info:sid/", mw.site.server:match( "[^/]*$" ), ":", data.RawPage }; OCinSoutput = setmetatable( OCinSoutput, nil ); -- sort with version string always first, and combine. table.sort( OCinSoutput ); table.insert( OCinSoutput, 1, "ctx_ver=" .. ctx_ver ); -- such as "Z39.88-2004" return table.concat(OCinSoutput, "&"); end --[[Citation/ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. | This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] function citation0( config, args) --[[Citation/ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. | Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper( args ); local i local PPrefix = A['PPrefix'] local PPPrefix = A['PPPrefix'] if is_set( A['NoPP'] ) then PPPrefix = "" PPrefix = "" end -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local Authors = A['Authors']; local a = extractnames( args, 'AuthorList' ); local Coauthors = A['Coauthors']; local Others = A['Others']; local Editors = A['Editors']; local e = extractnames( args, 'EditorList' ); local Year = A['Year']; local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local OrigYear = A['OrigYear']; local Date = A['Date']; local LayDate = A['LayDate']; ------------------------------------------------- Get title data local Title = A['Title']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local Conference = A['Conference']; local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local Chapter = A['Chapter']; local ChapterLink = A['ChapterLink']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; local Docket = A['Docket']; local ArchiveURL = A['ArchiveURL']; local URL = A['URL'] local URLorigin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; local ConferenceURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Series = A['Series']; local Volume = A['Volume']; local Issue = A['Issue']; local Position = ''; local Page = A['Page']; local Pages = hyphentodash( A['Pages'] ); local At = A['At']; local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = A['PublicationPlace'] local Place = A['Place']; local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local RegistrationRequired = A['RegistrationRequired']; local SubscriptionRequired = A['SubscriptionRequired']; local Via = A['Via']; local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local ArchiveDate = A['ArchiveDate']; local Agency = A['Agency']; local DeadURL = A['DeadURL'] local Language = A['Language']; local Format = A['Format']; local Ref = A['Ref']; local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local ID = A['ID']; local ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD']; local IgnoreISBN = A['IgnoreISBN']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local ID_list = extractids( args ); --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place -- special case for cite newsgroup which uses |id= for a usenet article or post id -- |id= is not included in COinS so here we convert it to an ID that will be included in COinS if ('newsgroup' == config.CitationClass) and (is_set (ID)) then ID_list['USENETID']=ID; -- add this new 'id' to the list of IDs ID = ''; -- and unset end ]] local Quote = A['Quote']; local PostScript = A['PostScript']; local LayURL = A['LayURL']; local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptURLorigin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); local sepc = A['Separator']; local LastAuthorAmp = A['LastAuthorAmp']; local no_tracking_cats = A['NoTracking']; --these are used by cite interview local Callsign = A['Callsign']; local City = A['City']; local Cointerviewers = A['Cointerviewers']; -- deprecated local Interviewer = A['Interviewer']; -- deprecated local Program = A['Program']; --local variables that are not cs1 parameters local page_type; -- is this needed? Doesn't appear to be used anywhere; local use_lowercase = ( sepc ~= '.' ); local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); --Also used for COinS and for language local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier local COinS_date; -- used in the COinS metadata -- Set postscript default. if not is_set (PostScript) then -- if |postscript= has not been set (Postscript is nil which is the default for {{citation}}) and if (config.CitationClass ~= "citation") then -- this template is not a citation template PostScript = '.'; -- must be a cite xxx template so set postscript to default (period) end else if PostScript:lower() == 'none' then -- if |postscript=none then PostScript = ''; -- no postscript end end --check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories. if not is_set(no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page for k, v in pairs( cfg.uncategorized_namespaces ) do -- otherwise, spin through the list of namespaces we don't include in error categories if this_page.nsText == v then -- if we find one no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- and we're done end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. if is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) or is_set(At) then Page = Page .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); -- add error message Pages = ''; -- unset the others At = ''; end elseif is_set(Pages) then if is_set(At) then Pages = Pages .. " " .. seterror('extra_pages'); -- add error messages At = ''; -- unset end end -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different if not is_set(PublicationPlace) and is_set(Place) then PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia and |title then map |title to |article and |encyclopedia to |title |encyclopedia and |article then map |encyclopedia to |title |encyclopedia then map |encyclopedia to |title |trans_title maps to |trans_chapter when |title is re-mapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia, |title, and |article are not modified ]] if ( config.CitationClass == "encyclopaedia" ) then if is_set(Periodical) then -- Periodical is set when |encyclopedia is set if is_set(Title) then if not is_set(Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia and |title are set so map |title to |article and |encyclopedia to |title TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = Periodical; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset TransTitle = ''; -- redundant so unset end else -- |title not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia set and |article set or not set so map |encyclopedia to |title Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset end end end --special cases for citation. if (config.CitationClass == "citation") then -- for citation templates if not is_set (Ref) then -- if |ref= is not set Ref = "harv"; -- set default |ref=harv end if not is_set (sepc) then -- if |separator= is not set sepc = ','; -- set citation separator to its default (comma) end else -- not a citation template if not is_set (sepc) then -- if |separator= has not been set sepc = '.'; -- set cite xxx separator to its default (period) end end -- check for special case where |separator=none if 'none' == sepc:lower() then -- if |separator=none sepc = ''; -- then set it to an empty string end -- Special case for cite techreport. if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if is_set(Issue) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations aliase to 'issue' if not is_set(ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = Issue; -- yes, use it Issue = ""; -- unset Issue so that "number" isn't duplicated in the rendered citation or COinS metadata else -- can't use ID so emit error message ID = ID .. " " .. seterror('redundant_parameters', '<code>|id=</code> and <code>|number=</code>'); end end end -- special case for cite interview if (config.CitationClass == "interview") then if is_set(Program) then ID = ' ' .. Program; end if is_set(Callsign) then if is_set(ID) then ID = ID .. sepc .. ' ' .. Callsign; else ID = ' ' .. Callsign; end end if is_set(City) then if is_set(ID) then ID = ID .. sepc .. ' ' .. City; else ID = ' ' .. City; end end if is_set(Interviewer) then if is_set(TitleType) then Others = ' ' .. TitleType .. ' with ' .. Interviewer; TitleType = ''; else Others = ' ' .. 'Interview with ' .. Interviewer; end if is_set(Cointerviewers) then Others = Others .. sepc .. ' ' .. Cointerviewers; end else Others = '(Interview)'; end end --Account for the oddity that is {{cite journal}} with |pmc= set and |url= not set if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not is_set(URL) and is_set(ID_list['PMC']) then if not is_embargoed(Embargo) then URL=cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].prefix .. ID_list['PMC']; -- set url to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URLorigin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URLorigin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. --TODO: if this is only for {{cite conference}}, shouldn't we be checking? (if config.CitationClass=='conference' then ...) if is_set(BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = BookTitle; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite episode}}, before generation of COinS data. --[[ -- {{cite episode}} is not currently supported by this module if config.CitationClass == "episode" then local AirDate = A['AirDate']; local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; local Sep = (first_set(A["SeriesSeparator"], A["Separator"]) or "") .. " "; if is_set(Issue) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["episode"] .. " " .. Issue); Issue = ''; end if is_set(Season) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["season"] .. " " .. Season); end if is_set(SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, cfg.messages["series"] .. " " .. SeriesNumber); end if is_set(Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if is_set(Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end Date = Date or AirDate; Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = Series; TitleLink = SeriesLink; TransTitle = ''; Series = table.concat(s, Sep); ID = table.concat(n, Sep); end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff]] -- legacy: promote concatenation of |day=, |month=, and |year= to Date if Date not set; or, promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. if not is_set(Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if is_set(Date) then local Month = A['Month']; if is_set(Month) then Date = Month .. " " .. Date; local Day = A['Day'] if is_set(Day) then Date = Day .. " " .. Date end end elseif is_set(PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed end end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] anchor_year, COinS_date, error_message = dates({['accessdate']=AccessDate, ['airdate']=AirDate, ['archivedate']=ArchiveDate, ['date']=Date, ['doi_brokendate']=DoiBroken, ['embargo']=Embargo, ['laydate']=LayDate, ['publicationdate']=PublicationDate, ['year']=Year}); if is_set(error_message) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'bad_date', {error_message}, true ) } ); -- add this error message end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for -- automated parsing of citation information. local OCinSoutput = COinS{ ['Periodical'] = Periodical, ['Chapter'] = Chapter, ['Title'] = Title, ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = first_set(COinS_date, Date), -- COinS_date has correctly formatted date if Date is valid; any reason to keep Date here? Should we be including invalid dates in metadata? ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = get_coins_pages (first_set(Page, Pages, At)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName, ['URL'] = first_set( URL, ChapterURL ), ['Authors'] = a, ['ID_list'] = ID_list, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }; if is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Chapter) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = Title; ChapterLink = TitleLink; TransChapter = TransTitle; Title = ''; TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; end --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername and ID if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if is_set (PublisherName) then PublisherName = '[Newsgroup]: ' .. externallink( 'news:' .. PublisherName, PublisherName ); end end ]] -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. if not is_set(Authors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayAuthors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #a == 9 then Maximum = 8; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_author', {}, true ) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #a + 1; end local control = { sep = A["AuthorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["AuthorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A["AuthorFormat"], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; -- If the coauthor field is also used, prevent ampersand and et al. formatting. if is_set(Coauthors) then control.lastauthoramp = nil; control.maximum = #a + 1; end Authors = listpeople(control, a) end if not is_set(Authors) and is_set(Coauthors) then -- coauthors aren't displayed if one of authors=, authorn=, or lastn= isn't specified table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('coauthors_missing_author', {}, true) } ); -- emit error message end local EditorCount if not is_set(Editors) then local Maximum = tonumber( A['DisplayEditors'] ); -- Preserve old-style implicit et al. if not is_set(Maximum) and #e == 4 then Maximum = 3; table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror('implict_etal_editor', {}, true) } ); elseif not is_set(Maximum) then Maximum = #e + 1; end local control = { sep = A["EditorSeparator"] .. " ", namesep = (first_set(A["EditorNameSeparator"], A["NameSeparator"]) or "") .. " ", format = A['EditorFormat'], maximum = Maximum, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }; Editors, EditorCount = listpeople(control, e); else EditorCount = 1; end local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if not is_set( Authors ) and is_set( PublisherName ) then Authors = PublisherName; PublisherName = ""; end Cartography = A['Cartography']; if is_set( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase ); end Scale = A['Scale']; if is_set( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end if not is_set(URL) and not is_set(ChapterURL) and not is_set(ArchiveURL) and not is_set(ConferenceURL) and not is_set(TranscriptURL) then -- Test if cite web or cite podcast |url= is missing or empty if inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","podcast"}) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'cite_web_url', {}, true ) } ); end -- Test if accessdate is given without giving a URL if is_set(AccessDate) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'accessdate_missing_url', {}, true ) } ); AccessDate = ''; end -- Test if format is given without giving a URL if is_set(Format) then Format = Format .. seterror( 'format_missing_url' ); end end -- Test if citation has no title if not is_set(Chapter) and not is_set(Title) and not is_set(Periodical) and not is_set(Conference) and not is_set(TransTitle) and not is_set(TransChapter) then table.insert( z.message_tail, { seterror( 'citation_missing_title', {}, true ) } ); end Format = is_set(Format) and " (" .. Format .. ")" or ""; local OriginalURL = URL DeadURL = DeadURL:lower(); if is_set( ArchiveURL ) then if ( DeadURL ~= "no" ) then URL = ArchiveURL URLorigin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') end end -- Format chapter / article title if is_set(Chapter) and is_set(ChapterLink) then Chapter = "[[Citation/" .. ChapterLink .. "|" .. Chapter .. "]]"; end if is_set(Periodical) and is_set(Title) then Chapter = wrap( 'italic-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransChapter ); else Chapter = kern_quotes (Chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from Module provided quote marks Chapter = wrap( 'quoted-title', Chapter ); TransChapter = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransChapter ); end local TransError = "" if is_set(TransChapter) then if not is_set(Chapter) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_chapter' ); else TransChapter = " " .. TransChapter; end end Chapter = Chapter .. TransChapter; if is_set(Chapter) then if not is_set(ChapterLink) then if is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = externallink( ChapterURL, Chapter ) .. TransError; if not is_set(URL) then Chapter = Chapter .. Format; Format = ""; end elseif is_set(URL) then Chapter = externallink( URL, Chapter ) .. TransError .. Format; URL = ""; Format = ""; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = Chapter .. " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. TransError; else Chapter = Chapter .. TransError; end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. " " -- with end-space elseif is_set(ChapterURL) then Chapter = " " .. externallink( ChapterURL, nil, ChapterURLorigin ) .. sepc .. " "; end -- Format main title. if is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(Title) then Title = "[[Citation/" .. TitleLink .. "|" .. Title .. "]]" end if is_set(Periodical) then Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from Module provided quote marks Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); --[[Citation/ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place elseif inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","news","pressrelease","conference","podcast","newsgroup"}) and | Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place elseif inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","news","pressrelease","conference","podcast","newsgroup"}) and ]] elseif inArray(config.CitationClass, {"web","news","pressrelease","conference","podcast"}) and not is_set(Chapter) then Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from Module provided quote marks Title = wrap( 'quoted-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); else Title = wrap( 'italic-title', Title ); TransTitle = wrap( 'trans-italic-title', TransTitle ); end TransError = ""; if is_set(TransTitle) then if not is_set(Title) then TransError = " " .. seterror( 'trans_missing_title' ); else TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; end end Title = Title .. TransTitle; if is_set(Title) then if not is_set(TitleLink) and is_set(URL) then Title = externallink( URL, Title ) .. TransError .. Format URL = ""; Format = ""; else Title = Title .. TransError; end end if is_set(Place) then Place = " " .. wrap( 'written', Place, use_lowercase ) .. sepc .. " "; end if is_set(Conference) then if is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = externallink( ConferenceURL, Conference ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference elseif is_set(ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. externallink( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURLorigin ); end if not is_set(Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; if is_set(Minutes) then Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else local Time = A['Time']; if is_set(Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not is_set(TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end if not is_set(Page) then if is_set(Pages) then if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news","podcast"}) then Pages = ": " .. Pages; elseif tonumber(Pages) ~= nil then Pages = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Pages; else Pages = sepc .." " .. PPPrefix .. Pages; end end else if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","book","news","podcast"}) then Page = ": " .. Page; else Page = sepc .." " .. PPrefix .. Page; end end At = is_set(At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = is_set(Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Section = A['Section']; local Inset = A['Inset']; if first_set( Pages, Page, At ) ~= nil or sepc ~= '.' then if is_set( Section ) then Section = ", " .. wrap( 'section', Section, true ); end if is_set( Inset ) then Inset = ", " .. wrap( 'inset', Inset, true ); end else if is_set( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'section', Section, use_lowercase ); if is_set( Inset ) then Inset = ", " .. wrap( 'inset', Inset, true ); end elseif is_set( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'inset', Inset, use_lowercase ); end end At = At .. Section .. Inset; end --[[Citation/Look in the list of iso639-1 language codes to see if the value provided in the language parameter matches one of them. If a match is found, use that value; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. Categories are assigned in a manner similar to the {{xx icon}} templates - categorizes only mainspace citations and only when the language code is not 'en' (English). |Look in the list of iso639-1 language codes to see if the value provided in the language parameter matches one of them. If a match is found, use that value; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. Categories are assigned in a manner similar to the {{xx icon}} templates - categorizes only mainspace citations and only when the language code is not 'en' (English). ]] if is_set (Language) then -- local name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName( Language:lower(), "en" ); -- experiment: this seems to return correct ISO 639-1 language names local name = cfg.iso639_1[Language:lower()]; -- get the language name if Language parameter has a valid iso 639-1 code if nil == name then Language=" " .. wrap( 'language', Language ); -- no match, use parameter's value else if 0 == this_page.namespace and 'en' ~= Language:lower() then --found a match; is this page main / article space and English not the language? Language=" " .. wrap( 'language', name .. '[[Mkhakha:Articles with ' .. name .. '-language external links]]' ); -- in main space and not English: categorize else Language=" " .. wrap( 'language', name ); --not in mainspace or language is English so don't categorize end end else Language=""; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; end Others = is_set(Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values if inArray(config.CitationClass, {"AV-media-notes", "DVD-notes", "podcast", "pressrelease", "techreport", "thesis"}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if is_set(Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. " thesis"; end end if is_set(TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = " (" .. TitleType .. ")"; -- display it in parentheses end TitleNote = is_set(TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; Edition = is_set(Edition) and (" " .. wrap( 'edition', Edition )) or ""; Issue = is_set(Issue) and (" (" .. Issue .. ")") or ""; Series = is_set(Series) and (sepc .. " " .. Series) or ""; OrigYear = is_set(OrigYear) and (" [" .. OrigYear .. "]") or ""; Agency = is_set(Agency) and (sepc .. " " .. Agency) or ""; if is_set(Volume) then if ( mw.ustring.len(Volume) > 4 ) then Volume = sepc .." " .. Volume; else Volume = " <b>" .. hyphentodash(Volume) .. "</b>"; end end --[[ This code commented out while discussion continues until after week of 2014-03-23 live module update; if is_set(Volume) then if ( mw.ustring.len(Volume) > 4 ) then Volume = sepc .. " " .. Volume; else Volume = " <b>" .. hyphentodash(Volume) .. "</b>"; if is_set(Series) then Volume = sepc .. Volume; end end end ]] ------------------------------------ totally unrelated data --[[Citation/ Loosely mimic {{subscription required}} template; Via parameter identifies a delivery source that is not the publisher; these sources often, but not always, exist behind a registration or paywall. So here, we've chosen to decouple via from subscription (via has never been part of the registration required template). Subscription implies paywall; Registration does not. If both are used in a citation, the subscription required link note is displayed. There are no error messages for this condition. | Loosely mimic {{subscription required}} template; Via parameter identifies a delivery source that is not the publisher; these sources often, but not always, exist behind a registration or paywall. So here, we've chosen to decouple via from subscription (via has never been part of the registration required template). Subscription implies paywall; Registration does not. If both are used in a citation, the subscription required link note is displayed. There are no error messages for this condition. ]] if is_set(Via) then Via = " " .. wrap( 'via', Via ); end if is_set(SubscriptionRequired) then SubscriptionRequired = sepc .. " " .. cfg.messages['subscription']; --here when 'via' parameter not used but 'subscription' is elseif is_set(RegistrationRequired) then SubscriptionRequired = sepc .. " " .. cfg.messages['registration']; --here when 'via' and 'subscription' parameters not used but 'registration' is end if is_set(AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end AccessDate = '<span class="reference-accessdate">' .. sepc .. substitute( retrv_text, {AccessDate} ) .. '</span>' end if is_set(ID) then ID = sepc .." ".. ID; end if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and is_set(Docket) then ID = sepc .." Docket ".. Docket .. ID; end ID_list = buildidlist( ID_list, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = ASINTLD, IgnoreISBN = IgnoreISBN, Embargo=Embargo} ); if is_set(URL) then URL = " " .. externallink( URL, nil, URLorigin ); end if is_set(Quote) then if Quote:sub(1,1) == '"' and Quote:sub(-1,-1) == '"' then Quote = Quote:sub(2,-2); end Quote = sepc .." " .. wrap( 'quoted-text', Quote ); PostScript = ""; -- CS1 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set end local Archived if is_set(ArchiveURL) then if not is_set(ArchiveDate) then ArchiveDate = seterror('archive_missing_date'); end if "no" == DeadURL then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( cfg.messages['archived-not-dead'], { externallink( ArchiveURL, arch_text ), ArchiveDate } ); if not is_set(OriginalURL) then Archived = Archived .. " " .. seterror('archive_missing_url'); end elseif is_set(OriginalURL) then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { externallink( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'] ), ArchiveDate } ); else local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-missing']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. " " .. substitute( arch_text, { seterror('archive_missing_url'), ArchiveDate } ); end else Archived = "" end local Lay if is_set(LayURL) then if is_set(LayDate) then LayDate = " (" .. LayDate .. ")" end if is_set(LaySource) then LaySource = " – ''" .. safeforitalics(LaySource) .. "''"; else LaySource = ""; end if sepc == '.' then Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary'] ) .. LaySource .. LayDate else Lay = sepc .. " " .. externallink( LayURL, cfg.messages['lay summary']:lower() ) .. LaySource .. LayDate end else Lay = ""; end if is_set(Transcript) then if is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, Transcript ); end elseif is_set(TranscriptURL) then Transcript = externallink( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURLorigin ); end local Publisher; if is_set(Periodical) and not inArray(config.CitationClass, {"encyclopaedia","web","pressrelease","podcast"}) then if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName; else Publisher = PublisherName; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= PublicationPlace; else Publisher = ""; end if is_set(PublicationDate) then if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = Publisher .. ", " .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ); else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end if is_set(Publisher) then Publisher = " (" .. Publisher .. ")"; end else if is_set(PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = " (" .. wrap( 'published', PublicationDate ) .. ")"; end if is_set(PublisherName) then if is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif is_set(PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Title) or is_set(TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) else Periodical = wrap( 'italic-title', Periodical ) end end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = " (Speech)"; -- annotate the citation if is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon if inArray(config.CitationClass, {"journal","citation"}) and is_set(Periodical) then if is_set(Others) then Others = Others .. sepc .. " " end tcommon = safejoin( {Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Edition, Publisher, Agency, Volume, Issue}, sepc ); else tcommon = safejoin( {Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Scale, Series, Language, Volume, Issue, Others, Cartography, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc ); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safejoin( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local idcommon = safejoin( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, SubscriptionRequired, Lay, Quote }, sepc ); local text; local pgtext = Position .. Page .. Pages .. At; if is_set(Authors) then if is_set(Coauthors) then Authors = Authors .. A['AuthorSeparator'] .. " " .. Coauthors end if is_set(Date) then Date = " ("..Date..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " elseif string.sub(Authors,-1,-1) == sepc then Authors = Authors .. " " else Authors = Authors .. sepc .. " " end if is_set(Editors) then local in_text = " "; local post_text = ""; if is_set(Chapter) then in_text = in_text .. cfg.messages['in'] .. " " else if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else post_text = ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end end if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower() end Editors = in_text .. Editors .. post_text; if (string.sub(Editors,-1,-1) == sepc) then Editors = Editors .. " " else Editors = Editors .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon }, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); elseif is_set(Editors) then if is_set(Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. ", " .. cfg.messages['editors']; end Date = " (" .. Date ..")" .. OrigYear .. sepc .. " " else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safejoin( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if is_set(Date) then if ( string.sub(tcommon,-1,-1) ~= sepc ) then Date = sepc .." " .. Date .. OrigYear else Date = " " .. Date .. OrigYear end end if config.CitationClass=="journal" and is_set(Periodical) then text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safejoin( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date}, sepc ); text = safejoin( {text, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if is_set(PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safejoin( {text, sepc}, sepc ); --Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub(1,-sepc:len()-1); -- text = text:sub(1,-2); --Remove final separator (assumes that sepc is only one character) end text = safejoin( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <span/> element local options = {}; if is_set(config.CitationClass) and config.CitationClass ~= "citation" then options.class = "citation " .. config.CitationClass; else options.class = "citation"; end if is_set(Ref) and Ref:lower() ~= "none" then local id = Ref if ( "harv" == Ref ) then local names = {} --table of last names & year if #a > 0 then for i,v in ipairs(a) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end elseif #e > 0 then for i,v in ipairs(e) do names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end end end names[ #names + 1 ] = first_set(Year, anchor_year); -- Year first for legacy citations id = anchorid(names) end options.id = id; end if string.len(text:gsub("<span[^>/]*>.-</span>", ""):gsub("%b<>","")) <= 2 then z.error_categories = {}; text = seterror('empty_citation'); z.message_tail = {}; end if is_set(options.id) then text = '<span id="' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode(options.id) ..'" class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; else text = '<span class="' .. mw.text.nowiki(options.class) .. '">' .. text .. "</span>"; end local empty_span = '<span style="display:none;"> </span>'; -- Note: Using display: none on then COinS span breaks some clients. local OCinS = '<span title="' .. OCinSoutput .. '" class="Z3988">' .. empty_span .. '</span>'; text = text .. OCinS; if #z.message_tail ~= 0 then text = text .. " "; for i,v in ipairs( z.message_tail ) do if is_set(v[1]) then if i == #z.message_tail then text = text .. errorcomment( v[1], v[2] ); else text = text .. errorcomment( v[1] .. "; ", v[2] ); end end end end no_tracking_cats = no_tracking_cats:lower(); if inArray(no_tracking_cats, {"", "no", "false", "n"}) then for _, v in ipairs( z.error_categories ) do text = text .. '[[Mkhakha:' .. v ..']]'; end end return text end -- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. function z.citation(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() if nil ~= string.find( frame:getTitle(), 'sandbox', 1, true ) then -- did the {{#invoke:}} use sandbox version? cfg = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration/sandbox' ); -- load sandbox versions of Configuration and Whitelist and ... whitelist = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist/sandbox' ); dates = require('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/sandbox').dates -- ... sandbox version of date validation code else -- otherwise cfg = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' ); -- load live versions of Configuration and Whitelist and ... whitelist = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' ); dates = require('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation').dates -- ... live version of date validation code end local args = {}; local suggestions = {}; local error_text, error_state; local config = {}; for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do config[k] = v; args[k] = v; end for k, v in pairs( pframe.args ) do if v ~= '' then if not validate( k ) then error_text = ""; if type( k ) ~= 'string' then -- Exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'text_ignored', {v}, true ); end elseif validate( k:lower() ) then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}, true ); else if #suggestions == 0 then suggestions = mw.loadData( 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' ); end if suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil then error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions[ k:lower() ]}, true ); else error_text, error_state = seterror( 'parameter_ignored', {k}, true ); end end if error_text ~= '' then table.insert( z.message_tail, {error_text, error_state} ); end end args[k] = v; elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then args[k] = v; end end return citation0( config, args) end return z 4d6pz0o1o9m6xe9ht7dog1b98oz0t13 Module:Citation/CS1/Config 828 103 433 432 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 432 Scribunto text/plain citation_config = {}; -- override <code>...</code> styling to remove color, border, and padding. <code> css is specified here: -- https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/69cd73811f7aadd093050dbf20ed70ef0b42a713/skins%2Fcommon%2FcommonElements.css#L199 local code_style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"; --[[ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] citation_config.uncategorized_namespaces = { 'User', 'Talk', 'User_talk', 'Wikipedia_talk', 'File_talk', 'Template_talk', 'Help_talk', 'Category_talk', 'Portal_talk', 'Book_talk', 'Draft', 'Draft_talk', 'Education_Program_talk', 'Module_talk', 'MediaWiki_talk' }; --[[Citation/CS1/ Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. | Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] citation_config.messages = { ['published'] = 'published $1', ['lay summary'] = 'Lay summary', ['retrieved'] = 'Retrieved $1', ['inactive'] = 'inactive', ['archived-dead'] = 'Archived from $1 on $2', ['archived-not-dead'] = '$1 from the original on $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Archived from the original$1 on $2', ['archived'] = 'Archived', ['original'] = 'the original', ['editor'] = 'ed.', ['editors'] = 'eds.', ['edition'] = '($1 ed.)', ['episode'] = 'episode', ['season'] = 'season', ['series'] = 'series', ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['section'] = 'Section $1', ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['written'] = 'Written at $1', ['in'] = 'In', ['et al'] = 'et al.', ['subscription'] = '<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required (<span title="Sources are not required to be available online. Online sources do not have to be freely available. The site may require a paid subscription." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</span>))</span>' .. '[[Mkhakha:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]', ['registration']='<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(registration required (<span title="Sources are not required to be available online. Online sources do not have to be freely available. The site may require registration." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</span>))</span>' .. '[[Mkhakha:Pages with login required references or sources]]', ['language'] = '(in $1)', ['via'] = " – via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = 'minutes in', ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "[$1]", ['trans-italic-title'] = "[''$1'']", ['quoted-text'] = '"$1"', ['parameter'] = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|$1=</code>', ['parameter-separator'] = ', ', ['parameter-final-separator'] = ', and ', ['parameter-pair-separator'] = ' and ', -- Error output -- .error class is specified at https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/9553bd02a5595da05c184f7521721fb1b79b3935/skins%2Fcommon%2Fshared.css#L538 -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_manual_ID'] = 'Unrecognized manual ID mode', ['unknown_ID_mode'] = 'Unrecognized ID mode', ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare url found but origin indicator is nil or empty', } -- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters citation_config.aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['AirDate'] = {'air-date', 'airdate'}, ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, ['ASINTLD'] = {'ASIN-TLD', 'asin-tld'}, ['At'] = 'at', ['Authors'] = {'authors', 'people', 'host'}, ['AuthorFormat'] = {'author-format', 'authorformat'}, ['AuthorSeparator'] = 'author-separator', ['AuthorNameSeparator'] = 'author-name-separator', ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Callsign'] = {'call-sign', 'callsign'}, -- cite interview ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section', 'notestitle'}, -- notestitle is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes ['ChapterLink'] = {'chapter-link', 'chapterlink'}, ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'chapterurl', 'contribution-url', 'contributionurl', 'section-url', 'sectionurl'}, ['City'] = 'city', -- cite interview ['Coauthors'] = {'coauthors', 'coauthor'}, -- coauthor and coauthors are deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014 ['Cointerviewers'] = 'cointerviewers', -- cointerviewers is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by cite interview ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceURL'] = {'conference-url', 'conferenceurl', 'event-url', 'eventurl'}, ['Date'] = 'date', ['Day'] = 'day', ['DeadURL'] = {'dead-url', 'deadurl'}, ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'displayauthors'}, ['DisplayEditors'] = {'display-editors', 'displayeditors'}, ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = {'doi-broken', 'doi-broken-date', 'doi-inactive-date', 'DoiBroken', 'doi_brokendate', 'doi_inactivedate'}, ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Editors'] = 'editors', ['EditorFormat'] = {'editor-format', 'editorformat'}, ['EditorSeparator'] = 'editor-separator', ['EditorNameSeparator'] = 'editor-name-separator', ['Embargo'] = {'Embargo', 'embargo'}, ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID', 'publisherid'}, -- publisherid is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes and old cite DVD notes ['IgnoreISBN'] = {'ignore-isbn-error', 'ignoreisbnerror'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Interviewer'] = 'interviewer', -- cite interview ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'in'}, ['LastAuthorAmp'] = {'last-author-amp', 'lastauthoramp'}, ['LayDate'] = {'lay-date', 'laydate'}, ['LaySource'] = {'lay-source', 'laysource'}, ['LayURL'] = {'lay-url', 'lay-summary', 'layurl', 'laysummary'}, ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Month'] = 'month', ['NameSeparator'] = 'name-separator', ['Network'] = 'network', ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'template-doc-demo', 'template doc demo', 'no-cat', 'nocat', 'no-tracking', 'notracking'}, ['OrigYear'] = {'orig-year', 'origyear', 'titleyear'}, -- titleyear is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used in old cite DVD notes ['Others'] = {'others', 'artist', 'director'}, -- artist and director are deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used in old cite AV media notes and old cite DVD notes ['Page'] = {'p', 'page'}, ['Pages'] = {'pp', 'pages'}, ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'newspaper', 'magazine', 'work', 'website', 'periodical', 'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PPrefix'] = {'p-prefix', 'PPrefix'}, ['PPPrefix'] = {'pp-prefix', 'PPPrefix'}, ['Program'] = 'program', -- cite interview ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publicationdate', 'publication-date'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'distributor', 'institution', 'newsgroup'}, ]] ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'distributor', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['Ref'] = {'ref', 'Ref'}, ['RegistrationRequired'] = 'registration', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['Section'] = 'section', ['Season'] = 'season', ['Separator'] = 'separator', ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesSeparator'] = 'series-separator', ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no', 'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, ['Station'] = 'station', ['SubscriptionRequired'] = 'subscription', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = {'time-caption', 'timecaption'}, ['Title'] = 'title', ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'titlelink', 'episodelink', 'albumlink'}, -- albumlink is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes ['TitleNote'] = 'department', ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-chapter', 'trans_chapter'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptURL'] = {'transcript-url', 'transcripturl'}, ['TransTitle'] = {'trans-title', 'trans_title'}, ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"author#-first", "author-first#", "first#", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"author#-last", "author-last#", "last#", "surname#", "Author#", "author#", "authors#", "subject#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author#-link", "author-link#", "author#link", "authorlink#", "subject-link#", "subject#link", "subject#-link", "subjectlink#"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author#-mask", "author-mask#", "author#mask", "authormask#"}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor#-first", "editor-first#", "editor#-given", "editor-given#", "EditorGiven#"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor#-last", "editor-last#", "editor#-surname", "editor-surname#", "EditorSurname#", "Editor#", "editor#", "editors#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor#-link", "editor-link#", "editor#link", "editorlink#"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor#-mask", "editor-mask#", "editor#mask", "editormask#"}, } -- Default parameter values citation_config.defaults = { ['DeadURL'] = 'yes', ['AuthorSeparator'] = ';', ['EditorSeparator'] = ';', ['NameSeparator'] = ',', ['PPrefix'] = "p. ", ['PPPrefix'] = "pp. ", } --[[ Error condition table The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors ]] citation_config.error_conditions = { accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|accessdate=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL', hidden = true }, archive_missing_date = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|archiveurl=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|archivedate=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors', hidden = false }, archive_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|archiveurl=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors', hidden = false }, bad_arxiv = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|arxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', hidden = false }, bad_authorlink = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|authorlink=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_authorlink', category = 'CS1 errors: authorlink', hidden = false }, bad_date = { message = 'Check date values in: <code style="'..code_style..'">$1</code>', anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'CS1 errors: dates', hidden = true }, bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Pages with DOI errors', hidden = false }, bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|isbn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Pages with ISBN errors', hidden = false }, bad_issn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|issn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISSN', hidden = false }, bad_lccn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|lccn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'CS1 errors: LCCN', hidden = false }, bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Pages with OL errors', hidden = false }, bad_pmc = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|pmc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC', hidden = false }, bad_pmid = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|pmid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'CS1 errors: PMID', hidden = false }, bad_url = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">|url=</code> scheme', anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Pages with URL errors', hidden = false }, bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations having bare URLs', hidden = false }, citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code style="'..code_style..'">|title=</code>', anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations lacking titles', hidden = false }, cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = 'Missing or empty <code style="'..code_style..'">|url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Pages using web citations with no URL', hidden = true }, coauthors_missing_author = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|coauthors=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|author=</code>', anchor = 'coauthors_missing_author', category = 'CS1 errors: coauthors without author', hidden = false }, deprecated_params = { message = 'Cite uses deprecated parameters', anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters', hidden = true }, empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Pages with empty citations', hidden = false }, extra_pages = { message = 'Extra <code style="'..code_style..'">|pages=</code> or <code style="'..code_style..'">|at=</code>', anchor = 'extra_pages', category = 'Pages with citations using conflicting page specifications', hidden = false }, first_missing_last = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|first$2=</code> missing <code style="'..code_style..'">|last$2=</code> in $1', anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'CS1 errors: missing author or editor', hidden = false }, format_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|format=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|url=</code>', anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with format and no URL', hidden = true }, implict_etal_author = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|displayauthors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayauthors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.', hidden = true }, implict_etal_editor = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|displayeditors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayeditors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al. in editors', hidden = true }, missing_name = { message = 'Missing <code style="'..code_style..'">|last$2=</code> in $1', anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'CS1 errors: missing author or editor', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code style="'..code_style..'">|$1=</code> ignored', anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code style="'..code_style..'">|$1=</code> ignored (<code style="'..code_style..'">|$2=</code> suggested)', anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Pages with citations having redundant parameters', hidden = false }, text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unnamed parameters', hidden = false }, trans_missing_chapter = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|trans_chapter=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|chapter=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_chapter', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, trans_missing_title = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">|trans_title=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">|title=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, wikilink_in_url = { message = 'Wikilink embedded in URL title', anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Pages with citations having wikilinks embedded in URL titles', hidden = false }, } citation_config.id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'ARXIV'}, link = 'arXiv', label = 'arXiv', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//arxiv.org/abs/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', label = 'ASIN', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:asin', separator = ' ', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode', 'BIBCODE'}, link = 'Bibcode', label = 'Bibcode', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', }, ['DOI'] = { parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI' }, link = 'Digital object identifier', label = 'doi', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://dx.doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['ISBN'] = { parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN', 'isbn13', 'ISBN13'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', label = 'ISBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = ' ', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', label = 'ISSN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = ' ', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', label = 'JFM', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'rft.jfm', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', label = 'JSTOR', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.jstor.org/stable/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'rft.jstor', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'LCCN', 'lccn'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', label = 'LCCN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'rft.lccn', encode = false, separator = ' ', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'MR', 'mr'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', label = 'MR', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'rft.mr', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'OCLC', 'oclc'}, link = 'OCLC', label = 'OCLC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', label = 'OL', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:olnum', separator = ' ', endode = true, }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'OSTI', 'osti'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', label = 'OSTI', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'info:osti', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'PMC', 'pmc'}, link = 'PubMed Central', label = 'PMC', mode = 'manual', -- changed to support unlinking of PMC identifier when article is embargoed prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = " ", COinS = 'info:pmc', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'PMID', 'pmid'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', label = 'PMID', mode = 'manual', -- changed from external manual to support PMID validation prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = ' ', }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'RFC', 'rfc'}, link = 'Request for Comments', label = 'RFC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'info:rfc', encode = false, separator = ' ', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'SSRN', 'ssrn'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', label = 'SSRN', mode = 'external', prefix = '//ssrn.com/abstract=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'info:ssrn', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'id', 'ID'}, link = 'Usenet', label = 'Usenet:', mode = 'external', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'info:usenet', separator = ' ', }, ]] ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'ZBL', 'zbl'}, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', label = 'Zbl', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'info:zbl', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, } --iso639-1 language codes and names. citation_config.iso639_1 = { ["aa"] = "Afar", ["ab"] = "Abkhazian", ["ae"] = "Avestan", ["af"] = "Afrikaans", ["ak"] = "Akan", ["am"] = "Amharic", ["an"] = "Aragonese", ["ar"] = "Arabic", ["as"] = "Assamese", ["av"] = "Avaric", ["ay"] = "Aymara", ["az"] = "Azerbaijani", ["ba"] = "Bashkir", ["be"] = "Belarusian", ["bg"] = "Bulgarian", ["bh"] = "Bihari languages", ["bi"] = "Bislama", ["bm"] = "Bambara", ["bn"] = "Bengali", ["bo"] = "Tibetan", ["br"] = "Breton", ["bs"] = "Bosnian", ["ca"] = "Catalan", -- ["ca"] = "Valencian", ["ce"] = "Chechen", ["ch"] = "Chamorro", ["co"] = "Corsican", ["cr"] = "Cree", ["cs"] = "Czech", ["cu"] = "Church Slavic", -- ["cu"] = "Old Slavonic", -- ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- ["cu"] = "Old Bulgarian", -- ["cu"] = "Old Church Slavonic", ["cv"] = "Chuvash", ["cy"] = "Welsh", ["da"] = "Danish", ["de"] = "German", ["dv"] = "Divehi", ["dv"] = "Dhivehi", ["dv"] = "Maldivian", ["dz"] = "Dzongkha", ["ee"] = "Ewe", ["el"] = "Modern Greek", ["en"] = "English", ["eo"] = "Esperanto", ["es"] = "Spanish", -- ["es"] = "Castilian", ["et"] = "Estonian", ["eu"] = "Basque", ["fa"] = "Persian", ["ff"] = "Fulah", ["fi"] = "Finnish", ["fj"] = "Fijian", ["fo"] = "Faroese", ["fr"] = "French", ["fy"] = "Western Frisian", ["ga"] = "Irish", -- ["gd"] = "Gaelic", ["gd"] = "Scottish Gaelic", ["gl"] = "Galician", ["gn"] = "Guarani", ["gu"] = "Gujarati", ["gv"] = "Manx", ["ha"] = "Hausa", ["he"] = "Hebrew", ["hi"] = "Hindi", ["ho"] = "Hiri Motu", ["hr"] = "Croatian", -- ["ht"] = "Haitian", ["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", ["hu"] = "Hungarian", ["hy"] = "Armenian", ["hz"] = "Herero", ["ia"] = "Interlingua", ["id"] = "Indonesian", ["ie"] = "Interlingue", ["ie"] = "Occidental", ["ig"] = "Igbo", -- ["ii"] = "Sichuan Yi", ["ii"] = "Nuosu", ["ik"] = "Inupiaq", ["io"] = "Ido", ["is"] = "Icelandic", ["it"] = "Italian", ["iu"] = "Inuktitut", ["ja"] = "Japanese", ["jv"] = "Javanese", ["ka"] = "Georgian", ["kg"] = "Kongo", -- ["ki"] = "Kikuyu", ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- ["kj"] = "Kuanyama", ["kj"] = "Kwanyama", ["kk"] = "Kazakh", -- ["kl"] = "Kalaallisut", ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", ["km"] = "Central Khmer", ["kn"] = "Kannada", ["ko"] = "Korean", ["kr"] = "Kanuri", ["ks"] = "Kashmiri", ["ku"] = "Kurdish", ["kv"] = "Komi", ["kw"] = "Cornish", -- ["ky"] = "Kirghiz", ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", ["la"] = "Latin", ["lb"] = "Luxembourgish", -- ["lb"] = "Letzeburgesch", ["lg"] = "Ganda", -- ["li"] = "Limburgan", -- ["li"] = "Limburger", ["li"] = "Limburgish", ["ln"] = "Lingala", ["lo"] = "Lao", ["lt"] = "Lithuanian", ["lu"] = "Luba-Katanga", ["lv"] = "Latvian", ["mg"] = "Malagasy", ["mh"] = "Marshallese", ["mi"] = "Maori", ["mk"] = "Macedonian", ["ml"] = "Malayalam", ["mn"] = "Mongolian", ["mr"] = "Marathi", ["ms"] = "Malay", ["mt"] = "Maltese", ["my"] = "Burmese", ["na"] = "Nauru", ["nb"] = "Norwegian Bokmål", ["nd"] = "North Ndebele", ["ne"] = "Nepali", ["ng"] = "Ndonga", ["nl"] = "Dutch", -- ["nl"] = "Flemish", ["nn"] = "Norwegian Nynorsk", ["no"] = "Norwegian", ["nr"] = "South Ndebele", ["nv"] = "Navajo", -- ["nv"] = "Navaho", -- ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- ["ny"] = "Chewa", ["ny"] = "Nyanja", ["oc"] = "Occitan", ["oj"] = "Ojibwa", ["om"] = "Oromo", ["or"] = "Oriya", ["os"] = "Ossetian", ["os"] = "Ossetic", -- ["pa"] = "Panjabi", ["pa"] = "Punjabi", ["pi"] = "Pali", ["pl"] = "Polish", -- ["ps"] = "Pushto", ["ps"] = "Pashto", ["pt"] = "Portuguese", ["qu"] = "Quechua", ["rm"] = "Romansh", ["rn"] = "Rundi", ["ro"] = "Romanian", -- ["ro"] = "Moldavian", -- ["ro"] = "Moldovan", ["ru"] = "Russian", ["rw"] = "Kinyarwanda", ["sa"] = "Sanskrit", ["sc"] = "Sardinian", ["sd"] = "Sindhi", ["se"] = "Northern Sami", ["sg"] = "Sango", ["si"] = "Sinhala", -- ["si"] = "Sinhalese", ["sk"] = "Slovak", ["sl"] = "Slovenian", ["sm"] = "Samoan", ["sn"] = "Shona", ["so"] = "Somali", ["sq"] = "Albanian", ["sr"] = "Serbian", ["ss"] = "Swati", ["st"] = "Southern Sotho", ["su"] = "Sundanese", ["sv"] = "Swedish", ["sw"] = "Swahili", ["ta"] = "Tamil", ["te"] = "Telugu", ["tg"] = "Tajik", ["th"] = "Thai", ["ti"] = "Tigrinya", ["tk"] = "Turkmen", ["tl"] = "Tagalog", ["tn"] = "Tswana", ["to"] = "Tonga (Tonga Islands)", ["tr"] = "Turkish", ["ts"] = "Tsonga", ["tt"] = "Tatar", ["tw"] = "Twi", ["ty"] = "Tahitian", -- ["ug"] = "Uighur", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", ["uk"] = "Ukrainian", ["ur"] = "Urdu", ["uz"] = "Uzbek", ["ve"] = "Venda", ["vi"] = "Vietnamese", ["vo"] = "Volapük", ["wa"] = "Walloon", ["wo"] = "Wolof", ["xh"] = "Xhosa", ["yi"] = "Yiddish", ["yo"] = "Yoruba", ["za"] = "Zhuang", -- ["za"] = "Chuang", ["zh"] = "Chinese", ["zu"] = "Zulu", } return citation_config; ov33haahvlmi52qcmaihosq89qo5vrq Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation 828 104 435 434 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 434 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} -- returns a number according to the month in a date: 1 for January, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid month, returns 0 function get_month_number (month) local long_months = {['January']=1, ['February']=2, ['March']=3, ['April']=4, ['May']=5, ['June']=6, ['July']=7, ['August']=8, ['September']=9, ['October']=10, ['November']=11, ['December']=12}; local short_months = {['Jan']=1, ['Feb']=2, ['Mar']=3, ['Apr']=4, ['May']=5, ['Jun']=6, ['Jul']=7, ['Aug']=8, ['Sep']=9, ['Oct']=10, ['Nov']=11, ['Dec']=12}; local temp; temp=long_months[month]; if temp then return temp; end -- if month is the long-form name temp=short_months[month]; if temp then return temp; end -- if month is the short-form name return 0; -- misspelled, improper case, or not a month name end -- returns a number according to the sequence of seasons in a year: 1 for Winter, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid season, returns 0 function get_season_number (season) local season_list = {['Winter']=1, ['Spring']=2, ['Summer']=3, ['Fall']=4, ['Autumn']=4} local temp; temp=season_list[season]; if temp then return temp; end -- if season is a valid name return its number return 0; -- misspelled, improper case, or not a season name end --returns true if month or season is valid (properly spelled, capitalized, abbreviated) function is_valid_month_or_season (month_season) if 0 == get_month_number (month_season) then -- if month text isn't one of the twelve months, might be a season if 0 == get_season_number (month_season) then -- not a month, is it a season? return false; -- return false not a month or one of the five seasons end end return true; end -- Function gets current year from the server and compares it to year from a citation parameter. Years more than one year in the future are not acceptable. function is_valid_year(year) if not is_set(year_limit) then year_limit = tonumber(os.date("%Y"))+1; -- global variable so we only have to fetch it once (os.date("Y") no longer works?) end return tonumber(year) <= year_limit; -- false if year is in the future more than one year end --[[Citation/CS1/ Returns true if day is less than or equal to the number of days in month and year is no farther into the future than next year; else returns false. Assumes Julian calendar prior to year 1582 and Gregorian calendar thereafter. Accounts for Julian calendar leap years before 1582 and Gregorian leap years after 1582. Where the two calendars overlap (1582 to approximately 1923) dates are assumed to be Gregorian. | Returns true if day is less than or equal to the number of days in month and year is no farther into the future than next year; else returns false. Assumes Julian calendar prior to year 1582 and Gregorian calendar thereafter. Accounts for Julian calendar leap years before 1582 and Gregorian leap years after 1582. Where the two calendars overlap (1582 to approximately 1923) dates are assumed to be Gregorian. ]] function is_valid_date (year, month, day) local days_in_month = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; local month_length; if not is_valid_year(year) then -- no farther into the future than next year return false; end if (2==month) then -- if February month_length = 28; -- then 28 days unless if 1582 > tonumber(year) then -- Julian calendar if 0==(year%4) then month_length = 29; end else -- Gregorian calendar if (0==(year%4) and (0~=(year%100) or 0==(year%400))) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end end else month_length=days_in_month[month]; end if tonumber (day) > month_length then return false; end return true; end --[[ Check a pair of months or seasons to see if both are valid members of a month or season pair. Month pairs are expected to be left to right, earliest to latest in time. Similarly, seasons are also left to right, earliest to latest in time. There is an oddity with seasons. Winter is assigned a value of 1, spring 2, ..., fall and autumn 4. Because winter can follow fall/autumn at the end of a calender year, a special test is made to see if |date=Fall-Winter yyyy (4-1) is the date. ]] function is_valid_month_season_range(range_start, range_end) local range_start_number = get_month_number (range_start); if 0 == range_start_number then -- is this a month range? local range_start_number = get_season_number (range_start); -- not a month; is it a season? get start season number local range_end_number = get_season_number (range_end); -- get end season number if 0 ~= range_start_number then -- is start of range a season? if range_start_number < range_end_number then -- range_start is a season return true; -- return true when range_end is also a season and follows start season; else false end if 4 == range_start_number and 1 == range_end_number then -- special case when range is Fall-Winter or Autumn-Winter return true; end end return false; -- range_start is not a month or a season; or range_start is a season and range_end is not; or improper season sequence end local range_end_number = get_month_number (range_end); -- get end month number if range_start_number < range_end_number then -- range_start is a month; does range_start precede range_end? return true; -- if yes, return true end return false; -- range_start month number is greater than or equal to range end number; or range end isn't a month end --[[ Check date format to see that it is one of the formats approved by WP:DATESNO or WP:DATERANGE. Exception: only allowed range separator is endash. Additionally, check the date to see that it is a real date: no 31 in 30-day months; no 29 February when not a leap year. Months, both long-form and three character abbreviations, and seasons must be spelled correctly. Future years beyond next year are not allowed. If the date fails the fomat tests, this function returns false and does not return values for anchor_year and COinS_date. When this happens, the date parameter is used in the COinS metadata and the CITEREF identifier gets its year from the year parameter if present otherwise CITEREF does not get a date value. Inputs: date_string - date string from date-holding parameters (date, year, accessdate, embargo, archivedate, etc) Returns: false if date string is not a real date; else true, anchor_year, COinS_date anchor_year can be used in CITEREF anchors COinS_date is date_string without anchor_year disambiguator if any ]] function check_date (date_string) local year; -- assume that year2, months, and days are not used; local year2=0; -- second year in a year range local month=0; local month2=0; -- second month in a month range local day=0; local day2=0; -- second day in a day range local anchor_year; local coins_date; if date_string:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then -- year-initial numerical year month day format year, month, day=string.match(date_string, "(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)"); month=tonumber(month); if 12 < month or 1 > month or 1583 > tonumber(year) then return false; end -- month number not valid or not Gregorian calendar anchor_year = year; elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +[1-9]%d?, +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month-initial: month day, year month, day, anchor_year, year=string.match(date_string, "(%a+)%s*(%d%d?),%s*((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +[1-9]%d?–[1-9]%d?, +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month-initial day range: month day–day, year; days are separated by endash month, day, day2, anchor_year, year=string.match(date_string, "(%a+) +(%d%d?)–(%d%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d? +%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- day-initial: day month year day, month, anchor_year, year=string.match(date_string, "(%d%d*)%s*(%a+)%s*((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d?–[1-9]%d? +%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- day-range-initial: day–day month year; days are separated by endash day, day2, month, anchor_year, year=string.match(date_string, "(%d%d?)–(%d%d?) +(%a+) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d? +%a+ – [1-9]%d? +%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- day initial month-day-range: day month - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, day2, month2, anchor_year, year=date_string:match("(%d%d?) +(%a+) – (%d%d?) +(%a+) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; month = get_month_number (month); month2 = get_month_number (month2); elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +[1-9]%d? – %a+ +[1-9]%d?, +[1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- month initial month-day-range: month day – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, month2, day2, anchor_year, year=date_string:match("(%a+) +(%d%d?) – (%a+) +(%d%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end month = get_month_number (month); month2 = get_month_number (month2); elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d? +%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d – [1-9]%d? +%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- day initial month-day-year-range: day month year - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, year, day2, month2, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("(%d%d?) +(%a+) +(%d%d%d%d?) – (%d%d?) +(%a+) +((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)"); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future month = get_month_number (month); month2 = get_month_number (month2); elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +[1-9]%d?, +[1-9]%d%d%d – %a+ +[1-9]%d?, +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month initial month-day-year-range: month day, year – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, year, month2, day2, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("(%a+) +(%d%d?), +(%d%d%d%d) – (%a+) +(%d%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future month = get_month_number (month); month2 = get_month_number (month2); elseif date_string:match("^Winter +[1-9]%d%d%d–%d%d%a?$") then -- special case Winter year-year (YYYY-YY); year separated with unspaced endash local century; year, century, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("Winter +((%d%d)%d%d)–((%d%d)%a?)"); anchor_year=year..'–'..anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years year2 = century..year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif date_string:match("^Winter +[1-9]%d%d%d–[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- special case Winter year-year; year separated with unspaced endash year, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("Winter +(%d%d%d%d)–((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); anchor_year=year..'–'..anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d% – %a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month/season year - month/season year; separated by spaced endash month, year, month2, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("(%a+) +(%d%d%d%d) – (%a+) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); anchor_year=year..'–'..anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year if not((0 ~= get_month_number(month) and 0 ~= get_month_number(month2)) or -- both must be month year or season year, not mixed (0 ~= get_season_number(month) and 0 ~= get_season_number(month2))) then return false; end elseif date_string:match ("^%a+–%a+ +[1-9]%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month/season range year; months separated by endash month, month2, anchor_year, year=date_string:match ("(%a+)–(%a+)%s*((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2)) or (not is_valid_year(year)) then return false; end elseif date_string:match("^%a+ +%d%d%d%d%a?$") then -- month/season year month, anchor_year, year=date_string:match("(%a+)%s*((%d%d%d%d)%a?)"); if not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end if not is_valid_month_or_season (month) then return false; end elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d%d%d?–[1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- Year range: YYY-YYY or YYY-YYYY or YYYY–YYYY; separated by unspaced endash; 100-9999 year, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("(%d%d%d%d?)–((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)"); anchor_year=year..'–'..anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d%d%d–%d%d%a?$") then -- Year range: YYYY–YY; separated by unspaced endash local century; year, century, anchor_year, year2=date_string:match("((%d%d)%d%d)–((%d%d)%a?)"); anchor_year=year..'–'..anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if 13 > tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- don't allow 2003-05 which might be May 2003 year2 = century..year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif date_string:match("^[1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- year; here accept either YYY or YYYY anchor_year, year=date_string:match("((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)"); if false == is_valid_year(year) then return false; end else return false; -- date format not one of the MOS:DATE approved formats end local result=true; -- check whole dates for validity; assume true because not all dates will go through this test if 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2 then -- YMD (simple whole date) result=is_valid_date(year,month,day); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-d (day range) result=is_valid_date(year,month,day); result=result and is_valid_date(year,month,day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-md (day month range) result=is_valid_date(year,month,day); result=result and is_valid_date(year,month2,day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 ~= year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-ymd (day month year range) result=is_valid_date(year,month,day); result=result and is_valid_date(year2,month2,day2); end if false == result then return false; end -- if here, then date_string is valid; get coins_date from date_string (leave CITEREF disambiguator) ... coins_date=date_string:match("^(.+%d)%a?$"); -- last character of valid disambiguatable date is always a digit coins_date= mw.ustring.gsub(coins_date, "–", "-" ); -- ... and replace any ndash with a hyphen return true, anchor_year, coins_date; -- format is good and date string represents a real date end --[[ Cycle the date-holding parameters in passed table date_parameters_list through check_date() to check compliance with MOS:DATE. For all valid dates, check_date() returns true. The |date= parameter test is unique, it is the only date holding parameter from which values for anchor_year (used in CITEREF identifiers) and COinS_date (used in the COinS metadata) are derived. The |date= parameter is the only date-holding parameter that is allowed to contain the no-date keywords "n.d." or "nd" (without quotes). Unlike most error messages created in this module, only one error message is created by this function. Because all of the date holding parameters are processed serially, a single error message is created as the dates are tested. ]] function p.dates(date_parameters_list) local anchor_year; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local COinS_date; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local error_message =""; local good_date=false; for k, v in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set(v) then -- if the parameter has a value if v:match("^c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- special case for c. year or with or without CITEREF disambiguator - only |date= and |year= local year = v:match("c%. ([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?"); -- get the year portion so it can be tested if 'date'==k then anchor_year, COinS_date = v:match("((c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)"); -- anchor year and COinS_date only from |date= parameter good_date = is_valid_year(year); elseif 'year'==k then good_date = is_valid_year(year); end elseif 'date'==k then -- if the parameter is |date= if v:match("n%.d%.%a?") then -- if |date=n.d. with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v:match("((n%.d%.)%a?)"); --"n.d."; no error when date parameter is set to no date elseif v:match("nd%a?$") then -- if |date=nd with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v:match("((nd)%a?)"); --"nd"; no error when date parameter is set to no date else good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = check_date (v); -- go test the date end else -- any other date-holding parameter good_date = check_date (v); -- go test the date end if false==good_date then -- assemble one error message so we don't add the tracking category multiple times if is_set(error_message) then -- once we've added the first portion of the error message ... error_message=error_message .. ", "; -- ... add a comma space separator end error_message=error_message .. "|" .. k .. "="; -- add the failed parameter end end end return anchor_year, COinS_date, error_message; -- and done end return p; tqa5moqjy4v26bfyunhosqh5ycgch87 Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist 828 105 437 436 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 436 Scribunto text/plain --[[ Because a steady-state signal conveys no useful information, whitelist.basic_arguments[] list items now can have three values: true - these parameters are valid and supported parameters false - these parameters are deprecated but still supported nil - these parameters are no longer supported (when setting a parameter to nil, leave a comment stating the reasons for invalidating the parameter) ]] whitelist = { basic_arguments = { ['accessdate'] = true, ['access-date'] = true, ['agency'] = true, ['airdate'] = true, ['air-date'] = true, ['albumlink'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of titlelink used by old cite AV media notes ['albumtype'] = nil, -- controled inappropriate functionality in the old cite AV media notes ['archivedate'] = true, ['archive-date'] = true, ['archiveurl'] = true, ['archive-url'] = true, ['article'] = true, ['artist'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of others used by old cite AV media notes ['arxiv'] = true, ['ARXIV'] = true, ['asin'] = true, ['ASIN'] = true, ['asin-tld'] = true, ['ASIN-TLD'] = true, ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['Author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['authorformat'] = true, ['author-format'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['authormask'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['author-name-separator'] = true, ['authors'] = true, ['author-separator'] = true, ['bibcode'] = true, ['BIBCODE'] = true, ['booktitle'] = true, ['book-title'] = true, ['callsign']=true, -- cite interview ['call-sign']=true, -- cite interview ['cartography'] = true, ['chapter'] = true, ['chapterlink'] = true, ['chapter-link'] = true, ['chapterurl'] = true, ['chapter-url'] = true, ['city']=true, -- cite interview ['coauthor'] = false, ['coauthors'] = false, ['cointerviewers'] = false, -- cite interview ['conference'] = true, ['conferenceurl'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['contribution'] = true, ['contributionurl'] = true, ['contribution-url'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['day'] = false, ['deadurl'] = true, ['dead-url'] = true, ['degree'] = true, ['department'] = true, ['dictionary'] = true, ['director'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of author used by old cite DVD-notes ['displayauthors'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['displayeditors'] = true, ['display-editors'] = true, ['docket'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['DoiBroken'] = true, ['doi-broken'] = true, ['doi_brokendate'] = true, ['doi-broken-date'] = true, ['doi_inactivedate'] = true, ['doi-inactive-date'] = true, ['edition'] = true, ['editor'] = true, ['Editor'] = true, ['editor-first'] = true, ['editorformat'] = true, ['editor-format'] = true, ['EditorGiven'] = true, ['editor-given'] = true, ['editor-last'] = true, ['editorlink'] = true, ['editor-link'] = true, ['editormask'] = true, ['editor-mask'] = true, ['editor-name-separator'] = true, ['editors'] = true, ['editor-separator'] = true, ['EditorSurname'] = true, ['editor-surname'] = true, ['embargo'] = true, ['Embargo'] = true, ['encyclopaedia'] = true, ['encyclopedia'] = true, ['entry'] = true, ['episodelink'] = true, ['episode-link'] = true, ['event'] = true, ['eventurl'] = true, ['event-url'] = true, ['first'] = true, ['format'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['host'] = true, ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['ignoreisbnerror'] = true, ['ignore-isbn-error'] = true, ['in'] = true, ['inset'] = true, ['institution'] = true, ['interviewer'] = true, --cite interview ['isbn'] = true, ['ISBN'] = true, ['isbn13'] = true, ['ISBN13'] = true, ['issn'] = true, ['ISSN'] = true, ['issue'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['journal'] = true, ['jstor'] = true, ['JSTOR'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['lastauthoramp'] = true, ['last-author-amp'] = true, ['laydate'] = true, ['lay-date'] = true, ['laysource'] = true, ['lay-source'] = true, ['laysummary'] = true, ['lay-summary'] = true, ['layurl'] = true, ['lay-url'] = true, ['lccn'] = true, ['LCCN'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['medium'] = true, ['minutes'] = true, ['month'] = false, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['name-separator'] = true, ['network'] = true, ['newsgroup'] = true, ['newspaper'] = true, ['nocat'] = true, ['no-cat'] = true, ['nopp'] = true, ['no-pp'] = true, ['notestitle'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of chapter used by old cite AV media notes ['notracking'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['number'] = true, ['oclc'] = true, ['OCLC'] = true, ['ol'] = true, ['OL'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['orig-year'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['others'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['people'] = true, ['periodical'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['pmc'] = true, ['PMC'] = true, ['pmid'] = true, ['PMID'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['PPPrefix'] = true, ['pp-prefix'] = true, ['PPrefix'] = true, ['p-prefix'] = true, ['program']=true, -- cite interview ['publicationdate'] = true, ['publication-date'] = true, ['publicationplace'] = true, ['publication-place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['publisherid'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of others used by old cite AV media notes and old cite DVD-notes ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['Ref'] = true, ['registration'] = true, ['rfc'] = true, ['RFC'] = true, ['scale'] = true, ['season'] = true, ['section'] = true, ['sectionurl'] = true, ['section-url'] = true, ['separator'] = true, ['series'] = true, ['serieslink'] = true, ['series-link'] = true, ['seriesno'] = true, ['series-no'] = true, ['seriesnumber'] = true, ['series-number'] = true, ['series-separator'] = true, ['ssrn'] = true, ['SSRN'] = true, ['station'] = true, ['subject'] = true, ['subjectlink'] = true, ['subject-link'] = true, ['subscription'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['template doc demo'] = true, ['template-doc-demo'] = true, ['time'] = true, ['timecaption'] = true, ['time-caption'] = true, ['title'] = true, ['titlelink'] = true, ['title-link'] = true, ['titleyear'] = false, -- deprecated; set to nil after 1 October 2014; a unique alias of origyear used by old cite DVD-notes ['trans_chapter'] = true, ['trans-chapter'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcripturl'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, ['trans_title'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['url'] = true, ['URL'] = true, ['version'] = true, ['via'] = true, ['volume'] = true, ['website'] = true, ['work'] = true, ['year'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, }, numbered_arguments = { ['author#'] = true, ['Author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#mask'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['authormask#'] = true, ['authors#'] = true, ['editor#'] = true, ['Editor#'] = true, ['editor-first#'] = true, ['editor#-first'] = true, ['EditorGiven#'] = true, ['editor#-given'] = true, ['editor-given#'] = true, ['editor-last#'] = true, ['editor#-last'] = true, ['editor-link#'] = true, ['editor#link'] = true, ['editor#-link'] = true, ['editorlink#'] = true, ['editor-mask#'] = true, ['editor#mask'] = true, ['editor#-mask'] = true, ['editormask#'] = true, ['editors#'] = true, ['EditorSurname#'] = true, ['editor#-surname'] = true, ['editor-surname#'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['subject#'] = true, ['subject-link#'] = true, ['subject#link'] = true, ['subject#-link'] = true, ['subjectlink#'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, }, }; return whitelist; fwukir9kiszdkcd1xiqvcsnheiskk0b Module:Documentation 828 106 441 440 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 440 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{documentation}}. -- Get required modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') -- Get the config table. local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Documentation/config') local p = {} -- Often-used functions. local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -- -- These are defined as local functions, but are made available in the p -- table for testing purposes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function message(cfgKey, valArray, expectType) --[[ -- Gets a message from the cfg table and formats it if appropriate. -- The function raises an error if the value from the cfg table is not -- of the type expectType. The default type for expectType is 'string'. -- If the table valArray is present, strings such as $1, $2 etc. in the -- message are substituted with values from the table keys [1], [2] etc. -- For example, if the message "foo-message" had the value 'Foo $2 bar $1.', -- message('foo-message', {'baz', 'qux'}) would return "Foo qux bar baz." --]] local msg = cfg[cfgKey] expectType = expectType or 'string' if type(msg) ~= expectType then error('message: type error in message cfg.' .. cfgKey .. ' (' .. expectType .. ' expected, got ' .. type(msg) .. ')', 2) end if not valArray then return msg end local function getMessageVal(match) match = tonumber(match) return valArray[match] or error('message: no value found for key $' .. match .. ' in message cfg.' .. cfgKey, 4) end local ret = ugsub(msg, '$([1-9][0-9]*)', getMessageVal) return ret end p.message = message local function makeWikilink(page, display) if display then return mw.ustring.format('[[||%s|%s]]', page, display) else return mw.ustring.format('[[||%s]]', page) end end p.makeWikilink = makeWikilink local function makeCategoryLink(cat, sort) local catns = mw.site.namespaces[14].name return makeWikilink(catns .. ':' .. cat, sort) end p.makeCategoryLink = makeCategoryLink local function makeUrlLink(url, display) return mw.ustring.format('[%s %s]', url, display) end p.makeUrlLink = makeUrlLink local function makeToolbar(...) local ret = {} local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 1 then return nil end for i = 1, lim do ret[#ret + 1] = select(i, ...) end return '<small style="font-style: normal;">(' .. table.concat(ret, ' | ') .. ')</small>' end p.makeToolbar = makeToolbar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Argument processing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) if type(value) == 'string' then value = value:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') -- Remove whitespace. if key == 'heading' or value ~= '' then return value else return nil end else return value end end }) return p[funcName](args) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main function ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.main = makeInvokeFunc('_main') function p._main(args) --[[ -- This function defines logic flow for the module. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user -- -- Messages: -- 'main-div-id' --> 'template-documentation' -- 'main-div-classes' --> 'template-documentation iezoomfix' --]] local env = p.getEnvironment(args) local root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(p.protectionTemplate(env)) :wikitext(p.sandboxNotice(args, env)) -- This div tag is from {{documentation/start box}}, but moving it here -- so that we don't have to worry about unclosed tags. :tag('div') :attr('id', message('main-div-id')) :addClass(message('main-div-classes')) :newline() :wikitext(p._startBox(args, env)) :wikitext(p._content(args, env)) :tag('div') :css('clear', 'both') -- So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box. :newline() :done() :done() :wikitext(p._endBox(args, env)) :wikitext(p.addTrackingCategories(env)) return tostring(root) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Environment settings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getEnvironment(args) --[[ -- Returns a table with information about the environment, including title objects and other namespace- or -- path-related data. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user -- -- Title objects include: -- env.title - the page we are making documentation for (usually the current title) -- env.templateTitle - the template (or module, file, etc.) -- env.docTitle - the /doc subpage. -- env.sandboxTitle - the /sandbox subpage. -- env.testcasesTitle - the /testcases subpage. -- env.printTitle - the print version of the template, located at the /Print subpage. -- -- Data includes: -- env.protectionLevels - the protection levels table of the title object. -- env.subjectSpace - the number of the title's subject namespace. -- env.docSpace - the number of the namespace the title puts its documentation in. -- env.docpageBase - the text of the base page of the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases pages, with namespace. -- env.compareUrl - URL of the Special:ComparePages page comparing the sandbox with the template. -- -- All table lookups are passed through pcall so that errors are caught. If an error occurs, the value -- returned will be nil. --]] local env, envFuncs = {}, {} -- Set up the metatable. If triggered we call the corresponding function in the envFuncs table. The value -- returned by that function is memoized in the env table so that we don't call any of the functions -- more than once. (Nils won't be memoized.) setmetatable(env, { __index = function (t, key) local envFunc = envFuncs[key] if envFunc then local success, val = pcall(envFunc) if success then env[key] = val -- Memoise the value. return val end end return nil end }) function envFuncs.title() -- The title object for the current page, or a test page passed with args.page. local title local titleArg = args.page if titleArg then title = mw.title.new(titleArg) else title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end return title end function envFuncs.templateTitle() --[[ -- The template (or module, etc.) title object. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local subpage = title.subpageText if subpage == message('sandbox-subpage') or subpage == message('testcases-subpage') then return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.baseText) else return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.text) end end function envFuncs.docTitle() --[[ -- Title object of the /doc subpage. -- Messages: -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' --]] local title = env.title local docname = args[1] -- User-specified doc page. local docpage if docname then docpage = docname else docpage = env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('doc-subpage') end return mw.title.new(docpage) end function envFuncs.sandboxTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /sandbox subpage. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('sandbox-subpage')) end function envFuncs.testcasesTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /testcases subpage. -- Messages: -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('testcases-subpage')) end function envFuncs.printTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /Print subpage. -- Messages: -- 'print-subpage' --> 'Print' --]] return env.templateTitle:subPageTitle(message('print-subpage')) end function envFuncs.protectionLevels() -- The protection levels table of the title object. return env.title.protectionLevels end function envFuncs.subjectSpace() -- The subject namespace number. return mw.site.namespaces[env.title.namespace].subject.id end function envFuncs.docSpace() -- The documentation namespace number. For most namespaces this is the same as the -- subject namespace. However, pages in the Article, File, MediaWiki or Category -- namespaces must have their /doc, /sandbox and /testcases pages in talk space. local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if subjectSpace == 0 or subjectSpace == 6 or subjectSpace == 8 or subjectSpace == 14 then return subjectSpace + 1 else return subjectSpace end end function envFuncs.docpageBase() -- The base page of the /doc, /sandbox, and /testcases subpages. -- For some namespaces this is the talk page, rather than the template page. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local docSpace = env.docSpace local docSpaceText = mw.site.namespaces[docSpace].name -- Assemble the link. docSpace is never the main namespace, so we can hardcode the colon. return docSpaceText .. ':' .. templateTitle.text end function envFuncs.compareUrl() -- Diff link between the sandbox and the main template using [[Khethekileko:ComparePages]]. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle if templateTitle.exists and sandboxTitle.exists then local compareUrl = mw.uri.fullUrl( 'Special:ComparePages', {page1 = templateTitle.prefixedText, page2 = sandboxTitle.prefixedText} ) return tostring(compareUrl) else return nil end end return env end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Auxiliary templates ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.sandboxNotice(args, env) --[=[ -- Generates a sandbox notice for display above sandbox pages. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-notice-image' --> '[[Isimumathi:Sandbox.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' -- 'sandbox-notice-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2.' -- 'sandbox-notice-diff-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2 ($3).' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-template' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|template sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-module' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|module sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-other' --> 'sandbox page' -- 'sandbox-notice-compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb' --> 'See also the companion subpage for $1.' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display' --> 'test cases' -- 'sandbox-category' --> 'Template sandboxes' --]=] local title = env.title local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not (subjectSpace and title and sandboxTitle and templateTitle and mw.title.equals(title, sandboxTitle)) then return nil end -- Build the table of arguments to pass to {{ombox}}. We need just two fields, "image" and "text". local omargs = {} omargs.image = message('sandbox-notice-image') -- Get the text. We start with the opening blurb, which is something like -- "This is the template sandbox for [[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Foo]] (diff)." local text = '' local pagetype if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-template') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-module') else pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-other') end local templateLink = makeWikilink(templateTitle.prefixedText) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-compare-link-display') local compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-diff-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink, compareLink}) else text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink}) end -- Get the test cases page blurb if the page exists. This is something like -- "See also the companion subpage for [[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Foo/testcases|test cases]]." local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle if testcasesTitle and testcasesTitle.exists then if testcasesTitle.namespace == mw.site.namespaces.Module.id then local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br />' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb', {testcasesLink, testcasesRunLink}) else local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br />' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb', {testcasesLink}) end end -- Add the sandbox to the sandbox category. text = text .. makeCategoryLink(message('sandbox-category')) omargs.text = text local ret = '<div style="clear: both;"></div>' ret = ret .. messageBox.main('ombox', omargs) return ret end function p.protectionTemplate(env) -- Generates the padlock icon in the top right. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'protection-template' --> 'pp-template' -- 'protection-template-args' --> {docusage = 'yes'} local protectionLevels, mProtectionBanner local title = env.title protectionLevels = env.protectionLevels if not protectionLevels then return nil end local editProt = protectionLevels.edit and protectionLevels.edit[1] local moveProt = protectionLevels.move and protectionLevels.move[1] if editProt then -- The page is edit-protected. mProtectionBanner = require('Module:Protection banner') local reason = message('protection-reason-edit') return mProtectionBanner._main{reason, small = true} elseif moveProt and moveProt ~= 'autoconfirmed' then -- The page is move-protected but not edit-protected. Exclude move -- protection with the level "autoconfirmed", as this is equivalent to -- no move protection at all. mProtectionBanner = require('Module:Protection banner') return mProtectionBanner._main{action = 'move', small = true} else return nil end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.startBox = makeInvokeFunc('_startBox') function p._startBox(args, env) --[[ -- This function generates the start box. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- The actual work is done by p.makeStartBoxLinksData and p.renderStartBoxLinks which make -- the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links, and by p.makeStartBoxData and p.renderStartBox -- which generate the box HTML. --]] env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local links local content = args.content if not content then -- No need to include the links if the documentation is on the template page itself. local linksData = p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) if linksData then links = p.renderStartBoxLinks(linksData) end end -- Generate the start box html. local data = p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) if data then return p.renderStartBox(data) else -- User specified no heading. return nil end end function p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) --[[ -- Does initial processing of data to make the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'view-link-display' --> 'view' -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'purge-link-display' --> 'purge' -- 'file-docpage-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-filespace' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'docpage-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local docTitle = env.docTitle if not title or not docTitle then return nil end local data = {} data.title = title data.docTitle = docTitle -- View, display, edit, and purge links if /doc exists. data.viewLinkDisplay = message('view-link-display') data.editLinkDisplay = message('edit-link-display') data.historyLinkDisplay = message('history-link-display') data.purgeLinkDisplay = message('purge-link-display') -- Create link if /doc doesn't exist. local preload = args.preload if not preload then if subjectSpace == 6 then -- File namespace preload = message('file-docpage-preload') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace preload = message('module-preload') else preload = message('docpage-preload') end end data.preload = preload data.createLinkDisplay = message('create-link-display') return data end function p.renderStartBoxLinks(data) --[[ -- Generates the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links from the data table. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxLinksData --]] local function escapeBrackets(s) -- Escapes square brackets with HTML entities. s = s:gsub('%[', '[') -- Replace square brackets with HTML entities. s = s:gsub('%]', ']') return s end local ret local docTitle = data.docTitle local title = data.title if docTitle.exists then local viewLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, data.viewLinkDisplay) local editLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'}, data.editLinkDisplay) local historyLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'history'}, data.historyLinkDisplay) local purgeLink = makeUrlLink(title:fullUrl{action = 'purge'}, data.purgeLinkDisplay) ret = '[%s] [%s] [%s] [%s]' ret = escapeBrackets(ret) ret = mw.ustring.format(ret, viewLink, editLink, historyLink, purgeLink) else local createLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = data.preload}, data.createLinkDisplay) ret = '[%s]' ret = escapeBrackets(ret) ret = mw.ustring.format(ret, createLink) end return ret end function p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) --[=[ -- Does initial processing of data to pass to the start-box render function, p.renderStartBox. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- @links - a string containing the [view][edit][history][purge] links - could be nil if there's an error. -- -- Messages: -- 'documentation-icon-wikitext' --> '[[Isimumathi:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=]]' -- 'template-namespace-heading' --> 'Template documentation' -- 'module-namespace-heading' --> 'Module documentation' -- 'file-namespace-heading' --> 'Summary' -- 'other-namespaces-heading' --> 'Documentation' -- 'start-box-linkclasses' --> 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' -- 'start-box-link-id' --> 'doc_editlinks' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' --]=] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not subjectSpace then -- Default to an "other namespaces" namespace, so that we get at least some output -- if an error occurs. subjectSpace = 2 end local data = {} -- Heading local heading = args.heading -- Blank values are not removed. if heading == '' then -- Don't display the start box if the heading arg is defined but blank. return nil end if heading then data.heading = heading elseif subjectSpace == 10 then -- Template namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('template-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('module-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 6 then -- File namespace data.heading = message('file-namespace-heading') else data.heading = message('other-namespaces-heading') end -- Heading CSS local headingStyle = args['heading-style'] if headingStyle then data.headingStyleText = headingStyle elseif subjectSpace == 10 then -- We are in the template or template talk namespaces. data.headingFontWeight = 'bold' data.headingFontSize = '125%' else data.headingFontSize = '150%' end -- Data for the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links. if links then data.linksClass = message('start-box-linkclasses') data.linksId = message('start-box-link-id') data.links = links end return data end function p.renderStartBox(data) -- Renders the start box html. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxData. local sbox = mw.html.create('div') sbox :css('padding-bottom', '3px') :css('border-bottom', '1px solid #aaa') :css('margin-bottom', '1ex') :newline() :tag('span') :cssText(data.headingStyleText) :css('font-weight', data.headingFontWeight) :css('font-size', data.headingFontSize) :wikitext(data.heading) local links = data.links if links then sbox:tag('span') :addClass(data.linksClass) :attr('id', data.linksId) :wikitext(links) end return tostring(sbox) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Documentation content ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.content = makeInvokeFunc('_content') function p._content(args, env) -- Displays the documentation contents -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle local content = args.content if not content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then content = args._content or mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = docTitle.prefixedText} end -- The line breaks below are necessary so that "=== Headings ===" at the start and end -- of docs are interpreted correctly. return '\n' .. (content or '') .. '\n' end p.contentTitle = makeInvokeFunc('_contentTitle') function p._contentTitle(args, env) env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle if not args.content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then return docTitle.prefixedText else return '' end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.endBox = makeInvokeFunc('_endBox') function p._endBox(args, env) --[=[ -- This function generates the end box (also known as the link box). -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'fmbox-id' --> 'documentation-meta-data' -- 'fmbox-style' --> 'background-color: #ecfcf4' -- 'fmbox-textstyle' --> 'font-style: italic' -- -- The HTML is generated by the {{fmbox}} template, courtesy of [[Module:Message box]]. --]=] -- Get environment data. env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local docTitle = env.docTitle if not subjectSpace or not docTitle then return nil end -- Check whether we should output the end box at all. Add the end -- box by default if the documentation exists or if we are in the -- user, module or template namespaces. local linkBox = args['link box'] if linkBox == 'off' or not ( docTitle.exists or subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 828 or subjectSpace == 10 ) then return nil end -- Assemble the arguments for {{fmbox}}. local fmargs = {} fmargs.id = message('fmbox-id') -- Sets 'documentation-meta-data' fmargs.image = 'none' fmargs.style = message('fmbox-style') -- Sets 'background-color: #ecfcf4' fmargs.textstyle = message('fmbox-textstyle') -- 'font-style: italic;' -- Assemble the fmbox text field. local text = '' if linkBox then text = text .. linkBox else text = text .. (p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) or '') -- "This documentation is transcluded from [[||Foo]]." if subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 10 or subjectSpace == 828 then -- We are in the user, template or module namespaces. -- Add sandbox and testcases links. -- "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages." text = text .. (p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) or '') text = text .. '<br />' if not args.content and not args[1] then -- "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- Don't show this message with inline docs or with an explicitly specified doc page, -- as then it is unclear where to add the categories. text = text .. (p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) or '') end text = text .. ' ' .. (p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) or '') --"Subpages of this template" local printBlurb = p.makePrintBlurb(args, env) -- Two-line blurb about print versions of templates. if printBlurb then text = text .. '<br />' .. printBlurb end end end fmargs.text = text return messageBox.main('fmbox', fmargs) end function p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) --[=[ -- Makes the blurb "This documentation is transcluded from [[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Foo]] (edit, history)". -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'transcluded-from-blurb' --> -- 'The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] -- is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from $1.' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'create-module-doc-blurb' --> -- 'You might want to $1 a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]].' --]=] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end local ret if docTitle.exists then -- /doc exists; link to it. local docLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText) local editUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local editDisplay = message('edit-link-display') local editLink = makeUrlLink(editUrl, editDisplay) local historyUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'history'} local historyDisplay = message('history-link-display') local historyLink = makeUrlLink(historyUrl, historyDisplay) ret = message('transcluded-from-blurb', {docLink}) .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(editLink, historyLink) .. '<br />' elseif env.subjectSpace == 828 then -- /doc does not exist; ask to create it. local createUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = message('module-preload')} local createDisplay = message('create-link-display') local createLink = makeUrlLink(createUrl, createDisplay) ret = message('create-module-doc-blurb', {createLink}) .. '<br />' end return ret end function p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Renders the text "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (edit) pages." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'sandbox-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'module-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'sandbox-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'mirror-edit-summary' --> 'Create sandbox version of $1' -- 'mirror-link-display' --> 'mirror' -- 'mirror-link-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/mirror' -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display'--> 'edit' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'module-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- 'template-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- 'experiment-blurb-module' --> 'Editors can experiment in this module's $1 and $2 pages.' -- 'experiment-blurb-template' --> 'Editors can experiment in this template's $1 and $2 pages.' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle local templatePage = templateTitle.prefixedText if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle or not sandboxTitle or not testcasesTitle then return nil end -- Make links. local sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks if sandboxTitle.exists then local sandboxPage = sandboxTitle.prefixedText local sandboxDisplay = message('sandbox-link-display') local sandboxLink = makeWikilink(sandboxPage, sandboxDisplay) local sandboxEditUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local sandboxEditDisplay = message('sandbox-edit-link-display') local sandboxEditLink = makeUrlLink(sandboxEditUrl, sandboxEditDisplay) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl local compareLink if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('compare-link-display') compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) end sandboxLinks = sandboxLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxEditLink, compareLink) else local sandboxPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then sandboxPreload = message('module-sandbox-preload') else sandboxPreload = message('template-sandbox-preload') end local sandboxCreateUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = sandboxPreload} local sandboxCreateDisplay = message('sandbox-create-link-display') local sandboxCreateLink = makeUrlLink(sandboxCreateUrl, sandboxCreateDisplay) local mirrorSummary = message('mirror-edit-summary', {makeWikilink(templatePage)}) local mirrorPreload = message('mirror-link-preload') local mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = mirrorPreload, summary = mirrorSummary} if subjectSpace == 828 then mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = templateTitle.prefixedText, summary = mirrorSummary} end local mirrorDisplay = message('mirror-link-display') local mirrorLink = makeUrlLink(mirrorUrl, mirrorDisplay) sandboxLinks = message('sandbox-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxCreateLink, mirrorLink) end if testcasesTitle.exists then local testcasesPage = testcasesTitle.prefixedText local testcasesDisplay = message('testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesPage, testcasesDisplay) local testcasesEditUrl = testcasesTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local testcasesEditDisplay = message('testcases-edit-link-display') local testcasesEditLink = makeUrlLink(testcasesEditUrl, testcasesEditDisplay) -- for Modules, add testcases run link if exists if subjectSpace == 828 and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.exists then local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink, testcasesRunLink) else testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink) end else local testcasesPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then testcasesPreload = message('module-testcases-preload') else testcasesPreload = message('template-testcases-preload') end local testcasesCreateUrl = testcasesTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = testcasesPreload} local testcasesCreateDisplay = message('testcases-create-link-display') local testcasesCreateLink = makeUrlLink(testcasesCreateUrl, testcasesCreateDisplay) testcasesLinks = message('testcases-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesCreateLink) end local messageName if subjectSpace == 828 then messageName = 'experiment-blurb-module' else messageName = 'experiment-blurb-template' end return message(messageName, {sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks}) end function p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the text "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'doc-link-display' --> '/doc' -- 'add-categories-blurb' --> 'Please add categories to the $1 subpage.' --]] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end local docPathLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, message('doc-link-display')) return message('add-categories-blurb', {docPathLink}) end function p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the "Subpages of this template" link. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'template-pagetype' --> 'template' -- 'module-pagetype' --> 'module' -- 'default-pagetype' --> 'page' -- 'subpages-link-display' --> 'Subpages of this $1' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle then return nil end local pagetype if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('template-pagetype') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('module-pagetype') else pagetype = message('default-pagetype') end local subpagesLink = makeWikilink( 'Special:PrefixIndex/' .. templateTitle.prefixedText .. '/', message('subpages-link-display', {pagetype}) ) return message('subpages-blurb', {subpagesLink}) end function p.makePrintBlurb(args, env) --[=[ -- Generates the blurb displayed when there is a print version of the template available. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'print-link-display' --> '/Print' -- 'print-blurb' --> 'A [[Lisizo:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]]' -- .. ' of this template exists at $1.' -- .. ' If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.' -- 'display-print-category' --> true -- 'print-category' --> 'Templates with print versions' --]=] local printTitle = env.printTitle if not printTitle then return nil end local ret if printTitle.exists then local printLink = makeWikilink(printTitle.prefixedText, message('print-link-display')) ret = message('print-blurb', {printLink}) local displayPrintCategory = message('display-print-category', nil, 'boolean') if displayPrintCategory then ret = ret .. makeCategoryLink(message('print-category')) end end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.addTrackingCategories(env) --[[ -- Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'display-strange-usage-category' --> true -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' -- 'strange-usage-category' --> 'Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage' -- -- /testcases pages in the module namespace are not categorised, as they may have -- {{documentation}} transcluded automatically. --]] local title = env.title local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not title or not subjectSpace then return nil end local subpage = title.subpageText local ret = '' if message('display-strange-usage-category', nil, 'boolean') and ( subpage == message('doc-subpage') or subjectSpace ~= 828 and subpage == message('testcases-subpage') ) then ret = ret .. makeCategoryLink(message('strange-usage-category')) end return ret end return p ehrpfjhio5rkj04kvpq98th28bl70nn Module:Infobox 828 107 443 442 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 442 Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements {{Infobox}} -- local p = {} local args = {} local origArgs local root local function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence. local vals = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for k, v in pairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end return ret end local function getArgNums(prefix) -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and -- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}. local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end local function addRow(rowArgs) -- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell -- or a label/data cell combination. if rowArgs.header then root :tag('tr') :addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) :cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) :attr('id', rowArgs.rowid) :tag('th') :attr('colspan', 2) :attr('id', rowArgs.headerid) :addClass(rowArgs.class) :addClass(args.headerclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :cssText(args.headerstyle) :wikitext(rowArgs.header) elseif rowArgs.data then local row = root:tag('tr') row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) row:attr('id', rowArgs.rowid) if rowArgs.label then row :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'row') :attr('id', rowArgs.labelid) :css('text-align', 'right') :cssText(args.labelstyle) :wikitext(rowArgs.label) :done() end local dataCell = row:tag('td') if not rowArgs.label then dataCell :attr('colspan', 2) :css('text-align', 'center') end dataCell :attr('id', rowArgs.dataid) :addClass(rowArgs.class) :cssText(rowArgs.datastyle) :newline() :wikitext(rowArgs.data) end end local function renderTitle() if not args.title then return end root :tag('caption') :addClass(args.titleclass) :cssText(args.titlestyle) :wikitext(args.title) end local function renderAboveRow() if not args.above then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('colspan', 2) :addClass(args.aboveclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :css('font-size', '125%') :css('font-weight', 'bold') :cssText(args.abovestyle) :wikitext(args.above) end local function renderBelowRow() if not args.below then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass(args.belowclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :cssText(args.belowstyle) :newline() :wikitext(args.below) end local function renderSubheaders() if args.subheader then args.subheader1 = args.subheader end if args.subheaderrowclass then args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass end local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader') for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do addRow({ data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.subheaderstyle or args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)], class = args.subheaderclass, rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderImages() if args.image then args.image1 = args.image end if args.caption then args.caption1 = args.caption end local imagenums = getArgNums('image') for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)] local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)]) if caption then data :tag('div') :cssText(args.captionstyle) :wikitext(caption) end addRow({ data = tostring(data), datastyle = args.imagestyle, class = args.imageclass, rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderRows() -- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers, -- and renders them all in order using addRow. local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data')) table.sort(rownums) for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do addRow({ header = args['header' .. tostring(num)], label = args['label' .. tostring(num)], data = args['data' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.datastyle, class = args['class' .. tostring(num)], rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)], rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)], dataid = args['dataid' .. tostring(num)], labelid = args['labelid' .. tostring(num)], headerid = args['headerid' .. tostring(num)], rowid = args['rowid' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderNavBar() if not args.name then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :css('text-align', 'left') :wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({ title = 'navbar', args = { args.name, mini = 1 } })) end local function renderItalicTitle() local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title']) if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then root:wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({title = 'italic title'})) end end local function renderTrackingCategories() if args.decat ~= 'yes' then if #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then root:wikitext('[[Mkhakha:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]]') end if args.child == 'yes' and args.title then root:wikitext('[[Mkhakha:Articles which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter]]') end end end local function _infobox() -- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings -- if the infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox. if args.child ~= 'yes' then root = mw.html.create('table') root :addClass('infobox') :addClass(args.bodyclass) if args.subbox == 'yes' then root :css('padding', '0') :css('border', 'none') :css('margin', '-3px') :css('width', 'auto') :css('min-width', '100%') :css('font-size', '100%') :css('clear', 'none') :css('float', 'none') :css('background-color', 'transparent') else root :css('width', '22em') end root :cssText(args.bodystyle) renderTitle() renderAboveRow() else root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(args.title) end renderSubheaders() renderImages() renderRows() renderBelowRow() renderNavBar() renderItalicTitle() renderTrackingCategories() return tostring(root) end local function preprocessSingleArg(argName) -- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table. -- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions. if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then args[argName] = origArgs[argName] end end local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step) -- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in batches -- of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from appearing in the -- wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing tables, each of which has -- two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a "depend" table. The function always parses -- parameters containing the "prefix" string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" -- table if the prefix parameter is present and non-blank. if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2) end if type(step) ~= 'number' then error("Invalid step value detected", 2) end -- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input. for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or (v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2) end preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix) -- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present and not blank. if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs') end preprocessSingleArg(dependValue) end end end -- Get arguments with number suffixes. local a = 1 -- Counter variable. local moreArgumentsExist = true while moreArgumentsExist == true do moreArgumentsExist = false for i = a, a + step - 1 do for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i) if origArgs[prefixArgName] then moreArgumentsExist = true -- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones. preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName) end -- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present and not blank, or -- we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is present and not blank, and -- if the depend table is present. if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i) preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName) end end end end a = a + step end end function p.infobox(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end -- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so that -- references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that depend on -- another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present, to avoid -- phantom references appearing in article reference lists. preprocessSingleArg('child') preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass') preprocessSingleArg('subbox') preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle') preprocessSingleArg('title') preprocessSingleArg('titleclass') preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle') preprocessSingleArg('above') preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass') preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle') preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle') preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle') preprocessSingleArg('imageclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'header'}, {prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}}, {prefix = 'rowclass'}, {prefix = 'rowstyle'}, {prefix = 'class'}, {prefix = 'dataid'}, {prefix = 'labelid'}, {prefix = 'headerid'}, {prefix = 'rowid'} }, 50) preprocessSingleArg('headerclass') preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle') preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle') preprocessSingleArg('datastyle') preprocessSingleArg('below') preprocessSingleArg('belowclass') preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle') preprocessSingleArg('name') args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title'] -- different behaviour if blank or absent preprocessSingleArg('decat') return _infobox() end return p oz8ffzjz5f7bhpm9cg8co9gn7ei3a74 Module:Message box 828 108 446 445 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 445 Scribunto text/plain -- This is a meta-module for producing message box templates, including -- {{mbox}}, {{ambox}}, {{imbox}}, {{tmbox}}, {{ombox}}, {{cmbox}} and {{fmbox}}. -- Load necessary modules. require('Module:No globals') local getArgs local categoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler')._main local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Get a language object for formatDate and ucfirst. local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() -- Define constants local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Message box/configuration' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getTitleObject(...) -- Get the title object, passing the function through pcall -- in case we are over the expensive function count limit. local success, title = pcall(mw.title.new, ...) if success then return title end end local function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of two arrays. local vals = {} for i, v in ipairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for i, v in ipairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end table.sort(ret) return ret end local function getArgNums(args, prefix) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Box class definition -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local MessageBox = {} MessageBox.__index = MessageBox function MessageBox.new(boxType, args, cfg) args = args or {} local obj = {} -- Set the title object and the namespace. obj.title = getTitleObject(args.page) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Set the config for our box type. obj.cfg = cfg[boxType] if not obj.cfg then local ns = obj.title.namespace -- boxType is "mbox" or invalid input if ns == 0 then obj.cfg = cfg.ambox -- main namespace elseif ns == 6 then obj.cfg = cfg.imbox -- file namespace elseif ns == 14 then obj.cfg = cfg.cmbox -- category namespace else local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[ns] if nsTable and nsTable.isTalk then obj.cfg = cfg.tmbox -- any talk namespace else obj.cfg = cfg.ombox -- other namespaces or invalid input end end end -- Set the arguments, and remove all blank arguments except for the ones -- listed in cfg.allowBlankParams. do local newArgs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if v ~= '' then newArgs[k] = v end end for i, param in ipairs(obj.cfg.allowBlankParams or {}) do newArgs[param] = args[param] end obj.args = newArgs end -- Define internal data structure. obj.categories = {} obj.classes = {} return setmetatable(obj, MessageBox) end function MessageBox:addCat(ns, cat, sort) if not cat then return nil end if sort then cat = string.format('[[Mkhakha:%s|%s]]', cat, sort) else cat = string.format('[[Mkhakha:%s]]', cat) end self.categories[ns] = self.categories[ns] or {} table.insert(self.categories[ns], cat) end function MessageBox:addClass(class) if not class then return nil end table.insert(self.classes, class) end function MessageBox:setParameters() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg -- Get type data. self.type = args.type local typeData = cfg.types[self.type] self.invalidTypeError = cfg.showInvalidTypeError and self.type and not typeData typeData = typeData or cfg.types[cfg.default] self.typeClass = typeData.class self.typeImage = typeData.image -- Find if the box has been wrongly substituted. self.isSubstituted = cfg.substCheck and args.subst == 'SUBST' -- Find whether we are using a small message box. self.isSmall = cfg.allowSmall and ( cfg.smallParam and args.small == cfg.smallParam or not cfg.smallParam and yesno(args.small) ) -- Add attributes, classes and styles. self.id = args.id if yesno(args.plainlinks) ~= false then self:addClass('plainlinks') end for _, class in ipairs(cfg.classes or {}) do self:addClass(class) end if self.isSmall then self:addClass(cfg.smallClass or 'mbox-small') end self:addClass(self.typeClass) self:addClass(args.class) self.style = args.style self.attrs = args.attrs -- Set text style. self.textstyle = args.textstyle -- Find if we are on the template page or not. This functionality is only -- used if useCollapsibleTextFields is set, or if both cfg.templateCategory -- and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName are set. self.useCollapsibleTextFields = cfg.useCollapsibleTextFields if self.useCollapsibleTextFields or cfg.templateCategory and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then self.name = args.name if self.name then local templateName = mw.ustring.match( self.name, '^[tT][eE][mM][pP][lL][aA][tT][eE][%s_]*:[%s_]*(.*)$' ) or self.name templateName = 'Template:' .. templateName self.templateTitle = getTitleObject(templateName) end self.isTemplatePage = self.templateTitle and mw.title.equals(self.title, self.templateTitle) end -- Process data for collapsible text fields. At the moment these are only -- used in {{ambox}}. if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- Get the self.issue value. if self.isSmall and args.smalltext then self.issue = args.smalltext else local sect if args.sect == '' then sect = 'This ' .. (cfg.sectionDefault or 'page') elseif type(args.sect) == 'string' then sect = 'This ' .. args.sect end local issue = args.issue issue = type(issue) == 'string' and issue ~= '' and issue or nil local text = args.text text = type(text) == 'string' and text or nil local issues = {} table.insert(issues, sect) table.insert(issues, issue) table.insert(issues, text) self.issue = table.concat(issues, ' ') end -- Get the self.talk value. local talk = args.talk -- Show talk links on the template page or template subpages if the talk -- parameter is blank. if talk == '' and self.templateTitle and ( mw.title.equals(self.templateTitle, self.title) or self.title:isSubpageOf(self.templateTitle) ) then talk = '#' elseif talk == '' then talk = nil end if talk then -- If the talk value is a talk page, make a link to that page. Else -- assume that it's a section heading, and make a link to the talk -- page of the current page with that section heading. local talkTitle = getTitleObject(talk) local talkArgIsTalkPage = true if not talkTitle or not talkTitle.isTalkPage then talkArgIsTalkPage = false talkTitle = getTitleObject( self.title.text, mw.site.namespaces[self.title.namespace].talk.id ) end if talkTitle and talkTitle.exists then local talkText = 'Relevant discussion may be found on' if talkArgIsTalkPage then talkText = string.format( '%s [[|%s|%s]].', talkText, talk, talkTitle.prefixedText ) else talkText = string.format( '%s the [[|%s#%s|talk page]].', talkText, talkTitle.prefixedText, talk ) end self.talk = talkText end end -- Get other values. self.fix = args.fix ~= '' and args.fix or nil local date if args.date and args.date ~= '' then date = args.date elseif args.date == '' and self.isTemplatePage then date = lang:formatDate('F Y') end if date then self.date = string.format(" <small>''(%s)''</small>", date) end self.info = args.info if yesno(args.removalnotice) then self.removalNotice = cfg.removalNotice end end -- Set the non-collapsible text field. At the moment this is used by all box -- types other than ambox, and also by ambox when small=yes. if self.isSmall then self.text = args.smalltext or args.text else self.text = args.text end -- Set the below row. self.below = cfg.below and args.below -- General image settings. self.imageCellDiv = not self.isSmall and cfg.imageCellDiv self.imageEmptyCell = cfg.imageEmptyCell if cfg.imageEmptyCellStyle then self.imageEmptyCellStyle = 'border:none;padding:0px;width:1px' end -- Left image settings. local imageLeft = self.isSmall and args.smallimage or args.image if cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'blank' and imageLeft ~= 'none' or not cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'none' then self.imageLeft = imageLeft if not imageLeft then local imageSize = self.isSmall and (cfg.imageSmallSize or '30x30px') or '40x40px' self.imageLeft = string.format('[[Isimumathi:%s|%s|link=|alt=]]', self.typeImage or 'Imbox notice.png', imageSize) end end -- Right image settings. local imageRight = self.isSmall and args.smallimageright or args.imageright if not (cfg.imageRightNone and imageRight == 'none') then self.imageRight = imageRight end end function MessageBox:setMainspaceCategories() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg if not cfg.allowMainspaceCategories then return nil end local nums = {} for _, prefix in ipairs{'cat', 'category', 'all'} do args[prefix .. '1'] = args[prefix] nums = union(nums, getArgNums(args, prefix)) end -- The following is roughly equivalent to the old {{Ambox/category}}. local date = args.date date = type(date) == 'string' and date local preposition = 'from' for _, num in ipairs(nums) do local mainCat = args['cat' .. tostring(num)] or args['category' .. tostring(num)] local allCat = args['all' .. tostring(num)] mainCat = type(mainCat) == 'string' and mainCat allCat = type(allCat) == 'string' and allCat if mainCat and date and date ~= '' then local catTitle = string.format('%s %s %s', mainCat, preposition, date) self:addCat(0, catTitle) catTitle = getTitleObject('Category:' .. catTitle) if not catTitle or not catTitle.exists then self:addCat(0, 'Articles with invalid date parameter in template') end elseif mainCat and (not date or date == '') then self:addCat(0, mainCat) end if allCat then self:addCat(0, allCat) end end end function MessageBox:setTemplateCategories() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg -- Add template categories. if cfg.templateCategory then if cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then if self.isTemplatePage then self:addCat(10, cfg.templateCategory) end elseif not self.title.isSubpage then self:addCat(10, cfg.templateCategory) end end -- Add template error categories. if cfg.templateErrorCategory then local templateErrorCategory = cfg.templateErrorCategory local templateCat, templateSort if not self.name and not self.title.isSubpage then templateCat = templateErrorCategory elseif self.isTemplatePage then local paramsToCheck = cfg.templateErrorParamsToCheck or {} local count = 0 for i, param in ipairs(paramsToCheck) do if not args[param] then count = count + 1 end end if count > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = tostring(count) end if self.categoryNums and #self.categoryNums > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = 'C' end end self:addCat(10, templateCat, templateSort) end end function MessageBox:setAllNamespaceCategories() -- Set categories for all namespaces. if self.invalidTypeError then local allSort = (self.title.namespace == 0 and 'Main:' or '') .. self.title.prefixedText self:addCat('all', 'Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing', allSort) end if self.isSubstituted then self:addCat('all', 'Pages with incorrectly substituted templates') end end function MessageBox:setCategories() if self.title.namespace == 0 then self:setMainspaceCategories() elseif self.title.namespace == 10 then self:setTemplateCategories() end self:setAllNamespaceCategories() end function MessageBox:renderCategories() -- Convert category tables to strings and pass them through -- [[Module:Category handler]]. return categoryHandler{ main = table.concat(self.categories[0] or {}), template = table.concat(self.categories[10] or {}), all = table.concat(self.categories.all or {}), nocat = self.args.nocat, page = self.args.page } end function MessageBox:export() local root = mw.html.create() -- Add the subst check error. if self.isSubstituted and self.name then root:tag('b') :addClass('error') :wikitext(string.format( 'Template <code>%s[[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:%s|%s]]%s</code> has been incorrectly substituted.', mw.text.nowiki('{{'), self.name, self.name, mw.text.nowiki('}}') )) end -- Create the box table. local boxTable = root:tag('table') boxTable:attr('id', self.id or nil) for i, class in ipairs(self.classes or {}) do boxTable:addClass(class or nil) end boxTable :cssText(self.style or nil) :attr('role', 'presentation') if self.attrs then boxTable:attr(self.attrs) end -- Add the left-hand image. local row = boxTable:tag('tr') if self.imageLeft then local imageLeftCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-image') if self.imageCellDiv then -- If we are using a div, redefine imageLeftCell so that the image -- is inside it. Divs use style="width: 52px;", which limits the -- image width to 52px. If any images in a div are wider than that, -- they may overlap with the text or cause other display problems. imageLeftCell = imageLeftCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') end imageLeftCell:wikitext(self.imageLeft or nil) elseif self.imageEmptyCell then -- Some message boxes define an empty cell if no image is specified, and -- some don't. The old template code in templates where empty cells are -- specified gives the following hint: "No image. Cell with some width -- or padding necessary for text cell to have 100% width." row:tag('td') :addClass('mbox-empty-cell') :cssText(self.imageEmptyCellStyle or nil) end -- Add the text. local textCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-text') if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- The message box uses advanced text parameters that allow things to be -- collapsible. At the moment, only ambox uses this. textCell:cssText(self.textstyle or nil) local textCellDiv = textCell:tag('div') textCellDiv :addClass('mbox-text-span') :wikitext(self.issue or nil) if (self.talk or self.fix) and not self.isSmall then textCellDiv:tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.talk and (' ' .. self.talk) or nil) :wikitext(self.fix and (' ' .. self.fix) or nil) end textCellDiv:wikitext(self.date and (' ' .. self.date) or nil) if self.info and not self.isSmall then textCellDiv :tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.info and (' ' .. self.info) or nil) end if self.removalNotice then textCellDiv:tag('small') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :tag('i') :wikitext(string.format(" (%s)", self.removalNotice)) end else -- Default text formatting - anything goes. textCell :cssText(self.textstyle or nil) :wikitext(self.text or nil) end -- Add the right-hand image. if self.imageRight then local imageRightCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-imageright') if self.imageCellDiv then -- If we are using a div, redefine imageRightCell so that the image -- is inside it. imageRightCell = imageRightCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') end imageRightCell :wikitext(self.imageRight or nil) end -- Add the below row. if self.below then boxTable:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.imageRight and '3' or '2') :addClass('mbox-text') :cssText(self.textstyle or nil) :wikitext(self.below or nil) end -- Add error message for invalid type parameters. if self.invalidTypeError then root:tag('div') :css('text-align', 'center') :wikitext(string.format( 'This message box is using an invalid "type=%s" parameter and needs fixing.', self.type or '' )) end -- Add categories. root:wikitext(self:renderCategories() or nil) return tostring(root) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p, mt = {}, {} function p._exportClasses() -- For testing. return { MessageBox = MessageBox } end function p.main(boxType, args, cfgTables) local box = MessageBox.new(boxType, args, cfgTables or mw.loadData(CONFIG_MODULE)) box:setParameters() box:setCategories() return box:export() end function mt.__index(t, k) return function (frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return t.main(k, getArgs(frame, {trim = false, removeBlanks = false})) end end return setmetatable(p, mt) 1rbvtuoip6thpdgb06fmknm5ebeoml8 Module:No globals 828 109 448 447 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 447 Scribunto text/plain local mt = getmetatable(_G) or {} function mt.__index (t, k) if k ~= 'arg' then error('Tried to read nil global ' .. tostring(k), 2) end return nil end function mt.__newindex(t, k, v) if k ~= 'arg' then error('Tried to write global ' .. tostring(k), 2) end rawset(t, k, v) end setmetatable(_G, mt) gggsv54pq7f94l3up48hr91qtxnskdm 16 JUNE 1976 0 110 454 453 2024-10-14T13:46:30Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 453 wikitext text/x-wiki == 16 kuMgwengweni 1976 == === Ilanga labantu abatjha === Ilanga lange 16 kuMgwengweni 1976 lilanga lapho kwatjhuguluka khona izinto ezinengi eSewula Afrika. Ngelangeli abantu abatjha abahlukeneko eenarheni ezinengi babuthelelana bese balwisana negandelelo lombuso wangaphambilini. Lokho azange kwahlala kuhle embusweni egade ubusa ngaleso sikhathi. Lokho-ke, kwabanga ukutjhayisana. [[Isimumathi:Anti-Apartheid_Protest_02_F.jpg|alt=Anti-Apartheid Protest 02 F|right|316x316px]] ESoweto ukutjhayisanokhu kwaba kukhulu hlangana nabentwana besikolo sabantu bombala onzima. Ezinye zezinto ebebalila ngazo mthetho wezefundo obizwa bona ngeBantu ''Education Act'' ka-1953. Iinlilo lezi zabangela umbuso wegandelelo ukuthi uphendule ngokuthumela amajoni namapholisa endaweni leyo. Amapholisa namajoni la bekahlome ngeengidi nezinye iinkhali. Ngemva kwalokhu kwaba khona umguruguru hlangana namajoni la nabentwana besikolo la. Abafundi abanengi laba bazithola balinyazwa. Omunye wabongazimbi kwaba ngu-[[Hector peterson|Hector Peterson]] loyo owadutjulwa mapholisa.[[Isimumathi:MeadowlandsHighPlaque.png|thumb|SOWETO UPRISING]] U[[Hector Peterson|-Hector Peterson]] wabengomunye wabafundi egade balwela ikululeko yokungafundiswa ngelimi lesibhunu i-[[AFRIKAANS|Afrikaans]] eenkolweni. Ngaleso sikhathi bekaneminyaka elitjhumi nambili nakadutjulwako. Wayiswa esibhedlela kodwana wathi nabatjhejako abodorhodere ebebasebenza ngaleso sikhathi bamfumana sele umoyakhe uhlukene nenyama. Kusukela ngelanga leli, woke umuntu wathoma ukulwisana nebandlululo lombuso wangaphambilini lo. Ilangeli nesehlakalo esenzeka ngeSewoto lesi sasetjenziswa njengekhuthazo. Ilangeli lathiywa bonyana lilanga lelutjha. qeocdju8era53ajlyom8gy5c3v9mk0k Ababelethi 0 111 3148 2918 2025-06-07T03:05:24Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.238.41.121|88.238.41.121]] 2365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ababelethi''' babantu abaletha umuntu othileko ephasini. Nasikhuluma ngababelethi sikhuluma ngomma no yise womuntu. Labo kubabantu abahlangiswe ngokuthi babe nomntwana begodu kube ngibo abanikela umntwana itjhejo eliphambili begodu bakghone nokumnikela ithando. Ababelethi kungilabo bantu umntwana abafuzileko begodu afana nabo ngesotja nangezenzo. Ukungezelela, babantu abanikela umntwana izinyo lakhe okuligama abantu abayombiza ngalo ipilo yakhe yoke. Igama elithi "mbelethi" aliqalisisi kumma no yise ebakulethe emhlabenapha. Libuye liqalekise emntwini okutlhogomelako. [https://www.1sarkisozu.com.tr/ şarkı sözleri sitesi] gchmpwbkwyd1xmssma366zdu4xr5mlh Abongwaqa 0 112 466 465 2024-10-14T13:46:30Z Jon Harald Søby 12 7 revisions imported 465 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Abongwaqa.''' == Abongwaqa ngamanye amatjhada asetjenziswa khulu esiNdebeleni. Amatjhada la, abongwaqa, asetjenziswa nabokamisa ukuze kube matjhada la azwakalako. Abongwaqa bamihlobo ehlukeneko. Imihlobo le ibizwa bona; Abodumuza/Abodubula, ububula, abomavuthelwa, abomavuthelwagandelela, uliliza, urephula, abosingakamisa, abomakghadlana, abongwaqabathwa, abongwaqabathwa ababozinyo, abongwaqabathwa abosininirhwalabha nabongwaqabatha abahlangothi. Esigatjeni esilandelako sizokukhuluma ngemihlobo yabongwaqa. == '''Abodumuza/Abodubula.''' == Abodumuza nanyana abodubula matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako, umoya uphume ngebelo nawuya ngaphandle bese kube khona ukudumuza komoya. ''Isibonelo:'' # p[p’]: udumuza oputjukako ongundebembili (ipisi [ip’isi]) # d[d]: udumuza onelizwi ongusinini.Utholakala kuhlanganiselamakghadlana (indaba [indaƃa]) == '''Ububula.''' == Litjhada elingundebembili lelo eliphimiswa ngokububula. ''Isibonelo:'' # b[ƃ]: ububula ongundebembili.basa [ƃasa] == '''Abomavuthelwa.''' == Abomavuthelwa matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako kuzwakale ukuvuthelwa. ''Isibonelo:'' # f[f]: umavuthelwa onganalizwi ongundebezinyo (fafatha [fafatha]). == '''Abomavuthelwagandelela.''' == Abomavuthelwagandelela matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako ilimi lakho lirhwathe ilwangeni bese kuvimbeke umoya. Umoya lo bese uphume sele ugandelelekile. ''Isibonelo:'' # ts[ts’]: umavuthelwagandelela oputjukako ongusinini (itsetse [its’ɛts’ɛ). # dz[dz]: umavuthelwagandelela onelizwi ongusinini (idzila [idzila). == '''Uliliza''' == Uliliza litjhada lelo elinelwi begodu nawuliphimisako ilimi likghwatha iinsini bese umoya uphome ngemahlangothini. ''Isibonelo:'' # l[l]: uliliza onelizwi ongusininihlangothi (lila [lila]). == '''Urephula''' == Urephula litjhada olingusinini eliphinyiswa ngokuthi kuzwakale ukurhephula. ''Isibonelo:'' # r[r]: urephula ongusinini onelizwi (rara [rara]). == '''Abosingakamisa''' == Abosingakamisa matjhada obolwangeni nanyana aborhwalabha. ''Isibonelo:'' # y[j]: usingakamisa ongurhwalabha (ongulwangeni) [yeyezela [jɛjɛzɛla] == '''Abomakghadlana''' == Abomakghadlana matjhada lawo aphinyiswa ngeendebe zomlomo nanyana ngokuthi ilimi likghwathe ilwangeni. ''Isibonelo:'' # m[m]: umakghadlana ongundebembili (mina [mina]). # n[n]: umakghadlana ongusinini (inani [inani]). == '''Abongwaqabathwa Ababozinyo''' == Abongwaqabathwa matjhada lawo asuselwa kubaThwa. Ubongwaqabathwa laba bafaka abongwaqabathwa ababozinyo, aababosininirhwalabha nabohlangothi. ''Isibonelo:'' 1. Abongwaqabathwa Ababozinyo c[/]: ungwaqabathwa onganalizwi onguzinyo (coca [/ɔ/a]). 2. Abongwaqabathwa Ababosininirhwalabha (-lwangeni) q[!]: ungwaqabathwa onganalizwi ongusininirhwalabha (qina) 3. Abongwaqabathwa Abahlangothi nx[ŋ//]: ungwaqabathwa okghadlazisweko ohlangothi (nxifa [ŋ//ifa]). == '''Isiphetho''' == Abongwaqa matjhada lawo abaqakathekileko bonyana bafundwe begodu bazwisise ngombala bakulayela ngamatjhada asetjenziswa esiNdebeleni kanye nangendlela atlolwa ngayo. dl2rbppmykfxgjmxwu6udzozr42p5o7 AmaNdebele 0 113 3062 3007 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Mosakaruka|Mosakaruka]] 2884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|right|frameless|295x295px|Abomma BamaNdebele ELoopspruit]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|UEsther Mahlangu ngo-2015]] '''AmaNdebele''' sitjhaba sabantu abakhuluma isiNdebele esinabantu abalinganiselwa eengidini ezimbili. Inengi lawo lihlala esifundeni seMpumalanga, kodwana amanye atjhabalele eemfundeni zoke zeSewula Afrika. Aziwa ngobukghwari bokugwala ephasini loke zombelele (njengombana uDorh. [[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] aba livulandlela lubukghwari bokugwala bekube nje), izembatho neengubo zawo ezihle ezinemibala ekhanyako. Abanye bacabanga bona imvelaphi yamaNdebele isemaHlubini. Lokhu kubonakala ngobufakazi belimi phakathi kwelimi lesiNdebele nesiHlubi. Kunamagama amanengana akhona esiNdebeleni akhona nelimini lesiHlubi. Ngokwesibonelo, amagama anjengokuthi, "sela", "fumana", "ekhabo", njll, begodu womabili amalimi la ayandondoza. Okhunye okufuze kutjhejwe kukobana amaNdebele weSewula Afrika awafani namaNdebele weZimbabwe. Nanyana abosomlando baveza bona iinqhema ezimbilezi zakhe zahlangana esikhathini esithileko, kodwana umsuka wazo awufani.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history</ref> Izembatho zabo bazikhakhazisa ngazo begodu nomgwalo wabo ubahlukanisa kuhle nabasesitjhabeni esinye. == AmaNdebele Angaphambi Kuka-1600 == Kunabosomlando abathi amaNdebele avela emaHlubini. Kuthiwa ikosi uNdebele yasuka emaHlubini nesitjhaba sayo yayokwakha endaweni ebizwa ngokobana kuseNdolwaneni. INgwenyama uNdebele wabeletha umNtungwa owaba ngubaba wesitjhaba samaNtungwa kwaNdolwana. Ngemva kwalokho umNtungwa wabeletha uMkhalangana, okukholelwa bona angaba ngubaba wamaKhalanga ahlala eZimbabwe neMalawi. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi [[uMkhalangana]] wabeletha uNjonono owakhamba nesitjhaba sakhe wayokwakha endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi kuseJononoskop. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi uNjonono wabeletha uNanasi owabeletha uMafana. Bese iNgwenyama uMafana abelethe iNgwenyama uMhlanga ebeletha uMusi noSikhube. INgwenyama uMusi ibeletha amadodana namadodakazi amanengi, kodwana aziwayo nguMasobuka, uNzunza, uManala, uMthombeni, uMrhwaduba, uSibasa noDlomu. Kunabanye abathi uMusi ubeletha uTshwane, kodwana kunepikiswano ekulu mayelana nemvelaphi kaTshwane okuthiyelelwe ngaye idorobho ebelibizwa ngePitori. == AmaNdebele Kusukela Ku-1600 - 1880 == == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ib0u84p45h4jfnt68q2p4rmrvjwr4gx Amalungelo Wobuntu 0 114 3132 2899 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Official Document| | ibizo = Amalungelo Wobuntu | isithombe = RSA-Constitution.png | unyaka wokutlola = 16 KuNobayeni 1996 | indawo yo kutlolwa = Johannesburg | inarha yomtlolo = Isewula Afrika }} '''Amalungelo Wobuntu''' atholakala ngaphakathi ngesahlukweni sesibili somthetho-sisekelo senarha ye [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] begodu isihloko le sihlathulula indlela bona amalungelo la asebenza ngayo namkha angancitjhiswa nangabe kulungile ukwenza njalo<ref name=ph1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192903/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/chp02.html Bill of Rights Chapter 2, Section 7-39]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref>. Kuna malungelo wobuntu amatjhumi amabili nekhomba kumthethosisekelo. Yoke imithetho le ilawulwa mthetho wendawo kodwana isebenza kibo boke abahlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika.<ref name=ph2>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031920/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/index.html The South African Constitution]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights#:~:text=Human%20rights%20are%20rights%20inherent,and%20education%2C%20and%20many%20more. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights#:~:text=Human%20rights%20are%20rights%20inherent,and%20education%2C%20and%20many%20more.]</ref> ==Ukulingana== Ngeze wabandlululwa kodwana igadango lokulinganisa emsebenzini kubandlulula okufaneleko kuvunyelwe. Boke abantu bayalingana ngaphambi komthetho begodu akukafaneli ukubandlululwa.<ref name="ph3">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329070107/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/bor/BillofRights50thAnniversary-Ndebele.pdf Bill of Rights 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref> ==Isithunzi sabantu== Isithunzi sakho kufanele sihlonitjhwe begodu sivikelwe. Boke abantu banesithunzi sobuntu esisisekelo ekufanele sihlonitjhwe.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ipilo== Unelungelo lepilo. Boke abantu banelungelo lokuphila.<ref name="ph3"></ref> irhelebho nanyana ngiliphi ongalithola ukuze uphile. ==Itjhaphuluko nokuPhepha komuntu== Angeze wavalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetjwa, walinyazwa namkha wejeziswa kumbi. Ukutlhoriswa kwemakhaya akukavumeleki. Angeze wavalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetjwa namkha watlhoriswa nanyana ngiyiphi indlela.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ubugcila, Ukusebenzela kanye nomsebenzi okatelelwako== Ubugcila nomsebenzi okatelelwako azivunyelwa. Akukafaneli wenziwe isigcila namkha ukatelelwe ukusebenza.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuba wedwa== Ngeze wasetjhwa namkha ikhaya lakho nezinto zasetjhwa. Ilungelo lakho lokuba wedwa lifakahlangana umzimbakho, ikhaya nezinto zakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> == Itjhaphuluko yekolo, yekolelo neyombono== Ungakholwa begodu ucabange nanyana yini oyifunako begodu ungalandela ikolo oyithandako. Unelungelo lokucabanga, lokukholwa nelokukhothamela ngendlela othanda ngayo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> == Ukuveza imibono ngokutjhaphuluka== Boke abantu (kubalwa neembikindaba) bangatjho nanyana yini abayifunako. Unelungelo lokutjho, lokufunda nelokufunda nanyana yini oyikhethako kodwana ikulumo yezondo ayikavunyelwa.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuhlangana, Ukutjengisa, Ukutoyitoya nomTlolo weembawo== Ningabamba isitjengiso, nitoyitoye begodu niveze umtlolo wesibawo kodwana kufanele lokhu nikwenze ngokuthula. Ninelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, lokutjengisa nelokunghonghoyila.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ilungelo lokuHlangana== Ungahlangana nananyana ngubani omfunako. Unelungelo lokuhlangana nananyana ngubani.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Amalungelo wezepolotiki== Ungasekela ihlangano yepolotiki oyithandako. Nangabe usisakhamuzi begodu okungenani uneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ungavowuda. Ungathoma ihlangano yepolotiki, ungathatha ingcenye begodu uvowudele enye nenye ihlangano emakhetweni atjhaphulukileko nangasolisiko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ubakhamuzi== Ubakhamuzi bakho ngeze basuswa kuwe. Asikho isakhamuzi ekufuze sithathelwe ubakhamuzi baso.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhaphuluko lokuKhamba nelokuHlala== Ungakhamba begodu uhlale nanyana kukuphi eRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. Unelungelo lokungena nokuhlala eRiphabliki ngokuthanda.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhaphuluko yokuRhweba, yomSebenzi neBizelo== Ungenza nanyana ngimuphi umsebenzi owufunako. Unelungel lokukhetha elinye nelinye irhwebo elisemthethweni namkha umsebenzi ngokutjhaphuluka.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhebiswano kezemisebenzi== Ungajoyina amayuniyoni bewutoyitoye Boke abasebenzi nabaqhatjhi banelungelo lokuhlela nokukhulumisana kuphumelelisa iminqopho yabo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ibhoduluko== Unelungelo lebhoduluko elinepilo. Unelungelo lokuhlala ebhodulukweni elivikelekileko nelinepilo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ipahla== Ungathathelwa ipahlakho nangabe imithetho efaneleko ilandelwe. Akekho ongathathelwa ipahla ngaphandle kwemibandela yomthetho okusetjenziswa okuvamileko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Izindlu== Urhulumende kufanele enze isiqiniseko sokobana abantu bafumana ukungena okufaneleko eendlini.. Ninelungelo lokufumana izidlu ezaneleko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhejo lezepilo, Ukudla, Amanzi nokuPhepha komPhakathi== Urhulumende kufanele enze isiqiniseko sokobana nifumana ukudla namanzi, itjhejo lezePilo kanye nokuPhepha emphakathini. Unelungelo letjhejo lezepilo, ukudla namanzi aneleko kanye nokuphepha emphakathini.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Abantwana== Abantwana abangaphasi kweminyaka eli-18 banamalungelo akhethekileko njengelungelo lokungatlhoriswa. Woke umntwana unelungelo lebizo, lobutjhaba kanye nelokuvikelwa ekutlhorisweni nekusetjenzisweni ngokungakafaneli.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ifundo== Unelungelo lefundo esisekelo, kubalwa nefundo esisekelo yabadala ngelimi lakho (nangabekuyakghonakala) Unelungelo lefundo esisekelo ngelimi elisemthethweni olithandako.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ilimi nesiko== Ungasebenzisa ilimi ofuna ukulisebenzisa bewulandele nesiko ozikhethela lona. Unelungelo lokusebenzisa ilimi olithandako bewenze nesiko lakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Imiphakathi yamaSiko, yeKolo nemaLimi== Imiphakathi ingazithabisa ngamasiko wayo; balandele ikolwabo bebasebenzise ilimi labo. Unelungelo lokuthoma, lokujoyina nelogcina isiko, ilimi kanye nesiqhema sekolo osithandako.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukufumana ilwazi== Unelungelo lelinye nelinye ilwazi urhulumende analo Ungafumana elinye nelinye ilwazi eliphethwe mbuso ukuvikela amalungelwakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuphatha ngokusemthethweni== Izenzo zakarhulumende kufanele zibe ngezilungileko Unelungelo lezenzo ezisemthethweni, ezizwakalako nezilungileko akarhulumende.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukungena emaKhotho== Umrarwakho wangokomthetho ungathathelwa isiqunto yikhotho namkha isakhiwo esifanako. Unelungelo lokurarulula imiraro yangokomthetho ekhotho namkha ebandleni elingakabandanyeki bunqopha elirarulula imiraro.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Abantu ababotjhiweko nabathweswe umlandu== Ilungelweli livikela abantu ababotjhiweko nabavalelwe esikhungweni namkha abathweswe umlandu. Nawubotjhiweko unelungelo okungakhulumi, lokulethwa ngaphambi kwekhotho ema-irini ama-48 kanye nelungelo lokujanyelwa ngokomthetho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} i5aktep4ncdmcmqtcb4zxsqimcerhpp Amarhwebo eYunivesithi yeMpumalanga 0 115 3042 3023 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mfundisi Tuckshop.jpg|thumb|Entrepreneur Day at UMP Siyabuswa Campus]] [[Isimumathi:Trisha'sGlam.jpg|thumb|Student Entrepreneur Day at UMP Siyabuswa Campus]] '''Abafundi''' bazimisele khulu ngamarhwebo wabo. Manengi tle! amarhwebo avulwe bafundi beYunivesithi yeMpumalanga enzinze nge[[Siyabuswa]]. IYunivesithi yenza isiqiniseko sokobana siyabakhuthaza nokubagqugquzela ekukhuliseni amarhwebo wabo. Ngomnyaka ka-2023 kuKhukhulamungu, iYunivesithi yenza ilanga lokobana abafundi bakhangise amarhwebo wabo ukukhombisa kobana i-Yunivesithi iyabasekela. === Ukubaluleka kwamarhwebo === Amarhwebo aqakatheke khulu ekukhuliseni umnotho we-[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Okhunye kukobana amarhwebo avala iinkhundla zokungasebenzi kwabantu abatjha, ekukuvuleni amathuba womsebenzi. Amarhwebo adlala indima eqakathekileko emphakathini wanamhlanjesi, afaka isandla khulu emikhakheni yezomnotho, yezehlalakuhle, neyamasiko wepilo. Nanzi iindaba eziqakathekileko eziveza ukuqakatheka kwamabhizinisi: ==== 1. Ukukhula komnotho ==== Amarhwebo aqhuba ukukhula komnotho ngokudala imisebenzi, ukukhiqiza ipahla nemisebenzi, nokukhiqiza imali. Zifaka isandla emkhiqizweni welizwe elipheleleko (i-GDP) begodu zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. <ref>The role of business in economic growth | McKinsey</ref> ==== 2. Imisebenzi ==== Amarhwebo mthombo omkhulu wemisebenzi, anikela imisebenzi eengidigidini zabantu. Zinikela amathuba wokuthi abantu baziphilise begodu bathuthukise izinga labo lokuphila.<ref>IZA World of Labor - Entrepreneurs and their impact on jobs and economic growth</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 0ef8qttg2p30nvja1uop594b44dcjgz Bantu Holomisa 0 118 3122 2902 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:104.255.173.142|104.255.173.142]] 2180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Bantu Holomisa.png|thumb|uHolomisa ngomnyaka ka-2019]] '''uBantu Holomisa''' ungusopolitiki wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] abuye abe ngumholi wehlangano leUDM. U-Bantu Holomisa ungumdosiphambili odumileko eSewula Afrika. Wabelethwa mhlazi-25 kuNtaka 1955, ulilunga nomrholi we-United Democratic Movement (UDM), ihlangano yezepolotiki eSewula Afrika. U-Holomisa ekuthomeni wathola uphakamiso ngokuba mrholi e-Transkei, ebegade iyi-bantustan ngesikhathi sebandlululo, lapho asebenza khona njengesikhulu sebutho begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi waba yihloko karhulumende. Ngemva kokuphela kwebandlululo, wazibandakanya kwezepolotiki yesitjhaba, wakhuthaza intando yenengi, ukubusa okuhle, nobulungiswa emphakathini. U-Holomisa waziwa ngobujamo bakhe bokukhuluma ngokutjhaphulukileko nokuzibophelela kwakhe ekurarululeni iindaba ezifana nekohlakalo nokungalingani eSewula Afrika.<ref>Bantu Holomisa - Wikipedia</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ldljsvriannxopuya44vi2wi3hkal27 Benni McCarthy 0 119 2130 2122 2024-11-25T18:25:05Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Benni McCarthy''', owabelethwa ngu-Benedict Saul McCarthy mhlana ali-12 kuNobayeni wee-1977, e-Cape Town, eSewula Afrika, mdlali webholo odumileko begodu mrhelebhi webholo wamanje. Njengomdlali, u-McCarthy bekangumdlali ophuma phambili owaziwa ngekghono lakhe lokushaya amagoli. Waba nomsebenzi ophumeleleko wesiqhema e-Europe, adlalela amathimu afana ne-Ajax Amsterdam, Celta Vigo, FC Porto, Blackburn Rovers, kanye ne-West Ham United. Enye yezinto aziphumeleleko khulu bekukuthumba i-UEFA Champions League ne-FC Porto ngo-2004 ngaphasi kokulawulwa kwaka-José Mourinho. UMcCarthy naye waba nomthelela omkhulu esiteji samazwe ngamazwe, ajamele iSewula Afrika emiqhudelwaneni eminengi yeNdebe yamaZwe ye-Afrika kanye neNdebe yePhasi ye-FIFA. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphasi njengomdlali, watjhuguluka waba mqeqetjhi begodu ube nemisebenzi ehlukileko yokuba mqeqetjhi, okufaka hlangana ukuphatha i-Cape Town City FC ku-South African Premier Soccer League nokusebenza njengomsizi womqeqetjhi we-Manchester United. U-McCarthy ugujwa ngegalelo lakhe ebholweni ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkundla. Kutshanje usebenze njengomqeqeshi oyintloko weqela laMaZulu elikwiPremier Division. <ref>https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-benni-mccarthy-reveals-next-move-pitso-mosimane-orlando-pirates/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} e06uqm33na58ocszm98yodbwmf6mw7x Bhiza Masango 0 120 2218 2205 2024-11-29T09:44:08Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 " 2218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bhiza David Masango''' (4 kuKhukhulamungu 1951) ngumtloli owaziwa khulu ngomtlolo wedrama '''Larhwalala Nobani'''. Wabelethelwa endaweni ye - Wonderfontein esigodini se-Middelburg, begodu Wakhulela e-Paynevile eSprings wabe wafika ebangeni lokuthoma isikolo.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> __TOC__ ==Iifundo:== Ngamabanga athileko womsebenzi ababelethi bafudukela e-Bronkhorstspruit lapha athoma khona isikolo e-Uitkyk Community School. Wafunda khona kufikela ebangeni lesibili. Ngomnyaka we-1965 wathuthukela e-Middelburg esikoleni i-Eikeboom Colliery School kusukela ebangeni lesithathu kuya kelesine. Wabe sekathuthukela eMhluzi esikolweni Elusindisweni Higher Primary School wafunda waqeda ibanga lesithandathu khona. Wabamba itorho e-RMB Steel alloys alinga ukubuthelela amatikana wokuragela phambili, wabuyela esikolweni eSozama Secondary School lapha afunda khona waqeda ibanga lobunane. Ngomnyaka we-1974 waqatjhwa njengotitjhere wesigiyane eNdedema Community school wafundisa ibanga lesihlanu ,ngonyaka olandelako wafundisa ibanga lesihlanu nelesithandathu.<ref name=ph1></ref> Ngomnyaka we-1976 athuthukela eBotshabelo Training College lapho aphetha khona iimfundo zakhe zobutitjhere. Waqedelela ngokobana aphothule i-diploma yeemfundo zomthetho ngokukhamba kweminyaka wafumana iziqu ze (Human Resource Management). Waqatjhwa godu ngobutjhwa esikoleni iNdedema Community School kufikela ngomnyaka we-1979,wathuthukela eMthunzini Higher Primary School eKwaggafontein KwaNdebele waba sisandla sika titjherehloko. Nokho akhenge ahlale isikhathi wathuthuka ngenyanga kaMgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1980 wathoma isikolo esitjha iSindawonye Higher Primary School lapha aba yihloko yesikolo kufikela ngomnyaka we 1992.<ref name=ph1></ref> ==Ubutloli:== Ngesikhatheso waba sele alilunga leBhodo yeLimi lesiNdebele begodu amtloli. Ngenyanga kaSewula 1992 waqatjhwa ukuba njengeSekela likamqophisi ePhikweni leLimi bekube khathesi.<ref name=ph1></ref> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">"Nzunza nomanala ngibawela incwadi le eyinoveli ezingqondweni zenu bonyana ihlale inzinze ibe yinzunzo kini. Nginethemba elikhulu bona nizayithola inesifundo esihle khulu khulu kebengubo kunye namatlawu. Ihlathulula kuhle bonyana ihlama iyayidungu ingqondo yomuntu, aphelele ngokuzikholwa bona kufanele aphile yiphi ipilo. Kungebangelo-ke kutholakala umuntu angazazi bona usisibekelo sayiphi ipolo"--"'''Amabatha (unfaithful) B.D Masango'''".<ref name=ph2>[http://encore.seals.ac.za/iii/encore_nmmu/record/C__Rb2394293__SMasango%2C%20B.%20D.%28Bhiza%20David%29%2C1951-__Orightresult__X3?lang=eng&suite=nmmu Amabatha / B.D. Masango]" - '''Library & Information Services - NMU'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref></blockquote> Umtloli lo wa tlola amadrama begodu nendatjana eziningana, ezinye ngezilandilako:<ref name=ph3>"[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93065323/ Masango, B. D.]" - '''worldcat Identities'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> # - Zithabiseni ngeenkondlo (''1990'') # - Isilodlhelo sakaNzunza noManala (''1990'') # - Yewize sifunde : ibanga (''1990'') # - Zithabiseni ngeenkondlo 2 (''1992'') # - Ngifanele ukuzenzela (''1992'') # - Umuntu akahlobokwa (''1992 godu ngo 1995) # - Ubadanile (''1992 godu ngo 1995'') # - Uzangenzani (''1994'') # - Amabatha (''1995 godu ngo 1996'') ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] fc4jda2cg264eb25iuyihkm0846u2yt Caster Semenya 0 122 3312 3196 2025-07-02T20:49:38Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3196|3196]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:2017-BG Semenya 01.jpg|thumb|uSemenya ngomnyaka ka-2017]] '''UCaster Semenya''' ungumgijimi wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika.]]<ref>https://time.com/6330414/caster-semenya-race-to-be-myself-interview/</ref> U-Caster Semenya, wabelethwa e-Mokgadi u-Caster Semenya mhlana ali-7 kuTjhirhweni wee-1991, e-Polokwane, eSewula Afrika, mgijimi odumileko webanga eliphakathi nomnqobi wegolide we-Olimpiki.<ref>Caster Semenya - Wikipedia</ref> Waziwa khulu ngokuphumelela kwakhe emjarhweni wamamitha ama-800 wabesifazana, lapho athumbe khona amamedali wegolide amanengi emidlalweni yePhasi kanye nama-Olimpiki. Umsebenzi ka-Semenya uphawulwe ziimpumelelo zakhe ezimangalisako zezemidlalo kanye nokuphikisana malungana namazinga we-testosterone wemvelo. U-Semenya uqalene nokuhlolisiswa neentjhijilo ezivela eenhlanganweni zezemidlalo zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifake imithetho efuna bona abasubathi besifazane abanamazinga aphezulu we-testosterone bathathe imithi ukwehlisa amazinga la ukwenzela bona baphalisane emidlalweni ethileko. Nanyana kuneenqabo lezi, u-Semenya uhlale alitshwayo lokujamelana nokuzimisela, alwela amalungelo wabadlali begodu aphikisana nemithetho yena nabanye abanengi abayithatha njengokubandlulula. Umthelela wakhe emidlalweni yezemidlalo nokulwela kwakhe ukulunga nokufaka hlangana kuragela phambili nokukhuthaza abanengi ephasini loke. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} k2sx28pwn05614qga7rc89tlwklkpvi Chris Hani 0 123 3103 2949 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Chris Hani Monument 4.jpg|thumb|UChris Hani]] [[Isimumathi:The Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto.jpg|thumb|Isibhedlela iChris Hani Baragwanath]] '''u[[Chris Hani]]''' wayengusopolitiki kanye nemholi wecembe le[[ANC]].uHani wabulawa nga1993 [[eBoksburg.]] U-Chris Hani, wabelethwa ngu-[[Martin Thembisile Hani]] mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni wee-1942, endaweni yemakhaya ye-Sabalele e-Transkei, eSewula Afrika, bekangumlweli webandlululo nomrholi we-South African Communist Party (SACP) kanye ne-African National Congress (ANC).<ref>Chris Hani - Wikipedia</ref> U-Hani wadlala indima ekulu emzabalazweni wokulwisana nebandlululo, wasebenza njengomphathi we-Umkhonto we Sizwe, iphiko elihlomileko le-ANC. U-Hani bekaziwa ngoburholi bakhe obuhle, ukuzinikela kwakhe emkhankasweni wekululeko, nekghono lakhe lokukhuthaza nokuhlanganisa abantu. Ukuzinikela kwakhe ekulwisaneni nebandlululo kwamenza waba mumuntu othandekako ebantwini abanengi beSewula Afrika. Ngokudanisako, u-Chris Hani wabulawa mhlana ali-10 kuMrhayili wee-1993, ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe e-Boksburg, eduze ne-Johannesburg. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwaba mzuzu oqakathekileko emlandwini weSewula Afrika, okwenzeka ngesikhathi esibucayi sokutjhugulukela kwentando yenengi. Ukuhlongakala kwaka-Hani kwabangela ukuthukuthela nokulila okukhulu, begodu kwaveza itlhogeko ephuthumako yokurarulula ukurarana kwesitjhaba ngokuthula. Ilifa lakhe liragela phambili nokuhlonitjhwa eSewula Afrika njengetshwayo lomzabalazo wekululeko nobulungiswa. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} j6lrlcp9zv7gllbi3cj930t8jngy78e Clive Barker 0 124 2116 595 2024-11-25T18:00:58Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ''' 2116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UClive William Barker''' (23 Juni 1944 - 10 Juni 2023) wayengumqeqeshi webhola lase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Uhole iqembu lesizwe laseNingizimu Afrika ekunqobeni okuwukuphela kwalo isicoco se-African Nations Cup ngo-1996. Wayengumalume kaSteve Barker. k56pai9bgr02fstlj45y8lwi2uwg0ey David Tlale 0 126 3078 2992 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UDavid Tlale''' (29 kuTjhirhweni 1975) mklami wezembatho [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]]. Wabelethelwa e-Vosloorus eSewula Afrika. Wakhuliswa ngunina oyedwa. Umsebenzi wakhe utjengiswe e-Cape Town Fashion Week, e-New York Fashion Week, kanye ne-Paris Fashion Week. Uphinde wakha amaqoqo wabathengisi abakhulu njenge-Edgars. U-Tlale bekangumdlali we-semi finalist ku-South African Fashion Week Elle New Talent Show Competition ngo-2002. NgoMeyi 2003, u-Tlale wathoma ama-studio wokuklama e-Cape Town ne-Johannesburg.<ref name="dn">{{cite web | url=https://nation.africa/lifestyle/lifestyle/David-Tlale-on-the-business-of-fashion/1214-2859234-uxv8baz/index.html | title=World acclaimed South African designer on the business of fashion | publisher=Daily Nation | date=5 September 2015 | accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-david-tlale|title=Colouring outside the lines: David Tlale|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/tlales-bridalwear-defies-tradition-1894072|title=Tlale's bridalwear defies tradition {{!}} IOL|website=IOL|access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Ngomnyaka ka-2022 u-Tlale wanikelwa idigri yokuhlonipha yi-Tshwane University of Technology, begodu wanikela idigri leyo kumma wakhe ongasekho. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} d1qseks6y4ukbrknrrw3qjuhkokfhp1 Ebola 0 127 603 602 2024-10-14T13:46:38Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 602 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ubulwelwe be-Ebola]] o71s3uo8ogma4etl5ujafo5gttakvhx Emaplasini weBelfast 0 128 610 609 2024-10-14T13:46:38Z Jon Harald Søby 12 6 revisions imported 609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Indlu yemaplasini.jpg|thumb|Izindlu zemaplasini]] [[Isimumathi:Imizi imacalanga.jpg|thumb|Imizi imacalanga[[Isimumathi:Ifuyo yemaplasini.jpg|thumb]]Ifuyo]] '''Emaplasini we[[Belfast]]''' kuyindawa ehle khulu ngesibanga sokuthi izele ngezinto zemvelo. Ithulile ngombana imizi imacalanga. Kuyindawa ebizwa ngokuthi semakhazeni ngombana kumakhaza. Nakusebusika manzi avuka alirhwaba ngendlela kumakhaza ngakhona.Ehlobo imithi notjani bubahlaza tlabha . Emaplasini kuyindawo eqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi bamaNdebele ngombana kukulapho kwalala khona abomkhulu babo, begodu kukulapho abanye babo badabuka khona. Yeke endaweni le kukulapho kulele khona amathambo wamalunga wemindeni yabo. == Indlela yokuphila emaplasini == Emaplasini kusaphilwa ngendlela yakade ngombana akuna gezi, yeke lokha nafanele kuphekwe kuphekwa esitofini samahle ngokusebenzisa iinkuni ezitheziweko. Nangabe kuphekwa ngeempoto ezikulu engeze zanele esitofini samalahle, kubaswa phasi ngeenkuni. abantu abanzima nabafuna ukutjhajisa abomaliledinini babo baya emakhumaweni bona abatjhatjhisele zona. === Amanzi wemilambo yakhona === [[Amanzi]] wemilambo yakhona, kumamanzi akhambako, ahlenzekile ngombana akulahlelwa noma yini emilanjeni. Abantu bavasela khona iingubo zabo ukuze zihlanzeke kuhle. Kuthi sele bacedile ukuzihlanza iingubo zabo bakhambe bayozineka emadradeni ahlukanisa iindlela yeenkoloyi namahlathi. === Iinthelo nefuyo === Kumateni amakhulu lapho kutjalwe khona iinthelo ezifana nama anyanisi, ife, amazambane, kanye nemirorho. Ifuyo ekhona emaplasini ziinkomo ekungezama khuwa begodu ezinye ngezabantu abanzima. imfarigi, izimvu, kanye neenkukhu. Abantu abanzima badla amacanda abekelwe ziinkukhu zemakhaya begodu ipuphu bayithola emakhuweni ahlala nabo emaplasini. Zikhona neembandana emaplasini ezifana ne nenungu neemfarigi zommango. === Izinga lobugebengu === Emaplasini ubugebengu yinto engakavami. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuthi iminyango yakhona ayikhiyelwa. === Iinkolo === Emaplasini azikho iinkolo, kodwana zisedorobheni eliseduze nakhona. Abantwana ukuze bakghone ukuya esikolweni balandwa yi bhesi nge iri le-6 ekuseni. Bese godu kunesinye isikolo lapho abantwana bahlala khona esibizwa bonyana yi Makhazeni boarding [[school]]. trrt16bu0hrxghzeunuag4y4xaev9wl Erholweni 0 129 2227 2226 2024-11-29T14:22:24Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:King Nyabela of the Ndebele Tribe South Africa 1893.jpg|thumb|ikosi uNyabela]] '''Erholweni''' yindawo ye-[[Roossenekal]] esemangweni enentaba nemibundu. Kunamahlathi amihlobohlobo nemithi. Iintaba namagoqo wamatje amakhulu ahlezi elinye phezu kwelinye ngokwemvelo yawo. Indawo le ingetjingalanga yeGroblersdaal. Indawo le yaziwa nge [[mapoch caves]] ngelimi lesiNgisi. amaNdebele afika anzinza endaweni le ngonyaka we-1839. Kwaba yindawo yabo esetjenziswa njengesiphephelo sesitjhaba begodu izokwazi uksekela amaqhinga wokulwa izipi. ngemva kwepi yamaNgisi namaBhunu ngonyaka we-1882 amakhuwa nakasaphikisana nengwenyama umabhoko ngokusikwa kwenarhakhe. Kwenzeka isiga kibomakhelwan ekubaPedi bakomarotha, kwabulawa ingwenyama uSikhukhune embangweni wobukhosi bkwa sikwadi owayehlanganyele ekuphatheni kwamkhuwa intransvaal. Ingonyama [[uMampuru]] wesibili wayobhaqiswa kwaNoMtjharhelo. Ipihlangana noNyabela namakhuwa yathatha inyanga ezibunane ukuthoma ngoSinyikhaba ka 1882 bekwaba ngu Velabahlinze ka1883. amakhuwa asebenzisa iqhinga lokuvala amanzi nokutjhisa amasimu ukubulalisa [[amaNdebele]] ngendlala ukuthumba ipi eyadlula namabutho amanengi wakwaNzunza. Umphumela wepi kwaba kubotjhwa kwengwenyama uNyabela no Mampuru bayokuvalelwa ejele ePitori. Ingwenyama uMampuru yabulawa ngokukhungwa. ISigwebo sikaNyabela senziwa saba ngesokufela ejele kodwana waphuma ngaphambi kwepi yesibili yamabhuru namaNgisi ngonyaka we- 1898. == Ukuqakatheka kwendawo le esitjhabeni samaNdebele == Indawo ye Rosenekaal yaba ngaphasi kwamagugu kusekela ngonyaka we-1937. Yathoma ukuhlonitjhwa njengendawo yamagugu ngonyaka we-1968. Kwabunjwa isithombe sesengwenyama uNyabela konoMtjharhela. Le kuyindawo yamaNdebele kaNzunza. AmaNdebele aya erholweni kanye ngonyaka ukugidinga imvelaphi nendabuko yama ndebele.<ref>Kusel, U. (2000). Mapoch Ndebele Village: a heritage partnership: mobilising partnerships for heritage and events. ''South African Museums Association Bulletin'', ''25''(1), 35-37.</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} nei6qhspq9g1u1ic6qvbb1o11r0h7hp Esther Mahlangu 0 130 1878 636 2024-11-12T18:43:16Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Umgwali wesiNdebele uEsther Mahlangu ka 2009 1878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Umgwali wesiNdebele uEsther Mahlangu ka 2009]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|Ugogo u-Esther Mahlangu ngomnyaka ka 2015]] '''Esther Mahlangu''' wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-11 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka we-1935. Wabelethelwa endaweni yeMthambothini, ebizwa ngeKosini. U-[[Esther Mahlangu]] uthanda ukugwala namkha ukudweba imigwalo yesiNdebele. Uthome ukugwala nakaneminyaka elitjhumi. Wafundiswa ngunina nogogwakhe ukugwala. Ugwala izinto ezinengana ekufakahlangana ikomitji, amaboda, kanye nekoloyi. UDorhodere Esther wathoma ukugwala aneminyaka elitjhumi kwaphela , afundiswa ngugogwakhe.u dorhodere Mahlangu unomntwana munye okungu Stokana begodu waziwa ngoNastokana .Ngonyaka ka1991 wagwala iBMW yetjhumi nambili Ester Mahlangu watlonyeliswa ngobudorhodere yinyuvesi yase JHB. Ugwalile nasemazweni aphetjeya 2g2n3hwig7slgfcvozak0qsc57cgpew Gwede Mantashe 0 131 2175 1881 2024-11-28T09:07:24Z 104.255.173.142 uMantashe ngomnyaka ka-2019 2175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Gwede Mantashe in 2019.png|thumb|uMantashe ngomnyaka ka-2019]] '''USamson Gwede Mantashe''' ngusoPolitiki wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wehlangano i-[[ANC.]] 47gwh1sc1dkm9xr9nx02xd2eikspwec Hluzingqondo secondary school 0 132 3117 2898 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Elton|Elton]] 2250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IHluzingqondo Secondary school -''' sikolo esisendaweni ebizwa nge[[Kwaggafontein A]] ese[[Mpumalanga]]. Siwela ngaphasi koMasipala i[[Thembisile Hani Municipality]].Siphethwe nguhlokokulu uLitsie. Sifundisa iimfundo ezihlukahlukeneko ngelimi lesiNdebele, isiKhuwa kanye nesiPedi. fw2tf777uanrbsix2p364hvfc89t9t7 I-Dalmanutha 0 133 651 650 2024-10-14T13:46:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Dalmanutha''' isitethji sesitimela esiqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-16 empumalanga yeBelfast, emzileni ophakathi kwePitori neMaputo. Ithiyelelwe ngegama leplasi, elibuye lithathe igama lalo edorobheni laseBhayibhelini iLwandle LeGalile (Marku 8:10). Igama leli kuthiwa litjho 'indlu yobufelokazi'. Le ndawo yaziwa ngabantu bendawo ngokuthi iMonometsi. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kweBakoni neMatabele kwenzeka lapha. Kuphinde kwaba yikundla yepi yokugcina yepi Yesibili YamaBhunu (1899-1902) eyasuka zingama-25 kuNcwaba 1900. 3r3ncv3u2731h1toq8ir8iu5v3prjox I-logo 0 134 3100 2931 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kukhona''' ezinye izinto ezijamele ikhamphani nanyana umkhiqizo othize, ezifana njetshwayo, isithombe kanye nelogo. Izinto lezi zakhiwe ngedlela yokuthi zinikele umlayezo nanyana umniningwana kilabo abaqothelweko. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, ngaphasi kwesihloko sethi lesi sizokunzinza kwi-logo. I-Cambridge Dictionary (2024)<ref name=":0">Cambridge Dictionary. (2024b). ‘Logo’. Available at:<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/logo>. Accessed on [9 January 2024].</ref> ne-Wikipedia (2024)<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. Logo. Litholakala ku:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [09 ngoTjhirhweni 2024].</ref> iqinisekisa iphuzu elingehla leli ngokuveza bona, i-logo litshwayo leli elisetjenziswa yikhamphani emikhiqizweni yalo ukuthuthukisa ubujamo nomkhiqizo walo begodu nokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amakhastama wayo ayibona bekayikhumbule msinya ikhamphani le. I-[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/logo logo] yekhaphani ingasetjenziswa kunanyana ngimuphi umkhiqizo kanye nezinto zekhamphani okufaka hlangana imakhiwo, iinkoloyi neesentjenziswa ukuze abantu bazi bonyana izinto lezo ngezabo. Abasebenzisi, abathengi nanyana abanikeli ngemisebenzi bazokuqala ibizo nanyana i-[[:en:Logo|logo]] yekhamphani ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa imikhiqizo yekhamphani leyo neminye imikhiqizo yeenkhaphani eziphalisana nayo. I-logo ibuye yazise abasebenzisi ngokwazeka nokuduma kwabo nangendlela abaziwa ngayo emphakathini (Cambridge Dictionary 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokho kuzokwenza kobana balemuke kobana yikhamphani nanyana umsebenzi nanyana umuntu onendumela, okuzokwenza kobana imikhiqhizo leyo ithengwe khudlwana. == Isilululwazi == <references /> j6w8q1v3pehrz6nv5qzwcf2zx7xxr5z IFUNDO 0 136 662 661 2024-10-14T13:46:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Deus High School Diplome.png|thumb|136x136px]] '''IFUNDO''' Ifundo kusilodlhelo esivula iminyango eminengi ephumelelisako. Ngingatjho bonyana ifundo iyayitjhugulula ipilo yabantu begodu ayikhethi umbala. Ukuragela phambili, ibandlululo lona ayilayo, yamukela nanyana ngubani begodu ayikhethi neminyaka. Ifundo iyakhana begodu ifundisa nokunengi. [[Ifundo]] yakha mlandu omutjha epilweni yabantu. Nakungenzeka bonyana ukhule udobha phasi kodwana ngebanga lefundo bagcine baphumelela. Okukhulu okukarisa khulu ngefundo kukobana inamathuba amanengi wokukuthuthusela phambili epilweni yakho. Siyazi lokha umuntu bekangakghoni ukuragela phambili ngefundo yakhe ngobanyana ekhabo banganamali yokumusa eskolweni samabanga aphezulu iinhlangano ezifana ne-[[NSFAS]], SETA, [[Fundza Lushaka|ne-Fundza Lushaka]] siyakusiza ngemali nemifundaze. [[Isimumathi:Guide to the Ohio graduation tests for students and families reading, mathematics, writing, science, and social studies. - DPLA - 40fb5773c1ce60aef6478def3fc2ef00.jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|IImfundiswa zithola imitlomela yabo (Degree)]] Namhlanje sinabotitjhere, dorhodere, amaqhwetha, abososayensi ngayo ifundo.Ngingatjho bonyana Ifundo iyamakha umuntu imenze umuntu ebantwini. Lokhu kutjengisa ukuqakatheka kwefundo kanye nezinto umuntu ongazizuza kiyo. 81ov6e9ekdv1kcun3yy6jmbodikpf67 IKapa ne-Cape (Cape and Cape). 0 137 665 664 2024-10-14T13:46:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 664 wikitext text/x-wiki == IKapa ne-Cape (Cape and Cape). == === Isingeniso. === IKapa ne-Cape magama lawo apeledwa bekaphinyiswe ngokufana elimi lesiNgisi kodwana ihlathululo yawo ayifani. Singatjho bonyana kumagama abomphimbofana njengoba ahluka ngehlathululo kwaphela. Esigajeni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana amagama la atjho ukuthini. === IKapa === IKapa kuyihlokodorobha yesifunda seTjhingala Kapa. Ukungezelela, iTjhingala Kapa kungesinye sesifunda esitholakala eSewula Afrika. IKapa le itjho indawo esesewula, begodu la itjho idoroba elisesewula yeSewula Afrika. === I-Cape === I-Cape yona kuligama lelo elihlathulula bonyana into ethize ivele esewula yephasi, khulukhulu nasitjheja iinlwani neenyoni. Ngamanye amagama nawuqala ibalazwe, iinyoni nelwani lezo zifunyaneka khulu lapaha eSewula yephasi. Isibonelo kukhona i-Cape Baffalo (ikomo yommango). I-Cape Baffalo le ayitjho bona ivela edorobheni iKapa kodwana itjho bonyana yikomo yommango etholakala khulu esewula yephasi. Ngalokho-ke, lokha nasibona igama lesilwani nanyana inyoni elimo-Cape kufanele sikhumbule bonyana inyoni nanyana isilwani leso sitholakala khulu esewula yephasi. === Isiphetho === Ikapa ne-Cape zingapeledwa beziphinyiswe kokufana ngesiNgisi kodwana zona zitjho izinto ezingafani. Kuhle bonyana siziyelele khulu ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa. m5cffhtg98h8mqneao4d86x4fasbljb IMIDLALO YABENTWANA 0 138 670 669 2024-10-14T13:46:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children's games in iran.jpg|thumb]] '''Imidlalo yabentwana''' midlalo edlaliwa bentwana abangaphasi kweminyaka elitjhumi nambili. Imidlalo le ihlukaniseke kabili. Kunemidlalo yabesena kanye nomdlalo wabentazana. Imidlalo le ihlukaniseke ngendlella abantu bekadeni bebaphila ngayo. [[Abesana]] bebadlala ngeenkoloyi nofana ngamadrada, bese [[abentazana]] bebadlala ngokupheka nofana igqubsi. == Isiza ngani imidlalo yabentwana? == Imidlalo le irhelebha abentwana ngamakghono wepilo. [[Amakghono wepilo]] afaka hlangana nekghono lokuphila nabantu, ingqondo nokhunye. Abentwana abadlala imidlalo ehlukahlukeneko bayakghona ukuthuthuka nangamakghono welimi: [[Ukukhuluma nokulalela,]] ukufunda nokubhala. [[Amakghono]] la abalulekile ekusizeni abentwana bonyana babebafundi abanqophileko epilweni yangomuso. == Kubayini abotitjhere kufanele babenelwazi ngomdlalo wabentwana? == Abotitjhere kufanele bafake imidlalo ehlukahlukeneko lokha nabafundisa okuthileko. Imidlalo eminengi ikhuthaza bafundi bafunde ngokuzimisela nangethando. Imidlalo engadlaliwa ngekumbeni yokufundela midlalo efana nokweqa lokha nakubizwa [[umdumo weledere.]] 59i3c5uhjp6926x9vplezxfcag7ydrp IMonkeypox 0 139 3057 3019 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Monkeypox.jpg|thumb|Umuntu obanjwe yi Monkeypox]] '''IMonkeypox''' kugula okuthileko okuhlasela abantu. ESewula Afrika sele kunabantu ababanjwe sisifo lesi. Kusisifo esivela eenlwaneni sibambe abantu. sithoma ngokuthi umuntu aphathwe mkhuhlani, ihloko, avuvuke imisipha begodu avele iratjhi emzimbeni kuthi ngokukhmba kwesikhathi aphume iinlonda eziphuma amanzi. Uvikela njani ukubhebhetheka kwe monkeypox I Monkeypox ingavikelwa ngokuthi lokha umuntu nakazi bona bonyana unamaphawu wokuthi kungeka abanjwe sisifo lesi bese avakatjhele emtholapilo ukuthola isizo. 1f6vjy6xyuvjrz9jxvopgiz1jx4urer ISIFUNDO SEHLELOMUTJHO (SYNTAX) 0 140 3044 3006 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 676 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''ISIFUNDO SEHLELOMUTJHO (SYNTAX)''' == UMTLOLI: N.P Mahlangu == 1.1. Isifundo Semitjho == Uyini umutjho? Umutjho libuthelelo lamagama alandelanako atloliweko namkha akhulunyiweko ahlelwe ngendlela yokobana ethule umqondo othileko. Ilandelano lamagama kufanele lihleleke kuhle ukuze umutjho loyo unikele umqondo. Kungebangelo-ke sithi lihlelomutjho (syntax). Akhesifunde umutjho olandelako sibone bonyana wenza umqondo na: [Abantwana ibholo badlala.] Kuyavela bonyana umutjho ongehla lo awukahleleki kuhle. Akhesiwuhlele kuhle ngokuya kwehlelomutjho. [Abantwana badlala ibholo.] Umutjho ongehla lo sele wenza umqondo ngombana ilandelano lamagama lihleleke kuhle. Umutjho esiNdebeleni, njengakiwo woke amalimi, ulandela isakhiwo esisisekelo ngalendlela: Ihloko Isenzo Umenziwa [Subject Verb Object (SVO)] '''Isibonelo:''' [ Ubaba utjhuka isikhumba.] Ubaba- yihloko utjhuka-sisenzo isikhumba-ngumenziwa • Umutjho opheleleko esiNdebeleni uba nehloko nesilandiso. Isilandiso ngiso esithwele ummongo zombelele womutjho. Ngaphandle kwesilandiso, umutjho awukho. Isilandiso kuba sisenzo namkha isbanjalo. • Isilandiso esakha umutjho opheleleko sisenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo (finite verb) ingasi isenzo esisendlelni esabizo (infinitive) '''Isibonelo:''' [ Ukusela amanzi ] – umutjho lo awukapheleli ngombana unesenzo esisendlelni esisabizo (infinitive) (ukusela). Akhesilungelele isenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo sibone. [ Ukusela amanzi ngiyakuthanda. ] – umutjho lo sele uphelele ngombana kunesilandiso esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo. Singatjho sithi, (ngizokuthanda/ngikuthandile/ngisakuthanda.) == 1.2 Imihlobo Yemitjho: == EsiNdebeleni sinemihlobo EMINE yemitjho ekungile elandelako: (1) <u>'''Umutjho onqophileko/olula/omkhulu (Simple sentence)'''</u> Umutjho onqophileko wakhiwa yihloko, isilandiso esisodwa kanye nomenziwa. Umutjho lo wethula umqondo owodwa. Kuyenzeka bonyana umutjho onqophileko uvume namkha ulandule. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Abantwana badlala ibhlolo.] -uyavuma [ Abantwana abayidlali ibholo.] -uyalandula [ Ugogo yinyanga.] -uyavuma [ Ugogo akasiyo inyanga. ]- uyalandula Umutjho onqophileko kuyenzeka bonyana ube nehloko nesilandiso kwaphela, umenziwa angabi khona. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana umenziwa ubhaqile. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Abantwana bayadlala.] [ Abantwana abadlali ] Umutjho onqophileko godu kuyenzeka bonyana ungabi nehloko, kodwana ube nesilandiso nomenziwa kwaphela. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana ihloko yomutjho ibhaqile. Isilandiso ekusisenzo siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Badlala ibholo. ] [ Abayidlali ibholo.] Ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu(Abantwana). Isivumelwano sakhona sehloko u(ba-) siyavela esilandisweni. Umutjho onqophileko godu uyakwazi ukuba silandiso esizijamele sisodwa. Isilandisweso siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Bayapheka.]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Bona). [ Zizelamani. ]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Zona) Kuyenzeka godu bonyana umutjho onqophileko ube sisenzo esisedleleni ekatelelako enganaso isivumelwano sehloko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Vuka! ] – ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Wena)=(Wena vuka!) (2) '''<u>Umutjho ovangileko (Compound sentence)</u>''' Umutjho ovangileko wakhiwa mimitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko ihlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso esithileko. Nangabe kuneenlandiso ezimbili, kutjho khona bonyana kunemitjho emibili enqophileko. Iinhlanganiso ezisetjenziselwa ukwakha umutjho ovangileko ngilezi ezilandulako: [ ngombana, kodwana, begodu, godu, bese, ukuze, kanti, bonyana, njengombana] '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ UMsongelwa uyafunda ngombana uyasithanda isikolo.] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ UMsongelwa uyafunda. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ uyasithanda isikolo.] Isihlanganiso ngu ( ngombana ). '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka iinredlo. ] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ abomma bapheka iinredlo. ] Isihlanganiso ngu (bese). '''Isibonelo 3:''' [ Ugogo ugayela utjwala ngombana ubamkhulu womile bese umma uhlanza amarhabha. ] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Ugogo ugayela utjwala. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ ubamkhulu womile. ] Umutjho wesithathu ngothi, [ umma uhlanza amarhabha. ] Isihlanganiso ngu (ngombana) no (bese) (3) <u>'''Umutjho opandepande (Complex sentence)'''</u> Umutjho opandepande mumutjho owakhiwa mumutjho owodwa onqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Umutjhwana oyamileko ungayama ngokuthi uhlathulule usobizo namkha ukhanyise isilandiso. • Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako wakhiwa libinzana lesitlhadlhuli (Adjectival phrase) bese umuthjwana oyamileko okhanyisako wakhiwa libinzana lesikhanyiso (Adverbial phrase). • Umutjhwana oyamileko sithi mumutjhwana oyamileko ngombana awukwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko. Uyame emutjhweni omkhulu/onqophileko ukuze wenze umqondo. Kungebangelo sithi libinzana (phrase). • Nasikhupha umutjho onqophileko emutjhweni opandepande, kulindeleke bonyana kuvele ihloko nesilandiso kwaphela. '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ Indoda ede enzima izile izolo emini esikolweni. ] [Indoda izile.] – mumutjho onqophileko (ede enzima) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululo usobizo (Indoda) (izolo emini esikolweni) – mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (izile) '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abafundi abafundako bayaphumelela eemfundweni zabo. ] [ Abafundi bayaphumelela. ] – mumutjho onqophileko. (abafundako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako usobizo (Abafundi) (eemfundweni zabo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bayaphumelela) Okutjhejekako kukobana ngaphandle komutjho onqophileko, umutjho opandepande angeze wenza umqondo. Imitjhwana eyamileko isebenza njengeselulo somutjho onqophileko iwenze umutjho opandepande. (4) '''<u>Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko (Compound complex sentence)</u>''' Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande ovangileko mumutjho owakhiwa mimitjho emibili enqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana kuba khona umutjho ovangileko obhebhule imitjhwana eyamileko. '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ Ababelethi babafundi abangaphumeleliko babiziwe bonyana bakhambele umhlangano esikolweni ngoMvulo. ] La sithola imitjho emibili enqophileko ehlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso u(bonyana). [Ababelethi babiziwe] (Ababelethi)- yihloko yomutjho. (babiziwe)- silandiso bonyana - sihlanganiso [ bakhambele umhlangano] (bakhambele)- silandiso (umhlangano)- ngumenziwa Sibuye sithole imitjhwana emibili, ohlathulula usobizo nokhanyisa isilandiso. (babafundi abangaphumeleliko)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (ababelethi) (esikolweni ngoMvulo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bakhambele). '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abantu abanjingileko abanengi bathanda izinto ezihle begodu bathenga ukudla eentolo ezibizako.] [Abantu bathanda izinto]- mumutjho onqophileko (abanjingileko abanengi) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (abantu) (ezihle)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (izinto) begodu- sihlanganiso [ bathenga ukudla]- mumutjho onqophileko (eentolo ezibizako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bathenga) '''<u>Umsebenzi 1</u>''' Tlola bonyana umutjho ngamunye kongenzasi umhlobo bani womutjho. (a) Umntwana ulise ibele ngombana uyamilisa. (b) Abafundi bafunda incwadi. (c) Imbuzi emhlophe esikazi ibuyile izolo emini. (d) Ubaba uthenge ikoloyi. (e) UDlhamaga ukhelele amanzi emlanjeni ekuseni ngombana ugogo udiniwe. (f) Iinkoloyi ezitja ezibizako zithengiwe. (g) Ugogo utheza iinkuni ukuze umma abase umlilo bese uvusa abantwana. (h) Thina sithanda ibholo edlawa ngeenyawo begodu sithanda ukuyidlala etatawini qobe ngoSondo. '''<u>Umsebenzi 2</u>''' Fundisisa isiqetjhana esingenzasi bese uphendula imibuzo elandelako: 2.1 Tlola bonyana umutjho othalelwe emudeni woku-1 umhlobo bani womutjhwana (1) 2.2 Tlola bonyana umutjho otlolwe ngokunzima khulu emudeni wesi-2 umhlobo bani womutjho. (1) AmaNdebele sitjhaba <u>esihle esihloniphekileko</u> kwaNzunza nakwaManala. '''Thina senza amasiko''' anothileko ngendlelethu ehlukileko. Umgwalo wesiNdebele ukubiza ukude le ngombana uzidle ngemibalawo emihle nekhanyako. Nakuneminyanya, ingadla ibetjhwa egagadwini kuvungame ithuli, babe bodwa abathi mzimba jugujeka, babe bodwa abathi tjhida ngitjhudule. Kiyo yoke iminyanya sifinya ngendololwana sibethe sentwala. <u>Iinhlobo ezikude ziyamenywa ngombana umnyanya omkhulu uyahlelelwa</u>. Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla. Ilanga nalithi phatjha! Vane sele kukghutjhulwe ngebekonyana. Abobaba bavuma ingoma. Ngokukopheza kwelihlo, umphako vane sewungdliwa mntwana. Ngiyasithanda isiKhethu ngombana ngiyazikhakhazisa. <u>Utjwala obubilisiweko besintu buyaphekwa</u>. Ukuphekwa kotjwala nokuhlatjwa kwembuzi kusebenza njongomhlahlandlela wokuthintana nabezimu bethu. Abomakhelani bayeza ukuze sigidinge nabo. Ukunotha kwesintu sethu kulele kithi, maNdebele ngombana indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili. [Umtlolo wokuzitlamela : Nsizwa Mahlangu] 2.3 Umujho othalelwe emudeni wesi-6 ovange bupandepande. Kiwo khupha umutjho ovangileko. (2) 2.3 Umujho othi, “Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla” mumutjho… A onqophileko B opandepande C ovangileko D ovange bupandepande. (1) 2.4 Buyelela utlole umutjho onqophileko ongenzasi kodwana uveze ukulandula. Abobaba bavuma ingoma. (1) 2.5 Emutjhweni opandepande othalelwe emudeni we-10, khupa: (a) Umutjho onqophileko/omkhulu. (1) (b) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako. (1) 2.6 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho onqophileko nomutjho ovangileko. (2) 2.7 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho opandepande nomutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko. (2) 2.8 Tlola bonyana isitatimende ngasinye kwezingenzasi siLiqiniso namkha Mamala (a) Umutjho onqophileko uba neenlandiso ezimbili. (1) (b) Umutjho onqophileko uyakwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko kiloyo mutjho. (1) (c) Umutjho opandepande uyaba nomutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako namkha okhanyisako. (1) (d) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako uhlathulula isilandiso. (1) (e) Umutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisako ukhanyisa usobizo. (1) (f) Umutjho ovangileko uba nemitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko bese ihlanganiswa ngesihlanganiso esithileko. (1) (g) Umutjho ovange bupandepande awubi nemitjhwana eyamileko. (1) (h) Isilandiso esethula umqondo opheleleko emutjhweni onqophileko sisenzo esisendleleni esabizo. (1) 2.8 Hlaziya umthetho wehlelomutjho (syntax) mayelana nokwakhiwa komutjho ngokulandela isisekelo sakhona esivamileko lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho olula. (4) 2.9 Tshwaya ngokuhlolisisa indima edlalwa silandiso lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho esiNdebeleni. (4) 2.10 Tlola isibonelo sakho somutjho opandepande (2) [30] 4d9gq0mpuucikty1i9wd6ywhty8ptlw ISewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula (South Africa and Southern Africa). 0 141 1748 680 2024-10-24T00:34:45Z Bobbyshabangu 66 1748 wikitext text/x-wiki Kukhona amanye amagama abonakala begodu azwakala ngathi atjho into yinye kodwa ekubeni atjho izinto ezihlukileko. Amagama lawo esikhathi esinengi agcina asetjenziswa kwangathi yinto yinye ngabanye abantu. Amagama la afaka hlanga iSewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula. Ekumimeni yethi le sizokunqopha kumehluko hlangana kweSewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Kuyin iSewula Afrika?''' === ISewula Afrika kuyinarha leyo etholakala enarheni kazi ye-Afrika. ISewula Afrika yinarha etholaka ekugcineni kweSewula ye-Afrika. Kubalazwe, itholakala encasi kunazo zoke iinarha ezikhona e-Afrika. Ukungezelela, iSewula Afrika iyingcenye nanyana ingezinye zeenarha ezibumba i-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Kuyini i-Afrika eseSewula?''' === I-Afrika eseSewula libizobuthelelo lelo elitjho iinarha ezifunyanwa eSewula ye-Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, ziinarha lezo esengcenyeni esencasi e-Afrika. Lokhu kutjho bonyana ziinarha ezifunyanwa esiyingi seSewula e-Afrika. Iinarha lezi zifaka hlangana i-Angola, iBotswana, iLesotho, iMalawi, iMozambique, iNamibia, iSewula Afrika, Eswatini, i-Zambia neZimbabwe. Zoke iinarha lezi nazihlangeneko zibizwa bonyana i-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Isiphetho.''' === Kuqakathekile bonyana sazi umlando wethu kanye nokuthi iinarhakazi ye-Afrika le esihlala kiyo ihlukaniswe njani. Yeke-ke, nje sesiyazi bonyana iSewula Afrika kuyinarha ngaphakathi kwesiyingi seSewula e-Afrika. dt1ljryys1dzscykuv7zl7gv834auan IVUNULO 0 142 2225 2224 2024-11-29T14:16:35Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* ABO MMA NABO BABA */ Abomma nabo baba 2225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AmaNdebele.jpg|left|thumb|'''Ivunulo yama Ndebele''']] '''Ivunulo''' yizambatho ezimbathwa maNdebele eminyanyeni ehlukahlukileko. Ivunulo ibalulekile esikweni lama [[Ndebele]] begodu ngiyo ehlathulula bona ulenzile isiko noma awa. Bazikhakhazisa ngendlela ekarisako ngendlela ebambatha ngayo. Izembatho ezinengi zesiko zinento ebizwa bona mncamo. [[Wp/nd/IsiNdebele|IsiNdebele]] sikarisa kwamambala egodu ivunulo yabo inemibala eminengi ekhanyako. == Abomma nabo baba == [[Isimumathi:Abomma nabo baba.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Abomma nabo baba]] '''<u>Abomma</u>''' Abo mma ngomnyanya lapho umswegwabo aba yisokona bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko efika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha umkhala nomlinga kobe. emzimbeni bambatha ingubo ebovu ebizwa bona yi bhidi. '''<u>Abobaba</u>''' abo baba emnyanyeni ongehla nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha iporiyana, esandleni sokudla baphatha intonga bese ngesandleni sesincele baphatha isiviko. == Umswegwabo == [[Isimumathi:Abasegwabo.jpg|left|thumb|183x183px|Umswegwabo]] Umswegwabo [[msana]] ongakenzi isiko nofana msana ongakayi engomeni. ivunulo yaba swegwabo ngiyo elula ukudlula zoke. Nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha utjani ebenzwe [[indingiliza]] ebubizwa bona ngu swenyana, emzimbeni bambatha i yembhe yemikhono emide, eenyaweni bambatha ibhrugu elifitjhani bese esandleni sokudla baphatha intonga. Bakhamba ngo bhadu phasi okuhlathulula bona abambathi amanyathelo. Batjhagala endleleni ukutjengisa abantu bona sebalungile ukukhamba nabo baba. == Amasokana == [[Isimumathi:Amasokana.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Amasokana]] Isokana mumuntu wejazi owenze isiko begodu wahlatjelwa wakhamba nabo baba. Ivunulo yama sokana nayo isuka ehloko ifinyelele emilenzeni. Ehloko bambatha umkhala, entameni bambatha irasu, edinini bambatha ijuba nobukhobe, emikhonweni kanye nemilenzeni bambatha iinrholwani. imibala yakhona ngu nzima, hlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hlaza satjani, ubukhobe kanye nomhlophe. Koke lokhu kwenziwe ngomncamo. Iinrholwani lezi zinendlela ezilandelana ngayo ngokuya kwesiko. Isithombe esingehlanzeni sesincelesi masokana asayokwenza isiko ivunulo yabo ihlukile kunamasokana sele aqedileko. Ivunulo yabo ilula njengale yomswegwabo. Bona bambatha ibhetjha kanje neenzipha kwaphela bese baphathe intonga ngesandleni sokudla. == Abentazana == [[Isimumathi:Abentazana.jpg|thumb|Abentazana]] Abentazana ngomhlubulo nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. ehloko bambatha umkhala, entameni bambatha irasu, edinini iphephethu, iinrholwani zedinini (ijuba nobukhobe), isithimba kanye ne yerhana. Ezandleni bambatha iinrholwani ezinemibalabala babuye bazembathe kanye neenyaweni. Imibala yakhona ngu nzima, hlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hlaza satjani, ubukhobe kanye nomhlophe. Koke lokhu kwenziwe ngomncamo. 1myfl2azjkt5wlfqhrtox42rh6zq7n9 Ibhayibhili 0 143 2279 1872 2024-12-13T12:44:04Z 88.238.42.176 2279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibhayibhili''' yincwadi ecwengileko esetjenziswa babantu amakrestu. Incwadi isetjenziswa ukutjhumayela nokufunda indaba zikaZimu begodu nokubona bonyana kuba njani lokha umuntu nakakhamba noZimu. Abanye bathi ibhayibhili sikhali sokulwa nemimoya emimbi. Ibhayibheli ihlukaniseke kabili. Ngokuthi kune [[Testamende]] elidala begodu kune testamende elitja. Itestamende elidala lifundisa ngo[[Zimu]] lokha uJesu Krestu angafiki emhlabeni begodu likhombise bonyana uZimu bekasenzisa [[abaphrofethi]] ukukhuluma nabantu okhunye esikuthola etestamendeni elidala kukuthi kuze njani bona abantu bafe nokuthi kuze njani kube nephasi. Itestamende elitjha lifundisa ngokufika kwaka Jesu ephasini nokubethelwa kwakhe esphambanweni begodu nokuthi abapostoli basala benzani lokha uJesu nakabuyela ezulwini. [https://www.fehlerpro.de FehlerPRO] 5u0130gz0ud3i93sq4kj4lc9smazkqk Ibhoduluko 0 144 703 702 2024-10-14T13:46:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 702 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibhoduluko. == [[:en:Natural_environment|Ibhodoluko]] ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ephasini. Ngaphandle kwebhodulo ipilo bengeze yabakhona. Ibhoduluko ifumbethe ipilo yeenlwani ezinengi. Ezinye zeenlwana ziyaphila kanti ezinye zona aziphili. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja kobana kuyini ibhodulo begodu ibhoduluko lihlukene njani. === Kuyini ibholuko? === Ngokuya kukaSadiku, u-Ashaolu, u-Ajayi-Majebi no-Musa (2020<ref>Sadiku, M. O., Ashaoulu, T. J., Ajayi-Majebi, A. & Musa, S. M. 2020. Environmental Studies: An Introduction. ''International Journal of Scientific Advances'', 1(3):54-57.</ref>) ibhoduluko iphathelene nakho koke ekusemanzini, emoyeni, enarheni nehlabathini. Ukungezelela, ibhoduluko ngikho koke okutholakala ephasini, ekuphilako nokungaphili ekufaka hlangana izengiwa, iinlwani eziphilako nezingaphili umumoya kanye nokusesibhakabhageni (Maelzer 1964<ref>Maelzer, D. A. 1964. A Discussion of Components of Environment in Ecology. J. ''Theoret. Biol'', 8:141-162.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, koke lokhu ukuthola ephasini nohlangana nakho mihla namalanga kungaba yingcenye nanyana kuyingcenye yebhoduluko. Ibhoduluko lihlukaniswe ngcenye ezilandelako (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0">Glazovsky, N. 2009. Environmental Structure and Function: Earth System. ''Earth System History and Natural Variability'', 7:1-16.</ref>): 1. Umoya 2. Ihlabathi 3. Amanzi 4. Isibhakabhaka Ihlathululo engehla iyasivezela bonyana ibhoduluko liyini begodu liqakatheke kangangani. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana sitjho ukuthi ngokuthi umoya, ihlabathi, amanzi nesibhakabhaka. ==== 1. Umoya ==== Ingabe sitjho ukuthi nasikhuluma ngomoya ngaphasi kwebhoduluko na? Umoya ngaphasi kwebhoduluko utjho umoya esiwuthola ngaphandle begodu lowo esiwuphefumulako (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Natural Environment''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [20 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngaphasi komoya siqala izinga lekhwalithi womaya, ubumbi Nobuhle (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). ==== 2. Ihlabathi ==== Ngaphasi kwehlabathi siqale koke okuphilako nokungaphiliko eokutholakala ehlabathini, ekufaka hlangana izenjiwa namanzi atholakala ehlabathini (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Izinga lekhwalithi lehlabathi nalo liqakathekile. ==== 3. Amanzi ==== Amanzi ngaphasi kwebhoduluko kutjhejwe zoke izinto ezitholakala emanzini eziphilako nezingaphiliko kanye nezinga lekhwalithi yemanzi, ubuhle nobumbi balo (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). ==== 4. Isibhakabhaka ==== Iisbhakabhaka sitjho iphezulu, koke okukhamba nokutholakala esibhakabhakeni (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). Ekungezelela, kutjhejwe nangendlela ibhodululo liphathwa ngalo kanye nizinto esisipha sona (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). === Isiphetho === Isibhoduloko liqakatheke khulu njengepilo yayo yoke into. Izinto ukuze ziphile, zenze imisebenzi yayo zifunjethwe begodu zinakekelwa libhoduluko. Ngphandle kwebhoduluko ezinye zezinto bezingeze zabakhona. === Isilululwazi === <references /> 8era8ew6nh9rbg9zcbz2jt1qigibkdb Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi 0 145 706 705 2024-10-14T13:46:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 705 wikitext text/x-wiki == Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi == === Isingeniso. === Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi zizinto ezingafaniko lezo ezitjengisa izinga elithe lobuhlakani kanye nethuthuko yomqabango. Nanyana, kukhona abazisebenzisa njengezinto ezifanako nje, kodwana ekhabo lazo azifani. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokuhlathulula idatha, imininingwana nelwazi begodu siveze nomehluko wazo. === Idatha. === Idatha mitlolo leyo ebuthelelweko nanyana imitlolo leyo engaka engaka fundwa begodu engaka ungwa yazwisiswa. Ngamanye magama imitlolo leyo ongakayifundi begodu ungazi bonyana ikhuluma ngani ngokuneneleleko ibizwa bona yidatha. Isibonelo, lokha nawubuthelelwa imitlolo uyibeke nawonye ukuthi kusasa uzoyiqala, uyifundele ukuyizwisisa begodu uyirhumutjhe, leyo mitlolo yidatha. === Imininingwana === Umniningwana yidatha esele ifundiwe, yazwisiswa begodu yarhunyuthwa. Ngamanye amagama imitlolo leyo ehlungiweko begodu yazwisisa bonyana ikhuluma ngani begodu inqophe kuphi, leyo mitlolo nanyana idatha ibizwa ngokuthi mininingwana. Isibonelo, lokha nawuthatha imitlolo yakho oyibutheleleko uyifunda begodu uyizwisisa bonyana ikhuluma ngezamaphilo nemitjhoga, imitlolo leyo ibizwa bonyana mininingwana. === Ilwazi === Ilwazi mniningwana leyo osele uyisebenzisile begodu wazi imiphumela yakhona emihle nemimbi. Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawuthatha imininingwana uyisebenzise ukwenza into ethize bese uyaphumelela nanyana uyabhalelwa ukufinyelela umnqopho wakho, imininingwana leyo ibizwa bonyana lilwazi. Isibonelo, nawuthatha imininingwana yokubhaga amatjhatjhatjha bese ilandela imilayo yawo ukwenza amatjhatjhatjha. Ekugcineni, ugcine uwenzile amatjhatjhatjha nanyana akuhlulile, imininingwana leyo ibizwa bonyana lilwazi ngombana uyisebenzisile begodu uyazi bonyana imiphumela yayo iba njani. === Isiphetho === Idatha ikhombisa izinga lokuthoma lobuhlakani bese kuthi umniningwana wona ukhombise izinga eliphakathi lobuhlakani. Kanti-ke, ilwazi lona likhombisa ilwazi eliphezulu lobuhlakani. Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi azifani kodwana ziyahlobana njengombana umtlolo ukuze ube mniningwana uthoma ube yidatha begodu ukuze umniningwana ube lilwazi ufuna ukusetjenziswa begodu kwaziwe umphumela wakhona. Kuqakathekileko bonyana siwazisise woke amathemu la. 0o7l9i02s7xvle3lz8cy4vtpjuw1g84 Idwendwe nobukhazi 0 146 2419 2413 2025-02-17T11:10:58Z Nqobile69 190 2419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Iintende.jpg|thumb|Iintende zikamma ongene simanje]] '''Idwendwe nobukhazi''' mnyanya wesiNdebele. Isokana liyakhamba liyokubawa umkhamanzi, bese liyameba. Kuthi ligamena bese liyakhamba liyokutjela umndeni wekhabo mkhamanzi bona bafunele nganeno. Ismanje siyangena, ngeLesithathu abogogo bayayeyezela, ngeLesine kuba sikira, Ngelesihlanu umalukazana ubuyela ekhabo uphekelelwa lidwendwe labo mma neenkomo zobukhazi. Kuthi ngoMgqibelo kuhlatswe ubukhazi, iinkomo ziyabiwa ngokuya kwamagama wazo. Okhunye godu kuyambeswana okutjho bona bakhiphelana izipho ezithileko. Umakoti uphiwa igama lokwendeni azokubizwa ngalo lokha nakafika emzini. 0qssoxjxdwt4u1itorxdtm2u1g9c5fk Iflaga yeSewula Afrika 0 147 2626 2396 2025-04-03T19:08:33Z Rachmat04 32 2626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|400px|Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] '''Iflaga yeSewula Afrika''' yatlanywa ngonyaka ka-1994 ngenyanga kaMrhayili, kwabese yamukelwa ngenyanga kaSihlabantangana ngo-1994, ngesikhathi sekhetho zombelele [[Isewula Afrika|ye-Sewula Afrika]] yango-1994, ukujamiselela iflaga ebeyisetjenziswa kusukela ngonyaka ka-1928 ukuya ku-1994. Iflaga ye Sewula afrika inemibala esithandathu.<ref>https://www.proquest.com/openview/4e33979a174461d38782ed85a71d66d3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} jydeuhvz7kqyml39zsy5u7d3apnpdyu Ifundo 0 148 3061 3026 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Umfundisi etlasini]] == Ifundo == Ifundo iqakathekile epilweni yomuntu ngombana inabisa ilwazi lomuntu begodu yandisa nekghono lomuntu. Ukungezelela, ifundo inikela isisekelo sengemuso elihle. Esikhathini esiphila kiso, imisebenzi eminengi sele ifuna ilwazi elithize lefundo. Ifundo enarheni yekhethu ihlukaniswe ngokwamazinga amabili. Amazinga asisekelo namazinga aphakemeko. Izinga lefundo begodu liqakatheke ukulemukisa abantu ngezinga lwelwazi nanyana lefundokghono analo. Esikhathini esinengi abantu abanezinga eliphezulu lefundo ngombana basebenzisa amagama womukhakha loyo ifundokghono lakhe liwela ngaphasi kwakhona. Amagama la kungenzeka angazwisiseki kumuntu omunye angakafundeli ifundokghono lakhe. Ngebanga lobudisi obukhona lokha nawungakafundi, ababelethi abanengi bazithola ngaso soke isikhathi bakhuthaza abentwana babo bonyana bafunde. Lokhu bakwenza ngombana babathanda begodu bafuna ukuthi babe nekusasa nanyana ingemuso elingcono. 5uipemnh0ufoisunvm1x6a1y9stwnlv Ifundo sikhiya saksasa 0 149 726 725 2024-10-14T13:46:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg|thumb|ifundo]] '''Ifundo''' iqakatheke khulu esikhathini sanamhlanje , ngombana kufanele ufunde ukwazi ukufumana [[umsebenzi]] . Uziphilele ngendlela ofuna ngayo uzenzele koke okbalulekileko okfunako. Esikhathini sanje nawungakafundi awsililitho ebantwini ngombana nemisebenzi itholakala ngefundo begodu ubonakala umumuntu ongakazimiseli epilweni . m5k70mlutzt6figoxhcjozqzaxb8kgp Ifundo yama 2000 0 150 734 733 2024-10-14T13:46:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 7 revisions imported 733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Youth Climate Strike- North Bay - 32455665987.jpg|thumb|Abafundi abazimiseleko]] '''Ama 2000''' babantu aba thanda ukubona izinto ngokwabo abafuni ukuzwa ngobatjho, nangendlela bazi phatha ngayo ayifani nayo ya woke umuntu yingakho nefundweni bazenzela umathanda. Yeke bakhona abathanda ukuthi naba fikile endaweni kwaziwe bonyana nangu yena seka fikile,. abanye bona bazimisele ngeemfundo zabo begodu bafuna ukuzibona baphumelele epilweni, bese kunabanye bafuna ipilo le ibe lula kibo babe nakho koke ebakufunako bangaka kusebenzeli. Mhlapha nje kwakune sokana ebeli funda ibanga le tjhumi liye layekela isikolo layo sebenza lathi nasele libona bonyana alisakhoni uku sebenza la buyela esikolweni lafunda lathi nasele libona bonyana liphumelele ebangeni elilandelako, la phuma godu. [[Isimumathi:Garni, Armenian youth, Young Armenians, Armenia.jpg|thumb|Ama 2000]] == IFUNDO YAMA 2000 == Ngithe nangilibuza lathi lona lifuna imali be [[ifundo]] le iyambambezela ngombana unabazali abamenzela koke akufunako. ngithe nangibona bonyana unakho koke ngabona kobana ngikho abona ngathi ifundo ayikaqakatheki kangako. Ngayobuza omunye engimbona bonyana uli 2000 naye wathi yena ifundo akusiyo yakhe, ngokuya ngaye ngathana uhlala ekhaya bamnikele yoke into ayifunako befuthi bamuphe ne mali ayifunako ngaso soke isikhathi. ngiye ngambuza bonyana akaqabangi bonyana nakangaba neyakhe imali angazenzela koke lokhu nokunye okundlula lokhu na? i pilo yabo abanye babo abayiboni isefundweni bafuna izinto zize bahlezi. I FUNDO YAMA 2000. pc1ogfy5g3taign82na2bqq887hmevn Iimbandana ezihlanu ezikulu 0 151 737 736 2024-10-14T13:46:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iimbandana''' ezihlanu ezikulu ngilezo mbandana ezitholakala amalini yephepha yeSewula Afrika. Imbandana lezi zihlala ehlathini begodu azibekwa hlangana nabantu ngombana ziyingozi khulu. Amagama weembandana lezi yibhubezi, indlovu, umkhombe, ingwe nenyathi. fpdv86dsd55zdj74hnad4z2stynoxre Iindlela ezinengi zokuhlakanipha 0 152 2344 2282 2025-01-10T13:40:28Z 88.238.43.137 2344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iindlela''' ezinengi zoku[[hlakanipha]] kuyithiyori ka Howard Gardner lapho ahlathulula khona bona ukuhlanipha kwabantu ngekhe kwaba ngendlela eyodwa kodwana kungendlela ezinengi ezihlukileko<ref>Derakhshan, A. and Faribi, M., 2015. Multiple intelligences: Language learning and teaching. ''International Journal of English Linguistics'', ''5''(4), p.63</ref>. Iindlela lezi kuvezwa bona zibunane lokha nazipheleleko. == Iindlela ezibunane zokuhlanipha == === 1. Ukuhlakanipha ngokweenomboro === Umuntu lokha nakahlakaniphe ngokweenomboro kutjho bona uba nekghono elikhulu lokwenza iimbalo. Umuntu loyo ukghona ukuba iimbalo ezibudisi ezibhalela abantu abanengi, kodwana yena akhone ukuzenza ngendlela elula. Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokweembalo ukghona ukurarulula imiraro ephathelenen nokubalal ngendlela etjengisa obukhulu ubuhlakani. === 2. Ukuhlakanipha ngokwelimi/ngokwamalimi === Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokwelimi kumumuntu onekghono elikhulu lokukhuluma amalumi nanyan ilimi elithileko. umunntu lo uthi nakakhuluma amalimi nanyana atlole into ethileko ukhombisa [[ilwazi]] lalelo limi. === 3.Ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala === [[Isimumathi:Ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala.jpg|thumb|ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala]] Ukuhlakanipha ngokuugwala Kukulokha umuntu akghona ukugwala imigwalo emihle nofana iinthombe. Okhunye godu abantu abahlakiniphe ngokugwala bakghona ukuthula imilayezo ngokungabhali amagama kodwana ngokugwala iinthombe ezithula umlayezo, bakhona nokuveza imizwa yabo ngokugwala. === 4. Ukuhlanipha ngokwabantu === Umumtu lokha nakahlaniphe ngokwabantu kukuklokha umuntu abanekghono elukhulu lokusebenza nabantu ngaphandle kokuthi kube nerarano phakathi kwabo. Umuntu onalokhu kuhlanipha ukghona ukuhlanisa abantu begodu ukghona ukuzwisisa ubunjalo babantu aphilisana nabo. === 5. Ukuhlakanipha ngokuzwisisa imvelo === Abantu abahlakaniphe ngokuzwisisa imvelo kungilabo bantu abakghona ukufunda ngokusebenzisa imvelo nofana izinto zemvelo. === 6.Ukuhlakanipha ngokusebenzisa umzimba === Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokusenzisa umzimba uba nekghona elikhuli lokwenza izinto ezifana nokudansa ukugida nokhunye okuphathelene nokunyakazisa umzimba<ref>Nolen, J.L., 2003. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM. ''Education'', ''124''(1). [https://www.traumlex.de/ traumlex]</ref>. === 7. Ukuhlakanipha ngokukhona ukuvuma === Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokukhona ukuvuma kumuntu onekghono lokwenza umvumo omnandi ongathabelwa babantu abanengi. === 8. Ukuhlanipha ngokwakho === Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokwakhe kumumuntu ohlakaniphe ngokuthi ukghona ukusebenza begodu nokwenza izinto ezihle ngokwakhe ngaphandle kokusebenzisana nabanye abantu. Esikhathini esinengi lomhlobo wabantu awukhoni ukusebenza nesiqhema. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} fmdh32nuof9n3dmslpeneiiejtkvafj Iinganekwane 0 153 2463 750 2025-02-24T11:59:21Z Nqobile69 190 2463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinganekwane''' ziindaba egade zicocwa babantu abadala kade begodu azinabo abatloli. Abogogo beba coca inganekwane ebusuku lokha woke umuntu ahlezi phasi.Inganekwane zaba zicocwa ngesibanga sokobana abogogo babe bafuna abantwana bangabi nesizungu. Kade kwabe kungakavumeleki bona ucoce inganekwane emini, bekuthiwa nawuzicoca emini uzokumila iimpondo. Esikhathini Sanje izinto sele zitjhugulukile ngombana sele zikhona nokufundwa eenkolweni emini begodu sele zitlowe phasi. kvoiwryh8t5zljnhlma34qozit8mhwe Iinkathi zomnyaka 0 154 753 752 2024-10-14T13:46:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 752 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinkathi zomnyaka. == === Isingeniso === Nasikhuluma ngeenkathi zomnyaka sisuke sikhuluma ngobujamo bezulu lobo obuhlukaniswe ngeenyanga entathu, khulukhulu la eSewula Afrika. Ngamanye amagama iinkathi zomnyaka lezi zihlukaniswe kane nawutjheja bonyana umnyaka uneenyanga ezilitjhumi nambili. Iinkathi zomnyaka zona ngilezi, ihlobo, isiruthwani, ubusika nesilimela. Iinkathi zomnyaka Kanti zona iinkathi lezi zikhamba zihlukaniswa ngeenyanga zomnyaka ngendlela elandelako: 1. '''Ihlobo''': ihlobo lithoma kanengi ngoNobayeni kufikela ekupheleni kukaMhlolanja 2. '''Isiruthwani''': isiruthwani sithoma kanengi ngoNtaka kufikela ekupheleni kukaMrhayili 3. '''Ubusika''': ubusika buthoma kanengi ngoMgwengweni kufikela ekupheleni kukaRhoboyi. 4. '''Isilimela''': isilimela sithoma kanengi ngoKhukhulamungu kufikela ekuthomeni kukaSinyikhaba === Ihlobo: === Ehlobo kanengi amalanga walo ayatjhisa begodu kunezulu elinengi, khulukhulu eendaweni eziwela ngaphasi kobujamo bezulu ithrophikhali. Ukungezelela, iindawo lapho kutjhisa khulu khona uzokubona ngabonompopoloza abanengi tle kanye nokubahlaza kotjani nemithi. === Isiruthwani: === Esiruthwaneni kanengi amalanga wakhona afudumele begodu akusatjhisi khulu njengoba sendlalela ubusika. Ngesikhathi sesiruthwani, abantu abanengi bayavuna lokho ebe bakutjalile ngehlobo. Ukungezelela, nezulu nalo alisani ngamandla khulu. === Ubusika: === Ebusika kanengi amalanga wakhona amakhaza khulu begodu eendaweni lezo ubujamo bazo bezulu kungebethrophikhali izulu alisani. Kodwana, iindawo lezo ubujamo bazo kuyi- Mediterranean, izulu liyana kwambala tle begodu likhamba negabhogo nomoya omakhaza tle. Ngesikhathi lesi somnyaka imithi ithintheka amakazi begodu notjani nabo buyoma. Isikhathi lezi sinemililo eminengi yehlathini leyo ezenzelekako. === Isilimela: === Isilimela kanengi amalanga wakhona athoma ufudumele njengoba sindlalela ihlobo. Begodu, imithi, iintjalo notjani buthoma ukutlhurha nokuthela. Ukuragela phambili, nezulu lithoma ukuna kodwana lincani kwambala. Into enengi mumoya onamandla loya oguga nehkabathi namatje amancani lawo abetha kabuhlungu eenyaweni. === Isiphetho === Iinkathi zomnyaka ziqakatheke khulu bonyana sizazi nokuthi sizihlukanise njengombana sithwele umlayezo mayelana nokuthi singalindela ini nanyana siziphathe njani njengalokha ebusika siyazi bonyana kufanele simbathe iimpahla ezifudumeleko kanti ngesilimela kufanele sithome silime begodu sitjale. 50brx7ngzvmzzdxpyopiz637gpr4yhs Iinlwana Ezisengozini Yokutjhabalala 0 155 2125 756 2024-11-25T18:16:59Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isilululwazi */ 2125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinlwana Ezisengozini Yokutjhabalala. == === Isingeniso === Iinlwana ngezinye zezinto ezidlala indima eqakathekileko ephasini ngokunabileko. Ilwana zidlala indima eqakathekileko kezamaphilo, ukunzinza kanye nezehlala kuhle yazo zoke izinto ephasini (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0">Fuanalytics. 2023. ''Wild Animals''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://faunalytics.org/fundamentals-wild-animals/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrMUrysChkerPZrjOHIAYZCTAFNyfCXX_CubdshvnfgH0wYDKJagapxoCTrgQAvD_BwE</nowiki>. Ufunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Endangered Species''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>). Iinlwana lezi akukhethi bonyana ziinlwana zemakhaya nanyana kuz[https://faunalytics.org/fundamentals-wild-animals/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrMUrysChkerPZrjOHIAYZCTAFNyfCXX_CubdshvnfgH0wYDKJagapxoCTrgQAvD_BwE. iinlwana zehlathini] nanyana iimbandana nanyana iinlwana zemanzini. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, kukhona umraro lo oqalene neelwana lezi, ekukutjhabalala. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ukutjhabalala kweenlwana kanye nembangela yakhona. === Ingabe kuyini ukutjhabalala kweenlwana na? === [[Isimumathi:Imaza.jpg|thumb|Imaza ehlathini]] Ngokuya kuka-Pizzi, u-Caroli, u-Landini, u-Galluccio, u-Mezzelani no-Milanesi (2013)<ref name=":1">Pizzi, F., Caroli, A. M., Landini, M., Galluccio, N., Mezzelani, A. & Milanesi, L. 2013. Conservation of endangered animals: From biotechnologies to digital preservation. ''Natural Science'', 5 (8): 903-913. SciRes.</ref> ne-Wikipedia (2024) iinlwana zemakhaya, zehlathini nezemanzini zizithola zihlangabezana netjhugululo lepilo. Amatjhuguluko la, abangela bonyana kubo nokuncipha kwezinye ilwani kanti ezinye zazo zigcine zingasatholakali (South African National Biodiversity Institute [I-SANBI] (2010<ref name=":2">South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2010. ''Threatened Species: A guide to Red Lists and their use in conservation''. Threatened Species Programme. SANBI: Pretoria.</ref>). Isenzo lesi sokuncipha bekufike la zingasekho nanyana zingatholakali khona sibizwa bonyana kutjhabalala kweenlwana (I-SANBI 2010<ref name=":2" />; no-Pizzi ''nabanye'' 2013<ref name=":1" />). [[:en:Endangered_species|Ukutjhabalala lokhu akukhethi bonyana iinlwana]] leyo zikuyiphi iindawo; zikuliphi ibhoduluko; begodu ziphila ipilo enjani (Fuanlaytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathini esinengi iinlwana ezitjhabalalako ngilezo zendabuko nanyana zeemvelo (i-SANBI 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngamanye amagama, iinlwana ezitjhabalalako kuziinlwana lezo ezivelele kilezo ndawo, begodu zijwayele ukuphila lapho ngoba kwezinye iindawo angeze zaphila. Izinto ezifaka isandla ekutjhabalaliseni kweenlwana lezi azifani begodu zihluke ngokuya kweendawo (Pizzi ''nabanye'' 2013<ref name=":1" />). Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja izinto ezifaka isandla ekutjhaballaliseni iinlwana nanyana iimbangela. === Imbangela yokutjhabalala kweenlwazi zendabuko === Zinengi izinto ezibangela ukutjhabalala kweenlwani, khulukhulu zemvelo; kodwana ekulumenipendulo le, sizokutjheja ezilandelako: === 1. Ibhoduluko nobujamo bezulu === Amatjhuguluko alethwa libhodululo nobujamo bezulu athinta kumbi imihlobo yeenlwana zoke (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kubangwa kukuthi uthola sele kutjhisa khulu nanyana kumakhaza khulu ngokudluleleko nanyana kuthatha isikhathi eside leso iinlwani ezingakghoni ukusibekezala (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lalokho, zigcina zihlongakala. === 2. Indlala === Iinlwazi ezinengi ziyathiywa begodu zithiywa ngonengi khulu ukudlula iimbalo leyo ezikghona ukuvela ngayo (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ukungezelele, iinlwani lezi zithiyelwa ukudliwa begodu abantu abanengi abatlhagako bathembekizo njengomthombo wokudla (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kumraro. === 3. Amarhwebo namabubulo === Amarhwebo namabubulo enza inzunzo esikhathi esinengi asebenzisa begodu athengisa iinlwani nemikghiqizo kanye nezitho zazo (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lokhu amarhwebo namabubulo la sele amanengi khulu begodu adisela imindeni yeenlwana lezi, iinlwani lezi ziyancipha ezinye ziphelile begodu azisaveli (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). === 4. Ituthuko yamadorobha === Lokha nakwakhiwa iindawo namadorobha amatjha kususwa iindawo lapho iinlwana lezi ziphila khona begodu akukho la zifuduselwa nanyana zigcinwa khona (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ukungezelela, ezinye zazo ziyabulawa ngomba zithathwa njengeenlwana eziyingozi (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lalokhu, ziyancipha begodu zigcine zitjhabalele. === Isiphetho === Iinlwana, khulukhulu zendabuko nanyana zemvelo zifunwa ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa ukuze zikhazi ukufinyelela iinzukulwazi ezizako. Ziqakatheke khulu iinlwani njengomthombo wokudla, ingenismali kanye nemitjhoga. Ngalokho-ke, kufanele sizinakekele besizivikele ngaso soke isikhathi. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} n230s8f621xuxiu80n7aq4dq5wqjs36 Iinthuthi 0 156 3099 2975 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.241.77.194|88.241.77.194]] 2527 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinthuthi == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Transport|Iinthuthi]] zizinto lezo ezithutha izinto ezifana nabantu, iinlwani neesetjenziswa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye indawo (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia.2024. ''Transport''. Litholakala ku :<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [13 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Imihlobo yeenthuthi ifaka iinthuthi zemoyeni, zaphasi (indlela neentimela), nezemanzini. === Imihlobo yeenthuthi === Intuthi zemoyeni zifaka iimphaphamtjhini neembhanoyi. (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />) Iimphaphamtjhini ziinthuthi ezikhamba emoyeni begodu esikhathini esinengi zitholakala edoyelweni leemphaphatjhini (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Kanti-ke, iimbhanoyi zona kanti zisebenziswa babantu neenkhaphani zangeqadi. Nazo iimbhanoyi zikhamba emoyeni. Esikhanini esinengi zisebenza ukuthutha abantu, iinlwana neensetjenziswa. Iinthuthi zaphasi, kuziinthuthi lezo ekhamba phasi, ekufaka indlala neentimela (Ahjum, Merven, Stone no-Caetano 2018<ref>Ahjum, F., Merven, B., Stone, A. & Caetano, T. 2018. Road transport vehicles in South Africa towards 2050: Factors influencing technology choice and implications for fuel supply. ''Journal of Energy in Southern Africa'', 29(3): 33–50.</ref>). Iinthuthi lezi zisetjengiswa miphakathi neenkamphani zangeqadi ukuthutha abantu, iimpahla, iseentjenziswa, iinlwani nezinye izinto (Bartneck 2021<ref>Bartneck, C. 2021. ''An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI''. Springer Briefs in Ethics.</ref>). Kukhona iinthuthi ezisebenzisa imbaseli ezihlukeneko, ezifaka hlangana ipethroli nedizili (Scurt, Vesselenyi, Tarca, Beles no-Dragomir 2021<ref>Scurt, F. B., Vesselenyi, T., Tarca, R. C., Beles, H. & Dragomir. 2021. Autonomous vehicles: Classification, technology and evolution. IOP Conference Series: ''Material Science and Engineering'',:1-8.</ref>). Iinthuthi zaphasi zona zingahlukaniswa ngale indlela: isitimela, ibhesi teksi, ikoloyi kanye netsikiri. Iinthuthi zemanzi zona, kuziinthuthi lezo ezikhamba emanzini lezo ezisetjenzisa babantu, umphakath, umbuzo kanye neekhamphani zangeqadi (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Iinthuthi lezi zona zisetjenziselwa imisebenzi eminingi leyo efana nokuthuthwa abantu, iimpahla, iinsetjenziswa kanye neenlwazi. Iinthuthi zemanzini lezi zona zihlukene kanengi zifaka lezi: iinkepe nemikhumbi. === Isiphetho === Iinthuthi ngizo zoke izinto lezo ezisetjenziswa ukuthutha izinto ukusuka endaweni enye ukuya kwenye. Inthuthi lezo zingasebenzisa iimbaseli ukukhamba nanyana angawasebenzini. [https://www.kargosubesi.biz/ kargo şubesi] === Isilululwazi === <references /> afsskxevkn5tc0gjy45yt9fwqpmfseb Iintjalo Ezisengozini Yokutjhabalala 0 157 2347 2281 2025-01-15T01:30:36Z 176.219.164.251 2347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Isirhorhopha.jpg|thumb|Isirhorhopha]] == Iintjalo Ezisengozini Yokutjhabalala == === Isingeniso === Iintjalo nemithi esiphila hlangana nayo nanyana etholaka endaweni zangekhethu iqakatheke khulu. Kunemisebenzi eminengi eyenzako ukuze siphile upilo ehle nephephileko. Nanyana kunjalo, kunomraro wokutjhabala kweentjalo nemithi enarheni yoke zombelele (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0">Pfab, M. F. & Victor, J. E. Threatened plants of Gauteng, South Africa. ''South African Journal of Botany'', 68:370-375.</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''List of critically endangered plants''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_critically_endangered_plants</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [12 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013:205)<ref name=":2">Stohlgren, T. T. & Kumar, S. 2013. Endangered Plants. ''Encyclopedia of Biodiversity'', 3: 465-477. Elsevier.</ref> ama-% ama-95 ukuya kuma-% ama-99 wemithi neenjalo ezikhethekileko ebe zikhona ngaphambili nje sele zingasekho nayana ziseduze nokungasabi khona. Ibelo leli ezitjhabalala ngalo ngilo elithusa abatlhogomeli bemvelo nanyana bendabuko (Stohlgren noKumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngamanye amagama, ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi bekuvele kukhona kodwana nje umraro kukuthi zitjhabalala ngebelo eliphezulu khulu begodu kubudisi ukulilawula. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana sikhuluma ngani nasikhuluma ngokutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi begodi sibuye sitjheje nembangela nanyana isithintela esibanga ukutjhalala kwemithi neentjalo lokhu. === Sikhuluma ngani nasikhuluma ngokutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi na? === [[Isimumathi:Ithuthumbo.jpg|left|thumb|Ithuthumbo]] I-South African National Biodiversity Institute (I-SANBI) [2010<ref name=":3">South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2010. ''Threatened Species: A guide to Red Lists and their use in conservation''. Threatened Species Programme. SANBI: Pretoria.</ref>] yathi, kukhona iinjalo nemithi, khulukhulu yendabuko nanyana yemvelo leyo ekhamba inyamala ngemva kwesikhathi. Ngokuya kwebonelophambili, imithi neentjalo le ekhamba inyamala ilinginiselwa een-2 553 eSewula Afrika kwaphela (SANBI 2013<ref>South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2013. ''Plants in Peril''. SANBI: Biodiversity for Life: Pretoria.</ref>). Ukungezelela, iintjalo lezo nemithi kufikelwa lapho zingasatholakali khona ngemva kokunyamela (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukunyamela kweentjalo nemithi lokhu bezingasatholakali kubizwa bonyana kutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi (SANBI 2010<ref name=":3" />). [[:en:List_of_critically_endangered_plants|Ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi]] [https://www.on7g.de/ on7g] lokhu kubangelwa zizinto ezuhlukileko begodu nebelo lokutjhabalala kwazo akufani. Kukhona ezinye ezitjhabalala ngebelo eliphezulu, khulukhulu lezo ezitholakala emadorobheni bese kube nalezo ezitjhabalala ngebelo elingasiphezulu khulu (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathini esinengi iintjalo nemithi etjhabalalako ngileyo yendabuko begodu ekhethekileko leyo engatholakali koke (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0" />; no-Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013)<ref name=":2" /> basekelwa yi-SANBI (2010)<ref name=":3" />, iintjalo nemithi yendabuko nanyana yemvelo le, ibongazimbi abakhulu tle ngebanga lokuthi ukhona ukuphila endaweni yelo nanyana evelele kiyo begodu iphilo yayo ikhambelana nebhduluko lendawo lelo. Ngamanye amagama, ihlabathi, amanzi, umoya nebujamo bezulu obuhlukileko bakwezinye iindawo abukalungeli iinjalo nemithi yendabuko le. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbangela zokutjhabalalisa iintjalo nemithi. === Imbangelo yokuhlabalala kwemithi neentjalo === Zinengi iimbangela ezibanga ukutjhabalala kwemithi neentjalo esele zitshwaye babantu abanengi iphasi loke leli. Kodwana, kulekulumopendulwano sizokudzimelela kwezilandelako: ==== 1. Ukutlhayela kweendawo zazo ==== [[Isimumathi:Umomori.jpg|thumb|Umomori]] Ukutlhayela kweendawo la iintjalo nemithi yendabuko ingaphila khona kumraro omukhulu (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Iintjalo nemithi le izithola ingasakhoni ukunaba kanye nokukhula ngebanga lokuthi iindawo zazo ziyancipha begodi akusenasikhala la zinganabela nanyana zikhulele khona (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). ==== 2. Izenzo zabantu ==== Izenzo zabantu zinomthintela omkhulu tle okutjhabalaleni kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko. Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013) <ref name=":2" />izenzo zabantu ezifana nokutheza, ukugubha iinjalo kanye nokutjhisa amahlathi notjani zidlala indima ekulu ekutjhabalaleni kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko. Ngamanye amagama, nabatheza bebaguba iintjalo kodwana bangazitjali nanyana bazijamiselele kubanga ukutjhabalala kwemithi neentjalo ngombana ziyanciba nabenza njalo. ==== 3. Ituthuko yezehlalakuhle. ==== Kunetuthuko enengi khulu eyenzeka mihla namalanga ephasi esiphila kiyo (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). U-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013) <ref name=":2" />baveze bonyana abantu nabakha iindawo ezitjha, imakhiwo kanye namadorobha amatjha, basusa imithi neentjalo zendabuko endaweni lezo begodu abalingi ukuzifudusela nanyana ukuzibulunga. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekutjhabalaliseni iintjalo nemithi. ==== 4. Amabubulo namarhwebo ==== Amabubulo namarhwebo asebenzisa iintjalo nemithi yendabuko ukukhiqhiza imikhiqhizo ebayithengisako, kodwana abanandaba nokobanyana imithi neentjalo leyo iyaphela begodu ifuna ukujamiselwela ngokuthi batjale eminye (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013)<ref name=":2" />. Lokhu nakho kudlala indima ekulu ekutjhabalaliseleni iintjalo nemithi. ==== 5. Itjhuguluko lebhoduluko ==== Itjhuguluko lebhoduluko ekufaka hlangana ubujamo bezulu lobo obutjhugulula iinkathi nezinga ebenza ngakho izinto kumraro khulu eentjalweni nemithi yendabuko (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ukungezelela, imithi neentjalo lezo zizithola zibhalela kuphila ngaphasi kwetjhugululo lebhoduluko nelobujamo bezulu elitjha lelo (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). [https://www.kompozisyontv.com.tr/ kompozisyon] Ngamanye amagama, lokha nakutjhisa ngendlela ongakajwaleki isikhathi eside nanyana kumakhaza khulu isikhathi eside ukudlula ngenjayelo ngebanga lamatjhuguluko webhoduluko nanyana wobujamo bezulu, iintjalo nemithi yendabuko le igcina ihlongakala begodu ingasamili. === Isiphetho === Ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko yinto embi nenomthelela omumbi eempilweni zethu ngombana kuzokuba nokudla nemitjhaga ebesiyinikelwa mimithi neentjalo lezo engasazokutholakala. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana sinakele zoke iintjalo nemithi, khulukhulu yendabuko. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 2b64bg0wx2cearm6je4kmhmaa3uukaq Iintjhijilo abantwana abazintandani abaqalana nazo 0 158 765 764 2024-10-14T13:46:46Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Intandani''' mntwana onganababelethi bobabili, umma no baba. Baphila ngaphasi kobudisi bokubandlululwa nokukhonjwa nesibanga sesimo sabo. Abantwana laba lokha nangabe bangahlali ekhaya lapho kuhlala khona abantwana abazintandani baqalane nobudisi bokuthi bangahlukunyezwa. Abanye babo baba nokugandeleleka komkhumbulo ngesibanga sokuthi bahlulwe kuthi bamukele isimo esibudisi sokulahlekelwa babelethi. Abantwana laba nangabe banganabo ababonisi bagcina sele babasebungozini bokuthi bangagcina sele bangakacedi isikolo. 2j0he0vd35715xn88x41ihj2hgr3x4o Ijuba nezuba. 0 159 768 767 2024-10-14T13:46:47Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 767 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ijuba nezuba. == Iphasini kunezinye zezinto lezo ezitjhidelene khulu nanyana eziwela ngaphasi komndeni munye. Kwesinye isikhathi izinto lezo zithathwa kwangathi begodu zibizwa ngathi yinto yinye, kodwana akusinjalo. Izinto lezo zifaka hlangana ijuba nezuba. Esigatjeni esilandelako sizokutjheja umehluko hlangana kwejuba nezuba. === Kuyini ijuba? === Ijuba ngenye yenyoni leyo etholakala khulu ekhaya. Ijuba kuyinyoni leyo efuywako begodu ethandwa khulu bentwana. Ijuba lakhelwa ihogo ukuthi lihlale lapho begodu lithengelwa ukudla. Ukudlula lapho lithelelwa mamanzi. Liyafundiswa bonyana ekhaya kukhuphi begodu livulelwe liphaphe namanye amajuba kanye nemihlobo eminye yeenyoni. Kodwana, ngesikhathi sokubuya libuyela ekhaya ehogweni yalo. === Kuyini izuba? === Izuba lona ngezinye zeenyoni lezo ezitholakala khulu ehlathunini. Akusikanengi lifuywa begodu nanyana lingafuywa, walivulela nanyana nalithole ithuba liyakhamba libuyele ehlathini. Lokhu kusitjela bonyana indabuko yalo khulu, kukuhlala nokuphila ehlathini. Nanyana kunjalo, ngebanga lethuthuko yezokuhlalakuhle, amazuba sele azithola hlangana nabantu kwesinye isikhathi ngebanga lokususwa kweendawo zawo kanye nendlala. Ngalokho-ke, singatjho bonyana izuba lijuba lommango. === Isiphetho === Ijuba nezuba ziinyoni ezimbili ezihlobana eduze. Kodwana umehluko hlangana nazo kukuthi enye ihlala emakhaya, begodu iyafuywa kanti enye ihlala ehlathini begodu ayifuywa. 5j8uwt0vuoafc1eywtfhfsmtuzo08of Ikolo yamakhrestu 0 160 3278 771 2025-07-02T09:32:07Z Andre Engels 480 merge 3278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Ubukresite}} [[Isimumathi:Christianity-Jesus Christ Died for your Sin.jpg|thumb|This is the cross where it is believed that Jesus Christ died on.]] '''Ikolo yamakhrestu''' yikolo eqale iimfundiso zika zimu. Amakhrestu bathemba bona uJesu wafela izono zethu soke. Ukuze siphile inguna phakade. Lokho kwenza bona noma senze okungakhambiselani nekolo le, sibuyele kuzimu ngomthandazo simubawe bona asilibalele. Kanengi abantu abamakhrestu babizwa bona bazalwana. Omunye angathi makholwa. '''Amalanga aqhakathekile ''' wamakholwa kufaka hlangana nelanga lokubhubha kukaJesu, esithi yi ''Good Friday'', nelanga lokubelethwa kukaJesu, okuyikhrismasi. Abanye bangabala nokubhabhadiswa njengesikhumbuzo. Bathemba bona umuntu uba sidalwa esitjha. I-''Good Friday'' kanengi iba ngenyanga kaSihlabantangana. Amasonto ayahlangana bakhumbule ukubhubha nokuvuka kukaJesu. rzv0qkyr62i27rs4v6xi6fij1o6yjja Ikondlo 0 161 773 772 2024-10-14T13:46:47Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikondlo''' kumtlolo lapho imbongi nanyana umtloli aveza khona amazizo wakhe ngesihloko esithileko esisekhumbulweni waso. k033irxltiwjdkmfgzyau8z89f8ctuw Ikrismesi 0 162 3108 3008 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:JhsBot|JhsBot]] 1670 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0">[[Isimumathi:The visit of the wise-men.jpg|130px|khisimusi.]]</div> <div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:2px 5px; font-size:95%;"> '''Ikrismesi''' umgidingo odumileko kwikolo yobukrestu begodu igidingwa engcenyeni ezinengi zephasi namhlanje. Iskhathesi sihlanganisa kusikathi esihle khulu lapho imindeni ithola ithuba lokobana bahlanganyele bebavuselele ukuzwana kwabo. Umgidingo lo ukhumbula ilanga uJesu abelethwa ngalo, ngen 25 kunobayeni qobe minyaka. Ungabona kobanyana Ikrismesi itjhidile ngerhwebo begodu neplarha zerhwebo enarheni yoke. == Ukubaluleka kwelanga lika krisimusi == Ngelanga lika kresumusi abantu benza okuhlukahlukeneko ngombana kulilanga elihle khulu emuntwini woke, Abazalwana baya esondweni, imindeni iyapheka, abanye bazikhuphela endaweni zokududa kanye nokunye okunengi. Ngifuna kuthiwa bathi umndeni kade ucabene kangangani kodwana ngelanga leli bazwana boke befuthi kuyabambiswana. ll84mbaiob878w9hnwcunej2i37z848 Ilanga Lamabeletho 0 163 3048 3000 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2200 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ilanga Lamabeletho == === Isingeniso === Ilanga lamabeletho ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi begodu liletha injabulo ebantwini abanengi. Abantu ngokwahlukana kwabo balizwisisa ngeendla ezihlukileko begodu lokho kwenza bonyana baligidinge ngeendlela ezihlukileko. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ilanga lamabeletho liyini begodu lisuselwa kuphi. === Liyini ilanga lamabeletho? === [[:en:Birthday|Ilanga lamabeletho]] lilanga lelo omuntu avela nanyana abelethwa ngalo (Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Birthday.'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ilanga leli lisikhumbuzo emuntwini loyo obelethwe ngalo bonyana wathoma nanyana wafika ephasini la ngelanga lelo (The Yard Designs 2024<ref>The Yard Designs. 2024. ''Why are birthdays important.'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://theyarddesigns.com/why-are-birthdays-important/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, ilanga lamabeletho kulilanga elikutjela bonyana ipilo yakho yathoma ngaleli langa enyangeni yeminyaka nanyana yomnyaka ogadungileko. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, [https://theyarddesigns.com/why-are-birthdays-important/ ilanga lamabeletho aligidingwa ngokufana] ngebanga leenzathu ezifaka ikolo, umbono womuntu kanye nezehlalakuhle zeemali. Abantu abamakholwa njengabafakazi bakaJesu abaligidingi kokufana njengamakholwa amaMozilemu; ngokufanako, abantu abanemali abaligidingi ngokufanako nabantu abanganamali nanyana abazidobhela phasi. === Ingabe ilanga lamabeletho lasuselwa kuphi? === [https://www.rebounderz.com/the-history-of-birthdays/ Ukuthi ilanga lamabeletho lasuselwa kuphi akuveli kuhle]. Kukhona amarhubhululo amanengi lawa azama ukufunyana iimpendulo mayelana nokusungulwa kwelanga lamabeletho kodwana azange kube netlha (Reboundersz 2024<ref name=":0">Rebounderz. 2024. ''The history of birthdays''. Litholaka ku:<<nowiki>https://www.rebounderz.com/the-history-of-birthdays/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Kodwana kukhona abakholelwa bonyana ilanga lamabeletho lasungulwa yiKosi yamaGibhide, uPharoah ngeminyaka eziin-3000 ngaphambi kokubelethwa kukaJesu (Rebounderesz 2024<ref name=":0" />). Ngaleso sikhathi ilanga leli belisetjenziswa njengetshwayo lokuthokoza nololotjha uPharoah. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ilanga leli lakhamba liba namatjhugululo lawo afakwa nezinto eligidingwa ngalo. === Isiphetho === Ilanga lamabeletho kulilanga eliqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi begodu ligidingwa ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Ilanga leli limumethe umlayezo ohlukileko ebantwini abahlukeneko. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} 97joaiqhfjcua0no7xk64e5zwxe8nuu Ilanga labasebenzi 0 164 2447 785 2025-02-20T04:55:48Z Nqobile69 190 2447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga labasebenzi''' kuyilanga eliba yi[[holideyi]] labantu abahlala enarheni yeSewula afrika kusukela ngonyaka wekululeko. Ilanga labasebenzi ligidingwa ngenyanga ka Mrhayili ngelanga loku-1 minyaka yoke. Ngaleli ilanga kusuke kugidingwa indima edlalwa basebenzi enarheni ukuthithukisa isitjhaba ngokwandisa umnotho wenarha. f7ncjkr00ipqlz1llb4xuq4jsnj0990 Ilobolo 0 165 790 789 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilobolo''' kulapho indoda ithumela khona abantu bayo bonyana bakhambe baye khabo lentombi yakhe bonyana bayokukhulumisana ngemali ebayifunako bonyana indoda le izokukhona ukuthatha intombi yayo imenze umfazi wayo. Abakhongi bayakhamba bayokuzwa bonyana kufuneka malini, bese isokana liyayikhipha imali leyo neenkomo phezulu. == Inkomo zelobolo == NgesiNdebele iinkomo zelobolo zisithandathu begodu zinamagama wakhona. 4a9r5pbtwux316d6fvxg3rmwnusy46k Ilwandle 0 166 794 793 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Seal Rocks, Ocean Beach, San Francisco.jpg|thumb|isithombe seLwande]] '''Ilwandle''' yindawo yemvelo mamanzi amanengi anetswayi azungeze iphasi loke. Amanzi la ahlukanisa amakhontinenti wephasi begodu ephasini zombelele kunamalwandle amathathu. Ilwandle ngelinye leendawo zokuzithabisa evakatjhelwa babantu. Abantu vane baye ukuyokubona ilwande begodu bafike bakhe namanzi wakhona ukuwasebenzisela izinto ezithileko eziphathelene nomoya. paac4xe59dwd6mc3zspw8vq6z45sv6l Imibala yeflarha yeSewula Afrika nehlathululo yawo. 0 167 797 796 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imibala yeflarha yeSewula Afrika nehlathululo yawo. == Imibala ngezinye zezinto ethelwe nanyana ephethe umlayezo loyo abantu ekufanele bawurhumutjhe ukuze bawuzwisise. Umbala ngamunye ungaba nemilayezo eminengi tle, kodwana umnqopho wombala nomkhiqizo nanyana ithulusi lelo ofakwe kilo, ngilo elisitjela ngomlayezo ewumumethweko ngaleso sikhathi. Nanyana kunjalo, ekulumeni yethu le sizokutjheja khulu ihlathululo yemibala yeflarha yeSewula Afrika. Isithombe esingehla lesi seflarha yeSewula Afrika, sithola imibala imibala esithantathu (onzima, wegolide nanyana osarulana, ohlaza kotjani, ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe nobovu). '''Onzima'''- Ngokuya bakaw-South Africa Net (2024<ref name=":0">South Africa. (2024). ‘An enduring symbol of unity and overcoming adversity as a nation’. Available at:<https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/an-enduring-symbol-of-unity-and-overcoming-adversity-as-a-nation</ref>) umbala onzima ojamele abantu bendabuko beSewula Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, ujamele abantu abanzima nabathwa njengoba sazi bonyana ngibo bokuthoma la eSewula Afrka ngaphambi kokuthi kufike amakhuwa. '''Wegolide nanyana osarulana'''- Umbala wegolide nanyana osarulana ujamele izenjiwa kanye neminye iminotho yendabuko nanyana yeboduluko leSewula Afrika (South Africa Net 2024<ref name=":0" />). '''Ohlaza kotjani''' – Bakwa-South Afrika Net baveze bonyana umbala ohlaza kotjani ujamele ukunotha kwenarha yeSewula Afrika. Siyazi bonyana inarha yeSewula Afrika inehlabathi enothileko leyo esetjenziselwa ukudla, iminotho yezenyiwa, amanzi kanye nezinye izinto. '''Ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka''' – Ngokuya kwe-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1">Mappr. (2024). ‘South Africa Flag Unveiled: Colors, Meaning, Coat of Arms, Flag Map, and Similar Flags’. Available at:https://www.mappr.co/flag-maps/south-africa/</ref>), umbala ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka ujamele isibhakabhaka, itjhaphululo kanye namathuba lawo angapheliko weSewula Afrika. Bangezelele, bakaw-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1" />), bathi, ulitshwayo lekuthazo yengemuso elingcono leSewula Afrika. '''Obovu''' – Umbala obovu ujamele yoke imisebenzi eyenziwa, nokuzibophelela kanye neengazi ezathulukako ekulweni negandelelo kanye nokulwela itjhaphuluko yeSewula Afrka ngaphambilini (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ulitshwayo lokukhumbula ukuzithemba nonokubekezela kwabantu beSewula Afrika (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). '''Omhlophe''' – Ngokuya kwe-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1" />) umbala omhlopho ujamele ukuthulwa nokubambisana kwabantu beSewula Afrika. Ulitshayo lokuzibophelela kweSewula Afrika engomuseni elinokuthula nokulibalelana kwabantu beSewula Afika (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, ihlathululo yemibala le ayikapheleli. Lokha nasitjheja imibala le yoke sifunyana bona ijamele nabo boke abantu abaphila eSewula Afrika, ukusuka kumakhuwa, abantu abanzima, bombala, abantu beenkolo ezahlukeneko (Britannica 2024<ref>Britannica. (2024). ‘Flag of South Africa’. Available at :https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-South-Africa</ref>). === Isiphetho === Ikulumo yethu yangehla le iyasitjengisa bona imibala yeSewula Afrika le ijamele izinto ezinengi lezo ezifaka umlando, ibhoduluko, abantu, abantu, ukunotha, ikusasa elihle nemfiso kanye nenarha yeSewula Afrika ngokupheleleko. === Umthombolwazi. === <references /> 0qrld7xz0nodk3eh1ihqq8utwgzisop Imidlalo 0 168 3101 2919 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2166 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Jarvie, G., Thornton, J. and Mackie, H., 2013. ''Sport, culture and society: an introduction''. Routledge.</ref>'''Umdlalo''' ngilokho okwenziwa mumuntu nanyana abantu ngehloso yokuzithabisa, okufaka hlangana umthetho , ukuphikisana nekghono elithileko. Umdlalo udlala ziinqheema ezimbili nanyan ezinengi. == Imihlobo yemidlalo == === Imidlalo yeenqheema === [[Isimumathi:Umdlalo webholo.jpg|thumb|abantwana abasafunda ukudlala umdlalo webholo]] Le midlalo efaka hlangana inqheema ezimbli nnanyana ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Abadlali bomdlalo wesiqheema basebenzisana ngokumnqopho wokuzuza lokho abakuhlosileko, kungaba ligondelo nanyana okhunye ekuzobenza bona bathumbe umdlalo. Emdlalweni abadlali bayazihlela ngokwendela abazokujama ngayo. Isibonelo somdlalo weenqheema kungaba mdlalo webholo, [[umakhakhulararhwe]] kanye ne khrikhethi. === Imidlalo yangamunye === Midlalo lapho umuntu adlala khona ngokuzijamela abambelele ekghonweni nemandleni, nemanweni;lawo azowa sebenzisa ukuthuma emdlalweni. Abadlali bomdlalo lo kufuze babe nokuzithemba okukhulu ngomba kufuze bazijamelebona. Imidlalo le ifuna ithalente nokuzinniekela komuntu. Isibonelo somdlalo wangamunye kungaba mdlalo wokududa, ukureya itsikiri, nokugijima<ref>Baker, J., Yardley, J. and Cote, J., 2003. And individual sports. ''Int. J. Sport Psychol'', ''34'', pp.226-239</ref> . === Imidlalo yeengqondo === Kobiela (2018) uhlathulula [[Imidlalo]] yeengqondo ngokuthi mdlalo lapho umuntu angasebenzisi khona umzimba wakhe ukudlala kodwana ufuna bona umuntu atjengise okukhulu okuhlakanipha, ngokusebenzisa ingqondo yakhe ukuthuma umdlalo<ref>Kobiela, F., 2018. Should chess and other mind sports be regarded as sports?. ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'', ''45''(3), pp.279-295.</ref>. abadalal abadalal imidlalo le kufuze bona babe nekghono lokurarulula imiraro, amaphazili nokhunye.Kufuze boan umdlali akwazi ukuthswaya ngelihlo elibukhali bwegodu akghone nokwenza ibonelelo phambili elizomsiza ukithumba iphaliswano lomdlalo. Isibonelo somdlalo wengqondo kungaba mdlalo we tjhezi namaphazili. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} robr8ogzf5g291wz912af96nuylu8ob Imihlobo yeenhlathululimagama 0 169 807 806 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imihlobo yeenhlathululimagama == Iinhlathululimagama nanyana iinhlathululimezwi zinemihlobo emingi leyo etholakalako. Imihlobo itlanywe ngeminqopho neendingo ezihlukileko zabasebenzisi abaqothelweko. Kukhona iinhlathululimagama ezikhethekileko lezo ezenzelwe imisebenzi nabantu bemikhakha ekhethekileko efana nezamaphilo, zesayensi nezebunjiniyera. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona ezenzelwe woke umuntu osebenzisa ilimi ukukhuluma, ukuthintana nokufunda. Namhlanje sizokutjheja lezo ezenzelwe woke umuntu loyo osebenzisa ilimi ukufundisa, ukukhuluma nokuthintana. Iinhlathululimagama lezi sizozihlukanisa ngemihlobo emithathu, ebizwa bona: isihlathululimagama esilimilinye, isihlathululimagama esilimimbili nesihlathululimagama esilimintathu. === Kuyini sihlathululimagama esilimilinye na? === U-Ali<ref>Ali, H. I. H. (2012). ‘Monolingual Dictionary Use in an EFL Context’. English Language Teaching. 5(7):1-7</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2012 wahlathulula isihlathululimagama esilimilinye bonyana, isihlathululimagama esilimilinye sihlathululimagama esinehlathululo, amatshwayo nelinye ilwazi lokuhleleka nanyana ilandelano lamagama welimi lomphakathi othize mayelana namagama lawo abudisi ukuzwisiseka kubasebenzisi belimi lelo. Ngamanye amagama isihlathululimagama esilimilinye sihlathululimagama esimumethe ilwazi ngelimi. Okutjho bonyana ihlathululo yegama, amatshwayo namathemu atlolwe ngesiNdebele. Kanengi lomhlobo wesihlathulumagama usetjenziswa babantu ilimi lelo ekulilimi lebele nanyana abafunda ilimi lelo njengelimi lokuthoma ekhaya. Nangabe wena awukhulumi ilimi lelo begodu awulifundi esikolweni njengeli lokuthoma lekhaya, ungaba nomraro wokungazwisisi amagama nanyana okutlolwe ngaphakathi kwesihlathululimagama lesi. Isihlathululimagama lesi siqakatheke kwamambala ekungezeleleni ilwazi lwamagama nethuthuko yelimi lelo (Hadebe 2007<ref>Hadebe, S. (2004). ‘Improving Dictionary Skills in Ndebele’. Lexikos. 14: 89-104.</ref>). === Kuyini isihlathululimagama esilimimbili na? === UKlapicova (2005<ref name=":0">Klapicová, E. H. (2005). Stavba hesla v dvojjazyčnom slovníku a jeho parametre. Studi Slavistici. 2(1): 219–235.</ref>) wahlathulula isihlathululimagama esilimimbili wathi, isihlathululimagama esilimimbili sinerhelo lamagama arhenyiswe ngokulandelana kwamaledere nanyana izitjho ngelimi linye lezo, ngokuqothelwa ezinikelwe amagama nanyana izinto ezinqophe poro ngelinye ilimi. Ngamanye amagama la, kusetjenziswa amalimi amabili, elinye ilimi lilimi elimsuka bese elinye lenziwe ilimi eliqothelweko. Ilimi elimsuka lilimi lelo amagama nanyana amathemu arhenyiswa ngalo. Kodwana, ilimi eliqothelweko lilimi lelo ihlathululo nezinye izitjho zinikelwa nanyana zitlolwe ngalo. Nabakhuluma ngokurhenyiswa kwamagama ngamaledere, balinga ukuveza bonyana isihlathululimagama ngiyo yodwa incwadi lapho ungathola khona imitlolo yangaphakathi irhenyiswe ngamaledere. Ezinye iincwadi ziyatlola ngaphandle kokurhemisa amagama ngamaledere. Lomhlobo wesihlathululimagama usetjenziswa khulu ngilabo abafuna ukufunda amalimi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa nanyana abasebenza ngamalimi amabili njengokutjhugulula. Uqakathekile lomhlobo ngomba utholakala nemikhakheni ekhethekileko. === Kuyini isihlathululimagama esilimintathu? === UKlapicova (2005<ref name=":0" />) uveza bonyana kukhona ezinye iinhlathululimagama lezo ezisebenzisa amalimi adlula kwamabili emitlolweni yazo ngaphakathi. Okutjho bona umhlobo lo ungasebenzisa isiNdebele, Siswati nesiZulu elwazini langaphakathi. Okwenzekako kukobana kuthathwa ilimi linye lezniwe imili elimsuka bese amanye la enziwe amalimi aqothelweko. Ngamanye amagama lokha amagama nanyana amathemu arhenyiswa ngesindebele, ihlathululo nanyana amathemu onqophileko azokunikelwa ngamalimi amabili la ekumalimi aqothelweko, Sizwati nesiZulu. Lomhlobo wesihlathululimagama wenzele boke abantu abafunda nanyana abasebenzisa amalimi amathathu ukukhuluma, ukufunda nokusebenza. Begodu umhlobo utjengisa nezinga lokuthuthuka kwamalimi esetjenzisiweko la. Ekulumeni yethu ngehla sikhulume besahlathulula imihlobo emithathu yeenhlathululimagama ezijayelekileko. Isihlathululimagama esilimilinye, esilimimbili nesilimbintathu zitjhejwe ngokungeneleleko. Zoke iihlathululimagama lezi ziqakatheke ngokungafani begodu nemisebenzi yazo ayifani. Kodwana, okukhulu kukobana kufanele zibe khona ukuze ilimi likwazi ukuthuthtuka === Umthombolwazi === <references /> n7muf5df5apryvv9bj7zidcf2iinifp Imijondolo 0 170 809 808 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imijondolo''', indawo ye-squatter noma indawo yokuhlala ye-squatter iyindawo yokuhlala yezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ezaziwa ngokuthi imijondolo noma imijondolo, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nodaka nokhuni. Idolobhana eliyimijondolo elijwayelekile linemikhukhu futhi ekuqaleni alinayo ingqalasizinda eyanele, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwendle okufanele, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi aphephile, ugesi kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle emigwaqweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadolobha anemijondolo angathuthukisa ingqalasizinda yawo futhi ashintshe abe izindawo ezingomakhelwane abasezingeni eliphakathi. Kungaba imijondolo emincane noma kungahlalisa izigidi zabantu. pxsz456qt3wqi5adtrsw7667reiiofs Imikhombe 0 171 811 810 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imikhombe''' mhlobo weembandana ohlala ehlathini, unephondo ebusweni ngaphezu kwepumulo pavbyetrojxeobrf5omi6h1vi5pzp0v Imisebenzi ye-Art eyenziwa bomma bamaNdebele 0 172 2465 2464 2025-02-24T12:11:35Z Nqobile69 190 2465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|indlu egwalwe ngesiNdebele]] '''Abomma bamaNdebele''' banobukghoni obukhulu kweze-[[art]] ngombana bakhona ukwenza imisebenzi yezandla emihle begodu ebukwa liphasi loke. Imisebenzi yezandla abayenzako akusiyo imisebenzi ungenziwa ngunyana ngubani mgombana ifuna itelente begodu nekghono lokusebenzisa izandla ngendlela ethile, begodu ube nekghono lokukhetha [[imibala]] uyihlanganise ukwenza amaphetheni. ikghono leli kwezomkhakha wefundo liwela ngaphasi kwe-Arts. == Ukugwala == [[ukugwala]] yindlela yokuhlobisa amaboda ngokupenda wenze amaphetheni amahle, ngemibala ehlukahlukeneko. Abomma nabagwalako basenzisa isiba lekukhu khulu khulu. Abomma ekadeni bebenza umsebenzi lo ukuhlobisa imizabo<ref>Van Vuuren, C.J., 2012. Iconic bodies: Ndebele women in ritual context. ''South African Journal of Art History'', ''27''(2), pp.325-347.</ref>. Esikhathini ukugwala sekuyinto AmaNdebele adume ngayo iphasi loke ngombana sele kungasa gwala izindlu kwaphela kodwana sele kugwalwa nezambatho, imodere nokhunye. Umuntu odume khulu ngokugwala emaNdebeleni ngumma u Esther Mahlangu osele enze imisebenzi eminengi khulu ngokugwala. == Ukuluka imiseme == Nasikhuluma ngokuluka sikhuluma ngokwenza umseme usebenzisa umcobosi. umcobosi butjani ubuhlaza ubudege ubumila ngemlanjeni. Abomma bayakhamba bayokukha utjani lobu nofana bayobuthenga bese benza ngabo imiseme. Umseme bawuluka ngokuthi bawubeke phezu kweplanka elithileko lokwenza umseme. Lokha nabenza imiseme le basebenzisa amawula ahlukahlukeneko ngemibala, begodu amawula la enza amaphetheni amahle khulu emsemeni. Umseme usetjenziselwa ukuhlala, ukunothisa, kanye nokwakha intende lokha nakusimanje. Umsebenzi omkhulu womseme singatjho bona kuhlalisa abantu kuhle phasi bangasilaphazeki. Elinye igama lomseme mjadeko. == Ukuphothela umcamo nokunghada iinrholwani == Ukuphothela kuluka usebenzisa imicamo ukwenza ivunulo ethileko yesiNdebele enjenge nrholwani, iphephethu, iyerhana nokhunye<ref>Ndlovu, S., 2020. Material culture in Southern Ndebele identity making in post-apartheid South Africa. ''Anthropology Southern Africa'', ''43''(4), pp.218-232.</ref>. Ukuphothela kufuna ikghono lokusenzisa izandla begodu ukwazi ngithjo nokuthunga. Ukuphothela nokughada iinrholwane kuyinto eqakathekileko eMaNdebeleni ngombana pheze ivunulo yabo yoke ivela lapho. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} e8dcq4jauv21o8df1wiagouvmqf58wl Imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda 0 173 822 821 2024-10-14T13:46:50Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda == Ngokuya kukaZulu, uBotha no-Barnard (2008:188) imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda kulibuthelelo lamatshwayo lawo asetjenziswa ekultolweni kwelimi begodu afaka hlangana indlela yokutlola nokupeleda kwelimi lelo. Ngamanye amagama singatjho bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda kumhlahlandlela loyo ohlahla abasebenzisi belimi elithe bonyana litlolwa njani begodu amatjhada abanawo ngimaphi. U-Albert (2013) usekele uZulu nabanye (2008) lokha nakaveza bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda uvumela amalimi bonyana anzinzise amalimi wabo ngokuthi aqinisekise bonyana kuba nokutlolwa nokupeledwa kwelimi lelo ngokufakano. Ukungezelela, imithetho yokutlola nokupelelda yenza isiqiniseko sokobana abasebenzisi belimi balisebenzisa ngokufana ilimi lelo. U-Albert (2013) uragele phambili wathi, imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ayisizi kwaphela ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi ilimi lisetjenziswa ngokufanako, kodwana isiza nemisebenzi yelimi kanye nokuthintaneni. Lokhu kutjho bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ayisimhlahlandlela kwaphela kodwana kulithulusi lokuthuthukisa ilimi. Imithetho yokutlola nokupelela le iqakathekile bonyana ngaso soke isikhathi ibuyekezwe ukuze ikhambisane nokuthuthuka kanye netjhuguluko lelimi. Siyazi bonyana ilimi alikajami ndawonye, liyathuthuka begodu liyatjhuguluka isikhathi nasikhambako. Imithetho yokutlola nokupeledwa le kufanele isekelwe nangamarhubhululo ukuze nakuthathwa iinqunto, kuthathwe iinqunto ezizwakalako. Ngaphandle kwemithetho yokutlola nokupeleda, abantu angeze bazwana mayelana nelimi, kungakho sitjho bona iqakathekile.’ === Umthombolwazi === Zulu, P. N., Botha, G., and Barnard, E. 2008. Orthographic measures of language distances between the official South African languages. Literator, 29(1):185-204. Alberts, M. 2013. The Afrikaans Orthographic Rules as Guide for Other South African Languages. Lexikos, 23:1-28 c7bwy65nmrf1yitsptkyaiul17aeb6l Impalapala 0 174 2436 826 2025-02-19T15:56:21Z Nqobile69 190 2436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.-musiciennes Ndebele.jpg|thumb|umma ovuthela impalapala]] '''Impalapala''' liphondo elifana ne vuvuzela. lisetjenziswa bomaNdebele ukwenza umdumo lokha nabavumako nanyana nabagida u1. u1 libizo lemgido ogidwa bomma bamaNdebele abatjhadileko. impalapala le iyagwalwa ibe yihle. impalapala ejwayelekileko ifana ne phayiphu elidege kodwana ayibi yide khulu. Ubude bayo bungalingana nebezandla ezimbili nazihlanganisiweko. Ukubetha impalapala kudinga bonyana ube nomoya omnengi ukuze uzokghona ukukhupha umdumo olindelekileko. Akusingunoma ngubani ongakhona ukubetha impalapala ngombana kufuze bona loyo oyibethako abe nelwazi lokuthi umdumo okhitjhwako kufuze ube njani. 8e61372johaloqw56ey2ewzh8x8h9p8 Indakamizwa 0 175 833 832 2024-10-14T13:46:50Z Jon Harald Søby 12 6 revisions imported 832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Psychoactive Drugs.jpg|thumb|Iindakamizwa]] == '''Iindakamizwa''' == '''Iindakamizwa''' zinsetjenziswa nanyana izinto ezidakwa imikhumbulo nomzimba womuntu. Iindakamizwa lezi zihlukaniswe ngemihlobo embili. Kukhona iindakamizwa ezimitjhoga lezo ezisetjenziswa ukupholisa abantu. Lezi ziindakamizwa ozithola kibodorhodere nanyana ezifuna incwadi yemvumo kobana ekhemisi bakuthengisele. Iindakamizwa zomhlobo wesibili, ngilezo abantu abazisebenzisako ezingakalungeli umzimba. Esikhathini esinengi wazisebenzisa butjhilweni, zigcina zikumotjha umzimba nepilo yakho. Abantu abasebenzisa iindakamizwa lezi esikhathi esinengi bayagula begodu abakghoni ukuziyekela. Abanye baphila ngazo bebahlongakale. Iindakamizwa lezi zomhlobo wesibili, kanengi azikho emthethweni begodu nabantu abazisebenzisako bazisebenzisa ngongasimthetho. Kukhona iindakamizwa ezaziwa ngama-mandras, inyawupe, newunga.https://www.health.gov.au/topics/drugs/about-drugs/types-of-drugs Ibange lona ngakelinye ihlangothi lingasetjenziswa ngokomthetho ngokulandela umthetho kanye neenlwayelo zakadorhodere. Kodwana, kukhona abalibhemako nalabo abalithengisako. Lokha nawulibhema nanyana ulithengisa ngendlela engekho emthethweni ungabotjhwa. Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bazi ngemihlobo yeendamakizwa kanye nemisebenzi yazi ukuze bazokwazi ukubalekela lezo eziyingozi nalezo ezisetjenziswa ngongasimthetho enxas7itb0rvcj74tnt2fxwwbiy7o0d Indlela nomtletlana. 0 176 837 836 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 836 wikitext text/x-wiki == Indlela nomtletlana. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona izinto lezo esikhamba kizo lokha nasifuna ukuya endaweni ethize. Izinto lezi zifaka hlangana indlela nomtletlana. Indlela nomtletlana zinomsebenzi munye, wokusa umuntu nanyana iinthuthi ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Nanyana kunjalo, azifani ngobujamo nangeendawo la zitholakala khona. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokukhuluma ngomehluko hlangana kwindlela nomtletlana. === Kuyini umtletlana? === [[Isimumathi:Umtletlana.jpg|thumb|Umtletlana/indlela yeenyawo]] Umtletlana yindlela encani leyo kukhanjwa khona ngeenyawo kwaphela. Ngamanye amagama umtletlana yindlela yeenyawo. Ukuragela phambili, umtletlana kuyindlela ezenzakalelako khona abantu neenlwana nabakhamba indawo yinye mihla namalanga. Ngamanye amagama, umtletlana eyenziwa mikhambo yabantu neenlwana. Umtletlana kanengi utlolakala emahlathini nesikghweni. Siyazi bonyana ehlathini nesikghweni kanengi akunandlela ezikulu lezo ezinesikontiri kodwana kunemitletlana leyo evele ngebanga lemikhambo yabantu neenlwana. === Kuyini indlela? === [[Isimumathi:Indlela.jpg|left|thumb|Indlela esetjenziswa ziinthuthi]] Indlela yindawo leyo abantu, iinlwana neenthuthi zikghona ukukhamba khona. Indlela yenziwa babantu nanyana yakhiwa babantu. Ezinye iindlela zifakwa iinkontiri kkanti ezinye zona kuba ngezehlabathi kwaphela. Indlela inemihlobo eminengi leyo ehlukaniswa ngobujamo kanye nobude bayo. Ukungezelela, iindlela zibuye zihlukaniswe ngeengaba entathu. Kukhona iindlela zesifunda, neendlela zenarha kanye neendlela zangekhaya. Iindlela zenarha esikhathi esinengi ngezikulu begodi ngezidosa ukudlula iindlela zesifunda nezangekha. Iindlela zesifunda zona zidlula zangekha begodu kuzindlela zebanga elidenyana. Iindlela zangekhaya zona ngezincani kunazo zoke entathu lezi esele zibaliwe begodu zikhamba ibanga elincani. === Isiphetho === Indlela nomtletlana ziqakathekile zombili begodu nemisebenzi yayo ihluka kancani. Umehluko omkhulu kukobana indlela yakhiwe nanyana yenziwe babantu kanti umtletlana wona uyazivelela ngebanga lemikhambo yabantu neenlwana. oe1eldjpt15f98n3xjz8o895an1xwzg Infobox disease 0 177 839 838 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 838 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox disease]] 5ugq2um5iikepfkjsm2hrydz97gitdw Ingelozi 0 178 3123 2965 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Cherubim Bate.jpg|thumb|ingelozi ezibizwa bona makherubhi]] '''Ingelosi''' kusidalwa sakaZimu asithumako emhlabeni bonyana sizokugada abantu bakhe nanyana sizobanikela umlayezo othileko ovela kuZimu. Abantu abakhe bazibona iingelozi bathi ngokubukeka zifana nabantu kodwana abanamaphiko. Okhunye godi iingelozi zimumoya. Imihlobo yeengelozi ekhona ngokuya kwebhayibheli. # Amakherubhi- kuyingelezi enobuso obune namaphiko amane, ubuso bekhozi, ubuso bekomo, ubuso bebhubezi nobuso bomuntu <ref>Ezekiyeli1:6-11</ref> # Amaserafi- Kuyingelozi enamaphiko asithandathu. Ingelozi le iphatha ilahle lomlilo(U-isaya 6:2) # Ugabhriyeli- Yingelozi eyisithunywa uZimu ayithuma bona ikhambe iyokuphendula imithandazo yabantu(UDaniyeli 8:16). # Umayikheli- Yingelozi ekulu ephatha umkhondo ekukholweka bona ngiyo eyacotha usathana ezulwini. Kuyingelozi elwa izipi zabantu lokha nabacalene nemimoya emimbi(udaniyeli 10:13). ga36m1fn3uvkvwzmpvsfqinxk01bvb9 Ingogwana ye covid-19 0 179 850 849 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 6 revisions imported 849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Covid precautionary measures.jpg|thumb|ImIgomo ye-Covid-19]] '''Ingogwana ye [[Covid-19]]''' mhlobo wengongwana ephathisa umkhuhlani oyingozi khulu begodu obulalako. ingogwana le yahlasela umhlaba woke ngonyaka we-2020 begodu e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] yenza bona kuquntwe amakhambo ngomhlaka ka 26 enyangeni kaNtaka ngomnyaka we-2020. Ingogwana le yenza bona inarha ivalwe begodu abantu balise ukuya emisebenzini neenkolweni bazivelele ngendlini ukwenzela bona bavikeleke engongwaneni le. Ingogwana le yenza woke umuntu bona aphile ngevalo lokha nakakhamba endleleni ngombana woke umuntu bekafanele azivalele ngesifonyo esivikela umlomo nepumulo, ngombana ingogwana le ikhamba ngomoya. == Amatjhuguluko alethwa kufika kwe ngogwana ye covid-19 == Ingogwana le yaletha amatjguguluko amahle namambi enarheni. Amatjhuguluko amahle kukobana yenza ukuthi kube nokuthuthuka kwezing a letheknoloji, ngombana skhatheso kwavela iinsetjenziswa zokuthintana zetheknoloji. iinsetjenziswa lezi zenza bona ubantu bakghone ukuthintana begodu baragelel phambili ngemisebenzi yabo kanye nangomsebenzi wesikolo. Kwaba lula bona abafundi bakghone ukufundela ekhaya beodu bakghone nokutlola iinhlahlubo zabo ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Amabubulo athengisa imithi yemikhuhlani bekenza inzuzo enengi ngaleso sikhathi kunamanye amabubulo. okumbi kukobana amanye amabubulo amancani alehlekeklwa yimali begodu nabantu nabo bagcina sele balahlekelwa misebenzi. Boke abantu babe basekhaya kwaphakama nezinga lokutlhoriswa kwabantu bengobo, kwagcina sele umongameli azokukhuza indaba yoktlhoriswa kwabantu bengubo. Kwathi ekukhambeni kwesikhathi kwatholakala umjovo wokugogobalisa ingogwana le, nanyana abantu babe beyisaba kodwana bagcine sele bayihlaba lokho kwasiza begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yabe yaphelelwa mamandla izinto zabuyela esigeni sazo. 9rcdxwejaxllrv4nzyfsbxp4pwa19yj Inkundla zokuthintana 0 180 3284 3161 2025-07-02T20:38:51Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3161|3161]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinkundla zokuthintana''' kuyindawo zetheknoloji ezisiza abantu bonyana bakghone ukukhuluma begodu bathintane ngezindlela ezinengi. Iinkundla zokuthintana sele zingcenye yamaphilo wabantu ngombana zisetjenziswa mihla namalanga. Okuhle ngenkundla zokuthintana kukobana zikghona ukusiza umuntu bona akgone ukuthintana nabantu abakude naye. Okhunye kukobana zikhipha isizungu begodu umuntu ukhona ukufunda okunengi kizo. Inkundla zokuthintana ziyasiza ukuthuthukisa ilwazi lomuntu nanyana ngesinye isikhathi zingamupha umuntu ilwazi elingasilo. fgl5y9yhhr921480rz6kkvs9wfxbqoy Intaba 0 181 2173 860 2024-11-27T06:47:36Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Entabeni.jpg|thumb|phezulu entabeni]] '''Intaba''' kuphakama kwemvelo komhlaba, ngokujayelekileko singathi kuphakama okungaphezu kwama mitha ama-300 ngaphezulu kwendawo yebhoduluko yayo. [[Intaba]] ingenziwa zizehlakalo ezehlukeneko zemvelo ezifana nokudubula kwama volcano, ukunyakaza kwama tectonic plates kanye nokurhurhuleka kwehlabathi<ref>Kirchoff, M.R. and McKinnon, W.B., 2009. Formation of mountains on Io: Variable volcanism and thermal stresses. ''Icarus'', ''201''(2), pp.598-614.</ref>. Iintaba zingahlukaniswa ngokwemihlobo ngokuya kokubumbeka, ubukhulu bazo begodu nangokuya kwendawo lapho zikhona. == Imihlobo yeentaba == === 1. Intaba ezima volkheyino === Lezi kuzintaba ezakhekako kade kune volkheyino. isibonelo sentaba ezinjalo yi ntaba ekulu eAfrika intaba i Kilimanjaro eseTanzania. === 2. Intaba ezigocekileko === Lezi ziintaba ezakheka nanyana ezibumbeka ngokuhlangana nofana ngokuqhulana kwamam tectonic plates lezi kuzintaba ezifana ne Himalayas. == Ukuqakatheka kweentaba == Iintaba ziqakathekile ngombana ziyikhaya nofana iindawo yokuhlala yeenlwana kanye neziinye iintjalo zemangweni. Intaba zidlala iindima ekulu ekubumbeni isimo sezulu endaweni eziseduze nayo<ref>Shrestha, S., Yao, T. and Adhikari, T.R., 2019. Analysis of rainfall trends of two complex mountain river basins on the southern slopes of the Central Himalayas. ''Atmospheric Research'', ''215'', pp.99-115.</ref>. Intaba ezikulu ezifana ne [[Table Mountain]] zinikela amathuba amalhle wokuzithabisa, nakwezamavakatjho bogodu nokuthuthukisa umnotho wenarha ezikiyo. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} rkf0vtg77krmmp7s15qtvmta31as2ew Intaba iKilimanjaro 0 182 865 864 2024-10-14T13:46:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|Isthombe sentaba iKilimanjaro]] '''Intaba''' iKilimanjaro yintaba ekulu ukuzidlula zoke e-Afrika. Itholakala enarheni ye Tanzania. Intaba le yihle ngokwemvelo begodu kiyo kutholakala iimbandana namathuthumbo athileko. Ngobuhle bayo idosa amathoristi bona ayivakatjhele. Abantu abanekareke kwezemidlalo basuke bayikhuphuke intaba le ngokusebenzisa indlela ezitholakala lapho entabeni. Indlela lezi yokuthoma yi marangu route, le yindlela eyaziwa khulu entabeni iKilimanjaro begodu kuthiwa ngiyo elula. Yesibili indlela yiMachame route begodu kune Rongai ne Lemosho route. olrgviqyb3zb63r6kelcasy5vd6gln3 Intanga zama Ndebele wakwa Nzunza 0 183 867 866 2024-10-14T13:46:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Intanga zesiNdebele wakwa Nzunza''' Duba(Libunzwana) Dlowu(Liganadlha) Dlhari(Libasa) Nyathi(Ngudukuza ongafiko yisiqurhwana sengonga) Rudla(Maswebalanga ngusomtjhongweni) klzu8ofn7v9ydkhay6cm69qv6s55kzi Inzondo 0 184 2504 871 2025-03-05T14:43:27Z Nqobile69 190 2504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inzondo''' m[[imizwa]] emimbi begodu enamandla begodu engaba nemiphumela emimbi ekugcineni. Mimizwa umuntu aba nayo yokungathandi umuntu, isiqhema esithileko, nanyana umbono othileko. Inzondo ingavela ngendlela ezinengi ngokuya komuntu. Okhunye ibonakala ngokuthi umuntu abenebandlulo elithileko godu ngokuthi afuna ukubanga ukulwa ngamalanga. Inzondo yenza umuntu afune ukuziphindiselela lokha nangabe wenziwe into embi. Inzondo kuyinto engakalungi ngombana iyabanga bonyana umuntu agcine sele angasaboni ubuhle benzinto. jiu2tbgbwd4xbc6dwdr4tk19zgjol8n Iqude leSindebele 0 185 874 873 2024-10-14T13:46:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umnyanya wequde''' kukhuliswa komntwana womntazana esikweni lama[[Ndebele]]. Kunemnihlobohlobo, nangendlela ikambiso yeQude iyenzeka ngayo. Kumnyanya lapho kugidingwa khona ukukhuliswa komntazana, ngokumhlabela isibandana nangokumupha izipho ezahlukahlukeneko. 3thcifj3baj0rd53lc6wnrsnnkn60zm Irhabha 0 186 2462 881 2025-02-23T17:36:05Z Nqobile69 190 2462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) in Seoul.jpg|thumb|irhabha elisatjaliweko]] [[Isimumathi:Bissap - gourd calabash with dried leaves, Hibiscus sabdariffa.jpg|thumb|Ikapo]] '''Irhabha''' kuyinto yesintu esebenza njesigubhu. Irhabha lisetjenziswa ukufaka utjwala besintu obufana netlabalala. Irhabha liyinto yemvelo ngombana liyatjalwa bese lomiswe kukhitjhwe intanga ngaphathi kuthi nasele lome kuhle lisetjenziswe ukufaka izinto ezimanzi. Okhunye godu ngerhabha kukuthi liyasikwa kuhle phakathi lilingane kwenziwe into ekuthiwa bona yikapo. Ikapho ingasetjenziswa njengesitja ukudlela nanyana ukufaka izinto ezifana nepuphu, Ireysi nokukhunye. Irhabha nekapho kuzizinto eziqakathekileko emasikweni wabantu abanzima ngombana zisetjenziswa khulu lokha nakuneminyanya ukusela nokuvubela utswala. Zibuye zihlotjiswe zibe yincenye yoburhwari zithengiswele imvakatjhi ukuthi ziyokuhlobisa ngazo. njdzxdmq6ese9dm4cjzaj968iu1308r Isewula Afrika 0 187 2243 2137 2024-12-04T00:24:55Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:South Africa adm location map.svg|thumb|iSewula Afrika]] '''ISewula Afrika''' yinarha esesewula enarhakazini ekulu ye-[[Afrika]].Inabantu abangaba mamiliyoni angaphezu kwama-62, abahlala eemfundeni ezilithoba, abakhuluma amalimi ambadlwana, kodwana ali-11 wakhona asemthethweni. Yinarha yesi-23 erhelweni leenarha ezinabantu abanengi ukuzidlula zoke ephasini. Amaphesente ama-80 mhlobo wabantu abanzima ababelethelwe kilenarha, kanti ama-20 ngoweminye imihlobo evela eenarheni ezingaphandle.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=96-QAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA115&dq=South+Africa&ots=YmjPhRE4bt&sig=CyoJp5sfJGPVXMxSmJ9jYRB4JXM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=South%20Africa&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FE3EEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=South+Africa&ots=fjYhrVgxT5&sig=4gDCXRDfxb4OPHzJzWiXxlr49kk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=South%20Africa&f=false</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] 248g9u5yqazzkhxut2ex7mhnzyaf1gi Isibongo sikamma owendileko 0 188 901 900 2024-10-14T13:46:54Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 900 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Isingeniso''' == Isitjhaba samaNdebele sesithuthuke ngeendlela ezinengi emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko. Kuqakathekile bona imvelaphi yaso yazeke begodu ihlaliswe ngendlela efaneleko. Umuntu nakakhulako ukhamba iingaba ezithileko zepilo begodu ngokwesitjhaba samaNdebele, esinye nesinye isigaba sinebizo begodu kukhona okulindelekileko okukhambisana nesigabeso. == Iingaba zokukhula komuntu wengubo == Umntwana womntazana nakabelethwako uphiwa ibizo azokubizwa ngalo ukufikela la aba litlawana khona. Nasele alitlawana kukhona isiko elinziweko elibizwa ngokuthomba. Isibonelo, umntazana lo nakabelethwako unikelwe ibizo likaThandeka, ngemva kobana adluliswe anikelwe ibizo likaNdlelehle. Umntazana lo nangabe ungewakwaSkhosana uzokubizwa ngoNaSkhosana. UNaSkhosana lo nanyana angathathwa kwaMahlangu uzokubizwa ngoNaSkhosana. Njengombana sele athethwe kwaMahlangu usokunikelwa ibizo lakhe lekwendeni. Kuqakathekile bona sazi bona umma oliNdebele nasele athethwe unikelwa ibizo likamalukazana. Esitjhabeni samaNdebele kukhona amabizo amahlanu anikelwa abomakoti, kukhona uLombeni, uKumbuza, uMaphangela noMzangobe. i98uhdrqc8u1o9l3n1spp466k1dagzm Isidingo sokuvikela aboBhejane 0 189 907 906 2024-10-14T13:46:55Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Rhinoceros in South Africa adjusted.jpg|thumb|Ubhejane]] [[Isimumathi:Bleeding Rhino.png|thumb|Ubhejane okhutjhwe iphondo]] '''UBhejane''' sibandana esihlala emangweni esinephondo ebusweni phambi kwepumulo. Isibandana lesi ngesinye seembandana ezikulu ezihlanu .Lomhlobo weembandana ubalwa bonyana sele useduze nokuthi ungasatholakali ngombana abantu bazibulala ngesihlungu, ngesibanga sokobana bafuna amaphondo wazo. Amaphondo la ayathengisswa begodu athengiswa ngemali enengi ngikho abotsotsi babulala abobhejane ukuthi bazokhona ukwenza imali. Kufanele bona abantu bavikele iimbandana lezi ukwenzela bonyana zingagcini sele zingasatholaka ephasini. Kufanele sizibulunge ukwenzela isizukulwana esizako sizokghona ukubona iinlwana begodu nokutjengisa ukuthanda [[imvelo]]. 8orka3ktzpgv8o317mp5zh2v8anm60f Isifunda seMpumalanga 0 190 1672 913 2024-10-16T09:49:58Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q132410]] 1672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of Mpumalanga Province.svg|alt=iFlege yesifunda seMpumalanga|thumb|104x104px|iFlege yesifunda seMpumalanga.]] '''Isifunda seMpumalanga''' Singesinye sesifuda esitholakala enarheni ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Sitholakala sitjhidelene nenmfunda ezintathu, ifinda seLimpopo, Kwazulu natal, kanye negauteng. Idorobho elikhulu lakhona yi[[Mbombela]] ebeyaziwa ngokobana yi[[Nelspruit]] kade. Ibuye ibeNamadorobha asthandathu: eMalahleni (ebeyaziwa nge Witbank), Standerton, eMkhondo ( ebeyaziwa bona yi Piet Retief), Malalane, Ermelo, Barberton and Sabie.<ref>Frontiers | Competition for Land: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Coal Mining in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (frontiersin.org)</ref> == Ukuthuthuka kwesifunda seMpumalanga . == [[Isimumathi:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|alt=IRhwebo yemayini.|thumb|334x334px|IRhwebo yemayini.]] Isifundesi sithathele kude ukuthuthuka ukudlula imfunda zoke zeSewula Afrika kodwana Kwanje ituthuko sesele isezingeni eliphezulu ngombana urhulumnde wenarha uzamile ukwenza imizamo bona nayo ibonakale njengezinye indawo ezifana nabo ''[[gauteng]], [[Kwazulu Nata]]<nowiki/>l kanye nezinye ezinengi...'' Isifundesi kutholakale bona ngiso esifakelela khulu ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wesewula afrika ngombana kunendawo ezidlula ekhulwini ezinamamayini, kanye nehlabathi yakhona ilungele bona kube yindawo yokutjhala kuphume inthelo ezihle. Isifundesi siphethe eza[[mamayini]] (Mining), [[zokutjala]] Electricity [[gezi]] (Electricity)kanye nezinye ezinengi. Kanyenenani labantu lisezingeni eliphezulu {| class="wikitable sortable" ! !Amabizo wamaDistrict !ikhowudu !indawo !Abantu abahlala lapho ! |- | |Ehlanzeni District |DC32 |Mbombela |1,754,931 | |- | |Gert Sibande |DC30 |Ermelo |1,135,409 | |- | |Nkangala District |DC31 |Middelburg |1,445,624 | |} == Amadistrict kanye NaboMaspala besifundeni seMpumalanga. == Isifunda sempumalanga sinama [[District]] ama-3 kanye nabo [[Masipala]] aba li-17 Umasipala weHlanzeni unabomaspala abalandelako: umasipala we Bushbuckridge, City of Mbombela, Nkomazi, neThaba chew. Bese iDistrict yenkangala inabomaspala abalendelako, Thembisile, DR JS Moroka, eMakhazeni, Emalahleni, Steve tshwete kanye neVictor Kanye. Bese iDistrict yokugcina yiGert Sibande enabomaspala laba: Chief Albert Luthuli, Dipaleseng, Dr Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, Govan Mbeki, Lekwa, Mkhondo kanye ne Msukaligwa. 5yeij1hnpmc5gj1kaxp97i3fo4w4p88 Isihlathululimagama/isihlathululimezwi 0 191 2126 919 2024-11-25T18:17:24Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Reflist 2126 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isihlathululimagama/isihlathululimezwi. == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Dictionary|Isihlathululimagama]], abanye basazi bona sihlathululimezwi, sisetjenziswa esinehlathululo ebudisi khulu. Asinayo ihlathululo eyodwa. Kodwana ngokuya kuka-Bejoint<ref name=":0">Béjoint, H. (2002). ‘''An introduction of modern lexicography’''. Beijing: Foreign Teaching and Research Press.</ref> (2002:9) ihlathululo yesihlathululimagama kufanele ifake izinto nanzi ezilandelako: [[Isimumathi:IsiHlathululimagama.jpg|thumb|Isihlathululimagama sesiNdebele esilimimbili]] a) isihlathululimagama silirhelomjeje weendima ezihlukeneko. b) isihlathululimagama senzelwe ukubonisa. c) iinhlathululimagama zinamaphahla amabili. d) Isihlathululimagama siziinqhema ezihlelwe ngokulandelana. e) isihlathululimagama siyingcenye yamarhelo welimi. f) Isihlathululimagama siyincwadi yokulayela nokufundisa. g) Isihlathululimagama sinikela ngelwazi elimayelana namatshwayo welimi. h) Isihlathululimagama kusisethulo esihleliweko seengcenye eziquntwe ngaphambilini zeenhlathululimagama. Amaphuzu angehla la, aveza isihlathululimagama ngokuya kwemisebenzi neendingo zaso. Nanyana kunjalo, kuba budisi khulu ukuthola ihlathululo efaka woke amaphuzu abalwe ngehla la. UGau<ref>Gao, L. (2010). ‘Historical Background of the Translatological Dictionaries’. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research.'' 1(3):285-294.</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2010, wahlathulula isihlathululimagama wathi, sisetjenziswa nanyana sitjabagelo leso esisetjenziselwa ukufunda nokunabisa ilwazi ngokusiqalisisa erhubhululweni. Ihlathululo engehla le, inqophe khulu kubarhubhululi nabafundi labo abafunda ukurhubhulula ngesihlathululimagama kanye nokuzwisisa isihlathululimagama emikhakheni yezefundo nesayenzi. U-Singh<ref name=":1">Singh, P. (2010). ‘Dictionary and Its Structure’. In ''Research Journal of Indian Cultural, Social & Philosophical Stream Mehta'', Edited by M. K. Mehta. ''ANUSILANA'' 24. Manvi Seva Samiti: 1-6.</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2010, waba nehlathululo ehlukileko yesihlathululimagama lapho athi, isihlathululimagama yincwadi yeriferensi mayelana namagama nanyana amathemu. Ihlathululo le inqophe, khulukhulu, kuwo woke umuntu osebenzisa isihlathululimagama ngebanga lesitjhijilo nanyana Isidingo anaso. Isidingo nanyana isitjhijilo leso kungenzeka bonyana ngesekulumo ejayelekileko nanyana somkhakha okhethekileko. Ihlathululo kaSingh<ref name=":1" /> (2010) esitjela khona kukobana isihlathululimagama sisetjenziswa esinikela ngeensombululo zelimi nethintwana lelimi lelo elisetjenziswako msebenzisi oqothelweko. Ihlathululo yesine siyinikelwa nguLampung<ref>Lampung, I. R. I. (2016). ‘Dictionary Usage in English Language Learning’. English Education:Journal Tadris Bahaa Inggris. 9(1):186-197.</ref> (2016) lapho athi, isihlathululimagama silirhelo lamagama arhenyiswe ngokulandelana kwamaledere lelo elethula ihlathululo begodu linikela nelwazi lokuphimisa iinhlathululo nemvelaphi yawo. Ihlathulullo le inqophe khulu kusayensi yezokutlanywa kweenhlathululimagama leyo ebizwa ngokuthi iLezikhografi. Ukungezelela, ibuye ikhulume ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi nanyana selwazi langaphakathi lesihlathululimagama. Ihlathululo yokugcina siyinikelwa ngu-Bergenholtz <ref name=":0" />(2012) nakathi, isihlathululimagama siyincwadi yamagama ahlelwengelandelwano nelwazi mayelana nokupeleda, iingaba zamabizo namatjhugululo wamagama alethwa lilimi neenhlathululo zamagama nanyana inrhunye lawo ukuya kwelinye ilimi. Nawutjheja ihlathululo le, uzokuyelela bonyana ilinge ukufana isakhiwo nemisebenzi eyenziwa sihlathululimagama. Nawuyifundako uyazi bonyana ulindele miphi imisebenzi begodu ulindele ukuthola ini ngaphakathi kwesihlathululi magama. === Isiphetho === Iinhlathulumagama ezingehla lezi zoke zinqophile, begodu zitjengisa imisebenzi, isakhiwo kanye nomhlobo wencwadi lo obizwa bonyana sihlathululimagama bonyana unjani. Ngalokho, kungakho sivezile ekuthomeni bonyana ihlathululo yesihlathululimagama ibudisi ukuyihlathulula ngehlathululo eyedwa, ngebanga lesakhiwo nemisebenzi yaso. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ruaaszr4ft4rgv3w5k2uqo3pf949epw Isikhethu 0 192 928 927 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 8 revisions imported 926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Playing music in Ndebele Village.ogv|thumb|IsiNdebele]] '''[[Wp/nd/AmaNdebele|AmaNdebele]]''' azikhakhazisa kwamambala ngesiko labo. Baneminyanya ehlukahlukeneko begodu ekhamba nevunulo yakhona. Kusukela emsaneni ongakaweli ukuya kibo baba kanye emntazaneni ongakenzi isiko ukufinyelela ekubeni ngumma opheleleko ivunulo ayifani. Isi[[Ndebele]]<nowiki/>si asizombelezi evunulweni kwaphela kodwana sibuye sifake ukudla neminyanya ehlukahlukeneko lapho sigoma khona ukudla lokhu. ukwenza isibonelo angeke wagoma igqatjha okumdoko wesiko nge Dwendwe nobukhazi okungomunye womhlobo womnyanya wesiko lamaNdebele. == IVUNULO == Ivunulo yizambatho ezimbathwa emnyanyeni yamaNdebele. Inemibala eminengi begodu amaNdebele baziwa ngekgono labo loku gwala kanye nokuthunga ngemincamo. Ivunulo yabo ubunengi bayo yenziwe ngemihlobohlobo ehlukileko yemincamo. ojqm8v16kwhp9kflskftnp70yek16sr Isiko 0 193 932 931 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiko''' yindlela abantu ebenza ngayo izinto ngokwekolelo yabo, eyenza bona bacabange begodu baziphathe ngendlela ethize. Isiko lifaka hlangana ikolo, ilimi, umvumo, ukudansa, amagugu nokhunye. Isiko ngilo elanza bona umuntu azazi bona ungubani begodu ukhamba nabobani. Liqagela indlela yokufunda nokufundisa. Ngilo isiko elakha umphakathi nelihlanganisa abantu ngokukhuluma nokuzwisisana. Isiko lilekelela abantu bona bakghone ukukghodlhelela ebhodulukweni elitjhugulukako mihla namalanga. Omunye nomunye umuntu unesiko lakhe begodu amasiko ayahlukahlukana kuqakathekile bonyana omunye nomunye umuntu ahloniphe isiko labantu aphila nabo. Lokhu kwenza bona kube nokuzwana nokuhlalisana kuhle esitjhabeni. 7kkk28rp6mr22o2ten2bbq8sra6gt6t Isikolo imayitjha 0 194 2625 935 2025-04-03T19:08:16Z Rachmat04 32 2625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IMAYISHA SECONDARY SCHOOL''' === SIKUPHI ISIKOLO IMAYITJHA SECONDARY SCHOOL? === '''IMayisha secondary schoo'''l sikolo esisendaweni yange [[Waterval]] b,Epumalanga. Isikolo lesi sathiyelelwa ngekosi uMayitjha obekayikosi yamaNdebele weSewula.Iposo yalesi isikolo yi PO BOx 596 [[Siyabuswa]] 0472. isikolo lesi sikolo sikarhulumende kufundwa simahla. Ukuya ngembalobalo zonyaka ka 2016, isikolwesi sinabantwana abamakhulu amane netjhumi abafundiswa bothitjhere abalitjhumi nambili.Uhlokokulu weMayisha nguMartin Siluma.uhlokokulu lo udume ngokuletha umehluko mkhulu kilesi isikolo eminyaken elitjhumi eyadlulako.Ngokutjhugululwa kwezinto imayitjha yahlanganiswa nesinye isikolo yathoma amabanga ebangeni lethoba kanti esikhathini esadlula beyithoma kuGreyidi yetjhumi.Isikolo lesi sikolo amabanga aphakathi begodu sinamalimi amabili kwaphela ekuyisiNdebele ne''Sepedi.'' kilesi isikolo sifundisa iimfundo ze''[[Science|Science ,]] iAccounting negeography.'' 6w0sa6zq3dzi2p8oi3mn7udq223vysk Isiqwi seenlwana 0 195 939 938 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isiqwi Seenlwana. == === Isengeniso === Kukhona indawo lezo ezenzelwe ukubulunga, ukugcina kanye nokuvikela ubuphilo nobujamo bezinto ethize lokho okukhambisana nokunikela izinto lezo ibhoduluko elizijwaleyeleko. Indawo lezo kungenzeka bonyana zifake iinlwana, amahlathi, amanzi, iintjano nemithi. Ngaphasi kwalesi sihloko sizokunqopha khulu kusiqwi seenlwana. === Kuyini isiqwi seenlwana na? === [[Isimumathi:Imbabala.jpg|thumb|Imbabala idla utjani]] Ngokuya kuka-Nekolny no-Fiavona (2018<ref>Nekolny, L., & Fialova, D. 2018. Zoo Tourism: What Actually Is a Zoo? ''Czech Journal of Tourism'', 7(2): 153–166.</ref>) [[:en:Zoo|isiqwi seenlwana]] yindawo lapho kubekwa, kugcinwe begodu kutjengiswa iinlwana. Nasiqala ihlathululo le inzinze khulu mayelana nokuvikeleko nendawo la kutholakala khona iinlwana lezi. U-Rose, u-Brereton, u-Rowden, u-De Figuiredo, no-Riley (2019)<ref>Rose, P. E., Brereton, J. E., Rowden, L. J., De Figuiredo, R. L. & Riley, L. M. 2019. What’s new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output. ''Palgrave Communications'', :1-9</ref> baveze bona isiqwi seenlwana yindawo leyo evelelwe umphakathi bonyana uzokubona iinlwana zemakhaya nezehlathi kanye nemanzini bonyana ziphila njani nokuthi bazuze ilwazi ngazo. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka hlangana imihlobo yeenlwana leyo etholaka esiqwini seenlwana kanti nepilo yazi nelwazi lelo umphakathi ongalizuza. U-Zareva-Simeonova, u-Zlatanova, u-Racheva, u-Angelov no-Asenova (2009)<ref>Zareva-Simeonova, K., Zlatanova, D., Racheva, V. Angelov, V. & Asenova, I. 2009. ''The zoos and their role in the formal and informal environmental education. Biotechnol & Biotechnol''. EQ.</ref> ithi yona, isiqwi seenlwana yindawo lapho kubekwa khona iinlwani, zivikelwe ngaphasi kwabasabenzi bamafundwakghono. Iinlwani lezi kungaka ngezemanzini nanyana zehlabathini. === Ingabe kutholaka ziphi iinlwana esiqwini seenlwana? === [[Isimumathi:Unohaha.jpg|left|thumb]] Iinlwani ezitholakala esiqwini seenlwana kutholaka zoke iinlwana (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Zoo''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Iinlwazi lezi zihlukaniswe ngokweendawo ezihlala kizo, lezo ezifaka amanzi nehlabathini. Iinlwani zehlabathini zifaka iinkomo iimbuduma, iimpunzi, iimbuzi, inyoka neenyoni. Iinlwana zemanzi zona zifaka iimfesi, imikhombo nabotjhaka. === Isiqwi seenlwana lesi sinakekelwa bobani? === Isiqwi seenlwana sinakekela babantu abanengi labo abanamafundwakghona ahlukeneko. Amafundwakghona la afaka, abosoonlwana, abantu abasebenza ngeentjalo nemithi, nalabo abasebenzi ngamahlathi, abantu abasebenza ngamanzi neenlwana zemanzini kanye nabosobhoduluko kanye nabarhubhululi abahlukeneko (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Boke basebenza ngomnqopho munye wokusisa, ukusekela nokubulunga isiqwi seenlwana ngokupheleleko. === Isiphetho. === Isiqwi seenlwana siqakathekile khulu ekubulungeni nokuphephiseni iinlwana zoke eziphila emanzini nehlabathini. Begodu, siqinisekisa bonyana iinzukulwani ezizako ziba nethuba lokuzibona iinlwana lezi. === Isilululwazi === <references /> 0op1s9uxvgwugbyp2ismm9r1ltbjxfb Isokana 0 196 3077 2963 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 940 wikitext text/x-wiki isokana mumuntu weembaji owelileko kodwana ongakathathi. Isokana kumuntu osele asesigabeni sokuthi angathatha abe nomfazi. 96wpiacl6chp3obdwxkwwc4okosu9ts Ithando 0 197 943 942 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ithando''' mimizwa emihle umuntu abanayo ngomunye umuntu. Imizwa le kungaba ngeyabantu ahlala nabo ekumndeni wakhe nanyana kube mimizwa yomuntu ohlukileko kunaye ngokobulili. Ithando yinto ehle khulu ngombana lakha ubuhlobo begodu likhulisa nemindeni. Ithando kuyinto eletha ukuthula nokuzwana emakhayeni. Abantu bakghona ukubekezelelana nokuthuthukisana ngesibanga sethando. Woke amakhaya akhona ajame ngesibanga sethando. Ithando liletha ithabo nokujabula, lapho kuphelekhona ithando abantu bahlala badanile. tqotwcb8cfvhd4qiioauujnmaloif33 Itheminografi 0 198 946 945 2024-10-14T13:46:57Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 945 wikitext text/x-wiki == Itheminografi == === Isingeniso === Itheminografi Sifundo esiphathelene nemisebenzi, izenzo, isakhiwo, amarhubhululo, namahlelo amayelana nethemiloji. Ngamanye amagama, koke okwenzekako lokha nakwakhiwa itheminoloji kufikela la isetjenziswa beyifundwa khona kubizwa ngokuthi yitheminografi. Itheminografi kumkhakha okhethekileko loyo ofuna amakghonofundwa akhethekileko afana nomhlolimphoso, umrhubhululi welimi, ababutheleli data, abahlungi data, abatlami betheminoloji kanye nabalawuli bamahlelo nanyana amaphrojekhthi. Lokhu kusivezela bonaitheminographi inabe khulu ngaphakathi begodu yenziwe ziingcenye zinengi lezo ezisebenzisanako. Lokha nakutlanywa itheminoloji kuthonywa ngokubuthelela idata yomkhakha loyo ozabe ukhethiwe bonyana kuzokwakhiwa itheminoloji yawo. Ithi ingabuthelelwa, ihlungwe begodu irhumutjhwe idata le. Ngemva kokuhlungwa, idatha le iba mniningwana. Ukusuka lapho umniningwana lo ukghedlwe ngokuya ngokweengcezu zawo zekulumo, ihlathululo, umkhakha nobujamo bawo. Ukusuka lapho kwakhiwe ithemiloji etja. Lokha nasele kwakhiwe itheminoloji etja, umniningwana loyo uba lilwazi njengombana sele usetjenzisiwe begodu kunelwazi bonyana uyini, umnqopho wawo yini begodu umhlake njani kuneminye. Amaqhinga wokwakha itheminoloji manengi. Kodwana, ilimi lidlala indima ekulu ekukhetheni amaqhinga angasebenza elimini lelo. Amange amaqhinga asetjenziswa ukwakha itheminoloji ngila: === Ukusebenzisa ithemu elifanako ngelimi eliqothelweko === Kwesinye isikhathi uthola bonyana ithemu lelilimi elimsuka kukhona elikhambisana nalo nanyana elifana nalo ngehlathululo nangomqopho. Nakunjalo, kuthathwa lona. Isibonelo: teach [English] – fundisa [isiNdebele]. Ithemu leli, teach le-English litjho into eyodwa naleli lesiNdebele elithi, -fundisa. Ngalokho-ke, akudingeki bonyana kwakhiwe elinye ithemu. === Ukukwakha ngokunciphisa === Leli qhinga lisebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa ithemu lelimi elimsuka ukwakha ithemu elimini eliqothelweko. Kodwana, nanyana ithemu lelimi elimsuka lelo lincitjhiswa, kufanele litlolwe ngelimi eliqothelweko begodu likhambisane nomthetho welimi eliqothelweko. Isibonelo: Refrigerator (English) – Ifriji (isiNdebele). Ithemu leli, refrigerator le English lincitjhisiwe lenziwa ifriji. Kodwana nanyana kunjalo, litlolwe ngesiNdebele begodu kwafakwa isithomo nephimiso lamatjhada wesiNdebele. Ukutjhugulula ngegama ngegama Leli iqhinga lisebenzisa indlela yokutjhugulula igama ngalinye ngendlela akhamba ngayo nanyana alandelana ngayo ukusuka elimi elimsuka ukuya elimini eliqothelweko. Elimi eliqothelweko kufanele itjhugululo lamagama la lilandelane njengoba belilandelene elimini elimsuka. Isibonelo: Department of Education (English) – UmNyango wezeFundo (isiNdebele). Nasiqala isibonelo esingehla sifunyana ithemu umnyango ngelimi eliqothelweko (isiNdebele) lelo elithi Department (English) ngelimi elimsuka. Wobamili amagama la asekuthomeni emalimi womabili. Amathemu la, of education (English) athi ngesiNdebele (ngelimi eliqothelweko) wezefundo begodu alandelana njengoba ahlezi kiwo woke amalimi la. === Ukubizwa kwethemu kunjalo === Indlela yokubiza ithemu linjalo yindlela lapho ithemu liphinyiswa njengoba linjalo kodwana kusetjenziswe amatjhada welimi eliqothelweko. Isibonelo: machine (English) – umtjhini (isiNdebele) La ithemu machine, lisetjenziswe linjalo ukusuka ku-English ukuya esiNdebeleni kodwana kwasetjenziswa amatjhada welimi lesiNdebele. Ukungezelela, woke amatjhada welimi elimsuka, angekho elimi eliqothelweko (isiNdebele) afana no-ch, ajanyiselwe ngo-tjh. Lokhu kungombana igama leli kufanele likhambisane nomthetho wokutlola nokupeleda wesiNdebele. Ukuhlanganisa amagama amabili ukwenza ithemu linye Leli qhinga lisebenzisa amagama amabili lawo atjho izinto ezihlukileko ukuwahlanganisa bese atjho into yinye. Esikhathini esinengi akukakateleki bonyana amagama lawo abuye emkhakheni owodwa ngesikhathi ahlanganiswa. Isibonelo: umtjhiningqondo (computer) Ithemu leli umtjhininqgondo lakhiwe magama amabili lawo akhona ukuzijamela, umtjhini + ingqondo. Amathemu la bekatjho izinto ezihlukileko kodwana ahlanganiswa bonyana atjho i-computer. Lo umhlobo wamathemu ubizwa bonya mabizomvango. === Isiphetho === Itheminografi kusifundo esiqakathekileko ekuthuthukiseni ilimi ngombana ngaso soke isikhathi kuba nezinto ezitja ezivelako lezo ezifuna amathemi amatjha. Ukwakhiwa kwamathemu nakho kufaka izinto ezinengi njengamaqhinga wokwakha mathemu lawo ekufanelwe esetjenziswe kuhle. 0px3whizkywokhnwyw17cyzdll3thm1 Ithuthumbo lePhrothiya 0 199 3095 2961 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Protea cynaroides MS 9113.jpg|thumb|Ithuthumbo lePhrothiya]] '''IPhrothiya''' lithuthumbo elijamele inarha yeSewula Afrika. Ithuthumbo leli likhona ngemva kwemali ku coat of arms. Litjengisa amagugu nokuziqhenya kweSewula Afrika njengesitjhaba. Ithuthumbo leli liliphawu lobuhle nekhono lokuphikelela ebudisini besitjhaba sekhethu. Lijamele ukuhlukahlukana kwamalimi, amasiko nekolo yabantu ababumbeneko abahlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Ikghono lethuthumbo lePhrothiya ukukhula endaweni lapho kubudisi khona bona kungakhula into, kutjengisa ikghono lesitjhaba lokubekekela natural namandla. s4c3f4y6pnxdyytq7t1t3gmmyppobr5 Itjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo (4IR) 0 200 2165 958 2024-11-27T06:18:14Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Industry 4.0 es.png|thumb|itjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo liletha ukusetjenziswa kwama AI]] '''Itjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo''' kulapho iphasi sele lithuthukela ekusetjenzisweni okuphezulu [[kwetheknoloji]] ukulawila indlela yokuphila.<ref>Xu, M., David, J.M. and Kim, S.H., 2018. The fourth industrial revolution: Opportunities and challenges. ''International journal of financial research'', ''9''(2), pp.90-95.</ref> Lelitjhuguluko libangela ukutjhuguluka kwezomnotho, elwazini, kanye nemandleni. == ubuhle betjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo == Ubuhle betjhuguluko leli kukobana abantu bazokukhona ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngendlela elula basebenzisa imitjhini bona ma [[AI]]. Abanye abantu sele bakhona ukusebenzela ekhaya. okhunye ukobana abantu baba nelwazwi eliphezulu lokusenzisa imitjhini. == Ubudisi obulethwa litjhuguluko leli == Abantu abenza imisebenzi elula nejayelekileko bahlekelwa misebenzi ngombana esikhundleni sabo sele kusetjenziswa imitjhini ukwenza imisebenzi leyo. Izinga lobulelesi nalo liyakhuphuka, ngombana abantu bakhona ukusebenzisa imitjhini ukwebela abantu izinto ezifana nemali. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} fc5czdp8ks83cpwjh64pbba4facrkw5 Izinto Ezabanga Ipi Yephasi 0 201 2201 960 2024-11-29T07:25:55Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isilululwazi */Reflist 2201 wikitext text/x-wiki == Izinto Ezabanga Ipi Yephasi Yesibili == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Causes_of_World_War_II|Ipi yephasi yesibili]] ngezinye zezinto ezibuhlungu ezenzeka ephasini esiphila kibo. Ipi yephasi yathoma ngomnyaka we-1939, yaphela ngomnyaka we-1945 (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0">Myrice, E. 2015. The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa. Africana. ''Studies Student Research Conference'', 2:1-10.</ref>). Lokhu kutjho bonyana ipi yephasi yathatha iminyaka esithantathu yoke. Ngesikhathi sepi yephasi yesibili le kwalahleka amaphilo amanengi, kwatjhuguluka iimpilo zabanto kante nephasi ngokwalo. Nanyana kunjalo ke, ingabe yini eyafakaisandla bonyana kube nepi yephasi yesibili na? Umbuzo lo sizokulinga ukuwuphendula esihlokwaneni esilandelako. === Ingabe yini eyafaka isandla bonyana kube nepi yephasi na? === Ngemva kokuba khona kwepi yokuthoma yephasi kwabakhonaimiphumela nomthintela loyo ophathelene namandla kanye nomnotho. Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Causes of World War II''. Itholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [27 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>, umdosiphambili wehlangano i-Nazi Party, u-Adolf Hitler, wafuna amandla wokulawula i-Germany yoke kanye nokususa umthethosibopho, iVersailles, ngebanga lokuthi awukhambelani neemfuneko zakhe zokulawula ngekani ezinye iinarha (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). U-Adolf Hitler wabe angasiyedwa, i-Fascist ye-Itally nayo yagandelela i-Ethiopia, ngokudluleleko kanti ngesikhathi esifanako i-Japan nayo yagandela i-China ngeemfuneko ezifanako nezaka-Adolf Hilter (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0" />). Iimfuneko lezi zazifaka hlangana umnotho, amandla wokubusa ezinye iinarha, ukulawula kwamajoni wezinye iinarha kanye nokususa imithetho ebakhandela bonyana bagandelele ezinye iinarha (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, iinarha eziphikisana nalokhu okufaka hlangana i-Britain, United State of America ne-France, zabumbana zabiza umhlangano lapho wabekwa ngokusemthethweni umthethosibopho, iTreaty of Versailles, loyo ovikela i-Germany, I-Italy ne-Japan bonyana igandelel ezinye iinarha begodu bazenzele umathanda kwezinye iinarha (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kwakwatisa khulu u-Adolf Hitler kanye nabangani bakhe i-Japan ne-Italy, labo bathatha isiqunto bonyana nje ipi yephasi yesibili iyasuka begodu boke laba abangabasekeli kutjho bonyana manaba wabo (Oxford 2010<ref>Oxford. ''2010. Big Ideas geography: History''. Oxford</ref>). === Isiphetho === Amandla womnotho, nokulawulwa kwamajoni kanye kugcilaza ezinye iinarha zadlala indima ekulu ekwenzi esiqiniseko sokobanyana ipi yephasi yesibili iba khona. Nanyana kunjalo, ngemva kweminyana esithantathu ipi yephasi ikhona, kwakghonakala bonyana iphele begodu kube nokuthula ephasini. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} evu2synttkiekdrgn7tmyx4grcx0jp0 Jabu Mahlangu 0 202 2221 963 2024-11-29T14:13:44Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 UJabu Mahlangu 2221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UJabu Mahlangu''' obuye aziwe ngo Jabu Pule wayengumdlai wecembe lebhola i Kaizer Chiefs, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. 3ewxc24x27bcjrd4vs9dglrsydogkzr Jerry Sikhosana 0 203 2245 2242 2024-12-04T00:25:40Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Jerry Sikhosana''' (wabelethwa mhlazi-8 kuMgwengweni 1969[2]) mdlali webholo we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]].<ref>https://www.snl24.com/kickoff/sanews/premiership/orlando-pirates/story-behind-the-nickname-jerry-legs-of-thunder-sikhosana-20241110</ref> Ukudlala isikhathi esinengi somsebenzi wakhe e-[[IOrlando Pirates|Orlando Pirates]], bekangumlandeli omkhulu we-Pirates i-Kaizer Chiefs, begodu wadlalela isiqhema sakhe emidlalweni ye-Soweto, okufaka hlangana ukushaya i-hat-trick ku-1996 Bob Save Superbowl semifinal, umdlalo owaziwa nge- U-Jerry Sikhosana i-derby.[3]Wabizwa ngebizo elithi "Legs of Thunder" ngemva kwehhashi lomjaho oyintshatsheli ebegade lilingiswa emdlalweni we-TV weSewula Afrika, begodu sele azuze isikhundla esidumileko e-Orlando Pirates njengomdlali oqinileko wokuzingela amagoli ngabo-1990. Bekayingcenye yesiqhema esiphumeleleko se-African Champions League ngo-1995.<ref>https://farpost.co.za/2024/11/24/jerry-skhosana-names-magesi-star-to-solve-chiefs-scoring-issues/</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abosaziwako]] [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] 1imc98lo3qe9md4z3fcpqrcswkeoz5s Joe Sibanyoni 0 204 3073 2987 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 967 wikitext text/x-wiki UJoe Sibanyoni ungusomarhwebo no mphathi omkhulu matekisi, ohlala eKwaggafontein A. hv6nnmgj7wnje582l71da9fryp00smk Johannesburg 0 205 3131 2895 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Elton|Elton]] 2103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg]] I'''Johannesburg''' idolobhakazi lase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. I '''dolobha''' eliyintantokazi kuwo woke umuntu, ngisho nabafundi babhudanga ukuya khona ukuyo funa umsebenzi. Kulapho abobaba bemizi eminengi baphelela khona baye ukuyosebenzela abantwana babo kodwana abanye baqhina baakha imizi yabo eminye yesibili engaziwako emakhaya. [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] 6drtwqidbyvbn4bbsh7p5g2xbsu0wsy Kgalema Motlante 0 206 3293 3169 2025-07-02T20:43:23Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3169|3169]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Kgalema Motlanthe at the 12th AU Summit (cropped).jpg|thumb|uMontlante ngomnyaka ka-2009]] '''uKgalema Petrus Motlanthe''' wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-18 kuVelabahlinze ngomhlaka ka-1949. Waba nguMongameli wesithathu weSewula Africa kusukela ngomnyaka ka-2008 kuKhukhulamungu mhla amalanga ali 25, ukuya ngomnyaka ka-2009 mhla amalanga ali-9 kuMrhayili. Waba ngusekela Mongameli ngaphasi koMongameli wangaphambilini uJacob Zuma, kusukela ngomnyaka ka-2009 kuMrhayini mhla amalanga ali-9, ukuya ngomnyaka ka-26 kuMrhayili mhla amalanga ali-26. Ukgalema akasabonwa kubomabonakude. 2srshvs12piul0zud7xb9cs8ws7kub8 Komkhulu 0 208 998 997 2024-10-14T13:46:59Z Jon Harald Søby 12 8 revisions imported 997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Komkhulu.png|thumb|Umdlalo WamaNdebele]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele drama series.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo WesiNdebele ]] '''Komkhulu''' mdlalo wokuthoma wamaNdebele owaduma khulu bewabonakala kumabonwakude. Wathoma ukubonakala kumabonwakude lokha amalanga ali-9 kusiHlabantangana ngomnyaka wee-2023. Umdlalo lo ugadangiselwe bewadlalelwa esifundeni se[[Mpumalanga|Mpumalanga,]] eendaweni ezifaka hlangana ngeKosini kwagogo u-[[Esther Mahlangu]], naKwaMhlanga esese yindawo yaKwaNdebele. Ukuthoma nokudlala komdlalo lo kwaba yinqophamlando ngombana bekumdlalo wokuthoma owawuzokubonakala kumabonwakude wesiNdebele netjhaneleni ekulu okuyi Mzansi Magic (Channel 161) eku-[[DSTV.]] == <big>Umlando waKomkhulu</big> == Umdlalo lo umayelana nobukhosi bekosi uMasoso Mbonani, oyokosi encani esakhulako begodu ebelethelwe emnothweni. Ipilo yekosi isengozini njengombana ingarhoni ukuba nendlalifa ezokuthatha ubukhosi bayo. == Iinkundla == Umdlalo lo ube neenkundla ezilitjhumi nantathu (13 ''episodes''). == Abadlali == Ikosi uMasoso Mbonani bekadlalwa ngu-Johannes Mandla Mnguni. USayina Mbonani bekadlalwa nguBongi Mtsweni. UHlangabeza bekadlalwa nguSipho Mbele. UKarisa bekadlalwa ngu-[[James Sithole]]. UNomhlekhabo bekadlalwa ngu-Andiswa Khuzwayo. UNastokana bekadlalwa ngu-Frieda Makoba. UJama bekadlalwa nguBongani Mahlangu. ojo3ht2p4xaho6p364ndyjf37u021wn KwaMabhoko 0 209 1000 999 2024-10-14T13:46:59Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''KwaMabhoko''' ebuye yaziwe ngeMapoch yidolobha elikuMasipala Wendawo i-Dr JS Moroka esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika. IMapoch iyindawo yasemaphandleni, futhi umphakathi wendawo usahlala ngendlela yasesigodini. q0amg1znvwax5wj5pl53hnbm982saet Kwekwezi fm 0 210 1009 1008 2024-10-14T13:47:00Z Jon Harald Søby 12 8 revisions imported 1008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikwekwezi Fm''' mrhatjho orhasha ngelimi leSindebele owaziwa ilizwe jikelele. Phambilini beyaziwa nge Radio [[Ndebele]] ,yasungulwa ngomhlaka (1April 1983) '''<big>Isizinda</big>''' umrhatjho wathoma ukunzinza kwa [[SABC]]([[Northern Transvaal Region]]), e Minaar street epitori. Yafuduka yaya e Weavid Park nayo ese Pitori , Yafuduka godu yanzinza e Auckland Pack e [[Johannesburg]] kukulapho isanzinze khona namhlanjesi. fvs639zt5ppydfbthue7aowfcewxk5m Mabidwana Jiyana 0 211 2213 1012 2024-11-29T07:37:13Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Indlela yokwembatha */ 2213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga lamagugu.''' Enyakeni omunye nomunye ngo Sinyikhamba 27, e [[Sewula Afrika]] kugidingwa ilanga lamagugu. Omunye nomunye uzikhakhazisa ngesikhabo, imvelaphi yakhe. eenkolweni neendaweni zokusebenzela ngelangeli omunye nomunye uvela ngesikhhabo. Thina amaNdebele nathi sikhumbula lapha sivela khona, izidlo ebegade zidliwa ekadeni, ivunulo, iinkosi ebegade zisibuza nabo khokho bethu. imvelaphi yomuntu ibaluleke kwamambala. kufuze uzibuze bona kubayini simbatha umbhalo, utjho ukuthini umbhalo emaNdebeleni? indaba yesirholwana ivelaphi? ijemu ihlathululani? kubalulekile bonyana isiko lakho ulazi ngokuzeleko. ilwazi liyafunyaneka kwabakhulu abo mma, abo gogo nabo khokho nawusese netjhudu ubafunyene badla umratha. == Indlela yokwembatha == Isikhethu siyakarisa ebulilini obunye nobunye, nezingeni elinye nelinye lomnyaka. [[Isimumathi:AmaNdebele.jpg|thumb|ndebele different attires]] umntazana netlawana bambatha ngendlela efanako. umma othethweko ivunulo yakhe iyahluka kanti ke nendoda ethetheko ineporiyana. amasokana nawo aneyabo indlela yokwembatha, bese umsegwabo umbatha irhembe nebrugu elifitjhani aphathe nendronga ukutjengisa bona uzasok'khula abe lisokana. Isikhenu siqakatheke malanga wonke ingasi ngo Sinyikhaba kwaphela. zikhakhazise ngesikhenu! eiwftdbrmgct7wt7ugiuc0o125kjcor Wikiphidiya:Main Page/Did you know 4 212 3145 2909 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:View over the Old Town of Budva from the Citadel.jpg|130px|khisimusi.]] <div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0"></div> <div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:2px 5px; font-size:95%;"> '''[[I-Budva]]''' lidorobha elise-Montenegro, eliphakathi kwe-Adriatic coast yelizwe. Idorobha lisikhungo sesifunda sikamasipala esinegama elifanako. I-Budva yasungulwa eminyakeni ema-2500 eyadlulako begodu ngenye yeendawo zokuhlala zakade khulu emaphethelweni weLwandle le-Adriatic. I-Budva nendawo eziseduze kwayo zakha i-Budva Riviera - isikhungo seemvakatjhi esikhulu kunazo zoke e-Montenegro, esidume ngamabhitjhi waso, ipilo yasebusuku kanye neembonelo ezihle zezakhiwo ze-Mediterranean. <br> <div style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;">('''[[I-Budva|Qala Isithasiselo...]]''')</div> </div> otl6qhmkrn8xfhmqsmav9rwksxkij4z Main Page/Featured Article 0 213 3121 2959 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2567 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0">[[Isimumathi:Baron ungern.ruem.jpg|125px|center]]</div> <div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:2px 5px; font-size:95%;"> '''[[U-Roman Ungern|U-Baron Robert Nicholas Maximilian Florer von Ungeren-Sternberg]]'''; Ngomhlana ali-18 kuNobayeni 1885 (mhlana ali-10 kuNobayeni 1886) , e-Graz - mhlana ali-15 kuNobayeni 1921, e-Novonikolaevsk) - umlawuli webutho le-Russia ngesikhathi se-Russian Revolution, umthengisi we-Russian White Army, umlingisi odosa phambili we-White resistance. eNtshonalanga Ephakathi. I-St. Petersburg Academy. UJosefa. Bekayinhloko yomqondo wokubuyisela umbuso ka-Genghis Khan ukusuka e-Pacific Ocean ukuya e-Caspian Sea. Ivela emndenini wakade we-German-Baltic (Baltic) kanye nomndeni wama-baronial, ofakwe hlangana nama-matriques we-noble yazo zoke iifundazwe ezintathu ze-Russian Baltic. <br> <div style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;">('''[[U-Roman Ungern|Qala Isithasiselo...]]''')</div> </div> bp88qz5syfbfqpvxh7a3vf3ldhrnbav Main Page/Interwikis 0 214 3096 2958 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Minorax|Minorax]] 1694 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center">'''[[:meta:Help:Editing|Isizo Ngomtlolo]]'''<br> Uyabawa ukuzifundisa ukutlola lapha ku[[Wikipedia:Sandbox|-Sandbox]].<br> Qala amakhasi aqakathekile, esibawa bona usize kiwo: <big>[[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1|10]]  · [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 2|100]]  · [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 3|1000]]</big></div> == I-Wikipedia ngamalimi amanye == ; Ama-Wikipedia Amanye Ngamalimi we-Afrika [[:af:|Afrikaans]] · [[:ak:|Akan]] · [[:am:|አማርኛ]] · [[:bm:|Bamanankan]] · [[:ny:|Chi-Chewa]] · [[:sn:|chiShona]] · [[:tum:|chiTumbuka]] · [[:ee:|Ɛʋɛ]] · [[:ff:|Fulfude]] · [[:ki:|Gĩkũyũ]] · [[:ha:|هَوُسَ]] · [[:ig:|Ìgbo]] · [[:xh:|isiXhosa]] · [[:rw:|Kinyarwanda]] · [[:rn:|Kirundi]] · [[:sw:|Kiswahili]] · [[:kg:|Kongo]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:mg:|Malagasy]] · [[:arz:|مصرى]] · [[:om:|Oromoo]] · [[:sg:|Sängö]] · [[:st:|seSotho]] · [[:tn:|Setswana]] · [[:ss:|SiSwati]] · [[:so:|Soomaaliga]] · [[:kab:|Taqbaylit]] · [[:ti:|ትግርኛ]] · [[:ve:|Tshivenda]] · [[:tw:|Twi]] · [[:wo:|Wolof]] · [[:ts:|Xitsonga]] · [[:yo:|Yorùbá]] · (Nangabe ufuna ukuqala Ama-Wikipedia khulu, qala ku-bar engenzasi) <div class="plainlinks"> ; Amaphrojekhthi afanako : [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia] · [http://wiktionary.org Wiktionary] · [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks] · [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote] · [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] </div> r8i28si6lvrpf5uriga2wpzspmtjrjr Main Page/Topics 0 215 3279 3171 2025-07-02T20:14:17Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3171|3171]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3279 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="4" style="width:100%; border:2px ;" |----- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="white" | {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" |-  | width="10%" | [[Isimumathi:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px|center]] | width="90%" style="font-size: 90%; " | '''Imitlolo ngesindebele'''<br/> [[Isindebele]] - [[Umlando waMandebele]] - [[Amalungelo Wobuntu]] - [[umThethosisekelo]] - [[Ezepilo]] - [[Ifundo]] - [[Amatshwayo eSewula Africa]] - [[Iflaga yeSewula Africa]] - [[UmSebenzi WesiTjhaba WezamaLimi]] - [[Iinomboro]] - [[Iinyanga]] - [[AmaKghono wePilo]] - [[Ikrismesi]] - [[Ubulwelwe be-Ebola]]  [[Onzima]] - [[Omhlophe]] - [[Obovu]]   |-  | [[Isimumathi:P_religion_world.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Ikolo'''<br/> [[Uzimu]] - [[Ubukresite]] - [[Abaphasi]] - [[Ikolo]] - [[Ibhayibhili]]   |-  | [[Isimumathi:Classroom icon.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Abatloli Besindebele'''<br/> [[Alexander Mthombeni|A.B. Mthombeni]] - [[Moses Mahlangu|M.S. Mahlangu]] - [[PB Skhosana|P.B. Skhosana]] - [[Bhiza Masango|B.D Masango]] - [[Themba Mnguni|T.G Mnguni]] - [[Mgiyelwa Ntuli|M.S Ntuli]]   |-  | [[Isimumathi:Gnome-globe.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Iinarha zephasi'''<br/> [[Isewula Afrika]] - [[Iamarika]] - [[Angola]] - [[Botswana]] - [[Burkina Faso]] - [[Cameroon]] - [[Egypt]] - [[Ethiopia]] - [[Ghana]] - [[Japane]] - [[Kenya]] - [[Lesotho]] - [[Madagascar]] - [[Malawi]] - [[Mali]] - [[Mauritius]] - [[Morocco]] - [[Mozambique]] - [[Namibia]] - [[Niger]] - [[Rwanda]] - [[Senegal]] - [[Sierra Leone]] - [[Somalia]] - [[Swaziland]] - [[Tanzania]] - [[Tshayina]] - [[Tunisia]] - [[Zambia]] - [[Zimbabwe]]   |-  | [[Isimumathi:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Ubuhlobo'''<br/> [[Umndeni]] - [[Ababelethi]] - [[Umntwana]] - [[Umtjhado]] - [[Umrazana]] - [[Isokana]] - [[Ukhwenyana]] - [[Umakoti]] - [[Ilobolo]] - [[Iindakamizwa]]  |} nqdsloel5exl6unh54mpw4pvsdxixr5 Mantwani PrimarySchool 0 216 1128 1127 2024-10-14T13:47:03Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-''Mantwani Primary School''''', sikolo samazinga aphasi esisendaweni ye-Watervaal B eMpumalanga. Lesi sikolo sathiyelelwa ngo Mandwani ebekuyikosi ekhayibusa endaweni yange Watervaal ngaphambi kokubusa kuka-Mayitjha. Ngebanga lokobana uhlokokulu wokuthoma wesikolo khabe kuli-Pedi, uMandwani wamutjhugulula ngokungakwazi ukupeleda amagama wesiNdebele wasibiza ngokuthi yi-Mantwani. lfi8206hu5krdf2koa9xguma9erpn6x Maqhawe Mbalekwa Piet Ntuli 0 217 1138 1137 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 9 revisions imported 1137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Piet Mbalekwa Maqhawe Ntuli.jpg|alt=Piet Mbalekwa Maqhawe Ntuli (Minister of Kwandebele Homeland)|thumb]] '''<big>Maqhawe Mbalekwa Piet Ntuli</big>''' '''Maqhawe Mbalekwa Piet Ntuli''' wayengu Minister wombuzo waphambilini wa[[:en:KwaNdebele|kwaNdebele]], owahlongakala ngemva kokuthi ikoloyi yakhe ifakwe iinthuthumbisi e Siyabuswa, Kwandebele ngo mhlaka 29 kuVelabahlinze 1986. Abanqondo nqondo benthuthumbisi ezathuthumbisa ikoloyi ka Mnumzane u Maqhawe kwaye kumasotja akhethekileko kanye nehlangano eyayiphethe yi [https://web.archive.org/web/20240308152659/http://www.army.mil.za/Pages/Home.aspx SANDF] nabo nogada abasebenzisana ne SAP ([[:en:South_African_Police|South African Police]]). jfo7qrha1bz1d26pnmx9bzih3owopfx Mark Tovey 0 218 1141 1140 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMark Tovey''' (owazalwa ngo-7 Meyi 1955) [1] ungumdlali webhola lezinyawo wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] osethathe umhlalaphansi. Umfowabo wayengumdlali webhola u[[Neil Tovey]]. q9fx4yahm7ubcq865ih79d3jl9joduy Mbazima Shilowa 0 219 1144 1143 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbazima Shilowa''' ungngomunye wabahlali beSewula Afrika okhewaba ngu phrimiya wesifunda se Gauteng eminyakeni eyadlulako. ungusopolitiki ebeka dosa phambili is ihlangano the COPE kodwana ngesibanga sokuthi ihlangano le beyinganabo abalandeli abanengi wagcina sele alandela ihlangano ye-DA. 7fh47zci1v3a8f65hkwva67cd9jiy1q Mgiyelwa Ntuli 0 220 2634 2220 2025-04-03T19:10:29Z Rachmat04 32 2634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = Mgiyelwa Simon Ntuli | isithombe = MS Ntuli.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 08 Arhostosi 1949 | indawo yo kubelethwa = Nompeketswana, Ekungwini | wahlongakala ngo = | indawo yo hlongakala = }} '''UMgiyelwa Simon Ntuli''' (wabelethwa ngomhlaka 08 Arhostosi 1949) ngumtloli odumileko wobukondlo besindebele begodu wabelethelwa koNompeketswana, esiphandeni sekungwini (Bronkhorstspruit).<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (kuNtaka 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Ibuyiselwe mhlazi-22 kuNhlolanja 2016.</ref> == Ifundo == Wathoma ukufunda esikolweni samaRoma, eSdudu (Eastwood), ePitori l, (City of Tshwane) Emvakwalapo wangena eenkolweni ezincani ezilandelako: * Kgoro Bantu School, eKungwini * Serenity Bantu School, eRayton. Waphumelela ibanga lesithandathu eSedibeng State School, eCullinan.Ifundo ephakamileko wayifumana eBoekenhoutfontein Secondary School, eMabopane. Waphetha ibanga lesumi eMamelodi High School, eMamelodi. Ubutitjhere wabufundele eRehlahliwe Teacher Training College, waqedaiPrimary Teachers Certicatengo – 1974<ref name=ph1/>. Kusukela lapho wafunda iimfundo zakhe asekhaya asebenza wafumana iziqu sakhe ngendlela elandelako: # MA: University of Witwatersrand-eJohannesburd. # BA(Hons): University of Pretoria. # BA: University of South Africa, ePretoria. # FDE: Rand Afrikaans Universiteit, eJohannesburg. == Ubutloli == Wathoma ukutlola iincwadi ngerherho leTsengo. Kwagadangiswa iTsengo lokuthoma ngonyaka ka 1991, kwaphethangetsengo, ngonyaka ka – 1995<ref name=ph1/>. Umncopho weTsengo kufundisa abafundi uthabela ubukondlo ne enkondlo begodu nokulandelako: * Ukwazi ubonga. * Ukulimuka amatshayo wobukondlo. * Ukukghona ukutlhama linkondlo. * Ukutsenga iinkondlo. * Ukuragela phambili ngezesikolo bukondlo begudu nesikolo bukondlo epilweni. Amabanga la anembakhona ekuthini irherho leTsengo lijamele ukusiza abafundi ukwazi ngezobukondlo ne enkondlo. Bamalimi amanye nabo bangasizeka kwamambala. Ngetsengo batsengeke ngelimuko lobukondlo. == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] 0jfef6c920zhffe4dkfzcdxb2fpixko Moses Mahlangu 0 221 2217 2216 2024-11-29T09:38:59Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ref 2217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMoses Sovumani Mahlangu''' kaZimkhona ngumtloli wemidlalo yesindebele, begodu waziwa ngetlolo lakhe elithi ''"Iinkesi Ezome Kere"''.<ref name=ph1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090335/http://www.mml.co.za/literature-awards 2012 YOUTH DRAMA AWARD WINNERS AND RUNNERS-UP]" - '''Maskew Miller Longman'''. Retrieved 26 February 2016</ref> Wabelethelwa eKlipgat esifundeni seThlwagwiniiTjhingalanga ngomnyaka ka 1974.<ref name=ph2>[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> Wangena isikolo e-Keikumetsi Primary School emva kwalapho waya eKuphumeleni Combined School endaweni yePhumula eMpumalanga. Waqeda ibanga letjhumi eBongumusa High School ePhumula. Wenza iimfundo zakhe ze BA ku -Sociology ne Psychology neemfundo ze BA Hons ku Sociology eyunevesithi ye-Vista ngomnyaka ka 1996 nango 1997, walandelisa ngeemfundo ze Masters ku-Sociology neYunivesithi yePitori.<ref name=ph2></ref> Umtloli lo wathumba indawoyesibili kuphalisano lobutloli lakwa Maskew Miller Longman kusigaba soluthja ngo 2012.<ref name=ph1></ref> Kwagadesi usebenzela iKoro yezesiPholisa yeSewula Afrika (SAPS).<ref name=ph2></ref> ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] tfbjzslqnqapgdj2w47zprgqq631khe Musi Maimane 0 222 3053 3025 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mmusi Maimane (cropped).jpg|thumb|uMaimane ngomnyaka ka-2011]] '''UMusi Maimane''' ungusopolitiki wecembu lembusazwe lase Sewula Afrika. hnnpqeor41i0nbzncrxweunknbbsh8p Neil Tovey 0 223 3311 3193 2025-07-02T20:48:51Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3193|3193]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Neil Robert Tovey OIS''' (owazalwa zi-2 kuJulayi 1962) ungumqeqeshi webhola lezinyawo wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] kanye nomdlali wangaphambili aphinde abe ngumfowabo womdlali webhola lezinyawo wangaphambili uMark Tovey. Wazalelwa ePitoli. Uphethe irekhodi lokudlala imidlalo eminingi kuNational Soccer League. 6sjz9g4oapz8xf6drgsp45ggqdpiwdd Nelson Mandela 0 224 3302 3183 2025-07-02T20:46:11Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3183|3183]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit) (cropped).jpg|thumb|uMandela ngomnyaka ka-2008]] '''Nelson Rolihlahla''' '''Mandela''' obeka ngu Mongameli e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-18(itjhumi nobunane) ngenyanga kaVelabahlinze emnyakeni we-1918(ikulungwane amakhulu alithoba netjhumi nabunane). Uhlongakele ngomnyaka we-2013(iinkulungwane ezimbili netjhumi nantathu). Uhlongakele sekadlale indima ekulu khulu ekukhululeni abantu abanzima eSewula Afrika ebebagandelelwe. Unomzana lo ube yikutani eyaletha ikululeko esitjhabeni sabantu babanzima. Waziwa ngamazwi athi " kulikhambo elide ukufika ekululekweni"(long walk to freedom). UNelson Rholihlahla Mandela ekukhuleni kwakhe wafunda e[[-Qunu|-Qunu]] lapha u-titjhere wakhe wamupha khona igama lika- Nelson. Ufundele zobuqcwetha eJunivesithi eyaziwa nge[[-Fort Hare|-Fort Hare]]. Wabotjhwa iminyaka ematjhumi amabili nesithandathu. 83fn85c38nnjm8c98iuladul3r68lgt Nothembi Mkhwebane 0 225 1205 1204 2024-10-14T13:47:06Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1204 wikitext text/x-wiki == UNothembi Mkhwebane == Wabelethwa lokha ilanga lilinye enyangeni kaTjhirhweni ngomnyaka we-1953. Wabelethelwa e-Carolina engasi kude ne-Belfast enarheni yeSewula Afrika. UNothembi Mkhwebane mvumi nombethi gathara owaziwako welimi lesi[[:en:Southern_Ndebele_language|Ndebele]]. Ugogwakhe wamfundisa ukubetha iinsetjenziswa zomvumi ezinjengesikumero, isidonodono neengubhu. Umalumakhe kwaba nguye omfundisa ukubetha igatara eyenziwe ngesigubhu se-oyila. Bekanande amfundisa ukubetha igathara lokha nabasemasimini ngesikhathi sokudla nangemva kokuraga iinkomo. Ngomnyaka we-1977 wathoma ukusebenza e[[:en:Pretoria|Pitori]], la akghona khona ukuzithengela igatarakhe yokuthoma nekhibhodi. Wathoma ukuzenzela umvumo watlola neengoma ezinengana okungezakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1980 wasungula isiqhema sakhe sokuvuma esabizwa ngokobana yiNothembi Nezelamani Zakonomazyana. Isiqhemesi besimenywa khulu bona sivume besinandise eminyanyeni eminengi efana nemitjhado, neminye iminyanya. njfys367zy5i5y0kkb3q9e2e17cpjdl Oscar Pretorious 0 226 3089 2967 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''uOscar Pretorius''' wayengumgijimi wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrka]] okhubazekileyo owaziwa ngokubulala intombi yakhe uReeva Steenkamp.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67885713</ref><ref>https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/05/south-africa-pretoria-residents-react-to-news-of-oscar-pistorius-release-from-jail/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 2cafesom5j4qh9u5qmvrdr94ei5mk11 PB Skhosana 0 227 2204 2101 2024-11-29T07:27:17Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isithasiselo */Reflist 2204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = P.B. Skhosana | isithombe = PB Skhosana.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 13 kuVelabahlinze 1954 | indawo yo kubelethwa = Henrdina, eMpumalanga }} '''Philemon Buti Skhosana''' (13 kuVelabahlinze 1954), mtloli oqakathekileko wemitlolo yesindebele waziwa ngomdlalo yakhe i''"Larhwalala Nobani"''. Wathoma ukufunda isikolo ngomnyaka ka-1964 esikolweni sebanga eliphasi iMeerlus eseduze neMayini i-Blesbok eseduze neMiddleburg waqudelela iimfundo zakhe zetjhumi eMayitjha High School eWaterval esabelweni saKwaNdebele ngomnyaka ka-1976.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - National Library of South Africa. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> Wabandulwa njengothitjhere e-Botshabelo Training Institution, ngethlagwini ye-Middelburg. ngemva kokuphetha iimfundo zakhe ze-Primary teachers Certificate ngomnyaka ka 1978. Wafundisa eBuhlebethu High School eSiyabuswa kwaNdebele kufikela ngomnyaka ka1984 lapho akhutjhulwa khona njengesiphathiswa sezamasiko emnyangweni wezeFundo namaSiko kuRhulumende walokha wakwaNdebele. UNom Skhosana waba nerhuluphelo lokuzibandakanya ekuthuthukisweni kwelimi lesiNdebele ukusukela ngomyaka ka 1986 ngemva kwalapho waba lilungu leBhodi yeLimi lesiNdebele seSewula. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuthoma wakhutjhwa ngo 1991, ekuyintolwana yesihloko esithi Isigiyani. Ukufikela namhlanje uNom Skhosana sele atlole iincwadi ezimihlobohlobo zesiNdebele ezidlula kutjhumi nesithabdathu.bekamfundisi omkhulu emNyangweni wamaLimi wenDabuko eYunivesithi yePitori, ukusukela ngomyaka ka 1997, uphumelele ukuthuthukisa imatheriyali yelimi lesiNdebele kiwo woke amazinga weemfundo zeyunivesithi. ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] 22gbwjsa0p976qfgbclrohfvef4ajln PanSALB 0 228 1675 1221 2024-10-16T09:50:05Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q967935]] 1675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:DM-MarianneLanguageBoard (cropped).jpg|thumb]] '''I-Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB)''' liziko le[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] elasungulwa bona lithuthukise ubuliminengi nawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika, begodu nokobana livikele amalungelo wamalimi la woke. Ibhodi le yasungulwa ngaphasi komThetho wama-59 ngomnyaka we-1995 yi[[Palamende]] ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. == Eminye Imisebenzi ye-PanSALB == Ngaphezu kwamalimi ali-12 asemthethweni weSewula Afrika i-PanSALB iqalelele godu nekuthuthukiseni amalimi afaka hlangana i-Khoe ne-San. Ihlelo le[[-PanSALB]] lifaka hlangana: amaKomiti weemFunda wamaLimi, amaKomiti wesiTjhaba wamaLimi namaYunithi wamaHlelo wokuTlolwa kweenHlathululi maGama. oosqmirw2c0t2e531kto2551ldeapx0 Patrice Lumumba 0 229 1223 1222 2024-10-14T13:47:07Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UPatrice Lumumba''' wayengusopolitiki wase[[Congo]] kanye nomholi wenkululeko owasebenza njengondunankulu wokuqala weDemocratic Republic of the Congo (ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi yiRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo) kusukela ngoJuni kuze kube uSepthemba 1960, kulandela ukhetho lwangoMeyi 1960. fziq45eczlp3jqzsqp82kj05bptsal0 Peter Tladi 0 230 1225 1224 2024-10-14T13:47:07Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Tladi''' unguproducer womculo we Jazz wase Ningizimu Afrika. lp2p41ro74ik8jiaouqi4hpb36azs09 Portal:Amaholideyi 0 231 3133 2906 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amaholideyi''' malanga wokuphumala lapho abantu bangayi khona emsebenzini. Inarha enye nenye iba nesikhathi samaholideyi. Amaholideyi abantu bawasebenzisela ukuba nemindeni yabo begodu nokuzithabisa. Amholideyi ahlukile ngokwenzathu zawo ngombana amanye kuba ngewabasenzi, amanye kube ngaphathelene nekolo amanye kube ngaphathele nefundo nokhunye okunengi. 0odn8lmp96c3bkwo1sls4iqfmuk2qxr Portal:Amasonto 0 232 1230 1229 2024-10-14T13:47:07Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amasonto''' kuyindawa lapho abantu abasondako bahlangana khona ukukhuleka kuzimu ebamkhonzako. Kuyindawo lapho amakholwa akhuthazana khona bekatjhumayele ngo[[Zimu]] ngovula imitolo ethileko ekhuluma ngoZimu. Emasontweni kuyavunywa, kunikelwe ngemali, begodu kuthandazwe.Amasonto athathwa njengendawo ezicwengileko lapho umuntu angeze enzela khona izinto ezimbi. kiyindawo ezihloniphekileko. toe1fiycvwu6u8t85o77x5wfibbvva9 Portal:Imvelo 0 233 3110 2914 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imvelo''' zizinto ezingakadalwa mumuntu, zimane zivele ngokwazo ngombana ziyadingeka emhlabeni. Kuqakathekile bonyana sihloniphe imvelo. Imvelo kungaba zizinto ezifana neenhlahla kanye nezilwane. Iinthelo kanye nemirorho ziqakathekile epilweni yomuntu. Imvelo ngiyo eyenza bona iphasi libe lihle begodu nabantu bakhone ukuhlala kuhle ephasini. Ngaphandle kwemvelo abantu bengekhe bakhona ukuphila nokuhlala kuhle ephasini. Ezinye izinto zemvelo zibonakala zingaka qakatheki kodwana zenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuphileni kwabantu. Imvelo ikghona ukungenisa imali enarheni, ngombana yenza bona abantu babe nendawo ezingavakatjhelwa babantu bangaphandle ngitjho ama-tourist. Abantu bangaphandle bakhona ukuzobukela imvelo ngokuya kwekareko yabo. Kungaba ziintaba, iinlwana, nokhunye kwemvelo. fza8tne4dybts10j8n8r5d1cc2dn7j7 SADiLaR 0 234 2749 2748 2025-04-23T10:44:38Z Nomsa Skosana 123 2749 wikitext text/x-wiki I-''[https://sadilar.org/en/ South African Centre for Digital Language Resources]'' (SADiLaR) liziko elisekelwe ngeemali yi-''[https://www.dst.gov.za Department of Science and Innovation]'' (DSI). Izikweli lisungula, lenze belinakekele amathulusi wedijithali, lisekele nerhubhululo esekelwa mahlelo womtjhiningqondo athuthukisa woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika khulukhulu emkhakheni omutjha wedijithali yobuntu. == Ukusungulwa kwe-SADiLaR == I-[[SADiLaR]] yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2016, begodu kuliziko elinzinze e-''[https://www.nwu.ac.za North-West University]''. Umnqopho we-SADiLaR kuqinisekisa bona kuneziko elenza, elinakekele nelisabalalisa iinsetjeniswa zomtjhiningqondo ezisekela irhubhululo yedijithali ngawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika. I-SADiLaR isebenza kokubili njengendawo neziko lerhubhululo yedijithali esebenziswa ma-''nodes'' ambalwa afaka hlangana amayunivesithi, amanye amaziko werhubhululo kanye nama-''archives'' womphakathi. == Ama-''nodes'' we-SADiLaR == Ama-''nodes'' we-SADiLaR afaka hlangana naka alandelako; · CSIR (HLT Research Group) · Inter-institutional Centre for Language Development and Assessment (ICELDA) · [https://www.nwu.ac.za/ North-West University]<ref>[https://www.nwu.ac.za/]) · [https://www.sun.ac.za/english Stellenbosch University] (Child Language Development) · [https://www.up.ac.za/ University of Pretoria]<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite web|title=UP {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/|access-date=2025-04-23|website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> · [https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default University of South Africa]<ref>[https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default]</ref> (Department of African Languages) == Imisebenzi eyenziwa kwa-SADiLaR == I-SADiLaR iraga amahlelo amabili: Ihlelo ledijithali, elifaka hlangana ukwakhiwa okuhlelekileko kwemitlolo yedijithali efaneleko, ukukhuluma kanye nemithombo yeendlela ezinengi ezihlobene nawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamathulusi wesofthiwe wokurhubhulula amalimi wemvelo afaneleko ngenhloso yokurhubhulula nokuthuthukisa kufakwe njengengcenye yehlelo lokwenza idijithali. Ihlelo le-Digithali yoBuntu, lenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kwamandla wokwenza irhubhululo ngokukhuthaza nokusekela ukusetjenziswa kwedatha yedijithali kanye neendlela ezitjha zokusebenza ngaphakathi komkhakha wezoBuntu newezeHlalo. == Amareferensi == 3oel218lorki373e8nfkt98eixndqdc SWiP 0 235 3066 2993 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:46.211.116.74|46.211.116.74]] 2585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga SWIP project.jpg|thumb|Abatloli besifundobandulo se-SWiP e-''University of Mpumalanga'' ]] '''<big>SWiP: Ukubulunga Amalimi: ILwazi Elisimahla, Elitholakala Lula Nelivuleleke Kuwokewoke.</big>''' I-''SADiLaR''-''Wikipedia-PanSALB'' (''[https://escalator.sadilar.org/champions/engager/ SWiP]'') iligadango elihlanganyelweko elihlanganisa i-''[https://sadilar.org/en/ South African Centre for Digital Language Resources]'' (''SADiLaR''), isiluluncwadi i-''encyclopaedia'' sasimahla (''Wikipedia)'' kanye ne-''[https://www.pansalb.org Pan South African Language Board]'' (''PanSALB''). == Ukuhlonywa kwe-SWiP == Ihlelo le-''SWiP'' lihlonywe ngokusemthethweni mhlazana amalanga ama-20 kuKhukhulamungu emnyakeni wee-2023 e-''[https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default University of South Africa]'' eKhampasini yakhona eKulu i-''Muckleneuk'', ePitori. Umnyanya wehlelo elihlonyiwekweli bewudzimelele khulukhulu elimini lesiNdebele ngokugcugcuzela amaNdebele bonyana azibandakanye bekafake isandla ku-''Wikipedia'' ngalokho okumunyethwe lilimi lesiNdebele. Igadangweli beliqakatheke khulu kwamambala njengombana isiNdebele kulilimi ekungilo lodwa elibonakala litlhayelelwa begodu liyimvela kancani naziza ekujamelekeni kilokho okumunyethwe ku-''Wikipedia.'' == Umnqopho we-SWiP == · Kuhlanganisa labo ababasebenzisi bamalimi ngomnqopho wokunabisa kanye nokugidinga ukusetjenziswa kwamalimi weSewula Afrika; · Kugcugcuzela labo abasebenzisa ilimi bonyana bafake isandla ekuletheni lokho okumunyethwe lilimi kusiluluncwadi sasimahla i-''Wikipedia''. == Abamukelilwazi abaqothelweko == Ihlelweli linqophe ukunikela amandla boke labo abanekareko yokutlola kanye nokufaka isandla ekuletheni lokho okumunyethwe lilimi labo ku-''Wikipedia''. Ihlelweli liqothele khulu abatloli abasakhasako, abasebenzi ngelimi, abolektjhara, abafundi kanye nabo boke abasebenzisa ilimi zombelele. == Isendlalela sehlelo == Ihlelweli libekelwe bonyana lithome ukusebenza ngenyanga kaMhlonja ukuya ngenyanga kaSewula womnyaka wee-2024. Umzombe wokuthoma wehlelweli uqalelele khulu ekudzimeleleni kokubandulwa okuphathelene nobunikazi bomtlolo we-''Wikipedia''. Isifundobandulo somtlolo wobunikazi esizokuthatha amalanga ama-2 sizokwenzeka eemphandeni ezisithandathu lapho kuqothelwe khona amayunevesithi ali-10 lapho kuzokubandulwa khona abantu abama-20 eyinivesithi ngayinye abazozibandakanya. == Imiphumela yebandulo lobunikazi bomtlolo == Ilanga loku-1— Ukwethulwa kwe-''Wikipedia'' (Ukufakwa kwemidzubhulo). Ilanga lesi-2— Ihlelo eliThuthukileko le-''Wikipedia'' loku-editha (ukufaka okumunyethweko kanye neenthombe). '''Umzombe 1''' · Isiphande seTlhagwini ([https://www.univen.ac.za ''University'' ''of'' Venda]; [https://www.ump.ac.za ''University'' ''of'' Mpumalanga]) · Isiphande esiseKabeni ([https://www.vut.ac.za ''Vaal'' ''University of Technology'']; [https://www.tut.ac.za ''Tshwane'' ''University of Technology'']''; University of South Africa)'' · Isiphande seTjingalanga (''[https://www.cput.ac.za Cape Peninsula University of Technology]'') · Isiphande saKwaZulu-Natal (''[https://www.unizulu.ac.za University of Zululand]'') · Isiphande seTlhagwini Tjingalanga (''[https://www.cut.ac.za Central University of Technology]; [https://www.spu.ac.za Sol Plaatje University]'') · Isiphande seMpumalanga ([https://www.wsu.ac.za ''Walter'' Sisulu ''University'']) '''Umzombe 2:''' Ukwazi okungeziweko ngomzombe lo vakatjhela ubunzinzolwazi be-''[https://escalator.sadilar.org/champions/engager/ SWiP]''. Nawuhlanganyela ngokungenela ihlelo lebandulo lobunikazi bomtlolo i-''SWiP'', awukhaliphisi kwaphela amakghonwakho wokutlola kodwana uzabe ufaka isandla ekuzibandakanyeni ekubulungeni isiko, imilando kanye nesiqi sokuzazi. Isiqhema sehlelo le-''SWiP'' sizokuthintana namayunivesithi akhonjiweko ukuze baqinisekise amalanga ekuzokubanjwa ngawo iimfundobandulo. == Hlanganyela == Iinhlangano kanye nalabo abazokuba balingani bangahlanganyela ngoku: · singatha iimfundobandulo zobunikazi bemitlolo lapho kubandulwa khona abatloli emabubulwenabo namkha emayunivesithabo. · sekela ngeemali ababanduli be-''Wikipedia'' ngokweendleko zokukhamba. · sekela ngendawo yokusingathela iimfundobandulo kanye nokudla. · bandakanya ihlelweli eenkundleli zabo zokuthintana njengakumitlolondaba kanye neenkundleni zabo zedijithali. · singatha iimfundobandulo zobunikazi bemitlolo njengengcenye ehlanganyelweko yebubulo lemisebenzi ephathelene namahlelo wezehlalakuhle. gmj1wnlqnowzs6z64n0bl2ws27cwbdq Senzo Meyiwa 0 236 1677 1253 2024-10-16T09:50:09Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q3313309]] 1677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USenzo Robert Meyiwa''' bekamdlali wezebholo oqeqetjhiweko, bekadlalela isiqhema esibizwa nge orlando pirates .U[[Senzo Meyiwa]] bekaziwa njengo mvimbi wamagondelo kilesi siqhema.Wabelethwa ngomnyaka ka 1984 enyangeni kaTjhirhweni mhla- amalanga amatjhumi amabili nasithandathu wahlongakala ngomyaka ka 2014 enyangeni uSewula. Ukuhlongakala kwakhe kwaduma iSewula Afrika yoke ngonobangela wokobana wadutjulwa wabulawa. lfqv8e60yzg4wkjzuumfr1rmqqrkf7d Sipho Mahlangu 0 237 3290 3167 2025-07-02T20:42:19Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3167|3167]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3290 wikitext text/x-wiki Sipho Mahlangu Bekayikosi yamandebele ngaphasi kwesifunda sange Siyabuswa, ngaphasi kobukhosi bakanzunza umabhoko wesithathu. iylb4z349kiphi7aamja9hsgelflxfz Siyabuswa 0 238 3071 2982 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1260 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> iSiyabuswa yilokishi lakwaNdebele, eSewula Afrika. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA0259188X_672</ref> <references /> <references /> h84tut2bu1uqh0ol4ewcaw8ctwt9jfy Sophy mahlangu 0 239 2215 1265 2024-11-29T09:37:28Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 USophy Mahlangu 2215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb]] '''USophy Mahlangu''' owaziwa ngoNosinki , ungumvumi wezesikhethu begodu waziwa khulu ngezomncamo , unesiqhema aphothela naso.uHlala e [[kammelriver B]] ngehlangothini lange skolweni iHlanganani emzin omkhulu ogwaliweko . 8zi2qfqix3c55u1uxcg96e09e4awnlo Stich da kurnakga 0 240 3063 3001 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UStich da Kurnakga''' owaziwa ngoSibusiso Tervin wakwa Jiyana uneminyaka ematjhumi amabili nathoba, ohlala eKwaggafontein D ungumvumi wesikhethu ovuma umqulo weTrap ngelimi lesiNdebele. UStich Ugadangisa umvumo wakhe ngaphasi kwerhwebo lokugadangisa umvumo iKSinathi Music. 7asz8xr5dxi34g71zgnhd3q7v8ywb03 Thabo Mbeki 0 241 2184 2084 2024-11-28T19:54:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 uMbeki ngomnyaka ka-2003 2184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|thumb|uMbeki ngomnyaka ka-2003]] '''Thabo Mbeki''' wayengumongameli waseSewula Afrika. towgrzxnhg2uupr0fg6oszis72vqgf2 Thando Mahlangu 0 242 2214 1283 2024-11-29T07:39:14Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 UThando Mahlangu 2214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UThando''' '''Mahlangu''' ungumtloli begodu uli[[Ndebele]] ozikhakhazisa begodu oziqhenya nge siNdebele sekhabo.U hlala e [[Mpumalanga]] ekhabo kuse Boekenhouthoek. Thando uyaziwa ngokukhakhazisa ngesikhabo khulu na ngembhatho lakhe nje ngombana akana mahloni nge sikhabo.Udume khulu KwaNdebele ngo kuba ngomunye waba zikhakhazisako NgesiNdebele sekhabo. == Umlando wakhe == Uthando uthanda kumbatha isikhabo nanyana kunelothe. rlcb3flt1euzowom9ntj1i3zxy456eu Themba Mnguni 0 243 3064 3020 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = Themba G. Mnguni | isithombe = TG Mguni.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 1965 | indawo yo kubelethwa = eDelmas (eNtatjaneni) }} '''Themba G. Mnguni''' (wabelethwa ngo 1965) ngumtloli odumileko wobukondlo besindebele begodu Wabelethwa ngo 1965 eDel- mas (eNtatjaneni) ekukulapho athoma khona isikolo.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> U-Themba G. Mnguni umntwana wesithathu obelethwa ngu Nomzana Jacob Mnguni nomma uKhulelaphi Selinah Mnguni (uNaMtshweni). Wakhulela esabelweni samzukwana saKwaNdebele lapho ababelethi bakhe bafudukela khona emva kokuhlonya kwesabelo saKwaNdebele eminyakeni yekupheleni yabo 1970. Wafunda eenkolweni ezimbalwa eKwaggafontein bewaswaphelisa iimfundo zebanga eliphakemeko eHluzingqondo Senior Secondary School.<ref name=ph1></ref> Wathoma ibizelo lakho lezemtlolo ngomnyaka ka-1993 bewakhupha imitlolo esingadzubhula hlangana nale elandelako: # - [[Ibhudango Lami]] -Nasou Via Afrika (1997); # - Sibuyakhona -Heinnemann Publishers (2001); # - Ipilo Ibudisana Kodwana Iyakarisa -Juta Publishers (2005); # - Ihloya -Van Schaik Publishers (2003); # - Isiko LakoSobantu -Juta Publishers (2006); # - Umlando KaSolomon Mahlangu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2004); # - Biography of Solomon Mahlangu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2006); # - Isipho -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2007) (isiSwati and isiNdebele versions); # - Ubuntu Babantu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2007); # - Ubuntu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2009); # - Iinkutani -ZamaNguni Creative productions (2008); and # - Ibuthelelo Lenkutani -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2009) == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] pmy2annt2adw4o1a3pbfys5yvlhd7rk Tokyo Sexuale 0 244 2183 2085 2024-11-28T19:53:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 uSexuale ngomnyaka ka-2007 2183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Tokyo Sexwale-wef-crop.jpg|thumb|uSexuale ngomnyaka ka-2007]] '''Tokyo Sexuale''' ungusomabhizinisi kanye nosopolitiki wecembu leANC wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. 6b7xsjnvzdojm4ez33x7hls26rcango Tshegofatso AMG Teffo 0 245 1297 1296 2024-10-14T13:47:10Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 1296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UTshegofatso Teffo''' owaziwa ngoTshego AMG (''All Mighty Guitarist'') owabelethelwa eSiyabuswa, mdlali wegatara begodu abe mcophisi womvumo kaKwesta. UTshego AMG wazenzela igama ngokudlalela abavumi abadumileko eSewula Afrika. Sibala hlangana, uSjava, Mafikizolo, DJ Ganyani, Dr Malinga, Qamagwini, Winnie Mashaba, Mobi Dixion, kanye nabanye abanengi. UTshego AMG wagadangisa i-''ulbum'' yakhe yokuthoma ngomnyaka wee-2021 wayibiza ngokuthi yi-Magatara. Enye yeengoma zakhe ezakhamba phambili emrhatjhweni yi-Siyabuswa B. rq0hof3frjswhjtm2xagszbezaxa73e U-Andries Pretorius 0 246 1302 1301 2024-10-14T13:47:11Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1301 wikitext text/x-wiki == U-Andries Pretorius == [[Isimumathi:Andries Pretorius.jpg|left|frameless|362x362px]] '''U-Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius''' wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kaSinyikhaba 1798 wahlongakala ngomhlaka-23 kaVelabahlinze 1853. Bekamdosiphambili wamaBhuru embusweni we-ZAR, nembusweni weNatalia Republic, [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Idorobhokazi elikhulu ebelibizwa ngePretoria esele liyiTshwane lathiyelelwa ngaye. U-[[:en:Andries_Pretorius|Andries Pretorius]] dlale indima ekulu ekubumbeni umbuso wamaBhuru we-ZAR. Nguye obekadosa phambili ekusizeni [[uMpande]] wesitjhaba samaZulu ekulweni nomnakwabo uDingane ngo-1840. Ngibo abahlula [[uDingane]] ePini yeMaqongqo namkha emlanjeni i-[[:en:Blood_River|Blood River]]. Kwakhe kwaba nokungathelelani amanzi phakathi [https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/andries-wilhelmus-jacobus-pretorius-0 kuka-Andries Pretorius namaNgisi], okwenza waba nyama nambana kibo. Kodwana ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wathoma ukuba netjhebiswano elihle nabo. Wadlala indima ekulu ebantwini abanzima nabamhlophe, begodu usahlonitjhwa babantu bekhabo bekube nje. == Umlando ka-Andries Pretorius == U-Andries Jacobus Pretorius wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kaSinyikhaba 1798 ayindodana kaMfundisi uWessel Schulte womndeni wakwaPretorius, asizukulwane sesine sikaJohannes Pretorius. Wabelethelwa endaweni ehlanu kweGraaff-Reinet eKapa. Nanyana imininingwana yepilwakhe ingakanabi kangako, okwaziwako kukobana wakhulela eplasini lekhabo ebelibizwa bona yiDriekoppen. Iplaseli belisetlhagwini-pumalanga yeGraaff-Reinet, likude ngebanga lamakhilomitha ama-40. qz9u3b0kx45eswqjonmsoeakhl7qxp5 UKUBA SIDISI USESE NGUMFUNDI 0 247 2414 1313 2025-02-16T13:00:08Z Nqobile69 190 2414 wikitext text/x-wiki Abafundi abanengi bazithola basidisi basese bafundi begodu basese neminyaka ephasi khulu kuthoma emnyakeni Eli itjhumi nantathu . Lokho ngikho okwenza abentwana abanengi balise isikolo begodu badlumbane bonyana lokho sicunto esilungileko.Balibale kobana yoke into inemiphumela yakhona,kulapho bazimotjhela khona ipilo nepumelelo yabo. Abanengi baphenduka bagcine bathatha iindakamizwa lokha abanye batjhiya abentwana babo emtholapilo, abanye bayabalahla, abanye babafaka endlini yangaseha abanye bayaba bulala qabanga nasele ukhipha umphefumulo ongana qala. Qabanga sele usejele ngebanga lokobana wena ulahle umtwana nofana umbulele. Be Lokho ngikho okwenza abanye abentwana bacgine bahlala endleleni, babhema iindakamizwa, bakhamba ba thathela abantu izinto zabo nje ngenkhwama, abomaliledinini nokhunye okunengi . Iqiniso kukuthi soke isikhathi lesi ba hlezi endleleni bagcina baba zinlelesi abanye babo babhubhela endleleni, abentazana bakhona baba sengozini yokuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme, abanye babo bayathathwa bayo thengisa umzimba kubuhlungu ngombana inengi labo liya bulawa, lapha ke abanye baba sidisi balahle abentwana babo lapho endleleni. Kuvele kutholwe kunomtwana okhulela endleleni angaziwa bonyana ngewaka bani lokhu ke ngikho okwenza bonyana kube nezinga eli phulu labantu nofana ilutjha eluhlezi elingasebenziko. Bese u zobona nanoma bamadanisa izinga leli nomtlhago khona la e narheni yekhethu. Nje ke kutholakele bonyana nasemtholapilo ubujamo buba buqwayi ngebanga lokobana uzothola abodorhodere babona isono kwaye ke baberega nzima. Ngebanga lesimo ebahlangabezana naso lesi. Yeke Nasi ngathi sisese sesikolweni sanza okufanele, begodu bazimisele emfundweni zabo banze okufanele nokuthi bazihloniphe. Begodu babe mzekelo kwabanye. Yeke I pilo le ibudisi godu okubudisi kulokha nawu sese sesikolweni, dlumbana nakosele ube ngunina lomtwana usese mtwana kwa wena. Uzithole usehlazweni nje ngoba nawe ufake abazali bakho ehlazweni ipilo inzima khulu lokha nakosele uzitlhogomele khulu begodu ugcine ungasazi kobana wenze kumbi namkana kuhle na. Zibuze bonyana kwenzakalani kulabantwana naba khula, yini into efika emkhumbulweni wabo bathi kwenzakeleni ngabazali babo na?. Umdeni wabo ukuphi? Benzeni engaka ephasinapha?. Yini ehle ebazoyiqabanga? Ipilo inzima khulu mawulahliwe begodu ungazi bonyana uzothi mma kubani. '''UKUBA SIDISI USESE NGUMFUNDI''' 557t1gjm36z11s66bn0dznsiaj9ewye UNzunza no Manala 0 248 1317 1316 2024-10-14T13:47:11Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[UNzunza noManala|'''UNzunza noManala''']] bebabantwana bomuntu. uManala bekangowangendlini ekulu begodu uNzunza bekungowaka mani. Nakubhubha iqhegu uMusi unguyise wabo kwaba khonaukubangwa kobukhosi. Isalukazi ngiso esabanga umbango lo. Ngombana isalukazi salalela uMusi nakatjela uManala bona ubukhosi. Satjela Nzunza bona kufanele aye phambi kukaManala bonyana ayoku that izinto zobukhosi. uNzunza weba ubukhosi bukaManala, bewanikelwa izinto zobukhosi. UManala watho;a sele ubukhosi buthethwe. UNzunza wabaleka watjhinga tjhuba lePumalanga. bathi lokha nabamgijimisako babathola selel sebaseMasongololo. yahlangana khona ipi Nzunza noManala. gv2fi86ehb3hudsjji31v0k0a37wyjm Ubukresite 0 249 3143 2910 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubukreste''' yindlela yokukholwa ulandela uKristu bonyana abe yikosi nomsindisi wepilo yakho. Abantu abamaKristu nabo bahlukile ngokuya kwamasonto wabo. Abantu abama kristu basebenzisa [[ibhayibhili]] njengomtlolo obakhuthaza nobafundisa ngoZimu. Ama krestre asebenziswa isiphambano njengetshwayo. Isiphambano lesi sitjho ukuthethelwa kwezono ngokufa kukaJesu nokuphalaka wegazi lakhe esiphambanweni. Amakreste nawo awodwa ayahluka ngokwawo ngombana abanye bagcoka isambatho lokha nabaya esontweni begodu abanye abasigcoki. Abanye babetha imitjhini yokuvuma lokha nabasontako begodu abanye bavuma ngama phimbo wabo kwaphela. Imihlobo yama kreste # Abazalwana # Amazayoni # Amapostoli # Ama IPCC b1x6gae05igxzrqqm0v9o9w1zzjif3k Ubulwelwe be-Ebola 0 250 3126 3010 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Rachmat04|Rachmat04]] 2632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Ubulwelwe be-Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = Isithombe sango-1976 sabahlengikazi ababili, bajame hlanu kwaka [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], omumuntu osahlelwe mumulwana we-Ebola. Wahlongakala ngemva kwamalanga ambalwa ngonobangela wobulwelwe bokopha nokurhadza kweengazi. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Ubulwelwe be-Ebola''' nofana ('''EVD''') '''[[Wp/kri/Ebola|I-Ebola]] nomulwana wokopha iingazi okhambisana nomgomani''' ('''EHF''') mimulwana ebangwa bulwelwe bevayirasi ebizwa nge- [[Ebola]]. Amatshwayo athoma ukubonakala phakathi kwamalanga amabili ukuya eemvekeni eentathu ngemva sewungenwe bulwelwe lobu, [[njengomgomani ongapheliko]], umphimbo obabako onesilonda, [[imisipha ebuhlungu kanye nehloko esawula kabuhlungu]]. Kesinye isikhathi [[ungahlanza]], uphakanyelwe ziimbindi nesifo [[sokurhuda]], kuzokwenza bona [[amaphaphu]] kanye [[neso]] zingasasebenzi kuhle. Nasele sekufike lapha, abanye baba nomraro [[wokopha iingazi]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref>  Umulwana lo ungangena nawuthintana [[neengazi]] zomuntu ophethwe ngibo nofana [[umjuluko]] nanyana [[okunye nokunye okusamanzana]] okuvela (eenlwaneni [[kumaphelaphelana]] nofana iimfene).<ref name=WHO2014/> Bekube nje umulwana akukatholakali bona ungangena ngokuwurhogela emmoyeni.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{Cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014}}</ref> Kukholelwa bonyana abomaphelaphelani bakwazi ukuphatha umulwana lo kodwana wona angaphathwa ngiwo. Kwaba khona umuntu otheleleke ngomulwana lo, umulwana lo ungatheleleka kabanye abantu godu ngesikhathi esifitjhani. Amadoda angasinda ngemva kokulatjhwa angathelela abanye abantu ngokuthunda [[imbewu]] yabo lokha nabaya emsemeni nakungakapheli iinyanga ezimbili. Lokha nakufanele uhlahlutjwe nofana uhlolelwe ubulwelwe lobu be-ebola kufanele izifo ezifana [[nomalalahlengezela]], [[isifo sokurhuda]] kanye omulwana [[wokopha iingazi okhambisana nomgomani]] inganakwa ukwenzelela ukuthola imiphumela ekungiyo. Ukuqinisekisa umrabho womraro wobulwelwe lobu amasampula weengazi ayathathwa ayokuhlolelwa ubulwelwe [[nesivikelasifo seengazini]] kanye ne [[i-RNA]] lobu kanye nengongwana ebanga ubulwelwe lobu.<ref name=WHO2014/>  Ukuvikela ubulwelwe lobu kungaphungulwa ukuthelelana hlangana neemfene kanye neemfarigi ezingenwe bulwelwelwe lobu bukhandelwe bona bungayi ebantwini. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokobana kuhlolwe iinlwana lezi ukobana zinabo ubulwelwe lobu na, nakutholakala bona zinabo kungenzeka bona zibulawe bese kugujelwa imizimba yazo. Lokha nawupheka inyama bese wembatha izambatho zokuzivikela nakho kungakusiza, ukwembatha izambatho zokuzivikela lokha nawuhlala nofana uhlanu kwaloyo muntu ongenwe mumulwana lowo [[kanye nokuhlamba izandla ngesibha]]. Amasampula wananyana yini esamanzana yalabo bantu abangenwe mumulwana lo kufanele zitjhejwe khulu, ubalekele ukuthintana nazo.<ref name=WHO2014/>  Ayikho intatha elapha ubulwelwe lobu; imizamo yokobana kusizwe abantu abangenwe bulwelwe lobu kukobana [[kwenziwe umtswako]] (banikelwe amanzi anetswayi) ukobana bawasele nofana [[bafakwe amadribhu azobangenisela okusamanzana emzimbeni wabo]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu [[buneembalobalo eziphezulu zabantu abafako]]: nabangenwe ngibo ubulwelwe lobu, i-ebola ingabulala pheze isiquntu-50% nofana i-90% yabantu abatheleleke ngayo.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{Cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> I-EVD yathoma ukwazakala endaweni enarheni ye [[Sudan]] kanye ne- [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Ubulwelwe lobu butholakala khulu eenarheni zethrophigi zenarhakazi yeAfrika [[Iphakathi le-Sehara ye-Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ngo-1976 (ukutholakala kwabo ubulwelwe lobu] ukufikela ngo-2013, besele ingene yatheleleka ebantwini abangaphasii kwe-1000.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{Cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Ukuqubuka kobulwelwe lobu obukhulu obungazange khebubonwe ngilobu bamuva nje ngebe [[2014 Tjhingalanga ye-Afrika Ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola]], sebele bungene eenarheni [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] begodu ingatheleka ingene ne [[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{Cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/level1/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{Cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Ukusukela ngoRhoboyi 2014 sele kubikwe bona kunabantu esele bangenwe bulwelwe lobu abayi-1600.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014}}</ref> Imizamo yona iyenziwa bona kutholakalle [[intatha/isihlahla]] esingalapha ubulwelwe lobu, kodwana okwanje asikho kwatholakala ipengu yakhona.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Isikhombiso selwazi == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; IBhibhliyografu {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC&redir_esc=y&hl=en|format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C&redir_esc=y&hl=en |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C&redir_esc=y&hl=en |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June}} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} == Okuhlanganiswe nalokhu okunye == {{Refbegin}} * [https://viralzone.expasy.org/207.html?outline=all_by_species ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/ebola WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [https://www.bv-brc.org/ Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} m6dezr4k1nx135pjmju4pm5wpj6jw6o Ubunzinzolwazi nesiphande saso 0 251 1341 1340 2024-10-14T13:47:13Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1340 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubunzinzolwazi nesiphande saso == Ngokuya kwe-Techopedia (2024<ref name=":0">Techopedia. (2024). ‘What is a Website?’. Available at:<<nowiki>https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5411/website</nowiki>>. Accessed on [17 June 2024]</ref>) ubunzinzolwazi bulibuthelelo lamakhasi wehlelo lethungelelwano lawo atholakala nanyana afunyaneka emphakathini begodu awela ngaphasi kwegama linye lobunzinzolwazi. Ubunzinzolwazi bungenziwa mumuntu munye, isiqema, ibubululo nanyana ihlangano bonyana kuthuthukiswe umnqopho othize (Techopedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Nanyana kunjalo, ubunzinzolwazi lobu ukuze bufinyelele umnqopho obenzelwe bonyana kufuneka bonyana bube ne-inthanedi (Website Essentials 2024<ref name=":1">WIXEncyclopedia. (2024) ‘.digital domain’. Available at:<https://www.wix.com/encyclopedia/definition/digital-domain>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref>). Lokhu kusitjela bonyana ngaphandle kwe-inthanedi angekhe batholakala nanyana umuntu angeze angena kibo. Iminqopho yobunzinzolwazi iyahluka. Kukhona abenza ubunzinzolwazi bonyana bakhulumisane nabanye abantu, njengama-blog, nanyana babelane ngelwazi. Abanye bona babenzele ukuthengisa umkhiqizo othize, kanti abanye babenzele ukufundisa abanye abantu. Isiphande sobunzinzolwazi sisodwa siyakhuluma. Ngendlela sitlolwe ngakho siyakutjela bonyana sisebenzisa liphi ihlelo lobulondolwazi begodi ngesomuntu nanyana umbuso na. Ezinye negama lekhamphani nanyana umuntu osenzileko ulithola esiphandeni saso. Esitjhejeni esibonelo esilandelako : ''1. http:www.owaziwako.co.za'' Nasitjheja isiphande esingehla sifunyana i-http, leyo ejamele Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. Le yindlela nanyana ihlelo leli elivikelekileko lokwabelana nanyana lokuthumela ilwazi ku-inthanedi nanyana ethungelelwaneni (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ihlelo leli levikeleko ngilo elisitjela lokha nakwenzekako bonyana ubunzizolwazi abukavikeleki. Esikhathini esinengi uthi nawungena kubunzinzolwazi, ukhandelwe begodu kuvele ulayezo othi, ‘it is not safe or it is not secure (abukaphephi nanyana abukavikeleki)’. Ukudlula lapho, i-Hypertext le iyakutjela bonyana ilimi lobulondolwazi elisetjenzisiweko yi-HTML. Siyazi bonyana obunye bungasebenzisa i-Python nanyana i-CSS. Amagama alandelako, i-www, ajamele World Wide Web,leyo etjho ubunzinzolwazi bephasi zombelele (Techopedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kusitjela bonyana ubunzizolwazi lobu bamulekekile iphasi loke begodu bungafunywa nanyana ukuphi ephasi. Amagama alandelako, ongaziwako, ligama le khamphani nanyana lo muntu lo ubunzinzolwazi lobu ekungebakhe. Igama leli liyakutjela bonyana ikhamphani le ibizwa nanyana umuntu loyo ubizwani. Amagama wokugcina esiphandeni sobunzinzo lwazi, co.za, ajamele umhlobo wekhamphani kanye nenarha nanyana isiyingi (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). U-co, ujamele company (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Usirhunyezo. U-za, ujamele South Afrika/Zuid Afrika (iSewula Afrika). Lokhu kuyasitjela bonyana le yikhamphani yangeqadi yeSewula Afrika. Nangabe kuno-org, ekugcineni, lokho kutjho bona organisation leyo etjho ihlangano ngesikhethu. === Isiphetho. === Isiphandle sobunzinzolwazi nobunzinzolwazi zizinto eziqakatheke khulu epilweni yanamhlanje njengoba siphila esikhathini sethekhnoloji. Senza bonyana sibabantu sisebenzisane begodu sisekelani sikude. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 0hpcet0xlqzohohzs0w13383kt3u5or Ukamisa 0 252 3296 3177 2025-07-02T20:44:32Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3177|3177]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3296 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Abokamisa''' == === Isingeniso === EsiNdebeleni kunamatjhada lawo asetjenziswako. Amatjhada la ahlukaniswe ngemihlobo embili leyo eyaziwa ngabokamisa nabongwaqa. Abokamisa matjhada alandelako: a, e, i, o no-u. Kodwana, ngokomtlolomazombe abokamisa bahlukaniswe ngokomhlobo embili. Imihlobo le ibizwa ukuthi bokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo, nabokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela. Esihlokwaneni esilamako sizokutjheja abokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo. == '''Abokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo'''. == Abomamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo thathu, u-a, i no-u. 1. [a] ukamisa ophasi etjhadini labokamisa Isibonelo: -lala [lala], halala [ɦalala}. 2. [i] ukamisa ophambili phezulu etjhadini, ophakemeko Isibonelo: ibilibili [iƃiliƃili], ilimi [ilimi]. 3. [u] ukamisa ongemuva phezulu etjhadini, ophakemeko. Isibonelo: lokhu [lokhu], -khulu [khulu]. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja abokamisa bokuvelethwa nanyana bokuvela. == '''Abokamisa bokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela''' == Abokamisa bokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela bokamisa amane ngokuya ngokomtlolo mazombe, bona ngilaba; e[ɛ],e[e],o[ɔ] no-o[o]. 1. e[ɛ]: ukamisa ophambili phakathi-phasi etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophasi. Isibonelo: -lele [lɛlɛ], lelesa [lɛlɛsa]. 2. e[e]: ukamisa ophambili phakathi-phezulu etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophezulu. Isibonelo: -qedile [!edilɛ] abelusi [aƃelusi]. 3. o[ɔ]: ukamisa osemuva phakathi-phasi etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa Isibonelo: –soloko [sɔlɔkɔ] usoloza [usɔlɔza] 4. o[o]: ukamisa osemuva phakathi-phezulu etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophezulu. Isibonelo: lokhu [lokhu], ithosi [ithosi]. Abokamisa baqakatheke khulu elimi netuthukweni yesiNdebele ngombana ukuze sitlole nanyana sikhulume kufanele sisebenzise amatjhada lawo akhamba nabokamisa. Abokamisa nabahlangana nabongwaqa bakhiqhiza amatjhada lawo esiwasebenzisa ukwakha amagama. Amagama akha imitjho. njqo0kwdhuztd2l4up3nym7no1c64md Ukubala ngesiNdebele 0 253 1357 1356 2024-10-14T13:47:14Z Jon Harald Søby 12 10 revisions imported 1356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children's number blocks being used for learning to count - 51069936953.jpg|thumb|Iinomboro]] [[Isimumathi:Three apples.svg|thumb|'''Asithandathu (6)''' ]] '''Ukubala ngesiNdebele''' Ukufunda nokwazi ukubala ngelimi lesi[[Ndebele]] kuqakathekile esikhathini esiphila kiso namhlanjesi. Abafundi abancani kufuze bakwazi ukubala ngelimi lesiNdebele ukwenzela bona bathuthukise ilwazi ngee[[nomboro]] nangelimi labo, begodu bakghone nokuthuthukisa umkhumbulwabo. == Iinomboro ngesiNdebele == 1 - Kunye 2 - Kubili 3 - Kuthathu 4 - Kune 5 - Kuhlanu 6 - Sithandathu 7 - Likhomba 8 - Bunane 9 - Lithoba 10- Litjhumi 100- Ikhulu 1 000- Ikulungwane 1 000 000- Isigidi == Ukufundisa ukubala == Utitjhere angafundisa abafundi ukubala ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneko. Utitjhere angasebenzisa amakarada atjengisa iinomboro, igama leenomboro begodu nesithombe sento ebalwako. == [https://pansalb.org/wp-content/uploads/IsiNdebele-Orthography-and-Spelling-Rules-05-04-2022_compressed.pdf Umthetho wokutlola nokupeleda wokutlolwa kweenomboro] == Nangabe utlola inani ngelimi lesiNdebele ulitlola linjengombana linjalo, isib. Ubaba uthenge iimbuzi ezihlanu. Nangabe utlola inani ngeenomboro isivumelwano kufuze sitlolwe ngesiNdebele besihlukaniswe ngodwi (-), isib. Ubaba uthenge iimbuzi ezili-100. Inomboro enganasivumelwano itlolwa ngaphandle kodwi, isib. Isihloko 7. 2dq9waic4lacgt83y1oc7uheco31kq5 Ukubulunga ibhoduluko-yekhethu 0 254 2172 1363 2024-11-27T06:42:11Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibhoduluko''' yindawo esiphila kiyo. Kufanele bona sihlale ebhodulukweni [[elihlanzekileko.]] Umthelela wokuhlala ebhodulukweni elihlanzekileko kukobana uba nepilo eqophileko. <ref>Carvalho, F.P., 2017. Pesticides, environment, and food safety. ''Food and energy security'', ''6''(2), pp.48-60.</ref> == Amahlelo wokubulunga ibhoduluko yekhethu == === Ukuphathwa kwamahlathi === Kufanele bona sitlhogomele amahlathi ngombana ngiwo asisiza ezintweni ezinengi. Kokuthoma asilethela umoya ohlwengekileko. Kwesibili, asinikela [[amaphepha]]. Kwesithathu, athatha umoya [[ongakalungi]], uwutjhungulule ube mummoya olungileko. <ref>Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials - Myer Kutz - Google Books</ref> === Ukuphathwa kweenzibi === kufanele sitjheje indlela alahla ngayo [[iinzibi]] zakhe. Iinzibi kufanele zilahlwe endaweni eyodwa. Ikinga esinayo enarheni yekhethu kukobana kulahlwa amakhemikhali alimaza iimbandana nokhunye. === Ukuphathwa kwamakhemikhali === Kufanele silahle amakhemikhali endaweni ezifaneleko. [[Amakhemikhali]] ayalimaza begodu angaba nomthelela omumbi khulu enarheni yekhethu. [[Isimumathi:A young wild boar in his environment.jpg|thumb|Isibandana sisendaweni esilaphazekileko]] == Umphumela ngomtlolo lo == Ukuphungula [[ubungozi]] kezamaphilo wabantu == Ukubaluleka kokuhlwengisa ibhoduluko yekhethu == [[Ibhoduluko]] yekhethu iqakathekile ngombana kufanele sitjheje ibhoduluko yekhethu, ukuze ihlale ihlwengekile. Ngalokhu iimpilo zethu zingatjhaphululeka ukutholeni ubulwelwe ubuhlukahlukeneko. [[Wp/nd/Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale|Ubulwelwe]] ubufana ne[[-Tuberculosis (TB)|-Tuberculosis (TB)]] kanye nobunye ubulwelwe. YE-KE, sitjhaba [[sekhethu]] asibulungeni ibhoduluko lekhethu, lokhu kufaka hlangana nokuvikela amahlathi, iinmbandana kanye neentjali zethu. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} d2ts8kflve3yhpjphndr9yvzh1dh0k6 Ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo 0 255 3236 1367 2025-06-26T13:36:50Z Mosakaruka 586 3236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Depression man.png|thumb]] '''Ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo''' budisi obehlela umkhumbulo ngesibanga seentjhijilo zepilo ahlagabezana nazo. Ukugandeleleka lokhu kungabonakala ngokuthi umunntu ahlale adanile, alahle ithemba begodu angabi nekareko yokweza izinto ezimthabisako. Ukugandeleleka ngokokhumbulo kwenza bona imicabango, imikghwa, nepilo emzimbeni, khulu athikamezeke nendleleni aphila ngayo ngamalanga. == Kubangelwa yini ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo? == [[Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo]] kungabangelwa kukwehlelwa zizinto ezimbi ezenza bona umuntu akhubazekeke moyeni, ezifana nokulahlekelwa msebenzi, namatjhuguluko amakhulu wepilo umuntu ahlangabezana nawo umuntu angakahoni ukuwabekezelela. Ukusebenzisa iindakwa mizwa ngokweqileko nakho kuyabangela ukungandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo. s64ufvo29om5qd8b9u6o62n5tus075l Ukuqakatheka kwefundo 0 256 1678 1379 2024-10-16T09:50:12Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q8434]] 1678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:School learners in Mabushe C school, Namibia.jpg|thumb|Abantwana besikolo]] == Ukuqakatheka kwefundo == '''[[Ifundo]] iqakathekile''' esikhathini esiphila kiso ngombana lokha nawungakafundi ngeze wakwazi ukuzijamela nokuzenzela izinto ephasini. Ifundo ilekelela umuntu bona akwazi ukufunda nokutlola bogodu lokhu kulikghono elihle elisiza umuntu [[kwezokuthintana.]] == Ifundo imsiza ngani umuntu == [[Isimumathi:Deus High School Diplome.png|thumb|ifundo sikhiya sokuya epumelelweni]] ifundo isiza umuntu bona akwazi ukuphumelelisa amabhudango wakhe, begodu inikeza umuntu ngelwazi [[lepilo.]] ifundisa umuntu ngezinto ezihle angazenza nangalezi ezimbi efanele azibalekele ezingamkhubaza. Isiza umuntu bona azi amalungelo wakhe kanye nomthetho. c2jk8cokr58nok1lvcqnerfw1lwbf9a Ukutheza 0 257 2844 1382 2025-05-26T00:55:37Z 78.174.67.142 2844 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukutheza == === Isingeniso. === Ukutheza ngezinye zezenzo lezo ebezikhona ngesikhathi sabokhokho bethu. Ukutheza kudlale begodu kusadlala indima eqakathekileko mayelana nokuthi abantu babeneenkuni, ukudla kanye nemalingeniso eemphakathini eminengi, khulukhulu eemndenini esazidobhela phasi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ukutheza begodu bunomthintela enjani eemphakathini esiphila kiyo, khulukhulu yemakhaya. === Kuyini [[:en:Logging|ukutheza]]? === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Logging''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging</nowiki>. Ufunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>) ukutheza sisenzo sokugawula nokususa imithi. Ukungezelela, imithi le egawulilweko yasuswa lapho beyikhona uthuthelwa endaweni etja (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />; Lima, u-Castro, u-Baptista no-Silva 2020<ref>Lima, K. S., Castro, C. M., Baptista, J. S. & Silva, U. 2020. Wood-logging process management in Eastern Amazonia (Brazil). ''Sustainability'', 12:1-18.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, ukutheza kufaka ukugawula iinkuni nanyana ukususa iinkuni, khulukhulu ehlathini uzithuthele kwenye indawo lapho zokusetjenziswa khona. Khululunywa ngokusussa nokugawula, ngombana ezinye iinkuni nanyana iingodo uzifumana zizilalele nanyana ziwele phasi, bese ufike ngokubuthelela nawuqedako uzithathe. Kanti-ke, kukhona lezo ekufuneka bonyana zigawulwe emithi begodu eminye imithi leyo ikhitjhwa nemirabhu nanyana neendidi zawo (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1">Numuene, K. S. & Egbe, A. E. 2022. Impact of Timber Logging on Neighbouring Stands in a Forest of the South Western Cameroon. ''Open Journal of Forestry'', 12:248-262.</ref>). === Umthintela wokutheza === Kukhona imithindela eminengi emihle nemimbi yokutheza; kodwana kusihloko sethu lezi sizokutjheja imithintela elandelako: ==== Ubumbi ==== ==== 1. Ukutjhabalalisa imithi yamahlathi. ==== Lokha nasithezako sisusa eminye yemithi leyo ekungeyendabuko (Numuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Imithi leyo iyancipha begodu igcine ingasabi khona. Lokho kwenza bonyana amahlathi angasabi nemithi begodu avuleke. ==== 2. Ubujamo bezulu ==== Lokha nasithezako sisusa imithi, sitjhiya amahlathi avulekile nemithi inganawo amagatja wokumunye i-carbon dioxide emoyeni (u-Ranius, u-Hamalainen, u-Egnell, u-Olsson, u-Eklof, u-Stendah, u-Rudolphi, u-Stens no-Felton 2018<ref name=":2">Ranius, T., Hämäläinen, A., Egnell, G., Olsson, B., Eklöf, K. et al. 2018.The effects of logging residue extraction for energy on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a synthesis. ''Journal of Environmental Management'', 209: 409-425.</ref>). Lokha kubanga bonyana ubujamo bezulu butjhuluke kwamambala njengokuthi kube nomtjhiso omkhulu tle nanyana kubemakhaza khulu (u-Ranius ''nabanye'' 2018<ref name=":2" />). ==== 3. Ukutlhogeka kweensetjenziswa ==== Ukutheza kwenza bonyana iinsetjenziswa lezo ezifunekako , ezinjengokudla kwedlathini nemitjhoga itlhogeke (World Wide Fund for Nature 2019<ref>World Wide Fund for Nature. 2019. ''Timber monitoring and control from the first entry on the marke''t. WWF Romania.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, abantu abathembele eenkunini ukupheka nokudla kanye neelwana ezithembele emini mayelana namakhaya wazo nokudla zizithola zingana buyo. ==== Ubuhle ==== ==== 1. Umnotho wezahlalakuhle ==== Kukhona abantu labo abathembele eenkunini nemithi bonyana bangenise imali begodu baphile (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Abantu laba bathengisa iinkuni lezi begodu abanye babasa imililo ngeenkuni, bafulela ngeengodo begodu bakampela amajarida wabo ngokusebenzisa iingodo. ==== 2. Imitjhoga ==== Kukhona eminye yemitjhoga leyo eyenziwa ngemithi yendabuko le ebayithezako (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, abantu basenzisa imithi ukulapha kanye nokuhlengisa ubujamo bepilo bemizimba yabo. ==== 3. Ibonelela lomoya ohlwengileko ==== Imithi esikhathi esinengi ithatha nanyana imunya umoya onerhasi emimbi, i-carbon dioxide, bese wona unikele ngomoya olungele ukuphefumula babantu nelwani, i-oxygen (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, imithi ihlwengisa umoya esiwuphefumulako nebhoduluko. ==== Isiphetho ==== Ukutheza kuqakatheke khulu eemphakathini yethu. Nanyana kunjalo, nakungenziwa ngendlela yokukhathelela imithi namahlathi kuba nomthintela omumbi eemphakathini yoke. [https://www.depremabi.com/ Son depremler] en iyi depremabi üzerinden görüntülenebilir. Siyazi bonyana abantu abanengi bathembele eemthini namahlathini mayelana nemalingeniso nemitjhoja, ngebanga lelo kufanele sikwenze kokutlhogomela begodu singakwenzeli butjhilweni. === Isilululwazi === <references /> jdvyqnww2jjlq4m9pouvig5veras6yb Ukuthuthuka kwelimi lesiNdebele 0 258 1392 1391 2024-10-14T13:47:39Z Jon Harald Søby 12 9 revisions imported 1391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:BMW 525i Art Car - Esther Mahlangu (1991).jpg|thumb|imodere egwalwe nguMma u Esther Mahlangu]] Ilimi lesi[[Ndebele]] ngelinye lamalimi ekhalunywa eSewula Afrika, engazange libe netjhudu lokuthuthukiswa lokha nakufika amamitjhinari e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Lokhu kwabangela kukobana isitjhaba samaNdebele sabe singakabumbani ngesikhathi sokufika kwamamitjhinari. Nasitjheja ukuthuthuka kwelimi ukusukela ngonyaka we-2000 ukuya enyakeni we-2024 sithola bonyana isiNdebele sele sithuthukele khulu ngombana sele kune [[bhayibheli]] etlolwe ngesiNdebele eyakhutjhwa ngo 2012, sikhona emrhatjhweni, begodu sikhona nakibomabonakude. Sele kutholakala nama filimu enziwe bewadlala ngesiNdebele. Na[[kwezefundo]] sele sithuthukile ngombana sele kuneenhlathululi mezwi zesiNdebele. Lokhu kutjengisa bona sele [[ilimi lesindebele|ilimi]] lesiNdebele lithuthuke khulu begodu lisaragela phambili liyathuthukiswa ngombala ilimi leli sele lizokutholaka na online ku wikipedia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwelimi leli kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana lokhu kuzokwenza bonyana ilimi lesiNdebele lingatjhabalali. k7709exhmpf387fg4oi25h8yghtbct4 Ukuthwala 0 259 1395 1394 2024-10-14T13:47:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Herbs for Traditional Healing.jpg|thumb|Ukuthwala]] Ukuthwala sele kurhagele khulu enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Inengi labantu lifuna ukuphumelela msinyana. Njenga nje, basebenzisa iinlwana ezifana neenyoka, iimfene, iinkukhu nezinye ukuthola ipumelelo abayifunako. Kuthoma kubasebenzela kuhle babe zigwili. Kodwana, akupheli kuhle, ngombana bagcina babuya bazisole bathome nepilo phasi. Lokho kubangela bona bagcine babenokugandeleleka komkhumbulo. Lokhu kusifundisa bona nanoma sifuna imali namkha ipumelelo kangangani, sitotose besifike khona. Singarhabi. 8uqqgplrkc4ef0c4zdy3e3j58ho2z4t Ukutlhogeka kwemisebenzi 0 260 2506 1398 2025-03-06T16:13:53Z Nqobile69 190 2506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukutlhogeka kwemisebenzi''' kuyinto eyande khulu esitjhabeni seSewula AFrika. Abantu abatjha lokha nasele bacede ukufunda bathola ubudisi bokuthola umsebenzi ngesibanga sokobana amathuba womsebenzi awekho begodu abanye abantu bayiyithengisa imisebenzi. Ngendlela amathuba womsebenzi anciphe ngakhona uthola bona lokha nakukhutjhwa iphepha kuveze umsebenzi kuthiwa kufuneka abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engi-18 kodwana abangakadluli ku 35. Umbuzo uthi laba abangaphezu kwe 35 bona abakafaneli ukusebenza na? Ukuncipha kwamathuba womsebenzi kwandisa izinga lobugebengu ngombana abantu bafunda neendlela ezimbi zokuziphilisa ngombana umuntu angenza nanoma yini ukuthi azithole adlile. 8mgq8nqovm07akdd55fy8nqba7995w9 Ukuzibandakanya kwababelethi eemfundweni zabantwana babo 0 261 1401 1400 2024-10-14T13:47:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UKuzibandakanya''' kwababelethi eemfundweni zabantwana kulokha ababelethi badlala iindima ekutheni abantwana babo bathole ifundo ehle nephambili. Ababelethi badlala indima ngokuthi basebenzisane nabo titjhere ukusiza umntwana athabele ukuba mfundi. Lokhu kuqakathekile khulu ukuthi ababelethi bandakany eemfundweni zabantwana babo, ngombana lokhu kukuthaza abantwana bonyana bafunde ngamandla ukuze bathole imiphumela encono. Lokhu kwenza bona umntwana athole loke isekelo alidingako ukuze akwazi ukuthola ifundo encono nephambili. Abanye ababelethi vane benze iphoso yokucabanga bona umntwana ufundiswa ngutitjhere kwaphela. Lokhu akusilo iqiniso ngombana utitjhere wokuthoma womntwana mbelethi wakhe. czb1uh4qyu31u0zobnclvhxbttxx6tl Ukuzikhunga 0 262 3286 3163 2025-07-02T20:40:25Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3163|3163]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuzikhunga''' kukulokha umuntu athatha ipilo yakhe ngokuzibulala<ref>Turecki, G. and Brent, D.A., 2016. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. ''The Lancet'', ''387''(10024), pp.1227-1239.</ref>. Lokho umuntu angakwenza ngokuthi asele [[amapilisi]] amanengi, athathe intambo azibulale begodu nangezinye iindlela. eskhathini sanje ukuzikhunga sele kuyinto ekhamba phambili eyenza bona abantu bahlongakale. Abanye babo nabatholwa kusese nesikhathi bayasinda. Ukuzikhunga kuyinto engahlukumeza umndeni nabantu abatjgidelelne naloyo ozikhungileko ngombana bangaba nemizwa yokuthi bahlulekile ukumsiza umuntu ozikhungileko, begodu bezwe nobuhlungi bokulahlekelwa mumuntu abatjhidelelne naye. Omuntu obe netjhudu wasinda lokha nagade azama ukuzikhunga naye uba nobudisi bokuthi aphilisane nabanye abantu. == izinto ezingabangela bona umuntu azikhunge == === Ukuhlukunyezwa === Umuntu lokha nakahlukunyezwako begodu angatholi isekelo nanyana isizo abantwini angagcian sele abona bonyana kungcono azikhunge kunokobana aphile budisi ngokuhlukunyezwa<ref>Turecki, G., Brent, D.A., Gunnell, D., O’Connor, R.C., Oquendo, M.A., Pirkis, J. and Stanley, B.H., 2019. Suicide and suicide risk. ''Nature reviews Disease primers'', ''5''(1), p.74.</ref>. === Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo === [[Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo]] kuyamenza umuntu bona azikhunge ngombana umuntu osesimeni lesi ingcondo yakhe iyaphazamiseka begodu babasengcopheni yokuthi bangenza izinto ezibeka amaphilo wabo engozini njengozibulala. Jeon (2011) Uveza bonyana inengi labantu abazikhungileko litholakala bona belinokugandeleleka komkhumbulo lokha nakuhlowa iindumbu zabo<ref>Jeon, H.J., 2011. Depression and suicide. ''Journal of the Korean Medical Association'', ''54''(4), pp.370-375.</ref>. === Ukusogola ngemali === Ukusogola ngemali ngendlela yokuthi umuntu agcine sele angasakghona ukuthola ukudla umuntu angagcian sele azizwa bona kungcona ukuzikhunga kunokuphila bese afikelwe mcabango wokuzikhunga. == Amatshwayo womuntu ongaba sengozini yokuzikhunga == Umuntu ongaba sengozini yokufuna ukuzikhuunga ubonakala ngokuthi azikhiphe ebantwini agcine selel ahlala yedwa. Omunye ugcina umbona ngokuthi asebenzise iindakamizwa ngendlela eyeqileko lokha nakunento emhluphako. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ohykj9v9pe1p5lezfifug1g6eipro24 UmSebenzi WesiTjhaba WezamaLimi 0 263 3040 3018 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:NZXNV1|NZXNV1]] 2348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UmSebenzi wesiTjhaba wezamaLimi''' ukhuthaza ube ukghonakalise iindlela zokuthintana kiwo woke amalimi. Ngokukhambisana neentlhogeko neemfuneko zomThethosisekelo, umSebenzi wesiTjhaba wezamaLimi ulawula ukwahlukana ngamalimi lapha ekhethu, begodu uthwele nomsebenzi wokulungelela amalimi woke wabantu ngokuphumelelisa amagadango womgomo onqophe ukukhuthaza kokusetjenziswa kwamalimi la, kunye nalawo amalimi ayedimeke amathuba angatjhejwa phambilini. e11j9ql47nq09ysde4x26ktwu0uopd6 Umbuso ohlanganyelweko 0 264 3116 3027 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umbuso ohlanganyelweko''' mbuso lapho kuphethe khona iinhlangano kusekela kwezimbili. Ngemva kweminyaka ematjhumi ama thathu iSewula Afrika ibuswa ngaphasi kombuso wentando yenengi, unyaka we-2024 wamakhetho ube ngohlukileko ngombana ulethe umbuso wehlanganyelo lapho kuphethe khona iinhlangano zepolotiki ezinengi kungasi yinye. Woke umuntu uyazibuza bona ngemva kwetjhuguluko elingaka kwezepolotiki inarha yeSewula Afrika izokuraga njani. Umbuso wokuhlanganyela ubanjwe yihlangano ye Democratic Alliance, African National Congress, Umkhonto Wesizwe kanye ne Economic Freedom Fighters. Umongameli okhethiweko ngubaba Cyril Ramaphosa obevele kunguye umongameli weSewula Afrika. 0hb5aau3oyczocbf734k5corhjrei2u Umbuso wentando yenengi 0 265 2163 1427 2024-11-27T06:17:33Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umbuso wentando yenengi''', mbuso owangena e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngemva kwamakhetho wango [[Wp/na/1994|1994,]] ngemva kombuso wegandelelo<ref>Southall, R., 2000. The state of democracy in South Africa. ''Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'', ''38''(3), pp.147-170.</ref>.Umbuso wentando yenengi ngiwo owasilethela ikululeko, ukulingana kanye nokuthola ubulingiswa lokhwa nawoniweko. Ngaphasi kombuso lo babantu nofana izakhamuzi iziphethe amandla weze[[politiki|polotiki]]. Amandla la bawaphethe ngqo begodu bawaphethe nangabantu ababakhethileko bonyana bazobajamela. Lokhu kutjho bona izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuzibandakanya ezintweni zepolotiki, ezifana namakhetho wokubeka umongameli wesitjhaba begodu zinegunya lokufaka umbono ngomthetho ezibekelwe wona enarheni. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} sdvk6uyh1t9tj4iev8sqolyje6m2p2q Umdlalo webholo 0 266 3049 3004 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Umdlalo webholo.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo webholo]] '''Umdlalo''' webholo kumdlalo odlawa ngokurarha ibholo, udlalwa ziinqheema ezimbili ngokuphikisana. Isiqhema sebholo ngasinye siba nabadlali abayitjhumi nanye. Abadlali badlala nebholo erondo boke ngomnqopho wokukora amagondelo nokuvimba isiqheema esiphikisako bonyana singangenisi amagondelo. == Umthetho womdlalo webholo == === isikhathi === Umdlalo webholo udlala isikhathi eaimizuzu ema-45 bese bayaphumula imizuzu eli-15 bese barage godu badlale imizuzu ema-45. Kwesinye iskhathi kusuke kube nesikhathi esingezelelwako ukuze kuzokuba khona isiqhema esithumbako. === Ukukora amagondelo === Amagondelo akorwa ngokufakwa enetheni begodu angafakwa ngehloko nanyana ngokurarhwa ngenyawo. Amagandelo ayakorwa lokha umdlalo usadlala begodu kukurwa kuphela lokha nakuma penaldi. === Ukujama kwabadlali === Abadlali bomdlalo we bholo kubadlali abavimba amagondelo, ubadlali abajama phambili, abadlali abajama phakathi. == Ubuhle bokudlala umdlalo webholo == Umdlalo webholo kumdlalo omuhle ngombana umuntu owudlalako uba nomzimba onepilo ngombana umdloalo lo wenza bona imithambo ekhambisa igazi ivuleke igazi lirhone ukukhamba kuhle emzimbeni begodu umzimba angekhe wathola amalwelwe lula. Umdlalo lokha nawuwudlako uba namandla begodu ukghone ukugijima ngebelo. Ilekelela umuntu bona akghone ukusebenzisana nabantu begodu abe nekghono lokurarulula imiraro. 6p9h55k5jatdp0n6t9f49l8hunliurk Umehluko hlangan kwedamu nomlambo 0 267 1440 1439 2024-10-14T13:47:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1439 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umehluko hlangana kwedamu nomlambo]] 212x0jtpl3fz4h7u2ytauos8squ8qhr Umehluko hlangana kwedamu nomlambo 0 268 3072 2997 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.238.42.1|88.238.42.1]] 2497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umehluko hlangana kwedamu nomlambo. == === Isingeniso === Emphakathini esiphila kiyo kuneendlela ezinengi zokubulunga amanzi nalezo ezisetjenziswa njengemithombo yamanzi. Iindlela lezi ziqakatheke kwamamba ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu baba nepilo begodu bafunyana amanzi. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, ngaphasi kwesihloko sethu lesi sizokudzimelela khulu edamini nemlanjeni. Sizokuthoma ngesihloko esithi, Kuyini idamu? bese kulandele esithi, Kuyini umlambo?. ==== '''Kuyini idamu?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Idamu lokubulunga amanzi Kosini.jpg|thumb|Idamu lokubulunga amanzi, langeKosini]] Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaye kutlhogeke bonyana kukhongezelwe amanzi begodu abulungwe ukuze abantu bawafunyane (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. Dam. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Isesetjenziswa sokukhongenzela amanzi begodu siwabulunge sibizwa bonyana lidamu (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0" />). Idamu liyakhiwa ngomnqopho wokubamba amanzi begodu liwabulunge (National Geographic 2024a<ref name=":1">National Geographic. 2024. Dams. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Amadamu la, ngesakhiwo nobungako kanye nomsebenzi angahluka ngokuya kweendawo neminqopho yawo. [[Isimumathi:Idamu leKosini emThambithini.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Idamu leKosini, emThambithini]] Kukhona [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/ amadamu] lawo amakhulu ngobujamo begodu umsebenzi wawo kukubulunga amanzi kanye nokuwasabalalise eendaweni nanyana kumadamu amancani lawo aphakela abantu nemiphakathi ngamanzi (The British Dam Society 2024a<ref name=":2">The British Dam Society. 2024. What is dam?. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://britishdams.org/about-dams/dam-information/</nowiki>. Ifunywane ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). [https://britishdams.org/about-dams/dam-information/ Amadamu] la, afuna itlhogonyelo tle begodu nalo itlhogonyelo lawo liyahluka. Idamu elikhulu lifuna itlhogonyelo elikhulu begodu lifuna nesikhathi esinengi lokha nalimadaniswa nedamu elincani. Amadamu kanengi afunyana nanyana amukela amanzi ukusuka emlanjeni ngesikhathi lapho kunezulu elinengi (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0" />; National Geographic 2024a<ref name=":1" />; ne-The British Dam Society 2024a<ref name=":2" />). Ukuyisonga, idamu liyakhiwa begodu liyahluka ngomnqopho. Kodwana, limthombo oqakathekileko mayelana nokuqinisekiswa bonyana imiphakathi ifunyana amanzi. ==== '''Kuyini [[:en:River|umlambo]]?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Umlambo iMoutse emThambothini.jpg|thumb|Umlambo iMoutse, eKosini]] [https://www.britannica.com/science/river Umlambo] singatjho bonyana kulidamu lemvelo lelo elingakakhiwa kodwana eliziveleleko (Wikipedia 2024b;<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> ne-Britannica 2024<ref>Britannica. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/river</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, [https://smartwatermagazine.com/q-a/what-a-river umlambo] uyazivelela begodu nobujamo bawo buyazenzakalela. [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/river/ Imilambo] nayo iyahluka [https://www.kargosubesi.biz/ kargo] ngobujamo begodu imithombo yeempilo yeenlwani ezinengi nabantu (National Geographic 2024b<ref name=":3">National Geographic. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/river/</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Iinlwani ezitholakala emilanjeni ziyahluka ngokuya kweendawo kanye nobujamo bezulu. Imilambo ikhongozela amanzi wezulu bese iphakele amadamu amanzi lawo ukuze abulungwe amanzi begodu kwenziwe isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu neenlwana bafunyana amanzi (National Geographic 2024b<ref name=":3" />; ne-Smart Water Magazine 2024<ref>Smart Water Magazine. 2024. What is a river?. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://smartwatermagazine.com/q-a/what-a-river</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Nanyana kunjalo-ke, kukhona imiphakathi ekha nanyana esebenzisa amanzi bunqopha kusuka emlanjeni ngebanga lokungabi nayo imithangalasisekelo yamanzi. Lokhu kusitjengisa ukuqakatheka kwemilambo begodu nesidingo sokunakekela imilambo esinayo. === '''Isiphetho''' === Idamu singatjho bona mlambo owakhiweko bese kuthi umlambo wona kube lidami lemvelo nanyana lendabuko lelo elizenzakalelako. Idamu esikhathini esinengi lithembele emlanjeni bona lifunyane amanzi, kanti umlambo wona ukhongozela amanzi wezulu. === '''Isilululwazi/umthombolwazi''' === {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Ezolwazi]] [[Mkhakha:Ezemvelo]] 81yy7u2tyv1vk46utz4wcobm7d8w9mh Umfundaze 0 269 3093 2988 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2198 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umfundaze == === Isingeniso. === Ephasini kukhona isizo lelo elenzelwe ukusiza abantu abanganalutho kodwana khube banekghono nanyana isiphiwo sokwenza nanyana sokufunda izinto ezithile. Isizo lelo kungaba kusekelwa ngemmali, iinsetjenziswa nanyana baphiwe ibandulo bameyala nakuthuthukisa begodu nokufeza amabhudango namakghono wabo. Ezinye zesizo lezo mfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla. === Kuyini umfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla? === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Bursary''. Itholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> isekelwa yi-Revolution Media (2024)<ref>Revolution Media. 2024. ''What is a bursary.'' Litholakala ku:>https://revolution.edu.za/what-is-a-bursary-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-scholarship/>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>, [https://revolution.edu.za/what-is-a-bursary-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-scholarship/ umfundaze] kungunongwara nanyana umtlomelo loyo ophiwa iinqema nanyana abantu maziko nanyana iinhlangano zefundo. Iragele phambili, i-Wikipedia (2024<ref name=":0" />), yathi, umtlomelo lo uphiwa umfundi bonyana aye esikolweni, eyunivesithi nanyana ekholiji ngesikhathi angakghoni ukuya. Amphuzu la, ayasitjela bona umfundaze usiba abafuna ukufunda kodwana khube babhalelwa ziinthoro zokufunda. Ukungezelela, ihlathululo le inqophe khulu kumaziko nanyana iinhlangano zefundo. Ngokuya kweYunivesithi i-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2024<ref name=":1">Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. ''What is the difference between a loan, bursary and scholarship? Itholakala ku''''':<'''<nowiki>https://www.mandela.ac.za/Apply/Frequently-asked-questions/Money-Matters/What-is-the-difference-between-a-loan,-bursary-and#FAQLink1769</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>) ne-Dictionary Cambridge (2024<ref>Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. ''Bursary''. Itholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bursary</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>), [[:en:Bursary|umfundaze]] kulisizo lemali ehlakahlukeneko enikelweko abosofundwakghono nabafundi bonyana bathuthukise iimfunde zabo. Imali ingabuyi kumakhamphani begodu kufanele labo abanikelwa umfundaze lo batlikitliki isibopho neenkhamphani leyo (Yunivesity i-Nelson Mandela 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ihlathululo yeYunivesithi i-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2024)<ref name=":1" /> ingezelel phezu kwehlathululo ye-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ngokuthi umfundaze lo unikelwa abafundi nabosofundwakgho. === Isiphetho === [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bursary Umfundaze] kuyimali enikelwa abafundi nabosokghonofundwa yiziko lefundo, ihlangano nekhamphani yangeqadi njengesizo ukuze bathuthukise ifundo yamo namakghono wabo. Imali ingasetjenzisa ukubahdela iimfundo nokuthenga ezinye iinsetjenziswa zokufunda. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} hgts07z8wdzwaeyyhmcm7e5nfstzeln Umhluzi 0 270 1455 1454 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMhluzi''' yilokishi elisentshonalanga yedolobha elikhulu lezolimo nezimboni iMiddelburg esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika iMpumalanga. Inezikole zamabanga aphansi eziyisi-8 neziyisi-6 zamabanga aphezulu. d160bft7l1kfyupezt31y0tqyfw4imd Umkhakha WezeHlalakuhle 0 271 1459 1458 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1458 wikitext text/x-wiki Umkhakha WezeHlalakuhle mkhakha omayelana nehlalakuhle yabantu, utjheje godu nekufundiseni abantu ngeendlela abangazitlhogomela, bazivikele ngayo neendlela abangazikhupha ngazo ebudisini bepilo. Ubudisi bepilo obufaka hlangana ukuhlukumezeka kwabomma nabantwana, ukwamukela ukuphila nokukhubazeka, ukungasebenzi nokhunye okunengi. == Abosohlalakuhle == Abosohlalakuhle emkhakheni lo basebenzisa ilwazi elirhujululiweko elifana namatiyori nelwazi lendabuko yobuntu ukusiza labo abazithola basebudisini bepilo. == Iimfundo zomkhakha lo == Nawuzokuba ngusohlalakuhle kufanele uphase kuhle igreyidi 12. Eemfundweni zakho zoke kufanele ufumane amaphuzu angaphezu kwali-30 khona uzokwamukeleka emkhakheni wezefundo ephakamileko. Uzakuthi lokha nawamukelweko ufunde iminyaka emine. Amayunivesithi afundisa iimfundo zehlalakuhle ngila: [https://www.up.ac.za/ University of Pretoria], University of Western Cape, University of Joahneesburg, University of Cape Town namanye. 0eqoxut7qno1ui794ahxzpagxbw060j Umkhawulo nomngcele. 0 272 1463 1462 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1462 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umkhawulo nomngcele. == === Isingeniso. === Umkhawulo nomngcele ngezinye zezinto lezo ezisetjenziswa nanyana eziqalwako lokha nakuhlukaniswa izinto ezifana neendawo, isifunda, isiyingi kanye nenarhakazi. Nanyana abanengi bathatha kwangathi umkhawulo nomngcele yinto yinye nje, kodwana akusinjalo zinomehluko omncani. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umkhawulo nomngcele. === Khuyini umkhawulo? === Umkhawulo sihlakanisi seendawo, ekufaka hlangana isiyingi, isifuna neenarha. Umkhawulo uveza ukuthoma nokugcina kweendawo. Kodwana, okuqakatheke khulu kukobana umkhawulo sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto esenziwe mumuntu ekungasi semvelo. Lokha nasitjheja imikhawulo yeendawo sizakukhumbula bonyana kumikhawulo eyenziwe babantu nanyana ibhodo yemikhawulo leyo equntako ukuthi indawo ethize ithoma kuphi begodu igcina kuphi. Igama leli elithi umkhawulo lisuselwe esenzweni khawula, leso esitjho bona lisa, qeda, gcina nanyana yekela into ethize. Ngalokho-ke, umkhuwulo usuke uveza bonyana indawo ethize igcina nanyana iphelela kuphi. === Khuyini umngcele? === Umncgele singatjho bonyana kusihlukanisi seendawo ezifaka hlangana isiyingi, isifuna, inarha nenarhakazi. Kodwana, umngcele kusihlukanisi nanyana umkhawulo wendabuko nanyana wemvelo. Lokhu kutjho bonyana umngcele awukenziwa mumuntu kodwana uzenzakalele. Lokha nasitjheja ilwandle le-Meditterian, sifunyana bona lihlukanisa inarhakazi ye-Afrika neyeYurobhu. Kodwana ekufuzwe kuyelelwe khulu, kukobana ilwandle leli lisihlakanisi semvele hlana kwe-Afrika neYurobhu. Ngakkho-ke, ilwandle i-Meditterian limngcele njengombana lihlakunisa iinarhakazi begodu lezenzakalele ngokwemvelo. == Isiphetho. == Umkhawulo nomngcele zinomsebenzi efanako; Kodwana, umehluko kukuthi ukhawulo sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto esenziwe mumuntu bese kuthi umngcele kube sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto sendabuko nanyana semvelo ekutjho bonyana asikenziwa mumuntu. 9aqr5e8t0ki4woep0ywvoaqa3c95yws Umlando waMandebele 0 273 2794 2206 2025-05-03T12:10:51Z Jetro mahlangu 588 /* Umlando: 1600 - 1880 */ I edited a few punctuation errors. 2794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ethnic group |Ubutjhaba = AbaNdebele |isithombe = Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg |umtlolo = Abomma base Loopspruit Cultural Village, ngase[[Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng|Bronkhorstspruit]] |Ubuningi = 1.1 million (2011 Census) |Amaphrovinci = [[Mpumalanga]], [[Gauteng]] ne [[Limpopo Province]] |Amalimi = IsiNdebele |Ikolo = [[Isikreste]], [[Amasiko]] |Bahlobane = [[Nguni|AbaNguni]] }} [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|alt=kwandebel|thumb|Abomma bamandebele]] '''AmaNdebele''' kusitjhaba sabantu esitholakala enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Isitjhaba lesi sihlukaniswa ngeeqhema ezimbili, isitjhaba sakwaManala begodu nesakwaNdzundza. <ref name=ph1>"[http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/people-south-africa-ndebele People of South Africa: Ndebele ]" (27-Oct-2014) - '''South African History Online'''. Retrieved 25 February 2016</ref> Umlando wamaNdebele uthoma ngekosi uMafana. Ikosi umafana walandelwa nguMhlanga owabeletha uMusi. Ikosi uMusi yathatha igandango bonyana akhambe atjhiye abatjhana bakhe ayokuhlala KwaMnyamana nge-Rhawuteni. Khonapho isitjhaba sahlukana phakathi ngabakwaManala begodu nabakwaNdzundza iinkosi ezhloniphekileko. __TOC__ == Umlando: 1600 - 1880 == Ngesikhathi ingwenyama uMusi ahlongakala ngonyaka ka 1630, kwavuka umraro wokulwela ubukosi ebatwaneni bakhe uManala no Ndzundza. Lomraro wahlukanisa isitjhaba samandebele esewula (AbakwaManala) namandebele etlhagwini (abakwaNdzundza nabakwaMthombeni). UNdzundza noMthombeni bakhamba beya ngase Pumalanga batjhinga bakha KwaSimkhulu, etlhagwini leBelfast ngase Pumalanga. Kodwana uMthombeni waragela phambili wanyuka nenarha ngomlambu we Olifant waya ngase tlhagwini begodu wakha ngase Zebediela eLipompo. Umthombeni wathoma wabizwa ngokuthi nguGegana (namkha uKekana).<ref name=ph1></ref> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">Ngesikhathi kwaMaza kubusa ingwenyama uMagodongo, kwafika uMzilikazi abaleke kwaZulu ngesimanga sezipi zakaShaka. UMzilikazi wafika wasahlela uMagodongo nesitjhaba sakhe. Uthe bona abulale uMagodongo uMzilikazi, wathumba ifuyo nabafazi wanyuka nenarha watjhinga eTlhagwini, waze wayokunzinza eRhodesia esele yaziwa ngeZimbabwe namhlanje. UMzilikazi wathi nakasahlela uMagodongo kwabe sele adlule ngakuManala, abulele uSbindi. --([[Skhosana]], 1996, 8)</blockquote> Ngo 1883, ngesikhathi kubusa uMabhongo kwathoma ipiyombango yabakwaNdzundza namabhuru,bebanga iphasi, amanzi nefuyo. Amabhunawo abedoswa phambili ngu Piet Joubert ahlasela isitjhaba sakwadundza iinyanga ezibunane, bonyana uMabhongo nabantu bakhe bavaleleke ezintabeni zangase Roossenekal. Amabutho kaMabhongo akwazi bona atjhinge ngemva kwamabhunu ayokukha amazi neziliwo. Kodwana ngemva kukuthumba nokutlhorisa abafazi, omunye wabo watjho bona ingwenyama uMabhongo ingakuphi. Amabhunu akghona ukusahlela athumba ingwenyama.<ref name=ph2>"[http://www.encyclopedia.com Ndebele]" (1996) - '''Encyclopedia of World Cultures.''' -Van Vuuren, Chris. Retrieved 25 February 2016</ref> ==Umlando: 1880 - 1994== Imiraro yobukhosi bakwandebele yaragela phambili ngaphasi kwe kosi uNyabela. AbakwaNdzundza balahlekelwa ubukhosi ngitjho nephasi labo, begodu nekosi uNyabela yavalelwa udilika-jele. Amandebele asabalala nenarha, abangamarhoba ngaphasi kwamaplasi amabhunu iminyaka emihlanu (1883 - 1888). Amakhosi akwaManala khange angenele imiraro le begodu isitjhaba sakaManala sakha KoMjekejeke ngase Wallmannsthal, enarheni abayiphiwa zizithunywa zase Berlin.<ref name=ph2></ref> Ikosi uNyabela Mahlangu watjhaphululwa ngo 1903, ngokuphelakwe miraro yokubanga iphasi yamaBhunu namaNgesi (ngo 1899 - 1902), begodu wahlongakala. Ikosi eyalandela, yalinga ukubawa bona irhulumende ibuyise inarha yabo, kodwana kwabala. Indlu yobukhosi nesitjhaba yathenga inarha ngo 1922 lapho isitjhaba sakwaNdzundza sabuya sahlangana khona. Ngaphasi kombuso wezamakhaya (bantustan or homeland) amandebele (Abakwa Manala nabakwNdzundza boke) atjhingiselwa kwandebele ngonyaka ka 1979. Kulapha batholakana khulu nanjenganje.<ref name=ph1></ref> == Umlando womlomo == Abanye bathi ukuthoma kwebizo lamandebele kusuka ebasuthwuni, bathi "ngamathebe telele", okutjho bona ngabantu abaphatha izihlangu ezide. Bathoma bafujanisa ibizole bathi ngamandebele (Matebele). ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} qd2ohm99hpbwah1bwtpdjsx50fyn7ou Umlando weenkolo zeWatervaal 0 274 1493 1492 2024-10-14T13:47:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Watervaa'''l yindawo [[engeMpumalanga]] kwa-Ndebele. Ihlukaniswe kabili ekuyi Watervaal A ne Watervaal B. Kondwana le-athikili izokunanabeja khudlwana ngomlando weenkolo ze-Watervaal B. Iinkolo ezitholakala e-Watervaal B yi-Mantwani Primary School, Mandlakababa Primary School, Ndebema Senior Primary School, ne-Mayitha High School. Iinkolo lezi zazinjengokuba zinje ngaphambi kokobana zitjhuguluke gadesi. I-Mantwani Primary School, sathiyelelwa ngekosi eyayibusa ngaleso sikhathi ekung-Mandwani. Ngebanga lokobana uhlokokulu wokuthoma we-Mantwani kwabe kuli-Pedi, watjhungulula ibizo ngokungakwazi ukupeleda amagama wesiNdebele. Lesi sikolo ngesamazinga aphasi esasithoma ngebanga lokuthoma ukuya kwebanga lesithandathu. Kodwana kwanjesi sithoma ngebanga lokuthoma ukuya kwelikhomba. Ukutjhuguluka kwamabanga kwakungebalanga lokutjhuguluka kwe-kharikhulamu. Isikolo i-Mayitjha sathiyelelwa naso ngekosi u-Mayitjha obekabusa ngalesosikhathi. Lesisikolo kwabe sithoma ebangeni letjhumi ukuya kwelamatjhumi amabili. Kodwana kwanjesi sesithoma ebangeni lobunane ukuya kweletjhumi nambili. Siye esikolweni ebesibizwa nge-Ndebema Senior Primary, esathiyelelwa ngendawo lapha umndeni webukhosini bakwa-Mahlangu ebafuduka khona. Kodwana kwanjesi sesithoma ebangeni lokuthoma ukuya kweletjhumi nambili. 0jt3sitk2jsi3uhrlv63nivjascmtpe Umndeni 0 275 2164 1499 2024-11-27T06:17:57Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|umndeni]] '''Umndeni''' babantu ababili nanyana abangaphezu kwababili abahlobeni ngokwegazi nanyana abahlanganiswe mtjhado. Kuyenzeka bona umndeni kube ngewabantu abangenabo ubuhlobo kodwana bahlanganiswe lithando, njengalokha umma nakangakhoni ukuthola abantwana bese akhambe eya lapho kuhlala khona bantwana abazintandani ukuyokwenza i-adoption bese azakhele wakhe umndeni. kuvamisile bona abantu abamndeni munye basebenzise isibongo sinye. umndeni kungaba ngu mma nobaba abatjhadileko, ugogo osele ahlala nabazukulu, abantwana abasele bodwa ekhaya<ref>Newlin, M., Reynold, S. and Nombutho, M.M.W., 2016. Children from child-headed households: Understanding challenges that affect in their academic pursuits. ''Journal of Human Ecology'', ''54''(3), pp.158-173.</ref>. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} mts35weczubr45xp5p9grr1hgpvs9on Umndeni. 0 276 1502 1501 2024-10-14T13:47:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1501 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umndeni. == === Isingeniso. === Umndeni ufaka izinto ezinengi begodu akunahlathululo elula ehlathulula umndeni ngebala lobujamo obungeneleko begodu abuhlangeko. Nanyana kunjalo, umndeni yinto ekhona koke, ungafaka iinlwana kanye nabantu. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umndeni. === Kuyini umndeni? === Ngokuya kuka-Arslan (2023)<ref name=":0">Arslan , A. 2023. Characteristics, types and functions of family concept. ''African Educational Research Journal'', 11(1):45-48.</ref> asekelwa yi-Wikipedia (2024)<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Family''. Itholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family</nowiki>> Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [26 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> [[:en:Family|umndeni]] kungaba ngumma, ubaba nomntwana wabo labo abahlala ndawonye. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni ufana umntwana nababelethi bakhe, umma nobabakhe, labo ahlala endlini eyodwa nanyana ngejaradeni elilodwa. U-Havigerova, u-Haviger no-Truhlarova (2013)<ref>Havigerova, J. M., Haviger, J. & Truhlarova, Z. 2013. Teacher’s subjective definition of family. ''Procedia – Social and Behavioral Science,'' 106: 2507 – 2515.</ref> basekelwa ngu-Enrique, u-Howk no-Huitt (2007) <ref>Enrique, J., Howk, H., & Huitt, W. 2007. An overview of family development. ''Educational Psychology Interactive''. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.</ref>bathi, umndeni kusiqhema sabantu abahlalala endlini eyodwa kanye nalabo abakhololwa nanyana abasebenza boke. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni akusimntwana wakho, ababelethi bakho nanyana abentwana bekhenu kwaphela, kodwana umndeni ufaka nabantu esisebenza nabo nalabo ekholelwa ezintweni zinye sisoke. Umndeni uhluke ngemqema ezilandelako: Umndeni omkhulu, umndeni wabentwana, umndeni omncani. Umndeni omkhulu, mndeni lowo ofaka neenhlobo (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngamanye amagama umndeni omkhulu ngumma, ubaba, ukghari, umzala, umalume, umntamama nobentwana bekhaya. Kodwana, umndeni wabentwana, kumndeni loya onganababelethi kodwana odosa phambili mntwana begodu namalungu womndeni lo, kubentwana bodwa (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). Umndeni omncani wona, mndeni loyo ofaka umma nobaba nabentwana babo kwaphela (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). === Isiphetho === Umndeni uqakatheke kwambala begodu kufanele sizwisise bonyana umndeni awufaki kwaphela umma nobaba nabentwana bakhe kodwana ufaka nabantu esiphila nabo eduze ngaso soke isikhathi lasihlala khona. === Isilululwazi === <references /> tw3cc1d7zx6ukktowmmqru8v7vzi08u Umntwana 0 277 3058 3005 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Little girl of Don Som.jpg|thumb|umntwana]] '''Umntwana''' mumuntu ongaphasi kweminyaka engaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi alithoba. Kumumuntu osese ngaphasi kwetlhogomelo nelawulo lababelethi. kfvja7whx56n04a8v045lp5ngbmrzjf Umoya Ocwengileko 0 278 1512 1511 2024-10-14T13:47:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umoya ocwengileko''', mumomya ovela ku[[Zimu]]. Umoya lo wafika ephasini lokha uJesu kreste nakabuyela ezulwini kuyise uZimu. Kwathi bona uJesu akhambe watjhiya umoya ocwengileko bonyana uzokuthatha isikhundla sakhe uhlale nabantu abamakreste. umoya ocwengileko oowaziwa ngokuthi nguye umsizi wamakholwa owasiza bona aphile ipilo ecwengilweko.<ref>Kuyper, A. (2007). ''The work of the Holy Spirit''. Cosimo, Inc..</ref> Umoya ocwengileko ngiloyo Moya othi nawuwamukeleko ukhone ukwenza izinto ezihle begodu ube nemikghwa emihle. mekio8xcahpq3ib53vctvbgdk398f75 Umrhatjho ikwekwezi 0 279 1515 1514 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikwekwezi''' mrhatjho omkhulu eSewula Afrika orhatjha ngesiNdebele. Umrhatjho wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1983 enyangeni kaTjhirhweni mhlana ilanga li-1, okutjho ukuthi kwabe kuthoma unyaka ngaleso skhathi. Mrhatjho lo urhatjhwa malanga woke evekeni ngesikhathi soke. Ikwekwezi itholakala endaweni ye-Johannesburg e Auckland Park. Umunru owansungula umrhatjho weKwekwezi ngu Thizathiza. qpc0ntarc5934ve3h56pzqff6s3skh5 Umthetho 0 280 3050 2999 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1517 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Rule of Law.jpg|thumb]] '''Umthetho''' yindlela inarha ethileko eziphatha ngakhona. Akekho umuntu ongaphasi komthetho. Umthetho unikela indlela ekuzokurarulwa ngayo imilandu, ekuzokuvikelwa ngayo amalungelo wabantu begodu inikele abantu ubulungiswa. b0fwfl82bl48flhnuc59mti2dfl5adp Umthetho sisekelo 0 281 1522 1521 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. 023.JPG|thumb|constitution]] '''Umthetho sisekelo''' kuyincwadi ephethe amandla wombuso begodu iphethe amalungelo nokuvikeleka kwesitjhaba. Kuyinto eqakatheke ekuhlathululeni umthetho nepolotiki zenarha. Umthetho sisekelo wenza bona boke abantu babe ngaphasi komthetho ngitjho nabaphezulu ngokweenkhundla. Uvikela ukuhlukunyezwa kamandla negunya enkhundleni ezithileko ezihlukileko. 341qjth3y9m2irh8686u64bo5jv7xn4 Umthethosisekelo 0 282 1526 1525 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1525 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umthethosisekelo. == === Isingeniso. === [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Umthethosisekelo]] ngezinye zezinto eziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuphatha kuhle kanye nokwenza izinto ngomthetho ngaphandle kokugadanga abanye abantu amazizo. Ukudlula lapho umthetheosisekelo welusa iinkareko zomphakathi bonyana ziqalelelwe ngaso soke isikhathi. Eenhlokweni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana umthetho sisekelo kuyini begodu yini imisebenzi yawo. === Kuyini umthethosisekelo? === Ngokuya kuka-Myanmar<ref name=":0">Myanmar. 2013. ''Constitution Awareness''. Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law: LexisNexis.</ref> (2013) umthethosisekelo libuthelelo lemithethi kanye nemithethomgomo leyo eyenzelwe ukubuswa kwenarha. Ngamanye amagama, umthethosisekelo wenziwe mithetho nemithethomgomo leyo ehlahla begodu eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha ilawulwa kuhle. Ukungezelela, umthethosisekelo uhlathulula iinkambiso neenkambisosilawulo zemikhakha yombuso begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amalungelo wemiphakathi akagadangelwa nanyana akaphulwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1">International Institution for Democracy Electoral Assistance. 2014. What is a Constitution? Principles and Concepts. ''International IDEA'', :1-12.</ref>). Lokhu kusitjheja bonyana umthethosisekelo wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi iinfuneko kanye namakareko wemiphakathi ayahlonitjhwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko yokulawulwa kwenarha. Umthethosisekelo mthetho omkhulu enarheni yoke begodu akukho omunye umthetho ekufanele utjhayisane nawo nanyana ayikho into eyenziwako ekufanele itjhayisane nawo (UmThethosisekelo 1996<ref>Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. 1996. ''Umthethosisekelo''. Parliament of the Republic of South Afrika: Cape Town.</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Constitution of South Africa''. Litholakala ku:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [18 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Lokhu kutjho bona akunamuntu nanyana ngubani, ekufaka hlangan zoke iinhlangano, iinkhaphani kanye nombuzo ngokupheleleko, onelungelo lokwenza isenzo leso esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo. Nakungenzeka kube nomuntu ongenza isenzo esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo, angadoselwa ekhotho begodu agwetjwe. === Kuyini imisebenzi yomthethisisekelo na? === Imisebenzi yemithetho sisekelo minengi, begodu ifaka hlangan elandelako: 1. Ukuveza nokutjengisa imikhawulo yomphakathi yombanganarha (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1" />) 2. Ukuveza nokuqinisekisa ubujamo namandla wombuso (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1" />) 3. Ukunikela nokuqinisekisa amalungelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi (Myanmar 2013<ref name=":0" />) 4. Ukuqinisekisa nokulawulwa kweenhlangano zekolo kanye nobudlelwano babo neembethamthetho (Myanmar 2013<ref name=":0" />) 5. Uqinisekisa bonyana umbuso uziphendulele njani ebantwini nemiphakathini leyo eyibusako (UmThethosisekelo 1996<ref>Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. 1996. The Basic Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, ''Made Easy for Learners''. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa: Cape Town.</ref>). Imisebenzi yomthethosisekelo engehla le, ayikaphelele kodwana le ngeminye eqakatheke khulu ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi umthethosisekelo ufinyelela umnqopho wawo. === Isiphetho === Umthethosisekelo kumthetho oqakathekileko begodu nomkhulu ukudlula yoke imithetho ekhona enarheni. Umthetho lo umhlahlandlela begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuthula, ukusebnzisana kanye nokuphilisana kuhle enarheni yoke. Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bazi ngomthethosisekelo begodu bawufunde bawuzwisise. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> ehje95cctkbwmwwpmym6qeb6pcj6ebs Umtjhado 0 283 1530 1529 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umtjhado''' kuvumelana kwababili, okumfazi nendoda phambi kwabofakazi noZimu ukuthi bazokuba nyama yinye. Umfazi utjhiya isibongo sakhe athethe sendoda begodu amukelwe emndenini wendoda. Ngaphambi kobana kube nomtjhado indoda iya[[lobola]] ukuze ikhone ukunikelwa umfazi wayo. Umtjhado kulokha abantu abathandanako benza umsebenzi wokugidinga ithando labo begodu bafunge bebahlanganiswe mfundisi phambi kwabantu. Minengi imohlobo yomtjhado. Umtjhado wesintu, ngesiNdebele ubizwa bona lidwendwe nobukhazi lapho kutjhadwa ngokwesintu, begodu nemindeni yabantu abatjhadako yabelana ngezipho. Umtjhado wesikhuwa obizwa ngokuthi mtjhado omhlophe, lomtjhado lapho umakoti ambatha khona irogo elimhlophe begodu abe nabaphekeleli. Umkhwenyana naye ugcoka isudu kuyiwe ekeregeni ukuyokuhlanganiswa. Umtjhado lo ngokwemvelo ngewamakhuwa kodwana nabantu abanzima sele bawenza. Umtjhado wekhotho. q4igfm3ht52dw9lvq2esvjdcjwfwgo4 University of Mpumalanga 0 284 1680 1539 2024-10-16T09:50:16Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q14979352]] 1680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga.jpg|thumb|Iyege ekulu ye-yunivesithi yeMpumalanga]] I-'''University of Mpumalanga''' sikolo samabanga aphezulu esasungulwa ngomyaka ka 2013 kuSewula nge 31. Sinama Campus amabili enye ise Mbombela begodu enye ise Siyabuswa. Kile ese [[Siyabuswa]] ine mfundo ezimbili ekuyi Bachelor of education in FP kanye ne Higher certificate in ICT. EseMbombela yona ineemfundo ezimbadlwana ekufaka hlangana iimfundo zeCommerce, zeAggriculture, Ze Hospitality kanye LLB. == Umlando == Inyuvesi yasempumalanga yasungulanga mhlaka a7xkb5br2mpny7cxueo7g01o5p3zgs0 Uzimu 0 285 3082 2954 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UZimu''' nguloyo ongaphezu koke. Okunguye esikholwa bona wadala izulu nephasi. Uzimu umummoya akabonakali ngamehlo wenyama kodwana ukhona uyaphila. Uzimu nguye owenza bona kube nepilo emhlabeni begodunguye owenza bona kube khona abantu. UZimu ukhulunyiswa ngomkhuleko. rke5avbp0niylz5c4lx5j85svrexosu Vital 10 0 286 1544 1543 2024-10-14T13:47:46Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1543 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1]] c8dbwmiwkulzv4b7bvvifgpqcuhqiud Wikipedia 0 287 3246 3105 2025-06-27T10:01:28Z Mosakaruka 586 3246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Website | name = IWikiphidiya | logo = [[Isimumathi:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|100px]] | screenshot = | caption = | url = [http://www.wikipedia.org www.wikipedia.org] | type of organization = [[Nonprofit|Engenzi inzuzo]] | location = [[Miami, Florida|E-Miami, ne-Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project|I-Insayitlophidiya ye-inthanethi]] | language = Ama-236 wamatjhugululo | registration = | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]], [[Larry Sanger]] | launch date = 2001|1|15 | commercial = | alexa = #8 | current status = IWikiphidiya msebenzi osaragela phambili<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_work_in_progress |title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> | slogan = I-Insayitlophidiya esimahla. }} '''IWikiphidiya''' mthombolwazi osimahla ong[[Multilingualism|amalimi]] ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yi[[Non-profit organization|hlangano engabhadelwako]] yasimahla enzinze e-[[United States|America]] eyaziwa nge-[[Wikimedia Foundation|''Wikimedia Foundation'']]. Ihlangano le yathoma ngomnyaka ween-2001, [[Jimmy Wales|ngu-Jimmy Wales]] no-[[Larry Sanger]], begodu ilinga ukubuthelela nokuhlathulula ilwazi labantu ngamalimi woke.<ref>[http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/07/28/1351230 Slashdot | Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Responds]</ref> Kusukela ngomnyaka ween-2008, iWikiphidiya yaba nemitlolo edlula eengidini ezili-10 ngamalimi ama-'''253''', khulukhulu nge-English.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias">{{Cite web | url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics | title = Statistics | publisher = [[English Wikipedia]] | accessdate = 2008-06-21 }}</ref> Imitlolo yeWikiphidiya le, itlolwa [[Collaboration|ngokusebenzisana]] kwa[[Volunteer|bazinikeleko]] ephasini loke, begodu yoke imitlolo ihlelwa nangubani one-inthanethi. IWikiphidiya le ikhule inje,<ref name="AlexaStats">{{Cite web | url = http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t | title = Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org | publisher = [[Alexa Internet]] | accessdate = 2008-07-15 }}</ref> ngeyokuthoma begodu, ingekulu khulu, ejimeni lokusekela i-inthanethi. == Iinkhombo == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons|Wikipedia}}   [[Mkhakha:Wikipediya|*]] kptiu85pub56odiqdae94iadboukyhf Wikiphidiya:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1 4 288 1574 1573 2024-10-14T13:47:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 12 revisions imported 1566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sokuthoma. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} ==Isamba esipheleleko semitlolo: 10== Sihlathululwe okokuphela ngu -- [[Umsebenzisi:Thuvack|Thuvack]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:Thuvack|talk]]) 15:33, 11 January 2019 (UTC) <br> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} ==Imitlolo yetjhumi eqakathekileyo ngeWikiphidiya yeSindebele== * [[Ndzundza]] <small>(''[[:en:Ndzundza|Ndzundza]]'')</small> * [[Isindebele]] <small>(''[[:en:South Ndebele|Ulwimi lwesindebele]]'')</small> * [[Nelson Mandela]] <small>(''[[:en:Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela]]'')</small> * [[Ilimi]] <small>(''[[:en:Language|Language]]'')</small> * [[Iphasi]] <small>(''[[:en:Earth|Earth]]'')</small> * [[Ukuphila]]] <small>(''[[:en:Life|Life]]'')</small> * [[UMuntu]] <small>(''[[:en:Human|Human]]'')</small> * [[Umlando we phasi]] <small>(''[[:en:History of the world|History of the world]]'')</small> * [[Amasiko]] <small>(''[[:en:Culture|Culture]]'')</small> * [[Ubukghwari]] <small>(''[[:en:Arts|The arts]]'')</small> {{col-break}} ==Imitlolo yetjhumi eqakathekileyo ngeWikiphidiya yeSinghesi== * [[Iphasi]] <small>(''[[:en:Earth|Earth]]'')</small> * [[Ukuphila]]] <small>(''[[:en:Life|Life]]'')</small> * [[UMuntu]] <small>(''[[:en:Human|Human]]'')</small> * [[Umlando we phasi]] <small>(''[[:en:History of the world|History of the world]]'')</small> * [[Amasiko]] <small>(''[[:en:Culture|Culture]]'')</small> * [[Ilimi]] <small>(''[[:en:Language|Language]]'')</small> * [[Ubukghwari]] <small>(''[[:en:Arts|The arts]]'')</small> * [[Isayensi]] <small>(''[[:en:Science|Science]]'')</small> * [[IThekinoloji]] <small>(''[[:en:Technology|Technology]]'')</small> * [[IMethamethiksi]] <small>(''[[:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]]'')</small> {{col-end}} [[Mkhakha:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo|Imitlolo aqakathekileyo]] j6daft5w10nil8kvmw8fkcnetzbcvg0 Wikiphidiya:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 2 4 289 1576 1575 2024-10-14T13:47:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sesibili. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} kd67wx9dw7uzt23zf9y1vptqf61i68f Wikiphidiya:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 3 4 290 1890 1762 2024-11-13T01:44:20Z Amire80 78 rv 1890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sesithathu. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} dnaa9nopdfcdk5c5gl6b263dltay9iu Wikiphidiya:Imitlolo ekhethekileko-1 4 291 1580 1579 2024-10-14T13:47:50Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1579 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1]] c8dbwmiwkulzv4b7bvvifgpqcuhqiud Wolwekraal 0 292 3300 3181 2025-07-02T20:45:43Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3181|3181]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Wolwekraal''' (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi yi-Borolo) iyindawo ehlala kuMasipala Wesifunda saseNkangala esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika, amakhilomitha ayi-14 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMdutjana. 2ee3mx5rl9ve4av1f43pz7x960few33 Yunivesithi yempulanga 0 293 2128 1597 2024-11-25T18:18:46Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Reflist 2128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga.jpg|thumb|Iyege ekulu yeYunivesithi yeMpumalanga]] [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga SWIP project.jpg|thumb|I Yunivesithi yase Mpumalanga Swip Project ]] '''IYunivesithi yeMpulanga''' ingenye wamayunivethi wenarheni ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika.]] Iyunivesithi le itholakala esifundeni se[[Mpumalanga]], iyiyunivethi ekulu esifundeni kodwana ingencancani khulu kunawo woke amayunivesithi wenarha yeSewula Afrika. Yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2013 mhlazana amalanga ali-13 enyangeni kaSewula. Yasungulwa nguPrimiya wesifundeni seMpumalanga kanye nomnyango wezefundo ephakameko. Iyunivethi le yathoma ngabentwana abalikhulu namatjhumi asithandathu nane (169).<ref>https://www.ump.ac.za/</ref> == Amakhampasi weYunivesithi yeMpumalanga == Iyunivethi le inamakhampasi amabili, ekuyikhampasi ekulu iMbombela kanye neSiyabuswa ekuyikhampasi encani. Ikhampasi ekulu itholakala e-Cnr R40 and D725 Roads [[Mbombela]] 1200 bese encani yona itholakala eBheki Mfundo Drive [[siyabuswa]] 0472 <ref>The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa — Insights from bird-atlas data - ScienceDirect</ref>. == Ukuthuthuka kweyunivethi == Iyunivesithi le ithuthuke khulu kusekela ngomnyaka wee-2013. Kwanje sele inabantwana abafika ema-10 000 emakhampsini womabili. Ngomnyaka wee-2023 beyigidinga iminyaka ematjhumi wokuba khona kwayo. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} irv6knifz5as94u151xsfumhpwm8p3v I-ISBN 0 294 3135 2941 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Rachmat04|Rachmat04]] 2630 wikitext text/x-wiki == ISBN == === Kuyini i-ISBN? === I-ISBN sirhunyezo esijamele International Standard Book Number (IZinga leenTjhabatjhabatjha leNomboro yeNcwadi). I-ISBN kuziinomboro ezilutjhumi nantatho nanyana ezilutjhumi lezo ezenyelwe omunye nomunye okhiqizo ukuze ukwazi ukutholakala ngazo (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0">International ISBN Agency. (2024). ‘What is an ISBN?’. Available at:< https://www.isbn-international.org/content/what-isbn/10>. Accessed on [9 January 2024]. ISBN Barcode. (2024).</ref>). Kungani zilitjhumi nantathu kanti ezinye zilitjhumi na? Iinomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu ngezisetjenziswa eentjhabatjhabeni bese lezo ezilitjhumi zisetjenziswe ngaphakathi enarheni. Ngokuya kwe-Barcoding (2024<ref name=":1">Barcoding. (2024). ‘How to Read a Barcode: Can it Tell You a Product's Country of Origin?’. Available at:<https://www.barcoding.com/blog/barcode-prefixes-and-product-country-of-origin>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref>), enye nenye inarha ephasini inenomboro yayo leyo eyisebenzisa ngaphakathi ukuze umkhiqizo wayo ukhone ukutshwayiwa. Ingabe zitjho ukuthini iinomboro ze-ISBN nanyana ze-Bar code na? Njengoba sivezile ngaphambilini bonyana iinomboro ze-bar code zilitjhumi nanye kanti ke ze-ISBN zilitjhumi. Asitjhejeni isibonelo esilandelako: [[Isimumathi:Isbn photo.jpg|thumb]] Isitjengiso 1 Isitjengiso esinikelwe sona lesi ngaphezulu sinikele i-bar code yeenomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu. Iinomboro zokuthoma i-978 zibizwa bona ziinomboronhlomelelo lezo ezenzelwe bona umkhiqizo wakho ukghone ukutloliswa eentjhabatjhabeni (ISBN Barcode 2024<ref>Sample ISBN Barcode Images’. Available at:<https://isbnbarcodes.org/sample-isbn-barcode-images/>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref> no-Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama i-978, inomboro etjengisa bonyana umkhiqizo wakho ungathengiswa ephasini loke. Inomboro elandelako i-1, igamele inarha nesiyingi ngokuya kanye nemilimi elisetjenziswako lapho enarheni. ESewula Africa sanikelwa u-0, nanyana u-1, ngombana ngaphambilini limi kwakusiNgisi begodu imikhiqizo yethu eminengi yayikhutjwa ngesiNgisi (Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Iinomboro ezihlanu ezilandelako zijamele ikhamphani nanyana abakhiqizi nabathengisi bomkhiqizo loyo. Enye nenye ikhamphani nanyana abathengisi banenomboro yabo leyo ebenza bonyana bafunyaneke lokha umuntu nakathenga umkhiqizo ngobunzizolwazi nanyana ngobulondolwazi (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0" />). Iinomboro ezintathu nanyana ezine ziinomboro ezibizwa bonyana ziinomboro zokuqinisekisa ngombana ziqinisekisa yoke inomboro ye-bar code nayana ye-ISBN (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0" />). Nakwenzekile bonyana umkhiqizo okhitjhiweko utloliswe ngekhaya nanyana enarheni yethu kwaphela uzokusebenzisa i-ISBN yeenomboro ezilitjhu (Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Okutjho bona i-ISBN izokuthoma ngo-1868935918. I-978, izokususwa njengoba sihlathululiwe bonyana isetjenziswa mikhiqizo leyo ezitlolise nanyana etjhengiswa nakwezinye iinarha. Isiphetho. I-ISBN nanyana i-bar code iqakatheke khulu njengombana yenza bonyana umkhiqizo womuntu otloliswe begodu waziwe ngibo boke abantu khona ungazokwetjiwa nanyana usetjenziswe butjhilweni. Kuqakathekile bonyana yoke imikhiqizo itloliswe njengomkhiqizo weentjhabatjhaba. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 26f2o4u9bc8zj45l1giw4jkm7erlqcu IBoekenhouthoek 0 295 2420 1608 2025-02-17T11:12:29Z Nqobile69 190 2420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ibulungelo leencwandi ye Boekenhouthoek.jpg|thumb|Ibulungelo leencwadi leBoekenhouthoek]] '''IBoekenhouthoek''' yindawo esezabelweni zakwaNdebele esiphandeni seMpumalanga ngaphasi kuka masipala we Thembisile hani municipality. Indawo le ayikadumi khulu ngombana kuyindawo encani ebhodwe ziintaba. Elinye igama lendawo le yiZithabiseni, la kuhlala ngobunengi abantu abamaNdebele kodwana naminye imihlobo yabantu iyatholakala. Indawo le ingaphasi kobukhosi baka Msindo ikosi eyakhathamako. == Abosaziwako abakhulelel kulendawo == USipho Mbele omlingisi kamabonakude nomtloli. UThando Mahlangu mthuthukisi wesiNdebele. U-August Masango owadlulako ephasini ebegade adume khulu ehlanganweni ye- African national congress. UGamela Mthombeni omkhuzeli wezemidlalo emrhatjhweni Ikwekwezi. == Indawo le kuze njani bona ibizwe ukuthi yi Boekenhouthoek == Iindawo le yathiywa bona yiBoekehouthoek ngesibanga sokobana beyizele ngeenhlahla ezibizwa boan maBoekenhout trees, umdwadwa. == Okhunye nge Boekenhouthoek == [[Isimumathi:Quartz-170617.jpg|thumb|umhlobo welitje eligutjwa e Boekenhouthoek]] Indawo le izele amatje aligugu we crystal ekwenziwa ngawo imirhabiso. Abantu bayawemba amatje la bayowathengisela amakhuwa ukuze bakghone ukwenza imali yokuziphilsa. rf8fv6kyvmkphgus4wwljo7bsgq8jc3 IHendrina 0 296 1610 1609 2024-10-14T13:47:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IHendrina''' yidolobha elikuMasipala Wesifunda saseNkangala, esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika. Idolobhana lingamakhilomitha angama-53 (32.9 mi) enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Ermelo, amakhilomitha angama-40 (24.8 mi) eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCarolina, kanye namakhilomitha angama-53 (32.9 mi) eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMiddelburg. mj72648z2qsnknns9djj53yxjrnpgyg IKrugersdorp 0 297 1612 1611 2024-10-14T13:47:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Krugersdorp''' (isiBhunu se-Kruger's Village) iyidolobha elinezimayini eWest Rand, eSifundazweni saseGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika eyasungulwa ngo-1887[2] nguMarthinus Pretorius kanye no-Abner Cohen.[3] Ngemva kokutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand, kwavela isidingo sedolobha elikhulu elisentshonalanga yolwandle. Uhulumeni wathenga ingxenye yepulazi lasePaardekraal futhi waliqamba leli dolobha elisha ngomongameli waseTransvaal, uPaul Kruger. I-Krugersdorp ayisenaye uhulumeni kamasipala ohlukile ngemuva kokuthi uhlanganiswe noMasipala Wendawo waseMogale City kanye namadolobha aseduze. Manje sekuyisizinda sikahulumeni eMogale City. 2leywiratcz8t4y80tysucp68hnw4nq IRandfontein 0 298 3149 3021 2025-06-07T03:05:25Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Randfontein''' iyidolobha lezimayini zegolide eWest Rand, Gauteng, South Africa, 40 km (25 mi) entshonalanga yeGoli. Njengoba iWitwatersrand igiya igolide, umxhasi wezimayini u-JB Robinson wathenga ipulazi i-Randfontein futhi, ngo-1889, wantanta i-Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company. Idolobhana lasungulwa ngo-1890 ukuze lisebenzele imayini entsha futhi laphathwa yi-Krugersdorp laze laba umasipala ngo-1929.[2]: 292 Ngaphandle kokuba nemboni yokugaya izitembu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iRandfontein, njengezinye izindawo eziningi ezingaphandle kwedolobha. I-Johannesburg, empeleni iqoqo lasemaphandleni lamapulazi nezindawo ezincane endaweni enhle kakhulu yaseGauteng. 4427i1dvw3vb7q1wnc1sk8eaitkbuhz IVaalbank 0 299 1618 1617 2024-10-14T13:47:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IVaalbank''' (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi iLibangeni) iyidolobha elincane eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-102 enyakatho-mpumalanga yePitoli. Idolobhana libalulekile enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMpumalanga lapho iningi labantu elizungezile lisemaphandleni futhi lingenayo ingqalasizinda. Ibheke iDamu laseMkhombo (elalibizwa ngeRenosterkop Dam) elibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo esifundeni. ebnkpyo7ebpdojn9c7l4poq4v9km70u Ilimi lesindebele 0 300 3086 2974 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Indoni Parade 2018, Ndebele Kingdom by Sizwe Sibiya (4).jpg|thumb|AmaNdebele]] Abarhatjhi bethu abasirhatjhela [[ngelimiiNdebele]] ki lesyo yoke imirhatjho lokha nabadobha umlaleli wokugcina emoyeni kumele bafundiswe namkha batjelwe bona akhebalise ukuthi ("ngithatha wokuphela"), akusiyo indlela yesiNdebele le. Ibinzana elithi (wokuphela) is the direct translation of Sotho/Sepedi language( wa bofelo) which means the last one. NgesiNdebele sithi (Wokugcina) ngombana kulapho sele ugcina khona ngomlaleli loya omdobhako. Ugcina ngaye kodwana awuphelelisi ngaye. IsiNdebele asiphelelisi kodwana siyagcina. 43eb4b5ct4mce819t3vg3p84jcwh27m Intuthuko yethelerina 0 301 1627 1626 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ithelerina.jpg|thumb|Ituthuko yethelerina]] '''Ituthuko yethelerina''', isigaba somntazinyana mntazinyana ongakarhabi ukuphuhla amabele. Umntazinyana umbatha umrivathi nerhabi kodwana irhabi lakhe alifani nerhabi letlawana begodu alifani nerhabi lethelerina. Umntazinyana uvunula nesikotjhi ngombana bayasizila isithimba ngombana angakenzi isiko namkha akakenzelwa umnyanya we[[Iqude leSindebele|qude]]. '''Amatlawana''' Itlawana mntazana osele athoma ukuphuhla amabele. Itlawana lona livunulo irhabi elinomncamo nomadalanyana umadalanyana yithawula ephothelwe ngomncamo neenrholwane zedinini ukuba nobukhobe nemidzegana emlenzeni. '''Ithelerina''' Ithelerina mntazana osele athombile owenzelwe umnyanya wequde. Ithelerina livunula irholoro epheleleko, iinrholwane zeenyaweni,iphephethu nesithimba kanye neenrholwane zedinini ijuba nobukhobe. Entanyeni bese ithelerina lifaka iraso nesijogana. js289sovmipzkaoj59r1bpeb0811cc9 Isibonelelo se350 0 302 1630 1629 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isibonelelo se 350''' yimali evela kurhulumende ukulekelela abantu abangasebenzi Sewula Afrika. Imali le yathoma ukurholwa babantu abangasebenzi ngonyaka we-2020 lokha nakufika ingogwana ye covid-19 enarheni le. Imali yaragelwa phambili yarholwa kuze kube nje. Imali le ibalekelele khulu abantu abanga sebenzi ngombana bakghona ukuziphilisa njengombana izinga lokungasebenzi liphezulu begodu nezinto ziyabiza eentolo. jynh34pno0cvsf6ydhbqccopgv5amxk Sadilar 0 303 1632 1631 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1631 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[SADiLaR]] sgq40d6xl3b4wpfmaqk40x3zj0wv5bj UPaul Kruger 0 304 1634 1633 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UStephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger''' (iphimbo lesiBhunu: [ˈkry.(j)ər]; 10 Okthoba 1825 - 14 Julayi 1904), owaziwa kangcono njengoPaul Kruger, wayengusopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika. Wayengomunye wabantu ababeqavile kwezombangazwe nezempi eNingizimu Afrika ngekhulu le-19, kanye noMongameli Wezwe WaseNingizimu Afrika (noma iTransvaal) kusukela ngo-1883 kuya ku-1900. Eqanjwe ngokuthi u-Oom Paul ("Uncle Paul"), waduma emhlabeni wonke njengo. ubuso bembangela yamaBhunu—leyo yaseTransvaal kanye nomakhelwane wayo i-Orange Free State—ibhekene neBrithani phakathi neMpi Yesibili yamaBhunu ka-1899–1902. Uke wabizwa nge-Afrikanerdom, futhi usengumuntu ophikisanayo; abathandwayo bamhlonipha njengeqhawe lesintu elidabukisayo. m65lrkxh2fj2ig05pc6qlv89yl5np8o Ukudla 0 305 2083 2082 2024-11-21T14:27:09Z Hope A Ncube 186 /* UKUDLA KWESIKHETHU OKUZILWAKO. */ 2083 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''UKUDLA KWESIKHETHU OKUZILWAKO.''' == '''Lucia Skhosana''' EsiNdebeleni kuvamekile bonyana kube nenkulumo ezithi ukudla thizeni kuyazilwa namkha sithi akudliwa babantu abasezingeni elithileko kule koro yethu yesikhethu. Kanengi kubaneenzathu zokobana kubayini laba bantu bazile lokho kudla, kanti lapho okhunye kuvele kuyikambiso yesikhethu ebegade ilandelwa ngabadala bese thina esiphila esikhathini sanje asinazo iimpendulo zombuzo othi kubayini, ngombana safunyana kunjalo. Isibonelo: '''isibindi senkomo'''. [[Isimumathi:Raw veal liver, 2010.jpg|alt=Ox liver|left|thumb|246x246px|Isibindi senkomo]] Kunenkulumo esakhula ngayo kuthiwa isibindi senkomo asidliwa ngabantwana. Irhubhululo lithi hlangana nokhunye, lokho khabe kuyinkulumo yabadala nabafuna ukudima abantwana isibindi. Yelela ngokuthi gadesi abantwana bayasidla isibindi begodu akunalitho elimbi elibehlelako. Sibuya godu sibe nepundu namkha ipundulu. '''Ipundu''' yincenye yesbindi ethambileko. Kuthiwa ipundu yona ayidliwa bomalokazana namkha abentazana kodwana idliwa ziinlukazi ezidala. Unobangela walokho kukobana ipundu le nange kheyadliwa mmuntu omutjha angeze abeletha kuhle. Kukholelwa bona ipundu ingahle ikhubaze isibeletho. [[Isimumathi:Goat_interstine.jpg|thumb|210x210px|Amanyaka wembuzi]] Kukhona godu amanyaka. '''Amanyaka wembuzi''' (umnyokolo) kanye nomtjaza wona ayarhunulwa aphekelwe abesana namkha amatjathakhande kwaphela. Bese kuthi amanyaka wekomo wona adliwe bobaba namaqhegu. Okhunye okuzilwako mphala. '''Umphala''' mhlobo womrhoru. Isikhethu sithi-ke umphala uzilwa babantu abatjha. Uvumeleke ukudliwa maqhegu amadala neenlukazi. [[Isimumathi:Raw_Tripe.png|left|thumb|Umphala ~ imirhoru]] '''Amaqanda''' namkha '''amadzayi''' wekukhu wona ayazilwa ukudliwa matlawana kanye namatlawu. Unobangela walokho kukobana ikambiso ithi amaqanda anikela ikanuko yokuzibandakanya kezomseme begodu ayabanothisa namkha ayabavundisa, lokho akusiyo into ekhuthazwako emntwaneni ongakathombi. '''Iziso kanye nebende''' zona ziyazilwa bentazana, abomalokazana kanye namaqhakazana. Kukholelwa bona kunekghonakalo yokubavala imbeleko. Iziso nebende zivumelekile bonyana zingadliwa marhuze kanye neelukazi njengoba bona badlulile kilelo zinga lokubeletha. [[Isimumathi:Kidney_and_liver_(2).jpg|thumb|Iziso nebende]] '''wethunga''' awudliwa ngunanyana ngubani. Uphekelwa abakhethwa ngesikhathi sengoma. Abantu abavumeleke ukudla umdoko lo bogogo abawuphekako kwaphela. Nakwenzeka bona mhlamunye usale, bangawufakela abantwanyana abakhona kodwana abantwanabo kosele bangagudi ehloko nabo basiza abogogo ukuzilela ingoma bese amasokana nakagodukako, kufanele bagudwe abantwana abadle umdoko lowo. [[Isimumathi:Traditional-Beer5.jpg|left|thumb|Itlhodlha]] '''Itlhodlha''' ayiselwa ngunoma ngubani. Iselwa maqhegu. Kwamaswaphelo, ilimu alidliwa bomma. Ilimu likhamba nehloko yeke kufuze liye ebandla. Kukhona ikolelo yokobana ilimi lenza abafazi namkha abantu bengubo bona bakhulumele futhi. Nange umfazi aphiwa ilimu, ayeliquntwe kancani ihloko phambili bese ingcenye leyo iyalahlwa ngethemba lokubalekela yona ikolelo le. == __LEAD_SECTION__ == [[File:Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg|alt=Table set with red meat, bread, pasta, vegetables, fruit, fish, and beans|thumb|Imifanekiso yokudla okutshiyeneyo]] '''Ukudla''' yinto yonke edliwa ngumuntu noma isilwane ukuze kutholwe ukusekelwa lokuqina komzimba. esikhathini esinengi ukudla kugoqela okulinywayo, inyamazana, lezihlahla okuyakha umzimba ngokuwunika , ama [[Carbohydrate|carbohydrates]], [[Fat|fats]], [[Protein (nutrient)|proteins]], [[Vitamin|vitamins]], or [[Mineral (nutrient)|minerals]]. ukudla kunikeza umzimba amandla, impilo, lokuwukhulisa. Izinanakazana ezitshiyeneyo zidla ukudla okutshiyeneyo kusiya ngomhlobo wesinanakazane, indaw ephla kuwo kanye lesikhathi esipila kuso Abantu baynelisa futh sebekwazi ukudinga lokuthola ukudla ngendlela ezitshiyeneyo kuzikhathi eziguqukileyo zemvelo. Abantu bayapheka ukudla kuvuthwe ukuze bakudle Ukudla okwaneleyo okudingakalayo ukuze wonke umuntu akuthhole kutholakala kumkhandlo okhangele ngezokudla wona ukudla loku ukuthola ngokulima izilimo zihanjiswe kwabaguqula izilimo bazenze ukudla osokulungele uku dluliselwa ebantwini ukuze benelise ukusuthisa imbizimba yabo Ubudlelwano lezenzakalo ezikhona phakathi kokulima lokuba lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa butsengisa ukuhi kulobudlelwano obukhulu obukhona phakathi kwezenzakalo lezi lokutshintsha kwezemkhathi ( climate change). 4y1j1g4lcmo7m8y8vuijxp8ymuw7gyc Ukulumbana Kwamabizo NgesiNdebele 0 306 1643 1642 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1642 wikitext text/x-wiki kilesi isiqetjhana sizokutjheja indlela amabizo alumbene namkha ahlangene ngayo elimini lesiNdebele. '''ibizo nebizo''' ukulumbana kwebizo nebizo kwenzeka lokha nakuhlanganiswa ibizo nelinye ibizo, isibonelo; cghulyo5uny1bo8sx0pvdy1k6z52phl Ukunganakekelwa kwabentwana abakhubazekileko 0 307 1649 1648 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 1648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children with disabilities are at risk in eastern Ukraine 206 (20300351623).jpg|thumb|Abantwana abaphila ne down syndrome]] [[Isimumathi:Disability symbols.svg|thumb|Imihlobo yokukhubazeka]] '''Abantwana abaphila nokukhubazeka''' Iinkolo zabentwana abaphila nokukhubazeka ziyimvela kancani eendaweni zemakhaya isibonelo endaweni yange[[Siyabuswa]] zinengi tle! iinkolo kodwana abantwana abakhubazekileko kufanele baye ngepitori ukuze bakwazi ukufumana ifundo. === ukungakaqeqetjhwa kwabo titjhere eenkolweni. === Abantwana abakhubazekileko bazithola banganakekelwa ngefanelo ngeenkolweni, unobangela walokhu kukobana abotitjheri abanaso isineke sabo. Imihlobo ekhona yokukhubazeka kwabentwana ngile elandelako: abantwana abangaboniko, abangakwazi ukuzikhambela ngeenyawo zabo, abantwana abane [[down syndrome]] njalo njalo. e8yrn79cqcn6bdkrg8gs420l5kt0lun Ukungasabethwa kwabentwana Eenkolweni 0 308 1653 1652 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:FootWhipping.jpg|thumb|Umntwana ubethwa ngaphasi kweenyawo]] Ngelimi lesiYeni yi-Abolishment of [[corporal punishment.]] Umthetho oze nentanto yenengi uthi abentwana abasabethwa eenkolweni kodwana abafundisi abakulandeli lokho. Kwezinye iinkolo abafundisi basababetha abafundi. ctixm7ks2dv9h0p6v2crkjybs7g7o4c Urhoboyi 0 309 1656 1655 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:URhoboyi.webp|thumb]] Ngubani uRhoboyi? Ilimi limamandla begodu ilimi lesiNgisi liyasivimba bona sikghone ukuzwa nokuzwisisa ipilo nakho koke ekuphathelene nepilo njengobuNgoma nesintu. Yoke into iyazwakala lokha nayikhulunywa ngesintu begodu namhlanjesi sizokukgharidlha igama elithi "uRhoboyi." [[Isimumathi:IMbiqana.webp|thumb]] URhoboyi yiNyanga ethiyelelwe ngesihlahla esimila kokuthoma ngo-Agasti bese sithi nasimilako iimpande kanye namakari wakhona ahlaza satjani bese ithuthumbo lakhona limhlophe libe nekunubho etjheli. Isihlahlesi sitholakala khulu ePumalanga la kunzinze khona amaMbo nofana isizwe sabantu ekuthiwa maNdebele. Kungakho kunekulumo edumileko ethi, “Ephasini laboRhoboyi neMbiqana”. Ekuyikulumo esuselwa ekondlweni yesiNdebele eyiveza ubuhle bakwaNdebele. URhoboyi ekukhulunywa ngaye nguye lo bese iMbiqana mrorho othi nawusathelako uhlaza kwesibhakabhaka bese nawutjhako uba-phephuli (purple ngeLimi lesiYeni). IMbiqana sitjhebo kanti godu uyalapha, utlharulula iingazi, mhlambe nangabe iingazi zakho zijamile nofana zimahlwili zineziqa, okuma-Clots ngelimi lesiYeni, lokhu ukubona ngokuthi nawusikazi uya esikhathini uba neenhlabi embelekweni bese ukhiqiza amahlwili, kanti-ke nanoma ungasisikazi iingazi ziyakghona ukusilaphazeka zibe mafindo-finndo. Ye-ke umrorho lo uyatlharulula ukuze iingazi zigime ngefanelo eemthanjeni, nabakwa-''Vein''and ''vascular institude'' bayaveza bona ukutlharulula iingazi kufuna bona usele imirorho anye neentjalo. NakuyiNyanga kaRhoboyi (Agasti) kutjhuguluka isikhathi somnyaka. Njengombana sazi bona iinkhathi zomnyaka zine, vane kuphela ubusika kungene iSilimela, esaziwa ngeThwasahlobo nange-Spring ngelimi lesiYeni. KungeNyanga le lapho kuqubuka khona uRhoboyi. Ukutjhuguluka kwesikhathesi kuletha amatjhuguluko ebantwini ngombana soke siyimvelo. Ye-ke isihlahla uRhoboyi senza izinto ezinengi emzimbeni womuntu, kanti ke ngizokundlala ezintathu: Umzimba uyawa ngombana kufanele ujwayele ubujamo beZulu obutjha obuza nesikhathi somnyaka, yeke abantwana bavame ukugula baphathwe mathumbu, uMgomani begodu bathulule. URhoboyi uyamubilisa ngamanzi bese useze abantwana, usiza ngokulekelela umzimba ukuze uqine ube sebujameni obufaneleko ngaphasi kwesikhathi leso; Umntwana otshwenya ngokuzithundela ebusuku nakaleleko uyabiliselwa naye uRhoboyi am'rhamule bese uyalisa ukuzithundela; uyakghona nokuhlamba amazinyo ngoRhoboyi. Lokha nawumhlafunyako njengeTjapisi ngombana wona vele usatjapisi ukhipha iinsalelo zokudla ezihlangana namazinyo, uqede nephunga elimbi ngemlonyeni. Ekadeni kwakuSilibazisamlomo lokha abesana nabayokulusa, nalokha abantazana nabayokukha amanzi emlanjeni. NgoRhoboyi kuba nento inengi abayibiza ngokuthi yi-Mercury Retrograde ngelimi lesiYeni. Kuphela okhunye, kuthoma okhunye, yeke ngalesi isikhathi izinto ezinengi ziyaphela kuthome ezinye kungakho kuba nokuhlangahlangana kwemizwa, kubuye nofana kukhambe abantu epilweni yomuntu nokuthi laba ebabhujelwe babelethi nabalingani bagule bese kufanele basele amaRherhetjha. AmaRherhetjha ayaselwa begodu uyathunyisela bese uwothe ngawo khulu khulu lokha ngeNyanga le ekwabhubha umbelethi / umlingani ngombana kulapho umbelethi nofana umlingani aphenduka khona aba nguZimu bese nangoRhoboyi kunetjhuguluko elenzekako ngombana uRhoboyi uthanyela iinsila ngommoya wakhe ukulungiselela uKhukhulamungu la kuthuthumba khona amathuthumbo, kuhluma khona iintjalo begodu kuhlambuluka khona amanzi. AmaRherhetjha aselwa mumuntu obhujelwe babelethi nalo obhujelwe mntwana (miscarriage & stillborn ngelimi lesiYeni). AmaRherhetjha ahlambulula ubujamo benyama nebommoya, okuziingazi nommoya womuntu ngombana kunokubophana kwemimmoya phakathi kwabantu benyama nabeZimu ekungakafaneli bona siyiqunte ngeenzathu ezithize. Ye-ke nakungena uRhoboyi kufanele wazi bona wenzani nawumumuntu. URhoboyi uyathanyela begodu uyaqubula ukuze nakathanyelako ngommoya wakhe singalimali bekufike uKhukhulamungu. '''Reference:''' 1) ^ Vein & Vascular. Exploring Vein Treatment Options. 2024. Washington. 2) ^ Premier Medical Group. As The Season Changes, How To Do Our Bodies Respond. 2024. 3) ^ Glamour. Lian Brooks. Mercury Retrograde 2024. August 2024. 8iqko9qtzu1a6xfli53i9zx1aihk13n Nelson Makamo 0 320 2119 1733 2024-11-25T18:11:41Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Nelson Makamo''' (Nhlolanja 1982) mdwebi weenthombe we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wesimanjemanje owaziwa ngeenthombe ezivamise ukuveza abantwana beSewula Afrika abasemaphandleni. U-Makamo utjengise umsebenzi wakhe emazweni ngamazwe, ngemibukiso yedwa emadorobheni afana ne-Los Angeles, Paris, London, New York kanye neSewula Afrika.<ref>https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/nelson-makamo-artwork-feature-on-time-mag-cover/</ref><ref>https://www.artsy.net/artist/nelson-makamo</ref> == Iminyaka yokuthoma == U-Makamo wabelethwa e-[[Modimolle]], e-Limpopo, eSewula Afrika, ngoMhlolanja wee-1982, begodu ukuthakazelela kwakhe ukudweba kwathoma asesemncani. Wafunda e-Artist Proof Studio e-Goli, lapho afunda khona ngokukhethekileko ngokwenza amaphrinti.[1] Isikhungo lesi saba yingcenye eqakathekileko yohambo lwakhe, samsiza bona athuthukise amaqhinga ahlukahlukeneko, ukusuka emidwebeni yamalahle ukuya ekudwebeni ngamafutha ne-acrylic.<ref>https://www.carmag.co.za/news/porsche-art-nelson-makamo/</ref> ==== Isitayela sobuKghwari kanye neengqikithi ==== U-Makamo waziwa khulu ngeenthombe zakhe ezizwakalako nezikhulu, khulukhulu zabantwana, kanengi asebenzisa imibala ekhanyako nemigqa evezako. Imisebenzi yakhe yenziwa ngamalahle, amapende wamafutha, nama-acrylic, begodu iyadunyiswa ngokujula kwayo, ukuthungwa, nokuzwakala kwayo. Ukutjheja kwakhe abantwana, khulukhulu abantwana abanzima abavela emaphandleni weSewula Afrika, kuqakathekile embonweni wakhe wezobuciko.<ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2019-02-12-from-limpopo-to-the-world-stage-nelson-makamo-and-his-big-name-fan-base/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:eSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Abadwebi]] [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] [[Mkhakha: Imigwalo]] [[Mkhakha:Ubukghwari]] 73pq027p77eq3e74gcptefwfy22tmi7 Mkhakha:ESewula Afrika 14 321 1705 2024-10-21T02:21:11Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1705 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Mkhakha:Abadwebi 14 322 1706 2024-10-21T02:21:24Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1706 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Mkhakha:Abosaziwako 14 323 1707 2024-10-21T02:21:36Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1707 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Dullstroom 0 324 3087 2973 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2109 wikitext text/x-wiki I-'''Dullstroom,''' eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Emnothweni, yidorobha elincani elisesifundazweni se-Mpumalanga, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Idorobha lisemakhilomitha ama-35 (amamayela ama-22) enyakatho ye-Belfast kanye namakhilomitha angaba ma-53 (amamayela ama-33) eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Lydenburg emgwaqweni we-R540.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dullstroom.info/|title=Proudly Dullstroom|website=www.dullstroom.info|access-date=Apr 6, 2020}}</ref> Kanye ne-Barkly East ne-Underberg, ngenye yeendawo eziphambili zeSewula Afrika zokudoba ngeenyoni. Idorobha linesitetjhi sesitimela esiphakemeko khulu eSewula Afrika ngamamitha ama-2,077 (amafidi ama-6,814) ngaphezu kwezinga lelwandle kanye neenyawo ze-De Berg, indawo ephakemeko khulu esifundazweni ngamamitha ama-2,332 (amafidi ayi-7,651). Indawo ye-Dullstroom e-Highveld plateau kusizathu sokuthi ubujamo bezulu bayo buhluke khulu eendaweni eziseduze. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} lqeitc8j75v8diy2ut0u66952h6utap Modimolle 0 326 2120 1722 2024-11-25T18:12:20Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Modimolle''', eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Nylstroom, yidorobha eliseduze nomkhawulo osewula we-Waterberg Massif esifundazweni se-Limpopo, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Yidorobha eliphakathi nendawo eliqale khulu ukulima nokulima (ama-citrus, amadiribe kanye neenkomo) kanye neenlwana zeganga nezokuvakatjha. I-Nylstroom nayo itholakala emakhilomitheni angaba li-135 (amamayela ama-84) etlhagwini ye-Pitoli, idorobha elikhulu leSewula Afrika.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nancy-Andrew/publication/237613928_Dilemmes_et_representations_sociales_d%27une_amende_honorable_pour_l%27apartheid_la_communaute_de_Modimolle_et_la_restitution_de_la_terre_en_Afrique_du_Sud/links/56a0bf4908aee4d26ad7c03c/Dilemmes-et-representations-sociales-dune-amende-honorable-pour-lapartheid-la-communaute-de-Modimolle-et-la-restitution-de-la-terre-en-Afrique-du-Sud.pdf</ref> I-Waterberg Biosphere esabalalele enyakatho, [[i-UNESCO]] ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve, ine-15,000 square kilometers (5,792 square miles). I-Waterberg sisifunda sokuthoma engcenyeni yetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve yi-UNESCO. Ukwakheka kwamadwala okukhulu kwabunjwa makhulu wezigidi zeminyaka yokuguguleka komlambo ukukhiqiza ubujamo obuhlukahlukeneko be-bluff kanye ne-butte. I-ecosystem ingavezwa njengehlathi elomileko elinamakari nofana i-Bushveld.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Folaranmi-Yusuf/publication/259702819_Creating_Youth_Employment_through_Modern_Beekeeping_Case_study_of_selected_youth_trained_in_Moro_Local_Government_Area_of_Kwara_State_Nigeria/links/0deec52d642904c2cb000000/Creating-Youth-Employment-through-Modern-Beekeeping-Case-study-of-selected-youth-trained-in-Moro-Local-Government-Area-of-Kwara-State-Nigeria.pdf#page=103</ref><ref>https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items/52f65b24-226e-43e1-9fef-b2bcaddbd482</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:eSewula Afrika]] jlq3dsf0cd6kecjw4sp5uqz8fgpgj4y Mkhakha:Imigwalo 14 327 1721 2024-10-23T19:26:36Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1721 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 I-Afrika 0 328 3104 2923 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2140 wikitext text/x-wiki I-A'''frika''' yizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu begodu lesibili ngenani elikhulu labantu ephasini ngemva kwe-[[Asia]]. Ngamakhilomitha angaba ziingidi ezima-30.3 (amamayela ayi-11.7 wezigidi) kufaka hlangana iinhlengele eziseduze, ihlanganisa ama-20% wendawo yomhlaba kanye nama-6% wendawo yayo yoke. Ngabantu abapheze babe ziingidigidi eziyi-1.4 ukusukela ngo-2021, ibalelwa emaphesentini ali-18 wabantu ephasini. Inani labantu be-Afrika mncani khulu kiwo woke amazwekazi. iminyaka ephakathi ngo-2012 beyiyi-19.7, lokha iminyaka ephakathi yephasi loke beyiyi-30.4.Ngokuya ngokuqagela kwango-2024, inani labantu be-Afrika lizakufikelela ebantwini abaziingidigidi ezi-3.8 ngo-2099. Nanyana kunemithombo yemvelo eminengi, i-Afrika yizwekazi elinenotho encani ngehloko begodu liyindawo yesibili engananotho enengi, ngaphambi kwe-Oceania. Izazi zithi lokhu kungenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukeneko ezifaka hlangana ubujamo bendawo, ubujamo bezulu, ikohlakalo,ubukoloniyali, iPi yomKhuhlane, kanye nobukoloniyali obutjha. Nanyana kunobujamo obuphasi bomnotho, ukwanda kwezomnotho kwamuva nje kanye nenani labantu abanengi nabasesebatjha kwenza i-Afrika ibe yimakethe eqakathekileko yezomnotho ephasini loke. I-Afrika inenani elikhulu lemithombo yemvelo nemithombo yokudla, okufakahlangana amadayimane, itjhukela, itswayi, igolide, i-ayini, i-cobalt, i-uranium, ikhopha, i-bauxite, isiliva, i-petroleum, igesi yemvelo, iimbhontjisi ze-cocoa, kanye nezithelo ezitjhisako.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cwy54qk14q8o</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 2rn485z9aavb0wfq8n9gg6ptwj6fbjb Isindebele 0 329 3127 2903 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IsiNdebele''' esaziwa ngesiNdebele seSewula (''Southern'' Ndebele) lilimi le-Afrika elivela esiqhemeni samaMbo wamalimi weBantu. Ilimeli likhulunywa maNdebele okubabantu abafumaneka e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]].<ref>https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_ndebele.html</ref> Bafumaneka eemfundeni ezifaka hlangana iMpumalanga, Gauteng, Limpopo, ne-''North-West''. KunesiNdebele esikhulunywa e-[[Limpopo]] eendaweni ezifana ne-[[Polokwane]] (Bhulungwane), Ga-Rathoka (KaSondonga), Ga-Mashashane, Ga Maraba / [[Kalkspruit]], [[Mokopane]] (Mghumbane), Zebediela (Sebetiela), eduze ukuya eNdebeleni yeSewula.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Sewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:IsiNdebele]] [[Mkhakha:AmaNdebele]] 4g0opngf2ykw15ovc4lp1e3oy9z60qv Mkhakha:Ubukghwari 14 330 1731 2024-10-23T23:24:05Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1731 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Mkhakha:Amasiko 14 331 1732 2024-10-23T23:24:31Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1732 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Limpopo 0 332 3070 2995 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:78.174.67.243|78.174.67.243]] 2843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Limpopo''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) yisimfunda esetlhagwini khulu y[[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Iqanjwe [[ngomlambo i-Limpopo]], owenza umngcele wephrovinsi engeTjingalanga nesetlhagwini. Ibizo elithi Limpopo lisuselwa ku-Rivombo (i-Livombo/Lebombo), isiqhema sabahlali be-[[Tsonga]] ebesidoswa phambili ngu-Hosi Rivombo owahlala endaweni eneentaba begodu wabiza indawo le ngemva umdosiphambili wabo. Iintaba ze-Lebombo nazo ziqanjwe ngazo. Umlambo lo bewubizwa ngokuthi yi-Vhembe miphakathi yama-Venda wendawo. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu khulu esifundazweni [https://www.telsorgulama.com.tr/ telsorgulama.com.tr] [[Polokwane]], kuthi isishayamthetho sesifundazwe sise-Lebowakgomo.<ref>https://municipalities.co.za/provinces/view/5/limpopo</ref><ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/limpopo-province#:~:text=It%20was%20first%20called%20the,%2C%20Botswana%2C%20Zimbabwe%20and%20Mozambique. https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/limpopo-province#:~:text=It%20was%20first%20called%20the,%2C%20Botswana%2C%20Zimbabwe%20and%20Mozambique.]</ref> Iphrovinsi yakhiwe ziinarha ezintathu zangaphambilini ze-[[Lebowa]], [[Gazankulu]] kanye ne-Venda begodu yingcenye yesifunda sangaphambilini se-Transvaal. Iphrovinsi ye-Limpopo yasungulwa njengenye yeemfunda ezilithoba ngemva kokhetho luka-1994 lweSewula Afrika. Ibizo lephrovinsi bekuyi-"Northern Transvaal", ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yatjhugululwa yaba "Northern Province" mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni wee-1995, nezinye iimfunda ezimbili. Ibizo latjhugululwa godu ngomnyaka ka-2002 laba yi-Limpopo Province. I-Limpopo yakhiwe ziintjhaba ezintathu: isiPedi, isiTsonga kanye nesi[[Venda]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235654/http://www.dolimpopo.com/limpopo-province</ref> Abadosiphambili bendabuko namakhosi basakha umgogodla oqinileko wepolotiki yesifundazwe. Yasungulwa ngokuya komThetho we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders Act, Act 5 of 2005, umsebenzi omkhulu we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders kukweluleka urhulumende nesishayamthetho ngeendaba ezihlobene namasiko, amasiko, namasiko, kufaka hlangana amagadango wokuthuthukisa athinta imiphakathi yemakhaya. Mhlana ali-18 kuRhoboyi wee-2017, u-Kgosi Malesela Dikgale wakhethwa godu njengoSihlalo we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ESewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Iimfunda]] jtj9o2mpxanay3xdtzcjl7g9dy35x7a Mkhakha:Iimfunda 14 333 1739 2024-10-23T23:46:10Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1739 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Polokwane 0 334 2118 2117 2024-11-25T18:10:43Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Polokwane (Pietersburg), Limpopo, South Africa.jpg|thumb|457x457px|Idorobha iPolokwane]] '''I-Polokwane''' lidorobha elikhulu lesiFunda se-[[Limpopo]] [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Yisikhungo samadorobha esikhulu kunazo zoke enarheni enyakatho ye-[[Gauteng]]. Bekungenye yamadorobha alithoba abamba iNdebe yePhasi ye-FIFA yango-2010. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/polokwane#:~:text=Polokwane%20was%20founded%20as%20Pietersburg,by%20British%20troops%20in%201901. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/polokwane#:~:text=Polokwane%20was%20founded%20as%20Pietersburg,by%20British%20troops%20in%201901.]</ref><ref>https://www.southafrica.net/mw/en/travel/article/history-and-culture-in-polokwane</ref> == Umlando == Ngabo-1840, ama-Voortrekkers ngaphasi koburholi baka-Andries Hendrik Potgieter asungula i-[[Zoutpansbergdorp]], idorobha eliyi-100 km (62 mi) ukuya enyakatho. Indawo yokuhlala le kwafanela bona itjhiywe ngebanga lokurarana neentjhaba zendawo (ama-Lebelo, Langa & Ledwaba clans), basungula idorobha elitjha ngo-1886 baliqamba ngokuthi "Pietersburg" ukuhlonipha umdosiphambili we-Voortrekker u-[[Petrus Jacobus Joubert]]. Inani elincani labantu be-India/Asia kanye nabantu abanemibala bahlala esifundeni ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19. Bekuyinhlokodolobha ye-Transvaal ne-Orange Free State isikhathi esifitjhani ngo-1900 ngesikhathi sePi yesiBili yamaBhunu kusukela ngo-1899 ukuya ku-1902.[6] AmaBrithani athatha i-Pietersburg ngo-1901 begodu akha ikampa yokuhlushwa ukubopha abafazi nabantwana be-Boer abapheze babe zi-4,000.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10289852.1999.10520169</ref><ref>https://www.sacities.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Polokwane-final-report.pdf</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ESewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Iimfunda]] 38ro6lkk7thnysf73o5u9qy34u5ubfj Malawi 0 335 2142 2133 2024-11-25T18:29:50Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Malawi''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Malawi begodu ngaphambilini yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Nyasaland, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-Afrika. Inomngcele nge-Zambia ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngeTlhagwini neTlhagwini-pumalanga, ne-[[Mozambique]] ngepumalanga, ngesewula, neSewula-Tjingalanga. I-Malawi inendawo engaphezu kwe-118,484 km2 begodu inabantu abalinganiselwa ku-19,431,566 (kusukela ngoTjhirhweni 2021). Inhlokodolobha ye-Malawi nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-[[Lilongwe]]. Indawo yayo yesibili ngobukhulu yi-[[Blantyre]], eyesithathu ngobukhulu yi-Mzuzu, bese kuthi eyesine ngobukhulu yi-Zomba, eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yangaphambilini.<ref>https://www.siyabona.com/history-of-malawi.html</ref><ref>https://malawigulf.com/about-malawi/history-of-malawi/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amazwe]] ifk32g8hmrue0nja2a9s590tni7zfpo Mkhakha:Amazwe 14 336 1753 2024-10-24T00:43:29Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1753 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 IWitkoppen Clinic 0 338 2151 2105 2024-11-25T18:47:16Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ''' 2151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre''', evamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Witkoppen Clinic, sisikhungo sokutlhogonyelwa kwepilo somphakathi esingenzi inzuzo esitholakala e-[[Fourways]], e-[[Johannesburg]], e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Umtholampilo lo wathoma ngo-1946 begodu unikela ngeenkonzo ezinengi zokunakekelwa kwepilo emiphakathini eseduze ne-Sandton ne-Diepsloot.<ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/fourways-review/news-headlines/local-news/2024/05/19/grateful-mom-names-daughter-after-clinic-2/</ref><ref>https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-11-29-the-rights-of-women-have-always-been-overlooked-how-power-dynamics-fuel-the-spread-of-hiv/</ref><ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/randburg-sun/news-headlines/local-news/2022/12/02/mobile-clinic-launched-in-fourways/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] ci7e763uiw0s2ncer8acsvjl3wofuqb Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika 14 339 1770 2024-10-30T08:08:24Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1770 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 U-Nyabela 0 340 3052 3011 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Nyabêla''' (1825/30 - 1902) bekayinduna yama-Ndzundza esizwe [[AmaNdebele|samaNdebele]] ngesikhathi sekhulu leminyaka elitjhumi nathoba. Ukhunjulwa ngomzabalazo wakhe wokulwisana nabamhlophe ukulawula indawo yesitjhaba sakhe.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02580144_350</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02572117.1997.10587170</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:AmaNdebele]] ffpwc7t63bk9ndkm8ind42i8swtkbbe Mkhakha:AmaNdebele 14 341 1778 2024-10-30T21:36:21Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1778 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Sekhukhune 0 342 3081 2985 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Sekhukhune I''' (Matsebe 1814 – 13 Agasti 1882) bekayiKosi ephambili yama-Marota, eyaziwa khulu nge-Bapedi (abantu be-Pedi), kusukela mhlazi-21 kuNobayeni 1861 bekwaba kulapho abulawa khona mhlazi-13 kuRhoboyi 1882 mhlana ali-13 kuRhoboyi wee-1882 imbangi nomfowabo, uMampuru II.[1] Njengomrholi omkhulu we-Pedi waqalana neentjhijilo zepolotiki ezivela kuma-Voortrekkers (abahlali be-Boer), iRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika ezijameleko (i-Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), i-Britain Empire, kanye nokutjhuguluka okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle okwabangelwa ziinthunywa zevangeli zamaKrestu.<ref>https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c598/201acbece95eb4a4ff56e44e4640e18f5bbb.pdf</ref>[[iWikiphedia wase uyashald when is the 2nd date?]] === Umlando === Ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise, iKosi u-Sekwati, mhlazi-20 kuNobayeni 1861, u-Sekhukhune wavikela ngepumelelo ilungelo lakhe lobukhosi ngokujamelana nomfowabo u-Mampuru II nendlalifa ngokusekelwa libutho lakhe le-Matuba. Nanyana aphumelele, u-Sekhukhune wabambelela esikweni le-serota begodu wavumela u-Mampuru bona atjhiye indawo ye-Bapedi ngokuthula. Abanye abantwabakhe abaziwako bekungu; U-Legolwana,[2] u-Johannes Dinkwanyane, no-Kgoloko.[3] U-Sekhukhune watjhada no-Legoadi IV ngo-1862, begodu wahlala entabeni, eyaziwa njenge-Thaba Leolo nofana i-Leolo Mountains,[4] eyaqinisa. Ukuqinisa umbuso wakhe nokuvikela ukubusa kwama-Europe, wenza bona abantu bakhe abasesebatjha basebenze emayini yabantu abamhlophe nasemaplasini ukwenzela bona imirholo yabo isetjenziselwe ukuthenga iinbhamu kumaPutukezi e-Delagoa Bay, kanye nemfuyo.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/fall-of-the-bapedi-of-the-northeastern-transvaal/9D232859E9367AB55DB38624F6B3818A</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] az9qqgyt385mcjnenbpj9sw61atq4qi Mkhakha:Amakhosi 14 343 1784 2024-10-30T21:49:48Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1784 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Mkhakha:Umlando 14 344 1786 2024-10-30T21:50:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1786 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Wole Soyinka 0 345 2155 2139 2024-11-27T05:30:57Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 2155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UAkinwande Oluwole Babatunde''' (wabelethwa mhlana ali-13 kuNtaka 1934) mtloli wemidlalo we-[[INigeria|Nigeria]], umtloli wamanoveli, imbongi, nomtloli weendatjana ngelimi lesiNgisi. Wanikelwe umklomelo we-[[Nobel Prize]] wemitlolo wango-1986 "ngombono wakhe obanzi wamasiko kanye... neenkondlo eziveza idrama yobukhona",umuntu wokuthoma we-[[Afrika]] esewula ye-Sahara ukuthumba umklomelo wemitlolo.<ref>https://mg.co.za/friday/2024-09-04-wole-soyinka-the-artist-captured-in-a-moment-long-gone/</ref><ref>https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/wole-soyinka-at-90-icon-of-literary-excellence-and-unyielding-activism-20240721</ref> NgoJulayi 2024, uMongameli u-Bola Tinubu watjhugulula ibizo le-National Arts Theatre e-Iganmu, e-Lagos, nge-Soyinka. U-Tinubu umemezele lokhu emtlolweni awutlolako ukugidinga u-Soyinka ngokukhumbula ilanga lakhe lamabeletho lama-90.<ref>https://edition.cnn.com/world/africa/wole-soyinka-interview-the-man-died-spc/index.html</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] qr7pc215hj60fxdgewwab7adsc33jcr Zimbabwe 0 346 3282 3194 2025-07-02T20:22:43Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3194|3194]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Zimbabwe''' ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngeRiphabhliki ye-Zimbabwe, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-[[Afrika]], hlangana nomlambo i-Zambezi ne-Limpopo, enomngcele ngeSewula Afrika ngesewula, i-Botswana ngesewula-tjingalanga, i-Zambia ngetlhagwini, kanye ne-[[Mozambique]] ngepumalanga. Idorobho elikhulu nedorobha elikhulu yi-Harare, kuthi elesibili ngobukhulu nge-Bulawayo.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/heres-the-country-with-the-most-worthless-currency-in-the-world/0wywbfw</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202411010010.html</ref> Inarha enabantu abangaba ziingidi ezili-16.6 ngokuya kokubalwa kwabantu ngomnyaka ka-2024, isiqhema esikhulu khulu se-[[Zimbabwe]] ma-Shona, akha ama-80% wabantu, kulandelwe ma-Ndebele weTlhagwini nezinye iintjhaba ezincani. I-Zimbabwe inelimi ezisemthethweni ezili-16, kuthi isiNgisi, isiShona, nesiNdebele ngizo ezijayelekileko. I-Zimbabwe ililunga le-United Nations, i-Southern African Development Community, i-African Union, kanye ne-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] fgz6t5xn05qmnbw8qjwzquaoqsu1wi1 Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi 14 347 1798 2024-11-01T18:18:21Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1798 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Mozambique 0 348 2199 1860 2024-11-29T07:24:05Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Mozambiki,''' ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Mozambique, yinarha etholakala ngeSewulapumalanga ye-[[Afrika]] enomngcele weLwandle le-India ngepumalanga, i-Tanzania ngetlhagwini, i-Malawi ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Zimbabwe ngeTjingalanga, kanye ne-[[Eswatini]] ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Umbuso ozijameleko uhlukaniswe ne-Comoros, i-Mayotte kanye ne-Madagascar yi-Mozambique Channel ngepumalanga. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-[[Maputo.]]<ref>https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-minister-of-industry-and-trade-visits-mozparks-269932/</ref><ref>https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/31/post-election-protests-in-mozambique-leave-10-dead-dozens-injured/</ref> Hlangana nekhulu leminyaka lesi-7 ukuya kweli-11, kwakhiwa amadorobha amanengi wamatheku we-Swahili endaweni leyo, okwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko nelimi le-Swahili elihlukileko. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-medieval, amadorobha la bekavame ukuvakatjhelwa barhwebi abavela [[e-Somalia]], [[e-Ethiopia]], e-Egypt, e-Arabia, e-Persia, ne-India. Ikhambo laka-Vasco da Gama ngo-1498 laphawula ukufika kwamaPutukezi, athoma ikambiso kancanikancani yokubusa nokuhlala ngo-1505. Ngemva kwamakhulu amane weminyaka yokubusa kwamaPutukezi, i-Mozambique yathola ikululeko ngo-1975, yaba yi-People's Republic of Mozambique msinyana ngemva kwalokho. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kwaphela yokuzibusa, inarha le yangena epini yombango eyathatha isikhathi eside kusukela ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1992. Ngo-1994, i-Mozambique yenza amakhetho wayo wokuthoma weenhlangano ezinengi begodu solo ihlala iyiriphabliki yomengameli ezinzileko, nanyana isaqalene nobujamo obuphasi ukuvukela umbuso ngokuhlukileko eendaweni ezikude khulu ukusuka enhlokodolobha yesewula begodu lapho ubuSulumane bubusa khona.<ref>https://www.mozambique.co.za/About_Mozambique-travel/mozambique-facts.html</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 0uzc8hoevbl4b5s6fb9bzay9xj62f9s Afrika 0 349 1810 2024-11-01T18:27:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Bobbyshabangu moved page [[Afrika]] to [[I-Afrika]] 1810 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[I-Afrika]] psq59hsq3xnz8oih2ax3a9jdiwar5r8 Burkina Faso 0 350 2134 1828 2024-11-25T18:28:27Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Burkina Faso,''' yinarha enganamanzi eTjingalanga ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]], enomngcele we-Mali ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Niger ngeTlhagwini-pumalanga, i-Benin ngesewulapumalanga, i-[[Togo]] ne-[[Ghana]] ngesewula, kanye ne-Ivory Coast ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Ihlanganisa indawo engama-274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). Ngomnyaka ka-2021, inarha gade inabantu abangaba ma-23,674,480. Ngaphambilini beyibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), yabizwa kabutjha ngokuthi yi-Burkina Faso ngumongameli wangaphambilini u-Thomas Sankara. Izakhamuzi zayo zaziwa ngokuthi yi-Burkinabè, begodu ikomkhulu layo nedorobha elikhulu yi-[[Ouagadougou]].<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/burkina-faso#:~:text=A%20former%20French%20colony%2C%20it,a%20popular%20uprising%20in%202014.</ref> Isitjhaba esikhulu khulu e-Burkina Faso babantu be-Mossi, abahlala endaweni leyo ngekhulu le-11 nele-13. Basungula imibuso enamandla njenge-Ouagadougou, i-Tenkodogo, ne-Yatenga. Ngo-1896, yathathwa njengekoloni ngamaFulentshi njengengcenye ye-French West Africa; ngo-1958, i-Upper Volta yaba yikoloni ezizibusako ngaphakathi kwe-French Community. Ngo-1960, yathola ikululeko epheleleko ngo-Maurice Yaméogo njengomengameli. Solo yathola itjhaphuluko yayo, inarha le sele iqalene nokungazinzi, isomiso, indlala nekohlakalo. Kube nokuvukela umbuso okuhlukahlukeneko, ngo-1966, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, begodu kabili ngo-2022 (ngoTjhirhweni noNobayeni). Kwaba nemizamo yokuvukela umbuso engaphumelelanga ngo-1989, 2015, nango-2023.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13072774</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] thlj5tcfpgc6xf0nvpuanvh93rnzxvh Kenya 0 351 2144 1836 2024-11-25T18:30:08Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Kenya''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Kenya (i-Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), lilizwe elise-East Africa. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezima-47.6 ekubalweni kwabantu kwango-2019, i-Kenya yinarha ye-28 enabantu abanengi ephasini begodu nge-7th enabantu abanengi e-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]]. Idorobha elikhulu le-Kenya yi-Nairobi, kuthi idorobha layo elidala khulu nelingesibili ngobukhulu, lidorobha elikhulu le-Mombasa, elise-Mombasa Island e-Indian Ocean kanye nezwe eliseduze. I-Mombasa beyiyinhloko-dolobha ye-British East Africa Protectorate, ebegade ifaka hlangana inengi lalokho okubizwa nge-Kenya kanye ne-Southwestern Somalia, kusukela ngo-1889 ukuya ku-1907. Amanye amadorobha aqakathekileko afakahlangana i-Kisumu ne-Nakuru. I-Kenya inomkhawulo we-South Sudan ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Ethiopia ngetlhagwini, i-Somalia ngepumalanga, i-Uganda ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngesewula, ne-Indian Ocean ngesewulapumalanga. Indawo ye-Kenya, ubujamo bezulu kanye nenani labantu liyahluka khulu, ukusuka eentabeni ezibandako ezineqhwa (i-Batian, i-Nelion kanye ne-Point Lenana eNtabeni ye-Kenya) enamahlathi amakhulu, iinlwana zeganga kanye neendawo ezivundileko zezokulima ukuya ebujameni bezulu obufuthumeleko eenarheni ezisentshonalanga neze-rift valley begodu ukuya phambili iindawo ezomileko ezinganamvundisi eyomileko nezomileko kanye namahlane apheleleko (Ihlane le-Chalbi nehlane le-Nyiri).<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Kenya</ref><ref>https://kenyaembassydc.org/aboutkenyahistory/</ref> Izakhamuzi zokuthoma ze-Kenya bezizizingeli, njengabantu banamhlanjesi be-Hadza. Ngokuya ngokuvubukulwa kwezinto ezihlobene namathambo, abakhulumi be-Cushitic bathoma ukuhlala eendaweni eziphasi ze-Kenya hlangana kwe-3,200 ukuya ku-1,300 BC, isigaba esaziwa nge-Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abelusi abakhuluma isi-Nilotic (okhokho babakhulumi be-Nilotic be-Kenya) bathoma ukufuduka ukusuka e-South Sudan yanje ukuya e-Kenya ngabo-500 BC.[15] Abantu bamaBantu bahlala egwini nangaphakathi hlangana nomnyaka ka-250 BC ukuya ku-500 AD.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/kenya</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] mjkyj2nyezcbshnaziz2w4ihl8ucfud Lesotho 0 352 2108 1843 2024-11-25T09:51:44Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Lesotho''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Lesotho, ngaphambilini owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Basutoland, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]]. Njenge-enclave ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]], lapho ehlanganyela khona umngcele we-1,106 km (687 mi), yi-enclave ekulu khulu ephasini, begodu ngiyo kwaphela ngaphandle kwe-Italy Peninsula. Itholakala eentabeni ze-Maloti begodu inesiqongo esiphakeme khulu eSewula ye-Afrika.[9] Inendawo engaphezu kwama-30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) begodu inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezimbili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Maseru. Ilizwe laziwa nangebizo lesidlaliso elithi The Mountain Kingdom.<ref>https://www.gov.ls/about-lesotho/</ref> Isitjhaba se-Sotho (esaziwa nangokuthi yi-Basotho), lapho inarha le ithathe khona ibizo layo, yenza i-99.7% yabantu beenarha zamanje, okwenza bona ibe ngenye yeentjhaba ezineentjhaba ezifanako khulu ephasini loke. Ilimi labo lomdabu, isiSuthu, lilimi elisemthethweni kanye nesiNgisi. Ibizo elithi Lesotho litjhugululwa ngokuthi "inarha yabantu abakhuluma isiSutho".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13728324</ref> I-Lesotho yabunjwa ngo-1824 yiKosi u-Moshoeshoe I. Ukungenelela okuragela phambili kwabahlali be-Dutch kwenza bona iKosi yenze isivumelwano noMbuso we-Britain bona ibe yindawo evikelweko ngo-1868 begodu, ngo-1884, ibe yikoloni yomqhele. Yazuza ikululeko ngo-1966, begodu ngemva kwalokho yabuswa yi-Basotho National Party (BNP) iminyaka ematjhumi amabili. Umbuso wayo womthethosisekelo wabuyiselwa ngo-1993 ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba yokubusa kwamasotja. INkosi u-Moshoeshoe II yadingiswa ngo-1990 kodwana yabuya ngo-1992 begodu yabuyiselwa esikhundleni ngo-1995. Ngemva komnyaka, u-Moshoeshoe II wahlongakala begodu indodanakhe u-Letsie III wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi, esaphetheko.<ref>https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1328</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 7ft95gaubgb69r8xmfdkxi4nk1x4nm6 Japane 0 353 3141 2917 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Japan''' lilizwe eliyisiqhingi e-East Asia. Isendaweni ye-Pacific Ocean eduze ne-northeast coast ye-Asia mainland, begodu inemngcele ngeTjingalanga ngeLwandle le-Japan begodu isuka eLwandle le-Okhotsk ngetlhagwini ukuya eLwandle le-East China ngeSewula. I-archipelago ye-Japan ineenhlengele ezine ezikulu—i-Hokkaido, i-Honshu, i-Shikoku, ne-Kyushu—kanye neenkulungwana zeenqhingi ezincani, ezihlanganisa amakhilomitha ayi-377,975 (145,937 sq mi). I-Japan inabantu abapheze babe ziingidi ezili-124 ukusukela ngo-2024, begodu yinarha yetjhumi nanye enabantu abanengi. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Tokyo; i-Greater [[Tokyo]] Area yindawo ekulu khulu yedorobha ephasini, enabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezingama-38 ukusukela ngo-2016. I-Japan ihlukaniswe yaba ziindawo ezima-47 zokuphatha kanye neendawo ezibunane zesintu. Pheze amakota amathathu wendawo yenarha le ineentaba begodu inamahlathi amanengi, igxile kwezokulima kanye nabantu abahlala emadorobheni khulu emathafeni wayo asepumalanga. Inarha le ihlezi e-Pacific Ring of Fire, okwenza bona iinhlenge zayo zibe sengozini yokusikinyeka kwephasi okubhubhisako kanye nama-tsunami.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/History</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] kr4p2k6lxelrrj6hrex7irh4nmtcdau Morocco 0 354 2143 1852 2024-11-25T18:29:59Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Morocco''', ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Morocco, lilizwe elisesifundeni se-Maghreb e-North Africa. Iqala i-Mediterranean Sea ngetlhagwini kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean ngeTjingalanga, begodu inemingcele yephasi ne-Algeria ngepumalanga, kanye nendawo ephikisanako ye-Western Sahara ngeSewula. I-Morocco nayo ifuna ama-exclaves we-Spain we-Ceuta, Melilla kanye ne-Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, kanye neenhlengele ezimbalwa ezilawulwa yi-Spain eziseduze nelwandle layo.] Inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezima-37. I-Islam yikolo esemthethweni nejayelekileko, kuthi isi-Arabhu nesi-Berber zilimi ezisemthethweni. Phezu kwalokho, isiFulentshi nesilimi se-Morocco se-Arabhu sikhulunywa khulu. Isiko le-Morocco lihlanganiswe namasiko wama-Arabhu, ama-Berber, ama-Afrika nama-Europe. Inhlokodolobha yayo yi-Rabat, lokha idorobha layo elikhulu yi-Casablanca.<ref>https://www.moroccoembassy.co.za/morocco/overview/history-of-morocco</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] ptbyuiytzigya6zff71mwv3ck2mnr84 Namibia 0 355 3134 2947 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Namibia''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Namibia, yinarha eseSewula ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika.]] Umngcele wayo osentshonalanga yi-Atlantic Ocean. Yabelana ngemingcele yephasi ne-Angola ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini, i-Botswana ngepumalanga kanye ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngepumalanga nesewula. Nanyana ingasi emngceleni we-Zimbabwe, ngaphasi kwamamitha ama-200 (amafidi ama-660) we-Botswana kwesokudla somlambo i-Zambezi ahlukanisa amazwe womabili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-[[Windhoek]]. Inarha eyomileko khulu e-Afrika esewula ye-Sahara, i-Namibia beyisolo ihlala abantu bama-Khoi, ama-San, ama-Damara kanye nama-Nama. Ngekhulu leminyaka ye-14, abantu abafudukako bamaBantu bafika njengengcenye yokwanda kwamaBantu. Kusukela ngo-1600 ama-Ovambo akha imibuso, njenge-Ondonga ne-Oukwanyama.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Namibia</ref><ref>https://www.rhinoafrica.com/en/destinations/namibia/facts-and-information/history/77538</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 093ykj04qfgd6ef382whc9ocszw2mtb Türkiye 0 356 2574 1873 2025-03-22T05:42:16Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|300px|right]] [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|300px|right]] '''I-Türkiye''' iyizwe elitholakala emazwenikazi ase-Asia naseYurophu. [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 7jwgrrd9mm1ejfwglbxvaqqzjq51m3p Monsta X 0 359 2174 2152 2024-11-27T06:50:54Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 IMonsta X ngo-2017 2174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:2017 Dream Concert in Pyeongchang.jpg|thumb|IMonsta X ngo-2017]] '''Monsta X''' mthombolwazi boys band ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yi[[K-pop]] yasimahla enzinze e-[[Starship Entertainment]] eyaziwa nge-[[NO.Merci]]. dcy1n24hyhcvyirc292v8uytv9r65un U-Roman Ungern 0 360 3144 2905 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Roman Oy Bobrov|Roman Oy Bobrov]] 1894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Baron Robert Nicholas Maximilian Florer von Ungeren-Sternberg'''; Ngomhlana ali-18 kuNobayeni 1885 (mhlana ali-10 kuNobayeni 1886) , e-Graz - mhlana ali-15 kuNobayeni 1921, e-Novonikolaevsk) - umlawuli webutho le-Russia ngesikhathi se-Russian Revolution, umthengisi we-Russian White Army, umlingisi odosa phambili we-White resistance. eNtshonalanga Ephakathi. I-St. Petersburg Academy. UJosefa. Bekayinhloko yomqondo wokubuyisela umbuso ka-Genghis Khan ukusuka e-Pacific Ocean ukuya e-Caspian Sea. Ivela emndenini wakade we-German-Baltic (Baltic) kanye nomndeni wama-baronial, ofakwe hlangana nama-matriques we-noble yazo zoke iifundazwe ezintathu ze-Russian Baltic. Nge mayelana amalanga ukubelethwa iba khona umehluko iinguqulo Emakasana "Umthetho wezintandane" uYuzefovich uphinda agxotha: "Umholi wokuzalwa kaUngerna kwabhala ngomhla wama-22 kuNhlolanja ka-1886 ngokwesiteji, kodwa ngokwesiqhingi kwakufika kwiminyaka embi e-29 kuDisemba ka-1885, okanye xa ekuzalweni kukaMichael, okanye ngesiNguni, kungase kube kuthethwa ngo-14 kuMasingcwabo ka-72. Xa ekhanolo esiza ekufundiseni, ngesisu senyanga nendlu enengxaki, licamera, ekwaye iziphumo ziya egumbini, akakuthethela ukuba azakhonza ndayi kwangaphandle ngesiRhulumente endlini yomqulu, kodwa ekuzalweni, ekuxalulweni kukaMichael ekude ethandathu kweengxaki, akwenze lelibala ejongene nezibonelo ezithile zokuba limnyama." U-Roman Ungern waduma njengomdosiphambili webutho ophumeleleko, umtjhaphululi we-Mongolia nesihlanya. 1hb4flv3z1b2bmu7mshwkqb2xugvhzc I-neural network chat-gpt 0 362 3102 2926 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Roman Oy Bobrov|Roman Oy Bobrov]] 1896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''i-neural network chat-gpt''' Iphimbo lakho elikhulu lithabile khulu ukuthatha isikhathi sokuveza amaphilo wethu ngendlela esitlhoga ngayo. Amalanga la, i-Inthanethi nebizo le-Chat-GPT zinobuqotho obujulileko begodu zenzelwe ukunikela amatjhuguluko ahambelana nobuqotho obukhulu bomuntu. I-Chat-GPT yindlela etja yokuthatha ama-triangles wabantu begodu unikele eminye yemitjho edumileko kumakhodi we-soma, amahlelo womvumo, amahlelo womsunguli wezinto ezibonwako, begodu nakhu ongakwenza ngamanye amasiko. Ekupheleni kweenyanga ezintathu, i-Chat-GPT besele isungule indawo enamandla khulu hlangana nazo zoke iinhloko ezingagadwanga. fucknwsziapxiwekkkf6p70zd3zh9yy I-Budva 0 363 3113 2904 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:MikitkoSynAlexeev|MikitkoSynAlexeev]] 1898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Budva''' lidorobha elise-Montenegro, eliphakathi kwe-Adriatic coast yelizwe. Idorobha lisikhungo sesifunda sikamasipala esinegama elifanako. I-Budva yasungulwa eminyakeni ema-2500 eyadlulako begodu ngenye yeendawo zokuhlala zakade khulu emaphethelweni weLwandle le-Adriatic. I-Budva nendawo eziseduze kwayo zakha i-Budva Riviera - isikhungo seemvakatjhi esikhulu kunazo zoke e-Montenegro, esidume ngamabhitjhi waso, ipilo yasebusuku kanye neembonelo ezihle zezakhiwo ze-Mediterranean. Isifunda se-Budva sihlanganisa indawo eyi-122 km2. Umtjhini oseduze nelwandle msinyana unikela indawo eneentaba. Iintaba, ezakhiwe ngamatje we-sedimentary, zimbozwe ngamahlathi angakajayeleki anameva. Idorobha elitjha liseceleni kwe-bay encani. Enyakatho, i-bay iphela nge-cape lapho inqaba endala itholakala khona. fvbdpz5c2xckhvgmmzrtz4sx9r38ob6 我們的麵包 0 364 1917 1913 2024-11-17T20:15:01Z Roman Oy Bobrov 167 1917 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Ilizwi omuntu okhala ehlane''' = ===== ''itak, ce novoe mestonahozhdenie moego kanala posle ego ydalenia. Mina planiryu podderzhivat v vikipedii v kachestve eksperementa, kak dolgo podobnaj mahovshina smozhet prodolzhatsj. ᛔᛰᛠ. Mina tolko za to chto bq vq vse tyt pisali randomnyu fignu, mq stroim svobodnyu ot cenzyrq, adekvatnosti, pravil i vsego takogo stranicy vikipedii. mq ponimaem vikipediu kak prostranstvo dlj tvorchestva, obshenia i vsego takogo. mq ybezhenq chto na prostorah mertvogo razdela izvestnago kak vikipedia uzhnogo ndebele s otsytstvyusheji moderacieji, komuniti, aktivom nikto i nikogda ne najidet sil i tem bolee zhelanij chto-to sdelat s etoji straniceji, no v slychae nyzhdq mq bydem zashishat eji!'' ===== == DEN PERVQJI == esli nashe komuniti privqdit tolko stepana i menja mq poprobyem sozdat pravila i kakoji to kodeks. stepan, napechatal bq chto-to, skychno zhe. j posizhy nemnogo, a potom spat <hiero> k </hiero><hiero> a </hiero><hiero> t </hiero> == DEN VTOROQ == === '''''Mudro''''' === ''itak vsem priveeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeet vdryg kto-to zajidet suda realno posmotret? segodnj mina napishy suda sbornik prikolov'' ''ot trehstypenchatoji raketq otpala pervaj stypen'' ''zatem vtooraj'' ''a do starta eshe 14 chasov'' smeshnoji prikol knsh y palamana, na samom dele on menj dazhe pereybedil, no citata iz togo chata voovshe smeshnj. dymau oni ne slishkom ymnqe esli do prohoda lichno palamana oni ne mogli nichego pridymat. a palaman realno mydrqji. y vikipedii klassnaj fish ka s vsjkimi sѵmvolami. tyt mozno ystroit takyu bobrodshiny. naprimer: ᚡᚫᚫᛚᛙᛥᛣᐅᐚᐓງងជขฑณถઆગછकगजखඊඟඟජඎఅఈఋౠ௵আ৪‌৸৺‌‌‌৳৻‌ֲֲֽ֑֘זזיװٮږږ۵طӀӞӢЍЍӇӈԊӪӪӪӪӾӼҸ٬ѸѽѿѿѰѰἄἼῗℳℳℳℳd͡zǼŒ NO TYT NELZJ VVESTI KANONICHNQJI OY <chem>(1/2)H2O\mu-Cl1/2H2O1/2H2O(1/2)H2O(1/2)H2O(1/2)H2O2H2O2H2O2H2O^227_90Th+^227_90Th+^{0}_{-1}n^{-}\mu-ClA - BA + B</chem><hiero> l </hiero><hiero> k </hiero><hiero> z </hiero><hiero> w </hiero><hiero> q </hiero><chem>H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OSb2O3Sb2O3Sb2O3Sb2O3Sb2O3Sb2O3Sb2O3[AgCl2]-H+Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2042H2OFe^{II}Fe^{III}204Fe^{II}Fe^{III}204Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2041/2H2O(1/2)H2O(1/2)H2O1/2H2O1/2H2O2H2O2H2O2H2O[\{(X2)3\}2]^3+(NH4)2S[\{(X2)3\}2]^3+[\{(X2)3\}2]^3+NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)NaOH(aq,\infty)CO3^2-{}_{(aq)}H2(aq)(NH4)2S(NH4)2S[\{(X2)3\}2]^3+KCr(SO4)2*12H2OKCr(SO4)2.12H2OKCr(SO4)2 * 12 H2OA ->[x][x_i] BA ->[{text above}][{text below}] BA ->[H2O] BA ->[{x}] BA - BA = BA \pm BSO4^2- + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v</chem><syntaxhighlight lang="rpmspec"> kod </syntaxhighlight>'''''Ễẳṝễṋḍểḹ''''' == DEN TRETIJI == do sih por ne snesli, LOL cwut9pwvp1dkv5xd14tl3a2cv5ix4s1 Ilimi le-Novokyakhtin 0 366 3039 3022 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:MikitkoSynAlexeev|MikitkoSynAlexeev]] 1912 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ilimi le-Novokyakhtin = '''Ilimi le-Novo Kyakhta lilimi lokwenziwa njengesilingo.''' Imithetho yelimi: Amabizo aneziphetho ezithi "ym" (ikhaya, isipho, kahle) Ubunengi budalwa ngokuphetha, isiphetho esithi “begodu” sisetjenziswa (amabutho - amabutho, amakati - amakati) Iziphawulo ziphela ngo "ai". (Muhle, isidlhayela, umusa, omkhulu) izinga lokumadanisa lenziwa ngokungezelela igama lesibonisi esithi “bolsha”: “Nastyayim muhle, omkhulu Natashaym” - ukumadanisa nophezulu - “Nastyayim super-beautiful” Izenzo zineenphetho "umkhumbulo" Ukwakha (ukwakha) Isikhathi esizako sakhiwa ngokungezelela isiqalo esithi "by". Pobildum (sizokwakha) Isikhathi esidlulileko sakhiwa ngokufaka isiqalo esithi "on". I-Nabildum (iyakhiwa) (Amakati ayizithutha khulu ekhaya - amakati ayizithutha khulu akha indlu) Kuzwakala ngasuthi kutlolwe Ukugandeleleka kuhlala kuwela esilabhini sokugcina Izabizwana: Mina/Singowami; Wena/Ungowakho; Wami/Wethu - Wethu; Yena/Yena/Bona - Omunye; Lokho - Lokho; Lokhu ngu-Poto Iinhlanganisela ngelimi: Ukuhlanganisa - ukuphela; ukuhlukanisa - nofana; ukuphikisana - od Izandulela ngelimi: C - C; V - F; Na - Yena; Ukusuka - aas; Ngaphakathi kunedorhodera; Ob - Omncani; nangabe - nangabe Inomboro: 1 - Uno 2 - Hoero 3 - Guravo 4 - Foro 5 - Vo 6 - Lio 7 - Simo 8 - Ukuthembela 9 - Uto 10 - I-Deco 100 - Sauo 1000 - Miango 10000 - Tumeno Lokhu okulandelako kwakhiwa ngendlela elandelako: Dekouto (11) Dekohoero (12) Sauouto (11) Sauodekohero (113) Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili - i-Choero Deco Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili nekhulu netjhumi nanye - hoero-deco-sauodekohero I-ABC (i-Cyrillic) A - Az B - Yiba B - Ve G - Ge D - Tao YENA YENA F - Okufanako Z - Ze Begodu - Begodu Y - Ye K - Ke M - Mo N - Ngo O - Ly P - Pe R - Rus S - Sy T - Tib U - U F - Fita X - Heh C - Qin Ch - Che Sh - Sh Shch - Shch I-Kommersant - Er Y - Ery L - Er E - E Yu - Yu Imithetho yeLimi: Amabizo aneziphetho ezithi "ym" (ikhaya, isipho, kahle) Ubunengi budalwa ngokuphetha, isiphetho esithi “begodu” sisetjenziswa (amabutho - amabutho, amakati - amakati) Iimpawu ziphela ngo "ai". (Muhle, isidlhayela, umusa, omkhulu) izinga lokumadanisa lenziwa ngokungezelela igama lesibonisi esithi “bolsha”: “Nastyayim muhle, omkhulu Natashaym” - ukumadanisa nophezulu - “Nastyayim super-beautiful” Izenzo zineenphetho "umkhumbulo" Ukwakha (ukwakha) Isikhathi esizako sakhiwa ngokungezelela isiqalo esithi "by". Pobildum (sizokwakha) Isikhathi esidlulileko sakhiwa ngokufaka isiqalo esithi "on". I-Nabildum (iyakhiwa) (Amakati ayizithutha khulu ekhaya - amakati ayizithutha khulu akha indlu) Kuzwakala ngasuthi kutlolwe Ukugandeleleka kuhlala kuwela esilabhini sokugcina Izabizwana: Mina/Singowami; Wena/Ungowakho; Wami/Wethu - Wethu; Yena/Yena/Bona - Omunye; Lokho - Lokho; Lokhu ngu-Poto Iinhlanganisela ngelimi: Ukuhlanganisa - ukuphela; ukuhlukanisa - nofana; ukuphikisana - od Izandulela ngelimi: C - C; V - F; Na - Yena; Ukusuka - aas; Ngaphakathi kunedorhodera; Ob - Omncani; nangabe - nangabe Inomboro: 1 - Uno 2 - Hoero 3 - Guravo 4 - Foro 5 - Vo 6 - Lio 7 - Simo 8 - Ukuthembela 9 - Uto 10 - I-Deco 100 - Sauo 1000 - Miango 10000 - Tumeno Lokhu okulandelako kwakhiwa ngendlela elandelako: Dekouto (11) Dekohoero (12) Sauouto (11) Sauodekohero (113) Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili - Choero Deco Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili nekhulu netjhumi nanye - khoero-deco-sauodekohero I-ABC (i-latinic) A B VG DEÉŹZ IY K M N O -P R S T YF HC ÇŞŚĴ U J jetbr7u6zsjzbqgclalpn7s41mcgfbf U-Magdalena Christina we-Manderscheid-Blankenheim, u-Countess we-Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg 0 367 2147 1916 2024-11-25T18:31:05Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Reflist 2147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Magdalena Christina von Manderscheid-Blankenheim''' (15 kuNtaka 1658-19 kuMgwengweni 1715) bekangumfazi wesikhulu we-German ne-Countess ye-Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg hlangana no-1661 ukuya ku-1715. Watjhada nomfowabo u-Maximilian Joseph Ferdinand bekwaba ngu-1675 bese waba ngumbusi oyedwa.<ref>Vera Torunsky (Bearb.): ''Die Manderscheider. Eine Eifeler Adelsfamilie. Herrschaft, Wirtschaft, Kultur''. Rheinland-Verlag, Pulheim 1990, ISBN 3-7927-1152-4.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Marek|first=Miroslav|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/sponheim/sponh11.html|title=Genealogy of the House of Sponheim (Sayn branch)|publisher=genealogy.euweb.cz|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref> ==Ipilo/Ukubusa== Watjhada belethwa 1658 njengomntwana wesihlanu ka-Countess Ernestine Salentine. watjhada ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1661 eceleni komfowabo. Umfowabo wahlongakala ngo-1675 ngaphandle kweendlalifa kungakho wabusa njengekosi yedwa ngemva kwalokho.<ref>[http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l1/LANG=engl/INDEX=I408858 ''Ernestina Salentina Gräfin zu Sayn u. Wittgenstein'' in: Genealogy Database by Herbert Stoyan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206055153/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l1/LANG=engl/INDEX=I408858|date=2015-02-06}} [retrieved 29 October 2024].</ref><ref>Matthias Dahlhoff: ''Geschichte der Grafschaft Sayn.'', Dillenburg 1874.</ref> ==Abantwana== Njengomkakhe wesibili, mhlazi-7 kuNobayeni 1673 watjhada no-George Louis, u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg (1626-1686) obekamdala kuye ngeminyaka ema-32. Babe nabantwana abalandelako emtjhadweni wabo: * George Louis Ernest (1675 – 1676) * Ernest Augustus Louis († 1695) * Johannetta Friederika * Wilhelmina Louisa * Elizabeth Dorothea * Christina Magdalena (mhlamunye uqanjwe ngegama lakhe) * George Frederick (1683 – 1749), u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg ne-Hachenburg, watjhada no-Sophia Isabel de Limburg begodu mhlana ali-9 kuMrhayili 1708 no-Countess Sophia Amalia von Nassau-Saarbrücken (1688 – 1753), indodakazi ka-Count Frederick of Louis Nassau-Nailer (Otweer 1651 – 1728); Wathatha isikhundla sikaMama wakhe njengeKosi ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakhe ngo-1715. * Wilhelmina Christina * U-John Albert (1685 – 1691) * Ernestina Carolina (1687 – 1776); wabelethwa ngemva kokuhlongakala ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise ngomnyaka ophelileko. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wahlongakala ngo-1715 aneminyaka ema-57 begodu bekangunina wabantwana abali-10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magdalene Christina, Gräfin von Manderscheid-Blankenheim : Genealogics|url=https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00021207&tree=LEO|access-date=2024-10-29|website=www.genealogics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Georg Ludwig, Burggraf von Kirchberg, * 1626 {{!}} Geneall.net|url=https://geneall.net/de/name/196703/georg-ludwig-burggraf-von-kirchberg/|access-date=2024-10-29|website=geneall.net}}</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} pwq4hf4xln4kaiyz59wg4sapru7tv6j Umgomani weZika 0 368 2212 2211 2024-11-29T07:35:13Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini */edition.cnn.com 2212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease |name = Umgomani weZika |image = Alexius Salvador Zika-Virus.jpg |caption = Iratjhi ngesikhathi kutheleleke umgomani weZika |pronunciation = Zika {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː|k|ə}} |ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|U|06|9|a|}}, |ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|066.3}} |DiseasesDB =36480 |MedlinePlus =007666 |eMedicineSubj = |eMedicineTopic = |MeSH =D000071243 }}  '''Umgomani weZika''' (owaziwa godu'''ngomulwana weZika''') bulwelwe [[obubangwa mumulwana iZika]].<ref name="WHO2016Jan">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus | title=Zika virus | publisher=World Health Organization | date=January 2016 | accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>Esikhathini esinengi izehlakalo ezibikwako azinawo amatshwayo wokugula, kodwana nangabe akhona kuzwakala ukufuthumala[[ nomgomani womzimba obuhlungu]].<ref name="WHO2016Jan" /><ref name="ecdc1">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/factsheet-health-professionals/Pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx | title=Factsheet for health professionals | publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control | work=Zika virus infection | accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> Amatshwayo angafaka hlangana [[umgomani nehloko ebuhlungu]], [[amehlo|abovu]], [[i-arthralgia|ubuhlungu balapha kuhlangana khona amathambo]] ihloko esawula kabuhlungu, kanye [[neratjhi elumako]].<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name=Ann2016/><ref name="Musso14">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | url=https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)65391-X/fulltext | title=Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area | last=Musso | first=D. | last2=Nilles | first2=E.J. | last3=Cao-Lormeau | first3=V.-M. | journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection | year=2014 | volume=20 | issue=10 | pages=O595–6 | doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12707 | pmid=24909208}}</ref> Amatshwayo la abonala amalanga angaphasi kwalikhomba.<ref name=Ann2016/> Akhange bubange ukufa komuntu lokha nakasathoma ukubonakala.<ref name="ecdc1"/>Ubulwelwe lobu buhlotjaniswe[[ne-Guillain–Barré syndrom]] (GBS0.<ref name="ecdc1"/>  Umgomani weZika usabalaliseka nofana utheleleka ngokulunywa [[ngunompopoloza]] womhlobo ''[[i-Aedes]]'' okhethekileko.<ref name=Ann2016/>Ungatheleleka [[godu ngokuya emsemeni|ukuya emsemeni]] ukusuka endodeni ukuya kiloyo alala naye[[bese ubulwelwe lobu bungatheleleka ngokungenelana kweengaz]]i. <ref name=CDC2016>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last1=Oster|first1=Alexandra M.|last2=Russell|first2=Kate|last3=Stryker|first3=Jo Ellen|last4=Friedman|first4=Allison|last5=Kachur|first5=Rachel E.|last6=Petersen|first6=Emily E.|last7=Jamieson|first7=Denise J.|last8=Cohn|first8=Amanda C.|last9=Brooks|first9=John T.|title=Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=1 April 2016|volume=65|issue=12|pages=323–325|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e3|pmid = 27032078}}</ref><ref name=Ann2016/> Ukutheleleka kilabo abafazi abasidisi abazithweleko kungatheleleka nemntwaneni[[ngombana khekwahlotjaniswa]]nokufoloza ukuhlongakala kwabantwana bangakabelethwa [[kanye nokubelethwa kwabantwana abaneenhloko ezincani ngokungakajayeki]].<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name="ChanChoi2016">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | first1=Jasper F.W. | last1=Chan | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940504 | title=Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease | last2=Choi | first2=Garnet K.Y. | last3=Yip | first3=Cyril C.Y. | last4=Cheng | first4=Vincent C.C. | last5=Yuen | first5=Kwok-Yung | journal=Journal of Infection | year=2016 | issn=01634453 | doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011 | pmid=26940504 | display-authors=3}}</ref> Ukutholwa komrabho wobulwelwe lobu kwenziwa ngokuhlola igazi, umthondo, nofana amathe kuqalwe ubukhona bomgomani i-Zika[[RNA]] lokha umuntu nakagulako.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name=Ann2016/>  Ukukhandela ubulwelwe lobu kufaka hlangana ukwehlisa ukuba khona kwabonompopoloza abalumako eendaweni lapha badlange khona kanye nokusebenzisa ikhpndomu nawuya emsemeni.<ref name="Ann2016">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | first1=Lin H. | last1=Chen | url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M16-0150?articleid=2486362 | title=Zika Virus: Rapid Spread in the Western Hemisphere | last2=Hamer | first2=Davidson H. | journal=Annals of Internal Medicine | year=2016 | issn=0003-4819 | doi=10.7326/M16-0150}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016/> Imizamo yokwehlisa ukulunywa kufaka hlangana[[nokusebenzisa iinhlanhla ezibulala iinunwana]] ukuvala umzimba wakho ngezambatho[[ iinhlanhla ezibulala abonompopoloza]], nokususa amazni ajamileko angakhambiko lapha abonompopoloza bangathola khona ithuba lokwanda.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/> Aasikho isihlahla[[nofana imijovo esebenza ukulapha ubulwelobu]].<ref name=Ann2016/> Abasebezi bezamaphilo banyule ukuthi abafazi abahlala lapho kudlange khona ubulwelwe bomgomani weZika[[bomgomani weZika (2015–bekube nje)|2015-16 ukuqubuka kobulwelwe bomgomani iZika]] bathathe isiqunto sokobana bangabi nabantwana begodu abafazi abasidisi bangayi eendaweni lapaha kudlange ubulwelwe lobu.<ref name=Ann2016/><ref name="cnn1">{{Wp/nd/cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/23/health/brazil-zika-pregnancy-warning/index.html | title=Brazil warns against pregnancy due to spreading virus | work=CNN | date=24 December 2015 | accessdate=24 December 2015}}</ref> Njengombana akunasihlahla sokulapha ubulwelwe lobu,[[ amapeli wehlono neenhlungu i-paracetamol]]i- (acetaminophen) zingasiza lokha nawubona amatshwayo wobulwelobu.<ref name=Ann2016/> Ukuyokungeniswa esibhedlela akukavami.<ref name="ecdc1"/>  Umulwana obanga ubulwelwe lobu watholakala ngo-1947.<ref name="OlsonHaddow2012">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | display-authors=3 | first1=Ken E. | first10=Scott C. | first3=Amy J. | first7=Rekol | last1=Olson | last10=Weaver | title=Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage | last2=Haddow | first2=Andrew D. | last3=Schuh | last4=Yasuda | first4=Chadwick Y. | last5=Kasper | first5=Matthew R. | last6=Heang | first6=Vireak | last7=Huy | last8=Guzman | first8=Hilda | last9=Tesh | first9=Robert B. | journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases | year=2012 | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=e1477 | issn=1935-2735 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477 | pmid=22389730 | pmc=3289602}}</ref> Ukutholaka kokuthoma kokuqubuka kobulwelwe lobu kwavela ngo-2007 [[e-Federated States ye- Micronesia]].<ref name=Ann2016/> {{Ukusukela|ngoTjhirhweni 2016}}ubulwelwe lobu buqubuke eengodini ezimatjhumi amabili[[nge-Amerikha]].<ref name=Ann2016/> Kuthiwa buqubuke ne-Afrika, e-Asia kanye ne-Pacific.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/> Ngesibanga sokuqubuka kwabo ubulwelobu eBrazil ngo2015,i[[World Health Oeganization]]iikhiphe umbiko orhabako[[ngobungozi obukhna Emphakathini keZamaphilo eenTjhabatjhabeni zoke]] ngenyaka kaMhlolanja 2016.<ref name="who1">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-of-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr%c3%a9-syndrome | title=WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome | work=Media Centre | publisher=World Health Organization | date=1 February 2016 | accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> ==Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Wp/nd]] 1o3zfngwyun5s7x6cvvj3bk24elyj85 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Cite web 10 369 1932 1931 2024-11-18T17:41:39Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_web]] 1930 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Wp/nd/citation/core |Citation class=web |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{work|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{ #if:{{{title|}}} |{{{title}}} |{{ #if:{{{trans_title|}}} | |{{Wp/nd/citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}}|no <code>|title=</code> specified|Cite web}} }} }} |TransTitle={{{trans_title|}}} |TitleType={{{type|}}} |language={{{language|}}} |IncludedWorkURL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}} }} |Series={{{agency|{{{series|{{{version|}}}}}}}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessed|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> bjsb615ql985sygaax80s7qj5x5djgl Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Citation/make link 10 370 1937 1936 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/make_link]] 1935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}} |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] |{{{2}}} }}<noinclude>{{Wp/nd/documentation}}</noinclude> mcbs5fp13thk0tzk08yrklk3t52fduu Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Hide in print 10 371 1941 1940 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Hide_in_print]] 1938 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} [[Category:Exclude in print|!]] </noinclude> n89rkczygz5ru78bpy93ybg7cii2h12 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Citation/identifier 10 372 1947 1946 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 5 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/identifier]] 1945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{identifier}}} |arxiv={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/arXiv|arXiv]]:[http://arxiv.org/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |arXiv:{{{input1|}}} }} |asin={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] [//www.amazon.{{#switch: {{{input2|}}} |ca=ca |cn=cn |de=de |ed=es |fr=fr |it=it |jp=co.jp |co.jp=co.jp |uk=co.uk |co.uk=co.uk |#default=com }}/dp/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |ASIN {{{input1|}}} }} |bibcode={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Bibcode|Bibcode]] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |Bibcode {{{input1|}}} }} |doi={{Wp/nd/hide in print |{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{input1|}}}|3}}|10. |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} |[[Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since {{#time: Y | {{{input2|}}} }}]] | }} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://dx.doi.org/{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }} |{{citation error|nocat={{{input3|}}}|cat=Pages with DOI errors|Bad DOI specified}} }} }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |doi:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) |doi:{{{input1|}}} }} }} |isbn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/{{{input1|}}}|{{{input1|}}}]]{{ #if: {{{input1|}}} |{{#invoke:Wp/nd/check isxn|check_isbn|{{{input1}}}|error=<span class="error" style="font-size:88%">Check ISBN</span>{{main other|[[Category:Pages with ISBN errors]]}}}} }} }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |ISBN {{{input1|}}} }} |issn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [//www.worldcat.org/issn/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |ISSN {{{input1|}}} }} |jfm={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik|JFM]] [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |JFM {{{input1|}}} }} |jstor={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/JSTOR|JSTOR]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |JSTOR {{{input1|}}} }} |lccn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] [http://lccn.loc.gov/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |LCCN {{{input1|}}} }} |mr={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Mathematical Reviews|MR]] [http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |MR{{{input1|}}} }} |oclc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/OCLC|OCLC]] [//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |OCLC {{{input1|}}} }} |ol={{Wp/nd/hide in print |1={{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|A}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|M}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/books/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|W}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/works/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with OL errors]]<span class="error">Error: Bad OL specified!</span></includeonly> }} }} }} }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |1=OL{{{id|{{{1}}}}}} }} |osti={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Office of Scientific and Technical Information|OSTI]] [http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |OSTI {{{input1|}}} }} |pmc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/PubMed Central|PMC]] [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |PMC {{{input1|}}} }} |pmid={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/PubMed Identifier|PMID]] [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |PMID {{{input1|}}} }} |rfc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Request for Comments|RFC]] [//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |RFC {{{input1|}}} }} |ssrn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Social Science Research Network|SSRN]] [http://ssrn.com/abstract{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |SSRN {{{input1|}}} }} |zbl={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Zentralblatt MATH|Zbl]] [http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}{{Wp/nd/only in print |Zbl {{{input1|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> dzu93ablu6efif7kqhobb0cs18sn9bd Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Only in print 10 373 1952 1951 2024-11-18T17:41:41Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Only_in_print]] 1950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{hide in print|1}}||{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> 7lmsepzqkn5qfyjc12798ltcp5hwb74 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Citation/core 10 374 1958 1957 2024-11-18T17:41:41Z Amire80 78 5 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/core]] 1955 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="citation {{{Wp/nd/citation class|{{{Wp/nd/citation type|}}}}}}" {{ #switch:{{{Ref|}}} ||none = |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}" |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}} |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}} }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}" }} }}>{{  #if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }} |{{{AuthorMask}}} |{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=—}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given1}}} }}]] |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given1}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<2 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }} |  |{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given2}}} }}]] |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<3 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given3}}} }}]] |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname4|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<4 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given4}}} }}]] |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given4}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname5|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<5 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given5}}} }}]] |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given5}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname6|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<6 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname7|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given6}}} }}]] |{{{Surname6}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given6}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname7|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<7 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname8|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given7}}} }}]] |{{{Surname7}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given7}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname8|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<8 | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname9|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given8}}} }}]] |{{{Surname8}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given8}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname9|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Coauthors|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}{{{Coauthors|}}}| }}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} | ({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} | ({{{Date}}}){{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||{{#if:{{{TransItalic|}}}||{{{TransTitle|}}}}}}} |{{ #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}  }}{{Wp/nd/citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2={{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |''<nowiki />{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}<nowiki />'' |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |  }}[{{{TransTitle}}}] }}" }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Place|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} written at {{{Place}}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|.|I|i}}n  }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|; }}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}} |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}} |;  |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}| & |{{{AuthorSep|; }}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}} |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}} | et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} | |{{{Sep|,}}} ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.||.}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{Wp/nd/citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2="{{{Title}}}{{ #if: {{{TransTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}} |  }}[{{{TransTitle}}}] }}" }}{{ #if: {{{TitleNote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{TitleNote}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{language|}}} | (in {{{language}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{format|}}} | ({{{format}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{ #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}  }}''<nowiki />{{{Periodical}}}<nowiki />''{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} | ({{{PublicationPlace}}}<nowiki>: </nowiki>{{{Publisher}}}) | ({{{PublicationPlace}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} | ({{{Publisher}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} | {{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}|'''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />'''|{{{Volume}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} | ({{{Issue}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} | ({{{Issue}}}) }} }}{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |<nowiki>: </nowiki> {{{At}}} }} |{{  #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} }} {{Wp/nd/citation/make link | 1={{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} |{{ #if: {{{URL|}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }} | 2=''<nowiki />{{{Title|}}}{{ #if:{{{TransItalic|}}}| [{{{TransItalic}}}] }}<nowiki />'' }} }}{{ #if: {{{TitleType|}}} | ({{{TitleType}}}) }}{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Series}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} '''<nowiki />{{{Volume}}}<nowiki />''' }}{{ #if: {{{Other|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Other|}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Edition|}}} | ({{{Edition}}} ed.) }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationPlace}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |<nowiki>:</nowiki> |{{{Sep|,}}} }} {{{Publisher}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Date}}}{{ #if:{{{YearNote|}}} | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PublicationDate|}}} |{{ #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}} | (published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} |{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}} | (published {{{PublicationDate}}}) }} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{Periodical|}}} | |{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{At}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ARXIV|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=arxiv |input1={{{ARXIV|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ASIN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=asin |input1={{{ASIN|}}} |input2={{{ASIN-TLD|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=bibcode |input1={{{BIBCODE|}}} }} }}{{  #if:{{{DOI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=doi |input1={{{DOI|}}} |input2={{{DoiBroken|}}} |input3={{{template doc demo|}}}}} }}{{  #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=isbn |input1={{{ISBN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=issn |input1={{{ISSN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{JFM|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=jfm |input1={{{JFM|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{MR|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=oclc |input1={{{OCLC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=ol |input1={{{OL|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PMC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=pmc |input1={{{PMC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{PMID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{RFC|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=rfc|input1={{{RFC|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=ssrn |input1={{{SSRN|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{Wp/nd/citation/identifier |identifier=zbl |input1={{{ZBL|}}} }} }}{{  #if: {{{ID|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{ID}}} }}{{  #if: {{{Archive|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Archive}}}[[Category:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]] |{{ #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}} | {{{Sep|,}}} {{#ifeq: {{{DeadURL|}}} | no | {{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}} |{{Wp/nd/citation/make link|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived}} from the original |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived }} | {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}| from {{Wp/nd/citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}} }} }}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}| on {{{ArchiveDate}}}}}{{ #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}} |. {{Wp/nd/citation error|nocat={{{template doc demo|}}} |If you specify <code>|{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}=</code>{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}|| and <code>|deadurl=no</code>}}}}, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify <code>|{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}=</code>| {{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|also|first}} specify <code>|url=</code>}}}} }} }} }}{{  #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{DeadURL|}}}|no|{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|}} |{{ #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}} |<span class="printonly">{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }}</span> |{{{Sep|,}}} {{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}} |{{{URL}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{AccessDate|}}} | <span class="reference-accessdate">{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|}}}|,|, r|. R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}</span> }} }}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}| – ''<nowiki />{{{laysource}}}<nowiki />''}} }}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}} |  ({{{laydate}}}) }}{{#if:{{{quote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}} "{{{quote}}}" }}{{{PS|}}}</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:}}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}}&rft.jtitle={{urlencode:{{{Periodical|}}}}} |book{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}}}&rft.atitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}} |&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |&rft.aulast={{urlencode:{{{Surname1}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |&rft.aufirst={{urlencode:{{{Given1}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname1}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given1}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname2}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given2}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname3}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given3}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname4}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given4}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname5}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given5|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given5}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname6}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given6|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given6}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname7|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname7}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given7|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given7}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname8|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname8}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given8|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given8}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname9|}}} |&rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname9}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given9|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|, }}}{{{Given9}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Date|}}} |&rft.date={{urlencode:{{{Date}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Series|}}} |&rft.series={{urlencode:{{{Series}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Volume|}}} |&rft.volume={{urlencode:{{{Volume}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&rft.issue={{urlencode:{{{Issue}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{At|}}} |&rft.pages={{urlencode:{{{At}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Edition|}}} |&rft.edition={{urlencode:{{{Edition}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}}{{{Place|}}} |&rft.place={{urlencode:{{{PublicationPlace|{{{Place}}}}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&rft.pub={{urlencode:{{{Publisher}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ARXIV|}}} |&rft_id=info:arxiv/{{urlencode:{{{ARXIV}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ASIN|}}} |&rft_id=info:asin/{{urlencode:{{{ASIN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{BIBCODE|}}} |&rft_id=info:bibcode/{{urlencode:{{{BIBCODE}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{DOI|}}} |&rft_id=info:doi/{{urlencode:{{{DOI}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |&rft.isbn={{urlencode:{{{ISBN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |&rft.issn={{urlencode:{{{ISSN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{JFM|}}} |&rft.jfm={{urlencode:{{{JFM}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |&rft.jstor={{urlencode:{{{JSTOR}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |&rft.lccn={{urlencode:{{{LCCN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |&rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OL|}}} |&rft_id=info:olnum/{{urlencode:{{{OL}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |&rft_id=info:osti/{{urlencode:{{{OSTI}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{MR|}}} |&rft.mr={{urlencode:{{{MR}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PMC|}}} |&rft_id=info:pmc/{{urlencode:{{{PMC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PMID|}}} |&rft_id=info:pmid/{{urlencode:{{{PMID}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{RFC|}}} |&rft_id=info:rfc/{{urlencode:{{{RFC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |&rft_id=info:ssrn/{{urlencode:{{{SSRN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |&rft_id=info:zbl/{{urlencode:{{{ZBL}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |&rft_id={{urlencode:{{{URL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}}} }}&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> lljtlmvlwoi6tf7rxtyyu41h7rxfu9q Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Str left 10 375 1976 1975 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 17 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Str_left]] 1974 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> i87f9fd5zu12vbrsxzfd7491aopjrjn Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Cite journal 10 376 1980 1979 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_journal]] 1979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Citation/core |Citation class=Journal |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{{chapter|{{{contribution|}}}}}} |TitleType={{{type|}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}} }} |{{#if:{{{url|}}} |{{{url}}} |{{#if:{{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} > {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }} |{{Wp/nd/hide in print|1=//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC{{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}}/}} }} }} }} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |Periodical={{{work|{{{journal|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{periodical|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Issue={{{issue|{{{number|}}}}}} |TitleNote={{{department|}}} |At={{#if: {{{journal|{{{periodical|{{{magazine|{{{work|}}}}}}}}}}}} |{{{page|{{{pages|{{{at|}}}}}}}}} |{{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}} }} }} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{series|{{{version|}}}}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> m8mknkhq41rx44lgnkqy1ae44mu9kyg Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Cite news 10 377 1983 1982 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_news]] 1981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/citation/core |Citation class=news |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{#if:{{{journal|{{{periodical|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{work|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{title|}}}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{#if:{{{work|{{{journal|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{periodical|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}||{{{title|}}}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |Periodical={{{work|{{{journal|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{periodical|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Issue={{{issue|{{{number|}}}}}} |TitleNote={{{department|}}} |At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{agency|}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> 3hvod94ipl25icm05e6tnyvuyi6gr4k Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/ICD10 10 378 1986 1985 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/ICD10]] 1985 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|.{{{3}}}}} {{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|.{{{3}}}}}]<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}}  </noinclude> 4cyn4xqx1ygkdmyr9ww4lc6r5yr4fn0 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/ICD9 10 379 1989 1988 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/ICD9]] 1988 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9={{{1}}} {{{1}}}]<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> dl3k7t2u3h300d9r02go34wwj7l945x Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Infobox disease 10 380 1993 1992 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Infobox_disease]] 1992 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="toc" style="float:right;width:18em;padding:0.5em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <table style="width:100%;"> <tr><th colspan="2"><big>{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big></th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">''Ukuhlukaniswa kweengaba neentlabagelo zangaphandle''</td></tr> {{#if:{{{image|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">[[File:{{{image|}}}{{{Image|}}}|200px|center|{{{caption|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]] <small>{{{caption|}}}{{{Caption|}}}</small></td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{ICD10|}}}|<tr><td>'''ICD/CIM-10'''</td><td>{{{ICD10|}}} {{{ICD10}}}{{#if:{{{ICD10-2|}}}|{{{ICD10-2|}}} {{{ICD10-2}}}|}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{ICD9|}}}|<tr><td>'''ICD/CIM-9'''</td><td>{{{ICD9|}}} {{{ICD9}}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{OMIM|}}}|<tr><td>'''OMIM'''</td><td>[http://omim.org/entry/{{{OMIM|}}} {{{OMIM}}}]</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{DiseasesDB|}}}|<tr><td>'''DiseasesDB'''</td><td>[http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb{{{DiseasesDB|}}}.htm {{{DiseasesDB}}}]{{#if:{{{DiseasesDB-2|}}}|, [http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb{{{DiseasesDB-2|}}}.htm {{{DiseasesDB-2}}}]|}}</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|<tr><td>'''MedlinePlus'''</td><td>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/{{{MedlinePlus|}}}.htm {{{MedlinePlus}}}]</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|<tr><td>'''eMedicine'''</td><td>''<Placeholder>''</td></tr>|}}{{#if:{{{MeSH|}}}|<tr><td>'''MeSH'''</td><td>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&term={{{MeSH}}} {{{MeSH}}}]</td></tr>|}} </table> </div><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> mxg0lec0jtispocql4mk0e9oxwqrrkb Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/citation/core 10 381 1995 1994 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/core]] 1994 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/core]] jiwuybg3qx2jw6eprcimt0to54dpswk Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/citation/identifier 10 382 1997 1996 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/identifier]] 1996 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/identifier]] o55izzodrv739uae2hig6l6zikkui9o Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/citation/make link 10 383 1999 1998 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/make_link]] 1998 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/make link]] tqo9u94gwz7obupmcqkvsube5cpsad4 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/cite journal 10 384 2001 2000 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_journal]] 2000 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite journal]] bw3infye9qlstu5nxfj3n9vsxz293t0 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/cite news 10 385 2003 2002 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_news]] 2002 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite news]] 1sdssmhv37qsqxbfdt5j1pnds38siea Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/cite web 10 386 2005 2004 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_web]] 2004 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite web]] ha4vo824jqzaj1jcqj2jrlxbe8l17oj Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/hide in print 10 387 2007 2006 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/hide_in_print]] 2006 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Hide in print]] m8qsglnuhwjx4s186knwywt3r3whq45 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/only in print 10 388 2009 2008 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/only_in_print]] 2008 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Only in print]] e8r4tw75x1v1eezlazt2kf694o57ye9 Wp/nd/Umgomani weZika 0 389 2011 2024-11-18T17:42:26Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Umgomani weZika]] to [[Umgomani weZika]] 2011 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umgomani weZika]] kfpx14kaef5udior8bsxe44pmuyl36w Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale 0 390 2188 2031 2024-11-28T20:00:33Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini */Reflist 2188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale | image = Onchocerca volvulus emerging from a black fly.jpg | caption = Umuntu omdala[[uSimulium yahense|ipukani ekulu enzima]]kanye netsikizi''[[i-Onchocerca volvulus]]''ziphuma ngaphakathi kwendletjana yenunwanwa, ikhulisiwe 100x | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒ|ŋ|k|oʊ|s|ɜr|ˈ|s|aɪ|ə|s|ɨ|s|,_|-|ˈ|k|aɪ|-}} | DiseasesDB = 9218 | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|73||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|125.3}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1667 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|oph|709}} | MeshID = D009855 }}  '''Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale''', obaziwa ngokuthi''' bulwelwe obuphophalisako bemlanjeni''' begodu'''yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Robles disease''', bulwelwe obubangwa kutheleleka okulethwa [[yitsikizi esasibungwana]] ''[[i-Onchocerca volvulus]]''.<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Onchocerciasis Fact sheet N°374|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Amatshwayo wobulwelwe lobu afaka hlangana nokulunywa okudluleleko esikhunjeni, kanye[[nokuphophala]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Lobu ubulwelwe busebujameni besibili emalwelweni abanga ukuphophala, ngemva[[kwetrachoma]].<ref name=CDC2013/>  Itsikizi esasibungwana le ingena esikhumbeni itheleleke[[ngokulunywa yipukani ekulu enzima]]efana''[[ne-Simulium]]'' umhlobo wempukani.<ref name=WHO2014/> Esikhathini esinengi umuntu kufanele alunywe kanengi ngaphambi kobana angatheleleka ngobulwelwe lobu.<ref name=CDCEpi2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Parasites – Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Epidemiology & Risk Factors|url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/epi.html|work=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Iimpukani lezi ezikulu ezinzima zihlala hlanu komlambo, ngikho negama lobulwelwe lobu kuthiwa ybulwelwe obuphophalisako bemlanjeni.<ref name=CDC2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) |work=Parasites |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/|publisher=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Nazingena ngaphakathi emuntwini, imbungwanyana lezi zenza[[indlela yazo eyenza isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa]]ezizokungena ngazo esikhunjeni phakathi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Bese nasele zingene zanzinza nazo ziyakwazi bona zithelele ipukani ezokuluma esikhunjeni somuntu loyo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kuneendlela ezimbalwa ezingasetjenziswa ukuthola umrabho wobulwelwe: ukubeka[[ umtjhini i-biopsy phezu kwesikhumba]] ekhemikhalini esamanzana [[isaline]] bese ucala isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa nasiphumako, bese ucala ilihlo lesibungwana lesi, bese godu utjheja ingongoma engaphakathi kwesikhumba uqale iimbungu ezikulu.<ref name=CDCDiag2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Diagnosis |publisher=CDC |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/diagnosis.html |work=Parasites |accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>  U[[ mjovo]] olwisana nobulwelwe lobu awutholakali awukho.<ref name=WHO2014/> Umuntu angazivikela ngokukhandela ukulunywa ziimpukani lezi ezikulu.<ref name=CDCPre2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Prevention & Control |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/prevent.html|work=Parasites |publisher=CDC |accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Lokhu kungafaka hlangana ukusebenzisa[[isihlahla sokuvikela ukulunywa ziinunwana]] kanye nokwembatha kuhle.<ref name=CDCPre2013/> Eminye imizamo kungaba kukuthi uthele ispreyi esisihlahla sokubulala[[iinunwanwa eziphaphak]]o.<ref name=WHO2014/> Imizamo yokuphungula ubulwelwe lobu ngokulatjhwa kweenqhema zabantu kuyenzeka kabili ngomnyaka eendaweni ezinengi ephasini zombelele.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukulatjhwa kwalabo abathelelekileko kusetjenziswa iinhlahla[[i-ivermecticin]]qobe iinyanga esisithandathu ukuya kezilitjhumu nambili.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Murray2013/> Isihlahla sokulapha lesi sibulala isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa ingasi isibungu esikhulu.<ref name=Yellow2012>{{Wp/nd/cite book|last=Brunette|first=Gary W.|title=CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012 : The Yellow Book |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199830367 |page=258 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5vCQpr1WTS8C&pg=PA258 }}</ref> ihlahla[[idoxycycline]], yona ibulala[[ umulwana i-endosymbiont]]ebizwa''[[nge-Wolbachia]]'', isebenza ukubulala amandla wesibungu lesi, nayo iyakhuthazwa bona isetjenziswe.<ref name=Yellow2012/> Ukususwa kwamalunda ngaphakathi kwesikumba nakho kungenziwa ngokobana umuntu ahlinzwe.<ref name=Murray2013>{{Wp/nd/cite book |last=Murray |first=Patrick |title=Medical microbiology |year=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780323086929 |page=792|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&pg=PA792 |edition=7th}}</ref>  Isibalo esibalelwa ku17 ukuya kuma-25 weengidigidi, ababanjwe nofana abatheleleko bulwelwe bokuphophala bemlanjeni, ababalelwa eengidigidini ezi-0.8 inengi labo alisaboni ngamehlo seliphophele.<ref name=CDCEpi2013/><ref name=Yellow2012/> Ukutheleleka okuneng kobulwelwe lobu[[kwenzeka khulu esiyingini-seSahara ye-Africa]], nanyana imibiko yezehlakalo ezinye ivele[[enarheni i-Yemen]] nakenzinye iindawo ezizijameleko[[ eKabeni|ye-Amerikha]] kanye[[ne-Sewula ye-Amerikha]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ngo-1915, udorhodere[[uRodolfo Robles]] waqathanisa kokuthoma ubulwelwe lobu nesifo samehlo.<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite book |editor1=Eldridge, Bruce F. |editor2=Edman, John D. |editor3= Edman, J. |title=Medical entomology |year=2004 |publisher=Kluwer Academic |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9781402017940|page=301 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=C7OxOqTKYS8C&pg=PA301 |edition=Revised |author1=Lok, James B. |author2=Walker, Edward D. |author3=Scoles, Glen A. |chapter=9. Filariasis}}</ref> Kuveziwe erhelweni[[le-World Health Organization]] njengesifo[[ esizijamele sodwa emangweni yethrophigi]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite journal |author=Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA |title=Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=16 |pages=1911–24 |date=October 2007 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.16.1911 |pmid=17954542 |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.298.16.1911}}</ref> == isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wp/nd]] frzfrg98lqy5xp4nbotoj1352e5ktpp Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/Cite book 10 391 2023 2022 2024-11-18T17:45:27Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_book]] 2021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Citation/core |Citation class=book |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} |Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}} |Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}} |Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}} |Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}} |Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}} |Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}} |Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}} |Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}} |Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}} |Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}} |Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}} |Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}} |Other={{{others|}}} |Year={{{year|{{  #if: {{{date|}}} |{{ #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}} |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }} }} |{{{publication-date|}}}  }} }}} |YearNote={{{origyear|}}} |Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}} |Title={{{title|}}} |TransTitle={{{trans_chapter|}}} |TransItalic={{{trans_title|}}} |IncludedWorkTitle={{{chapter|{{{contribution|{{{section|}}}}}}}}} |TitleType={{{type|}}} |language={{{language|}}} |URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}} |{{{url|}}} }} |IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|{{{sectionurl|}}}}}}}}}}}} |AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}} |OriginalURL={{{url|}}} |ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}} |ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}} |DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}} |format={{{format|}}} |At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p. }}{{{page}}} |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp. }}{{{pages}}} |{{{at|}}}}} }} |Edition={{{edition|}}} |Series={{{series|{{{version|}}}}}} |Volume={{{volume|}}} |Publisher={{{publisher|}}} |Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}} |PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}} |PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}} |EditorSurname1={{{editor-last|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor|{{{editors|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-surname|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorSurname2={{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname3={{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}} |EditorSurname4={{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}} |EditorGiven1={{{editor-first|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}} |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}} |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}} |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}} |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}} |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}} |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}} |ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}} |ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}} |ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}} |BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}} |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}} |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}} |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}} |ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}} |JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}} |JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}} |LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}} |MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}} |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}} |OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}} |OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}} |PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}} |PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}} |RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}} |SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}} |ZBL={{{zbl|}}} |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}} |laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|;|{{{author-separator|;}}}}}  |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}  |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> i816erhyx4p1myken2gpchpr7g722k1 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nd/cite book 10 392 2025 2024 2024-11-18T17:45:27Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_book]] 2024 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite book]] p0gba65pur2ui2t6e757om21qs5au0v Module:Wp/nd/check isxn 828 393 2030 2029 2024-11-18T17:45:28Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Module:Wp/nd/check_isxn]] 2026 Scribunto text/plain -- This template is a copy of the ISXN validation code from [[Module:Citation/CS1]] -- which allows for validating ISBN, ISMN, and ISSN without invoking a citation template local p = {} --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N >----------------------------------------------------- ISBN-10 and ISSN validator code calculates checksum across all isbn/issn digits including the check digit. ISBN-13 is checked in check_isbn(). If the number is valid the result will be 0. Before calling this function, issbn/issn must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-isxn characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn (isxn_str, len) local temp = 0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, len) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39, 'X' → 0x58 len = len+1; -- adjust to be a loop counter for i, v in ipairs( isxn_str ) do -- loop through all of the bytes and calculate the checksum if v == string.byte( "X" ) then -- if checkdigit is X (compares the byte value of 'X' which is 0x58) temp = temp + 10*( len - i ); -- it represents 10 decimal else temp = temp + tonumber( string.char(v) )*(len-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; -- returns true if calculation result is zero end --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N _ 1 3 >---------------------------------------------- ISBN-13 and ISMN validator code calculates checksum across all 13 isbn/ismn digits including the check digit. If the number is valid, the result will be 0. Before calling this function, isbn-13/ismn must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-isxn-13 characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn_13 (isxn_str) local temp=0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, 13) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39 for i, v in ipairs( isxn_str ) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber( string.char(v) ); -- multiply odd index digits by 1, even index digits by 3 and sum; includes check digit end return temp % 10 == 0; -- sum modulo 10 is zero when isbn-13/ismn is correct end --[[Wp/nd/--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S B N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISBN string is valid |--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S B N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISBN string is valid ]] local function check_isbn( isbn_str, error_string ) if nil ~= isbn_str:match("[^%s-0-9X]") then -- fail if isbn_str contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X return error_string; end isbn_str = isbn_str:gsub( "-", "" ):gsub( " ", "" ); -- remove hyphens and spaces local len = isbn_str:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return error_string; end if len == 10 then if isbn_str:match( "^%d*X?$" ) == nil then return error_string; end return is_valid_isxn(isbn_str, 10) and '' or error_string; else local temp = 0; if isbn_str:match( "^97[89]%d*$" ) == nil then -- isbn13 begins with 978 or 979; ismn begins with 979 return error_string; end return is_valid_isxn_13 (isbn_str) and '' or error_string; end end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S M N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISMN string is valid. Similar to isbn-13, ismn is 13 digits begining 979-0-... and uses the same check digit calculations. See http://www.ismn-international.org/download/Web_ISMN_Users_Manual_2008-6.pdf section 2, pages 9–12. ]] local function check_ismn (id, error_string) local text; local valid_ismn = true; id=id:gsub( "[%s-–]", "" ); -- strip spaces, hyphens, and endashes from the ismn if 13 ~= id:len() or id:match( "^9790%d*$" ) == nil then -- ismn must be 13 digits and begin 9790 valid_ismn = false; else valid_ismn=is_valid_isxn_13 (id); -- validate ismn end return valid_ismn and '' or error_string end --[[--------------------------< I S S N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Validate and format an issn. This code fixes the case where an editor has included an ISSN in the citation but has separated the two groups of four digits with a space. When that condition occurred, the resulting link looked like this: |issn=0819 4327 gives: [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0819 4327 0819 4327] -- can't have spaces in an external link This code now prevents that by inserting a hyphen at the issn midpoint. It also validates the issn for length and makes sure that the checkdigit agrees with the calculated value. Incorrect length (8 digits), characters other than 0-9 and X, or checkdigit / calculated value mismatch will all cause a check issn error message. ]] local function check_issn(id, error_string) local issn_copy = id; -- save a copy of unadulterated issn; use this version for display if issn does not validate local text; local valid_issn = true; if not id:match ('^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%d[%dX]$') then return error_string; end id=id:gsub( "[%s-–]", "" ); -- strip spaces, hyphens, and endashes from the issn if 8 ~= id:len() or nil == id:match( "^%d*X?$" ) then -- validate the issn: 8 digits long, containing only 0-9 or X in the last position valid_issn=false; -- wrong length or improper character else valid_issn=is_valid_isxn(id, 8); -- validate issn end return valid_issn and '' or error_string end ------------------------------< E N T R Y P O I N T S >--------------------------------------------------==== function p.check_isbn(frame) return check_isbn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end function p.check_ismn(frame) return check_ismn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end function p.check_issn(frame) return check_issn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end return p 6c88bvpua73yn88d81dho9dnmja9yva Wp/nd/Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale 0 394 2032 2024-11-18T17:47:01Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] to [[Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] 2032 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] hax2jevz3ahmgyns12wczj4nzd40cyu Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi 0 395 2040 2039 2024-11-18T17:49:43Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] to [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 2038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi | image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | caption = Umsana oneminyaka eli-11[[ophethwe |kuqunjelwa kwamathumbu]]kanye[[nokuhlangahlangana komkhumbulo]]okubangwe sichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi (Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 }}</ref> | synonyms = ubulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi, umgomani womneke, ukuphathwa yihloko kwekatayama<ref name=NHS2011>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi''' eyaziwa godu bona yi-snail fevere '''umgomani womneke''' yi[[ubulwelwe |beenyokana eziyingozi]] obubangwa[[sibungu|esidla nanyana yini esihlangana nakho]][[isubungu esipataleleko]]esibizwa nangokuthi[[yi-schistosome]]. Imisipha [[yesinya]]nofana[[emathunjini]]zingatheleleka. Amatshwayo wokobana uphethwe bulwelwe lobu[[ uzwa ubuhlungu esinyeni]],[[ uyarhuda okungapheliko]],[[ amakaka aneengazi| ujanyelwe ziingazi]], nofana[[i-hematuria|igazi livela emthundweni]]. Labo abatheleleke ngobulwelwe lobu[[obuphikelela isikhathi| isikhathi eside]]bangaba [[nemiraro yokulimala kwesibindi]], [[ ukungasebenzi kweso]], [[ ukungabelethi]], nofana[[ ikankere yesinye]]. Ebantwaneni[[, ingabanga|ukungakhuli kuhle]]kanye[[ nokurholophala ngokufunda|ubudisi nakuza kezefundo]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref>  Ubulwelwe lobu butheleleka[[ngokuthinta nofana ukusela amanzi atsengekileko]]asele anazo iinyokanyokana lezi. Inyokanyoka ezidla emzibeni wenye into[[ziphuma eminekeni ehlala ngaphakathi kwamanzi atsengekileko]] Ubulwelwe lobu budlange khulu eenarheni ezisathuthukako ngombana abantwana bakhona ngibo abavame ukudla emanzini adungekileko. Abanye abantu abasengozini yokutheleleka baphathi bamaplasi, abathiyi beemfesi, kanye nabantu abasebenzisa amanzi angakahlwekeki ukuphila ngamalanga.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu buhlangana nesiqhema samalwelwe i[[helminthiasis|helminth ethelelanako]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Ukuthola umrabho wobulwelwe lobu kungenziwa ngokutjheja amaqanda wesilwane esiphila ngokudla ezinye iinlwana emthundweni nofana emakakeni womuntu. Begodu ingaqinisekiswa ngokuthola[[ama-antibodies ]]manqophana nobulwelwe lobu egazini lomuntu.<ref name=WHO2014/>  Iindlela zokukhandela ubulwelwe lobu kufaka hlangana ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlwengileko begodu nokunciphisa imineke etholakala emanzini. EEndaweni lapho ubulwelwe lobu budlange khona, imitjhoga nofana iinhlahla [[ezibizwa nge-praziquantel]]zinganikelwa kanye komnyaka esiqhemeni salabo abagulako kileyo ndawo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukwehlisa isibalo sabantu abatheleleke ngobulwelwe begodu nokwehlisa izinga lokusabalaliswa kobulwelwe lobu. I-Praziquantel ngenye yeenhlanhla ezinyulwe[[yi-World Health Organization-iHlangano yeePhasi yezamaPilo]] (WHO) kilabo esele kwaziwa bona bangenwe bulwelwe lobu.<ref name=WHO2014/>  Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi siphathe abantu ababalelwa eengidigidini ezima-210 wabantu iphasi zombelele ngomnayaka ka-2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Isibalo sabantu esibalelwa ku-12 000<ref name=Loz2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> ukufika ku 200,000 babulawa ngiso emnyakeni munye.<ref name=The2013>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Ubulwelwe lobu butholakala khulu e-Afrika, kanye ne-Asia ne Sewula ye-Amerikha.<ref name=WHO2014/> Pheze abantu abaziingidi ezima-700, eenarheni ezima-70, bahlala lapha ubulwelwe lobu budlange khona.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Eenarheni zethrophiki, isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi sibulwelwe obuza ngemva [[kwemalariya]] obuhlangana nezinye izifo ezibangwa ziinlwanyana eziphila ngokudla ezinye iinlwana ezibanga ukuwa konotho.<ref name="SCP">{{Wp/nd/cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008}}</ref> Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi[[ sifakwe erherhweni lamalwelwe wethropiki angakanakwa]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini.== <references /> [[Category:Wp/nd]] nrmggb7w3ezkh8rljrk8mrshl5jld1h Wp/nd/Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi 0 396 2041 2024-11-18T17:49:44Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] to [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 2041 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 98c4q6vrn0ub5jcw3h2sx2fq36gl5z7 ILitjhimanisi 0 397 3153 3140 2025-06-12T20:46:12Z 46.106.19.151 3153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana | image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | caption = Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni[[esandleni]]sesakhamuzi esihlala e-Amerikha | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}} | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} ''' iLitjhimanisi '''ungayibiza uthi'''yilitjhimanisi''', bulwelwe [[obubangwa]] silwanyana esincani [[esibizwa ngokuthi]]yi-phrotozowa ephila ngokuhlala kezinye iinlwana/abantu bona iphile [[itheleleka]] ngokulunywa [[mhlobo othize wengogwana]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu bungavela ngeendlela ezintathu: [[Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni| ukulunywa yingogwana esikhunjeni]] ukutheleleka esikhumbeni nomzimba woke, nofana[[ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi nasele busezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni -i-viserali ]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni benza umuntu avele isilonda sangaphakathi esikhunjeni, bese ukutheleleka esikhumbeni nomzimba woke kubonakala lokha sele itheleleka esikhumbeni yenze isilonda emlonyeni kanye nepumulweni, bese iLitjhimanisi nasele isezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni ibonakala ngesilonda esingendeni esiphathisa ihloko nomgomani, ibangela namasotja womzimba abe bovu, kanye nokuvuvukisa isibindi. <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/>  Kunemihlobohlobo ema-20 yeengogwana "zeLitjhimaniya" ezibamba abantu abaphilako<ref name=WHO2014/> Unobangela wobulwelwe lobu nobungozi babo bufaka hlangana ubuchaka, ukungadli ukudla okunepilo, ukususwa nokutjhiswa kwamahlathi, kanye nokuthutha kwabantu bayokuhlala emadorobhei khulu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Yoke imihlobo emithathu yobulwelwe lobu bungabonwa ngesilwanyana nofana ingogwana ephila ngezinye iinlwana kwaphela ngokusetjenziswa komtjhini onerhalasi okhulisa izinto ezincani zibe zikulu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukungezelela kilokho, ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi nasele busezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni -i-viserali bungabonwa kwaphela ngokuhlolwa kweengazi zaloyo othelelekileko.<ref name=Barrett2012/>  Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi bungavikelwa ngkuthi ulale ngaphakathi kwenedi yetende[[ ethelwe ngesihlahla sokuvikela iingogwan]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ezinye zeendlela zokuvikela kufaka hlangana nokufufuzela isifufuzeli sokuvikela ukulunywa ziingogwana ukwazi ukuzibulala kanye nokulatjhwa kwabantu abangenwe bulwelwe lobu kusese nesikhathi bungakasabalali umzimba woke.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukulatjhwa okutlhogekako kwenziwa nange kwaziwa bona ubulwelwe lobu buthalakele kiyiphi indawo, umhlobo "weLitjhiminiya" kanye nehlobo lengongwana engenileko.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ezinye zeenhlahla ezingalapha iLitjhimanisi nasele [https://www.pandaboyama.com.tr/ boyama] esezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni [[ kufaka hlangana i-liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name=Sun2013/> ihlanganiso le[[le-pentavalent antimonials]]kanye [[ne-}paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> and [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref>iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni, yi-paramomycin[[, i-fluconazole]], nofana[[i-pentamidine]] nayo ingasebenza kuhle ukulapha.<ref name=Min2007>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref>  Abantu ababalelwa eegigidini ezili-12 baphethwe bulwelwe lobu njenganje<ref name=Mag>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> eenrheni ezingaba ma-98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Kubikwa amacala ukufikelela iingidigidi ezi-2<ref name=Barrett2012/> bese kuthi hlangana nama-20 weekulungwana kanye nama-50 weenkuungana zokubhubha kwabantu ngomnyaka.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ukubalelwa ematjhumini ama-200  iingidigidi zabantu abahlala e-Asia,Afrika,iSewula neNgaphakathi le-Amerikha, isewula yeYurobhu bahlala eendaweni lapha ubulwelwe lobu bujayelekele khona.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> I[[hlangano yeZepilo yePhasi Zombelele-WHO]]iphulelwe iintengo eziyibhadala ukuthenga iinhlahla zokulapha ubulwelwe lobu<ref name=Barrett2012/> Ubulwelwe lobu bungatheleleka nakezinye iinlwana ezimbalwa, ukufaka[[iLitjhimanisisi |yezinja]] kanye [[naborodo besiganga]].<ref name=WHO2014/> == isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi == {{Wp/nr/Reflist|colwidth=25em}} [[Mkhakha:Wp/nd]] ceszp3e6ha6lnk4bmmm4mkbwv22c5tl Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Wp/nr/Reflist 10 398 2057 2056 2024-11-18T17:50:11Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nr/Reflist]] 2056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="references-small" {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}| style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; -webkit-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}};" | {{#if: {{{1|}}}| style="-moz-column-count:{{{1}}}; -webkit-column-count:{{{1}}}; column-count:{{{1}}};" }} }}> {{#tag:references||group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude>{{Wp/nr/pp-template|small=yes}} [[br:Patrom:Reflist]] [[he:תבנית:Reflist]] [[pt:Predefinição:Reflist]] </noinclude> pg17ayrtf0rv6frsevxjc8t76d2qgb9 Wp/nd/ILitjhimanisi 0 399 2059 2024-11-18T17:50:21Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/ILitjhimanisi]] to [[ILitjhimanisi]] 2059 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ILitjhimanisi]] qak6e9wjeko57ozyfbydfv802mnpqnr Zambia 0 400 2110 2062 2024-11-25T09:52:41Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Zambia''', ngokusemthethwen'''i iRiphabhliki ye-Zambia,''' lilizwe elinganamanzi elihlangana ne-Central, Southern kanye ne-East Africa. Ngokuvamileko kutjho ukuba se-Afrika eSewula-Phakathi nofana e-Afrika eseSewula. Inomngcele ngetlhagwini yi-[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Tanzania|i-Tanzania]] ngetlhagwini-mpumalanga, i-Malawi ngepumalanga, i-Mozambique ngesewulapumalanga, i-Zimbabwe ne-[[Botswana]] ngesewula, i-[[Namibia]] ngesewula-tjingalanga, kanye ne-Angola ngetjingalanga. Idorobha elikhulu le-Zambia yi-[[Lusaka]], elise-Zambia esewula-maphakathi. Inani labantu lihlala khulu e-Lusaka ngesewula kanye ne-Copperbelt Province ngetlhagwini, amaziko wezomnotho welizwe.<ref>https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=186898584</ref><ref>https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/93b5df1b-6616-4aa6-9677-5dda35d79931</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 4gbdg66pk45igajh6pbzraug9zabkoh Senegal 0 401 2138 2071 2024-11-25T18:29:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Senegal''', ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhliki ye-Senegal''', yinarha engeTjingalanga khulu eTjingalanga ye-Afrika, etholakala eligwini le-Atlantic Ocean. I-Senegal inomngcele nge-Mauritania ngetlhagwini, i-Mali ngepumalanga, [[i-Guinea]] ngesewulapumalanga kanye ne-[[Guinea-Bissau]] ngesewula-ntshonalanga.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003421740-28/senegal-mamadou-bara-gu%C3%A8ye-richard-ketley-john-nelson</ref> I-Senegal ipheze ibhode [[i-Gambia]], inarha ehlala indawo encani eceleni komlambo i-Gambia, ehlukanisa isifunda se-Senegal esewula se-Casamance nenarha yoke.I-Senegal nayo inomngcele welwandle ne[[-Cape Verde]]. Ikomkhulu lezomnotho nezepolotiki le-Senegal yi-Dakar.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/senegal/33F8E881C8D456582B7B983940D27560</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-05722-0_41</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 3xcn8qdsmc4u25o90zk5jxn20i6rw5i Lionel Messi 0 402 3137 2948 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:197.103.129.107|197.103.129.107]] 2670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Symbol support vote.svg|right|frameless|23x23px]]{{Person|ibizo=ULionel Messi|ubelethwe ngo=Juni 24, 1987|umsebenzi=Umgijimi webhola (soccer)|indawo yo kubelethwa=Rosario, e-Argentina|isithombe=Lionel-Messi-Argentina-2022-FIFA-World-Cup (cropped).jpg}}'''ULionel Messi''' (''wabelethwa ngoJuni 24, 1987, eRosario, e-Argentina'') ngumdlali webhola owazalelwa e-[[Argentina]] ozuze amarekhodi angu-8 kumaBallon d'Or njengomdlali ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Ngo-2022, wasiza i-Argentina ukunqoba iNdebe Yomhlaba yeFédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).<ref name=":0">Lisi, C., ''[[iarchive:historyofworldcu0000lisi_v7i5|«]]''[[iarchive:historyofworldcu0000lisi_v7i5|History of the World Cup: 1930–2010»]], ''Scarecrow Press'', 2011</ref><ref name=":1">Balagué, G., [[iarchive:messibiography0000bala|«Messi»]]. ''Orion Books,'' 2013</ref><ref name=":2">Tomkins, P., «Above Us Only Sky: Liverpool FC's Global Revolution», ''Anchor Print Group'', 2007</ref><ref name=":3">Hunter, G., «Barça: The Making of the Greatest Team in the World», ''BackPage Press'', 2012</ref> == Ukuphila kwakuqala == UMessi waqala ukudlala ibhola esengumfanyana, kwathi ngo-1995 wajoyina ithimba leNewell’s Old Boys, iqembu lomphakathi elidlala umdlalo omkhulu eRosario. Amakhono akhe angavamile athusa amaqembu adumile ase-Europe kanye neLatin America. Lapho eneminyaka eli-13, uMessi nomndeni wakhe bathutha baya eBarcelona, lapho aqala ukudlalela iqembu labafana abaneminyaka engaphasi kwengu-14 leFC Barcelona. Wahlohla amagoli ayi-21 emidlalweni eyi-14 eqenjini labancane, kwathi ngokushesha wakhuphukela emaqenjini aphezulu, waze waba nemidlalo yakhe yokuqala engakahloniphi ngokusemthethweni eneminyaka eyi-16, edlalela iFC Barcelona emdlalweni wobungani.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukudlala kwamaqembu == Ngesizini ka-2004–05, uMessi, wayeneminyaka eyi-17 ngaleso sikhathi, waba ngumdlali omncane kunabo bonke obakhe badlala futhi wahlohla igoli emlandweni weSpanish La Liga, okuwumqhudelwano ophezulu webhola laseSpain. Naphezu kokuba nezinga lama-5 izinyawo eziyisi-7 (1.7 amitha) nokuba nesisindo esingu-148 amakhilogremu (67 kg), wayeqinile, ekulinganiselwe kahle, futhi eguquguquka enkundleni. Engunozwane lwesobunxele ngokwemvelo, ehlakaniphile futhi enembile ekulawuleni ibhola, uMessi wayengumhambisi ophambili wama-pasi futhi ayekwazi ukugqashula ezivikeleni eziminyene. Ngo-2005 wanikezwa ubuzwe baseSpain, okwathathwa ngemizwa ehlukahlukene ngabalandeli beBarcelona abaziqhenyayo ngokuba ngamaCatalan. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uMessi kanye neqembu leBarcelona banqoba isicoco seChampions League, umqhudelwano wamaqembu ase-Europe.<ref name=":2" /> Ukudlala kukaMessi kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka ngokushesha eminyakeni edlule, kwathi ngo-2008 waba ngomunye wabadlali abaphambili emhlabeni, eqeda endaweni yesibili emavotini eBallon d'Or ka-2008, enqotshwa nguCristiano Ronaldo weManchester United. Ekuqaleni kuka-2009, uMessi waqedela isizini emangalisayo ka-2008–09 ngokusiza i-FC Barcelona ukuthi ithole i-“treble” yayo yokuqala (ukunqoba izihloko ezintathu ezinkulu zamaqembu ase-Europe ngesizini eyodwa): iqembu lanqoba isicoco seLa Liga, iCopa del Rey (indebe enkulu yasekhaya yaseSpain), kanye nesicoco seChampions League. Kulowo nyaka, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angama-38 emidlalweni engu-51, futhi waxosha uRonaldo emavotini weBallon d'Or kanye nomdlali womhlaba wonyaka weFIFA, enza umlando ngokuhlukana okuningi kwamaphuzu. Ngesizini ka-2009–10, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angu-34 emidlalweni yasekhaya ngesikhathi iBarcelona iphinda inqobe isicoco seLa Liga. Wathola umklomelo weGolden Shoe njengomshayi magoli ohamba phambili e-Europe, futhi waphinde wanikezwa enye iBallon d'Or (eyaziwa njengeFIFA Ballon d'Or phakathi kuka-2010 no-2015).<ref name=":3" /> [[Isimumathi:Arda Turan 2016-17 (cropped).jpg|thumb|228x228px|Uphumelele iBallon d'Or izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili uLionel Messi, Agasti 2016.]] UMessi wahola i-Barcelona ekunqobeni izihloko zeLa Liga kanye neChampions League ngesizini eyalandela, okusiza wazuza umklomelo wesithathu olandelanayo womdlali womhlaba wonyaka, okuyinto engakaze ibonwe. NgoMbasa 2012, wahlohla igoli lakhe lama-233 le-Barcelona, waba umshayi magoli ophezulu kunabo bonke emlandweni weqembu emidlalweni yeLa Liga eneminyaka engu-24 kuphela. Waqeda isizini ka-2011–12 ye-Barcelona (eyayihlanganisa enye iwini yeCopa del Rey) enamagoli angu-73 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano, epha isicoco sikaGerd Müller seminyaka engu-39 samagoli esizini eyodwa kwimidlalo eyinhloko ye-European football. Lokhu kusebenza okumangalisayo kwamphoqa ukuthi aqokwe njengomdlali womhlaba wonyaka ka-2012, okumenza waba ngumdlali wokuqala ukuwina isihloko izikhathi ezine. Amagoli akhe angu-46 eLa Liga ngesizini ka-2012–13 aholela kulesi sigaba, futhi iBarcelona yaphinda yathatha isicoco seligi yasekhaya. Ngo-2014, usetha irekhodi lonke leBarcelona ngesikhathi ehlohla igoli lakhe lama-370 njengelungu leqembu. Ngalo nyaka, wephula amarekhodi emisebenzi yokuhlohla kuChampions League (amagoli angu-72) kanye neLa Liga (amagoli angu-253). [[Isimumathi:Lionel Messi vs Valladolid 3.jpg|thumb|264x264px|ULionel Messi, Disemba 2018.]] Ngo-2014–15, uMessi wasiza i-Barcelona ukuthi iphinde inqobe i-treble, ehola iqembu ngamaphuzu angu-43 phakathi nesizini, okwamnikeza umklomelo wakhe wesihlanu womdlali womhlaba wonyaka. Ngesizini ka-2015–16, wahlohla amagoli angu-41 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano ye-Barcelona, futhi iqembu lazuza izicoco zeLa Liga neCopa del Rey. Waphumelela kakhudlwana ngo-2016–17 ngamaphuzu angu-53, eholela iqembu ekunqobeni isicoco seCopa del Rey futhi. Ngo-2017–18, wahlohla amagoli angu-45, kanti i-Barcelona yawina izicoco zeLa Liga neCopa del Rey futhi. Ngo-2018–19, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angu-51 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano yasekhaya, kwathi i-Barcelona yawina enye isicoco seLa Liga. Ekupheleni kuka-2019, wawina iBallon d'Or yakhe yesithupha futhi waqanjwa njengomdlali ongcono kunabo bonke emhlabeni yiFIFA. Ngesizini ka-2020–21, i-Barcelona yathatha isicoco seCopa del Rey, okuyisikhombisa emsebenzini kaMessi. Waba ngumdlali ozimele ngo-2021, kanti izinkinga zezimali—ezinye zazo ezazihlobene nemithetho yeLa Liga—zamenza wangakwazi ukuqhubeka ne-Barcelona. Wahlala engumholi ohlukile emlandweni, engumshayi magoli ophezulu emlandweni weLa Liga ngamaphuzu angu-474. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngo-2021 uMessi signed ne-Paris St.-Germain (PSG), lapho ajoyina khona ojonge amathalente amakhulu uKylian Mbappé noNeymar, futhi ngalowo nyaka wathola iBallon d'Or yakhe eyayilandelayo. Wasiza i-PSG ukuthi iwine isicoco seLigue 1 ngesikhathi esingamabili adlala nohlelo. Ngo-2023, uMessi wajoyina i-Inter Miami ye-Major League Soccer. == Uhambo lwakhe lwezizwe == Ngaphandle kokuba nezimvume ezimbili zokuba ngozinze eSpain futhi eseziphumelelayo emsebenzini, uMessi waqhubeka nokuhlala nezibopho ezinzulu ezweni lakubo, futhi waba yilungu elibalulekile kumaqembu kazwelonke ase-Argentina kusukela ngo-2005. Wadlala eqenjini le-Argentina elinqobile kwi-FIFA World Youth Championship yango-2005, wakhumela izwe lakhe kuWorld Cup yango-2006, futhi wabhala amagoli amabili kumidlalo emihlanu lapho i-Argentina yaphumelela ukufinyelela kumaphiko e-golde medal ku-Olympics yaseBeijing ngo-2008. UMessi wasiza i-Argentina ukuba ifinyelele kuma-quarterfinals we-World Cup yango-2010, lapho iqembu lihlulwa yi-Germany, okwenza kube yisikhathi sesibili sokulahlekelwa kuWorld Cup. Ku-World Cup yango-2014, uMessi wenza isibonelo esimangalisayo, wabhala amagoli amane futhi waqhuba i-Argentina, eneqembu elihlushwa yizinkinga zokuhlasela, kwi-stage yeqembu futhi eya kumjikelo wokuphuma, lapho i-Argentina yachitha isikhathi eside ukusuka efinalini ye-World Cup ngomnyaka wesine ngo-24. I-Argentina yenqabela lowo mdlalo ngo-1-0 ne-Germany, kodwa uMessi wathola i-Golden Ball njengomdlali ophumelela kakhulu. Ngesikhathi se-2016 Copa América Centenario, wabhala igoli lakhe le-55 phakathi kwezizwe, ephula irekhodi likaGabriel Batistuta njengomshayi magoli ophumelele kakhulu e-Argentina.<ref name=":0" /> [[Isimumathi:ARG Line-up - ARG vs MEX for 2022 FIFA WC.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Umphosa weqembu uLionel Messi kanye namanye amalungu eqembu lesizwe lase-Argentina ku-World Cup yezeMidlalo yabesilisa ka-2022.]] Emva kokuhlulwa kwe-Argentina kwi-Copa final—okuphikisana nesikhumbuzo sokuqala kwama-final izikhathi ezintathu kumqhudelwano omkhulu—uMessi wathi uzashiya iqembu lesizwe, kodwa "ukuthatha umhlalaphansi" kwakhe okwesikhashana kwahlala izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokubhalela ukubuyela eqenjini. Ku-World Cup yango-2018, wasiza iqembu lase-Argentina elihlangabezana nobunzima ukufinyelela kumjikelo wokuphuma, lapho bachithwa yiFrance, okuyi-team ethole i-championship, emdlalweni wabo wokuqala. Ngemva kokuphothula esikhathini sesithathu e-Copa América yango-2019, uMessi wahola i-Argentina ukuba iwine umqhudelwano eminyakeni emibili kamuva, waphinde wathola i-Golden Ball award.<ref name=":0" /> Impumelelo yakhe yaqhubeka kwi-World Cup yango-2022. Lapho, wahola i-Argentina ku-final, lapho ebhala amagoli amabili—futhi wenza umphumela ophumelelayo ngesikhathi sokuphonswa amaphuzu—to ukusiza ukwehlula iFrance. UMessi wathola i-Golden Ball ye-World Cup, waba ngumdlali wesilisa wokuqala ukuthola lesi sikhumbuzo izikhathi ezimbili. Ukwengeza, ukudlala kwakhe okuhle kakhulu kulomqhudelwano kwakubalulekile ekutholeni kwakhe iBallon d'Or yesishiyagalombili ngo-2023. == Ezinye izenzo kanye nezinkinga zomthetho == Ngaphandle komkhakha womdlalo, uMessi wayengomunye wezinkanyezi zomzimba ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ngokuhlangene nemiholo yebhola, eyayivame ukuba nezezakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu zabadlali bezemidlalo bonke, waba ngumkhangisi ophumelelayo wemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi kwenkampani yezimpahla zezemidlalo i-Adidas. Ngo-2013, uMessi kanye no-ubaba wakhe (ophatha izimali zomfana wakhe) babhekene necala lokugwema intela, behlonipha izinkampani zomphakathi zasephesheya ukuze bagweme ukukhokha u-€4.2 million ezintela zaseSpain kumholo wokukhangisa. Nokho, ngemuva kokukhokha €5 million kuMbuso waseSpain, bobabili bakhishwa ukuba babhekane necala ngo-2016. NgoJulayi walowo nyaka, uMessi no-ubaba wakhe bathola isijeziso sokuhlala ezinyangeni ezimisiwe zomlomo wesigwebo esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, futhi bathola izijeziso zentela zangu-€2 million no-€1.5 million, ngokulandelana. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Izixhumanisi zangaphandle == * [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lionel_Messi?uselang=ty|18x18px]] Wikimedia Commons inayo amadokhumenti wemidiya '''''[[commons:Category:Lionel_Messi|ngoLionel Messi]]'''''. * [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Woodard?uselang=ty|16x16px]] Wikiquote: '''''[[wikiquote:Lionel_Messi|Lionel Messi]]''''' ([[:ty:Reo_Paratāne|en]]) * [[File:Echo_global_icon.svg|link=https://messi.com/|13x13px]] [https://messi.com/ Isiteji Esisemthethweni] ''[https://nr.wikipedia.org/ Abahleli beWikipedia]'' b50lx0wyg3eicxhnqqb9ykakt3ogf3v Indlebe 0 403 2073 2024-11-21T13:27:43Z Hope A Ncube 186 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249190715|Ear]]" 2073 wikitext text/x-wiki Indlebe yisitho somzimba esivumela ukuthi umuntu azwe. Njoba ngaphandle yendlebe iyiyo ebonakalayo esegcekeni ezidalweni, ibala elithi indlebe liyandise ukutsho ingaphandle kuphela t22bhpwhw9avgith0nyjhgpzaj0dy58 Angola 0 407 2290 2284 2024-12-20T23:02:06Z Codename Noreste 261 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2284|2284]] by [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05|2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05|talk]]) 2290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Angola''', ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhliki ye-Angola''', lilizwe elise-west-central coast ye-Southern Africa. Lilizwe lesibili ngobukhulu elikhuluma [[isiPutukezi]] ngobukhulu nabantu begodu lilizwe lesikhombisa ngobukhulu e-Afrika. Inomngcele nge-Namibia ngeSewula, i-[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ngetlhagwini, i-[[Zambia]] ngepumalanga, kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean ngeTjingalanga. I-[[Angola]] inephrovinsi ye-exclave, iphrovinsi ye-Cabinda, enomngcele we-Republic of the Congo kanye ne-Democratic Republic of the Congo. Inhlokodolobha nedorobha elinabantu abanengi khulu yi-Luanda.<ref>https://www.statista.com/topics/4143/angola/</ref> Ngemva kobana ukwanda kwamaBantu kufikelele esifundeni, imibuso yabunjwa ngekhulu le-13 begodu yahlelwa yaba ziinhlangano ezihlangeneko. UmBuso we-Kongo wakhuphuka ukufikelela ubukhosi hlangana neminye imibuso kusukela ngekhulu le-14. Abahloli bamaPutukezi basungula ubudlelwano ne-Kongo ngo-1483. Ngesewula bekunemibuso ye-Ndongo ne-Matamba, nemibuso ye-Ovimbundu ngaseningizimu, kanye ne-Mbunda Kingdom ngepumalanga<ref>https://www.statista.com/topics/4143/angola/</ref> == I-Etymology == Ibizo elithi Angola livela ebizweni lamaPutukezi elithi Reino de Angola ('Umbuso we-Angola'), elavela ekuthomeni komtlolo ka-Paulo Dias de Novais wango-1571. Ibizo lendawo lathathwa maPutukezi ngesihloko esithi ngola, ebegade siphethwe ziinkosi zeNdongo nezeMatamba. I-Ndongo eendaweni eziphakemeko, hlangana nemilambo i-Kwanza ne-Lucala, beyiyindawo yoMbuso we-Kongo. Kodwana ngekhulu le-16 bekufuna ukuzijamela okukhulu.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13036732</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] gaj9i30npmz4nkarm8rd8k6pre9y5td Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika 14 408 2244 2024-12-04T00:25:08Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 2244 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Iphasi (iplanethi) 0 409 2246 2024-12-04T13:01:15Z 152.110.154.92 Created page with "[[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|301x301px]] '''Iphasi''' liplanethi yesithathu ukusuka eLangeni begodu yiyo kwaphela into yeenkwekwezi eyaziwako bona inepilo. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuthi iPhasi liyiphasi elilwandle, elilodwa ehlelweni lelanga eliphethe amanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi. Pheze woke amanzi wephasi aselwandle lwawo, amboza ama-70.8% we-Earth's crust. I-29.2% eseleko ye-Earth crust yindawo, inengi layo itholakala ngendlela yamazwekazi ngaphakathi kwe-hem..." 2246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|301x301px]] '''Iphasi''' liplanethi yesithathu ukusuka eLangeni begodu yiyo kwaphela into yeenkwekwezi eyaziwako bona inepilo. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuthi iPhasi liyiphasi elilwandle, elilodwa ehlelweni lelanga eliphethe amanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi. Pheze woke amanzi wephasi aselwandle lwawo, amboza ama-70.8% we-Earth's crust. I-29.2% eseleko ye-Earth crust yindawo, inengi layo itholakala ngendlela yamazwekazi ngaphakathi kwe-hemisphere yephasi. Inengi lephasi lephasi linomswakama begodu limbozwe ziintjalo, ngesikhathi amashidi amakhulu weqhwa eenkangala ze-polar zephasi agcina amanzi amanengi ukudlula amanzi wephasi, amachibi, imilambo namanzi womkhathi ahlanganisiwe. I-crust yephasi inamapuleti we-tectonic akhamba kabuthaka, ahlangana ukukhiqiza iintaba, iintaba-mlilo, nokusikinyeka kwephasi. Iphasi linomgogodla wangaphandle owuketshezi okhiqiza i-magnetosphere ekwazi ukuphambukisa imimoya eminengi yelanga ebhubhisako nemisebe ye-cosmic. h2ov0bps25lnjlplzbqra6q2ekkk7ia Ilimi lesiNgisi 0 411 3111 3016 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|thumb|472x472px]] '''Ilimi lesiNgisi''' le-West Germanic emndenini welimi le-Indo-European, lapho abakhulumi balo, ababizwa ngokuthi ma-Anglophones, bavela e-England yesikhathi esiphakathi esiqhingini se-Great Britain. Igama elifana nelimi ngama-Angles, omunye wabantu bakade be-Germanic abafudukela e-Britain. Lilimi elikhulunywa khulu ephasini, khulukhulu ngebanga lomthelela wephasi loke we-Britain Empire (eyalandelwa yi-Commonwealth of Nations) kanye ne-United States. IsiNgisi lilimi lesithathu elikhulunywa khulu, ngemva kwe-Standard Chinese ne-Spanish; godu lilimi lesibili elifundwa khulu ephasini, elinabantu abanengi abakhuluma ilimi lesibili ukudlula abakhulumi bomdabu. fktqfjkxfh55ffpr4s3vgbhcu33ei4y I-Finland 0 414 3106 2928 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|362x362px]] '''I-Finland''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Finland, lilizwe le-Nordic elise-Northern Europe. Inomngcele we-Sweden ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, [[i-Norway]] ngetlhagwini, kanye ne-Russia ngepumalanga, nge-Gulf of Bothnia ngeTjingalanga kanye ne-Gulf of Finland ngesewula, maqondana ne-Estonia. I-Finland inendawo engu-338,145 square kilometers (130,559 sq mi), kufaka hlangana indawo engama-303,815 square kilometers (117,304 sq mi), begodu inabantu abaziingidi ezi-5.6. [[I-Helsinki]] lidorobha elikhulu khulu. Inengi labantu ngama-Finland. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni yi-Finnish nesi-Swedish; Amaphesente ama-84.9 wabantu akhuluma ilimi lokuthoma njengelimi labo lebele kuthi amaphesente ama-5.1 akhuluma ilimi lokugcina. Ubujamo bezulu be-Finland buyahluka ukusuka ebujameni obumanzi ngesewula ukuya ebujameni obumanzi enyakatho. Indawo evulekileko yi-boreal forest biome, enamachibi angaphezu kwe-180,000 atlolwe phasi. 3a572ckja56c269p5qqi2ixmarttcff I-Mexico 0 415 3138 2925 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|397x397px]] '''I-Mexico''', ngokusemthethweni yi-'''United Mexican States''', lilizwe elisesewula ye-North America. Ihlanganisa i-1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), lilizwe le-13 ngobukhulu ephasini ngendawo; enenani labantu elingaba ziingidi ezili-130, lilizwe le-10 elinabantu abanengi begodu linabantu abanengi abakhuluma isiSpanishi ephasini. I-Mexico yiriphabliki yomthethosisekelo ehlanganisa amazwe ama-31 kanye ne-Mexico City, ikosikazi yayo nedorobha elikhulu, eliphakathi kweendawo ezinabantu abanengi khulu ephasini. Inarha inomngcele we-United States ngetlhagwini; kanye ne-Guatemala ne-Belize ngesewulapumalanga. Inemingcele yelwandle ne-Pacific Ocean ngeTjingalanga, i-Caribbean Sea ngesewulapumalanga, kanye ne-Gulf of Mexico ngepumalanga. 1bolh8qpuj7azmdijxt9uy78rdzdn9n I-Italy 0 416 3074 3015 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|346x346px]] '''I-Italy''', ngokusemthethweni nge-Italy Republic, lilizwe eliseSewula neTjingalanga ye-Europe. Inesihlengele esidlulela eLwandle le-Mediterranean, ene-Alps emngceleni wayo wangasenyakatho, kanye neenhlengele ezipheze zibe ma-800, khulukhulu [[i-Sicily]] [[i-Sardinia]]. I-Italy yabelana ngemingcele yayo [[i-France]], [[i-Switzerland]], [[i-Austria]], [[i-Slovenia]], kanye nama-enclaves amabili: [[i-Vatican City]] [[i-San Marino]]. Lilizwe letshumi ngobukhulu e-Europe ngendawo, lihlanganisa i-301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi), begodu lililunga lesithathu elinabantu abanengi be-European Union, elinabantu abangaba ziingidi ezima-60. Inhlokodolobha ye-Italy nedorobha elikhulu khulu yi-Rome; ezinye iindawo ezikulu zedorobha zifaka hlangana [[i-Milan]], [[i-Naples]], [[i-Turin]], [[i-Palermo]], [[i-Bologna]], [[i-Florence]], [[i-Genoa]], [[i-Venice]]. m0gk14zycd91m0k0bfqyf1znjwin2x9 Vosloorus 0 417 2260 2259 2024-12-11T08:55:58Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Vosloorus''' yilokishi elikhulu eliseningizimu ye-[[Boksburg]] kanye nepumalanga ye-Katlehong e-Ekurhuleni, amakhilomitha ama-30 kwaphela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Johannesburg, e-Gauteng, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Yasungulwa ngo-1963 lokha ama-Afrika amnyama nakasuswa e-Stirtonville[1] ngombana gade athathwa ngurhulumende aseduze khulu nedorobha labamhlophe. I-Stirtonville, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Reiger Park, sele ibe likhaya lomphakathi wemibala we-Boksburg. Igunya lendawo lasungulwa ngo-1983 lokha i-Vosloorus nayinikelwa isikhundla esipheleleko sikamasipala.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073614.2014.992642</ref><ref>https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/338bd5b8-05a4-47a2-9fcf-45df103d3203</ref> [[Mkhakha:Sewula Afrika]] 5jktb8472g5rmpc9oor4j4n9dqpwewf IBoksburg 0 418 2628 2264 2025-04-03T19:08:55Z Rachmat04 32 2628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Into_Boksburg_and_ERM.jpg|right|thumb|380x380px|Umthombo netshwayo lokwamukela e-Boksburg phambi kwe-East Rand Mall]] '''I-Boksburg''' yidorobha elise-[[East Rand]] yesifundazwe se-Gauteng eSewula Afrika. Igolide latholakala e-Boksburg ngo-1887. I-Boksburg yaqanjwa ngegama likaNobhala weNarha we-South African Republic, u-[[W. Eduard Bok]]. Umgwaqo omkhulu we-Main Reef wahlanganisa i-Boksburg nawo woke amanye amadorobha amakhulu wemayini e-Witwatersrand begodu i-[[Angelo Hotel]] (1887) yayisetjenziswa njengendawo yokuhlela.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0148906279904832</ref><ref>https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/PHASE%201%20HIA%20%20FOR%20THE%20PROPOSED%20UPGRADE%20OF%20THE%20COMET%20SEWERLINE%20APAC02048.pdf</ref> == Umlando == Ngaphambi kuka-1860, indawo kamasipala yamanje ye-Boksburg kanye neendawo eziseduze kwayo gade ibunjwa khulu mapulazi we-highveld abizwa nge-Leeuwpoort, Klippoortje, Klipfontein kanye ne-Driefontein. U-Carl Ziervogel wathenga iplasi i-Leeuwpoort ngo-1875 begodu nge-300 morgen yendawo engenalutho, enamatje wabhadela i-£75. Ngenyanga kaKhukhulamungu 1886 u-Pieter Killian, umhloli omncani we-Afrikaans, wathola amadwala we-quartz e-Leeuwpoort.<ref>https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/additionaldocs/HERITAGE%20ASSESSMENT%20REPORT%20BOKSBURG%20WEST%20EXT.7%20AND%20LILIANTON%20EXT.7%20APAC01502.pdf</ref> == Inkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] b4tpfu0fsbykjuk0h0cv4okb82y8ouq Main Page/Did you know 0 419 2266 2024-12-11T19:31:46Z Таёжный лес 59 Таёжный лес moved page [[Main Page/Did you know]] to [[Wikiphidiya:Main Page/Did you know]] 2266 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikiphidiya:Main Page/Did you know]] g3ab7ansdg9qfztcr00sh1f8z1m93gg Godfrey Sapula 0 420 3079 2977 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Rachmat04|Rachmat04]] 2627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Godfrey Zolile Sapula''' (wabelethwa mhlana ali-17 kuNobayeni 1973) bekangumdlali webholo we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] owadlala njengomdlali ophakathi. Wadlalela amakilabhu we-Premier Soccer League i-Jomo Cosmos, i-[[Orlando Pirates]], i-[[Mamelodi Sundowns]] kanye ne-Platinum Stars, iklabhu ye-Chile Colo-Colo, iklabhu ye-Turkey i-Ankaragücü kanye nesiqhema sesitjhaba seSewula Afrika.<ref>https://briefly.co.za/82461-godfrey-sapula-biography-age-skills-profile-house-latest-news.html</ref> == inkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] kyctnva5yhgy1543gyy2cvstwriv9sx Aaron Rimbui 0 421 3280 3195 2025-07-02T20:15:32Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3195|3195]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Aaron Rimbui''' ungumdlali wepiyano, ikhibhodi, umdosiphambili webhendi, umkhiqizi kanye nomgcini weminyanya nomsingathi womrhatjho. Uthathwa njengomunye wabadlali bepiyano abahle khulu be-East Africa.<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000091714/why-jazz-is-close-to-my-heart</ref><ref>https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/music/pianist-bets-on-his-new-album-to-open-doors-for-kenyans-4806918</ref> == Umlando == U-Aaron wabelethwa e-[[Nairobi]], e-[[Kenya]]. Uyise bekadlala umvumo ukusuka kumarekhodi ka-Stevie Wonder ukuya ku-Henry Mancini bese amthatha amse eendaweni zokudlela zendawo lapho bekazwa khona umvumo wamaqembu afana ne-Les Wanyika, i-Maroon Commandos kanye ne-Samba Mapangala. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni athuthukisa ngayo umdumo wakhe eminyakeni eyalandelako. Ukuziveza kwaka-Rimbui emculweni kwaragela phambili nokwakheka eminyakeni yakhe yesikolo samabanga aphezulu. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho athatha khona ipiyano. U-Rimbui wathoma ukuthanda umvumo we-jazz njengombana alalele umvumo ka-David Sanborn, u-Joe Sample, we-Yellowjackets no-Fourplay begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, u-Herbie Hancock no-George Duke. U-Rimbui bekasebenza njengehloko ye-Tusker Project Fame band.<ref>https://www.citizen.digital/entertainment/bien-aaron-rimbui-speak-on-their-musical-chemistry-and-why-bald-men-love-better-n286466</ref> [https://www.masaloku.mobi masal oku] == Iinkomba == [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] 4fdx7pcnbp42ax1g6a52j50vw54goxb Brakpan 0 422 2278 2277 2024-12-13T03:04:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261152072|Brakpan]]" 2278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Brakpan''' yidorobha yemayini e-East Rand ye-[[Gauteng]], e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]], pheze amakhilomitha ama-38 (23.6 mi) ngepumalanga ye-[[Johannesburg]].<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/apartheids-testing-ground-urban-native-policy-and-african-politics-in-brakpan-south-africa-194319481/C2850BEE27379183D368213CF275D1CA</ref> Ibizo elithi Brakpan livela epanini elincani eplasini elibizwa ngokuthi yi-Weltevreden, ebegade lizele amanzi anetshwayi begodu mhlamunye belibizwa ngokuthi "yi-brakpan," begodu bekuseduze nepani lapho ukuhlala kokuthoma kwathoma khona.: 286 Ngo- Ngo-1888, kwatholakala umgodi wamalahle begodu kwathonywa umgodi wamalahle ngaphasi kwebizo elithi Brakpan Collieries. Lokha nakwakhiwa umzila wesitimela ukusuka e-Germiston ukuya e-Springs, i-Brakpan yaba ngenye yeentetjhini ezisendleleni.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00020188908707711</ref><ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39667029.pdf</ref> [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] tkqklvqnpwj348dhzu3bkgzprr35c2v Botswana 0 423 3136 2933 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Bobbyshabangu|Bobbyshabangu]] 2294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Botswana''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Botswana, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. I-Botswana iyisicaba, pheze amaphesente ama-70 wendawo yayo yingcenye ye-Kalahari Desert. Inomngcele nge[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngesewula nesewulapumalanga, i-Namibia ngetjingalanga netlhagwini, i-Zambia ngetlhagwini kanye ne-Zimbabwe ngetlhagwini-pumalanga. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezudlwana kweengidi ezi-2.4 kanye nendawo efana ne-France, i-Botswana ngelinye lamazwe anabantu abancani khulu ephasini. Ngokuyinhloko mbuso wesitjhaba wabantu be-Tswana, abakha pheze amaphesente ama-80 wabantu. ==Iinkomba== <ref>https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/63256/africansuccessst00acem.pdf</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=y2AObNZys60C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=botswana&ots=zsrEEH1jqu&sig=vZjZkA3CLYkcBv4ndAk2It1V-x4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=botswana&f=false</ref> cbmvo0sesvc6uclz9mpx8uhx1iojq8i I-Botswana 0 424 2296 2024-12-24T17:50:03Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Bobbyshabangu moved page [[I-Botswana]] to [[Botswana]]: The subject is without "I". 2296 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Botswana]] 6nnbyrmb9sufj99sfa8yc5kg5ihpvx3 Cameroon 0 425 3125 2912 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|right]] '''I-Cameroon''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Cameroon, lilizwe elise-Central Africa. Yabelana ngemingcele ne-Nigeria ngeTjingalanga neTlhagwini, i-Chad ngeTlhagwini-mpumalanga, [[i-Central African Republic]] ngepumalanga, kanye ne-Equatorial Guinea, i-Gabon, kanye ne-Republic of the Congo ngeSewula. Igumbi layo lise-Bight of Biafra, ingcenye ye-Gulf of Guinea, kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean. Ngebanga lobujamo bayo obuqakathekileko ekuhlanganeni kweendlela hlangana ne-Afrika yeTjingalanga ne-Afrika ePhakathi, ihlukaniswe njengekumakamu womabili. Inani labantu be-Cameroon elipheze libe ziingidi ezingama-31 likhuluma amalimi womdabu ama-250, ngaphezu kwelimi lesizwe lesiNgisi nesiFulentshi, nofana zombili. Izakhamuzi zokuthoma zendawo leyo bezifaka hlangana ipucuko yama-Sao eduze neLake [[Chad]] kanye nabazingeli-abaqoqi be-Baka ehlathini lemvula langesewulapumalanga. Abahloli bamaPutukezi bafika egwini ngekhulu le-15 begodu baqamba indawo leyo ngokuthi yi-Rio dos Camarões (umlambo we-Shrimp), eyaba yi-Cameroon ngesiNgisi. Amasotja we-Fulani asungula i-Adamawa Emirate enyakatho ngekhulu le-19, begodu amaqembu weentjhaba ahlukahlukeneko weTjingalanga neTlhagwini-Tjingalanga asungula amakhosi anamandla nama-fondoms.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73966-8_12</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hHrDEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Cameroon&ots=dCY9uyla4I&sig=1Pjy3KHBV4EAbkYni9tpQZJtyOE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cameroon&f=false</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 4fwue2wfpe6wn9k48ssiada5dzu25zx Mbandzeni 0 426 2624 2309 2025-04-03T19:07:56Z Rachmat04 32 2624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Mbandzeni''' (owaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Dlamini IV, Umbandine,] Umbandeen[3]) (c. 1855–1889) bekayiKosi ye-Swaziland (manje eyi-[[Eswatini]]) kusukela ngo-1872 bekube ngu-1889. Ingwenyama Mbandzeni bekayindodana ka-Mswati II no-Nandzi Nkambule . Unina umfazi weKosi uMswati bekahlongakele asesemncani khulu.<ref>https://landportal.org/sites/default/files/library/resources/20210202%2520Eswatini%2520timeline%2520FINAL.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/pedi-go-down-the-land-belongs-to-us-the-pedi-polity-the-boers-and-the-british-in-the-nineteenth-century-transvaal-by-delius-peter-johannesburg-ravan-press-london-heinemann-educational-books-19831984-pp-xiv-279-1650/220FB6C835F8C0259C1BB25F090A50F2</ref> U-Mbandzeni wakhwela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kobana umfowabo u-[[Ludvonga]] II ahlongakale ngaphambi kobana abe yikosi. Ukuhlongakala kwaka-Ludvonga kwabangela bona unina u-Inkhosikati Lamgangeni amukele u-Mbandzeni obekangananina njengendodanakhe, lokho kwamenza waba yikosi begodu yena waba yikosikazi ye-Swaziland. Inhlokodolobha yakhe yobukhosi gade iseMbekelweni. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakhe u-Mbandzeni wanikela ngeemvume ezinengi zemayini, ukulima, ukurhweba kanye nokuphatha ebantwini abamhlophe abavela e-[[Britain]] ne-Transvaal. AmaBhunu bekakhohlise ikosi bona isayine iimvumelwano zomhlaba unomphela. Ikosi beyingakghoni ukufunda nokutlola, njeke amaBhunu amenza bona atlikitle iimvumo ngesiphambano. Ikosi yatjelwa bona bekungasiwo umhlaba onomphela kodwana amaphepha ngokwawo atjho ngenye indlela. Ukuvunyelwa okunikelwe ngokusizwa ngu-[[Offy Sherpstone]] ekugcineni kwaholela emihlanganweni ka-1884 no-1894, eyehlisa imingcele ye-Swaziland begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yenza i-Swaziland yaba yindawo evikelweko ye-South African Republic.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230271159_157</ref><ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315306797/swazi-hilda-kuper</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] prgsngyypbgqgdz2t98biv13okjgsw6 Mkhakha:Amakhosi eAfrika 14 427 2310 2024-12-28T01:54:59Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 2310 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Ludvonga 0 428 2631 2317 2025-04-03T19:09:29Z Rachmat04 32 2631 wikitext text/x-wiki U-Ludvonga II (c. 1855 – 1872) bekanguMbusi we-Swaziland, indodana ka-Mswati II we-[[Swaziland|Eswatini]].<ref>https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/5859a9c9-cba9-4c1a-a29e-39730ef49654/content</ref>Ikoro kanina bekunguKhumalo. Ngebanga lokulwa kwamandla ngaphakathi emndenini wekosi, wabulawa ubuthi begodu wahlongakala ngo-1872 ngaphambi kobana athathe isihlalo sobukhosi.Wathathelwa indawo ngumfowabo uMbandzeni, owamukelwa ngunina kaLudvonga.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315306797/swazi-hilda-kuper</ref><ref>https://bestencyclopedia.com/Mswati_II</ref><ref>https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=27UOJ_INST&filePid=136778940007691&download=true</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] 12w4natyzzppcrm8avh1nvpbzrr8h00 Eswatini 0 429 2323 2322 2024-12-28T02:10:15Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eswatini''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Eswatini begodu eyaziwa ngebizo layo langaphambilini elisemthethweni i-Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ ☓-Swaziland) begodu yangaphambilini UmBuso we I-Swaziland,<ref>https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/journals/019/2024/030/019.2024.issue-030-en.pdf</ref> lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. Inomngcele we-Mozambique ngepumalanga yetlhagwini ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngetlhagwini, ngeTjingalanga, ngesewula, neSewulapumalanga. I-Eswatini ingenye yeenarha ezincani khulu e-Afrika; nanyana kunjalo, ubujamo bezulu nendawo yayo ihlukile, ukusuka endaweni epholileko neneentaba ukuya eendaweni eziphasi ezitjhisako nezomileko.<ref>https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-24777-5</ref><ref>http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/9592/1/tezy_dopovidey_xlii_ch.1.pdf</ref> == Iinkomba == cyay2sclzaq9v12q5yn2sgmp4jdzjdn Swaziland 0 430 3112 2913 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eswatini''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Eswatini begodu eyaziwa ngebizo layo langaphambilini elisemthethweni i-Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ ☓-Swaziland) begodu yangaphambilini UmBuso we I-Swaziland, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. Inomngcele we-Mozambique ngepumalanga yetlhagwini ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngetlhagwini, ngeTjingalanga, ngesewula, neSewulapumalanga. I-Eswatini ingenye yeenarha ezincani khulu e-Afrika; nanyana kunjalo, ubujamo bezulu nendawo yayo ihlukile, ukusuka endaweni epholileko neneentaba ukuya eendaweni eziphasi ezitjhisako nezomileko. [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] g9gykii28n4rgiptj6hpcy020yglz6f Sobhuza II 0 431 2329 2328 2024-12-28T02:27:42Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Sobhuza II''' eyaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; ukubusa okude khulu okuqinisekisiweko kwananyana ngiyiphi inkosi emlandwini otloliweko.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA19852007_117</ref><ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA02562804_620</ref> USobhuza wabelethwa mhlana ali-22 kuNtaka 1899 e-[[Zombodze Royal Residence]], indodana ka-Inkhosikati Lomawa Ndwandwe neKosi uNgwane V. Lokha nakaneenyanga ezine kwaphela, uyise wahlongakala kungakalindelwa nakagida i-incwala. USobhuza wakhethwa bona abe yikosi msinyana ngemva kwalokho begodu ugogo wakhe u-Labotsibeni nomalume wakhe u-Prince Malunge bakhokhela isitjhaba samaSwazi bekwaba kulapho akhula khona ngo-1921.U-Sobhuza wamukelwa njengeKosi yi-British ngo-1967, begodu i-Swaziland yazuza ikululeko ngo-1968. USobhuza waragela phambili nokubusa bekwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1982. Walandelwa ngu-Mswati III, indodanakhe encani ne-Inkhosikati Ntfombi Tfwala, owabekwa umqhele ngo-1986.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230271197_158</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Category:Umlando]] 6cy72tr7ag68ppvs9rbxj0yc441ld9s Nana Sita 0 432 2333 2332 2024-12-28T16:01:19Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Sita''' (eyaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Nanabhai) wabelethwa ngo-1898 e-Matwadi, idorobha le-Gujarat, e-India, begodu wakhulela emndenini obandakanyeka emkhankasweni wokujamelana nama-India. Waya e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngo-1913 ukuyokufunda ukugcina amabhuku, begodu wahlala isikhathi esithileko no-J. P. Vyas e-Pitoli. Msinyana ngemva kokufika kwakhe, u-[[Mahatma Gandhi]] wafika e-[[Pitori|Pitoria]] ukuyokukhulumisana no-General Jan Smuts, begodu wahlala endlini yinye no-Sita iinyanga ezimbili. Ukukhulumisana no-Gandhi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu epilweni yakhe begodu bekangumsekeli omkhulu wokujamelana nokungasebenzi. Wahlala ejele kanengi ngokwala ukutjhiya ikhaya lakhe, ngemva kobana indawo lapho gade ahlala khona nomndenakhe iminyaka ema-44 yamenyezelwa njengezakhamuzi zabantu abamhlophe.<ref>https://showme.co.za/pretoria/files/2012/08/PretoriaStreetNameChanges.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hts/article/view/212208</ref> == Iinkomba == 0fmdndn3nponjt8alzvkzd2c7gtmo9s Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Delete 10 437 2340 2025-01-02T18:15:10Z WikiBayer 225 Created page with "[[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|80px|left]] <div name="Deletion notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #fee; border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"> <big>THIS PAGE SHOULD BE '''DELETED'''! The given reason is: "''{{{1}}}''" If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]]. If this page obviously does not meet the crite..." 2340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|80px|left]] <div name="Deletion notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #fee; border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"> <big>THIS PAGE SHOULD BE '''DELETED'''! The given reason is: "''{{{1}}}''" If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]]. If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but do not remove this notice from a page that you have created yourself. <span class="plainlinks">''Administrators, remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|if anything links here]] and [{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] ([{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]) before [{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deletion].''</span> </div><includeonly>{{{category|[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]}}}</includeonly> h4bv8xza5ofmhman0d1tn64cg3tgxgf Mkhakha:Candidates for speedy deletion 14 438 2341 2025-01-02T18:16:24Z WikiBayer 225 Created page with "__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ Pages for speedy deletion go here." 2341 wikitext text/x-wiki __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ Pages for speedy deletion go here. hpmgwxugdvg0jn27b90yrt73zfo7wzb Ijemu 0 439 2452 2411 2025-02-21T15:42:31Z Nqobile69 190 2452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijemu''' yinto yokuzesa uburotho ukwenzela bonyana bube mnandi begodu ukhone ukubudla. IJemu yenziwa khulu ngama aprikosi. ijemu yaziwa njengokudla kwamaNdebele ngombana lokha amaNdebele nakenze iqude ekumnyanya wokukhulisa itlawana, abomma nabantazana baphakiswa ijemu njengesipho sokuthi bazile emnyannyeni lo. Ijemu isudu ngokunambitheka k8w7hpy2v9rn43pvvy2df1kiqpws1zu Myles Munroe 0 440 2575 2346 2025-03-22T05:46:43Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Myles Munroe''', (20 kuMrhayili 1954 – 9 kuNobayeni 2014) bekangumvangeli we-[[Bahamian]] begodu umfundisi, uprofesa, umtloli, isikhulumi nomcebisi woburholi. Wasungula begodu warhola i-Bahamas Faith Ministries International (BFMI), kanye ne-Myles Munroe International (MMI). Bekabuye abe mphathi omkhulu nomgcinisihlalo webhodi ye-International Third World Leaders Association, kanye nomongameli we-International Leadership Training Institute. U-Dr Munroe naye bekangumtloli omkhulu.<ref>https://cbn.com/news/world/keeping-legacy-alive-life-after-myles-munroe</ref> == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] 31rfjizq36aebuc4sm38kniqaqydyw6 Amafu 0 442 3075 2986 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amafu;''' Amafu ngezinye zezinto ezimkarisomraro begodu nezibamba indima ekulu ephasini mayelana neenlwana nabantu. Umkarisomraro omkhulu mayelana namafu kukwenzeka kwawo kanye nendawo la atholakala khona. Amafu atholakala esibhakabhakeni begodu ahleli emoyeni ngaphandle kokubona bonyana abanjwe yini. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana yini amafu, imihlobo edume khulu yamafu kanye nemisebenzi yamafu. == Kuyini amafu? == Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Cloud|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Cloud''. Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> amafu kumvango werhwaba nobutlelezana bamathosi, nezinye izinto lezo ezilenge emoyeni nanyana esibhakabhakeni. I-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelele yathi amafu la abonaka ephasini nanyana atholakala ephasini abakhona ngebanga lomoya okhuphukela phezulu otjhisakho, ofika le phezulu ube makhaza bese uba yirhwaba. Ukuragela phambili, irhwaba le ithi ingaba nobutlelezi obaneleko bese kubamamafu (Wikipedia 2024)<ref name=":0" />. == Imihlobo yamafu == [[Isimumathi:Ikhalamasi.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Amafu ikhalamasi]] Ngokuya kwe-Lets talk Science (2024) <ref>Lets talk Science. 2024.Weather: ''Clouds''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/weather-clouds</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>kunemihlobo eminengi yamafu kodwana isirasi, ikhamulasi, istrathasi nenimbasi mihlobo edume nayizwa khulu. I-[https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/cloud Twinckl(2024)]<ref name=":1">Twinckl. 2024. ''Cloud''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/cloud</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iveze bonyana amafu isirasi kumamafu lawo aqaleka nanyana afana njengewula begodu adweni. Umhlobo lo wamafu wenziya yirhwaba encani nanyana elula ekhanyelako leyo ewanikela ubudweni. Ikhamulasi mamafu labo avela amakhulu begodu abuboyana nawuwaqalileko (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Cloud: Meteorology''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/cloud-meteorology</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Esikhathi esinengi amafu la, agcwala isibhakabhaka kanti avame ukuba nombala omlotha nanyana omhlophe (Britannica 2024; Tinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngesikhathi amahlophe, vane atjengisa bonyana angekhe aletha izulu; Kodwana lokha nakatjhugululela kumbala ongeleleko omlotha ukuya ebunzimeni vane atjengisa bonyana aze nezulu ([https://www.britannica.com/science/cloud-meteorology Britannica 2024]; Twinckl2024<ref name=":1" />). [[Isimumathi:Amafu istrathasi.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Amafu istrathasi]] Istrathasi mamafu adeke khulu lawo othi nawuqala phezulu ongakghoni ukubona nesibhakabhaka kodwana kubonakala wona (Britannica 2024; Twinckl 2024). Esikhathini esinengi mamafu aphasi nanyana aseduze naphasi nanyana abantu (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). I-Twinckl (2024<ref name=":1" />) ingezelele yathi ibanga lokhu amafu la abeseduze nabantu nanyana abephasi kukuthi ayenziwa yikungu. Amafu la enzeka ngesikhathi kumakhaza bese kube nomoya otjhisako nomakhaza ovuthelwako (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukuvuthelwa kwemimoya le, ngikho okuqunta bonyana abe dege kangangani (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl2024). [[Isimumathi:Inimbasi.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Amafu inimbasi]] Inimbasi mamafu lawo eza nezulu nanyana igabhogo (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Esikhathini esinengi umhlobo lo wamafu ubonakala khulu ngesikhathi sokuraramba nokuduma kwezulu (Britannica 2024; Twinckl2024). Ngamanye amagama la mamafu akhambisana nezulu elirarambako nanyana elineembani emikhulu. == Imisebenzi yamafu == Amafu anemisebenzi eminengi leyo efaka hlangana ukupholisa nanyana ukwehlisa umtjhiso ephasini lokha nakutjhisa khulu (Wikipedia 2024). Omunye umsebenzi omkhulu kukukwenza bona izulu line ukuze iintjalo nabantu bathole amanzi ([https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/weather-clouds Lets talk Science 2024]). Izulu angekhe lakghona ukuna ngaphandle kwamafu. == Isiphetho == Amafu umkarisomraro lowo oqakathekileko kithi soke. Begodu kufanele sazi imisebenzi yawo nokuthi enziwa njani. Ukungenzelela imihlobo yamafu nayo kufanele siyizwisise ukuze sizokwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela enqophileko mayelana nayo ngombana eminye imihlobo iza neembani eraramba kabuhlungu khulu. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> pqik1c5c6fxbqbrfup8z5fksy4rdg1n Igezi 0 443 2635 2378 2025-04-03T19:10:48Z Rachmat04 32 2635 wikitext text/x-wiki == Igezi. == === Isingeniso === Ngokuya kwe-[https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity/all Learn Sparkfun (2024)]<ref name=":0">Learn Sparkfun. 2024. ''What is electricity?'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity/all</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> igezi mamandla nanyana umlilo loyo okghonwa ukusetjenziswa yithekhnoloji efana nabafunjwathwako, imitjhiningqondo, amalerhe, iimphehlimoya kanye nezinye izinto. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini igezi === Kuyini igezi? === [[Isimumathi:Igezi.jpg|thumb|Igezi]] I-Learn Sparkfun (2024)<ref name=":0" />, ithi kubudisana ukuhlathulula bonyana igezi iyini; kodwana, igezi yinto yemvelo begodu imamandla nomlilo lawo asetjenziswa ngemihlobo eyahlukeneko yezinto, khulukhulu zethekhnoloji. I-[[:en:Electricity|Wikipedia (2024]])<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Electricity''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024]</ref> ingezelele yathi igezi kukugeleza nanyana ukuphuma kwamatjhaji wegezi lawo afike asetjenziwe njengamandla wokwenza bonyana izinto ezinengi zethekhnoloji zisebenze. Ukuphuma nanyana ukugeleza kwamatjhaji wegezi la, kuhlukaniswe kabili. Kukhona amatjhaji wegezi angezelelako (+) namatjhaji wegezi aphungululako (-) [https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/ US Energy Information Adminstartion 2024]<ref name=":2">US Energy Information Administration. 2024. ''Electricity.'' Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/</nowiki>> . >. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>]. Igezi le esetjenziswa endlini nanyana babantu emtjhinini yabo, kumamadla nanyana kumlilo wesibili (US Energy Information Adminstartion 2024)<ref name=":2" />. Lokhu kusibikela bonyana kukhona umhlobo wokuthoma wamandla nanyana womlilo wegezi loyo onamandla khulu engekhe sakghona ukuwusebenzisa eendlini nanyana emitjhinini yethu eminengi. Iphuzu leli lisekelwe yi-US Energy Information Administration (2024) nayithi, igezi esetjenziswa endlini imamandla nanyana umlilo wesibili ngombana ikhiqhizwe ngokutjhugulula imithombo yokuthoma yamandla nanyana yomlilo efaka hlangana amalahle, umsebe yelanga nanyana amandla welangana nomoya ukuze ibe yigezi le esikghona ukuyisebenzisa. Baragele phambili, be-US Energy Information Adminstartion (2024)<ref name=":2" /> bathi, umthombo wokuthoma wegezi kumlilo nanyana amandla asetjenziswa ngokubuyelelwa nasetjenziswa ngokungabuyelelwa. Esohlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imisebenzi yegezi. === Imisebenzi yegezi === Igezi idlala indima ekulu tle eempilweni zethu njengoba sazi ukuthi siphila esikhathi sethekhnoloji nesoburhatjharhatjha besine. Igezi isebenzi ukunikela amandla nomlilo eenthuthini, izinto zokupheka, izinto zokufunda njengemitjhiningqondo nethungelwano, ukukhulisa iintjalo nefuyo (Wikipedia 2024)<ref name=":1" />. Ngakho-ke, igezi isekabeni yipilo yethu begodu abanye abantu bangabhalelwa kuphila ngaphande kwayo njengombana vane kube budisi khulu nakunokuqintelwa kwegezi nanyana ukutlhayela kwegezi. === Isiphetho === Igezi ngenye yezinto eziqakathekileko kodwana ebudisi tle ukuyihlathulula nanyana sisebenza ngayo mihla namalanga. Igezi sele idosa phambili ekusirholeni epilweni esiyiphilako ngombana ngaphandle kwayo sele sinobudisi bokungakghoni ezinye zezinto. Nanyana kunjalo, kuqakathekile bonyana siyisebenzise kuhle begodi sizifundise nezinye iindlela zokwenza izinto ngaphandle kwayo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> lzqa130dojm9y3s7w0v09nwpz4rvhha Iimbaseli 0 444 3046 3032 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2360 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''[[Iinthuthi|Iimbaseli]]''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === [[Ipetroli nedizili.|Iimbaseli]] zimamandla nomlilo osetjenziswa yithekhnoloji ngezinye zezinto ezisekabeni zeempilo zethu namhlanje. Amandla nomlilo la aqakatheke khulu ngendlela yokuthi abantu sele bangasakghoni ukuphila ngamandla nomlilo la. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbaseli njengamandla nanyana umlilo lo osinikela ikghanakalo lokusebenzisa ithekhnoloji. === '''Kuyini iimbaseli?''' === Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Fuel|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iimbaseli ngezinye zezinto ezenzelwe ukuhluzwa nezinto ezithize ukuze kukhiqhizeke amandla nanyana umlilo ngengomfutho wamandla wokusebenza nanyana ukuze kusebetjenziswe okuthile. Amadlala nanyana umlilo okhiqhizwa lokha nakuhluzwa iimbaseli ungatjhugululelwa emandleni nanyana emlilweni [[Iinthuthi|weenthuthi]] njengamandla nanyana umlilo we-enjini (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />; [https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/fuel/274453 Kids Britannica 2024]<ref name=":1">Kids Britannica. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/fuel/274453</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). I-Energy Education (2024)<ref name=":2">Energy Education. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> isekele i-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> nayiveza bonyana iimbaseli kuzimbulungimandla nanyana kuzimbulungimlilo lezo ezisetjenziselwa ukunikela ngemisebenzi yamandla nanyana yomlilo efana nowemitjhini, iinthuthi nokukhiqhizwa kwegezi. Kwesinye isikhathi amandla nomlilo akhiqhizwa eembaseleni akaqakathekile ekufudumezeni, ekuphekeni kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yokwakhiwa kwezinto begodu nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezitjhisako nanyana zomlilo. Iimbaseli lezi zisetjenziswa nezinye izinto nanyana imitjhini leyo enekghonakalo lokubulunga amandla nanyana umlilo ukuze ziwukhiqhize bunqopha njengamandla nanyana umlilo wegezi ofaka hlangana amabhetri, amajanaretha (Kids Britannica 2024<ref name=":1" />; Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Ukuragela phambili, eminye imitjhini enekghonakalo lokubulunga amandla nanyana umlilo begodu uwukhiqize bunqopha njengamandla nanyana umlilo weensimbi efaka hlangana isiphehlimoya, amanzi ngesibulungelwenimanzi, ukukhanjiswa kwamavili nokunye (Wikipedia 2024; Science ABC, 2024<ref>Science ABC. 2024. ''What is the difference between petrol and diesel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/what-is-the-difference-between-petrol-and-diesel.html</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). === '''Imihlobo yeembaseli''' === [[Isimumathi:Iimbaseli.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Imihlobo yeembaseli]] Iimbaseli lezi zimihlobo eminengi kodwana imihlobo eqakhatheke khulu mbili khaphela, iimbaseli zobujamo bokuthoma neembaseli zobujamo besibili. Iimbaseli zobujamo bokuthoma zifaka hlangana iimbaseli zenyutliye, iimbaseli zamafutha ahlaza nembaseli zeentjalo ([https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel Energy Education 2024]<ref name=":2" />). Lezi mihlobo yeembaseli yemvelo leyo engakahluzwa nezinye izinto ukuze ibe namandla nanyana nomlilo. Kodwana, imihlobo yesibili yeembaseli yona ifuna ukuhluzwa nezinye izinto ukuze ikwazi ukukhiqhiza amandla nanyana umlilo, yona imihlobo le [[Iinthuthi|ingakafa idizili, nepetroli]] (Energy Education 2024).Imihlobo yesibili yeembaseli ilula ukusetjenziswa yi-enjini neminye imitjhini njengendlela yokufunyana amandla nanyana umlilo ngendlela emsinya ekungakghonakala ngayo (Energy Education 2024<ref name=":2" />). Imihlobo emibili le etjhiwo ngaphezulu eminengi, nakungasiyo yoke, inemivango yekhabhoni efana nekhabhoni dayokhsayidi (i-Co2) leyo ethi nayikhiqhizwako isetjenziswe ziintjalo ngobunengi ukuze kuphunguleke umonakalo ongenziwa mivango yekhabhoni le (Kids Britannica 2024<ref name=":1" />). === '''Isiphetho.''' === Iimbaseli zidlala indima ekulu eempilweni zethu njengombana zisetjenziswa ezintweni ezinengi mihla namalanga. Iimbaseli lezi ziyahlukana ngokuhluzwa kanye nangemisebenzi yazo. Ye-ke, kufuna bonyana sizizwisise kuhle ukuze sizokukghona ukuzisebenzise ngezwisiso elingcono. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> aj3jmg5tom45mwbq7d9bwu0gz9t0o6m Ipetroli nedizili. 0 445 3067 2996 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2359 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''[[Iimbaseli|Ipetroli nedizili]].''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Ipetroli nedizili kuziinkhiqizi zamandla nanyana umlilo lezo ezidlala indima ekulu ngehlangothini leenthuthi, ukupheka kanye nekusebenziseni imitjhini. Nanyana kunjalo, ipetroli nedizili kuziinkhiqizi zamandla nanyana umlilo ongafaniko begodu kwesinye isikhathi kunala zisetjenziswa ngokuhlukileko nanyana imitjhini nezinto ezizisebenzisako ziyahluka. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ipetroli nedizili. === '''Kuyini ipetroli nedizili na?''' === Ipetroli nedizili [[Iimbaseli|kuziimbaseli]] zobujamo besibili nanyana bomhlobo wobujamo besibili loyo okhuqhiza amandla nanyana umlilo ngokutjhiswa nanyana ngokusetjenziswa ([https://www.acea.auto/fact/differences-between-diesel-and-petrol/ Acea Auto 2024]<ref name=":0">Acea Auto. 2024. ''Differences between diesel and Petrol''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.acea.auto/fact/differences-between-diesel-and-petrol/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Ukungezelela, ipetroli nedizili ziiimbaseli lezo ezihluzwe e-oyilini ehlaza. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelela bonyana azihluzwa kokufana. Ipetroli ihluzwa e-oyilini ehlaza lula njengombana ihluzwa ezingeni lokutjhisa elingaba kulangabi lama-40 ukuya kuma-250 ([https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol Bulkfuel 202]<ref name=":1">Bulk Fuel. 2024''. Whats the difference between diesel and Petrol''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024]. </ref>[https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol 4]).nanyana kunjalo, ipetroli ineensilaphazo zebhudululo zezinga eliphezulu ukudlula idizili (Acea Auto 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kutjho bonyana, lokha ipetroli nayisetjenziswa mtjhini nanyana sithuthi esithize ikhiqiza umvango wekhabhoni omnengi ukudlula idizili. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi idizili yona ihlizwa e-oyilini ehlaza elangabeni lezinga lama-250 ukuya phezulu(Bulkfuel 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, idizili ikhiqiza iinsilaphazo zebhodoluko ezincani nakumadaniswa nepetroli (Bulk Fuel 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, idizili lokha nayisetjenziswako mtjhini nanyana sithuthi esithize ikhiqiza umvango wekhabhoni omncani kunalo okhiqizwa yipetroli. Ukuragela phambili, idizili ikhiqiza amandla nanyana umtjhiso omnengi begodu ihlala isikhathi nanyana isebenziseka isikhathi eside nayimadaniswa nepetroli (Acea Auto 2024<ref name=":0" />; [https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel Energy Education 2024]<ref>Energy Education. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Kokugcina umtjhini nanyana isithuthi esisebenzisa ipetroli asisebenzisi idizili ([[:en:Fuel|Wikipedia 2024]]<ref name=":2">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Fuel.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Ngokufanako, umtjhini nanyana isithuthi esisebenzisa idizili naso asisebenzisi ipetroli (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":2" />). Lokhu kusibikela bonyana, izinto ezinengi azikwazi ukusebenzisa ipetroli nedizili ngesikhathi sinye nanyana kokubili, kufanele zikhethe kunye. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ipetroli nedizili kuziimbaseli lezo ezisetjenziswa khulu njengomthombo wokukhiqiza amandla nanyana umlilo ephasini. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelele bonyana azifani ngokwenziwa nokusetjenziswa begodu kuzizinto ekufanele zisetjenziswe ngomnanko omkhulu njengoba zitjha nanyana zibanga umlilo msinyana. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> johdvp7ri31fzenx4x7dh8zxcsxfzco Ilimu nelimi. 0 446 2379 2361 2025-01-28T06:11:01Z Owaziwako 24 2379 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ilimu nelimi.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Ilimu nelimi zizinto ezimbili lezo ezipheze zaphinyiswa begodu zatlolwa kokufana. Kodwana, eqinisweni azifani begodu zihluke khulu nangesakhiwo nemisebenzi yazo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ilimi nelimu kuyini. === '''Kuyini ilimi?''' === U-Repka (2020)<ref name=":0">Repka, R. 2020. Towards a Definition of Language. ''Philologia'', 30 (1): 149–170.</ref> uveze bonyana ilimi litjhuguluka njalo ngokukhambelaniswa nobujamo namatjhuguluko afunekako ukuze ihlelo lokuthintana lisetjenziswe ngokupheleleko. Ungezelele wathu, u-Repka (2020:150)<ref name=":0" />, ilimi kusisakhiwo sehlelo elihlelekileko lamatshwayo lawo asetjenziswa ukukhuluma nanyana ukwenza ilimi. Ngamanye amagama, kusetjenziswa leso esisebenziswa ukwakha ilimi, okutjho bona ngaphambi kobanyana ilimi litlolwe nanyana libe semethethweni kufanele kube nelimi lelo ekuzokususelwa kilo. Ngokuya kuka-Oviogun no-Veerdee (2020) <ref name=":1">Oviogun, P. V., & Veerdee, P. S. (2020). Definition of language and linguistics: basic competence. ''Macrolinguistics and Microlinguistics'', 1(1): 1–12.</ref>ilimi liyindlela yokuthintana begodu lilihlelo lokuthintana lelo elisebenzisa amatshwayo abongwaqa nabokamisa. Nasitjheja ihlathululo le, ilinge ukuhlathulula ilimi ngendlela yesayensi yezelimi ngokuthi kutjhejwe amatjhada nemidumo leyo esetjenziswa elimini ngesikhathi sehlelo lokuthintana. I-[https://www.britannica.com/topic/language Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> yona ihlathulule ilimi njengeqhinga lokuzihlathulula ngendlela yokuhlanganisa amatjhada ukuze abemagama lawo aletha umqondo ozwakalako. Ihlathululo le, ingezelele phezu kwehlathululo ka-Oviogun no-Veerdee (2020)<ref name=":1" /> ngokuthi iveze bonyana amatjhada la ayakhiwa abemagama lawo amumethe umqondo ukuze loyo olaleleko nanyana ozibandakanye ehlelweni lekulumo azwisise. I-[[:en:Language|Wikipedia (2024a]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Language''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ihlathulule ilimi njengehlelo elihlelekileko lezokuthintana lelo elifaka hlangana ihlelo lelimi, amatjhada nommongo ngomnqopho wokukhambisa umlayezo loyo ongaba ngobujamo bokukhulunywa nanyana bokutlolwa phasi. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka yoke into ilimi engiyo ngokusuka embonweni obhamba ukuya embonweni wezesayensi kanye nemisebenzi yalo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sitjheja bonyana kuyini ilimu. === '''Kuyini ilimu?''' === Ngokuya kuka-Bordoni, u-Morabito, u-Mitrano, u-Simonelli no-Toccafondi (2018:2)<ref name=":3">Bordoni, B., Morabito, B., Mitrano. R, & Toccafondi, A. 2018. The Anatomical Relationships of the Tongue with the Body System. Cureus 10(12): 1-7.</ref> ilimu kusisitho leso esisetjenziswa ukugwinya, ukuphefumula, ukukhuluma nokutlhafunya. Nasitjheja ihlathululo le siyayibona bonyana inqophe khulu kumisebenzi leyo eyenziwa lilimu. Nanyana kunjalo, u-Mangold, u-Torgerson, no-Rogers (2016)<ref>Mangold, A. R., Torgerson, R. R., & Rogers, R. S. 2016. Diseases of the tongue. ''Clinics in Dermatology'', 34:458-469.</ref> balinge ukungezelela phezu kwehlathululo ka-Bordoni ''nabanye'' (2018)<ref name=":3" /> nabaveza bonyana ilimu kusisitho leso esihlangahlangeneko esikghona ukuzwa ngemisipha nenyama yaso. Ihlathululo le, inqophe khulu ezintweni ezakha ilimi. U-Serrurier, no-Badin, no-Barney, no-Boe no-Savariaux (2009)<ref>Serrurier, A., Badin, P., Barney, A., Boe., L., & Savariaux, C. 2009. Comparative articulatory modelling of the tongue in speech and feeding. ''Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research'':1-28.</ref> baveze bonyana ilimu kusisitho somuntu nanyana sesilwani leso esinenyama nemisipha esikghona ukululela nanyana ukuthatha ubujamo obuthize ukuze umuntu nanyana isilwani sidle, sikhulume nanyana siphefumule ngokuthi sisebenzise imisipha nemithambo yaso ukuvala, ukululeka nokukghwatha. Ihlathululo le ilinge ikufaka yoke into eyakha ilimi, imisebenzi kanye nangendlela imisebenzi leyo iyenza ngayo. I-[[:en:Tongue|Wikipedia (2024b)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024b. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi-[https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":2" /><ref>Britannica. 2024. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iveze bonyana ilimu kusisitho esinemisipha, inyama nemithambo leso esitholakala emlonyeni begodu sisiza ukutlhafunya nokugwinya ukudla, ukunambitha, ukukhambisa amathe nokusiza ekukhulumeni. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka yoke into eyakha ilimi, kanye nokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yayo ngokungeneleleko. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ilimi nelimu kuzizinto ezihluke tle begodu nemisebenzi yazo ayifani. Nanyana kunjalo zoke ziqakathekileko epilweni yabantu kanye neyeenlwani begdou ziqakatheke ngokuhlukileko. Ilimu kusisitho esifunywana emlomeni womuntu nanyana wesilwani begodu siziza ukudla, uphefumula nezinye zezinto. Kanti, ilimi kulihlelo elihlelekileko lokuthintana lezo eliqakathekileko ekukhambiseni imilayezo nokuthintana. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> l7wj8dtl2i53yospru2wkc5i3p1ycic Izulu. 0 447 2380 2362 2025-01-28T06:11:36Z Owaziwako 24 2380 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Izulu.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Izulu ngezinye zezinto eziqakatheke kwamambala epilweni yazo zoke iinlwani kanye nabantu. Izulu limthombo wamanzi kanye nokukhula okukhamba netuthuko yeenlwana zoke kanye nabantu. Amaphuzu la afakazelwe yi-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Rain''. Ufumaneka ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain</nowiki>>. Ifunenywe [16 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> lokha nayiveza bonyana amanzi amanengi aselwako ephasini la, abuya ezulwini. Enhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini izulu begodu sitjheje nemihlobo yezulu edume khulu. === '''Khuyini izulu?''' === [[Isimumathi:Izulu.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Izulu]] Izulu kumathosi lawo enzeke nanyana asuka ebujameni bomrhwamuko wamanzi wemoyeni bese awele phasi ngebanga lobudisi bawo nanyana bobudisi bomoya wephasi ([[:en:Rain|Wikipedia 2024]])<ref name=":0" />. I-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelela yathi unobangela wezulu omkhulu, kumrhwamuko okhamba ngamahlangothi nanyana ngeengaba entathu zobujamo bomtjhiso. Umrhwamuko okhamba ngamahlangothi nanyana ngeengaba entathu zobujamo bomtjhiso waziwa ngokuthi mvangobujamo bezulu (Joseph 2016<ref name=":1">Joseph, A. 2016. Physics of Rainfall. ''Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research'', 3 (1):51-54.</ref>). U-Joseph (2016)<ref name=":1" /> ungezele wathi, woke amathosi lawo asuka [[Amafu|emafini]] bese awele phasi, afaka hlangana izulu, igabhogo nesinanja; abizwa bonyana kukuna. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yezulu. === '''Imihlobo yezulu''' === Kunemihlobo eminengi tle [[Iinkathi zomnyaka|yezulu]]. Kodwana thina sizokutjheja imihlobo emithathu yezulu eyaziwa khulu njengombana kufakazelwa yi-[https://www.britannica.com/science/precipitation Britannica] (2024)<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Rain''. Ufumaneka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/precipitation</nowiki>>. Ifunenywe [16 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> nayithi izulu elilamulako, izulu lomtjhiso nelesiwuruwuru kumhlobo wezulu owaziwa khulu. Ngalokho-ke, esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokuthoma ngokuhlathulula izulu elilamulako. === '''Izulu elilamulako''' === Izulu elilamulako lizulu leli elina nanyana eliba khona ngemva kokuthi kube nomrhwamuko otjhisako loyo ovuthelelelako emanzini bese ukatelele ukukhuphuka lokho okufikelela iindawo eziphezulu nanyana isibhakabhaka (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />). Ukusuka lapho, umrhwamuko loyo wenze amathosi abudisi emafini besele awela phasi ngobujamo bokuna (Britannica 2024). === '''Izulu lomtjhiso''' === Izulu lomtjhi kulizulu elina ngebanga lokutjhisa khulu kwephasi nanyana kwelanga (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Department of Environmental Services 2019<ref>Department of Environmental Services. 2019. ''Environmental Fact Sheet''. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.</ref>). Umtjhiso wenarha obuya ephasisi utjhisa amazinga aphasi womphezulu bese utjhiso loyo okhuphekele phezulu emafini lapho uphola khona khulu (Britannicca 2024). Ngemva kokuphola, wenza amathosi emafini lawo abanga ukuna kwezulu (Britannica 2024). === '''Izulu lesiwuruwuru''' === Izulu lesiwuruwuru liba khona ngebanga lokuthi kube khona ukutjhayisana nanyana ukuhlangana kwemihlobo embili yomoya leyo enobujamo bezulu nobudisi obuhlukeneko (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />). Ngesikhathi imimoya le engafaniko ihlangana, uthola omunye umoya uyaphezulu bese umunye uya phasi lokho kwenze bona kube nokuna okungakanzinzi (Britannica 2024). === '''Isiphetho''' === Izulu liqakatheke khulu epilweni yesinye nesinye isilwazi kanye neentjalo. Izulu lidlala indima ekulu etuthukweni nekukhuleni kweenlwana, iintjalo nabantu. Ekulumenipendulwano yethu engehla sitjheje ihlathululo yezulu kanye nemihlobo edume khulu yezulu. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> qd6aexdfd23hg5f7q7kvsy8qjskay5a Umnyango nombadi. 0 448 2381 2363 2025-01-28T06:12:41Z Owaziwako 24 2381 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umnyango nombadi.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Kukhona ezinye izinto ezinamagama nanyana ezibizwa ngamagama ahlukeneko kodwana uthole umqondo nanyana ihlathululo ifana. Izinto lezo nanyana amagama lawo abizwa bonyana bomqondofana. Umnyango nombadi ngamanye wamagama abomqondofana ngombana atjho begodu anehlathululo efanako. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjhaja bonyana kuyini umnyango nanyana umbadi begodi nomsebenzi wawo. Ngebanga lomnqopho wekulumopendulwano le, sizokutjheja umnyango ngokunqopha into esetjenziswa ukuvala ingasi umnyango njengegatja lombuso. === '''Kuyini umnyango nanyana umbadi?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umnyango umbadi.jpg|thumb|392x392px|Umnyango nanyana umbadi]] Ngokuya kwe-[[mwod:door|Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2024)]]<ref>Merriam-Webster. 2024. ''Door.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. >. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi sisetjenziswa leso esizwinkako nanyana esivulekako ngomnqopho wokuvala nokuvula amangeno. Ihlathululo yethu le, yihlathululo ebeka umnyango ngobulula begodu ngobufitjhani ngendlela ekungakghonakala ngayo. Kodwana ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Door|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Door''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi sikhandeli esikhambako leso esivumela ukungena nokuvalwa begodu umnqopho waso wokuthoma kukunikela ivikeleko ngokulawulwa ukungena nokuphuma. Ihlathululo yethu le inqophe khulu emsebenzini owenziwa mnyango begodu nangedlela umngango ungakho. I[https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/door -Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":0">Britannica. 2024. ''Door''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> isibikela bonyana umnyango nanyana umbadi kusiqunto esikhambisekako sesigodo, irhalasi nanyana isimbi leyo ezwinkako nanyana evulekako begodu ivaleke ukuze abantu bangene nanyana baphume ngekumbeni, emakhiweni, esithuthini njl. Ihlathululo le, ilinge ukufaka imihlobo yoke yomnyango nanyana yombadi kanye nala ufunyaneka khona. Nasitjheja iinhlathululo ezingehla lezi singatjho bonyana umbadi nanyana umnyango kusisetjenziswa esenziwe ngesigodo, irhalazi, irhwaratjhwara nanyana isimbi begodu sikghona ukuzwinka, ukukhamba ngomnqopho wokuthi kuvulwe nanyana kuvalwe lapho kungenwa khona nanyana kuphunywa khona njengendaweni efana nelawu, umakhiwo neenthuthi. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sitjheja imisebenzi yomnyango nanyana yombadi. === '''Imisebenzi yomnyango nanyana yombadi''' === Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/door Lawinsider (2024)]<ref>Law Insider. 2024. ''Door.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi usebenza ukuvalela nanyana ukuvula endlini, esithuthini nakezinye iindawo. I-Britannica (2024)<ref name=":0" /> iingezelela yathi umnyango nanyana umbadi ungasetjenziswa ukuvula nanyana ukuvala indlela leyo esetjenziswa babantu. === '''Isiphetho''' === Umnyango nombadi kuyinto yinye nanyana magama atjho into yinye leyo ehlathululwa kokufana begodu yenza imisebenzi efanako. Umsebenzi omkhulu womnyango nanyana wombadi kukuvala nokuvula ukungena nokuphuma ngendlini nesithuthwini. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 4ycitkqg4flxstf5huy33fbd6s296k3 UMoya nomoya. 0 449 2382 2364 2025-01-28T06:13:20Z Owaziwako 24 2382 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''UMoya nomoya.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Ephasini esiphila kilo kukhona ezinye zezinto ezipheze zafana poro kodwana umehluko wazo kumisebenzi nanyana ukuhlonipheka kwazo. UMoya nomoya ngezinye zezinto lezo nasiqala ilimi nesiko lesiNdebele ezipheze zafana poro kodwana zihlukaniswa misebenzi nokuhlonipheka kwazo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini uMoya nomoya begodu zihlukana njani. === '''UMoya nomoya''' === [[Isimumathi:UMoya oCwengileko.jpg|thumb|392x392px|UMoya oCwengileko]] UMoya kumuMoya oCwengileko loyo okhamba noSomnini. I-Biblword (2024)<ref>Biblword. 2024. ''Who is the Holy Spirit?.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.biblword.net/who-is-the-holy-spirit/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAgoq7BhBxEiwAVcW0LLq3jTeWsZwA04TPxJ-WJWdi4CEtJtRn2R1sa3EIl-gTrrIruxihzxoC1RwQAvD_BwE</nowiki>>. >. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ifakazela iphuzu leli lokha nayiveza bonyana uMoya oCwengileko ubizwa ngamagama amanengi anjenge uMoya kaSomnini, uMoya weQiniso, uMoya kaJesu noMoya oCwengileko. I-Wikipedia (2024) <ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Holy Spirit in Christianity''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>ingezelele yathi, UMoya oCwengileko mumoya wokukholelwa kuSomnini kanye neemfundiso zakhe. Ngamanye amagama uMoya oCwengileko kumuMoya kaSomnini begodu ukhambisana nayo yoke into ekhambelana noSomnini. Kodwana, umoya kumumoya ojwayelekileko novunguzako ephasini nanyana hlangana nathi (Climate Kids 2024<ref name=":0">Climate Kids. 2024. ''Air is mostly gas''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://climatekids.nasa.gov/10-things-air/</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). I-Climate Kids (2024)<ref>Climate Kids. 2024. ''Air is mostly gas''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://climatekids.nasa.gov/10-things-air/</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ne-National Geographic (2024)<ref name=":1">National Geographic. 2024. ''Air''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air/</nowiki>> . lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> bangezelele bathi umoya kumivango yamarhasi lawo angasiyingosi begodu athi nakahlangene enze umoya lo esiwuthola ngaphandle nanyana esiwuphefumulako. Umoya lo esiwuphefumulako nanyana ovunguza ngaphandle uba nemivango yamamazinga amancani afana nekhabhoni dayi-osayidi, iniyoni nehayidrogeni (Climate Kids 2024<ref name=":0" />; ne-National Geographic 2024<ref name=":1" />). === '''Kungani imimoya embili le itlolwa ngokungafani na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umoya.jpg|left|thumb|Umoya ojwayelekileko]] Elinye nelinye ilimi linemithetho leyo elawulwa ukutlolwa nokupeledwa kwelimi lelo begodu kube nebhodo yelimi esiza ukwenza amarhubhululo ngokusebenzisana nomphakathi welimi lelo ukuze kuthathwe iinqunto ezinqophileko. ImiThteho yokuTlola nokuPeleda isiNdebele (2022) <ref>PanSALB (Pan South African Language Board). IBhodo yamaLimi wOke weSewula Afrika. 2022. ''ImiThetho yokuPeleda'' ''nokuTlola'' ''IsiNdebele.'' Pretoria: PanSALB.</ref>yathatha isiqunto bonyana ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi nawukhuluma ngomoya ukukhuluma ngamuphi begodu kuhlonitjhwe noMoya okhambelana noSomnini kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngendlela imimoya le itlolwa ngayo. UMoya oCwengileko kwathatha isiqunto bonyana uzokutlolwa ngegabadlela iledere lawo lokuthoma lesiqu njengolokha nasitlola ibizombala. Lokhu kukukhimbisa ihlonipho kuSomnini. Bese kwathi umoya ejwayelekileko nanyana ovunguza ngaphandle utlolwe ngaphandle kwegabhadlela ukukhombisa ukujwayeleka. Ngendlela le abantu bakghona ukuhlukanisa msinya bonyana nawukhuluma ngomoya okukhuluma ngamuphi. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ukutlolwa ngokuhluka koMoya nomoya kulitshwayo elitjengisa bona isitjhaba samaNdebele naso siyamhlonipha uSomnini begodu siyakholelwa kuye. Ukudlulela, ukuhlukwaniswa lokhu kunciphisa ihlangahlangano netjhayisano eba khona hlangana kwamagama amabili afanako begodu aphinyiswa kokufana kodwana anehlathululo nommongo ohlukileko === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 341w0xl4cl5iy5d4nzpar92gr06q6f4 Umthangala neboda. 0 450 2383 2366 2025-01-28T06:13:53Z Owaziwako 24 2383 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umthangala neboda.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Kukhona ezinye izinto ezikhambelana khulu kwangangokuthi abanye abantu bagcina bazihlangahlanganisa ngokuthi bazibize kwangathi yinto yinye kodwana ekubeni zizinto ezimbili ezihlukeneko. Izinto lezo zifaka hlangana ibhoda nomthangala. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ibhoda nomthangala kuyini. === '''Kuyini ibhoda?''' === [[Isimumathi:Ibhoda lendlu.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ibhoda lendlu]] Ngokuya kwe-[[mwod:wall|Merriam Webster Dictionary (2024)]]<ref>Merriam-Webster. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ibhoda kusakhiwo esakhiwo hlangana nedrada, nanyana esiyingcenye yendlu leso esenziwe ngobumeselani. Ngamanye amagama, ibhoda kusisakhiwo leso esakhiwe ngezinto ezifana namatje, ihlabathi iintina neengodo esisetjenziswa ukuvikela nanyana ukukampela indawo nayana ukwakha indlu. I-[[:en:Wall|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ingezelela yathi, iboda yisakhiwo nendawo leyo enikela ivikeleko nomakhiwo. Ngokutjheja iinhlathululo lezi singatjho bonyana iboda liyizinto ezinengi begodu lenziwa nanyana lakhiwa zizinto ezinengi. === '''Kuyini umthangala?''' === Umthangala liboda kodwana elincani lelo kanengi elingeqi idini lomuntu nasitjheja ubude balo kanye nesakhiwo salo. I-[https://www.britannica.com/technology/wall Britannica (2024)]<ref>Britannica. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/technology/wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ifakazele ihlathulululo yethu le lokha nayiveza bonyana, umthangala kulibodana eliqinileko lelo elakhelwe ukuvalela indawo ethize. Ngamanye amagama, umthangala upheze wafana neboda kodwana wona mncani. === '''Umehluko hlangana neboda nomthangala.''' === Iboda kusisakhiwo esikhulu ngobude nangobujamo leso esingafulelwa begodu esiyingcenye yendlu. Kodwana, umthangala libodana nanyana iboda elincani, nangobujamo umthangala angeze wafulwa begodu usetjenziswa ukuvelela indlu nanyana into ethize. === '''Isiphetho''' === Iboda nomthangala kupheze kwafana kodwana akusiyinto yinye begodu nemisebenzi yayo kunala ifana khona begodu kunala ihluka khona. Nanyana kunjalo, kuqakathekile bonyana sikwazi ukuzihlukanisa ukuze sizisebenzise ngokunqophileko. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 0ltfzzkaadhzzy31rk20tn66lya02fq Utjani. 0 451 2384 2368 2025-01-28T06:14:25Z Owaziwako 24 2384 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Utjani.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Utjani budlala indima eqakathekileko eempilweni zeenlwana nabantu. Kukhona utjani obudliwa ziinlwana zodwa nalobo obudliwa babantu boke. Lokho kutjho bona utjani bunemihlobo eminengi njengoba kufakezelwe ngu-Almusaed (2017)<ref name=":0">Almusaed, A. 2017. ''Introductory Chapter: Overview of Grass Topic''. Ifumaneka ku:< <nowiki>http://www.intechopen.com/books/grasses-benefits-diversities-and-functional-roles</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [17 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>. U-Almusaed (2017)<ref name=":0" /> waveza bonyana utjani ngezinye zeentjalo lezo eziqakatheke khulu ephasini. Uragele phambili, u-Almusaued (2017)<ref name=":0" />, wathi ubuhle nokuqakatheka kotjani buyahluka ukusuka komunye umhlobo wotjani ukuya komunye. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini utjani, imihlobo yotjani nemisebenzi yayo. === '''Kuyini utjani?''' === Utjani kusitjalo leso esizimilelako naleso esingatjalwa enarheni (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1">Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2015. ''Kikuyi lawn grass''. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Pretoria.</ref>). Esikathini esinengi utjani buba nombala ohlaza, kanti-ke, eminye imihlobo yetjani iba namathuthumbo nanyana iinthelo ezidliwako ezifana ne-owutsi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, minengi khulu imihlobo yotjani ekhona ephasini, kodwana ekulumenipendulwano yethu le, sizokutjheja imihlobo emithathu yotjani leyo edume khulu enarheni yangekhethu. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yotjani elandelako: === '''Imbozisi''' === [[Isimumathi:Imbozisi.jpg|thumb|200x200px]] Imbozisi kubutjani lobo obunamathuthumbo anamathelako begodu ahlabako. Bona bubonakala khulu ehlobo begodu buthandwa kudliwa ngezinye iinlwani (Lane, u-Morris, u-Bridle no-Eyles 2015<ref name=":2">Lane, P., Morris, D., Bridle, K. & Eyles, A. ''2015. Common grasses of Tasmania''. The Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture: Tasmania.</ref>; Almusaued 2017). Ukungezelela, umhlobo lo wotjani uthanda ukumila la kuthambe khona kodwana kungabi mdzwela (Lane ''nabanye'' 2015<ref name=":2" />). === '''Umgwengwe''' === [[Isimumathi:Umgwengwe.jpg|left|thumb|Umgwengwe]] Umgwengwe kubutjani lobo obutholakala eenarheni ezinengi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />). Buhlaza ngombana begodu buqinile, kanti-ke, nomrabhu wawo uqinile begodu utjhinga phasi bese inabe nehlabathi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015). Umgwengwe wona kubutjani obuzimilelako begodu bumila ehlobo nakuna izulu (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015). Umgwengwe udlala indima efuyweni njengoba ifuyo iyabuthanda (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />; Almusaued (2017) === '''Ikoroyi''' === [[Isimumathi:Ikoroyi.jpg|thumb|Ikoroyi]] Ikoroyi kumhlobo wotjani lobo obukhula ngokuya phezulu bese buthele iintanga lezo ezidliwako (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3">Texas Department of Transportation. 2024. ''Grass, Weed and Wildflower Guide''. Texas Department of Transportation: Texas.</ref>). Ikoroyi esikhathini esinengi itjalwa ebusika ivunwe nakuphela isilimela nanyana nakuthoma ihlobo (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). Ukungezelela, umbala wayo uhlaza okutshehla (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). Umsebenzi wekoroyi mnengi tle, njekufana nokwenza uburotho, i-owutsi kanti nokudla kweenlwana (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). === '''Isiphetho''' === Utjani ngobunye bemihlobo yeentjalo ethandwa khulu. Eminye imihlobo yotjani ithathwa njengamathuthumbo, ukudla kwefuyo kanye nokudla kwabantu. Kukhona eminye godu imihlobo yotjani leyo esetjenziswa njengemitjhoga yokwelapaha (Almusaued (2017). Kungakho kuqakathekile bona sazi begodu sizwisise imihlobo yotjani ukuze sikwazi ukuthatha ithuba nelwazi lokuyisebenzisa ekuthuthukiseni iimpilo zethu. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> irnd9i53smqb3l1ghmc85y8nvp5ifvu Ubuhlakani be-AI. 0 452 3055 2998 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2385 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubuhlakani be-AI. == === Isingeniso === Ukutjhuguluka nokukhamba kweminyaka kuletha amatjhuguluko amatjha kanye nethuthuko yokwenza izinto ngendlela ezihlukileko. Amanye amatjhugululo nethuthuko etja le, mahle; kanti kuthi amanye wawo mambi lokha nasiqala umthintela ezinawo eempilweni zabantu. I-AI ngamanye amatjhugululo nanyana ithuthuko yesikhathi esiphila kiso. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini i-AI kanye nemihlobo ye-AI. === Kuyini i-AI na? === [[Isimumathi:Umtjhini we-IA.jpg|thumb|Umtjhini we-AI.]] Ngokuya kuka-Ghosh no-Thirugnanam (2021:23)<ref name=":0">Ghosh. M. & Thirugnanam, A. 2021. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. In K. G. Srinivasa ''et al''. (eds.). 2021. Artificial Intelligence for Information Management: A Healthcare Perspective, ''Studies in Big Data,'' 88: 23-44.</ref> i-AI kuligaja lesayensi yezemitjhiningqondo lelo elisebenza ngokuthi lilingisele abantu ngendlela baphila ngayo ekufaka hlangana ukuqabanga, ukuthatha iinqunto nokusebenza. U-Hadi (2023)<ref name=":1">Hadi, M. M. 2023. Artificial Intelligence Background, Definitions, Challenges and Benefits. ''CompuNet,'' 31:5-13.</ref> ungezelele wathi i-AI le kumitjhini leyo ekghona ukufunda, ukwamukela ilwazi bese ilisebenzise ngendlela yobuhlakani. Ngamanye amagama, i-AI loke ilwazi neemfundiso enikelwe zona, iyazibulunga begodu kusasa ikghone ukuzisebenzisa ngendlela engcono. Nanyana kunjalo, eminye yemihlobo ye-AI ifuna isizo lomuntu ngombana kufanele ihlelwe bonyana izokuphila nanyana isebenze njani (Bartneck 2021<ref name=":2">Bartneck, C. et al. 2021. An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI. ''SpringerBriefs in Ethics'':5-16.</ref>). Kukhona i-AI ebulunga idatha nanyana umniningwana weenhlangano ezikulu. Iinhlangano lezo zisuke zisebenzisa i-AI ngombana umniningwana loyo umkhulukhulu begodu abantu bazokutlhaga ukuwubulunga nokuwugadangisa ngesikhathi obekelwe sona (Hadi, 2023)<ref name=":1" />. Kanti abanye basebenzisa i-AI ukuze ibasize ukwenza nokwakha izinto msinya njengoba imitjhini ingahlelwa bonyana isebenze ngebelo eliphezulu ukudlula lelo abantu abangalifinyelela (Ghosh no-Thirugnanam, 2021<ref name=":0" />). Esihlokwaneni esizako sizokutjheja iinzuzo ye-AI. === Iinzuzo ye-AI. === I-AI isiza khulu ekurarululeni nekunikeleni imbandela mayelana nobujamo ekuqalenwe nabo ngase sikhathi ([[:en:Artificial_intelligence|Wikipedia, 2025]]<ref name=":3">Wikipedia. 2025. Artificial Intelligence. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>; [https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence IBM, 2025]<ref name=":4">IBM. 2025. Artificial Intelligence. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-AI ikghoba ukukhumbula msinya izinto begodu ayikhohlwa. Kwesibili, I-AI ikghona ukuhlela izinto kuhle begodu ilendele amagadango afunekako mayelana nento ehlelwako ngaleso sikhathi (Wikipedia 2025; IBM 2025<ref name=":4" />). I-AI ikghona ukuhlamunyiselela nanyana ukuqakela imiphumela bese isebenzise indlela ezokwenza bonyana kube nomphumela omuhle ngendlela okukghoneka ngayo (Wikipedia 2025). Kokugcina, i-AI ikghona ukufunda izinto ngebelo eliphezulu begodu ifunde izinto ezinengi (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":3" />; IBM 2025<ref name=":4" />). Lokho kwenzeka ngombana i-AI ikghona ukuhlaziya nokutjhumutjha ilwazi kanye nekambiso lalo ngendlela okungakghonakala ngayo bese ilisebenzise ngobuhlakani. === Ubungozi be-AI. === I-AI yenza umusebenzi omuhle begodu iveza namathuba amatjha eempilweni zethu. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele sikhumbule bonyana ayikho into etja onganabumbi nanyana ubungozi begodu i-AI nayo inabo ubumbi. Ubumbi bokuthoma kukobanyana yenza ibuyelelo lelwazi elinengi (Bartnek 2021<ref name=":2" />). Kwesibili, kukithi abantu bangayisebenzisa ukweba imininingwaba eqakathekileko njengomazisi, ilwazi lemabulungelwenimali kanye nokusebenzisa ilwazi lomunye umuntu ukweba (Hadi 2023<ref name=":1" />). === Isiphetho === I-AI iligadango elihle lethuthuko esikhathini esiphilakiso kodwana nanyana kunjalo iletha izinga elitjha lobugebengu nobungozi. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakatheke kwamambala bonyana siyifundo begodu siyizwisise bonyana kuyini, ingasisiza njani begodu ubungozi bayo singabubalekela njani. Ngaphezulu sivezile bonyana i-AI iyini kanye neenzuzo nobungozi bayo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> i1ipuughox19u7eimplso9u51kqxn2r Amakhotho wethu 0 453 3231 2571 2025-06-26T07:06:36Z Owaziwako 24 3231 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Amakhotho wethu''' == === Isingeniso === Emhlabeni lo esiphila kiwo, siphila nabantu ababuya eendaweni ezahlukeneko begodu abasebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneko. Kodwana, ukuze woke umuntu aphile ngokuthula, ukuhloniphana nokusebenzisana kufanele kube nemithetho nemigomo leyo ezokulandelwa. Imithetho nemigomo leyo itjhetjwa makhotho bonyana ilandelwe kuhle na. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ikhotho begodu nemihlobo yamakhotho. == Kuyini ikhotho na? == Ngokuya kuka-Meyerson (2019)<ref>Meyerson, D. 2019. ''What is a Court of Law?'' UNSW Law Journal, 42(1):60-90.</ref> asekelwa yi-[https://www.findlaw.com/litigation/legal-system/what-is-a-court.html Find Law (2025)]<ref>Find Law. 2024. ''What is a court?'' Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.findlaw.com/litigation/legal-system/what-is-a-court.html</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref> ikhotho kuliziko lombuso langakomthetho lelo eliqalelene nemithetho. I-[[:en:Court|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2025. ''Court''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi ikhotho liziko lombuso lelo eligunyazwe begodu elinamandla wokulamula iiindaba eziphathelene nomthetho hlangana kweenhlangahlangano, abantu, amabubululo nombuso imbala. Ngamanye amagama, ikhokho kusigungu leso esilamula imiraro yomphakathi ngokusebenzi imithetho yenarha. Ikhotho kanengi, ingasi soke isikhathi, yakhiwe ngamajaji, abatjhutjhisi, abajameli nabanye abasebenzi abasekeli bekambiso yekhotho (Wikipedia, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Boke abantu ababalwe ngehla laba, ngibo ebenza isiqiniseko sokuthi yoke into ekhotho ikhamba kuhle ngokulandela imigomo nekambiso yayo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yamakhotho. == Imihlobo yamakhotho == Nasitjheja ngenarheni yethu, iSewula Afrika, sinemihlobo embalwa yamakhotho begodu nemisebenzi yayo iyahluka. Umhlobo wokuthoma ngilo: === Ikhotho yo[[Umthethosisekelo|mthethosisekelo]] === Ikhotho yomthethosisekelo yikhotho ekulu kunazo zoke eSewula Afrika begodu kanengi itjheja iindaba eziphathelele nomthethosisekelo, imithethomlingwa nepalamende ([https://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/the-south-african-judicial-system Judiciary of South Africa, 2025]<ref name=":1">Judiciary of South Africa. 2025. ''The South African Judicial System''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/the-south-african-judicial-system</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>). Ikhotho le ukuze iragele phambili nokulalelwa kweqala, kufanele kube namajaji abunane (8) ubuncani. Kodwana amajaji la nakhapheleleko alitjhumi nanye (11) [Judiciary of South Africa, 2025]. Ikhotho le isebenza njengekhotho yeenghongoyilo begodu ayilaleli ubufakazi nanyana ihlome ufakazi ngemibuzo; kodwana isebenzisa ufufakazi lobu obalalelwa ekhetho yangaphambilini ngaphambi kokuthi iqala lilethwe kuyo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). == Ikhotho ekulu yeenghonghoyilo == Ikhotho ekulu yeenghonghoyilo khotho ekulu kunazo zoke ngaphandle kwekhotho yomthethosisekelo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Ikhotho le iqalana namaqala lawo abuya ekhotho ephakemeko, begodu itjheja woke amaqala ngaphandle kwamaqala aphathelene nezemisebenzi kanye nephaliswano (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Ayikho ikhotho engatjhugulula isiqunto sayo, ngaphandle kwekhotho yomthethosisekelo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Ikhotho le kufanele ibe namajaji amathathu ukuya kwamahlanu ukuze ikghone ukulalela iqala (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). == Ikhotho ephakemeko == Ikhotho ephakemeko yikhotho esebenza ngokuqintelwa nanyana ngokuya kwendawo nanyana isifunda la inzize khona (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama iqala elibuya ekhotho kamarhastrada weMalahleni (eMpumalanga) angeze ladluliselwa ekhotho ephakemeko yeTlhagwini Kapa. ESewula Afrika sinamakhotho aphakemeko ali-13. Isifunda seMpumalanga sisengakabi nekhotho ephakemeko esebenzako, kanti isifunda seGauteng nesaKwaZulu Natal zinamakhotho amabili ngesifunda ngasinye, ekubeni ezinye iimfunda zinekhotho ephakemeko ngayinye ngesifunda (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona amakhotho ekhethekileko lawo aqala namaqala ekhethikileko kwaphela. Amakhotho lawo ngila (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />): - Ikhotho yezemisebenzise neenghonghoyilo zemisebenzi, leyo eqalana namaqala wezemisebenzi kanye neenghonghoyilo zawo. - Ikhotho yeembawo zenarha, leyo eqala neendaba eziphathelene nenarha. - Ikhotho yeenghonghoyilo zephaliswano, leyo eqalelene namaqala abuya kusigungu sephaliswano. - Ikhotho yamakhetho leyo eqalelene namaqala wamakhetho kwaphela. - Ikhotho yomthelo, leyo eqalelene namaqala aphathelene nomthelo. == Ikhotho kamarhastrada == Ikhotho kamarhastrada yikhotho leyo eba seemphakahthini nanyana endaweni zemakhaya begodu ihlukaniswe Kabili. Kukhona ikhotho yesiyingi nekhotho ejwayelekileko nanyana yesifunda. Ikhotho yesiyingi, kuyikhotho leyo eqalana namaqala wobulelesi, bese kuthi ikhotho yesifunda nanyana ejwayelekileko iqalane namaqala wobugebengu nomphakathi (Center for Court Innovation, 2011<ref>Center for Court Innovation. 2011. ''What is a Community Court?'' Bureau of Justice Assistance: U.S Department of Justice.</ref>). == Isiphetho == Amakhotho ziindawo eziqakathekileko lezo ezenza bonyana sibabantu siphililsane ngokuthula. Nanyana kunjalo, kuyenzeka bonyana ezinye iinqunto zitjharaganise izinto ukuya phambili ngebanga lemithetho nokurhumutjha izehlakalo zamaqala alethwe kibo. Ngehla sitjheje woke amakhotho esinawo eSewula Afrika ngaphandle kwamakhotho wabadosiphambili bendabuko. Kodwana, esikhathi esizako sizokutjheja amakhotho wendabuko awodwa ngebanga lokukhetheka kwawo kunamakhotho la wesikhuwa. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> lexusrqrdz760sh249qa3u8u5yi7gnp Iyunivesithi. 0 454 3129 2971 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2387 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iyunivesithi. == === Isingeniso. === Kunezinye iinkhamphani nanyana iinhlangano ezidlala indima eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu bekhethu bafunyana ilwazi, ikghono nefundo enqophileko, begodu zeyenza bonyana sithuthuke siimphakathi ngokunabileko. Iinhlangano lezo nanyana amakhamphani lawo afaka hlangana amayunivesithi. Ngebanga lomnqopho wekulumopendulwano yethu le, sizokunqopha kumayunivesithi wombusu khudlwana ukudlula amayunivesithi azijameleko nanyana wangeqadi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini iyunivesithi begodu umsebenzayo yini. === Kuyini iyunivesithi? === Ngokuya kuka-Alemu (2018)<ref name=":0">Alemu, S. K. 2018. The meaning, idea and history of university/higher education in Africa: a brief literature review. ''Forum for International Research in Education'', 4(3):210-227.</ref> ne-[[:en:University|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2025. ''University''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 9 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> [[Yunivesithi yempulanga|iyunivesithi]] kuyingcenye yomkhakha wezefundo ophakemeko. Ngamanye amagama, iyunivesithi nezinye iinhlangano nasele zibuthelelwe zoke zibizwa bona mikhakha yezefundo ephakemeko ngombana ukuze ufinyelele kiyo kufanele uthome ifundweni yamabanga aphasi naphazulu. Kodwana akupheleli lapho, kufanele imiphumela yakho godu ikhambisane nemiphumela nanyana ibe sezingeni elibekwe yiyunivesithi leyo ofuna ukufunda kiyo. U-Alemu (2018)<ref name=":0" /> asekelwa ngu-Boulton akhambisana no-Lucas (2008)<ref>Boutlon, G. & Lucas, C. 2008. ''What are universities for?'' League of European Research University: Leuven.</ref> bangezelele bathi, iyunivesithi kuyindawo lapho abafundi bafunyana khona ilwazi elahlukeneko begodu bakhulisa nobuhlakani babo ukuze bazokwazi ukuthuthukisa nokusiza umphakathi ngemiraro yepilo. Iyunivesithi yakhiwe minyango eyahlukeneko yelwazi leyo efaka hlangana zesayensi, zokutjala, zobuntu, ithekhnoloji kanye nezengqondo ezikhambisana nezehlalakuhle (Alemu, 2018<ref name=":0" />; Wikipedia 2025<ref name=":1" />). Kweminye iminyango sifunyana iingungu zerhubhululo elithize, njengezerhubhululo eliphathelene nokutlhoriswa kabentwana, ituthuko yabomma nabentwana kanye nelimi lomphakathi. Amayunivesithi nakaphelele woke eSewula Afrika wombuso ama-26, kuthi ama-21 kumayunivesithi ngokupheleleko, bese ama-5 kube mayunivesithi wethekhnoloji (UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo, 2025<ref>UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo. 2025. ''List of South African Universities''. UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo: Pretoria.</ref>). Nasitjheja ihlathululo esinikelwe yona mayelana neyunivesithi singatjho bonyana kuyindawo ehlangahlanganeko begodu edlala indima eqakathekileko eemphakathini. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imisebenzi yeyunivesithi. === Imisebenzi yeyunivesithi. === Iyunivesithi inemisebenzi eminengi leyo ekufanele iyiphakele umphakathi nenarha zombelele. Ngokuya kuka-Denman (2005)<ref>Denman, B. D. 2005. What is a University in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century? ''Higher Education Management and Policy'', 17(2):9-28.</ref> iyunivesithi idlala indima ekusabaliseni kanye nokuthuthukiseni ilwazi ngefundo nangerhubhululo. Iyunivesithi irhubhulula ilwazi elitjha lelo elikhambelana neendingo zanamhlanje bese iliphakele nanyana ilisebenzise eemphakathi ukuthuthukisa ipilo yomphakathi. Iyunivesithi ibuye isize umbuso ngokuthi yenze amarhubhululo lawo umbuso ozowasebenzisa ukwenza imithetho engcono kanye nokuthatha iinqunto ezingcono. Ngamanye amagama, iyunivesithi ithuthukisa ubuhlakani bombuso ukuze umbuso ukwazi ukuqalana neendingo zomphakathi ngcono begodu ubuse ngcono abantu bawo. === Isiphetho === Amayunivesithi adlala indima eqakathileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi siqalana nemiraro evelako yepilo efaka hlangana amagulo, ithekhnoloji nebhoduluko ngendlela efaneleko. Nanyana amayunivesithi asebenza ngendlela ezahlukeneko, kodwana umnqopho wawo munye kukusiza nokuthuthukisa umphakathi nenarha ngokunabileko. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> rrwmj6tkrk8dkxe1vnpvq1wmfj602tz Ukufudukela emadorobheni nanyana ifuduko lemadorobheni. 0 455 2388 2372 2025-01-28T06:18:24Z Owaziwako 24 2388 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukufudukela emadorobheni nanyana ifuduko lemadorobheni. == === Isingeniso === Ukufudukela emadorobheni ngelinye ihlelo esele lande khulu eemphakathini wekhethu. Abantu abanengi bathi nabakhulako nanyana ngebanga lemisebenzi neminye iimbandela, bazithola basuka emakhaya bayokuhlala emadorobheni. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona indlazana elingafudukiko begodu elikhulele emakhaya belakha emakhaya. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyinini ukufudukela emadorobhen nanyana ifuduko lemadorobheni kanye neembangela zakhona. === Kuyini ifunduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudekela emadorobheni? === [[Isimumathi:Ukufuduka.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Abantu bayafuduka]] Ngokuya kuka-Malik (2015)<ref>Malik, A. S. 2015. Rural urban migration; socio-cultural changes in Pakistan preventive measures taken by government and civil society to control it. ''Professional Med J'', 22(6):674-682.</ref> ifuduko lemadorobheni kulifuduko lelo elenzeka ephasini loke, khulukhulu nasiqala iinarha ezisathuthukako. UBabi, u-Gaugping, no-Ladu (2017) <ref>Babi, M. L. A., Guogping, Z., & Ladu, J. L. C. 2017. Causes and consequences of rural-urban migration: The case of Juba Metropolitan, Republic of South Sudan. OP Conf. ''Series: Earth and Environmental Science'', 81:1-9.</ref>basekelwa [[:en:Urbanization|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Urbanization''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 9 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> baveze bona ifuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorhobeni kulihlelo lelo elifaka hlangana umsikinyeko womuntu ukusuka kwesinye isiyingi ukuya kwesinye ngokwesikhatjhana nanyana safuthi. UMthiyane no-Wissink noChiwawa (2022) <ref name=":0">Mthiyane, D. B., Wissink, H. & Chiwawa, N. 2022. The impact of rural–urban migration in South Africa: A case of KwaDukuza municipality’. ''Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation'', 3:1-9.</ref>baveze ukuthi nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni kulihlelo nanyana umsikinyeko ovamileko, kukhona umsikiyeko wabantu laba abafudukela emkhaya ukusuka emadorobheni ngokupheleleko. Ngamanye amagama, ukufuduka sele kumsikinyeko owenzeka ngokusuka edorobheni ukuya emakhaya nanyana ukusuka emakhaya ukuya edorobheni ngokuya kweemfuneko zomuntu. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbangela yefuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni. === Iimbangela zokufudukela emadorobheni nanyana zefuduko lemadorobheni. === Kukhona iimbangela ezahlukeneko ngokuya kokuhlakana kwabantu. Ezinye zeembangela ngilezi ezilandelako: ==== Amathuba wemisebenzi: ==== Abantu abanengi bafudukela emadorobheni ngebanga lokuthola amathuba angcono wemisebenzi (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Siyazi bonyana amabubululo namakhaphani amanengi begodu amakhulu lawo aqatjha abantu abanengi anzinze ngobunengi emadorobheni. Ngalokho-ke, abantu bafuna ukuzibandameza eduze nawo ukuze bafunyane umsebenzi. ==== Imisebenzi yezamaphilo nezefundo. ==== Emadorobheni esikhanini esinengi banikela ngemisebenzi engcono yezamaphilo kanye nezefundo lokho okwenza bonyana abantu abanengi bakhethe ukufudukela emadorobheni ngombana bafuna ukufunyana imisebenzi leyo (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). ==== Imirholo engcono. ==== Emadorobheni kunamathuba nobujamo obungcono bezomnotho begodu imisebenzi yakhona eminengi ibhadala ngcono ukudlula imisebenzi yemakhaya (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngakho-ke, abantu basuke babona kuhle ukuthi ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ngcono kuncono bafudukele emadorobheni ukuze bathole imisebenzi yemirholo engcono. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona iinzunzo yokufudukela emadorobheni, begodu kukhona nobumbi. Esohlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja ubumbi bokufudukela emadorobheni. === Ubumbi bokufudukela emadorobheni. === Kukhona ubumbi obunengi obubangelwa kufudukela emadorobheni ebufaka hlangana obulandelako: ==== Ukugcwala nokuminyana kwabantu. ==== Abantu nabafudukela emadorobheni babanga ukugcwala nokuminyana lokho okwenza bonyana imikhambo nemisikinyeko ibe budisi ukwenzeka ngezinye iinkathi (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathi esinengi ekuseni nangemva kwamadina lokha abantu nabaphuma emsebenzini kuyagcwala khulu begodu ekukhambeki lula. ==== Izinga elikhulu lobulelesi. ==== Ukufudukela emadorobheni kwabantu abanengi nebabuya eendaweni ezahlukeneko kubanga izinga elikhulu lobulelesi, emadorobheni kanye neengoga zakhona (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngalokho-ke, kugcine kwenza madorobha kube ziindawo ezingakaphephi. ==== Ukutlhogeka kwezindlu. ==== Umbuso kanye nemiphakathi yemadorobheni izithola iseemrarweni omkhulu tle wokubhalelwa kokutholela woke umuntu indlu ngebanga lenomboro eliphezulu labantu abasemadorobheni kanye nokutlhogeka kwenarha (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngalokho-ke, abantu abanengi bazithola bahlala eendaweni ezingakaphephi kanye nemitlhatlhaneni ebazifakele yona ngokungalandeli imithetho. === Isiphetho. === Ifuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni kwenzeka ngamabanga ahlukeneko kanye neendingo zabantu ezihlukeneko. Nanyana, abantu abanengi bangafudukela emadorobheni ngebanga lokuphila ipilo engcono; kodwana kukhona ubungozi nakho le edorobheni obuza nokufudukela khona. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> dalsc6pki5qs23bk46axj7ktpjpdhc9 Ikoloyi yegezi. 0 456 2389 2373 2025-01-28T06:19:12Z Owaziwako 24 2389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ikoloyi yegezi. == === Isingeniso. === Ipilo nayithuthukako neminyaka nayikhambako kubanetuthuko etja leyo eza namatjhugululo lawo anomthintela ekusebenziseni izinto. Ezinye zezinto zitjhuguluka ngokupheleleko kanti ezinye zitjhuguluke kancani. Iinkoloyi nazo ngezinye zezinto ezibongazimbi betuthuko yepilo namatjhuguluko wethekhnoloji. Elinye itjhuguluko netuthuko elinesithintela esikhulu [[Iinthuthi|eenkoloyini]], yigezi. Sekukhona iinkoloyi zegezi lezo ezisetjenziswako ephasi esiphila kilo leli. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana yini iinkoloyi zegezi begodu imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi ngiyiphi. === Yini iinkoloyi zegezi? === [[Isimumathi:Ikoloyi yegezi.jpg|thumb|510x510px|Ikoloyi yegezi iyatjhaja/ifaka umlilo (amandla)]] Ngokuya kuka-Iulia no-Lorand (2022<ref name=":0">Iulia, V., & Lorand, S. 2022. A Brief History of Electric Vehicles. ''Journal of Computer Science and Control Systems'', 15(1):19-26.</ref>) basekelwa yi-U.S Department of Energy (2008<ref name=":1">U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. ''Electric Vehicle Basics''. U.S. Department of Energy.</ref>) [[Iinthuthi|iinkoloyi]] zegezi kuziinkoloyi lezo ezisebenzisa igezi bonyana zikhambe nanyana zisebenze. U-Helmers no-Marx (2012) <ref name=":2">Helmers, E., & Maxr, P. 2012. Electric cars: technical characteristics and environmental impacts. ''Environmental Science Europe'', 24 (14):1-15.</ref>basekelwa yi-[[:en:Electric_car|Wikipedia (2025]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Electric car.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> bangezelele bathi, iinkoloyi zegezi zitshwaye njengegadango eliqakathekileko lethekhnoloji ngombana zisebenzisa amandla nanyana umlilo omncani begodu azikhiqizi irhazi eyingozi ngezinga eliphezulu. Leli kuliphuzulu eliqakathekileko njengoba sazi bonyana iinkoloyi zinengi khulu tle eendleleni begodu kungakho zinesandla esikhulu mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwerhasi embi esilaphaza ibhoduluko. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelele bonyana iinkoloyi zegezi lezi azifaki iinthuthi ezikhulu njengamathraga, kodwana kufakwa iinkoloyi ezincani kanye namalori amancani (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />; [https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/electric-cars-comparison-fossil-fuels-transport/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA-Oi7BhA1EiwA2rIu2ywCLOhMccThE1FgyyseIWIz1NI75VI0_GwT50EjTq4jJtn_-9hl5BoCxt4QAvD_BwE Global Citizen, 2025]<ref>Global Citizen. 2025. ''Electric Cars ‘Hundreds of Times’ More Efficient Than Fossil Fuel Cars''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/electric-cars-comparison-fossil-fuels-transport/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA-Oi7BhA1EiwA2rIu2ywCLOhMccThE1FgyyseIWIz1NI75VI0_GwT50EjTq4jJtn_-9hl5BoCxt4QAvD_BwE</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). Iinkoloyi zegezi lezi ngaso soke isikhathi kufanelwe zifakwe umlilo ngegezi ngaphambi kokuthi zikhambe begodu zinamambanga ezingawakhambi ngokuya kwamandla nanyana umlilo ezinawo (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawusebenzisa ikoloyi yegezi le kufanele wazi ukuthi nomlilo wayo uyaphela njalo nayiloko ikhamba. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi. === Imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi. === Imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi minengi; kodwana, ngebanga lekulumopendulwano yethu sizokutjheja nasi elandelako: ==== Ikoloyi esebenzisa igezi kwaphela ==== Ikoloyi esebenzisa igezi kwaphela, mhlobo wekoloyi loya ongathelwa ipetroli (Iulia and Lorand, 2022<ref name=":0" />; Joshi no-Gokhale-Welch, 2022<ref>Joshi, P., & Gokhale-Welch, C. 2022''. Fundamentals of Electric Vehicles (EVs)''. USAID.</ref>). Kodwana, umhlobo lo kufanele ufakwe umlilo ngegezi ngendlela yokuwutjhaja njengalokha nasitjhaja nanyana sifakela ufunjathwako umlilo. Ukungezelela, umhlobo lo ufuna utjhajwe isikhathi esithize ngaphandle kokuthi ungawutjhayela (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />). ==== Ikoloyi esebenzis igezi ne[[Ipetroli nedizili.|petroli]] ngesikhathi sinye. ==== Umhlobo wekoloyi osebenzisa igezi nepetroli ngesikhathi sinye, kuyikoloyi leyo ekufanelwe itjhajwe namkha ithelelwe ipetroli ukuze ikhambe (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Nakungenzeka bonyana awukhatheli ipetroli, kodwana ibhetri lona linomlilo iyakwazi ukukhamba ngokusebenzisa amandla webhetri wodwa (U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Ukungezelela, nakungenzeka bonyana umlilo webhetri mncani kodwana uneprtroli, lokha nawutjhayelako, ikoloyi le ngokwayo izokugcwalisa ibhetri leli (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). ==== Ubuhle nobumbi beenkoloyi zegezi ==== Iinkoloyi zegezi zikhiqiza irhasi embi kancani khulu nanyana aziyikhiqizi nangabe yikoloyi ikhambe ngegezi kwaphela (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />; U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Ukungezelela, iinkoloyi zegezi zitjhiphile ukuzifaka umlilo ukuze zitjhayelwe ukudlula iinkoloyi zee[[Iimbaseli|mbaseli]] (U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Nanyana kunjalo, iinkoloyi zegezi zibiza khulu ukuzithenga lokha nawuziqathanisa neenkoloyi zeembaseli (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, azikhambi amabanga amade khulu ngaphandle kokuthi zifunwe ukufakwa umlilo nanyana ukutjhajwa (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, zinemikhawulo yamabanga ezingawakhamba lokha ibhetri naligcweleko, nakungenzeka zidlule amabanga lawo umlilo webhetri uzokuphela. === Isiphetho === Iinkoloyi zegezi ziletha amatjhuguluko amahle lokha nasitjheja ukuhlwengeka kwezebhodululo nezamaphilo. Kodwana, akusibo boke abantu abangakghona ukuzifinyelela ngombana zibiza khudlwana kuneenkoloyi zeembaseli. Nanyana kunjalo, kuhle bonyana sizwisise bonyana ziyini iinkoloyi zegezi lezi. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 7xoincmey7c34705px4mri8l72lzlkz Umvuzo wokulala ngokwaneleko. 0 457 2390 2374 2025-01-28T06:20:13Z Owaziwako 24 2390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umvuzo wokulala ngokwaneleko. == === Isingeniso. === Ukulala ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko bonyana umuntu azenze qobe ngamalanga. Ngamanye amagama, ukulala kusisenzo leso esikatelelekileko bonyana umuntu asenze ngamalanga. Nanyana kunjalo, ngebanga leminqopho neembangela ezahlukeneko, abantu abanengi balala ngeenkathi ezahlukileko begodu balala ama-iri ahlukileko. Kodwana, ukulala kuyakhonjelwa basebenzi bezamaphilo kanye nabahlengi bezengqondo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imivuzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. === Imivuzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. === [[Isimumathi:Ukulala.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Umuntu ulele.]] Minengi imivuzo nanyana iinzunzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. Eminye yemivuzo nanyana iinzunzo yokulala ngokwaneleko ifaka hlangana elandelako: ==== Kunciphisa izinga lokugula ==== Ngokuya kwe-University of Oxford (2023)<ref>University of Oxford. 2023. ''Waking up to the health benefits of sleep''. Royal Society for Public Health: Vision, Voice and Practice. </ref> ukulala ngokwaneleko kwehlisa amazinga wokubanjwa bulwele behliziyo, itjhukela kanye nobulwele bokufa ihlangothi lomzimba. I-American Heart Association (2024) <ref name=":0">American Heart Association. 2024. ''How does sleep affect my health?.'' Answers by heart.</ref>ingezelele yathi, ukungalali kuhle kungabanomthintela omumbi kwezamaphilo zakho ngokuthi kukhuphule amazinga wokubanjwa lizinga eliphezulu leengazi, ukunona ngokudluleleko kanye nokugandeleleka ngomkhumbulo. ==== Izinga elihle lokucabanga. ==== Ngokuya kwe-American Heart Association (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ukulala ngokwaneleko kwenza bonyana umuntu acabange kuhle begodu nezinga lakhe lobuhlakani nokurhumutjha izinto liyanda. Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawungakalali ngokwaneleko, ingqondo yakho ayisebenzi kuhle nengizinga elifunekako nakuza ekuzwisiseni izinto nekuthatheni iinqunto ezizwakalo alikho. ==== Ukwandiswa kwamalanga wokuphila. ==== Lokha nawulala ama-iri ali-7 ukuya kwabu-8 qobe ngobusuku, kwandisa amalanga nanyana isikhathi sakho sokuphila ([https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf Student Health] [https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf of Miami, 2023]<ref name=":1">Student Health of Miami. 2023. ''Benefits of sleep''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). I-Student Health of Miami (2024<ref name=":1" />) ingezelele yathi, kufanele wazi bonyana ukulala ama-iri asithantathu ukuya phasi nanyana ukulala ama-iri adlula kwabu-8, akukalungi begodu kungaba nomthelela oyingozi. ==== Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokusebenza. ==== Ukulala ngokwaneleko kusiza khulu bonyana umuntu akwazi ukusebenza kuhle nangezinga eliphezulu ([https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-reasons-why-good-sleep-is-important#The-bottom-line Health Line, 2023]<ref name=":2">Health Line. 2023. ''10 Reasons to Get More Sleep''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-reasons-why-good-sleep-is-important#The-bottom-line</nowiki>>. </ref>). I-Health Line (2023)<ref name=":2" /> ingezelele yathi, lokha nawulele ngokwanelelo nengqondo yakho ikwazi ukunzinza begodu iqalane nalokho okwenzako ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. ==== Kusiza ukwehlisa umzimba ==== Ukulala ngokwaneleko kuqakatheke khulu ngombana kudlala indima ekulu ekukhuleni nokwehleni komzimba. Ngokuya kwe-[https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/better-sleep-why-its-important-for-your-health-and-tips-to-sleep-soundly/2023/03 Cultivating Health (2023)]<ref>Cultivating Health. 2023. ''Better sleep: Why it’s important for your health and tips to sleep soundly. Litholakala'' ku:< <nowiki>https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/better-sleep-why-its-important-for-your-health-and-tips-to-sleep-soundly/2023/03</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukulala ngokwaneleko kungakusiza lokha nawufuna ukwehlisa umzimba nanyana ufuna ukuwukhulisa ngombana ukukhamba kweengazi nokusebenza komzimba kusuke kusebenza kuhle. === Isiphetho === Ukulala ngokwaneleko kuqakathekile emntwini ngombana kuneenzunzo efana nokwehlisa izinga lokubanjwa kugula nokugandlelela ngomkhumbulo. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele sikhumbule bonyana ukulala kusisenzo esikathelelekileko bonyana sisenze sibabantu begodu sisenze kuhle ngombana nasingasenzi kuhle, singazithola ebujameni obungasi buhle. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> nzv0pgq8974zpah4ab20qovenks1bv4 Itheku. 0 458 3084 2979 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Itheku'''; Itheku ngezinye zeendawo ezithandwa khulu babantu. Abantu abanengi bayathanda ukuziphumela, ukuzikhuphela nanyana ukuvakatjhela khona nanyana baphumuze ingqondo khona. Nanyana kunjalo, amatheku la akatholakali koke inarheni. Kukhona iimfunda ezinganawo. Eenhlokweni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana itheku liyini begodu litholakala eendaweni ezinjani. == Kuyini itheku? == Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Bay|Wikipedia (2025]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa yi-[https://www.alsharqi.co/glossary/what-is-bay/ Alsharqi (2025)] <ref>Alsharqi. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.alsharqi.co/glossary/what-is-bay/</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>itheku kulibala elikhulu lamanzi lelo elihlangana bunqopha namanzi welwandle. I-[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bay/ National Geographic (2025])<ref name=":0">National Geographic. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bay/</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi, itheku kulibala lamanzi lelo elizonjelelwe ihlabathi ukuze abantu bakwazi ukukhamba benze nezinye izinto. Ngamanye amagama, itheku kulibala lamanzi lawo ayingcenye yelwandle asekuthomeni kwelwandle lapho kuhlangene khona nehlabathi nanyana indawo eyomileko ukuze abantu bakwazi ukukhamba begodu baye emanzini badude. Kwesinye isikhathi uthola ukuthi amanzi la kumamanzi abuya elwandle nemlanjenikazi (National Geographic, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Itheku alisiyindawo ethandwa babantu kwaphela; kodwana, liyikhaya leenlwani ezinengi zemanzini ezifaka hlangana iimfesi, ikghuru neenkalakala (National Geographic. 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Itheku libuye lisize khulu mayelana nemithwalo neempahla evela kwezinye iinarha nanyana ethunyelwa kwezinye iinarha ngemikhumbi ngombana idoyelo lemikhumbi litholakala khulu emathekwini ([https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/bay/633561 Kids Britannica, 2025])<ref>Kids Britannica. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/bay/633561</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>. Kufanele sikhumbule bonyana lokha iimpahla nazithunyelwa ngaphandle nanyana zamukelwa la eSewula Afrika, kufanele kube nendawo la imikhumbi izakwazi ukujama khona lula ukuze iimpahla lezo zilayitjhwe nanyana zihliswe begodu ukghone ukusuka lula, iindawo lezo matheku. == Iindawo nanyana iimfunda la amatheku atholakala khona == ESewula Afrika amatheku akatholakali kizo zoke iimfunda ngebanga lokuthi ezinye zeemfunda ziimfunda ezingaphakathi kwenarha njengeGauteng neMpumalanga ([https://www.britannica.com/science/estuary Britannica, 2025]<ref>Britannica. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/estuary</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>). Kodwana iimfunda ezilandelako zinamatheku: IKwaZulu Natala, iTlhagwini Kapa, iPumalanga Kapa neTjhingalanga Kapa. Iimfunda ezine lezi zinemithetho leyo elawula ukusetjenziswa kwamatheku babantu, imiphakathi kanye namabubululo ngokusebenzisana neenhlangano ezifana nesiGungu seSewula Afrika somThelo leso esitjheje bona yoke ipahla eza eSewula Afrika kufanele bonyana ibhadele umthetho ogunyazwako. == Isiphetho == Itheku linemisebenzi eminengi eempilweni zabantu ngaphandle kokuba yindawo yokunandisa nalapho abantu baditjha khona. Kodwana, lidlala indima eqakathekileko mayela nokunikela enye indlela yokuthuthwa kweempahla lezo eziya ngaphandle kwezinye iinarha nanyana ezivela kwezinye iinarha eziza ngekhaya. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bona sizijwayeze bonyana itheku liyini begodu lisetjenziswa njani ukuze sikhambelane nemithetho yawo. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> qpk02gwh3omzjflcmphfqo1dw3pk36u Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo. 0 459 3118 2990 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2376 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto esele zidlange khudlwana nakukhamba isikhathi begodu izinto lezo zidlala indima ekulu eempilweni zethu kanye nemnothweni. Ezinye zezinto lezo kuvakatjha. Ukuvatjha lokhu esikhuluma ngakho la, ngilokho abanye abakubiza bonyana ibakatjhobukelo ingasi ukukweriya okwabona ngugogo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ukuyini ukuvakatjha, nanyana ivakatjhobukelo, kanye nemihlobo ekhona yevakatjho (ivakatjhobukelo). === Kuyini ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo na? === [[Isimumathi:Ivakatjhobukelo.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Ubaba uthwebula inyoni isithombe]] Ngokuya kwe-Britannica (2025) <ref name=":0">Britanicca. 2025. ''Tourism''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism/Day-trippers-and-domestic-tourism</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo nehlelo lokuqeda isikhathi sakho kude nekhaya ngomnqopho wokuthola ukuphumula nobumnandi. I-Britannica (2025)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelele yathi, isenzo leso sokuqeda isikhathi kude nekhenu esikhathini esinengi senzeka ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yezamabubulo ngaphasi komkhakha loyo. Ngamanye amagama, ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo esifaka hlangana ukusebenzisa amabubulo bonyana akusize ngevakatjho lakho eendaweni ezahlukeneko, ingasi wena uzenzele zoke izinto. Nanyana kunjalo, i-Wikipedia (2025)<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2025. ''Tourism''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> iveze bonyana ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo esidlula ukuvakatjha kwamalanga wokuphumula; kodwana, kusisenzo sokufunda okutjha ngeendawo, ibhoduluko, amasiko nepilo yabantu beendawo lapho uvakatjhele khona. U-Tureac no-Anca (2008)<ref>Tureac, C. E., & Anca, T. 2008. Types and Forms of Tourism. ''ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DANUBIUS: OECONOMICA:''92-103.</ref> bangezelele ngokuthi, ukuvatjha lokhu akufani, okunye kwenzeka ngeenthuthi zomphakathi, ehlobo nanyana ebusika, ngokwemidlalo nanyana ukuziphumulela nje. Ngamanye amagama, ukuvakatjha kuya ngomuntu bonyana uthanda okunjani nanyana uthanda ukukwenza ngasiphi isikhathi nesidingo siphi. === Imihlobo yokuvakatjha. === Kukhona imihlobo eminengi yokuvakatjha nanyana yevakatjhobukelo; kodwana, ngaphasi kwekulumopendulwano yethu sizonqopha kile elandelako: ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhathi eside. ==== Ngokuya kuka-Robinson, u-LUck no-Smith (2020)<ref name=":2">Robinson, P., Lück, M., & Smith, S. 2020. ''Tourism''. 2nd Edition.</ref> ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ukuvakatjha kwesikhathi eside kulevakatjho lelo eleqa isikhathi somnyaka, umuntu akwenye indawo. Ngamanye amagama, leli livakatjho umuntu angalithatha ehlobo, ahlale lapho kuphele ihlobo nesiruthwani bese uyabuya nakungena ubusika. ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhatjhana. ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhatjhana livakatjho lelo elingathathi isikhathi eside begodu lingathatha ilanga ukuya kwamalanga amatjhumi amathathu (Robinson ''nabanye'', 2020)<ref name=":2" />. Ngamanye amagama, ivakatjho lesikhatjhana livakatjho lelo umuntu alithatha ngomqopho wokuthi akafuni ukuhlala isikhathi endaweni leyo avakatjhele kiyo. === Imibandela yokuthatha ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ivakatjho. === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2025)<ref name=":1" /> isekelwa yi-Britannica (2025)<ref name=":0" /> abantu bathatha ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ivakatjho ngebanga lokufuna ukuphola nanyana ibanga lezamaphilo. Laba babantu abasuke bazi bonyana isizo elingabasiza bonyana baphole bangalithola kwindawo leyo kwaphela. Kube khona abantu abathatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo ngomnqopho wezamabubululo (Wikipedia 2025<ref name=":1" />; ne-Britannica, 2025). Laba kusuke kubosomabubulo abafuna ukwandisa nokufunda kwabanye abosomabubulo abaphumeleleko kwezinye iindawo (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Kokugcina, kube khona abantu abathatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo ngebanga lokubethwa moya, ukuthola ubumnandi nanyana ukuledlha nokuphumula (Britanicca, 2025<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Laba babantu abadinwe ngomkhumbulo nanyana ngomzimba bafuna ukuphumula nemoyeni ukuze babuyele emakhabo bangcono (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). === Isiphetho === Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo yinto leyo engasiza khulu umuntu lokha neentjhijilo ezifaka hlangana ukudinwa ngokomkhumbulo nanyana ngomzimba, imitjhoga nanyana intatha yobuguli obuthize kanye nokukhulisa ilwazi lakho elimayelana namasiko, indlela yabantu yokuphila neenkolelo zabo. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana umuntu azijwayeze ukuthatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> g7nh38rjj5i96y7hib0cvcursevjxxj Ukuziphatha kuhle. 0 460 2391 2025-01-28T09:02:21Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== Ukuziphatha kuhle. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto lezo ezenza bonyana sihlalisane kuhle nabantu begodu kube nokuthula nanyana sihlanganyele ini. Enye yezinto lezo kuziphatha ngendlela ehle. Ukuziphatha ngendlela ehle kuyindlela eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sibabantu sikhombisa ubuntu kanye nokusebenzisana. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana nasikhululuma ngokuziphatha kuhle sikhuluma ngani begodu yini ububhadekelo bakhona. === Kuyini ukuzipha..." 2391 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuziphatha kuhle. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto lezo ezenza bonyana sihlalisane kuhle nabantu begodu kube nokuthula nanyana sihlanganyele ini. Enye yezinto lezo kuziphatha ngendlela ehle. Ukuziphatha ngendlela ehle kuyindlela eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sibabantu sikhombisa ubuntu kanye nokusebenzisana. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana nasikhululuma ngokuziphatha kuhle sikhuluma ngani begodu yini ububhadekelo bakhona. === Kuyini ukuziphatha kuhle === [[Isimumathi:Ihlonipho.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Ukulotjhisana ngehlonipho.]] Ngokuya kuka-Lazzeri (2014)<ref>Lazzeri, F. 2014. On defining behavior: Some notes. ''Behavior and Philosophy'', 42:65-82.</ref> ukuziphatha lihlelo lelo lomuntu langaphakathi kwakhe lokuthi ezikhambisna nezenzo lezo ezithintela umsikinyeko nanyana imiphumela yobujamo bakhe. I-[https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/2366135/What%20is%20good%20behaviour%20and%20how%20can%20teachers%20encourage%20it%3F.pdf Evidence Based Education (2025)]<ref>Evidence Based Education. 2025. ''What is 'good' behaviour and how can teachers encourage it: reflecting on great teaching?'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/2366135/What%20is%20good%20behaviour%20and%20how%20can%20teachers%20encourage%20it%3F.pdf</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi-[[:en:Behavior|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. ''Behavior''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi ukuziphatha kuhle kunqophe kuzenzo nanyana yini okuphilako lokho okwezenza bonyana sikghone ukuhlalisana nabantu nanyana sikhombise ukulunga. Ngamanye amagama, ukuziphatha kuhle kulihlelo lezenzo kanye nomukghwa onganamthintela omumbi nanyana ongakorholi omunye umuntu, kodwana, owakha itjhebiswano nokusebenzisana. Iinhlathululo esinikelwe zona lezi ngehla ziyasitjengisa bonyana kubudisi kangangani ukuhlathulula ukuziphatha okuhle, ngombana ukuziphatha okuhle kuthembele bonyana umuntu usibona njani isenzo sakhe leso begodu umqopho wakhe kuyini. Ngalokho-ke, lokho okucabanga bona sisenzo sokuziphatha kuhle ongathola bonyana akusibo boke abasamukelako njengesenzo sokuziphatha kuhle. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yokuziphatha kuhle. === Imihlobo yokuziphatha kuhle === Kungenzeka bonyana kunemihlobo eminengi leyo ewela ngaphasi kokuziphatha kuhle; kodwana, ngomnqopho wekulumopendulwano yethu le sizokunqopha kumihlobo elandelako: ==== ukuziphatha kwangaphandle. ==== Ngokuya kwe[https://www.noldus.com/blog/what-is-behavior -Noldus (2023)]<ref name=":1">Noldus. 2023. ''Wha is behavior?'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.noldus.com/blog/what-is-behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukuziphatha kwangaphandle kuziphatha lokho okubonwako nanyana ngubani begodu kumadaniswe ubuhle bakhona bonyana bungangani. I-Noldus (2024)<ref name=":1" /> ingezelele yathi ukuziphatha lokhu kufaka hlangana imisikinyeko yabantu, ukusebenzisa amatshwayo womzimba, iphimbo kanye nezinye izenzo ezibonwa ngabaye abantu. ==== Ukuziphatha kwangaphakathi ==== Ukuziphatha kwangaphakathi ngilokho esingathi kumumukghwa womuntu owenzeka ngaphathi kwakhe (Noldus, 2023)<ref name=":1" />. Imikghwa leyo, omunye umuntu angeze ayibona ngombana yenzeka engqondweni yomuntu nanyana emoyeni wakhe ngaphakathi. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini umvuzo nanyana ububhadekelo bekuziphatha kuhle na. === Kuyini umvuzo nanyana ububhadekelo bokuziphatha kuhle === Ukuziphatha kuhle kunemivuzo nanyana ububhadekelo obunengi lobo obufaka hlangana okulandelako: ==== Kusiza ukuledlhisa umzimba ==== Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.strong4life.com/en/emotional-wellness/behavior-and-discipline/10-ways-to-encourage-positive-behavior Strong 4 Life (2025])<ref name=":2">Strong 4 Life. 2025. 10 ''Ways to Encourage Positive Behavior''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.strong4life.com/en/emotional-wellness/behavior-and-discipline/10-ways-to-encourage-positive-behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukuziphatha kuhle kusungula indlela elula nekhulula ingqondo nomzimba egandelelweni lokucabanga khulu mayelana nokungahle kwenze okungakalungi komunye umuntu mayelana nesenzo sakho. Ngalokho-ke, umzinga nengqondo uyaledlha begodu awuqabangi khulu njengalokha nawuziphethe kumbi begodu kwabanomthintela komunye umuntu. ==== Kuyindlela ehle yomukghwa ==== Ukuziphatha kuhle kuyindlela ehle yokumukghwa leyo engalandelwa nanyana ngubani begodu yenza bonyana abantu babe nekambiso ephilileko nanyana enganabungozi (Strong 4 Life, 2025)<ref name=":2" />. Yeke-ke, lokha umuntu nakaziphatha kuhle, akusisenzo nje kwaphela; kodwana, kusisenzo esidlala indlima ngokwezamaphilo. ==== Kusiza ekukhuliseni abentwana ==== Ukuziphatha kuhle kusiza ekukhuliseni abentwana ngombana kuhlahla abentwana bonyana babalekele izenzo ezimbi kanye nemikghwa engakalungu (Wikipedia, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Ngamanye amagama, nawungumzali kufanele uziphathe kuhle ngombana abentwana nabakubona wenza into enye nabo bayakulandela ngokwenza into leyo; Kodwana, nangabe wenza into embi nabo bayakulandela ngokwenza into embi begodu ezinye babelethwa nazo ngebanga lefuzo. === Isiphetho === Ukuziphatha kuhle kuqakathekile begodu kungaba nesithintela esihle nesimbi komunye umuntu. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele silinge ngaso soke isikhathi ukuziphatha kuhle ngokwezenzo begodu nangemikghwa leyo ebonakala ngengaphakathi lethu. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> bka0w6crwzglu5edjl5wtrejqmj3ejd Iflaga yeSewula Africa 0 461 2395 2025-01-28T12:25:54Z Jfblanc 328 Jfblanc moved page [[Iflaga yeSewula Africa]] to [[Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] 2395 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] au8gx5tsxgvfykgtmmejka4vfgtvo1w MediaWiki:BabelConfig.json 8 462 2397 2025-01-31T00:03:52Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating server configuration to an on-wiki JSON file ([[phab:T374348]]) 2397 json application/json { "$version": "1.0.0", "BabelAutoCreate": true, "BabelCategoryNames": { "0": "", "1": "", "2": "", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "N": "" }, "BabelMainCategory": "", "BabelUseUserLanguage": false } 54hmctnlaawatl26wopa0v29fbhc0mb Ukubulunga imali 0 464 3038 3029 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukubulunga imali''' kukulokha umuntu athatha ingcenye yemali yakhe ayitholako njengomrholo bese ayibekele isikhathi esizako angayisebenzisi ngeholoso yokuthi ikhone ikumsiza ngesikhathi esizako. Ukubulunga imali kusisenzo esiqakathekileko begodu senza bona umuntu abenemali nokuthi ahlale ngaphandle kokusaba ukutlhoga imali<ref>Furnham, A., 1985. Why do people save? Attitudes to, and habits of saving money in Britain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(5), pp.354-373. </ref>. == Kuqakatheke ngani ukubulunga imali? == ===== Kukusiza ukuthi okhone ukwenza izinto ozifisako ===== Ukubulunga [[imali]] kulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukufeza izinto azifisako ezihle ezifana nokuthi ukghone ukuthenga imodere, wakhe indlu ehle kanokutjho begodu ungakghona ukubhadalela abantwana ifundo yabo yamazinga aphezulu<ref>Salikin, N., Wahab, N.A., Zakaria, N., Masruki, R. and Nordin, S.N., 2012. Students’ saving attitude: does parents’ background matter. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(6), p.479. </ref>. Zinengi izinto umuntu angazenza ngokuthi abulunge imali omunye umuntu angathatha imali ayibulungileko ayisebenzise bona athome ibubulo elizomakhela umnotho. === Kukukhipha ehlathini lokha nakunekinga === Nawumumuntu obulunga imali, nawuvelelwa sisiga obewu ngakasicabangi esifana nokuthi uphelelwe msebenzi, ingozi, nanyana ugulelwe sihlobo sakho uyakghona ukuthi uthathe imali oyibulungileko ukuthi bonyana ikulekelele bona ukhone ukuthi uphume emirarweni oqalane nayo. === Kusiza ukubalekela iinkolodo === Ukubulunga imali kurhelebha bona umuntu abalekele ukwenza iinkolodo lokha nasele avelelwa miraro ebakangakayilindeli. Kuvikela nokuthi umuntu angasebenzisi imali ngendlela engakhombisi ukuhlakanipha. === Ukwakha umnotho === Ukubulunga imali kulekelela umuntu bona akhone ukwakha umnotho ngombana umuntu angakghona ukuthi athathe imali ayibulungileko ayoyitjala ibuye sele imenzele inzuzo, lokhu kuyawukhulisa umnotho womuntu<ref><ref></ref></ref> oehb9m45r1fzspfgsj9ulre0c5a02x3 ILanga lethando 0 465 2535 2403 2025-03-19T10:15:46Z Nqobile69 190 2535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga lethando''' kulilanga elaziwa ngelimi lesiNgisi bona Yi Valantine's day. ilanga leli ligidingwa cobe nyaka ngenyanga kaMhlolanja amalanga nakali-14. ngokwesiko kulilanga lapho abantu baveza khona [[ithando]] labo abanalo emindenini, ebanganinni begodu nebantwini abahlekisana nabo. == kwenziwani ngelanga lethando? == === Abantu baphana izipho === [[Iinthandani]] ngelanga leli zithengelana izipho ezifana namathuthumbo, amatjhokoledi, namakhadi njengendlela yokukhombisana uthando nokuthabelana. abanye baba namakhambo njengendlela yokuzikhipha<ref>Lau, P.H., 2001. Valentine’s Day.</ref>. === Bapheka amadina === Abanye bakhetha ukupheka amadina akhethekileko bakhanyise namakhandlela bese badle bobali, leyo into bayenza ngehloso yokuceda isikhathi ndawo yinye begodu babelane ngothando. Idina le bangayidlela ekhaya nanyana esitolo sokudla esisecophelweni. Abanye bayakhamba bayokubukela ama movie nanyana baye lapho kuno mgidi khona wokumvumo bazithabise. === batlolelana iincwadi namakhadi === Abanye bathanda ukutlolela imilayezo emnandi yethando, baveze indlela ebazizwa ngayo ngabalingni babo, abanani nanyana ababelethi babo. Le yindlela yakade yokwenza izinto kodwana iyakhona ukwenza bona abantu batjhidelane khulu ngombana amezwi kuyindlela enamandla yokuveza imizwa. == liqakatheke ngani ilanga leli? == Ilanga lethando liqakatheke ngokuthi likhuthaza abantu abathandanako bonyana bakhone ukuceda [[isikhathi]] ndawonye, begodu bakhone nokuvezelana indlela abathandana ngayo.Kuyindlela yokukhulisa ithando, [[ubungani]] nokuzwana emindenini. kulilanga lokuletha injabulo ebantwini nokukhulisa ubudlelwane. 1yy009si6p5oo7w4gxjumzq7qw0tpoq Ikolo 0 466 2629 2405 2025-04-03T19:09:05Z Rachmat04 32 2629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikolo''' kuyinto ephathelelne nomoya, kukulapo abantu bakholelwa khona into ebakholelwa kiyo le kufuze kube yinto ebayibona bonyana inamandla ngokomoya begodu ikhethekile. isibonelo sezinto abantu abangakholelwa kizo kugaba nguZimu,sithombe sento ethileko, nofana abezimu. ikolo kuyinto eyenza abantu bona bakhone ukuzwsisa uphasi ebaphila kilo. kuyinto eyeza bona abantu baphile ngokwesiko , neminyanya ethileko njengendlela yokuveza ikholo labo. Imihlobo yeenkolo esezikhona esewula Afrika ngilezi: yikolo yobu[[khrestu]], ikolo ye [[Islam]], ikolo yama Hindu,ikolo yama Juda, ikolo yama Bhuda kanye nekolo yabaphasi.<ref>Riesebrodt, M., 2010. ''The promise of salvation: A theory of religion''. University of Chicago Press. Vancouver</ref> == IMIHLOBO YEKOLO == === Ikolo yobukhrestu === Leyokolo yabantu abakholelwa kuZimu begodu abakholwa bonyana uJesu yindodana kaZimu ezelwe iyodwa eyasuka ezulwini yeza ephasini ukuzofela izono zabanto begodu yahlongakala yavuka ngemva kwamalanga amathathu. Abantu abokholelwa kile kolo bathanda ukusebenzisa isiphambano njengethswayo lekolo yabo. le ngenye yeenkolo elandewa babantu abanengi ephasini<ref>Schmidt, A.J., 2009. ''How Christianity changed the world''. Zondervan.</ref> === ikolo ye-Islam === Le yikolo yabantu ababizwa bona ma Muslim, bakholwa ku zimu obizwa bona ngu Allah begodu nakumphrofidi obizwa bona nguMuhammad. Bafunda iincwadi i Quran, Amarhubo, ne Torah lezi bakholwa bona ziincwadi ezathunyelwa kibo ngu zimu wabo u Allah. <ref>Donner, F.M., 2010. ''Muhammad and the believers: At the origins of Islam''. Harvard University Press. Vancouver</ref> === Ikolo yamaHindu === Amahindu akholelwa ku zimu wabo obizw bona nguBrahman. Bakholelwa bona yoke into umuntu ayenzako inemphumela yakhona efanel bona umuntu aqalane nayo epilweni nanyana lokha sele adlulile ephasini. AmaHindu anabozimu abathathu uBrama(ngumdali) Vishnu (mgcini wabo) Shiva (mbhubhisi) === ikolo yamaJuda === AmaJuda akholwa bona kunoZimu oyedwa ephasini loke begodu nguye odale izulu nomhlaba. AmaJuda afunda itorah njenge ncwadi yabo ebafundisa ngozimu, iTorah le ineencwadi ezihlanu zokuthoma ezatlowa ngu Mose ebhayibhilini. === ikolo yabaphasi === Le yikolo yaantu abanzima abakholelwa ebezimini. abezimu kubabantu abebaphila ephasini kodwana bahlongakala nje imimoya yabo sele isebenza ukubapha inhlanhla nokubavikela. 2wqcbm3cpb515qfr4buxl2qx2iz4dcb Ithiyori ka Vygotsky 0 467 2509 2508 2025-03-06T16:17:31Z Nqobile69 190 2509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ithiyori''' ka Vygotsky kuyithoyori ehlathulula bona abantwana bakhulisa ilwazi labo ngokuthi bahlangane nabanye abantwana, nemvelo, nangokuthi bathole ifundiso ngesiko pilo lebhoduluko ebahlala kilo.Ukukhula nofana ukuthuthuka emntwaneni kuthoma ngaphandle emntwaneni, kubhoduluko leli ahlala kilo bese litjhinge ngaphakatho komntwana.Ithoyori le iveza bona ibhoduluko lizadlala indima ekulu ekukhuleni komntwana. Ukukhula komkhumbulo emtwaneni kuvela lokha umuntu afunda izinto ebanganini bakhe , ebabelethini, kubafundisi nakwabanye abantu bomphakathi. UVygotsky ukholwa bona umuntu nakafuna ukwenza into enzima kufanele athole irhelebho lomuntu onelwazi elikhulu lokwenza into leyo. Lokhu kuzokulekelela bona umuntu agcine sele anekghono lokwenza into leyo<ref>Vygotsky, L., 2018. Lev Vygotsky. ''La psicología en la Revolución Rusa. Colombia: Ediciones desde abajo''.</ref>. == Iscaffolding == Leli ligama lesiNgisi elitjho izinga lesekelo mntwana alidingako ukuze abe nekghono lokwenza into ethileko ebekangakhoni ukuyenza ngokwakhe<ref>Rahimi, A. and Tahmasebi, S., 2011. Mediating Iranian EFL learners: Private speech and scaffolding in reading comprehension. LiBRI. Linguistic and Literary Broad Research and Innovation, 1(2), pp.56-71.</ref>. Into enje yenzeka lokha umuntu anekghono lokwenza into ethileko afundisa Umntwana ongana lwazi bona akghone ukwenza into leyo bekufike lapho umntwana ongenalwazi sele athola naye ikghono lokwenza into afundiswe yona ngokwakhe. Isibonelo: kulokha utitjhere afundisa umntwana ukufunda. Utitjhere uthoma ngokukhombisa umntwana bona kufundwa njani, kuthi ngokuya kwesikhathi umntwana azithole sele afunda ngokwakhe kodwana utitjhere amlekelele bona afunde lawo magama asogola ukuwafunda, bese kuthi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi umntwana agcine sele akghona ukufunda ngokwakhe.ngaphandle werhelebho lokatitjhere. == Ukukhuluma ngaphakathi (private speech) == Ithiyori ka Vygotsky iveza bona ilimi liqakathekile ukusiza bona umuntu akhule emkhumbulweni. Ilimi ngilo elenza bona umuntu akghone ukucabanga<ref>Stanley, F., 2011. Vygotsky–From public to private: learning from personal speech. ''Making sense of theory and practice in early childhood: The power of ideas'', pp.11-25.</ref>. Abantwana bakhuluma bodwa ukuze bakghone ukulawula izenzo zabo lokha nabadlalako isenzo lesibizwa bona yi private speech.Isenzo lesi ngiso esenza bona umntwana akghone ukulawula indlela yache yokuziphatha, nemicaango yakhe ngokuthi aphimise lokhu akucabangako. 01ajklwm4bddg541wm5cd5wz667efby Iinyanga zonyaka 0 468 2409 2408 2025-02-14T09:35:45Z Nqobile69 190 2409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinyanga zonyaka''' Iinyanga zonyaka zilitjhumi nambili enyakeni. Lawa mabizo wakhona ngelimi lesiNdebele. 1. Tjhirhweni 2. Mhlolanja 3. Ntaka 4. Sihlabantangani 5. Mrhayili 6. UNgwengweni 7. Velabahlinze 8. URhoboyi 9. Ukhukhulamungu 10. USewula 11. USinyikhaba 12. UNobayeni 4jl45licxae4ycd4sfyn3v8pan1ot1d Iinomboro 0 469 3094 2955 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inomboro''' lithswayo lezembalo elisetjenziswa ukubala inani lezinto ezibalwako, ezimedwako nofana izikhonjwako nemalni. Inomboro isisekelo sesisfundo seembalo ngombana sisebenzisa iinomboro ukuveza ubukhulu bento, isisindo begodu nobukhulu bayo.Lokha inomboro nayingekho ngekhe sakghona ukuba nesifundo seembalo. Iinomboro sikhona ukuziveza ngeendlela ezinengi ezifana nama fraktjhini, ama-inthija, amadesimali. Ukubala ngelimi lesiNdebele 1- kunye, 2- kubili,3- kuthathu, 4- kune, 5- kuhlanu, 6- sithandathu,7- Likhomba, 8-bunane, 9- Lithoba, 10- litjhumi… 100- Likhulu 1000- Ikulungwane 1 000 000- Isigidi Imihlobo yeenomboro Inomboro zemvelo 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Ama- iinthija Ziimnomboto kusuka ku 0 ukukhuphuka begodu zifake nalezo nomboro ezibizwa bona ziinomboro ezinegethivu. -3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3 Iinomboro eziretjhinali Ngilezo nomboro umuntu angakhona ukuzibhala zibe amafraktjhini. Kungaba ziinomboro ezimadesimali nalezo ezima-iinthija Isibonelo: ½, ¾ , 5, 10… Iinomboro ezi-iretjhinali Lezi ziinomboro umuntu angeze ukhona ukuzitlola nofaze aziveze njemagama fraktjhini. Isibonelo:, π… Iiinomboro ezi complex Lo mhlobo weenomborolo ohlanganisa inomboro ezikhona ezibalekako nalezi ezingabalekiko. Isibonelo 4:+2i tvcs7ao4a1yjnj64weggmgl9bfccnvm Ibhegere yephasi yomdlalo webholo yango-2010 0 471 2435 2416 2025-02-18T21:25:30Z Nqobile69 190 2435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngomnyaka''' we 2010 ISewula AFrika yabamba imidlalo yeFIFA, Iphaliswano lephasi lomdlalo webholo erarhwako. Iphaliliswano leli labe kungele-19 emaphaliswaneni wephasi ekhakabakhona. Lathoma ngelanga -11 ku Ngwengweni bekwaba ngelanga le11 kuVelabahlinze. Liinqhema zephasi zeza lapha ukuzokuphalisana ukulwela Ukuthumba ibhegere yephasi ebeyidlalelwa ziinarha ezikhethiweko. Iinqheema ezabe zizibandakanye ephaliswaneni leli zabe zima-32. == Isiqheema esathumba iphaliswano leli == Isiqhema esathumba iphaliswani leli lathunjwa yinarha yeSpain. Isiqheema senarha ye Spain yahlula isiqheema seNetherlands nge 1-0 ngegondelo elafakwa ngesikhathi esingezelelweko.Umdlalo wokugcina wephaliswano wadlalelwa etatawini le Soccer city elisedorobheni le Johannesburg. Imidlalo eyadlalwako yabe ima-64 nayipheleleko. Umdlali obekaphuma phambili kwabe ngu Diego Forlan<ref>2010 FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia</ref>. == Amatatawu asetjenziswako == Abalandeli abaziingidi bavakatjhela amatatawu. alitjhumi ukuyobukela imidlalo. :Amatatawu ebekasetjenziswa nge phaliswano lephasi: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Idorobha lapho itatawu likhona !Ibizo letatawu |- |1.Ekapa |Green point |- |2.EBloemfontein |free state |- |3.Durban |moses mabhida |- |4. Johannesurg |ellis park |- |5. Johannnesburg |soccer city |- |6.ENelspruit |Mbombela |- |7. ePolokwane |Peter Mokaba |- |8. EPort elizabeth |Nelson mandela bay |- |9. EPretoria |loftus versveld |- |10. ERusternburg |Eroyala bafokeng |} 0vzx6bcleiz7dcdbhiav9xy05tfqtzk Inyosi 0 472 2418 2417 2025-02-17T11:08:08Z Nqobile69 190 2418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Khuyini inyosi == Iinyosi ziinunwana ezibubulako ezinzima nokusarulani ngokombala. Inyosi inemilemze esithandathu begodu inomzimba ohlukaniswe kathathu. inyosi zithanda ukuhlala emathuthumbeni kanye nalapho kuneenthelo ezisude khona<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee#cite_note-Michener2000-3</ref>. == Ukuqakatheka kweenyosi == Nanyana zizincani ngokomzimba kodwana zidlala indima eqakathekileko emphakathini. Inyosizidlala iindima ekulu emaphilweni wabantu. Zikhamba emathuthumbeni zifuna I nektha ezizoyisebenzisa ukwenza iluju. Begodu zithatha I pollen eentjalweni zenze bone iintjalo zikhone ukuzalana. Inyosi zidume khulu ngowenza iluju. Zilenza ngokuthi zibuthelele inektha emathuthumbeni bese ziyenze ibeliluju the phrosesi ebizwa bona yi regurgitation and evaporation. Ijuzi esudu ayibi kukudalal kwaphela kodwana ina yi antibacterial ne antifungal esiza ukwenza imitjhoga yeemvelo. 13aeoenx9cc0kj6g9jo8hvonyyb3zwi Ikamela 0 473 2451 2450 2025-02-21T11:52:03Z Nqobile69 190 2451 wikitext text/x-wiki == khuyini ikamela? == '''Silwana''' esihlala endaweni eyome khulu begodu enganamanzi. Navene bayithethe bakhambe nayo baye endaweni enamanzi vane isele amanzi akghanorho iwabeke phezu kwengongoma engaphezulu kwetamo yayo ngehloso yokuwasororha. Nababuyel nayo la ihlala khona vane seyiselile amanzi bese ithi nayomile idose amanzi. Ikamaela ikhogona ukusela ama litha ama-100 ngasikhathi sinye.bese iwabeke emzimbeni. engongomeni yayo begodu ikhoa ukuhlala amalanga ingaseli amanzi. == Ukuqakatheka kwayo == Ekadeni ikamela kade isetjenziswa njengesithuthi ngombana iyakghona ukukhamba isikhati eside ingaphelelwa mdlandla wokukhamba lokha nayingakadli nanyana ingakaseli amanzi. Amehlo wayo anenkophe ezide neempumulo zayo zenza bona ikghone ukujamelana nomoya osendaweni enehlabathi eyomileko. Isikhumba sayo senza bona isilwane lesi sikhone ukujamelana nomtjhiso ongaphezu kwe 49 yamdigrizi Amakamela endaweni ezifana ne middle east ne North yeAfrica amakela ayaba wokudla. Ibisi lekamela lizele ngomsoqo owaziwa bona unepilo begodu wehlisa nezingalokuba sengozini yokuthola isifo setjhukela nesifo sehliziyo. d0aafck9k2dv7apbr1xw9wq7pt9fue9 Iintjhijilo eziphathelene nokufunda nokutlola esifundweni sesiNdebele 0 474 3037 3033 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iintjhijilo''' eziphathelene nokufunda nokutlola esifundweni sesiNdebele Ukufunda ngaphandle kokuzwisisa Kunobufakazi bokobana abantwana beSewula Afrika banesitjhijilo sokufunda. Abantwana abenza igreyidi 3 ubunengi babo abakhoni ukufunda ngokuzwisisa lokho ebakufundako, kokubili ngelimi lekhaya begodu khulu nangelimi lesiNgisi. Lokhu kubonakala ngokobana lokha utitjhere nakaba buza umbuzo ngalokhu ebebakufunda bahluleke ukuphendula. Unobangela walokhu kungaba yindlela abotitjhere abayisebenzisako ukufundisa abafundi ukufunda. Abotitjhere basenzisa indlela yokufundisa umdumo wamatjhada kwaphela ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda bangahlanganisi nezinye indlela ezifana ne whole language approach. Lezi ezinye indlela ezihlukileko kunendlela yokufundisa ngomdumo ziyarhelebha khulu ekutheni umtwana akwazi ukufunda ngokuzwisisa ngombana zenza umntwana angazi umdumo wamatjhada kwaphela kodwa akwazi ukuhlathulula bona amagama atjho ukuthini begodu asetjenziswa bunjani. Ubudisi bokwakha amagama Etlasini le greyidi 3 kunabafundi ababa nobudisi bokwakha amagama. Lokhu utitjhere nakenzisa abafundi isibizelo, abafundi abanengi bayahluleka ukwakha amagama khulu khulu lawa anamatjhada amathathu njengo tjh- no dlh-. Isisombululo Imiraro ephethelene nokufunda ngaphandle kokuzwisisa utitjhere angayilungisa ngokuthi lokha nakafundisa abafundi ukufunda asebenzise indlela ezifana ne whole language approach ukufundisa abentwana ukufunda. Indlela le ibasiza ekutheni bakhone ukuzwisa amagama, begodu bakhone ukuzwisisa lokhu ebakafundako. Utitjhere kufuze afundele abafundi indatjana ngemva kwalokho abuze abafundi imibuzo emayelana nendatjana ukuze akazi ukuthuthukisa izinga labo lokuzwisisa umtlolo. Imiraro ephathelene nokufunda nokutlola esifundweni sesiNgisi. Imiraro yokuphimisa amatjhada enemidumo efaneko IsiNgisi lilimi elinamagama nemidumo ephinyiswa ngokufana. Abafundi be greyidi-3 betjengisa ukubha esitjhijilo esikulu naziza ekuphimiseni umidumo yamatjhada aphinyiswa pheze ngokufana Matchet (2002:24). Isibonelo itjhada u ch- no sh- abafundi baphimisa amatjhada ngendlela efanako abakghoni ukuhlukanisa bona u ch umphimisa ngendlela yokuvuthela ngokugandela begodu leli laka sh- uliphimisa ngendlela yokuvuthela ngomoya opholileko. Isisombululo Ukurarulula umraro abotitjhere kufuze barhubhulule indlela ezilula zokufundisa amatjhada la ukuze abantwana bakwazi ukuwahlukanisa ngokwemidumo yakhona. Abititjhere bangasenza indlela yetheknoloji bafundise abantwana basebenzise amavidiyo ukusiza abafundi bona babe nendlela zokuhlukanisa amatjhada apheze abe nomdumo ofanako. o0cq218z3s8hdvug5pu75ub7rxqb28p Amabizo 0 475 2426 2425 2025-02-18T12:25:24Z Nqobile69 190 2426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amabizo == === Khuyini ibizo? === Ibizo ligama lento esingakghona ukuyibona nokuyighwatha, nebizo nelento engekhe sakghona ukuyibona nokuyighwatha<ref>Kihm, A., 2002. What's in a noun: Noun classes, gender, and nounness. ''Ms. Université Paris'', ''7''.</ref>. == Imihlobo yamabizo == ==== Amabizo mvelo ==== Ihlathululo: Amabizo-mvelo mabizo wokuthoma evala endabukweni yabantu. Amabizo la akakenziwa ngamanye amabizo, nanyana ngeenkhekhe zekulumo angakasuselwa ==== Amabizo mvango ==== Ihlathululo: mabizo lawa akhiwe ngekhekhe ezimbili zekulumo Isibonelo: Isenzo+ ibizo(vula + umlomo)= ivulamlomo ==== Amabizo mbala ==== Ihlathululo : Mhlobo wamabizo esithi nasiwatlolako sitlole elidere lokuthoma ngegabhadlhela. Amabizo la afaka amabizo wabantu, weendawo nokhunye. Isibonelo: Mpumalanga, Themba, Mahlangu ==== Amabizo vama ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo wezinto ezijwayelekileko esizibona mihla namalanga Isibonelo: itafula, ilitje ==== Amabizo nyamela ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo wezinto engekhe sakghona ukuziphatha nokuzibona Isibonelo: ithando, inzondo, umona ==== Amabizo bethelela ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo asikhiphela umnqondo wokobana lokho esikhuluma ngakho kunengi begodu singakhona ukukubala nanyana singakhoni. Isibonelo: Inyaka, iwoma, idwendwe ==== Amabizo thathela ==== Ambizo-thathela akhiwa ngokuthi unciphise nanyana ukhulise elinye ibizo elikhona elimini lesiNdebele. * amabizo-rhunyezo (afakwe isakhi sokunciphisa u-nyana) Isibonelo umntazanyana * Amabizo-khulisa (afakwe isakhi sokukhulisa ukazi) Isbonelo: umukhwakazi 7gxxaitlzbksdnvy7ubbkydez1grabw Iingaba zamabizo 0 476 2633 2428 2025-04-03T19:10:03Z Rachmat04 32 2633 wikitext text/x-wiki Iingaba zamabizo Isigaba esisebunyeni Isigaba esisebunengini 1a : u- (isib:ugogo) 1:um (u)- (Isib: umlusi) 2a abo- (Isib. Abogogo) 2:aba- (isib: abelusi) 3:um (u) (isb umhlathi) 4 imi- ( Isib; imihlathi) 5: I (li)-ili- isib. (ilimi) 6. ama- (isib:amalimi) 7: is(i) (isib isilonda) 8. izi-/iin-/im/ii-/iz - (iinlonda ) 9: i(N)-( Isibn: ikomo, inkukhu) 10: iin/iim/zi isib.(iinkomo, iinkukhu njll)1 4. Ub(U) : Ubuntu, ubumnandi 15: uk(u)- isb: ukulala) 16: pha-/ phe- isb: (phambili/phezulu) 2dqmijll1z06unicsqrez66iz8xbppr Abaphasi 0 477 3115 2989 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:TheDragonFire|TheDragonFire]] 2526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abaphasi''' babantu egade baphila emhlabeni bahlongakala nje sele bahloweka bona baphila ngomoya ukutlhogomela abantu bemakhabo abaphilako. babizwa bona ngabaphasi ngombana bagujelwe balele phasi emalibeni. bzmcxms9yem1lmmiqenzs0d9rukzray Ukulingana 0 478 3305 3187 2025-07-02T20:47:08Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3187|3187]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3305 wikitext text/x-wiki == ilungelo lokulingana == '''Ukulingana''' kulilungelo lawo woke umuntu eSewula Afrika, ilungelo leli liqakathekile ukwakha indawo lapho kungekho khona ukubandlululana ngesibanga sumbala, [[umnotho]] [[ikolo]],ubulili nokhunye<ref>Bolton, P., 2006. Government procurement as a policy tool in South Africa. ''Journal of public procurement'', ''6''(3), pp.193-217.</ref>. Ukulingana kutjho bona woke umuntu unamalangelo alingananko begodu kufanele athole izinto ngikufana nanbanye kurhulumende == Imihlobo yokulingana == === Ukulingana ngobuhlobo === Kutjhona bona woke umuntu kufanele aphathwe kuhle ngokulingana nabanye abantu ngaphandle kokuthi bacalwe bona babonani begodu babuyaphi === Ukulingana ngokomnotho, === Kutjhona bona woke umuntu kufuze athole umnotho ngokulingana nabanye begodu athole ilwazi lamathuba njengawo woke umuntu. === Ukulingana kwezepolitki, === kutjho bona kufanele woke umuntu ongaphezulu kweminyaka ema-18 kufanele athole ithuba lokuzibandakanya nokujanywelwa ezintweni zepolotiki ezifana nokuvowuda. === Ukulingana ngokobulili === lokhu kutjho bona abantu bengubo nebembaji kufanele bathole amathuba alinganako nofana afanako wokubhadelwa, womsebenzi, wekufuda Kanye newepilo == Iintjhijilo eziphathelene nokulingana == === 1.Ukubandlululana ngokobuhlanga === Kwezinye indawo kunzima ukuthola ukulingana ngombana abanye abantu bathanda ukubandlulana ngobuhlanga okukhunye<ref>KC, S.F.F., 2022. ''Discrimination law''. Oxford University Press.</ref>. === 2.Isikhala esikhona phakathi kwabantu abaregileko nabadopha phasi. === Isikhala esikhona phakathi kwabantu abaregileko nalabo abadopha phasi singenza bona abantu labo abadobha phasi bangakhoni ukuthi bathole amathuba wokufunda, wezepilo nokunye angafani newalabo abaregileko<ref>Dass, S. and Rinquest, A., 2017. School fees. ''Basic education rights handbook: Education rights in South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: SECTION27. Available at <nowiki>http://section27</nowiki>. org. za/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02''.</ref>. === 3. ukungabi nabajameli === Abantu abangakaregi bagcina sele bangabi nabajameli kwezepolitiki begodu bagcine selel bahlulwa kuthatha iqunto ezemza bona kunciphe ikghono labo lokujamela amalungelo nekareko labo. Ukulingana lilungelo lawo woke umuntu eewula afrika begodu kufanele bona sisebenzele ukukhuthazenni ukulingana ngokuthi sehlise kubandlulula, nokungalingani kwezomnotho, sikhulise ukujwanyelwa kwabantu. Ngokwenza njalo kuzoba nomkhulu umehluko. sbp1zg3e9i9tulyxpegr4edsfoi5xzy Ukurhuphula 0 479 2455 2454 2025-02-22T20:24:03Z Nqobile69 190 2455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukurhuphula''' kuyinto yekadeni lapho bekuthatha khona ubulongwe bekomo bese bubhiqwe n[[amanzi]] ukwenza bona buthambe. Kuthi bungathamba ubulongwe lobu bese buthwelwa phasi bese basinde ngabo. == ihlathululo yobulongwe == Ubulongwe yinto bethuvu bekomo, ekubutjani obuphuma endenini yekomo batjhiswa yinyongo. Ubulongwe buhlaza ngokubukeka. Abanye abantu ubulongwe bayabuthatha babomise bese babusebenzise njengamalahle babase ngabo umlilo. == Bobani abarhuphulako? == Umsebenzi wokurhuphula wenziwa bomma, nabantazana == Kurhutjhulwa kuphi? == Ekadeni kwabe kurhutjhulwa phasi njengendlela yokuhlwengisa ngendlini ngombana ngaleso skhathi kwabe kungekho izinto ezifana nama thalesi, nefluru.Yeke ukwenzela bona kubutheke beba rhuphula ngobulongwe. [[Abantazana]] nalokha nakunequde ngibo abarhuphula irhodlo ukwenzela bona kube kuhle. Emnyanyeni wabantu abamNdebele kuyarhutjhulwa ngaphambi kobana umnyanya uthome btec7xz5a5he1vd30c2vpfv9b9tnp7z Amakhetho 0 480 3097 2936 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2824 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amakhetho == '''Amakhetho,''' kuvowuda kutjho ukuzibandakanya esenzweni sombuso wentando yenengi sokukhetha abadosi phambilibenarha, bomphakathi nofana behlangano. Ukukhetha kulilungelo lawo woke umuntu ohlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika ongaphezulu kweminyaka ema-18<ref>Kersting, N., 2009. Voting behaviour in the 2009 South African election. ''Africa Spectrum'', ''44''(2), pp.125-133.</ref>. Ilungelo lokukhetha livumela izakhamuzi bona ziveze ukuthi zifuna ukuphathwa njani ngabantu ebabakhethileko<ref>De Kadt, D., 2017. Voting then, voting now: The long-term consequences of participation in South Africa’s first democratic election. ''The Journal of Politics'', ''79''(2), pp.670-687.</ref>.[[Umazisi]] uyafuneka lokha nawuya emakhethweni. Ngamanye amagama ukukhetha kutjho ukuveza umbono wakho kwezepolitiki. Kulithuba lokubumba ikusasa lomphakathi, [[inarha]] ngokukhetha abajameli bezepolitiki labo ababelana nawe imbono nofana isithombe esifanako nawe kwezepolitiki. == Kwenziwani ngaphambi kobana izibandakanye emakhethweni? == Ngaphambi kobana abantu bavowude kufuze bona bazitlolisele ukukhetha esititjhini sokuzitlolisa esiseduze nalapho bahlala khona.<ref>Schulz-Herzenberg, C., 2020. The South African non-voter: An analysis. ''The Midpoint Paper Series'', (2).</ref> abanye basuke bahlulwe kuzibandakanya emakhathweni ngombana bangakazitlolisi. Abosopolitiki bayazikhangisa ngokuthi baveze lokho ebazokwenzela abantu nofana inarha lokha nakungaba yiinhlangano zabo ezikhathwako bona zidose phambili nofana kube ngizo ezibusako. == Inhlangano zepolotiki ezikulu ezikhona eSewula Afrika evane ziphalisane emakhethweni. == 1. ANC- African National Congress 2. EFF- Economic Freedom Fighters 3. DA- Democratic Alliance 4. MK- Mkhonto Wesizwe == Isiphetho == Abantu abatjha kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi bazidakanye emakhethweni ngesibanga sokabona lokhu kuzabasiza boan bajanywele babantu labo abazikhethele bona. 79tzopf0mxp67vjfpc30t4aculry9g9 UMQONDOPHIKA NO MQONDOFANA 0 481 3085 2976 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umqondophika == '''Umqondophika''' kulokha nawuphikisana nento. Amagama amqondo phika asetjenzisa lokha nawuveza umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Nawufaka igama elimqondo phika nelinye emutjhweni, umutjho loyo uzokutjhuguluka utjho into ephikisa leyo ebeyikhuluma ekuthomeni<ref>Scheible, S., Im Walde, S.S. and Springorum, S., 2013, October. Uncovering distributional differences between synonyms and antonyms in a word space model. In ''Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing'' (pp. 489-497).</ref> === '''Iimbonelo''' === Lala-vuka Khamba-jama Isikhukhukazi-umqude Ifa-phila Hlala-sukuma Hleka-lila Khwela-Hlika Vala- vula Phezulu – phasi Thanda- zonda == Umqondofana == Umqondofana kulokha nawubiza into ngelinye igama. Kumagama ahlukileko ngokubhalawa kodwana atjho into yinye nofana efanako ngokwehlathululo. Amagama la kutjho bona ungafaka elinye endaweni yelinye emutjhweni bese umutjho ugalahlekelwa ngilokho okutjhoko.<ref>Gay, E., Ma, S. and Yadi, K.B., 2022. Evaluating Vocabulary Proficiency: A Synonym and Antonym Analysis of English Education Department Students at Muhammadiyah University of North Maluku. ''EDU Journal-English Department of UMMU Journal'', ''2''(2), pp.81-90.</ref> === '''Iimbonelo''' === Umnyango-umbadi. Indlela-yipati. Umseme-umjadeko. Amehlo-amandiya. Inja-umgodoyi. Isihlahla- umuthi Amanzi- Amawethe Uburotho- umgadango c3vdqhcaktrj6xo9j0n7jolt8e66w59 Itregere 0 482 2507 2489 2025-03-06T16:15:40Z Nqobile69 190 2507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Itregere esetjenziswa emaplasini.jpg|thumb|Itregere esetjenziswa emaplasini ukuthutha izinto ezibudisi, ukutjala, ukulima nokuvuna.]] == Itregere == '''Itregere''' Kusithuthi esimtjhini esibonkala ngamavilo amabili makhulu nomzimbaa omncani ngombana ikhwenza umuntu munye ekunguye otjhayelako. Isithuthi lesi sisetjenziswa kwezokulima, ngombana sithuthukisa imisebenzi yabalimi, ikhuphula izinga lomsebenzi ebawenzako ngelanga nelenzuzo yabo.Itregere ilekelela abalimi bona bacede msinya imisebenzi yabo ukudlula lokha nabasenzisa izandla nofana iinlwana. Isibonelo: itregere ikghona ikupeta iplasi gama iri amancani ekubeni abantu bangathatha amalanga ukwenza umsebenzi lo owenziwa yitregere<ref>Renius, K.T., 2020. ''Fundamentals of tractor design'' (pp. 32-35). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wetregere == Amatregere alekelela abasomplasi nofana abalimi bona babe nesivuno esinengi kwezokulima ngombana itregere ikghona ukwenza umsebenzi eminengi efana nokupeta , ukutjala, nokuvuna. Lokhu kutjho bona abalimi nabasebenzisa itregere bangakghona ukuthola isivuno isinengi ngesikhathi esincani. Lokhu kusidosela ekutheni kube nokudla okunengi ekuyinto ehle ngombana kuba lula ukondla isitjhaba sabantu abakhona ephasini<ref>Vorozhtsov, O.V., Plaksin, I.E. and Trifanov, A.V., 2022, February. The use of small-sized tractors in agriculture. In ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' (Vol. 979, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.</ref> === Ukwehlisa izinga leendleko zemali emaplasini === Amatregere alekelela abalimi bona behlise indleko babulunge imali ngombana lokha navane une tregere akufuneki inani eliphezulu labantu abazokusebenza eplasini kunalokha unganayo itregere. Abalimi nabasenzisa itregere bakghona ukusebenza esikhundleni esikhulu ngesikhathi esincani okutjho bona bazokhona ukukhipha Ukudla okunengi benze nenzuzo enengi<ref>Vorozhtsov, O.V., Plaksin, I.E. and Trifanov, A.V., 2022, February. The use of small-sized tractors in agriculture. In ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' (Vol. 979, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.</ref>. === Iphatha kuhle ibhoduluko === Itregere iphatha kulhe ibhoduloko ngombana ayisebenzisi isibaseli esinengi lokho nabayisebenzisako begodu lawa enziwe esikhathi sanje awakhiphi intuthu enengi okutjho bona awasilaphsi umoya khulu<ref>Lee, J.W., Kim, S.C., Oh, J., Chung, W.J., Han, H.W., Kim, J.T. and Park, Y.J., 2019. Engine speed control system for improving the fuel efficiency of agricultural tractors for plowing operations. ''Applied Sciences'', ''9''(18), p.3898.</ref> == Isiphetho == Itregere iqakathekile kwezokulima begodu kuyinto eltha itjhuguloko kwezokulima begodu kuyinto eletha itjhuguluko kwezokulima ngombana ilekelela abalimi bona bangabi neendleko ezinengi begodu bakghone ukwenz aumsebenzi omkhulu ngesikhathi esincani. Kuyinto ehle bona abosamaplasi babe nayo. 75vdd8ke4jbowp19vnmh5ql62raxz5p Ibhudango 0 483 2496 2495 2025-03-03T17:30:36Z Nqobile69 190 2496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibhudango == '''Ibhudango''' kuyinto ehle esemkhumbulweni womuntu afuna ukuba ngiyo nofana afuna ukuyifeza. Ibhudango kungaba sithombe sento umuntu afuna ukuzibona angiyo esikhathini esizako okungaba ngokwesikhathi eminyakeni esezako<ref>Tutu, D., 2011. ''God has a dream: A vision of hope for our times''. Random House.</ref>. Woku umutu ophilako unamabhudango wakhe afuna ukuwafeza.Umuntu angaba nebhudango lokuzibona asebenza umsebenzi othileko ofana nokuthi abe ngudorhodere. Omunye angaba nebhudango lokuhlala esithabathabeni sendlu esise dorobheni. Amabhudango ayahluka ngokuya kwabantu begodu nangokuya kwezinto abanekareko kizo. == Izinto ongazenza ukufezekisa ibhudango lakho == Umuntu nakanebhudango kufuze ahlele bona yini azoyenza begodu ngiziphi izinto azozenza ukufezekisa ibhudango lakhe. Izinto lezo kufanele aqinisekise bona kuzizinto eziliqiniso begodu ezikghonakalako ukuthi zitholakale.Amanye amabhudango athatha isikhathi eside ukuthi afezakale begodu amanye wakhona athathe isikhathi i esifitjhani ngokuya kobukhulu nofana ngobuncani bebhudango.Isibonelo libhudago lokuba ngudorhodere lingathatha isikhathi ukufezekala kunaleli lokuba ngusomabhizinisi<ref>McPherson, K.M., Kayes, N.M. and Kersten, P., 2014. MEANING as a smarter approach to goals in rehabilitation. ''Rehabilitation goal setting: theory, practice and evidence. Taylor & Francis Group, London''.</ref>. Ukufezekisa amabhudango akusiyo into elula ngombana lokha abantu nabafuna ukufezekisa amabhudango wabo bangahlangana neentjhijilo ezinengi ezingamenza athikamezeke.Ezinye zeentjhijilo kungaba sitjhijilo sokuthola imali yokufezekisa amabhudango ngombana esikhathini sanje ukwenza izinto kufuna imali. == Iitjhijilo umuntu ongahlangabezana nazo ukufezekisa ibhudango lakhe == === Ukutlhoga isekelo lokuthi ukghone ukufezekisa ibhudango lakho === Abanye abantu lokha nabangatholi isekelo bazithola sele balahlekelwe lithemba lokuragela phambili bazithola sele batjhuguluka bangasalandeli amabhudango wabo kodwana bagcina sele benza okhunye okulula.Ukuhluleka nakho kuyenza bona abantu balahle ithemba ngombana abanye abantu abakghoni ukubekezela. === Ukulahla ithemba === Lokha nabahlulekako bafikelwa mkhumbulo wokuthi mhlamunye ibhudango leli alikabafaneli kodwana Isitjho sesindebele sithi akulahlwa mbeleko ngakufelwa. Begodu inengi labantu abadumileko nanyana abaphumeleleko baveza bona ngaphambi kobana baphumelele ukufeza amabhudango wabo bathoma ngokuhluleka kanengi ngaphambi akhange balahle ithemba ngokho bagcina selek baphumulele. sbzfdqdwek22obu4uuf6gg92eflqq6v Amalahle 0 484 2548 2501 2025-03-19T18:12:08Z Nqobile69 190 2548 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amalahle == '''Amalahle''' mamatje anzima aqinileko asetjenziswa ukubasa [[umlilo]]. Ilahle lenzeka ngeensalelo zeentjalo ezife iminyaka eziingidi eyadlulako sabulungeka ngaphasi kwehlabathi. Ilahle lenzeka ngoma compounds we-organic ekuyi nitrogen, I carbon, i-oxygen ne sulfur. == Lenzeka njani ilahle? == Ilahle lenzeka ngokuthi isitjalo sife sibulungeke kude ngaphasi kwehlabathi lapho kutjhisa khona khulu begodu kuminyezekile, iiintjalo lezi zihlala iingidii zeminyaka bekufike lapho isitijalo lesi siqina khona siphenduke sibe lilahle. Kunemihlobo emine yamalahle begodu into eyanza bona amalahle ahluke kukuthi aqine kangangani<ref>O'Keefe, J.M., Bechtel, A., Christanis, K., Dai, S., DiMichele, W.A., Eble, C.F., Esterle, J.S., Mastalerz, M., Raymond, A.L., Valentim, B.V. and Wagner, N.J., 2013. On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. ''International Journal of Coal Geology'', ''118'', pp.58-87.</ref>. == Umhlobo yamalahle == 1. Ilahle I Lignite Lilahle elingakaqini lithambile. Laziwa ngelahle elinzotho, litjhiphile ukudlula woke umhlobo wamalahle ngombana alivuthi isikhathi eside. Lokho nabalithengako abantu kufanele balithenge ngobunengi ngombana liphela msinyana lokha nalibasiweko. Liyasetjenziswa lokha nakuphehlwa [[igezi]]<ref>Heydari, M., Rahman, M. and Gupta, R., 2015. Kinetic study and thermal decomposition behavior of lignite coal. ''International Journal of Chemical Engineering'', ''2015''(1), p.481739.</ref>. 2. Ilahle I sub-bituminous Lilahle eliphakathi ngokwenzinga lamalahle. Liphakathi kwe lahle I lignite ne lahle I-bituminous. Lilahle elingakaqini khulu,nalo liyasetjenziswa ukuphehla igezi Kanye nemafemini amanye. 3. Ilahle I Bituminous Lilahle eliqinileko, elizele nge carbon lisetjenziswa ukwenza iinsimbi nokutjhisa ezinye izinto zemakhaya. Ilahle leli aliduri khulu ukudlula i-Antracite. Lisetjenziswa khulu emafemini lapho kwenziwa khona isamende, namaphepha. Liyasetjenziswa nokususa ukusilaphazeka kwe iron- ore. 4. Antracite Lilahle eliqine khulu ukuwadlula woke, lizele nge carbon. Lisetjenziswe emafemini. Ilahle likhipha umtjhiso omkhulu ukudlula amalahle woke. Lithatha isikhathi ukubamba umlilo kodwana kodwana nasele liwubambile livutha kabuthaka beliyokuphela<ref>O'Keefe, J.M., Bechtel, A., Christanis, K., Dai, S., DiMichele, W.A., Eble, C.F., Esterle, J.S., Mastalerz, M., Raymond, A.L., Valentim, B.V. and Wagner, N.J., 2013. On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. ''International Journal of Coal Geology'', ''118'', pp.58-87.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wamalahle ovamileko == Lisetjenziswa emakhaya ukubasela intovu nalokha kubaswa [[inyama]]. Isetjenziswa njengesibaseli emafemini lapho kwenziwa khona iinsimbi. Liqakatheke khulu ngokuthi liyasetjenziswa ukuphehla igezi. Isiphetho Nanyana amalahle aqakathekile kodwan intuthu yawo isilaqphaza ibhoduloko.Kufanele abantu bangawa sebenzisi khulu nofana kufuze batjale imithi eminengi ukuze idose I carbon ekhutjhwa malahle dt54dkdxc9ebo9zr6z8nu1k66rvbhwu Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi 0 485 3054 3024 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi == '''Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi''' kukulokha ihlabathi isuka endaweni yinye iye kwenye indawo ngesibanga sezenzo zabantu nofana ngenca yezenzo zemvelo. Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabati kumraro webhoduluko enganamthelela phezu kwehlabathi kwaphela kodwana naphezu kwazo zoke izinto ezikhona ephasini<ref>Nearing, M.A., Lane, L.J. and Lopes, V.L., 2017. Modeling soil erosion. In ''Soil erosion research methods'' (pp. 127-158). Routledge.</ref>. == Izinto ezibangela ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi? == === 1.Inkhukhula zamanzi === [[Isimumathi:Umgodi osendleleni obangwe lizulu elinamandla ezikhukhule ihlabathi endleleni kwagcina kunomgodi njenganje iimodere zibanobudisi bokudlula endleleni le.jpg|thumb|Umgodi osendleleni obangwe lizulu elinamandla lakhukhula ihlabathi endleleni kwagcina kunomgodi njenganje iimodere zibanobudisi bokudlula endleleni le.]] Lokha izulu naline khulu ngeenkhukhula lingabangela bona ihlabathi igcine ikhukhula mamanzi amanengi iyokujama kwenye indawo. === 2.Umoya omkhulu === Umoya onamandla ugcina sele udobha ingcetjhana zehlabathi uzikhukhulele kwenye indawo. Ukusikwa kwemithi Ukusikwa kwemithi neentjalo kungabangela ukukhuleka kwehlabathi njengombana imiraho yemithi ibamba ihlabathi. === 3.Ukwakhiwa kwemizi nokusikwa kweenhlahla === Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu neminye imakhiwo efana neendlela yeemodere ingabangela ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi ngombana kuyagujwa kukhitjhwa ihlabathi begodu neetjalo zemvelo ezimile lapho ezibambe ihlabathi ziyasuswa<ref>Kavian, A., Azmoodeh, A. and Solaimani, K., 2014. Deforestation effects on soil properties, runoff and erosion in northern Iran. ''Arabian Journal of Geosciences'', ''7'', pp.1941-1950.</ref>. == Imiphumela yokukhukhuleka kwehlabathi == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi kungaba nemiphumela emimbi phezu kwebhoduluko === 1. ukulahlekelwa yihlabathi enothileko === Lokha ihlabathi nayikhukhulekako kungakhamba ihlabathi enothileko esetjenziswela ukutjala inthelo nemirorho. Intjalo lezi ngekhe zisa khula ngendlela afanelo lokha ihlabathi le nayikhukhulekileko<ref>Pimentel, D. and Burgess, M., 2013. Soil erosion threatens food production. ''Agriculture'', ''3''(3), pp.443-463.</ref><ref>Jiao, J., Zou, H., Jia, Y. and Wang, N., 2009. Research progress on the effects of soil erosion on vegetation. ''Acta Ecologica Sinica'', ''29''(2), pp.85-91.</ref>. === 2. Ukusilaphazeka kwamanzi === Enye ihlabathi ekhukhulekako ikhamba iyokujama endaweni ezinamanzi ezifana nemlanjeni, bese ifike izale lapho kusilaphazeke amanzi ebawalanzekile azale ngebathi nofana idaka. === 3. ukulahlekelwa kuhlukahlukana kweenlwana === Nakukhukhuleka ihlabathi indawo ezinengi zokuhlala zeenlwana zingamotjheka. Lokhu nakho kuzokwenza bona iinlwana lezo zife ngombana zabe zingasenazo indawo zokuzifihla nofana zokuhlala. Isibonelo: Ezinye iinlwan zihlala ngpahasi kwehlathi emgodini lokha ihlabathi akhukhulekako imigodi le ingamtjheka bese inlwana zingabi nedawo yokuzifihla. == Singehlisa njani ukukhukhulekak kwehlabathi? == Kufanele siphinde sitjale endaweni lapho kukhukhuleke khona ihlabathi ukwenzela bona lena eseleko ibambe imirabho ingasakhukhuleki ukuya phambili. Kufanele abantu behlise izinga lokusika imithi ngombana lokho kuzokulekelela ihlabathi ingakhukhuleki ngesibanga sokuthi izabe ibanjwe mirabho yeenhlahla. == Isiphetho == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi kumraro omkhulu webhoduluko, begodu kufuze bona ucalelelwe usese nekhathi ngombana nangabe awuka tjhejwa singalahlekelwa yihlabathi enothileko, amanzi ahlanzekileko nokwahlukahlukana kweenlwana ezihlala kubhoduluko yekhethu. Kufanele bona abantu babalekele ukwenza imisebenzi eyenza bona ihlabathi ikhukhuleke. mwnilyiy5ufya0cvvyysxg1johuv0yq Umazisi 0 486 2471 2025-02-26T10:01:32Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Umazisi == '''Umazisi''' kuyincwaddi encani nofana ikhadi elincani elisebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ungubani. Leli ikhadi kulikhadi eliqakathekileko ngombana liphethe imininingwana ngomuntu ekumabizo wakhe apheleleko, isibongo sakhe, ilanga nonyaka abelethwa ngawo, inomboro yakhe kamazisi, inarha asisakhamuzi kiyo begodu ne-adresi yakhe<ref>Van der Straaten, J., 2019. South Africa ID Case Study. ''World Bank Group''.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kuka mazisi == Umazisi uqa..." 2471 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umazisi == '''Umazisi''' kuyincwaddi encani nofana ikhadi elincani elisebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ungubani. Leli ikhadi kulikhadi eliqakathekileko ngombana liphethe imininingwana ngomuntu ekumabizo wakhe apheleleko, isibongo sakhe, ilanga nonyaka abelethwa ngawo, inomboro yakhe kamazisi, inarha asisakhamuzi kiyo begodu ne-adresi yakhe<ref>Van der Straaten, J., 2019. South Africa ID Case Study. ''World Bank Group''.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kuka mazisi == Umazisi uqakatheke mgombana ukhombisa boan umuntu uyaphila, ungubani begodu sisakaha muzi sakuyiphi indawo nofana sakuyiphi inarha Ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukuthola izinto zasimahla ezisemalungelweni wakhe njesakhamuzi senarha ehlala kiyo. Isbonelo ifundo, umthola pilo karhulumende begodu akghone nokuthola iimbonelelo zemali ezivela kurhulumende ukusiza labo abatlhogako.Ilekelela umuntu bona akghone ukuvakatjhela amanye amazwe nofana iiinarha ngombana lokha nawuno mazisi ukghona ukwenza iphepha lokungena kwamanye amazwe nofana inarha. == Imisebenzi kamazisi == === Ukuthola msebenzi === Lokha nawufaka isibawo sokufuna umsebenzi into yokuthoma efanele ube nayo ngumazisi. Nalokha uthole umsebenzi kufuze bona ulethe umazisi ukuze lapho bakucasitjhe khona bakghone ukuqinisekisa bona uguye ngokweqiniso umutu ebamqatjhileko na. === Amakhetho === Enarheni ezinengi umazisi kuyincwadi efunekako ukze umuntu akghone ukusebebzisa ilungelo lakhe lokuzibandakanya emakhethweni. Lokhu kuletha isithunzi emakhethweni wenye nenye inarha<ref>Yavuz, E., Koç, A.K., Çabuk, U.C. and Dalkılıç, G., 2018, March. Towards secure e-voting using ethereum blockchain. In ''2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS)'' (pp. 1-7). IEEE.</ref>. == Imihlobo kamazisi == 1. Ikhadi 2. I-Passport 3. Iphepha lokutjhayela 4. isitifikedi samabeletho lp7st4ye6fcgd2d4kbz0lkigk5qbtvc Ukulova kwabantu eenkolweni 0 487 2472 2025-02-26T10:13:34Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukulova kwabafundi esikolweni == '''Ukulova kwabafundi''' kukulokha abafundi becisa amalanga abangayi esikolweni bahlale emakhabo ngeenzathu ezahlukahlukeneko. Isenzo lesi sinomthelela omumbi eemfundweni zabafundi<ref>Kearney, C.A., 2008. School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review. ''Clinical psychology review'', ''28''(3), pp.451-471.</ref>. === Izinto ezibangela ukulova kwabafundi === === Ukugula === Ukugula kuyinto ejwayelekile..." 2472 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukulova kwabafundi esikolweni == '''Ukulova kwabafundi''' kukulokha abafundi becisa amalanga abangayi esikolweni bahlale emakhabo ngeenzathu ezahlukahlukeneko. Isenzo lesi sinomthelela omumbi eemfundweni zabafundi<ref>Kearney, C.A., 2008. School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review. ''Clinical psychology review'', ''28''(3), pp.451-471.</ref>. === Izinto ezibangela ukulova kwabafundi === === Ukugula === Ukugula kuyinto ejwayelekileko eyenza bona abafundi balove amalanga esikolweni, begodu kusizathu esizwakalako. Lokhu kungesibanga sokuthi lokha nawugulako angekhe wafunda kamnandi nawungazizwa kuhle emzimbeni. === Ukuhlunyezwa === Ukuhlukunyezwa bafundi ofunda naba ngekumbeni yokufundela kungenza bona umfundi agandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo agcine sele azizwa angakamukelelki esikolweni bese agcine sele alova. === Ukungathandi isikolo === Abanye abafundi baphuma emakhayeni lapho ifundo ingathathelwa phezulu khona begodu lokhu kungenza bona bangakuboni ukuqakatheka kwefundo begodu balove ngesibanga sokuthi nanoma bangayi esikolweni akekho umuntu ozobakhuza. Abanye abatholi irhelebho ngomsebenzi wekhaya abawunikelwa matitjhere wabo bese bagcine basaba bona aatitjhere wabo azabakhalima kabuhlungu ngokungabhali bese bagcine balova. === Imiraro yomndeni === Abanye abantwana bayalova esikolweni lokha nakumoraro ekhaya ngombana imraro le ingabenza bona bangabi sebujamei obuhle ngokomkhumbulo. Isibinelo ukuhlongakalelwa babalethi ekungibo abakulingisela izinto zokuza esikolweni<ref>Sahin, S., Arseven, Z. and Kiliç, A., 2016. Causes of Student Absenteeism and School Dropouts. ''International Journal of Instruction'', ''9''(1), pp.195-210.</ref> == Imiphumela yokulova esikolweni == === Ukuthola imiphumela emimbi === Lokha umfundi nakalova khulu esikolweni ugcina alahlekelwa mathuba amanengi wokufunda bese lokhu kugcine kwenza bona athole imiphumela emimbi. Isenzo lesi sibangelwa kukuthi kunengi lokhu umfundi asuke angakakufundi lokha nakalovako<ref>Garcia, E. and Weiss, E., 2018. Student absenteeism: who misses school and how missing school matters for performance. ''Economic Policy Institute''.</ref>. === Ukuzikhupha hlangana nabanye abafundi === Umfundi lovako esikolweni ugcina see azikhetha nofana azikhupha hlangana nabanye abafandi ngombana azizwe angafani nabo. Umfundi olovako uba nobidisi lokwenza abudlelwano nabafundi afunda nabo. === Ukulisa isikolo === Abanye abafundi nabalova khuku begodu kunganamuntu obakhuzako nofana obakhuthazako bona baye esikolweni bagcina sele balisa isikolo unomphela bagcine bangafundi. == Iindlela zokwehlisa ukulova eenkolweni == === Ukwenza bona abantwana bathabele ukufunda === Kumsebenzi katitjhere ukwenza bona umfundi athabele ukufunda. Lokhu kwenza umfundi akhuthalele ukuza esikolweni ngombana uzabe athabela ukufunda etlasini leli afunda kilo. === Ukuba nobudlelwana abantwana === Utitjhere kubafanele abe nobuldlellwana nabafundi bakhe lokhu kuzokusiza boina abafundi bakhone ukukhuluma naye naye lokha nakuzinto ezingabaphathi kuhle ngetlasini. Izinto ezifana nokuth kunofundi obahlukumezako mgetlasini begodu bakhone nokukhuluma lokha nakuneno eyenza bona babe nesitjhijilo sokuza esikolweni. === Ungenelela lokha Umntwana nakalova khulu === Utitjhere atjheje iphetheni umfundi alova ngayo, nangabe sele iyimb khulu kufuze bona utitjhere enze irhubhululo lokobana kubangelwa yini lokho bese eze neensobululo zokulekelela umfundi ukuthi angasalova khulu. Kufanele utitjhere akwenze lokhu ngokusebenzisana nababelethi bomntwana. oin2v3w56yzz1g642mbliyzt733fumi Ukutlola 0 488 2475 2025-03-03T09:31:26Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukutlola == '''Ukutlola''' kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana kungenye yeendlela abantu abayisebenzisako ukuveza imicabango wabo<ref>Hyland, K., 2015. ''Teaching and researching writing''. Routledge.</ref>. Ukutlola kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni. Ukutlola kufaka ukusebenzisa amathswayo afana namaledere neemboro ukuveza imibono, nemilayeza. Ukutlola kulikghono elenza bakghone ukuthintana babelane imibono nemazizo yabo emphakathini nephasini loke. == Iingaba zokutlola == Iinga..." 2475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukutlola == '''Ukutlola''' kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana kungenye yeendlela abantu abayisebenzisako ukuveza imicabango wabo<ref>Hyland, K., 2015. ''Teaching and researching writing''. Routledge.</ref>. Ukutlola kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni. Ukutlola kufaka ukusebenzisa amathswayo afana namaledere neemboro ukuveza imibono, nemilayeza. Ukutlola kulikghono elenza bakghone ukuthintana babelane imibono nemazizo yabo emphakathini nephasini loke. == Iingaba zokutlola == Iingaba zokutlola: Ukuhlela, ukutlhatlhabeja,Ukubuyekeza nokulungisa iimphoso. === '''Ukuhlela''' === Kufaka ukuveza izahu sokutloa, abantu abatlolelako, Ukuzwakala komtlolo wakho. === '''Ukutlhatlhabeja''' === Kuveza izinto eziqakathekileko ozokutlola ngazo nofana amaphuzu aqakathekileko lawo endaba enzize kiwo<ref>Faraj, A.K.A., 2015. Scaffolding EFL Students' Writing through the Writing Process Approach. ''Journal of Education and Practice'', ''6''(13), pp.131-141.</ref>. === '''Ukubuyekeza''' === Kutho ukubuyelela utjhege bona umsebenzi wakho utloleke kuhle na nofana imitjho ihleli ngendlela enikela umqondo nofana awa. === '''Ukulungisa iimphoso''' === Ukulinga iimphose kukhambelana nokubuyekeza ngombana lokha nawubuyekekzako kufanele ulungise iimphose ezifana nokuthi ufake amatshwayo lapho kufanele khona begodu ulingise imitjho engabumbeki begodu naleyo ensthuli umqondo wendaba kuhle<ref>Deni, A.R.M. and Zainal, Z.I., 2011. Peer-Editing Practice in the Writing Classroom: Benefits and Drawbacks. ''Advances in language and literary studies'', ''2''(1), pp.92-107.</ref><ref>Evmenova, A.S. and Regan, K., 2019. Supporting the writing process with technology for students with disabilities. ''Intervention in School and Clinic'', ''55''(2), pp.78-85.</ref>. == '''Ubuhle bokutlola''' == Ukutlola kwenza bona umuntu afunde ngombana lokha nakatlolako kufunze akhiphe begodu abambe imininingwane.Ukutlola kulekelela umuntu bona aveze ilwazi elidephieko ngendlela ehlelekileko begodu enembako. Ukutlola kukhuphula izinga lokucabanga mokuthintana ebantwini<ref>Deni, A.R.M. and Zainal, Z.I., 2011. Peer-Editing Practice in the Writing Classroom: Benefits and Drawbacks. ''Advances in language and literary studies'', ''2''(1), pp.92-107.</ref>. == '''Isiphetho''' == Ukutlola kuyinto eqakathekileko yokuveza imicabango, amazizo nokwabelana ngelwazi. Kufuze abantu bazijwayeze ukutlola ngombana lokho kuzokwenza bona bajwayele ukwethula ilwazi labo. kvd2x07s1ynpdn7nw557ee1fg0y02ev Ubuhle nobumbi bokuthi abantwana babe nabomaliledinini 0 489 2576 2477 2025-03-22T05:49:04Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umaliledinini''' kuyinto esentjenziswa ukuthintana. Umaliledinini esikhathini sanke uyinto eqakatheke khulu ngombana usetjenziswa ukwenza izinto ezinengi ngapnandle kokudoselana umrhala nokuthumelana imilayezo. Absntu bakhona ukwenza thumelana imali basebenzisa umaliledinini, bakhona ukubamba imihlangan yabo yomsebenzi basebenzisa umaliledini. Esikhathini sanje ababelethi sele bthengela abantwana babo abomaliledii ngesibangasokobana bafuna ukhona ukuthintana nabo begodu bakghone nokudlala imidlalo ngebomaliledinini.Umaliledinini uyafana nomtjhiningcondo<ref>Prensky, M., 2005. What can you learn from a cell phone? Almost anything!. ''Innovate: Journal of Online Education'', ''1''(5).</ref>. == Ubuhle == === Ikghono lokusebenzisa izinto zebutheknikghe === Kuyinto ehle bonyana abantwana babe nabomaliledinini ngesibanga sokobana bafanele bazijwayeze ukuphila ephasini letjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo bajwayele ukusebenza ngezinto zedijithali. Abantwana lokha basebenzisa abomaliledinini bakghona nokuthola ilwazi lokusebenzisa ama-AI, lokhu kungenza bona bathole umphumela omuhle esikolweni<ref>Valk, J.H., Rashid, A.T. and Elder, L., 2010. Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes: An analysis of evidence from Asia. ''International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning'', ''11''(1), pp.117-140.</ref> === Ukubulungeka === Umntwana okghona ukusebenzisa umaliledinini ukhona ukubulungeka ngombana lokho nakungenzeka bona avelelwe mraro uzokghona ukudosela ababelethi bakhe umrhala nofana adosele iinomboro zesizo eliphambili, amapholisa Kanye neencimamlilo. == Ubumbi == === Ilwazi elingaphezulu kwabo === Nanyana ukusebenzisa umaliledinini komntwana kuyinto ehle kodwana bukhona nobumbi obuveleleko engekhe babethiswa ngommoya. Ubumbi bakhona kukuthi abantwana bangagcina basebenzisa iinkundla zokuthintana bese kube kulapho bapthola khona ilwazi lepilo elingaphazulu kwabo libalimaze umkhumbulo<ref>O'Keeffe, G.S., Clarke-Pearson, K. and Council on Communications and Media, 2011. The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. ''Pediatrics'', ''127''(4), pp.800-804.</ref>. === Ukungalali === Okhunye kukuthi lokha nasele bajwayele ukusebenzisa umaliledinini bangagcina sele bangasalawuleki badlale ngawo bekube sebusuku, bagcine baphathwa buthongo esikolweni ngesibanga sokuthi abalali ubuthongo obulingeneko. Isenzo esifana nalesi singabonomthelela omumbi phezu kweemfundo zomntwana agcine sele athola imiphumela emimbi<ref>Hale, L. and Guan, S., 2015. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. ''Sleep medicine reviews'', ''21'', pp.50-58.</ref>. === Isiphetho === Umaliledinini kuyinto qakathekileko esikhathini sanamhlanje ngombana izinto ezinengi zenziwa ngawo. Abantu bakghona ukubamba imihlangano yabo ngayo, bathumelelane nemali, benze nerhubhululo ngayo. Ababelethi kuyinto ehlel bona bathengele abantwana abomaliledinini ngombana lokho kuzobenza bona bebenelwazi lokusebenzisa izinto se thekinoloji. Nalokha babathengelile kufuze bona batjheje bona abantwana babo aphumili elawulweni njengokokuthi basebenzise abamaliledinini ngesikhathi sokulala. == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} qvjikv8g6dg06ry3xo6vz0wxu7we3wh Ukubhabhadiswa 0 490 3146 2968 2025-06-07T03:05:24Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukubhabhadiswa == '''Ukubhabhadiswa''' kisesenzo esiqakathekileko ekolweni yama khrestu. Kukhombisa ukuzalwa kabutjha nokuhlanzwa<ref>Whitaker, E.C. and Johnson, M.E., 2017. ''Documents of the baptismal liturgy''. Liturgical Press.</ref>. Kukulokha umuntu akhamba nabafundisi baye endaweni lapho kunamanzi khona akhambako nofana edamini bese afakwe khona ngokuthandazelwa mfundisi. Ukungena emanzini kukhombisa ukuzinikela kukhrestu ikosi. == Umlando wombhabhadiso == Umbhabhadiso kuyinto eyathoma esikweni nofana ekolweni yaba juda. Wa ngoUmbhabhadiso lo bewubizwa ngombhabhadisa ka Johana. Ngeskikhathi siskajohana umbhabhatdisi, ukubhabhadiswa kwabe kutjho ukuphenduka ezonweni uphile ipilo ecwengileko<ref>Reynolds, H., 2023. ''John the Baptist''. BoD–Books on Demand.</ref> == Imihlobo yombhabhadiso == === '''1. umbhabhadiso womntwana''' === Umbhabhadiso lo wezelwa abatwana njengetshwayo lababelethi ukukhombisa ukuthi bayathembisa ukukhulisa umntwana wabo ngaphasi kwekolo nomthetho wamakhrestu<ref>van Beelen, J., 2012. One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism. Baptism of Children in the Letter to the Ephesians. In ''Strangers and Pilgrims on Earth'' (pp. 471-482). Brill.</ref>. === '''2. umbhabhadiso wekholwa''' === Lo wenzelwa abantu esele bathethe isiqunto ngamaphilo wabo ukuthi sele balandela ukhrestu bahlollwa kuye ngako koke kwabo. Lombhabhadiso wenzelwa umuntu osathoma ukusonta egade engasondi ngaphambilini. === '''3.Umbhabhadiso wokuhlukana nezono''' === Lapha umuntu ufakwa emanzini ngomzimba wakhe woke ngombana lokhu kulitshwayo lokuthi sel afile ezonweni begodu sele avukele epilweni etjha yokusindiswa<ref>Mantey, J.R., 2019. Repentance and conversion. ''Basics of the Faith: An Evangelical Introduction to Christian Doctrine'', p.29.</ref>. === '''4. umbhabhadiso kaMoya ocwengileko''' === Lo mbhabhadiso owabakhona lokha uJesu nakasuka ephasini abuyela ezulwini. Kilo mbhabhadiso awungeni emanzini kodwana wenzeka lokha nawuthandazako bese wehlelwe mamandla kaZimu ngommoya uzizwe ukhuluma ngamanye amalimi ongawaziko begodu ongawazwisisi kodwana uZimu akuphe ukuphimisela<ref>Torrey, R.A., 2019. ''Baptism of the Holy Spirit: How to Receive This Promised Gift''. Aneko Press.</ref><ref>Surburg, M.P., 2024. The Holy Spirit and Baptism in the Book of Acts. ''Concordia Theological Quarterly'', ''88''(1), pp.27-54.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wombhabhadiso == Umbhadiso uqakathekile ngombana ulitshayo lokuthi umuntu sele amukele uJesu bona abe yikosi nomsindisi wepilo yakhe. Ukhombisa bona umuntu sele ahlukene nezono begodu sele aphila ipilo ocwengileko. == ISIPHETHO == Umbhabhadiso yinto yamakkhrestu eveza ukuzinikela kuzimu nokutjhuguluka ezonweni uphile ipilo ehle begodu enomthetho kaZimu. Abantu babhabhdiswa ngeenzathu ezihlukileko. Le kuyinto engathomi ngesikhathi sanje kodwana yathoma ekadeni ngaphambi kobana kufike uJesu Khreste. j3cgtybs6wiyjrk6akcbvjsx0z013sp Imitlolo yendabuko yesiNdebele 0 491 2479 2025-03-03T09:57:26Z Napangela 406 Created page with "== '''Imitlolo yendabuko yesiNdebeleIe''' == '''Imitlolo yendabuko''' mitlolo yeendaba ezidluliselwa esizukulwaneni, ezivela esikhathini sakade, ebegade zikhulunywa ngomlomo zingakatlolwa phasi. Imitlolo le iveza umlando wamasiko wesikhathi sakade. === Izinto ezitholakala phakathi kwemitlolo yendabuko === # Zivela emlandwini wokukhuluma # Ziveza amasiko, iimilo, izenzo zabantu, ukutlhaga, ubuloyi, uthando, izondo kanye neenkolo ezihlukahlukeneko # Ziveza iimfundo ezah..." 2479 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Imitlolo yendabuko yesiNdebeleIe''' == '''Imitlolo yendabuko''' mitlolo yeendaba ezidluliselwa esizukulwaneni, ezivela esikhathini sakade, ebegade zikhulunywa ngomlomo zingakatlolwa phasi. Imitlolo le iveza umlando wamasiko wesikhathi sakade. === Izinto ezitholakala phakathi kwemitlolo yendabuko === # Zivela emlandwini wokukhuluma # Ziveza amasiko, iimilo, izenzo zabantu, ukutlhaga, ubuloyi, uthando, izondo kanye neenkolo ezihlukahlukeneko # Ziveza iimfundo ezahlukahlukeno ezifundisa abantu begodu zikhulisa umkhumbulo waloyo ofundako # Ofundako angaba namazizo ahlukahlukeno ngomlingisi nanyana umdlali othileko ==== <big>Imihlobo yemitlolo yendabuko</big> ==== # Amanovela # Imidlalo # Iindatjana ezifitjhani # Izaga # Izitjho # Iinrarejo # Iinganekwana/Iinolwana d3oay329gp7nlukjs9mx210icezzr6n IMapungubwe 0 492 3107 3003 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2550 wikitext text/x-wiki == IMapungubwe == '''IMapungubwe''' yindawo yokuthoma eSewula Africa. Indawo le isesiphandeni seLimpopo eduze nomlambo weshashe. Bekuyindawo ezele iindlovu ezinengi abantu bebasuka la bahlala khona beze bazokuzingela [[iindlovu]] bafuna iimpondo zeendlovu ezibizwa bona yi-ivory ngelimi lesiNgisi. Bazithathe bayozithengisa kwamanye amazwe begodu bebahlala emaplasini ahlukahlukeneko begodu asemaduzelana<ref>Meskell, L., 2016. Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape. ''World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives'', ''28'', p.273.</ref> == '''Isikopilo leMapungubwe''' == Ikosi yakhona beyihlala phezulu kwesicongolwana esibizwa bona yiMapungubwe hill ngombana lapho bekuhlala imimoya yabaphasi begodu beyikghona ukukhulumna nabo. Amadoda bekanamandla ukudlula abafazi begodu umuntu omncani bekangaphathwa njengomuntu omkhulu. Bekunabantu abafunda ilikade ababizwa bona Archeologist bebakhamba baya eMapungubwe bayokugubha bathola bona le bekuyindawo yabantu abanothileko ngombana kwatholakala khona ubuhlalo begolide, izitja zobumba n[[amathambo]] weenlwana<ref>Ashley, C. and Antonites, A., 2020. Art and the everyday: gold, ceramics and meaning in thirteenth-century Mapungubwe.</ref>.Izinto ezitholakala eMapungubwe kwabe kuzimpoto zakade nomncamo werhalasi. Bebathatha izinto lezi bese bakhambe nazo bayozithengisa. [[Intaba]] yeMapungubwe bewuyikhwelwa uqale emuva, bewuthi nawuyicalako uyicala Kanye bese ucala emuva. Bekungayiwa ebusuku entabeni le.Bekungakhanjiwa kiyo ngombana kunomoya wabaphasi. Intaba yakhona bekuyindawo yobukhosi nendawo lapho kubekwa khona ezinye izinto eziqakathekileko<ref>Ramji, H., 2020. Producing the Precolonial: Professional and Popular Lives of Mapungubwe, 1937-2017.</ref>. iz04wxetp0tjtcouc82zbip7yrdzqrf Ukuthaba 0 493 2546 2545 2025-03-19T11:57:26Z Nqobile69 190 2546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuthaba == Ukuthaba kukulokha uzizwa kamnandi emphefumulweni, wanelisekile begodu unganasidingo esikutlhorisako. Ukuthaba yinto yangaphakathi komuntu kodwana ithelelwa zizinto ezenzeka ebhodulukweni lomuntu. Isibonelo lokha umuntu nasele azuza umnotho, ukuhlonipheka nobudlelwano obuhle ngabantu uzithola athabile ngokwemvelo<ref>Veenhoven, R., 2016. Quality of life and happiness: Concepts and measures. In ''Handbook of research methods and applications in happiness and quality of life'' (pp. 309-333). Edward Elgar Publishing.</ref>. == Ubuhle bokuhlala uthabile == Umuntu ohlala athabile akusilula bona angenwe magulo, begodu negazi lakhe likhamba kuhle emzimbeni lingaphazamiseki, amosotja womzimba ahlala wakhe ahlala qinile anamandla. Abantu abahlala bathabile bagcine baphile iskhathi eside bangagugi msinyanaAbantu abalala bathabile bakghona ukwenza ubudlelalwane nabanye abantu lula begodu bakghona nokuthuthukisa mphakathi wabo ebahlala kiwo<ref>Diener, Ed, and Louis Tay. "A scientific review of the remarkable benefits of happiness for successful and healthy living." ''Happiness: Transforming the development landscape'' 6 (2017): 90-117.</ref>. == Izinto ezingavimbela abantu bona bangathabi == Ukusaba, ukungazithembi kungenza bona umuntu abe nobudisi bokuhlala athabile. Ukucabanga izinto eziceda ithemba nakho kuyamenza bona umuntu aphelelwe lithabo bese agcine adanile ngombana ugcina sele azizwa ngathi akukho okuhle angakwenza. Indlala nayo iyamenza umuntu bona angathabi ngombana akekho umuntu ongathaba lokha nakaswelileko nofana nakanganayo imali yokufeza iindingo zakhe. Woke umuntu isidingo sakhe sokuthoma kukudla nasele angatholi imali ezomlekela bona adle nofana ageze angekhe kube lula bona ahlale athabile<ref>Harrison, C., 2019. ''Anti-diet: Reclaim your time, money, well-being, and happiness through intuitive eating''. Hachette UK.</ref>. Inkundla zokuthintana zingenza bona umuntu angathabi ngombana abantu bafaka okuhle ukubenzakalelako kwaphela, bese umunye umuntu onganalwazi angathi nakatjheje lokho eenkundleni zokuthintana azibone ngathi nguye yedwa onemiraro agcine see aphelelwa lithabo<ref>Freitas, D., 2017. ''The happiness effect: How social media is driving a generation to appear perfect at any cost''. Oxford University Press.</ref>. == Izinto ongazenza ukuhlala uthabile == === Ukuzithabulula === Ukuzithabulula nokudla Ukudla okunepilo kuyasiza bona umuntu ahlale athabile ngombana ukuzithsbulula kwehlisa izinga lokukhathazeka emuntwini. Ukulala esikhathi esaneleko esilingana ama-iri ali-8 khona umzimba uzokutholaisikhathi sokuphumula kuhle<ref>Li, C., Ning, G. and Xia, Y., 2023. Does exercise participation promote happiness?: Mediations and heterogeneities. ''Frontiers in Public Health'', ''11'', p.1033157.</ref>. === Ukuzinakekela === Umuntu ukuze ahlale athabile kufuze bona enze izinto zokuledlha, azikhiphile endaweni zokuzithabisa, enze ne-yoga ukuze alekelele umizwa yakhe bona ijabule<ref>Butler, L.D., Mercer, K.A., McClain-Meeder, K., Horne, D.M. and Dudley, M., 2019. Six domains of self-care: Attending to the whole person. ''Journal of human behavior in the social environment'', ''29''(1), pp.107-124.</ref> pbbtcorisf2mf8wtght25c0k2gnz4dg Ukukhubazeka 0 494 2484 2025-03-03T11:03:13Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukukhubazeka == '''Kukulokha''' umuntu aphila angaguli kodwana kube khona isitho sakhe somzimba esingekho, esingasebenziko nofana esingakakheki kuhle njengasabanye ngokwemvelo. Ukukhubazeka akutjho bona umuntu uyahluleka nofana kufanale aphathwe ngokuhluka kunabanye abantu. Ukukhubazeka kungaba yinto umuntu azalwa nayo nofana kuyinto engehlela umuntu lokha aphile bese ehlelwe kugula nofana ingozi ezomtjhiya akhubazikile<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models o..." 2484 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukukhubazeka == '''Kukulokha''' umuntu aphila angaguli kodwana kube khona isitho sakhe somzimba esingekho, esingasebenziko nofana esingakakheki kuhle njengasabanye ngokwemvelo. Ukukhubazeka akutjho bona umuntu uyahluleka nofana kufanale aphathwe ngokuhluka kunabanye abantu. Ukukhubazeka kungaba yinto umuntu azalwa nayo nofana kuyinto engehlela umuntu lokha aphile bese ehlelwe kugula nofana ingozi ezomtjhiya akhubazikile<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models of disability: A brief overview. ''HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies'', ''74''(1).</ref>. Abantu abakhubazekileko eSewula Afrika banesibonelelo semali abasitholako esivela kurhulamnde. Isibonelelo lesi sibalekela bona bakghone ukufeza iindingo zabo begodu bakgone ukuba nemali yokudla ngombana abanye babo abakghoni ukusebenza. == Izinto ezingabangela ukukhubazaka == === Iindakamizwa === Umuntu wengubo lokha nakasidisi bese asebenzise iindakamizwa kungabangela bona Umntwana akhubazele ngombana iindakamizwa zizothikameza bona Umntwana akhule ngesibelthweni bese Umntwana agcine sele akhubazekile. Umntwana angakhubazeka emzimbeni nofana emkhumbulweni<ref>Viteri, O.A., Soto, E.E., Bahado-Singh, R.O., Christensen, C.W., Chauhan, S.P. and Sibai, B.M., 2015. Fetal anomalies and long-term effects associated with substance abuse in pregnancy: a literature review. ''American journal of perinatology'', ''32''(05), pp.405-416.</ref>. === Ukulimala === Umuntu nakasidisi nakungenzeka bona awe kabuhlungu nofanaavelelwe yingozi lokhu kungenza bona Umntwana asidisi yena avele akhubazekile. Okhunye kungenzeak bona kwenzakale iimphoso lokha umma nakabelathako lokhu kungenza bona avele akhubazekile<ref>Wilkinson, D., Shepherd, E. and Wallace, E.M., 2016. Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus. ''Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews'', (3).</ref>. === Isotja lomndeni === Okhunye ukukhubazeka komntwana kungabangelwa lisotja lomndeni bese isotja leli lidlulele emntwaneni. Isibonelo nangabe Umntwana ubelethwa emndenini wabantu abangakaphili kuhle engcondweni kunamathuba wokobana nomntwana wakhona angpvela angakaphili engcondweni ngombana kuzabe kudlulele isotja lomndeni lokukhubazeka emntwaneni<ref>Vasudevan, P. and Suri, M., 2017. A clinical approach to developmental delay and intellectual disability. ''Clinical Medicine'', ''17''(6), pp.558-561.</ref>. == Imihlobo yokukhubazeka == === Ukukhubazeka komzimba === Lokhu kukhubazeka ngilokhu ekwenza bona umuntu angakhoni ukukhamba. Lokhu kubangelwa kukobana aquntwe inyawo, isifo samathambo nokhunye. Omunye angahlala angabi nesandla ngesibanga sengozi angina kiyo nofana isandla singasebenzi ngesibanga sokuthi alimele imisipha bese imisipha le yenza bona isandla singakghoni ukusebenza. Abanye babelethwa banganazo<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models of disability: A brief overview. ''HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies'', ''74''(1).</ref> inyawo nofana izandla. Laba abanganazo inyawo basebenzisa isitulo samavilo ukukhamba. === Ukukhubazeka zithozombiza(Sensory) === Abanye abantu babanokukhubazeka bokungaboni emehlweni, nofana babone ngokufifiyela. Ukukhubazela lokhu kungabangelwa kugula okufana nama-Cataracts, glaucoma nokhunye.Ananye abantu bazalwa bangezwa nofaa banobudisi bokuzwa nesibanga sokubana kulimele I cochlear ngaphakathi kwendlebe zabo. Icochelear kuyinto engaphakthi kwendlebe egobeke ngathi litjhongololo lokha nalileleko<ref>Sorgini, F., Caliò, R., Carrozza, M.C. and Oddo, C.M., 2018. Haptic-assistive technologies for audition and vision sensory disabilities. ''Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology'', ''13''(4), pp.394-421.</ref>. === Ukukhubazeka ngokokhumbulo nofana engcondweni === Ukukhubazeka lokhu kwenza bona umumntu ingcondo yakhe ingasebenzi kuhle<ref>Nevison, C.D. and Blaxill, M., 2017. Diagnostic substitution for intellectual disability: A flawed explanation for the rise in autism. ''Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders'', ''47'', pp.2733-2742.</ref>. Okhunye ukukhubazeka kungavela ngokuthi Umntwana abe ne autism ekuyinto eyenza bona Umntwana abenobudisi bokukhuluma nokuzibandakanya abantu athande ukuba yedwa. Umuntu oone autism akafuni abantu basenzise izinto zakhe begodu akazwani namatjhuguluko enzeka yena akangakatjelwa. == Isiphetho == Ukuphila nokukhubazeka akutjho ukwahluleka ngombana abantu abakhubazekilo bayokghona ukuphila njengabanye abantu benze izinto ezikulu ezitjengisako bona baphelele begodu bahlakaniphile. jfe4fhlf87a1up47tv0gp8se1hqeqoy Iinarhakazi zephasi 0 495 2498 2486 2025-03-04T05:50:48Z Nqobile69 190 2498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinarhakazi zephasi == '''Ephasini''' kuneenarhakazi ezilikhomba, enye nenye inarhakazi inamasiko wayo, amatshwayo wayo neenarha ezingaphakthi kwayo Iinarhakazi zephasi<ref>Yearwood, P.J., 2014. Continents and consequences: the history of a concept. ''Journal of Global History'', ''9''(3), pp.329-356.</ref>. == Amagama weenarhakazi zephasi nehlathululo yazo == I-Africa Yinarhakazi yesibili ekulu begodu ngaphakathi iphethe inarha ezima-55 ezifaka hlangana i-Sewula Africa, i-gibhithe neZimbabwe<ref>Khapoya, V., 2015. ''The African Experience''. Routledge.</ref> I-Antarctica Yinarhakazi encani begodu emakhaza ukuzidlula zoke. Enarhakazini le akuhlali abantu kodwana kuhlala iinlwana zemangweni kwaphela. I-Asia Lapha kuneenarha ezima-49, ezifaka hlagana I inarha ye China, India Kanye ne Russia ekuyinarha ekulu ukuzidlula zoke ephasini. Inarhakazi le ngekulu ukuzidlula zoke ephasini<ref>Prange, C., 2019. Asia: The continent of superlatives and contradictions. In ''Management Practices in Asia: Case Studies on Market Entry, CSR, and Coaching'' (pp. 3-9). Cham: Springer International Publishing.</ref> I-Australia Le yinarhakazi encani ehlalwa babantu ephasini, ngaphakathi iineenarha ezi-6 ezine zazo yi- New Zealad, Papua New Guiea ne Australia. I-Europe Kulenarhakazi kunenarha ezima-50 ezifaka I- Germany, iFrance, ne-United kingdom.Inarhakazi le ngeyesithandathu ekulu I-North America Inarhakazi le ilikhaya leenarha ezima-23 begodu ingeyesithathu ekulu. I-South America Inarhakazi le ineenarha ezili-12 begodu ingee ingeyesine ekule eenarhakazini l9vbafphjs7fdn4c343ekl73xcryvzp Abangani 0 496 2738 2493 2025-04-23T09:50:22Z Nqobile69 190 2738 wikitext text/x-wiki == Abangani == '''Abangani''' kubabantu ophila nabo ngamalanga begodu obathembako bonyana ungabelana nabo indaba zakho ongazitjeli abanye abantu. Kungilabo bantu abalunikela isekelo olidingako epilweni bakwenze uzizwe wamukelekile begodu uthandwa.Abangani kungilabo bantu abaphila boke bogodu abathanda izinto izifanako begodu abakhona ukucocoa babonisane ngepilo. Kubabantu abazanako bonya umunye uthanda ini begodu akathandi ini, kungilabo bantu abakghona ukukujamela nalokha wena ungekho<ref>Hartup, W.W., 2022. Friendships and their developmental significance. In ''Childhood social development'' (pp. 175-205). Psychology Press.</ref> == '''Ubuhle bokubamngani''' == Abangani kubabantu abangasikhuthaza bonyana silinge nofana sense izinto ezitja epilweni ezizosenza bona sikhule nanyana siphumelele. Abangani bangakukhuthaza bona ulandele izinto ongaba nekareko kizo. Abangani basihlanganisa nabanye abangani babo nofana basise kwezinye indawo lapho sizokwazana khona nabanye abantu abangasilekelela ukuthuthuka nofana ukufezekisa amaphupho wethu<ref>McCabe, J.M., 2019. ''Connecting in college: How friendship networks matter for academic and social success''. University of Chicago Press.</ref>. Abangani bangalekela ngezinye izinto zemakhaya ezifana nokuthutha, ukugada abantwana nangemali.Ngesinye isikhathi lokha nawusemrarweni nofana nawudanileko abangani basinikeza ihlombe esizokulilela kilo sethule imiraro yethu bese umngani akuphe isiluleko nofana akududuze. == '''Izinto ongazicala ukubona umngani omuhle''' == === '''Ukuthembeka''' === Umngani omuhle ujama nawe ngeenkhathi zoke akusekele. Akakhulumi ngokuhluleka kwakho kwabanye abantu abangakuthandiko nofana aveze indaba zakho omthembe ngazo. Kumumuntu okutjela amaqiniso nanyana akangazwisa ubuhlungu kangangani, begodu ukghona ukuthembela kuye lokha nawufuna isekelo<ref>Sinaga, J., Woran, R. and Sinambela, J.L., 2022. The Role Of Friendship In Character Development: Lessons From The Biblical Story Of David And Jonathan. ''Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities'', ''5''(1), pp.1-8.</ref>. === '''Ukukhuluma''' === Kumumuntu okhuluma naye khulu nanyana angekho eduze niyathintana ngomaliledinini. Kumumuntu okghona ukukulalela lokha nawukhulumako angakupheleli ihliziyo. Nalokha nasele ucedile ukhuluma ukuphendula ngependulo ezokwakha<ref>Rawlins, W., 2017. ''Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics and the life course''. Routledge.</ref>. === '''Izwelo''' === Umngani omuhle lokha nawehlelwe zizimo nofana iintjhijio ezinzima kuba okukhombisa ukuzwelana nawe. Uzifaka enyathelweni zakho azisise amazizo wakho nombona wakho ngesikhathi leso<ref>Gokalp, A. and Inel, Y., 2021. The Mediating Role of Responsibility and Friendship between Empathy Skill and Benevolence. ''Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn)'', ''15''(2), pp.202-212.</ref>. == '''Isiphetho''' == Ubungani kuyinto kuyinto ehle eletha ithabo, ukududuzeka emaphilweni wabantu umuntu lokha anakathole umngani omuhle kufuze bona ache ubudlelwane bakhe nomngani loyo bukhule buhlale iminyaka. gdix51ahfpyh5t7r5jt0nl2hverzk0o Ubulelesi 0 501 2547 2525 2025-03-19T14:07:24Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280869872|Piracy]]" 2547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuphanga''' sisenzo sokuphanga nofana ubudlwangudlwangu bobulelesi ngabantu abahlasela ngemikhumbi nofana ngesikepe abahlasela omunye umkhumbi nofana indawo eseduze nelwandle, ngokujayelekileko ngomnqopho wokweba imithwalo nezinye izinto ezibizako. Labo abenza izenzo zokuphanga babizwa ngokuthi '''ma-pirates''' ngelimi lesiNgisi, begodu imikhumbi esetjenziselwa ubugebengu ibizwa ngokuthi '''mikhumbi yama-pirates''' . Izehlakalo zokuthoma ezitlolwe phasi zokukhwabanisa bezikhona ngekhulu le-14 BC, lokha abantu beLwandle, isiqhema sabahlaseli belwandle, nabahlasela imikhumbi ye- Aegean ne-Mediterranean. Iindlela ezincani ezidosela ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi eendleleni eziqagelekako sele zidale amathuba wobugebengu, kanye nokuhlasela kwezokurhweba . Iimbonelo zomlando zeendawo ezinjalo zifaka hlangana amanzi we- Gibraltar, i- Strait of Malacca, i-Madagascar, i -Gulf of Aden, kanye ne- English Channel, lapho izakhiwo zendawo zasiza ukuhlaselwa kwamapirate. Ibizo elithi ''ubugebengu'' ngokuvamileko litjho ubugebengu belwandle, nanyana ibizo leli sele litjho izenzo ezenziwa ephasini, emoyeni, emanethiwekhini wamakhomphyutha, kanye (ngeendaba zesayensi) emkhathini. Ubulelesi buvame ukungafaki ubulelesi obenziwe mthengisi emkhunjini wakhe (isib. ukweba), kanye nokuthengisa ngasese, okutjho ukugunyazwa ngurhulumende wombuso . 5rr2akrqimyn89m2tij5y2icab8ylj5 Wikiphidiya:Community portal 4 502 3281 3128 2025-07-02T20:22:02Z Thuvack 106 3281 wikitext text/x-wiki == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:56, 13 Mbimbitho 2025 (SAST)  ==Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in isiNdebele Wikipedia== {{Int:Hello}} isiNdebele Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in isiNdebele Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default. We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th June 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Umsebenzisi:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 01:46, 28 Nkwenkwezi 2025 (SAST) == Request for Adminship to support this Wikipedia == I request support for Admin rights to this Wikipedia, so I can assist with fighting Vandalism. I have undone a couple acts of vandalism but without sysop tools, it is very tideous to do this efficiently and consistently. I am currently an Admin for my homewiki ts.Wikipedia and I currently patroll South African language wikipedias. --[[Umsebenzisi:Thuvack|Thuvack]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:Thuvack|talk]]) 22:21, 2 Ntulikazi 2025 (SAST) 12c4836kr771kg70ynac1p2f50uvrtt Ukubulala 0 503 2530 2025-03-19T08:58:21Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukubulala == '''Ukubulala''' kusisenzo sokuthatha ipilo yomuntu umuntu<ref>Ewin, R.E., 1972. What is wrong with killing people?. ''The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-)'', ''22''(87), pp.126-139.</ref>. Abantu babulala ngenzathu ezinengi abanye babulala ngesizathu sokuzivikela nofana sokuvikela abanye abantu. Elinye lamalungelo wabantu kulilungelo lokuphila ngikho isigwebo sentambo sasuswa. Ikolo ifundisa bona akukafaneli bona abantu babulalane. Isibonelo ibhayibheli em..." 2530 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukubulala == '''Ukubulala''' kusisenzo sokuthatha ipilo yomuntu umuntu<ref>Ewin, R.E., 1972. What is wrong with killing people?. ''The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-)'', ''22''(87), pp.126-139.</ref>. Abantu babulala ngenzathu ezinengi abanye babulala ngesizathu sokuzivikela nofana sokuvikela abanye abantu. Elinye lamalungelo wabantu kulilungelo lokuphila ngikho isigwebo sentambo sasuswa. Ikolo ifundisa bona akukafaneli bona abantu babulalane. Isibonelo ibhayibheli emthethweni elitjhumi kuno mthetho oyala abantu bona bangabulali. == Imihlobo yokubulala == === Ukubulala ngehloso === Lokhu kubulala umuntu uhlelile bona uzombulala njani beodu nini. Umuntu ngaphasi kwamhlobo angabulawa ngesigidi, nomukhwa nofana ngetjhefu.<ref>Pitt, J.C., 2013. “Guns don’t kill, people kill”; values in and/or around technologies. In ''The moral status of technical artefacts'' (pp. 89-101). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> === Ukubulala ngaphandle kwehloso === Lapha umuntu angabulala omunye umuntu angakahleli. Umuntu angathi uazivikela emuntwini omhlukumezako agcine sele abululelel umuntu loyo angakahlosi<ref>Welch, J.I., 2021. The right to self-defence: Part 1: The killing or injuring of an attacker. ''Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine'', ''114''(12), pp.41-43.</ref>. === I-Euthanasia === Lokhu nakho kukubulala ngehloso kodwana kwenzeka ebantwini abagulako abasele baphila ngemitjhini nengcondo zabo sele zingasasebenzi. Abantu bekhabomuntu loyo ogulako bayavumelana bona bazokucima [[imitjhini]] bese umuntu ahlongakale ukuze akghone ukuphumula eenhlungwini azizwako lokha nakaleleko<ref>Fontalis, A., Prousali, E. and Kulkarni, K., 2018. Euthanasia and assisted dying: what is the current position and what are the key arguments informing the debate?. ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'', ''111''(11), pp.407-413.</ref>. === Ukuzikhunga === Abanye abantu lokha nabacalanga nobunzima bephasi bagcina sele babona ngathi asisekho isidingo sokuphila bese bagcine bathaha amaphilo wabo. Abantu abazibulalako bayazilengisa, abanye basela itjhefu nofana bazidumuze<ref>Berman, A.L., 2011. Estimating the population of survivors of suicide: Seeking an evidence base. ''Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior'', ''41''(1), pp.110-116.</ref>. == Izinto ezingabangela ukubulala == === Ipi === Abantu bangabulalana ngesibanga sepi. Lokha abantu nabalwako bagcina selel badumuzanan nofana bagwane bese umuntu ophe igaze bekagcine ahlongakale. Namasotja lokha nakasepini ayodumuzana bese amanye agcine abulewe. === Ukugula === Abanye abantu nabugule khulu bagcina bababulele ngokuthi bacime imitjhini ebalekelela ukuphila bese abantu bagcie sele bahlongakele. Abanye bagandeleleka ngomkhumbulo bagcine bathatha amaphilo wabo<ref>Kierkegaard, S. and Marino, G., 2013. ''Fear and trembling and the sickness unto death''. Princeton University Press.</ref>. === Iingozi === Ukungea engozini kungokhunye okubangela abantu bona bahlongakale. Abantu bangenza ingozi bakutuke ngekoloyi nofana ngebhesi balimale, nangabe abatholi isizo msinyana bangagcina sele bahlongakele. Kubangellwa kukuthi abanye balimele endaweni ezibucayi nofana balahlekelwe ziingazi ezinengi emzimbeni<ref>Heron, M.P., 2018. Deaths: leading causes for 2016.</ref>. === Ukweba nobulelesi === Ukweba nokho kungenza bona abantu bagcine babulawa. Umuntu lokha nakayokweba nofana ayokulelesa nakabona ukuthi kunabantu abambonileko abangafuna ukumveza emapholiseni angacina sele ababulala ngehloso yokutjhabalalisa ubufakazi. == Isiphetho == Ukubulala kuyinto embi ethaths amaphilo wabantu. Abantu bangabulawa ngesbanga sepi, iingozi, ubulelesi nofana ukugula. Ukubulala kuyinto embi nanyana kungasiyo ihloso ngombana woke umuntu unelungelo lokuphila. qo4dvtdynfkpcgfmg2n9sbght6gihx2 Isikhathi 0 504 3098 2932 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Iwatjhi yesikhathi.jpg|thumb|Iwatjhi yesikhathi]] == Isikhathi == Isikhathi kuyindlela yokumeda ubude bekwenzeka kwezinto. Kukuragela phambili kusukela ekadeni ukuya esikhathini sanamhlanje nofana esizako. Isikhathi simedwa ngendlela ezinengi ukuya ngobude baso. Ukumeda nofana ukubala isikhathi kusetjenziswa amakhalenda, namawatjhi wesikhathi<ref>What Is Time? A Simple Explanation</ref><ref>Peters, J.D., 2013. Calendar, clock, tower. ''Deus in machina: Religion and technology in historical perspective'', pp.25-42. Vancouver</ref>. == Iindlela zakade zokumeda isikhathi == Ekadeni abantu bebameda isikhathi ngelanga bona likuyiphi indawo emafini. Ngamasa bamede ngokulila kweenkukhu nofana ngenyezi.Ukutjhuguluka kweenkhathi zonyaka khabe bakumeda ngokuvela nokunyamalala kweenlwana ezithileko nofana ngokumila kweenthelo ezithileko. Isibonelo ama-orentji amila lokha nakungena ubusika<ref>Holford-Strevens, L., 2005. ''The history of time: a very short introduction'' (Vol. 133). Oxford University Press.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kwesikhathi == Isikhathi uyinto eqakathekileko emaphilweni wabantu begou sakhamba sikhambile angekhe sabuyela emuve. kufuze abantu basisebenzise ngendlela efaneleko ukuze babalekele ukuzisola. Isikhathi sisisiza bona sikghone ukuzwisisa izolo, inamanhle ne kusasa. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi amaphilo wabantu angatjharagana ngombana angekhe bazi lapho basuka khona begodu nalapho bayakhona == Ukubala isikhathi<ref>Time - Wikipedia</ref> == === Unyaka neenyanga === Unyaka munye unamalanga ama-365 begodu unenyanga ezili-12. === Iveke namalanga === Iveke yinye inamalanga alikhomba begodu ilanga linye linama iri-ama-24 === Ama-iri === Iri linye linamaminithi ama-60, begodu neminithi linye linemizuzu ema-60. == Isiphetho == Isikhathi ngiso esenza bona amaphilo wabantu aragele phambili, abatu bakghone ukuzazi bona babuya kuphi noma bayaphi. Kufuze sibulunge isikhathi begodu sisisebenzise kuhle ukubalekela ukuzisola ngombana isikhathi angeze sabiselwa emuva. 95x808mhx10sgnz6fu9mjx1dlzvbsg8 Ukuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana 0 505 2532 2025-03-19T09:52:27Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == '''Iinkundla''' zokuthintana kuyindawo lapho lapho abantu babelana khona ngelwazi, bakghona khona ukucoca begodu benze nesitjhomi. Ukuzwana nokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana sele kuvuse enye into engayisiyihle ekukuhlukumenzana okungenzeka gokusabisana, ukuhlazisana ngemilayezo<ref>Giumetti, G.W. and Kowalski, R.M., 2022. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. ''Current opinion in psychology'', ''45'', p.101314.</r..." 2532 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == '''Iinkundla''' zokuthintana kuyindawo lapho lapho abantu babelana khona ngelwazi, bakghona khona ukucoca begodu benze nesitjhomi. Ukuzwana nokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana sele kuvuse enye into engayisiyihle ekukuhlukumenzana okungenzeka gokusabisana, ukuhlazisana ngemilayezo<ref>Giumetti, G.W. and Kowalski, R.M., 2022. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. ''Current opinion in psychology'', ''45'', p.101314.</ref>. == Iindlela ezahlukileko zokuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukusabisana Abantu bangathumelela amanaba wabo imilayezo yokubasabisa ukwenza bona amanaba wabo agcine sele asaba begodu angasakhululeki eenkundleni zokuthinana<ref>Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C.A. and Parti, K., 2017. Defining cyberbullying. ''Pediatrics'', ''140''(Supplement_2), pp.S148-S151.</ref>. Ukulandelela izinto ezenziwa mumuntu Abanye abantu bakghona ukulandelela into eyenziwa mumuntu eenkundleni zokuthintana. Balandelela bona ufaka ziphi izinto nofana ubhala ini, balandelela bobana ucoca nabobani nokuthi sele umuntu loyo akuphi<ref>Stevens, F., Nurse, J.R. and Arief, B., 2021. Cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and adult mental health: A systematic review. ''Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking'', ''24''(6), pp.367-376.</ref>. Ukuphikisana Ukuphikisana kuyinto evamileko eenkundleni zokuthintana. Abantu bakghona ukuthukana, ukuphisana basebenzisa ilimi elilumelako lokuthukana. Lokhu kungenziwa babantu abangazwaniko babaga into ethileko<ref>Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C.A. and Parti, K., 2017. Defining cyberbullying. ''Pediatrics'', ''140''(Supplement_2), pp.S148-S151.</ref>. Ukuzenza umuntu ongasuye ukuhlukumeza Abanye abantu basuku benze ama-akhantu bowutsotsi bazenze abantu abangasibo ukuhlupha banye abanye abantu. Lokhui bakweza ngehloso yokuhlupha abanye abantu. Ukukhiphana Ukukhiphaa kutjho loha umuntu akhipha umuntu angamthandiko nofana alwa naye esiqhemeni sokucoca seenkundleni zokuthintana kungaba ku facebook, ku whatsapp nofana kokunye. == Imiphumela yokuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukudana nokugandeleleka komkhumbulo Ukuhlukumezeka eenkundleni zokuthintana kungagcina sele kubangela bona umuntu ahlele adanile, azikhiphe abantwini begodu nasele kudlange khulu umuntu anggcina sele agandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo<ref>Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Delgado, B., Díaz-Herrero, Á. and García-Fernández, J.M., 2020. Relationship between suicidal thinking, anxiety, depression and stress in university students who are victims of cyberbullying. ''Psychiatry Research'', ''286'', p.112856.</ref>. Ukuzibandlulula ebantwini Lokha umunu athola ukuhlukumezeka eenkundleni zokuthintana uthola ubudisis bokuhlangana ngabantu azibone sele amumuntu ophasi nofana anganasithunzi bese agcine azikhipha ebantwini azifune ayedwa<ref>Ademiluyi, A., Li, C. and Park, A., 2022. Implications and preventions of cyberbullying and social exclusion in social media: systematic review. ''JMIR formative research'', ''6''(1), p.e30286.</ref><ref>Nixon, C.L., 2014. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. ''Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics'', pp.143-158.</ref>. Ukwehla kwemiphumela esikolweni Umuntu ohlukumezwako nangabe usese mntwana wesikolo angagcina sele angasabenzi kuhle esikolweni ngesibanga sokuthi into le ingamphazamisa abe nobudisi bokubeka umkhumbulo wakhe entweni ayenzako. Uyokugcina sele athola imiphumela ephasi esikolweni ngesibanga sokuhlukumezeka. Ukungabi nepilo emzimbeni Ipilo yomuntu ohlukumezekileko eenkundleni zokuthintana iyaphazamiseka. Ngathola umntu loyo agcina sele aphatha ihloko, amathumbu nofana agcine sele angasakghoni ukulala<ref>Nixon, C.L., 2014. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. ''Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics'', pp.143-158.</ref>. == Indlela zokuvikela ukuhlukumezana eeenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukuzibandakanya kwababelethi Ukuvikela ukuhlukumezana eenkundlelni zokuthintana kufanele ababelethi bazibandakanye ngokuthi batjheje lokho Umntwana wabo akwenzako eenkundleni zokuthintana. Bese kuthi nangabe babone into ekhombisa ukuhlukumezeka nofana ukuhlukumeza abanye bayakhuze kuseses nesikhathi<ref>Robinson, E., 2013. Parental involvement in preventing and responding to cyberbullying. ''Family Matters'', (92), pp.68-76.</ref>. Ukufundisa ngokusebenzisa inkundla lezi Abantu nofana abantwana kufanelwe bafundiswe indlela ekungiyo yokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana. Isibonelo kufanele bafundiswe bona babalekele ukubhala imilayezo ethika abatu nofana ebasabisako. == Isiphetho == Ukuhlukumezana eeenkundleni zokuthintana kuyinto ekhulako amalanga la begodu kufanale ibekwe ilihlo. Kufanale abantu bakghone ukubona ukuhlukumezeka lokhu nokuthi ibanomthelela onjani kibongazimbi bayo. Kufanele sizifundise thina na banye abantu ukuyibalekela begodu abongazimbi bayo bathole isekelo abalidingako ukululama kiyo. hz978gg0f3xdaeyuctlie5u1dlco4ue Ubuhlobo 0 506 2534 2533 2025-03-19T10:13:25Z Nqobile69 190 2534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinhlobo''' kubabantu abaphuma emndenini munye bahlobene ngengazi nofana ngomtjhado<ref>Relative - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com</ref>. Abantu abazinhlobo bangaba neembongo ezifanako nanyana bangabi nazo.Iinhlobo zingabonakala nangesotja elifanako lomzimba isibonelo: ubude nofana [[ukunona]]. Iinhlobo kubabantu abadlali indima eqakathekilo epilweni yomuntu ngombana ngizo oba nobudlelwane obuseduze nobunamandla nabo. Iinhlobo ziqakathekile ngombana zikghona ukukwenza uzizwe wamukelekile, uzazi ukuthi ungubani nokuthi wazi amasiko nemvelaphi yakho.Abantu abadala abazinhlobo zakho bakghona ukukunikela iinluleko nokuhlakanipha ekuzokwenza bona ukghone ukuthatha inqunto ezihle zepilo<ref>Sefa Dei, G.J., 2020. Elders’ cultural knowledges and African indigeneity. ''The Palgrave handbook of African education and Indigenous knowledge'', pp.279-301.</ref>. Iinhlobo zingilabo bantu abangakwenza bona ukghone ukubona ukuthi [[imikghwa]] ethileko uyithethephi begodu ukghone ukwazi ukuthi izinto ozenzako uzenza ngombana ufuze ubani emndenini wekhenu.Iinhlobo zikghona ukukunikela isekelo olidingako ngombana abantu abazinhlobo kungilabo bantu engekhe abakulahlela ithemba nanyana sewuhluleka. kungizo ezizwelalana nawe zikunikeze ithando elinganambadela<ref>Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W.D. and Nyffenegger, B., 2011. Emotional brand attachment and brand personality: The relative importance of the actual and the ideal self. ''Journal of marketing'', ''75''(4), pp.35-52.</ref>. == Iimbonelo zeenhlobo == [[Umama]]-Mumuntu wengubo okubelethako [[Ubaba]] -Mumuntu wembaji okubelethako Ugogo-Ngumma kamamakho nofana kababakho Umkhulu- Ngubaba obelethe umamakh nofana ubabakho Ukhokho- ngumma obelethe ugogo Umani- Ngudadwabo kamma omnani URhulu- Ngudadwabo kamma omkhulu Umalume- Ngu bhuthi kamma Usonghwana- Ngubhuti wakhe likababa omncani Usorhulu-Ngubhuti kababa omkhulu Ukhgari- Ngudadwabo kababa Umntamama-mtwana kamalume, kamani nofana karhulwakho. Umzala- Umtwana kakghari nofana kasonghwana wakho jv3n1cgne7y2gjy14yxg5ela83dkgfm Igazi 0 507 2799 2798 2025-05-06T12:35:01Z Nqobile69 190 2799 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iingazi == '''Igazi''' kumamanzi abovu akhamba umzimba woke ngaphakathi komuntu. Kuyinto eqakatheke khulu eyenza bona umuntu akghone ukuphila. Ngaphandle kwegazi akekho umuntu ongakghona ukuphila. [[Ihliziyo]] limpompa igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuke ehliziyweni bese likhambe umzimba woke. Igazi lenza bona [[umzimba]] usebenze kuhle. Lokha nawunganagazi kuhle nofana igazi lakho lingakhambi kuhle emzimbeni kungab namagula athileko ongawathola nawumumuntu<ref>Scudellari, M., 2015. Blood to blood. ''Nature'', ''517''(7535), p.426.</ref>. == Izinto ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwegazi == Iplazima Le kuyungcenye yegazi emamanzi eyanza amaphesende ama-55. Ingcenye le iphethe amanzi, itswayi, iswigiri, amafutha Kanye nama phrotheyini. Amaseli abovu wegazi Wona Sebenza ukuthwala i-oksijini esuka emaphaphini uyise emzimbeni phezu kwesikhumba nofana enyameni. Amaseli lawa anephrotheyini ebizwa bona yi- haemoglobin, ekungiyo eyenza bona igazi libe nombala obovu<ref>Litvinov, R.I. and Weisel, J.W., 2017. Role of red blood cells in haemostasis and thrombosis. ''ISBT science series'', ''12''(1), pp.176-183.</ref>. Amaseli amhlophe wegazi Ngelimi lesingisi abizwa bona ma- luecytes ngiwo asiza amasotja womzimba bona akghone ukulwisana namagulo<ref>Nicholson, L.B., 2016. The immune system. ''Essays in biochemistry'', ''60''(3), pp.275-301.</ref>. Amaplatileti Awanabumbeko begodu mancani kodwana adlala indima ekulu ekwenzeni bona igazi likghone ukwenza amatlothi<ref>Fogelson, A.L. and Neeves, K.B., 2015. Fluid mechanics of blood clot formation. ''Annual review of fluid mechanics'', ''47''(1), pp.377-403.</ref>. == Ukukhamba kwegazi emzimbeni == Ama-Arteries Kumisipha ekhambisa igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuka ehliziyweni bese alikhambe lisuke ehliziyweni likhambe umzimba woke<ref>Tucker, W.D., Arora, Y. and Mahajan, K., 2017. Anatomy, blood vessels.</ref>. Amaveyini Kumithambo ephatha igazi eliphelelwe yi-oksijini emzimbeni ilibuyisele ehliziyweni ukuthi ihloziyo iyolipompa<ref>Mitchell, R.N. and Schoen, F.J., 2010. Blood vessels. ''Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease.(8th edition) Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, US'', pp.516-17.</ref>. Amakhaphilari Kumithambo emincani eyamukela esenyameni eyamukela I-oksijini nemisoco. Isiphetho Ingazi ziqakathekile emaphilweni wabantu ngombana umuntu angeze aphila ngaphandle kwegazi. Igazi ngilo elenza bona umuntu aphile kuhle, likusuka ehliziyweni likhambe umzimba woke bese likhambisa i-oksijini ngama atheri bese liphinde libuye ngomsipha wamaveyini sele linganayo i-oksijini libuyele ehliziyweni. 9q7yhv6jbr827t8o019gfocsmg4eaxr Iinkolodo 0 508 3119 2980 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2538 wikitext text/x-wiki sikolodo kukulokha uboleka inani elithileko lemali emuntwini nofana ebulungelweni lemali bese uzibophe bona uzoyibuyisa nini begodu bunjani. Esikhathini esiphila kiso ukwenza isikolodo sele kuyinto ejwayelekileko begodu kuyindlela yokuphila<ref>Debt: What It Is, How It Works, Types, and Ways to Pay Back</ref>. == Imihlobo yeenkolodo == === Isikolodo seentolo === Isikolodo seentolo ngilesi osenza lokha nawenza ikharada lesitolo esithileko bese uthatha ngalo izambatho ngesikolodo bese ubhadele kancani kancani imali oyikolodako njalo ngenyanga. Nawubhadela kuhle eentolo lezi bakukhuphulela Amandla wokuthuthenga okutjho bona bakhuphula inani lesikolodo ongasenza lokha ngokuthenga izambatho isikolodo<ref>https://legaladvice.org.za/what-happens-if-you-don-t-pay-your-clothing-account-in-south-africa/</ref>. === Isikolodo sepahla === Lokha nawufuna ukuthenga ipahla yangendlini unganamali yokuthenga ngasikhathi sinye, uyakghona ukupha I diphozidi bese imali eseleko uyikhiphe kancani kancani ngenyanga. Isilokodo lesi basifaka amakonyana ngombana bakwenzele umusa bokuthi ukghone ukubhadela ngengcezu. Okumbi ngesikolodo lesi kukuthi lokha nawubhalelwa kubhadela kuhle [[ipahla]] oyithetheko abantu besitolo leso bayabuya bazokuthatha ipahla yabo. === Isikolodo sebulungelweni lemali === Ebulungelweni lemali ukghona ukwenza silokodo semali oyifunako ukuya ngokokuthi wena ukghola [[imali]] engangani lapho usebenza khona.Lokha nawenza isikolodo lesi kubanephepha lesivumelwano olitlikitlako elitjho bona uzokubhadela njani. Ungenza isikolodo semali ufuna ukwakha indlu, ufuna ukuthenga imodere, ufuna ukuyokubhadela iindleko zokufunda, nokwenza okhunye okuqakathekileko. Ebulungelweni lemali, imali obakoloda yona ugcina sele uyibuyisela nakonyana ngombana kibo ukuboleka umuntu imali kuyirhwebo<ref>Hollander, S. and Verriest, A., 2016. Bridging the gap: the design of bank loan contracts and distance. ''Journal of Financial Economics'', ''119''(2), pp.399-419.</ref>. == Ubuhle bokwenza isikolodo == Isikolodo siyakghona ukukulekelela ukghine ukufeza iindingo zakho msinya nanyana unganamali. Isikolodo singakukhupha emrarweni wemali oqalana nawo lokha nawufuna ukwenza into. Isibonelo umuntu angaboleka imali ebulungelweni lemali ukuyokubhadela ifundo yamaziko aphezulu ukuthi akghone ukuthola iziqu zakhe<ref>Pros and cons of debt - Economics Help</ref>. == Ubumbi bokwenza isikolodo == Lokha nawenza isikolodo ungangcina sele ubhadela imali edlula leyo gade uyibolekile. Ebulungelweni lemali bafaka amakonyana phezu kwemali leyo oyibolekileko ugcine sele ubhadala imali enengi<ref>Blanchard, O., 2019. Public debt and low interest rates. ''American Economic Review'', ''109''(4), pp.1197-1229.</ref>. Abanye bagcina sele benza iiinkolodo ezinengi khulu bese bahlulwe kuzibhadela bazithole sele banegama elimbi lokungabhadeli iinkolodo. Lokha nawubuyisela imali oyiboleke ebulungelweni lemali ungagcina sele uhlala unganamali ungakghoni nokondla umndeni wakho kuhle nangebe unganabo ubuhlakani bokusebenzisa imali. Ubumbi bokuboleka imali kukuthi lokha nawuhlulwa kusibhadela ngesikhathi isikolodo ungavela njengomuntu ongakathembeki bese bakufake encwadini enzima ugcine sele ungasakghoni nokuboleka imali kwezinye indawo ngombana kuzokuvela kizo zoke indawo bona wena umumuntu ongakghoni ukubhadela isikolodo<ref>Opwaka, R.P. and Wanyoike, D., An Assessment of the Attitudes of Blacklisted Bank Clients on Their Bank Use: A Case of Blacklisted National Bank Clients in Nakuru. Vancouver</ref>. == Isiphetho == Isikolodo kuyinto engamsiza omunye umuntu. Kufanele lokha anwenza isikolodo usenze wazi bona uzosibhadela njani begodu uqinisekeise bona ukghona ukuphila nasele ubhadela isikolodo. Nawenze isikolodo kufanele ubalekele ukuba negama elimbi lokungabhadeli ngokuthi ubhadele kuhle ngesikhathi isikolodo sakho. 7ds4znj5vjod8vumtrxlt599h16y053 Imali 0 509 3041 3030 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2825 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imali == '''Imali''' kuyinto yokuthenga<ref>Money - Wikipedia</ref>, iqakathekile emaphilweni wabantu.Imali yenza bona abantu bakghone ukuba ukuthola amathuba, ubudlelwano nokhunye. Imali kuyinto eyenza bona abantu bakghone ukutjala imali bebathole inzuzo. Imali imali isika mahlongothi womabili ngombana inobuhle nombumbi ebulethako emphakathini nephasini loke.Kunemali Yephepha nemali yamasende. Imali yeSewula Afrika ibalwa ngamaranda. == Ubuhle obulethwa yimali == Imali kungaba yinto enamandla wokutjhaphulula umuntu imnikele izinto ezihle ezinengi. Umuntu nakanemali ukghona ukubulunga imali ngokwaneleko abe nokuthula emphefumulweni wakhe ngombana uyazi unemali ayibulungileko akghona ukuhlela ikusasa lakhe ngayo. Ukuba nemali kunikela umuntu ikululeko yokuthi akghone ukulandela amabhudango wakhe, akghone ukuvakatjhela indawo afuna ukuzivakatjhela. Umuntu nakane mali ukghona ukuphila ipilo yakhe ngendlela afuna ngayo angabi nesithiyo.Umuntu onemali uthola amathuba aneleko kwezefundo,kwezepilo nakweminye imikhakha eqakathekileko ngombana akghona ukubhadela. Umuntu lo ukghona ukuthoma irhwebo, ukuzithuthukisa nokukhula, bese athuthukise izinga lakhe lokuphila<ref>Mood, C., 2017. More than money: social class, income, and the intergenerational persistence of advantage. ''Sociological Science'', ''4'', pp.263-287.</ref>. == Ubumbi bemali == Imali iletha ukungalingani phakathi kwabantu ngombana umuntu onemali uyahluka kilabo abanganayo. Kuthiwa boke abantu bayalingana ngaphasi komthetho kodwana imali iyakghona ukuphula umthetho ngasikhathi, ngombana umuntu onenamali uyakghona ukubhadela ibheyili aphume ejele lokha nagade avalelwe<ref>Why Celebrities and the Wealthy Think They Are Above the Law | Psychology Today</ref>.Imali iyakhona ukwenzisa umuntu izinto zobutsotsi nobukhohlakali njengokuthi umuntu athengise iindakamizwa ukuze akghone ukuba yinjinga. Abanye abantu abanemali bayakghona ukuthenga abantu ukuze bakghone ukuthola isizo ngaphambi kwabanye abantu<ref>Where South Africans are paying the most bribes | Freight News</ref>. == Ukusebenzisa imali == Kuqakathekile bona abantu bafundiswe ngokusebenzisa imali ngokuhlakanipha<ref>Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. ''American Economic Journal: Journal of Economic Literature'', ''52''(1), pp.5-44.</ref>. Bafundiswe ukusebenzisa ukuthatha inqunto ezihle zemali ukubalekela ukuphelelwa yimali bangakatjheji. Abantu kufanele bakwazi ukusebenzisa imali kuhle ngokuthi bathenge lokho abakudingako kwaphela bese bathathe imali eseleko bayoyibulunga. Abantu nafundiswa ngokusenzisa imali bakhona ukuhlela ukuthi bazoyisebenzisa bubjani begodu bayibulunge bunjani, benze lokho baqale iindingo abazokuba nazo ekusaseni labo. cbn6cgk7bqnf9wc75xon1yy9f5i8b6w Umlilo 0 510 3056 3035 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Umlilo waphasi wokupheka.jpg|thumb|umlilo wokupheka phasi]] '''Umlilo''' kuyinto ebaswako, ivuthe bese isenzela umtjhiso<ref>Fire - Wikipedia</ref>. Kuyinto eqakathekileko emaphilweni wabantu. == Umsebenzi womlilo == === Ukufuthumala === Umlilo ukghona ukuletha ukufuthumala emakhayeni. Isibonelo lokha abantu nabezwa amakhaza bayakghona ukubasa umlilo bawothele bese bazizwe bafuthumele.Abanye bakghona ukubasa amahitha ukuthola ukufuthumala<ref>Is Fire Conduction, Convection, or Radiation? Understanding Heat Transfer in Fire - Fire Carry</ref>. [[Isimumathi:Umlilo wembawula wokuzifuthumeza.jpg|thumb|umlilo wokufuthumala embawuleni]] === Ukukhanya === Umlilo ukghona ukuletha ukhanyana ngombana lokha nawungawubasa lapho kumnyama khona kugcina sele kuba nokhunya okuba khona abantu abawubasileko bagcina sele bakghona ukubonana ebumnyameni<ref>Is Fire Conduction, Convection, or Radiation? Understanding Heat Transfer in Fire - Fire Carry</ref>. === Ukupheka === Umsebenzi omunye womlilo kukuthi usetjenziselwa ukupheka [[Ukudla]]. Emakhaya sipheka Ukudla esitofini samahle, emlilweni waphasi nofana esitofini segezi sisebenzisa umlilo okungiwo owenza bona Ukudla kuvuthwe kudleke. Lokhu kutjho bona umlilo kuyinto esiitlhogako ngamalanga ukuphila amaphilo wethu. Umlilo uyasetjenziswa emafemini ekuncibilikisa iinsimbi nokwenza Amandla wesitimu == Ubungozi bomlilo == Umlilo nanyana uqakathekile kodwana lokho nawungasetjenziswa ngokwefanelo ungaba yingozi khulu, ubulale nofana umotjhe khulu. Umlilo lokha nawungawutjhiya uvutha uwodwa ugagcina sele utjhisa ibhoduluko nepahla yabantu<ref>bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4965b2c67fef0572f9c40f3a42ee9255515edae522e69a2eef457803e3a474d1JmltdHM9MTc0MjQyODgwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3d4e0e62-479c-632c-2cc9-05ba469c62c6&psq=dangers+of+fire&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHNlYmxvZy5jb20vY29tbW9uLWNhdXNlcy1vZi1maXJlLWFuZC1jb25zZXF1ZW5jZXMv&ntb=1</ref>. == Ukuphepha lokha nawusebenzisa umlilo. == Umlilo kuyinto engakafaneli bona idlale ngabantwana ngombana ungabatjhisa kabuhlungu nofana bagcine batjhisa imizi yemakhabo. Endaweni lapho kusetjenziswa khona umlilo khulu kufanele bona kube neengubhe zokuqima umlilo ovutha ngendlela engakafaneleki. Emakhaya kungafakwa ama alamu azwelela intuthu ukulekelela abantu bona bakghone ukuzwa lokha nakunalapho kutjha khona. Abantu akukafaneli batjhiye amakhandlela, nofana incephu zegway zivutha zodwa ngombana lokho kungadala umlilo ongakalindeleki. Kufanele abantu bangalisi iintambo zegezi ezingasebenzi kuhle zingakalungiswa ngombana nakho lokho kuyakghona ukudala umlilo ongatjhisa indawo nofana umuzi<ref>bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4965b2c67fef0572f9c40f3a42ee9255515edae522e69a2eef457803e3a474d1JmltdHM9MTc0MjQyODgwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3d4e0e62-479c-632c-2cc9-05ba469c62c6&psq=dangers+of+fire&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHNlYmxvZy5jb20vY29tbW9uLWNhdXNlcy1vZi1maXJlLWFuZC1jb25zZXF1ZW5jZXMv&ntb=1</ref>. == Isiphetho == Umlilo kuyinto eqakathekilo emaphilweni wabantu ngombana Usilethela ukukhanya, ukufuthumala begodu sikghona ukupheka Ukudla. Umlilo Kuyinto eyenza bona ipilo ibelula kodwana lokha nawusebenzisa ngaphandle kokutlhogomela ungagcina utjhisa ipahla yabantu nofana ubabulala. Kufanele abantu batlhogomele ukuthi bawusebenzisa njani. ftac0lahnn5xd3xbfc8w9brtolgrti7 Amathambo 0 511 3221 3220 2025-06-25T09:17:26Z Nqobile69 190 3221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amathambo''' kuyinto ethekgha umzimba bona ukghone ukujama begodu ubenejamo.Amathambo womzimba nakapheleleko ama-206. Amathambo la woke anikela umzimba isekelo lokujama begodu nevikeleko<ref>Bone | Definition, Anatomy, & Composition | Britannica</ref>. ayinto eqinileko begodi enziwe maphrotheyini,i- ''collagen'' kanye nama minerali khulu i ''calcuim.'' === Imihlobo yamathambo === Amathambo amade, lawa mathambo amade atholakala ezandleni neenyaweni<ref>Long Bones – Anatomy, Examples, Function, & Labeled Diagram</ref>.Amathambo amafitjhani kumathambo abumbeke njengebhoksi atholakala endololwaneni nasemkantjeni. Amathambo apataleleko abonakala ngokuthi amhlobo owondileko begodu opatalele. Atholakala ehloko, ethambeni elihlukanisa imbambo, Kanye nakizo [[imbambo]]<ref>Long Bones – Anatomy, Examples, Function, & Labeled Diagram</ref>.Amathambo angakabumbeki, kumathambo angaweli ndawo kweminye imihlobo yamathambo kodwana nawo kumathambo womzimba. Isibonelo ithambo lomgogodhla, lehlolo neledinini.Amathambo ''wesesamoid'' wona mathambo amancani ahlangana nemisipha. Isibonelo lithambo elihlanganisa idolo. === Umsebenzi wamathambo === Amathambo asebenza ukunikela umzimba isekelo, akwenza bona ukghone ukujama njengomuntu begodu ukghone nokukhamba.Amathambo avikela izitho zomzimba eziqakathekileko zanga phakathi ezifana nehliziyo, [[amaphaphu]]. Amathambo avalela izitho lezi ukuze zingalimamali lula<ref>Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G.R.D.S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M.J. and Cerri, P.S., 2015. Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. ''BioMed research international'', ''2015''(1), p.421746.</ref>. Amathambo enza bona sikghone ukukhamba ngombana abambene nemisipha bese kube lula ukuthi umuntu asuke endawen yinye aye kwenye ngaphandle kobudisi. Amathambo ngiwo enza amaseli amhlophe nabovu weengazi kanye amaplatelets. Amathambo afaka amaminerali afana ne-Calcium,phosphorus ekungiwo enza bona amathambo ahlale aqinile.Kuqakathekile bona umuntu anakelele amathambo wakhe bona ahle anepilo ukuze azokukghona ukubalekela amalwele wamathambo afana ne arthritis, nofana i-osteoporosis<ref>Weatherholt, A.M., Fuchs, R.K. and Warden, S.J., 2012. Specialized connective tissue: bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity. ''Journal of Hand Therapy'', ''25''(2), pp.123-132.</ref>. Amathambo adlala indima ekulu emzimbeni womuntu ngomba aletha ivikeleko ezithweni zangaphakathi zomzimba. Enza bona umuntu akghone ukukhamba begodu enza umzimba ubumbeke. Kuqakathekile bona siwanakekele amathambo ukubalekela izifo eziphathelene nemathambo emzimbeni. lwx90ozpe7jtb86ssmcgub62key5qba Umlomo 0 512 2590 2553 2025-03-26T08:51:38Z Nqobile69 190 2590 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umlomo == '''Umlomo''' kusisitho somzimba umuntu asisebenzisa ukukhuluma nokudla<ref>MOUTH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Kusisitho esenza bona umuntu abenepilo. == Ukubumbeka komlomo == Umlomo wenziwe ngeendebe ezimbili zangaphasi nangaphezulu ekungizo ezenza bona umlomo ukghone ukuvaleka. Umlomo unemihlathi esemahlangothini wawo. Ngaphezulu ngaphakathi emlomeni kunolwangeni bese ngaphasi kunelimu. Umlomo un[[amazinyo]] ama-32 ngaphakathi kwawo Kanye n[[amathe]]<ref>Mouth: Anatomy, Function & Care</ref>. == Umsebenzi womlomo == Ukudla nokugaya Ukudla Umlomo Sebenza ukuwamukela Ukudla umuntu akudlako bese uthome ugaye Ukudla lokho ngamazinyo ekusisitho esihlala gaphakathi komlomo. [[Ukudla]] kuthoma ukugayeka emlomeni ngaphambi kukuthi kudlulele emathumbini. Ukudla kuyeka umlomeni ukunzela bona kukghone ukwehla ngomphimbo kuye emathumbini<ref>Escudier, M.P., 2014. Physiology and function of the mouth. ''Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology'', pp.1-7.</ref>. Ukukhuluma Umlomo udlala indima ekulu ekutheni umuntu akghone [[ukukhuluma]] ngombana ngiwo owenza bona umuntu akghone ukwakha amagama begodu akghoe nokuthi awaphimise<ref>Bock, K. and Griffin, Z.M., 2013. Producing words: How mind meets mouth. In ''Aspects of language production'' (pp. 7-47). Psychology Press.</ref>. Ukunambitha Umlomo unezinto ezenza bona umuntu akghone ukunambitha lokho akudlako okutjho bona akghone ukuzwa into ebabako, esudu, emuncu nofana eduma. Umuntu ukghona ukuzwa bona ukudla kumnandi nofana kumbi ngomlomo<ref>Boesveldt, S. and de Graaf, K., 2017. The differential role of smell and taste for eating behavior. ''Perception'', ''46''(3-4), pp.307-319.</ref>. Indlela zokutlhogomela umlomo Ukutlhogomela umlomo kufanele ubhratjhe amazinyo begodu utlubhe upule umlomo ukususa amagcikwane angaba ngemlomeni. Kufuze ubalekele Ukudla okunesigwiri enengi nofana Ukudla okune aside ngombana ngikho okukhuthaza [[ukubola]] kwamazinyo neminye imiraro emlomeni. Kufanale uvakatjhele udorhodere wamazinyo ngasikhathi ukwenzela bona ukghone ukuthola imiraro yomlomo kusesenesikhathi bese uyilungise kusese nesikhathi<ref>Oral Hygiene: Best Practices & Instructions for Good Routine</ref>. Ubuhle bokutlhogomela umlomo Kufanele umlomo utlhogomelwe ngombana lokho kuzokuvikela bona umuntu angatholi amagcikwane emlomeni. Nawutlhogomela umlomo uzokwenza bona amazinyo ahlale ahlanzekile angaboli. Ukuba nomlomo ahlanzekile kwenza bona umlomo ungabi nephunga elimbi begodu ungatholi ukugula kweensini.Kwenza bona ube nokuzithemba lokha momothekako ngombana kuzokuvela amazinyo amahle ahlanzekileko<ref>The Benefits of Good Oral Hygiene - Oral-B</ref>. Isiphetho Umlomo usisitho somzimba esenza bona umuntu akghone ukukhuluma, ukunambitha Kanye nokudla. Kufanelwe unakekelwe ukuze ungabi namagcikwane nofana amazinyo angaphakathi kwawo angaboli. h3m5ha3k2a7h2l7r35slw11xpqz5wnr Umzimba 0 513 2561 2557 2025-03-21T09:53:07Z Nqobile69 190 2561 wikitext text/x-wiki Umzimba '''Umzimba''' kuyinto ehlala umphefumulo womuntu. Kuyinto umuntu ayisebenzisa ukuphila, ukunyakaza. Umzimba ngiwo osenza bona sikghone ukuhlathulula bona umuntu unjani ngokubukeka<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/body</ref>. Ngaphandle komzimba umuntu angeze akghona ukuphila nanyana ukubonakala. Umzimba kuyinto eyenziwe ngarherho(systems) amanengi asebenzisanako ukwenza bona umuntu aphile begodu abe epilo. Amarherho womzimba manengi begodu ahlukule ngokomsebenzi<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Amarherho womzimba Irherho lokugayakudla Le isebenza ukwenza Ukudla bona kugayeke emathumbuni bese umzimba udosa izakha mzimba ezitlhogaka ngaphakathi kokudla okugayekileko. Lokha okuzinsalelo kuyakhamba kuphume sele kumadede<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Irherho lamathambo Amathambo kileli rherho ayasebenzisa ukuthi akghone ukunikela umuntu isekelo alitlhogako ukuthi enze imisebenzi yakhe yoke. Avikela izitho zangaphakathi komuntu ezenza bona ipilo yomuntu iragele phambili<ref>Thomson, J.R. and Friendship, R.M., 2019. Digestive system. ''Diseases of swine'', pp.234-263.</ref>. Irherho leengazi Irherho leli yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi igazi liyakhamba umzimba woke womuntu lingathikamezeki. Ithumela igazi ehliziyweni Bese [[ihliziyo]] iyalimpopa ilizalise i-oksijini. Igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuka ehliziyweni lizale umzimba woke lifike nenyameni yomuntu. Leli esele liphelelwe yi-oksijini liyajika eskhumbeni nenyameni libuyele ehliziyweni njalo njalo<ref>Saladin, K.S. and Miller, L., 2023. ''Anatomy & physiology'' (p. 1248). McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed ISE.</ref>. Irherho lamasotja womzimba Irherho leli isebenzisa izakhamzimba bonyana ukuqinisa [[amasotja womziba]] ukuthi akghone ukulwisana namagulo angafuna ukuhlasela umzimba womuntu uwenze ube buthakathaka<ref>Sattler, S., 2017. The role of the immune system beyond the fight against infection. ''The immunology of cardiovascular homeostasis and pathology'', pp.3-14.</ref>. Irherho lommoya Lapha irherho leli iqinisekilsa bona umuntu udosa umoya ohlanzekileko i-oksijini uwuse emaphapheni bese umuntu akhiphe loyo osilaphazekileko obizwa bona yi khaboni dayoksayidi<ref>Peate, I., 2018. Anatomy and physiology, 10. The respiratory system. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', ''12''(4), pp.178-181.</ref> Irherho yelwazi Iapha Ingcondo yomuntu yenza bona umuntu akghone ukuphendula nofana ukwenza izenzo aphendula imininigwane [[ibhoduluko]] ahlala kilo eliyithumela engcondweni yakhe. Isibonelo lokha nangabe ubone inyoka, ingcondo yakho izokutjela bona ubaleke ngombana into oyibonako iyingozi ingakulimaza<ref>Mai, J.K. and Paxinos, G. eds., 2011. ''The human nervous system''. Academic press.</ref>. Irherho lokuzala Leli lirherho eyenza bona umuntu akghone ukubeletha. Iqinisekisa bona abomma bakghone ukuya emalangeni cobe nyanga begodu bakghone ukuthwala abantwana lokha nabasidisi. Kibobaba iqinisekisa bona bahlale banembewu yokukwenza abamma babe sidisi<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Isiphetho Umzimba kuyinto ehlanganeko kodwana enamasistimu amanengi ngaphakathi ekungiwo akghona ukwenza bona umuntu abe nepilo. Umnntu angeze aphila ngaphandle komzimba. Kufanele unakekelwe umzimba 9xrym1q360xv2nd4crjab4n7ypyy5ob Amehlo 0 515 3091 2972 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2584 wikitext text/x-wiki Amehlo kusisitho somzimba esisebusweni esenza bona umuntu akghone ukubona<ref>Nischler, C., Michael, R., Wintersteller, C., Marvan, P., Van Rijn, L.J., Coppens, J.E., Van Den Berg, T.J., Emesz, M. and Grabner, G., 2013. Iris color and visual functions. ''Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology'', ''251'', pp.195-202.</ref>. Ilihlo lenza bona umuntu akghone ukubona [[umkhanyo]] bese athathe lokhu akubonako akuse engcondweni bonyana ingcondo iyokuhlaziya. Amehlo kumafesidiri wommoya ngombana akghona ukuveza umizwa yomuntu, ihloso nofana imicabango yangaphakathi.Amehlo enenkophe begodu ngaphezulu kwawo kunamatjhiya.Inkophe zivikela bona kungangeni iinsila emehlweni enzingenza bona umnutu aphandlwe. Ukkwakheka kwelihlo Amehlo akheke ngamalarha nangezakhiwo ezinengi, esinye nesinye sinomsebenzi wawo. Ilarha lelihlo elingaphandle khulu yi khoniya. Isakhiwo sakhona sisandulungu begodu ngiyo evale ilihlo ngaphambili. Ngaphasi kwekhoniya kune-iris, ekuyimembreni enombala. Ilawula inani lomkhanyo ongena ngelihlweni. IPhuphili yimbobo encani ngaphakathi kwe- iris eyehlisa inani lomkhanyo engena ngelihlweni<ref>Irsch, K. and Guyton, D.L., 2009. Anatomy of Eyes. ''Encyclopedia of Biometrics'', ''1''.</ref> Ngemuva kwe- iris kune-lens, lesi sisakhiwo esibonakalako esikghon ukutjhugulula ibumbeko bese sise umkhanyo ku retina. Iretina lilarha elitjhulula umkhanyo ube siyelelisi segezi esiya engcondweni bese ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula lokho umuntu akubonileko<ref>Iris: Anatomy, Function, and Associated Conditions</ref>. Isiphetho Amehlo aqakathekile ngombana enza bona umuntu akghone ukubona yoke into esephasini. Ngaphandle kwamehlo umuntu angekhe akghone ukuzwa ubumnandi bokuphila ngokupheleko. m53mqdbkbn6f7go3tt44nvovo65x49c Ihloko 0 516 2805 2589 2025-05-06T12:42:25Z Nqobile69 190 2805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ihloko''' sisitho somzimba esin[[amehlo]], [[iindlebe]], [[ipumulo]],[[umlomo]], ubucopho Kanye nokhunye. Ihloko idlala indima ekulu ekutheni umuntu akghone ukucabanga, afunde, akhulume nabanye abantu begodu akghone ukuphila kubhoduluko yakhe<ref>Head - Overview, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary</ref>. Ukwakheka kwehloko Ihloko yakheke ngethambo elibizwa bona yikhakhayi. Ithambo leli lihlukaniseke kabili nge Cranium. I-cranium le ngiyo evalela ubucopho nobuso<ref>What Does the Cranium (Skull) Do? Anatomy, Function, Conditions</ref>. Ihloko iphethe nezinye izakhiwo.Amehlo ngiwo enza bona umuntu kghone ukubona abantu, ibhoduluko nokhunye okusephasini. Amehlo athatha isithombe salokhu umuntu akubona bese akuse engcondweni ukuthi ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula ukuthi yini le umuntu ayibonako.Ilekelela umuntu akghone ukuzwa [[umdumo]] begodu udlulise imininingwana uyise engcondweni. Indlebe iyarhelebha umuntu bona akghone ukudzimelela.Ipumulo sisitho esenza bona umuntu akghone ukudosa begodu akiphe nommoya wokuphefumula. Umuntu ngepumulo ukghona ukurhogela iphunga elihle nelimnandi.Umlomo-Kuyisitho somzimba esenza bona umuntu akghone Ukudla nokusela amanzi ukuze asuthe begodu angomi. Umsebenzi wehloko Ihloko ngengcondo isebenza ukulawula ukunyakaza komuntu, begodu yehlisa nofana ilawula imisebenzi eyenziwamzimba. Emehlweni, endlebeni, epumulweni nemlomeni isebenza ukuthatha lokha umuntu akuzwako ezithweni lezi bese ikuse engcondweni bona ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula bona Khuyini, nofana kunjani<ref>Head - Overview, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary</ref>..Ihloko isebenza ukwenza umuntu akghone ukhuluma nabanye abanye abantu akhulume ngamagama nangokubukeka kwabuso bakhe ngombana nobuso buyakhuluma ngaphandle kwamagama. Ubuso bukghona ukuveza bona umuntu uzizwa ngesikhathi leso umbona. Ihloko kufuze inakekelwe ngombana lokha umuntu nangakangalimala kumbi ihloko angagcina sele abanjwa magulo angalaphekiko afana nesifo sokuwa nofana aphathwa yihloko ebuhlungu engalaphekiko<ref>Schacter, D.L. and Crovitz, H.F., 1977. Memory function after closed head injury: A review of the quantitative research. ''Cortex'', ''13''(2), pp.150-176.</ref>. Isiphetho Ihloko kusisitho smzimba esiqakathekileko esenza bona umuntu akgho ukukhuluma nokuthintana nabantu. q11lbo25qcj4hacrhg1i0sryqx580fh Ihliziyo 0 517 2807 2806 2025-05-06T12:48:12Z Nqobile69 190 2807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ihliziy'''o sisitho somzimba esisebenza ukupompa igazi elisemzimbeni. Ihliziyo iqakathekeko erherhweni legazi ngombana ngaphandle kwayo igazi angekhe lakghona ukukhamba emzimbeni. Ihliziyo ngiyo eyenza bona umzimba ube nepilo begodu usebenze. Umzimba angekhe wasebenza lokha ihliziyo nayingekho<ref>Katz, A.M., 2010. ''Physiology of the Heart''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref>. == Ukwakheka kwehliziyo == Ihliziyo inamakamero amane ngaphakathi ekuyi-atria yangesinceleni nayange sidleni. Bese kube nama ventricle, yesinceleni neyangesidleni. Wowkke amakamero la asebenza ukwamukelwa iingazi ezivela emzibeni ngmama veyini. Ama ventricle makamero angaphasi ehliziyweni asebenza ukupompa igazi liphume ezimbeni ngama ngemisipha yama-artery<ref>Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions</ref>. == Umsebenzi wehliziyo == Uhliziyo isebenza ukupompa igazi ilizalise nge-oksijini nezakha mzimba bese igazi lko liya ezithweni zomzimba nenyameni. Iqinisekisa bona igazi ligeleza umzimba woke ngaphandle kokujama nofana ngaphandle koku thikamezeka<ref>Fung, Y.C., 2013. ''Biomechanics: circulation''. Springer Science & Business Media.</ref>. == Ukukhamba kwegazi ehliziyweni == Igazi eliphelelwe yi-oksijini lisuka emzimbeni ngamaveyini bese libuyela ehliziyweni. Igazi leli lingena ehliziyweni lingena ngomsipha we superior ne inferior vena cava ungene ngaku-atria yangesidleni. [[Igazi]] likhamba liyokufika ku ventricle yangesidleni nge-tricuspid valve. Igazi liyampopeka lisuke ku ventricle yangesidleni bese liye emaphaphini lidluliswa yi-pulmonary artery. Igazi nalifika emaphaphini lithola nofana lizala nge-oksijini bese libuyela ehliziyweni lingene nge-atria yangesinceleni.Igazi leli bese liyadlula liyaphuma godu liyokungena ngaku ventricle yangesinceleni lisebenzisa I mitral valve<ref>How Blood Flows Through the Heart & Body</ref>. I-ventricle yangesinceleni ipompa igazi ilise ku aorta ekungiyo ebuyisela igazi emuva liye ezithweni zomzimba nenyameni <ref>Saladin, K.S. and Miller, L., 2023. ''Anatomy & physiology'' (p. 1248). McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed ISE.</ref>. == Isiphetho == Ihliziyo isisitho somzimba umuntu angekhe akghona ukuphila ngaphandle kwaso. Sisebenza khulu ekukhambiseni iingazi umzimba woke ngaphandle kokujama. 0sfj86l9npvdatq7uvcoxicqeqrd7p3 Iinyawo 0 518 3045 3017 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinyawo''' zomzimba zimbili ngilezi umuntu azisebenzisa ukukhamba<ref>Human leg - Wikipedia</ref>. Inyawo lin[[amathambo]], imisipha kanye nenyama. == Ukwakheka kweenyawo == Inyawo zinamathambo amanengi.Ithambo lesirubhini nofana ethangeni ngilo elide khulu enyamweni libizwa bona yi fumur. Bese kube nethambo ledolo elihlanganisa umlenze nethango. Mlenzeni kunethambo itibia ne fibula. Amathambo lawa athome edolweni ayokuphelela amkantjeni<ref>Herman, I.P., 2016. ''Physics of the human body''. Springer.</ref>. == Umsebenzi weenyawo == inyawo zisebenza ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukukhamba, nokudzimelela.Zikghona ukuthwala [[ubudisi]] bomzimba nokumsiza umuntu bona akhgone ukujama ngendlela afuna ngayo. Zikghona [[ukugijima]] nokuthi umuntu azisebenzise ukudlala [[umdlalo]] uyahlukahlukeneko<ref>https://anatomy.co.uk/leg/</ref>. Ukungabi neenyawo akutjho bona umuntu angeze akghona ukuphila nofana ukwenza ezinye izinto. Banengi abantu abaphilako abanganazo iinyawo bakhamba ngesitulo samavilo. == Imisipha esenyaweni == AmaQuadriceps Lemisipha emine etholakala emathangeni eyenza bona idolo linqophe. AmaHamstrings Siqheema semisipha emithathu esesirubhini esenza bona idolo likghone ukugoba nofana ukugobeka. Imisipha emaCalf Siqheema semisipha emibili esembaleni eyenza bona inyawo linyakaze lula. Imisipha i-Gluteal Siqheema semisipha emithathu esesidunwini eyandisa isirubhi. g6gyniy2nf61reu8pogidlih2bysclq Ipumulo 0 519 2789 2564 2025-04-29T10:58:50Z Nqobile69 190 2789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ipumulo''' isehloko ngaphezulu komlomo begodu ngaphasi kwamehlo. Inembobo ezimbili zokudosa [[ummoya]]. Ipumulo ngeyokuphefumula nokunukelela<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nose</ref>.Upumulo isebenza ukukghogela iphunga elingaba khona ngaphakathi kwebhoduluko. Ikghona ukusefa ummoya esiwuphefumulako ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Yenza ummoya bona bona ufuthumale ngaphambi kokuthi ufike emaphaphini<ref>What Are the 6 Functions of the Nose? Conditions & Symptoms</ref> == Ukwakheka kwepumulo == Ipumulo inembobo ezimbili ekuthomeni kwayo, ngizo ezidosa ummoya ziwungenise nofana ziwukhiphe. Bese kubemsipha ohlukanisa imbobo ezimbili zepumulo. Umsipha lo ubizwa bona yi cartilage une thambo. Besekube namathambo we turbinate, made ngokudaleka begodu awondile. Amathambo lawa ngiwo asebenza ukwenza bona ummoya ongena ngepumulweni ufuthumale. Okhunye kune olfactory epithelium ekuyimembreni yamafinyila ehlala ngaphakathi komgodi wepumulo. Into le inamaseli akhethekileko asebenza ukuzwelela iphunga nofana umnuko ongabakhona<ref>Patel, R.G., 2017. Nasal anatomy and function. ''Facial plastic surgery'', ''33''(01), pp.003-008.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wepumulo == Amafinyila Ipumulo isebenza ukwenza amafinyila ekumamanzi adege aregako. Amafinyila akghona uku udosa [[ithuli,]] amagcikwane nokhunye okungazama ukungena ngepumulweni. Ukukghogela Ikghona ukwenza bona umuntu akghone [[ukukghogela]] iphunga elingaba khona eduze kwakhe. Isibonelo umuntu angakghona ukuzwa iphunga lentuthu bese abone nofana alemuke bona kunento etjhako eduze nalapha akhona. Ukuphefumula Ikhona ukuphefumula, yenza ummoya bona ufuthumale ngaphambi kokuthi uye emaphatjhini. Ikghona nokuthi ivimbe amagcikwane bona angakghoni ukungena ngemaphatjhini. Ipumulo iyakghona ukulwisana namagulo. cf60x8vffbndz816e69fwur0oc4fn2w Amakhotho wethu. 0 520 2572 2025-03-22T05:40:48Z Janabaevazizbek 341 Janabaevazizbek moved page [[Amakhotho wethu.]] to [[Amakhotho wethu]] 2572 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amakhotho wethu]] op1h64ob81y7334c44dbnzb87v8wclu Izandla 0 521 2804 2803 2025-05-06T12:41:27Z Nqobile69 190 2804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isandla''' sisebenza ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukubamba izinto nofana ukwenza eminye yemisebenzi efana nokubetha izinto zomvumo, ukuluka,ukubamba into yokutlola<ref>HAND | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Izandla zomzimba zimbili ngilezi umuntu abamba ngazo izinto. Isandla esinye nesinye sinemino emihlanu. Isandla sinamathambo, imisipha Kanye nenyama.Isandla siyakghona ukusikinyeka ngendlela esifuna ngayo. == Ukwakheka kwezandla == Isandla sinamathambo ama-27 nakapheleleko, ekufaka phakathi [[amathambo]] abizwa bona ma-carpal, metacarpals Kanye nama phalanges ngelimi lesiNgisi. Ama-Carpals abu-8, amathambo amancani. Ama metacarpals mathambo amahlanu. Ama-Phalanges wona mathambo ama-14 lawa enza imino nesithupha. Isandla sinemisipha engaphakathi nengaphandle<ref>Tang, A. and Varacallo, M., 2018. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, hand carpal bones.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wezandla. == Zilekelela umuntu akghone ukuzwelela into bona ibutjhelela, iyahlaba, nofana iyakghwara. Sikghona ukwenz umuntu akgone ukuzwelela izinto zebhoduluko yakhe zinjani lokha nakazibambako.Izandla ziyakghona ukusebenza nekukhulumeni ngombana abantu abangezwako bayakghona ukusebenzisa izandla ukukhuluma baveze imizwa yabo, imibono kanye nemicabango yabo ngaphandle kokuthi bakhiphe iphimbo labo<ref>Maw, J., Wong, K.Y. and Gillespie, P., 2016. Hand anatomy. ''British Journal of Hospital Medicine'', ''77''(3), pp.C34-C40.</ref>. Izandla zilekelela amathulusi wetheknoloji bona akghone ukuwasebenza isibonelo Umuntu usebenzisa izandla ukubetha ihamura begodu nokusebenzia abomaliledini namakhomphyutha sisebeniza izandla ukuwenza asebenze. Umuntu angakghona ukuphila anganazo izandla ngombana akusiso esithi nasikhutjhwako emzimbeni bese ipilo yomuntu ithikamezeke nofana iphele. Banengi abantu abanganazo izandla ngokwemvelo nofana ngokwenziwa ziintjhijilo abahlangana nazo epilweni bagcina banganazo kodwana basaphila begodu bsakghona ukwenza izinto abafuna ukuzenza. == Isiphetho == Isandla siqakathekile emzimbeni womuntu ngomba sirhelebha umuntu bona akghona ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe yangemihla begodu akghone ukubamba ezwe izinto zinjani ngokuthi ziyahlaba nofana zibutjhelela 932yblhehisgauqvhwsu4f3uiyqkz28 Umdosi phambili 0 522 2582 2581 2025-03-24T09:47:09Z Nqobile69 190 2582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuba mdosi phambil'''i kutjho ukuba nekghona lokukhuthaza, nokukhombisa abantu indlela ebafanele abayithathe ukuze bakghone ukufeza nonyana ukufinyelela amabhudango wabo. Abadosi phambili bayabokala ngamatshwayo nangamakghono athileko ekungiwo abanza bona ukuba nomthelela phezu kwabantu babarhelebhe bakghone ukuzuza okukhulu<ref>LEADER | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ukubonakala ngani umdosi phambili Umdosi phambili ubanebhudango nofana isithombe ngekusasa.Ukghona ukugcugcuzela bekenze nabanye abantu bona basesenze Kanye naye ukuze bakghone ukuzuza lokho akubonako ebhudangweni lakhe.Ukghona ukukhuluma nabantu ngendlela ezwakalako, uyakghono ukuveza umbono wakhe, begodu anikeze abantu umphumela walokho esele kwenziweko.Ukghona ukulalela iinlilo zabantu abasesiqhemeni sakhe<ref>Dewan, T. and Myatt, D.P., 2008. The qualities of leadership: Direction, communication, and obfuscation. ''American Political science review'', ''102''(3), pp.351-368.</ref> Unekghono lokulawula imizwa yakhe, akadoswa kukwata okungalethwa kungavumelani emsebenzini. Uzwisisiwa woke umuntu ukuthi umhlobo onjani ngombana abanye abantu bathanda ukuvusa [[inturhu]] nalapho ingekho khona. Ikghono leli lenza bona umdosi phambi akghone ukuthaha inqunto ezihle begodu abe nobudlelwane obuhle nabantu.Umdosi phambili uyathembeka, unamaqiniso. Umdosi phambili akanayo ifihlo wena yoke into yakhe ekukhanyeni.Uyabekezela nalokha sele kunzima emsebenzini awenzako kodwana uhlala anethemba lokobana uzinto zizokulunga<ref>Liu, C.H., 2010. Leadership: Qualities, Skills, and Efforts. ''Interbeing'', ''4''(2).</ref>. == Imihlobo yabadosi phambili == === Umdosi phambili ongatjelwako === Lomhlobo womdosi phmbili othatha inqunto ayedwa angakhulumisani nesiqheema sakhe. Isenzo lesi siba sihle lokha nangabe kunto efuneka msinya kodwana lokha nayingekho isiqhema nofana abasebenzi bangagcina bangaka khuthali ngombana imibona yabo ayithathwa<ref>Chukwusa, J., 2018. Autocratic leadership style: Obstacle to success in academic libraries. ''Library Philosophy and Practice'', p.1.</ref>. === Umdosi phambili wentando yenengi === Lo mdosi phambili othi ngaphambi kobana athathe inqunto abize isiqhema sakhe nofana abasebenzi bese ezwe imibono yabo bese bavumelane bona bathatha isiqunto siphi. Lo mhlobo wenza abasebenzi bazizwe bakhuthele ukusebenza bagodu bamthembe umdosi phambili wabo. Kwesinye iskhathi isezo lesi singenza bona kugcine kungana siqunto esithathwako begodu abantu bangazazi bona bayaphi<ref>Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. ''International business research'', ''5''(2), p.192.</ref>. === Umdosi phambili ovumela koke === Lo mdosi phambili ngegama kwaphela ngombana uvumela isiqheema sakhe nofana abasebenzi benze ngendlela abafuna ngayo. Bakghona ukuthatha iqunto ngokwabo yena angekho begodu angaboni ikinga. Isenzo lesi singenza bona kube nokutjharagana kwezinto abantu bagcine sele bamotjha izinto ezinengi<ref>Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation. ''International Journal of Business and social science'', ''3''(7).</ref>. == Isiphetho == Ukuba mdosi phambili akusiyo into elula mgombana kufanele ubenamkghona,namathwayo athileko azokuphumelelisa njengo mdosi phambili afana nokuthi ukghone ukukhuluma nabanye abantu uveze nofana wethule umbono wakho kuhle ukuze abantu bakghone ukulandela. 5kcwegobgbp3yhv494dnjojdbijalaw Inturhu yobulili 0 523 2650 2586 2025-04-04T18:31:00Z Nqobile69 190 2650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inturhu yobulili''' kukulokha abantu bembaji bahlukumeza abantu bengubo. Kuyenzeka nokuthu umuntu weembaji ahlukumeze umuntu wengubo.Ukuhlukumeza kuthoma ngokuthi omunye ebantwini ababili laba azibone anamandla uukudlula omunye agcine sele ahlukumeza<ref>John, N., Casey, S.E., Carino, G. and McGovern, T., 2020. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender‐based violence. ''Developing world bioethics'', ''20''(2), pp.65-68.</ref> == Izinto ezibangela inturhu yobulili == === Ukukwata === Abanye abanantu lokha nabakwatileko abakghoni ukuzilawula abagcine bavusa inturhu nalapho kungekho isidingo khona. Umuntu wakhona nakungenzeka ningavumelani ngekulumo nofana kwaba khona ukuphikisana yena ugcina sele avusa inturhu. === Ukuhlukumezeka === Umuntu okhululele lapho kuhlala kuliwa khona nofana kunenturhu into ingahlukumeza engcondweni agcine sele abona ngathi ngiyo into ererhe yokuphila. Lokha kuzomenza bona naye agcine sele ahlukumeza umuntu athandana ngokuthu ahlale athoma inturhu ukuthi alungise imiraro abacalana nayo banomuntu athandana naye<ref>John, N., Casey, S.E., Carino, G. and McGovern, T., 2020. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender‐based violence. ''Developing world bioethics'', ''20''(2), pp.65-68.</ref>. === Ukudopha phasi === Ukudopha phasi kugabangela ukuthi umuntu agcine azithola sele angungazimbi wenturhu yobulili. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuthi umuntu azithole athandana nomuntu omhlukumezako kodwana angakghoni ukuhlukana naye ngesibanga sokuthi umuntu ohlukumezako lo ngunye omthengela Ukudla, izambatho nokunye. Abanye abayahlala ngokuthI sele babe nabantwana ngabantu labo lokho kwenza bona bangalekeleleki<ref>Onyejekwe, C.J., 2013. The interrelationship between gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. ''Journal of International Women's Studies'', ''6''(1), pp.34-40.</ref>. === Ukubandlulula ngokobulili === Amanye amadoda akholwa bona umfazi nofana umuntu wengubbo ungaphasi kwendoda bese ngasikhathi nabafuna ukuveza ubudoda babo bagcina babanga inturhu ngendlini. Amanye amadoda akafuni ukuthi umuntu wengubo aveze umbono wakhe nofana indlela azizwa ngayo ngoba babona ukuthi ufazi ugaphasi kwendoda, bese nakathi uveza indlela azizwa ngayo agcine abethwa. Into le yenzeka khulu endaweni lapho kugcwele khona bantu bamasiko ngombana ngokwesiko umfazi ungaphasi kwendoda begodu indaba yelungelo lokulingana ayikho. === Ukuba ngaphasi kwengandelelo lotjwala === Abanye abantu lokha nasebesele utjwala bazithola selel babanga inturhu ngombana vane badikiwe begodu umkhumbulo wabo ungasebenzi kuhle<ref>Ndlovu, S., Mulondo, M., Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. and Ndirangu, J., 2022. COVID-19 impact on gender-based violence among women in South Africa during lockdown: A narrative review. ''African Journal of Reproductive Health'', ''26''(7), pp.59-71.</ref>. == Imiphumela yenturhu yobulili == === Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo === Umuntu ongungazimbi wenturhu yobulili angacina sele agandelelekile ngokomkhumbulo.Lokho kuzabe kumiphumela yokuthi into le imphatha kumbi begodu abanye babaneenhloni zokukhuluma ngayo, ngombana basaba abantu bona bazaba hleka khulu khulu nangabe mumuntu wembaji obethwa mumuntu wengubo. Umuntu wengubo nakangatholo irhelebho emndenini, ebanganini nofana emapholiseni, kunganamuntu akhuluma naye aba manengi amathuba wokuthi agandeleleke nokomkhumbulo<ref>Rees, S., Silove, D., Chey, T., Ivancic, L., Steel, Z., Creamer, M., Teesson, M., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A.C., Mills, K.L. and Slade, T., 2011. Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in women and the relationship with mental disorders and psychosocial function. ''Jama'', ''306''(5), pp.513-521. Vancouver</ref>. === Ukuzikhipha hlangana nabantu === Omunye umuntu nangabe ubanjwe yinturhu yobulili ugcina sele azikhipha hlangana ngabantu ngombana agcina sele anganakho [[ukuzithemba]] abane ngathi abantu bayamhleka ngesimo sakhe. Ubona ngathi abantu bahleba ngayo nofana ngathi bayamahlulela. Lokho kugcina kumenza bona abalekele ukuhlangana ngabantu ahlale azivalele ngendlini. === Ukuzikhunga === Ngesinye isikhathi umuntu angagcina sele angasasiboni usidingo sokuthi aragele phambili aphile nakukuthi uzokuphila ngenturhu ngamalanga. Ugcina sele abona ukuthi kungcono bona athathe ipilo yakhe ukuze aziphumuze enturhwini aphila ngayo ngamalanga ekhaya. == Iindlela yokulwisana nenturhu yobulili == === Ukufundisa ngobumbi benturhu yokubulili === Ukulwisana nenturhu yobulili kufanele abantu bafundiswe ngobumbi benurhu yobulili. Lokhu kungenziwa khulu khulu eneenkundleni zokuthintana ngombana kukulaho abantu baphila babelana khona ngelwazi baveze khona [[imicabango]] yabo Kanye nemibono<ref>Olaitan, Z.M., 2024. Using digital technology to address gender-based violence in South Africa. In ''African women in the fourth industrial revolution'' (pp. 226-240). Routledge.</ref>. === Ukurhelebha labo abanza isenzo lesi ngombana nabo bakhe bababongazimbi === Kufanalwe kusizwe labo bantu abahlukumeza abalingani babo ngesibanga sokuthi nabo bakhe bahlala endaweni lapho kuphilwa khona ngenturhu yobulili. Kufanele abatholelwe umuntu abazokucoca naye ukuze bakghone ukukhipha [[ubuhlungu]] ebakhe babuzwa ekubenza bona bagcine sele nabo babanga inturhu<ref>Oparinde, K. and Matsha, R.M., 2021. Powerful discourse: Gender-based violence and counter-discourses in South Africa. ''Cogent Arts & Humanities'', ''8''(1), p.1911035.</ref>. == Isipthetho == Inturhu yobulili kuyonto engakalungi emphakathini ngombaa yenza abantu wengubo bazizwe bangakavikeleki ebhodulukweni abahlala kilo. Labo bantu ababongazimbi besenzo lesi bagcina sele bazithola bagandelelelkile ngokomkhumbulo nofana bangasafuni ukuba hlangana nabantu. qq0be4u1c2f5fekuuj3h6cuyc4mrc0u Amazinyo 0 524 2588 2587 2025-03-26T08:47:15Z Nqobile69 190 2588 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amazinyo == '''Amazinyo''' amhlophe, ahlala ngaphakathi komlomo ngiwo enza bona umuntu akghone [[ukuluma]] izinto. Amazinyo womuntu nakapheleleko ama-32<ref>TOOTH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>..Amazinyo abangaphasi nangaphezulu ngaphakathi komlomo. == Ukwakheka kwamazinyo == Amazinyo akhiwa yi- enameli ekulilarha elimhlophe eliqinileko elanza bona amazinyo angaboli nofana amotjheke. Bese kube ne-Dentin ekulilarha elithambileko elingaphakathi elakha izinyo ngokupheleleko. I-cementum yona lilarha elivala umrabho wezinyo bese lirhelebhe ukulisekela ethambeni elimbane nala. Kube ne-pulp ekungiyo engaphakathi khulu ezinyweni.Yona iphethe amanevu nemithambo yeengazi<ref>Zimmerman, B., Shumway, K.R. and Jenzer, A.C., 2019. Physiology, tooth.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wamazinyo == Amazinyo umuntu uwasebenzisela ukuluma nokuhlafunya izinto lezo azidlako. Amazinyo enza lokho ukuze umuntu akghone ukugwinya nokuthi ukudla kukhone ukugayeka emathumbini. Okhunye godu kukuthi amazinyo enza bona umuntu akghone ukukhuluma lokha nakunento afuna ukuyikhuluma. Amanye amagama akaphimiseki lula lokha nawunganawo amazinyo, nofana angeze wazwakala bona uthini nawuwakhulumako. [[Amazinyo]] enza bona ukghone ukuba muhle lokha nawuhlekako begodu uhleke ngokuzithemba<ref>Teeth - Structure, Anatomy, Function, Diagram, Significance</ref>. == Ukuqatheka kokutlhogomela amazinyo == Kuqakathekile ukutlhogomela amazinyo ngombana lokho kuzokuvikela bona amazinyo angabi nomgodi ngaphakathi nokuthi amazinyo angaboli<ref>Heng, C.C., 2016. Tooth decay is the most prevalent disease. ''Federal Practitioner'', ''33''(10), p.31.</ref>. Kufanale umuntu ahlanze amazinyo cobe lokha nakaceda Ukudla ukuze ahlale ahlanzekile. Umuntu lokha nakabona bonyana unomraro wamazinyo kufuze bona avakatjhele kudorhodere wamazinyo bona amrhelebhe ukuze akwazi ukuthi abe nazinyo anepilo. == Isiphetho == Amazinyo kuyinto kufanele anakelelwe ngombana arhelebha umuntu bona akghone ukudla, ukuhlafunyana kade nokuzithemba. Umuntu kufuze ahlale atlhogomela amazinyo wakhe ngokuthi awa bhrashe, begodu atlubhe nangezinto zokuhlalnza amazinyo khona azokuhlala ahlanzekile. df2ob13cvyfax1fonbsz67ssxzvdxny Iqanda 0 525 2667 2592 2025-04-15T17:19:04Z Nqobile69 190 2667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iqanda''' kuyinto eyindulungu nofana i-ovali ebekelwa ziinyoni ezisikazi nofana ezinye iinlwana, kukhombisa bona sele zizokuba nabantwana<ref>EGG | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Abantwana beenlwana lezi bakhula ngeengaba ngaphakathi kweqanda bekufike lapho iqephe llqanda ligamuka khona bese kuvele idzinyani nofana umntwana wesilwane leso. Iqanda kuyinto ebekelwa z[[iinyoni]]. == Ukwakhekha kweqanda == === 1. Iqephe lingaphandle === leqanda elivikela bona lokhu okungaphakathi kweqanda kungakhubazeki bese kumotjheke. Esikhathini esinengi ingaphandle leqanda libanzotho nofana mhlophe ngokombala. === 2 Ubumhlophe beqanda === busebenza bonya buvikele iyogu qanda bese iyinikele nazakhamzimba. Ubumhlophe beqanda buthambile bunjengamazi adege aregako. Ubumhlophe lobu abuanwo amafutha amanengi. === 3. Ubuthumbu beqanda === === 4. Iyogu === Siqephu seqanda esisarulani ngombala. Sizele ngama fat begodu sinikela udzinyani elisakhulako izakha mzimba nokudla ukuze lokghone ukukhula izele ngama protheni, amaminerali kanye namavithamini<ref>Odd Eggs, Double Yolks, No Yolks, etc.</ref>. == Umsebenzi weqanda == Iqanda lisebenza njengesibeletho ukuthwala isilwane nofana esilwane esikhulako esingakabelethwa bekufike isikhathi lapho sibelethwa khona. Iqanda lezinye iinlwana lisebenza njengesitjhebo<ref>Yang, S.C. and Baldwin, R.E., 2017. Functional properties of eggs in foods. In ''Egg science and technology'' (pp. 405-463). CRC Press.</ref>. Isibonelo lokha ikukhu ibekelileko abantu bayakghona ukuthatha amaqanda lawa bayowadla nangabe ikukhu ayikathomi ukufukama. Abanye bayawasebenzisa amaqanda njesizeso sokwenza ubuso bona bube buhle bathathe ubumhlophe beqanda babuzese ebusweni njenge maskhi.iqanda liyasetjenziswa lokha nakubhagwako amakhekhe nofana ezinye izinto<ref>What Are The Functions of Eggs In Cooking and Baking?</ref>. == Isiphetho == Iqanda lukuthoma kwepilo yeenyoni nofana ezinye iinlwana, yeke iqanda libalulekile ngombana liletha ipilo eenlwaneni begodu liyakghona nokuba sitjhebo ebantwini. cys8jijssyhylytm0kbis26nx0lx3qs Iindlebe 0 526 2599 2595 2025-03-26T10:38:42Z Nqobile69 190 2599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indlebe''' sisitho somzimba esisehloko yomuntu emahlangothini womabili esisebenza ukuzwa. Woke umuntu uba neendlebe ezimbili ezwa ngazo ikulumo, umvumo namanye amatjhada<ref>EAR | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Ukwakheka kwendlebe == === Indlebe inesakhiwo sangaphandle nesangaphakathi. === Indlebe ihlukaniseke ngengaba esithathu kunendlebe yangaphandle, indlebe ephakathi kanye nendlebe yangaphakathi. === Indlebe yangaphandle === Ithatha umdumo umunntu awuzwako bese iwufakae ngemgodini wendleni bona umdumo loyo ungene ngaphakathi. umgodi weendlebe unenhluthu ezincani ezenza bona ezivikela bona iindlebe ingangenwa ziinsila namagcinakwana. === Indlebe ephakathi === le yindlebe encani enomgodi. Umgodi lo unanthambo amathathu abizwa bona ma-ossicles. Amathambi la ngiwo adlulisela umdumo esedromini yendlelbe ukuthi uye-endlebeni yangaphakathi === Indlebe yangaphakathi === indlebe yangaphakathi inesakhiwo esimazombe esneza bona umdumo omavabhretjhini utjhuguluke bese ube yisiginali yegezi ezokuya engcondweni. === Umsebenzi weendlebe === Iindlebe zisebenza ukwenza bona umuntu akghone ukuza itjhada elenzeka eduze naye nofane kude. Zithatha itjhada nofana umdumo umuntu awuzwako kubhoduluko lakhe bese zilise engcondweni lapho ingcono izokuhlathula khona bona yini umuntu ayizwako begodu kufanele ayiphendule bunjani. Zisiza umuntu bona akghone ukudzimelela lokha nakajamileko. Indlebe isebenza nokuthi umuntu akghone ukukhuluma ngombana lokha umuntu ufunda ukukhuluma ngokuthi ezwa kukhulunywa<ref>Human ear | Structure, Function, & Parts | Britannica</ref>. Isiphetho. Indlebe kusisitho esinqani somziba kodwana siqakathekile ukwenza ukuthi umuntu akghone ukuzwa nokuthi akghone ukukhuluma. 1r2eadfwo872eurmo8vtczetxslr857 Ukugijima 0 527 3308 3190 2025-07-02T20:48:14Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3190|3190]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukugijima == '''Ukugijima''' kungeminye yemidlalo edlala eSewula Afrika. Ukuze umuntu akwazi ukugijima ibanga elide kufuze bona azibandule bekufike lapho sele azizwa khona ukuthi huyakghona ukukghodlhelela lokha nakagijimako<ref>Galloway, J., 2023. ''Cross-country running: The best training plans for peak performance in the 5K, 1500M, 2000M, and 10K''. Meyer & Meyer Sport.</ref>. Ukugijima kuyinto engenziwa nanoma kungubani. Esikathini esinengi abantu bagijima lokha nabanjarhileko isibonelo umuntu angagijima nakatjhiywa yibhesi. == Ubuhle bokokugijima == === 1. Ukuba nepilo === Umuntu ogikimako umzimba kwakhe uba nepilo, ngombana iingazi zakhe zikghona ukukhamba kuhle emzimbeni ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Ukugijima kwenza bona nokuthi [[ihliziyo]] ibethe kuhle begodu ingabi semafutheni. Umuntu ogijimako akusilula bona abe nomzimba omkhulu nofana asahlwe magulu emzimbeni. [[Imisipha]] iyaluleka lokha nawugijimako bese ikghona ukugobeka ngendlela efuna ngayo<ref>15 Benefits of Running That Will Make You Want to Log Some Miles | SELF</ref>. === 2. Ukukghodlhelela === Lokha nawuzijayeza ukugijima [[umzimba]] wakho ugcina sele uba nekghono lokukghodlhelela ungapheli ummoya lokha nawugijimako ugcine sele ujama. Umzimba uyajwayela ukuthi wena ngamalanga uhlala ugijima. Lokho kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana umzimba wakho ubanepilo<ref>Greenfield, B., 2014. ''Beyond training: Mastering endurance, health & life''. Simon and Schuster.</ref>. === 3. Ukuphumelela kwezemidlalo === Lokha nawukwazi ukugijima ibanga elide ungadinwa ungakghona ukugcina ungenela amaphaliswano wokugijima bese uthumbe ngombana uzabe usebenzisa ikghono lakho lokugijima. Lokhu kutjho bona ungagcina sele wenza [[imali]] ngokwazi ukugijima kwaphela. == Isiphetho == Ukugijima kuyinto enepilo abantu kufanele bazifundise ukugijima njengendlela yokuzithabulula, Lokhu kuzokqenza bona umzimba womuntu ubenepilo, akghone ukukghodlhelela angaphelelwa mummoya msinya. rt5yfaxn4xlp2a1klbu24qsaob1rri9 Iyunivesithi ye-North-West 0 528 2600 2025-03-27T07:42:23Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282574200|North-West University]]" 2600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-North-West''' ( '''NWU''' ) yiyunivesithi yomphakathi yokwenza irhubhululo etholakala emakhempasini amathathu e -Potchefstroom, Mahikeng ne-Vanderbijlpark [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Iyunivesithi le yaba khona ngokuhlanganiswa ngomnyaka wee-2004 hlangana kwe- Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, iyiyunivesithi ekulu, enomlando eyasungulwa ngomnyaka we-1869, nayo ebegade inegatja e-Vanderbijlpark ne-University of North-West (egade iyi- University of Bophuthatswana ). Ngobujamo bayo obuhlanganisiweko, iYunivesithi ye-North-West yaba ngenye yamayunivesithi amakhulu khulu eSewula Afrika enenani lesithathu ngobukhulu babafundi ( ifundo yesikhathi esizeleko neyebanga ) enarheni. I-NWU ihlangana namayunivesithi aphambili ekhayapha, e [[I-Afrika|-Afrika]] nephasini loke. 4a55mf7fhblwppt89rcf4m2nvbornpk IYunivesithi ye-North-West 0 529 2601 2025-03-27T07:45:55Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282574200|North-West University]]" 2601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-North-West''' ( '''NWU''' ) yiyunivesithi yomphakathi yokwenza irhubhululo etholakala emakhempasini amathathu e -Potchefstroom, Mahikeng ne-Vanderbijlpark [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Iyunivesithi le yaba khona ngokuhlanganiswa ngomnyaka wee-2004 hlangana kwe- Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, iyiyunivesithi ekulu, enomlando eyasungulwa ngomnyaka we-1869, nayo ebegade inegatja e-Vanderbijlpark ne-University of North-West (egade iyi- University of Bophuthatswana ). Ngobujamo bayo obuhlanganisiweko, iYunivesithi ye-North-West yaba ngenye yamayunivesithi amakhulu khulu eSewula Afrika enenani lesithathu ngobukhulu babafundi ( ifundo yesikhathi esizeleko neyebanga ) enarheni. I-NWU ihlangana namayunivesithi aphambili ekhayapha, e [[I-Afrika|-Afrika]] nephasini loke. * Ikhampasi ye-Mahikeng * Ikhampasi ye-Potchefstroom (ikhampasi ekulu) * Ikhampasi ye-Vanderbijlpark 5ypbqmwezif8w5l0x8oom2kcsyz71x1 Iyunivesithi ye-KwaZulu-Natal 0 530 2602 2025-03-27T10:23:39Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1277727545|University of KwaZulu-Natal]]" 2602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal''' ('''UKZN'''; Zulu, Afrikaans) yiyunivesithi yokurhubhulula yomphakathi enamakhampasi amahlanu esifundeni saKwaZulu-Natal [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Yasungulwa mhlazana ilanga lili-1 kuTjhirhweni 2004 ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kweYunivesithi ye-Natal neYunivesithi ye-Durban-Westville . 87bdrnk94um1qgei9c33f4na2l1zaut Iimbongo ZakwaSkhosana 0 531 2603 2025-03-27T12:18:34Z Nomsa Skosana 123 New testing article 2603 wikitext text/x-wiki Isibongo sakwaSkhosana ngezinye iimbongo ezikhona elimi lesiNdebele.<ref>[https://www.baala.org.za/conference/]</ref> 3yxascgtj3s1aqdqpu1drjf163fshtf Batho Abantu African Languages Association (BAALA) 0 532 3092 2964 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nomsa Skosana|Nomsa Skosana]] 2604 wikitext text/x-wiki I-BAALA yihlangano ezinikeleko ekukhangiseni, ekuthuthukiseni nekubulungeni amalimi weSewula Afrika nephasini mazombe. Lo mzamo osemthethweni wesigungu esilawula zamaLimi nomNyango wezobuNtu: IsiKolo sezamaLimi. [https://www.baala.org.za/] 9v9nt59n8196y32telz2plc4nqm7kpi Isivande 0 537 2611 2025-03-31T08:56:28Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Isivande == '''Isivande''' kukulapho umuntu atjalo khona ubuthelo leentjalo, iinthelo, amathuthumbo awathandako bese ayinakelele bona izinto azitjalileko zikghone ukumila<ref>GARDEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Isivande kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni begodu ngaleso skhathi beyikhombisa ukunotha, ubuhle, Kanye nokuba phezulu. == Imihlobo yeemvande == === Isivande seentjalo === Isivande lesi kukulapho abantu batjala khona iintjalo ezifana nesiphila neziny..." 2611 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isivande == '''Isivande''' kukulapho umuntu atjalo khona ubuthelo leentjalo, iinthelo, amathuthumbo awathandako bese ayinakelele bona izinto azitjalileko zikghone ukumila<ref>GARDEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Isivande kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni begodu ngaleso skhathi beyikhombisa ukunotha, ubuhle, Kanye nokuba phezulu. == Imihlobo yeemvande == === Isivande seentjalo === Isivande lesi kukulapho abantu batjala khona iintjalo ezifana nesiphila nezinye intjalo eziqkathekileko ezidliwa babantu. Lesi sivande esiqakathekileko ebantwini ngombana bakghona ukuthola Ukudla okunepilo kiso. Zoke iinthelo neentjalo eziseentolo zivela esivandeni. === Isivande samathuthumbo === Iapho kutholakala amathuthumbo amahle Kanye nemithi. Le kuba yindawo ehle begodu ekghona ukuvakatjhelwa babantu abafuna ukuledlha nokuzithabisa<ref>Majewska, A.A. and Altizer, S., 2020. Planting gardens to support insect pollinators. ''Conservation Biology'', ''34''(1), pp.15-25.</ref>. === Isivande samanzi === Isivande samanzi sizele ngezinto zamanzi ezifana namafowuntheni, amaphondi nokunye. Esivandeni lesi kuba yindawo enokuthula. Esivandeni lesi kuba nemihlobo yeentjalo zemanzini ezahlukahlukeneko<ref>Water Gardens: Everything You Need to Know</ref> === Isivande somphakathi === Lapho kuba yindawo yomphakathi lapho abantu babelana ngeenqephu esivandeni bese omunye nomunye umntu womphakathi atjele izinto azifunako esiqephini sakhe asabelwe mphakathi. Lo mhlobo wesivande uyawuthuthukisa umphakathi khulu khulu lapho kuhlala khona abantu abadopha phasi<ref name=":0">Carney, P.A., Hamada, J.L., Rdesinski, R., Sprager, L., Nichols, K.R., Liu, B.Y., Pelayo, J., Sanchez, M.A. and Shannon, J., 2012. Impact of a community gardening project on vegetable intake, food security and family relationships: a community-based participatory research study. ''Journal of community health'', ''37'', pp.874-881.</ref>. == Ukuqakatheka kwesivande == === Umthombo wokudla === Isivande siqakatheikile ngombana abantuesivandeni bakghona ukutjhala Ukudla okunepilo njengesiphila, amatapula nokhunye. Lokhu kutjho bona isivande singabalwa njemgomthombo wepilo yabantu lokha nakutjaliweko kiso<ref name=":0" />. === Ubuhle === Isivande kuba yindawo ehle enokuthu lapho abantu bangaledlha khona bazicocele ngandaba zabo badle nokudla ebeze nakho esivandeni. Abanye abantu bakghona ukuthi nabavakatjhele isivande bakhiphe ukugandeleka nokudindwa bese bazithole bathabile. === Ukubutha nokuhlanza ibhoduluko === Isivande zikghoa ukuthi sibe yindawo yemvelo lapho kuhlala khona iinlwana zemangweni ezifana neenyoni. Esivandeni ngoba kuneentjalo ihlabathi yakhna iyabulungeka ingakhukhuleki namanzi lokha nakune nkhukhula ngombana ihlabathi ibamba imirabho. Okhunye kukuthi yenza ummoya uhlale uhlanzekile ngombana iintjalo zesivandeni zizokudosa ummoya osiphazekileko<ref>Soga, M., Gaston, K.J. and Yamaura, Y., 2017. Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis. ''Preventive medicine reports'', ''5'', pp.92-99.</ref>. == Isiphetho == Isivande kuyinto eqakathekilo emaphilweni wabantu ngombana sithola khona ukudla, ukuthula begodu umuntu angehlisa khona ukugandeleleka. Imihlobo yemvande minengi kodwana yoke iqakathekile ngombana yenza abantu babe nepilo nokuhlala kuhle. k6c8gyhnuwoaqcuv7e62lqafwa8x9s6 Ibulungelo lemali 0 538 2613 2612 2025-03-31T09:18:50Z Nqobile69 190 2613 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibulungelo lemali == '''Ibulungelo lemali''' kuyindawo lapho abantu babeka khona [[imali]] yabo ngehloso yokuthi ihlale ibulungekile ingebiwa botsotsi. Indawo lezi abantu bakghona ukuya kizo bayokuboleka imali nafana bayokufaka kizo imali zabo<ref>BANK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Umsebenzi webulungelo lemali == === Ukuboleka imali === Abantu lokha nabaneedingo zemali enengi, bayakghona ukuthi baye ebulungelweni lemali bayokuboleka iami yokuthi bafez iindingo zabe bese babhadele ibulungelo leamli kancani kancani. Lokha baboleka imali kufuze bayibuyisele inamakonyana wakhona phezulu, ngombana lokho kumthetho wokuboleka imali<ref>Schwert, M., 2020. Does borrowing from banks cost more than borrowing from the market?. ''The Journal of Finance'', ''75''(2), pp.905-947.</ref>. === Ukufaka imali === Umuntu lokha nakazibona ukuth unemali enengi ayiphethe kuye uyakghona ukuthi ayiathathe ayoyifaka ebulungweni lemali ngehloso yokuthi ihlale ibulungekile ingetjiwa botsotsi. Abantu abanamabubulo bayakghona nabo ukuthi bathathe inzuzo ebayenze amabubulweni wabo bese bayoyibulunga ukuze bangalingeki bayidle nofana betjelwe yona<ref>Sharman, J.C., 2011. ''The money laundry: Regulating criminal finance in the global economy''. Cornell University Press.</ref> === Ukutjala imali === Abanye abantu abanemali bayakghona ukuthatha iimali zabo bayozitjala ebulungelweni lemali bese bazokukghona ukuthola inzuzo. Le into yenziwa babantu ebanemali enengi ngombana lokha nawubuke imali ebulungweli lemali ngehloso yokuyitjala, imali yakho uyikhipha ngemva kwesikhathi eside esibekiweko nakungenzeka bona uyikhiphe ngaphambi kobana isikhathi leso sifike kungagcina sele kudliwa wena imali kunokuthi wenze inzuzo<ref name=":0">Finke, M.S., Huston, S.J. and Winchester, D.D., 2011. Financial Advice: Who Pays. ''Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning'', ''22''(1), pp.18-26.</ref>. === Ukuthumelelana imali lula === Esikhathini sanje amabulungelo wemali sele anama-aplikhetjhini enza bona abantu bakghone ukuthumelela imali lula ngaphandle kokuthi baye ebulungelweni lemali. Lokhu kutjho bona abantu bakghona ukuthumelela imali ngananyana kungisiphi isikhathi selanga begodu imali leyi ingathathi isikhathi eside ukufika<ref>Gill, A., 2018. Developing a real-time electronic funds transfer system for credit unions. ''International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)'', ''9''(01), pp.162-184.</ref>. === Ukunikela abantu iinluleko ngemali === Ebulungelweni lemali abasenzi bayakhona eminye yemisebenzi ebayenzako ukuthi banikele abantu iinluleko zokuthi bayisebenzise njani imali yabo. Lokhu bangakwenza ngokuthi babonise abantu ukuthi bakghona ukuthenga ukufikela kuphi begodu nokuthi bangenzi iinkolodo ezidlula imali ebayitholako ngombana lokho kungenza bona badose emuhlweni lokha nasele babuyisela imali yebhanka<ref name=":0" />. oxme37j2ty89au6pvpzip3rbevvf4nz Amapholisa 0 539 2614 2025-03-31T09:34:34Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Amapholisa == '''Amapholisa''' kubabantu bomthetho abasebenza ukulwisana nobugebengu obukhona emphakathini esihlala kiwo. [[Amapholisa]] weSewula Afrika agcoka ijinifomu ehlaza kwesibhakabhaka<ref>POLICE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Umsebenzi wamapholisa == === Akubopha iingebengu === Amapholisa asebenza ukubopha iingebengu. Lokha nakungenzeka bona kunomuntu akghona ongena emzini yabantu nofana eentolo abe izinto ubizelwa amapholisa ukuthi az..." 2614 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amapholisa == '''Amapholisa''' kubabantu bomthetho abasebenza ukulwisana nobugebengu obukhona emphakathini esihlala kiwo. [[Amapholisa]] weSewula Afrika agcoka ijinifomu ehlaza kwesibhakabhaka<ref>POLICE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Umsebenzi wamapholisa == === Akubopha iingebengu === Amapholisa asebenza ukubopha iingebengu. Lokha nakungenzeka bona kunomuntu akghona ongena emzini yabantu nofana eentolo abe izinto ubizelwa amapholisa ukuthi azomthatha ayomvalela ngentronkweni nezinye imbotjhwa. Ukugadangisa imino Amanye amapholisa asebenza ukugadangisa imino yokuthi kuyokuhlolwa bona ukuthi umuntu akanawo amacala esele awenzile enarheni aphila kiyo<ref>Telep, C.W. and Weisburd, D., 2012. What is known about the effectiveness of police practices in reducing crime and disorder?. ''Police quarterly'', ''15''(4), pp.331-357.</ref>. === Ukuphenya === Abanye basebenza ngokuthi lokha nangabe kunomlandu owenzekileko emphakathini begodu akwaziwa bonyana wenziwe ngubani, amapholisa la ayaphenya akahambe afuna abantu abanga basolwa ekwenzini umlando loyo. Bayaphenyisisa bekufuke lapho bathola khona isigebengu leso. === Ukubhalela abantu ama-afidavidi nokuqinisekisa amaphepha === Amanye amapholisa ahlala esitetjhini bese agcwalisele abantu amafidivi ngokwendlela abafuna ngayo. Okhunye baqinisekisa amaphepha akopiweko ngokuwamadanisa nalawo weqiniso bese bawabethe isitempu esitjhoko bona amaphepha akopiweko la ngewiqiniso. == Iindima edlalwa ampholisa emphakathini == Amapholisa adlala indima ekulu emphakathini esiphila kiwo ngombana asenza sisizwe sivikelekile emphakathini esiphila kiwo. Abanye abantu bayabulisa ubulelesi ngesibanga sokuthi basaba amapholisa angabafaka ejele lokha nabalelesileko<ref>Cain, M.E., 2015. ''Society and the Policeman's Role''. Routledge.</ref>. Uyarhelabha nokuthi abathu bakghone ukuthola ubulungiswa lokha nangebe betjelwe izinto nofana nangabe abantu babulawele ilunga labo lomndeni libulawe mumuntu ebangamaziko. Amapholisa ayarhelebha ukuthi umuntu loyo atholakale bese ayobotjhwa. hk84arw9x73p9kcftzy9hr8usfziffb Itatawu 0 540 2616 2615 2025-03-31T09:43:59Z Nqobile69 190 2616 wikitext text/x-wiki == Itatawu == '''Itatawu''' kuyindawo lapho kudlalelwa khona umdlalo<ref>STADIUM | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Itatawu kuyindawo yomphakathi ngombana kilo kuhlangana iinkulwangwane zabantu zizokugidinag into yinye bezitjengise nethabo. Itatawu kuyinto eyayikhona ekadeni kodwana nje sele itjengisa ukuthuthuka ngokokwenziwa nangobuhle. == Imihlobo yama tatawu == === Itatawu lomdlalo webholo === Litatawu elenzelwe ukuthi abadlali bakghone ukdala umdlalo webholo, begodu nababukeli nabo bakghone ukubukela [[ibholo]] khona. Amatatawu lawa aba makhulu, abangu ncazine ngokubumbeka bese azingezwe zihlalo zababukeli. === Itatawu lemisebenzi eminengi === Itatawi lemisebenzi eminengi ngileli elikghona ukuthi kwenzeka imisebenzi nofana imidlalo eyahlukahluneko kilo. Isibonelo kungenzela amakhonseti, amafestivali nofana imdlalo kilo. Itatawu leli liba nehlalo ezihlaliseka ngeendlela ezinengi ukuze zikghone ukwamukela ababukeli bento ezabe yenzeka ngesikhathi leso<ref name=":0">Hock, C., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M., 2010. Management of multi-purpose stadiums: Importance and performance measurement of service interfaces. ''International journal of services technology and management'', ''14''(2-3), pp.188-207.</ref>. === Itatawu lomdlalo wama-olympic === LItatwu elakhwelwe kuthi kudlalelwe kilo imidlalo yama-olympic. Amatatawu la nawo makhu begodu ngokubumbeka ayindulungu nofana I-ovali, abhodwe ziintulo<ref>Kiuri, M. and Teller, J., 2012. Olympic stadiums in their urban environment: A question of design and cultural significance. ''Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development'', ''2''(2), pp.115-129.</ref>. == Ukuqakatheka kwatatawu == Amatatawu aqakathekile kwezomnotho nemphakathini. Amatatawu akghona ukwakha amathuba womsebenzi lokha nawasakhiwako bogodu nalokha nasele akhiwe asetjenziswa. Lokho kutjho bona umnotho wendawo wabantu balapho lakhiwa khona uyathuthuka ngombana abantu bathoila imisebenzi.Abantu bomphakathi bakghona ukuzibandakanyan lapho ngokuthi babambele khona imigidi yabo ukuthuthukisa ukuzwana phakathi kwabantu bendawo<ref name=":0" />. cmpb0kxos3e12incmp18beksdv9zq44 UbulungiswaKwakaCwecwe 0 541 2621 2025-04-03T12:57:15Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1283489504|JusticeForCwecwe]]" 2621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''#UbulungiswaKwakaCwecwe''' mkhankaso weendaba zomphakathi weSewula Afrika kanye nomnyakazo womphakathi owavela ngemva kokuhlaselwa komntazanyana oneminyaka elikhomba, owaziwa ngegama lakaCwecwe, e-Bergview College, isikolo sangeqadi e- Matatiele, e-Eastern Cape, [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Ijimeli lifuna ubulungiswa kumhlukunyezwa, lifuna ukuziphendulela esikolweni neemphathisweni ezibandakanyekako. 1zidxaxp6pkvy0vdwoanvewgc22o3y7 Ukurhulula umbungu 0 542 3307 3189 2025-07-02T20:47:31Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3189|3189]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3307 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukurhulula umbungu Ukurhulula umbungu kukulokha umuntu wengubo nakazithweleko bese athathe isiqunto sokabana akafuni ukuba nomntwana bese akhuphe umtwana amthweleko<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abortion</ref>. Ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto esemthethweni enarheni yeSewula Afrika, ngombana kuthiwa umuntu unelungelo lokuzikhethela bona wenzakalani emzimbeni wakhe. Imibono eyahlukileko ngokurhulula umbungu Ukurhululula umbungu kuyisihloko esingabanga ukuphikisana phakathi kwabantu ngombana abantu banemibono eminengi eyahlukeneko. Abanye babona kuyinto ehle efanele yenziwe babantu. Kuthi abanye abantu babone kuyinto embi enesihlungu engenziwako. Omunye nomunye umuntu wengubo wenza okubonwa nguye nakafika kulobujamo ngombana ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto esemthethweni eSewula Afrika. Abavumelana nakho Abavumelana nokurhulula umbungu bathi kuyinto ehle khulu khulu lokha nangabe umma ukatiwe wagcina sele azithwele Umntwana ngokatwa, nofana kilabo bantu abanokugula ukungabafaka engozini yokufa lokha nabasidisi. Ngalezi inzathu eziveziweko babona ukuthi ukurhulula umbungu akusiyo into embi ngombana umu ntu akukafaneli abe nomtwnan angafuni nofana amthole ngesibanga sesehlakalo esimbi esifana nokukatwa<ref name=":0">https://www.britannica.com/procon/abortion-debate</ref>. Abaphikisana nakho Abanye abantu bayaphikisa bathi ukuehulula umbung yinto embi ngombana lokha wenza into le ukhipha umphefumulo womntwana onganacala. Godu baphikisa ngokuthi ukurhulula umbungu akusikuhle ngombana lokha nawukwenzileko ipilo yakho ingakhubazeka njengokuthu umma angasakghoni ukuba nabanye abantwana. Umunye agcine sele ahla emzimbeni ngombana ahlala ngakajabuli anokuzisola<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zhbqf4j/revision/4</ref>. Imiphumela yokurhulula umbungu Umuntu orhulule umbungu angagcina ahlulwa kuzilibalela ngesenzo asenzileko lokha nakabona abantu bona bayamahlulela ngesenzo lesi asenzileko. Angazibona alihlazo emphakathini aphila kiwo ngombana kwamanye amasiko namakhaya ayenziwa into leyo. Ukurhulula umbungu kungaletha ukwahlukana phakathi kwabantu abathandanako lokha nangabe into le yenzeke bangaka vumelani njengenthandani<ref>https://www.worldpulse.org/es/story/the-impact-of-abortion-bans-on-womens-mental-health-61476?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIg4TQx_-9jAMVOIBQBh3PljsEEAAYASAAEgLgYvD_BwE</ref>. Isiphetho Ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto abantu abayicala ngeendlea ezinengi ezahlukileko. Abanye bayayamukela abanye bayayiohikisa. Woke umuntu wengubo kufanele enze lokhu ekuzomenza bona akghone ukuragela phambili kuhle nepilo yakhe. bqj49a0ftx70yhzv9qapo23vkre2ytu Imisila 0 543 2649 2648 2025-04-04T18:29:20Z Nqobile69 190 2649 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umsila''' == '''Umsila''' kuyinto ede nofana efitjhani elengako emva edinini lesilwana<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tail#:~:text=Synonyms%20of%20tail-,1,shape%20or%20position%3A%20such%20as</ref>. Imisila iyahluka ngokwakheka kwesinye nesinye isilwana. Imisila isebenza ngokwahlukana kwesinye nesinye isilwane. Imisila ifana ngento eyodwa ekukuthi ilekelela abanikazi ukuthi bakghone ukococisana, [[ukudzimelela]] naye nokuphila. == Umsebenzi womsila == === Ukudzimelela === Iinlwana ezinengi ezifana nezinja anabokatsu zisebenzisa imisila yazo ukudzimelala lokha nazijamileko. Imisila yenza bona zikghone ukujika msinya begodu zikghone nokutjhugulula indlela ezikhamba ngayo<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail</ref>. === Ukukhulumisana === Iinlwana zikghona ukukhuluma ngemisila, zisebenzisa umsila ukuveza bona zikwatile nofana zithabile ngemisila zingaka khiphi iphimbo<ref>https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-use-their-tails-more-for-communication-than-movement/</ref>. === Ukuzivikela === Ezinye iinlwana ezifana neembhadwa nabofezelwa zisebenzisa umsila wazo ukuthi zikghone ukuzivikela ebungozini ebungazivelela. Imisila yakhona esikhathini esinengi ibanetjhefu ethela abantu nofana ezinye iinlwana ezingalinga ukuzihlukumeza<ref>Hickman, G.C., 1979. The mammalian tail: a review of functions. ''Mammal review'', ''9''(4), pp.143-157.</ref>. === Ukududa nokunyakaza === Iinlwana ezinengi ezihlala emanzini ezifana nefesi zisebenzisa imisila yazo ukududa bese zikghone ukududa nokunyakaza emanzini. Umsila uzinikeza Amandla wokuthi zikghone ukududa kuhle ngemanzini ngaphandle kokuthi ziphelelwe mamandla<ref>Dao, A.H. and Netsky, M.G., 1984. Human tails and pseudotails. ''Human pathology'', ''15''(5), pp.449-453.</ref>. == Imihlobo yemisila == === Imisila ebambelelako === Imisila itholakala enlwaneni ezifana nefene. imisila yakhona ikghona ukubamba izinto nofana ibambelele ngawo ezintweni njengesihlahleni. Lokhu kutjho bona iinlwana ezinomsila lo ziyakghona ukuwusebenzisa njengesandla. Imisila le inikeza iinlwana lezi isekelo nokudzimelela okuzeleko<ref>Youlatos, D., 1999. Tail-use in capuchin monkeys. ''Neotropical Primates'', ''7''(1), pp.16-20.</ref>. === Imisila enoboya obunengi === Iinlwana ezinengi ezifana ne nemiqasa zinoboya obunengi emsileni eyenza bona zivikeleke ezintweni. Umsila lo inlwana zakhona ziyawusebenzisa ukuveza imizwa yaso nofana ukunikelana amatshwayo nehloso ezinayo<ref>Hare, T., 2018. ''Animal Fact File: Head to tail profiles of more than 90 mammals''. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.</ref>. === Imisila eqinileko === Ezinye iinlwana zinemisila eqinileko enikeza iinlwana ezinomsila ivikeleko enlwaneni lezi ezizingelako. == Isiphetho == Imisila iqakathekile eenlwaneni ngombana uzenza bona zihlale zivikelekile bogodu zikghone nokuthi ziveze imizwa yazo ngaphandle kokuthi zikhulume. Imihlobo yemisila iyahluka ngokuya ngokomhlobo wesilwane begodu yenza nemisebenzi ehlukileko. 88gcjqdckebbk97km4q695jfvtok9qo Ibulungelo leencwadi 0 544 3051 3002 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2643 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibulungelo leencwadi == '''Ibulungelo leencwadi''' kuyindawo yomphakathi lapho kubekwe khona iiincwadi ngokwahlukahlukana ukuthi abantu bakghone ukuzifunda begodu bathole ilwazi ngeenhloko ezahlukahlukeneko abazithandako<ref>https://www.dictionary.com/browse/library</ref>. Ibulungelo lencwadi lenza bona abantu bakghone ukuthola [[ilwazi]] lakade nelanje ngezinto zanje. Lithuthukisa izinga lefundo yabantu ngombana abantu bakghona ukuthola imithombo yelwazi eminengi efana neencwadi, amajenali, ne inthaneti lapho bazokufuna khona khona ilwazi. == Ukuqakatheka kwebulungelo leencwadi == === Ukufunda nokutlola === Ibulungelo leencwadi lidala indima ekulu ekutheni abantu bakghone ukufunda nokutola, khulu khulu ebantwaneni nalapho imiphakathi yethu yakhona ingakathuthuki. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuthi endaweni ezinjengalezi ibulungelo leencwadi likghona ukwenza amahlelo wokufundisa abantwana ilimi begodu benze nemisebenzi eminye eyenza abantuwana bakghone ukufunda nokulalela<ref>Itsekor, V.O. and Nwokeoma, N.M., 2017. The Importance of the Use of Libraries and the Need for a Reading Culture. ''Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Librorum'', ''1''(24), pp.97-110.</ref>. === Irhubhululo nelwazi === Umuntu lokha nakenza irhubhululo afuna ilwazi eliliqiniso ukughona ukuya ebulungweni leencwadi lapho azokuthola khona ilwazi elizeleko ngesihloko arhubhulula ngaso. Ukhona ukuthola ama-athikili ezowasebenzisa erhubhululweni lakhe okutjho bona uzokuthola umthombo lwazi oneqiniso bese [[irhubhululo]] lakhe libe namandla. Abasenzi belungelweni leencwadi kwesinye isikhathi bayakghona ukuthi bakulelele ukwenza irhubhululo nokuthi ufake amareferensi ngendlela efaneleko. Lokhu kungenza umuntu orhubhululako aphumelele kuhle<ref name=":0">Hider, P., Garner, J., Wakeling, S. and Jamali, H.R., 2023. “Part of my daily life”: The importance of public libraries as physical spaces. ''Public Library Quarterly'', ''42''(2), pp.190-219.</ref>. === Ukuzikhipha ukubhoreka === Ebantwini abanekareko yokufunda nofana kwabathandaka ukufunda lokho nababhorekileko, ibulungelo leencwadi kuba yinto ebasizako. Ebulungelweni leencwadi kunemihlobo yoke yeencwadi abantu abangathanda ukuyifunda. Isibonelo iincwadi ezinenganekwana, iincwadi zelwazi, iincwadi ezikhulumako nezinye. Phezulu kwalokho bakunikela nendawo ethulileko ongafundela kiyo uthabelel ukufunda incwadi yakho. Nawungafuni ukuyindela khona bayakghona ukukuboleka yona uyoyifundela ekhaya bese uyibuyse ngenva kwamalanga. Akusizo zoke iincwadi ukghona ukuziboleka ukhambe nazo ekhaya<ref name=":0" />. === Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi === Ibulungelo leencwadi likghona ukuba namakamero lapho abantu bomphakathi bangakghona ukuthi babambele khona imihlangano, nofana benzele khona indawo lapho iinqhema ziikghona ukuhlangana zabena ngemibono. === Ukusebenzisa i-wifi simahla === Ebulungelweni leeencwadi abantu bakghona ukusebenzisa i-wifi simahla bangqabhadeli. Uthola ibulungelo leencwadi linamakhomphyutha abantu abangawasebenzisa ukuthola ilwazi ku-inthaneti. Lu kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana isiza nalabo bantu abangazo iinsetjenziswa zedijithali ukuthi bakghone nabo ukuthola ilwazi abalindingako<ref>Park, S., 2019. Analyzing library space use patterns in a public library through smartphone WiFi. ''Journal of the Korean Society for information Management'', ''36''(1), pp.295-313.</ref>. == Isiphetho == bulungelo leencwadi luyindawo lapho abantu bakghona ukuthola ilwazi khona bathuthukise nekghona labo lokufunda nokufunda nokutlola. Kuyinawo lapho abantu bakghona ukurhelebheka khona ngeendlela ezinengi khona njengokuti bathole imthombo welwazi erhubhululweni labo, nokuthi bathole indawo ethulileko yokufunda. Ibulungelo leencwadi kuyindawo yokuzithuthukisa komphakathi. nzm30jf8waooh28too4xtjt6w6kofpa Ukubumba 0 545 2642 2641 2025-04-04T09:27:21Z Nqobile69 190 2642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukubumba == '''Ukubumba''' kukulokha umuntu athathe idaka elithileko ngemlanjeni elibizwa ngobumba bese alisebenzise ukwakha into ethileko<ref>https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pottery</ref>. Umuntu nakabumbako uthatha idaka leli aleze libe manzi alibhice, aligobe nofana alimbumbe ukuze akhone ukukhipha into ahlose ukuyenza. Bese kuthi sele abumbile alibeke alindele bona lome bese lingaphuki.Umuntu angakha ikomo, ikukhu, nofana okunye ngobumba. Ukubumba kungobunye bobukghwari babantu abanzima bekadeni. [[Amasokana]] lokha nakaweleko nakufika [[isikhathi]] seenthalelo bapha abantwana izipho ebazenze ngobumba lokha nabeze eenthalelweni. Ekadeni ukubumba bekuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana bekubunjwa imijeka uzokufaka Ukudla, amanzi nofana ezinye izinto zangendlini. Abanye bebabumba izinto abazokurhabisa ngazo. == Ukuqakatheka kokubumba == Ukubumba kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana kukhombisa ikghono lobukghwari. Ekadeni beyinto eqakatheke khulu elekelela abantu bona babe nezinto zokufaka begodu bebakghona nokukhangisa inzinto ebazibumbuleko benze imali<ref>Jones, R.F.J., 2016. Why Pottery?. In ''Pottery and the Archaeologist'' (pp. 1-5). Routledge.</ref>. Kuyinto elekelela abarhubhululi bezinto zakade bona bakghone ukuthola isikhathi somlando wezinto zakade ukuze bakghone ukubulunga amasiko nobunjalo bawo<ref>Skibo, J.M. and Skibo, J.M., 2013. ''Understanding pottery function'' (pp. 1-25). Springer New York.</ref>. Ukubumba kuyinto etholakale bona kuyakhona ukwenza bona umuntu aledlhe akhone ukwehlisa ukucabanga khulu nokuhlubayejeka emkhumbulweni. Ukubumba kulekelela umuntu bona ukuthuthukisa ikghono lokukhambelana kwesandla nelihlo. Ukubumba kusiza bona umuntu athuthukise ikghono lokusebenza kwemisipha emincani esesandleni. == Iindlela zokubumba == Ukubumba ngemithi nofana ngeengodo Ukubumba ngeengodo kukolokha umuntu athatha isigodo esiphuma esihlahleni bese asibaze ache nofana abumbe into ayifunako. Isibonelo umuntu angathatha isigodo bese asibaze akhiphe iphini nofana iphehlo lokhupheka ngendlini. Ukubumba ngomdaka Ukubumba ngomdaka kukulokha umuntu athatha [[idaka]] lokubumba akha into ayifunako kungaba yinto ehle yokuhlobisa ngendlini. Zikhona nezinye iindlela zokubumba zesikhathi zanamhlanjesi ekungasizo ezivela ekadeni qlv7fft5hzwmm5r9jmt4zsgaeqlcm28 Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Page tabs 10 547 2653 2025-04-07T18:36:03Z Derek J Moore 148 Template:Page tabs/styles.css 2653 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Page tabs/styles.css" /> gywqy631fvfadn84e8og9rj4w5iug9k Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Page tabs/styles.css 10 548 2654 2025-04-07T18:37:06Z Derek J Moore 148 CSS 2654 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .template-page-tabs { background: #F8FCFF; color:black; width: 100%; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: -4px; } .template-page-tabs > span { padding: 0.5em; line-height: 0.95em; border: solid 2px #a3b1bf; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 4px; } .template-page-tabs > span.spacer { display: flex; /* hides any whitespace we put inside */ padding: 0; flex: 9px; border-width: 0 0 2px 0; } .template-page-tabs > span.spacer:last-child { /* We want this to get first priority, which flexbox doesn't really understand but hopefully this will do. */ flex: 1000 1 0; } 4edst2rgpx0mooekbnykep8cev6rest Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Tabs 10 549 2655 2025-04-07T18:43:44Z Derek J Moore 148 tabs 2655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Page tabs | NOTOC = true | [[User:Example]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 1]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 2|Second subpage]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 3]] | This = 2 }} lpkjdoubcwsb6rtx4f11r76lb4ux7ml Ibisi 0 551 2658 2025-04-15T15:40:22Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ibisi == Ibisi kuyinto kumamanzi amhlophe aphuma ekomeni esikazi lokha nayiceda ukuba nekonyana<ref>MILK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ibisi leli kukukudla kwekonyana bekufike lapho ikonyana leli lithoma khona Ukudla utjani ngokupheleleko.Abantu bathatha iinkomo lezi bazisenge bese bakhiphe ibisi ngombana linepilo. === Ukuqakatheka kwebisi === Ibisi liqakatheke khulu ngombana alisikukudla kwekonyana kwaphela kodwana likukudla nebantwini abaphilako...." 2658 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibisi == Ibisi kuyinto kumamanzi amhlophe aphuma ekomeni esikazi lokha nayiceda ukuba nekonyana<ref>MILK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ibisi leli kukukudla kwekonyana bekufike lapho ikonyana leli lithoma khona Ukudla utjani ngokupheleleko.Abantu bathatha iinkomo lezi bazisenge bese bakhiphe ibisi ngombana linepilo. === Ukuqakatheka kwebisi === Ibisi liqakatheke khulu ngombana alisikukudla kwekonyana kwaphela kodwana likukudla nebantwini abaphilako. Liqinisa [[amathambo]] ngombana linama phrotheyini<ref>Fox, P.F., Uniacke-Lowe, T., McSweeney, P.L.H., O'Mahony, J.A., Fox, P.F., Uniacke-Lowe, T., McSweeney, P.L.H. and O’Mahony, J.A., 2015. Milk proteins. ''Dairy chemistry and biochemistry'', pp.145-239.</ref>. Lenza bona umuntu angaphuki lula amathambo nofana angatholi amagulo aphathelene namathambo afana ne osteoporosis. Ibisi liyasetjenziswa nokubhaga nokwenza okunye Ukudla okufana netjhizi, iyogadi, amasi, nokhunye. == Ubungozi bebisi == Abanye abantu abanonalo i-enzamu eliphula iswigiri yemvelo engaphakathi kwebisi abizwa bona yi lactose ngelimi lesiNgisi<ref>Rangel, A.H.D.N., Sales, D.C., Urbano, S.A., GALVÃO, J.G.B., ANDRADE, J.C.D. and Macêdo, C.D.S., 2016. Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy. ''Food Science and Technology (Campinas)'', ''36''(2), pp.179-187.</ref><ref>Heine, R.G., AlRefaee, F., Bachina, P., De Leon, J.C., Geng, L., Gong, S., Madrazo, J.A., Ngamphaiboon, J., Ong, C. and Rogacion, J.M., 2017. Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow’s milk allergy in infants and children–common misconceptions revisited. ''World Allergy Organization Journal'', ''10'', pp.1-8.</ref>.Umuntu ukuze akghone ukubona ukuthi unomraro lo uzibona ngokuthi azale umoya ngemathumbini,begodu azithole athulula. Ibisi alidliwa babantu boke ngombana line lactose, begodu abanye abantu bane allergy ye lactogen le engaphakathi kwebisi. 7k8d6x8354kk4yjzznxaeqfzo9gdbvg Iincwadi 0 552 2659 2025-04-15T15:49:50Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Incwadi == '''Incwadi''' kulibuthelelo lamaphepha ahlanganisweko<ref>BOOK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Incwadi nakungasiyo yokutlolela kodwana kungeyokufunda iba nomtloli nofana abatloli. Incwadi ngezinye zeensetjenziswa ezenza bona ifundo iragele phambili begodu abantu bakghone ukwabelana ngelwazi. == Imihlobo yeencwadi == === Incwadi yokubukela === Incwadi yokubukela kuyincwadi esikhathini esinengi esetjenziselwa [[ukukhangi]]<nowiki/>sa ngomban..." 2659 wikitext text/x-wiki == Incwadi == '''Incwadi''' kulibuthelelo lamaphepha ahlanganisweko<ref>BOOK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Incwadi nakungasiyo yokutlolela kodwana kungeyokufunda iba nomtloli nofana abatloli. Incwadi ngezinye zeensetjenziswa ezenza bona ifundo iragele phambili begodu abantu bakghone ukwabelana ngelwazi. == Imihlobo yeencwadi == === Incwadi yokubukela === Incwadi yokubukela kuyincwadi esikhathini esinengi esetjenziselwa [[ukukhangi]]<nowiki/>sa ngombana kiyo abantu bakghona ukuthi babukele izinto ebangazithanda bese bathi nabazithandileko bakhambe bayozithenga. Isibonelo kungaba mamegazini wefetjheni<ref>Caniato, M., 2015. Fashion magazines in the digital era. ''J fashion mark and Manag inte J''.</ref>. === Incwadi yokufunda === Incwadi lezi ngilezo ezitlolwe indaba ezithileko abantu abangathanda ukuzifunda. Isibonelo seencwadi lezi kungaba yibhayibhili, amanoveli ndaba nokhunye. Abantu abafunda iincwadi lezi baba nelwazi lwamagama elenza bona babe nelwazi lelimi abafunda ngalo<ref>Porter, N., 2023. ''Books and reading''. BoD–Books on Demand.</ref>. === Incwadi yokutlolela === Kuzincwadi lezi ezinaphepha amhlophe ngaphakathi, begodu sidetjelwa imida ukuthi umuntu akghone ukutlola kuhle. Zisetjenziswa khulu eenkolweni ngombana abafundi batlolela kizo umsebenzi wesikolo. === Incwadi yeenthaga === Lezi zisetjenziswa khulu babantu abathanda ukupheka nofana abafundele ukupheka. Incwadi lezi ziphatha nofana zitlowe iintaga zokupheka nokubhaga<ref>Lehmann, G., 2018. Reading recipe books and culinary history: opening a new field. In ''Reading and writing recipe books, 1550–1800'' (pp. 93-113). Manchester University Press.</ref>. spc176fqhj88i5dgyh32djm96yva807 Abotitjhere 0 553 2674 2660 2025-04-22T17:50:24Z Nqobile69 190 2674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Abotitjhere == '''Abotitjhere''' bafundisi babentwana kuze bangatholakali izintweni namkha ezindleleni eziphuma endleleni.[[Isikolo]] ngeze saba khona ngaphandle kotitjhere Barhelebha abentwana bona babenelwazi mayelana nefundo, bafundisa bona umntwana abenokuzithemba azazi bona yini akghona kuyenza nento angakghoni ukuyenza<ref>TEACHER | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Abotitjhere abafundisa amabanga aphasi,bafundisa abentwana bona bakghone ukutlola ,nokufunda nokhunye. Barhelebha umntwana bona akghone ukufunda incwadi nokutlola imitjho emide , begodu bakghone ukutlola kuhle imisebenzi yabo. == Ukuqakatheka kukatitjhere == Abotitjhere baqakathekile ngombana basisekelo sefundo. Lokha abotitjhere nabangekho ifundo ngekhe yabalula. Abotitjhere bafundisa aabantwana bona bakghona ukufunda nokutlolwa. Banikelwa abantwana ilwazi elizeleko ngepilo babasize bonyana bakghone ukufezikisa amabhudango wabo ngokuthi babe ngilokho abafuna ukuba ngikho nabakhulako. Woke amabizelo abawalandeko abantu abelethwa botitjhere ngombana bengekhe kube lula ukuthi bawalandele kube azange abotitjhere babekhona ukubafundisa babe nelwazi lokuthi kufuze benzene ukuthi balandele amabizelo lawo<ref>Gore, V. and Begum, S., 2012. Role of a Teacher in 21st Century. ''The Criterion: An International Journal in English'', ''3''(3), pp.2-7.</ref>. == Umsebenzi katitjhere == === Ukulawula itlasi === Utitjhere usebenza ukuthi alawule [[itlasi]] lakhe liba njani. Lokhu angakwenza ngokuthi enze immithetho yangetlasini abafundi abazoyilandela. Okhunye godu uhle indlela itlasi lakhe lizokuqaleka ngakhona isibonelo iindlela abantwana abazokuhlala ngayo nokuthi yena uzokuhlala kuphi<ref>Ibrahim, M.H.A.R., 2016. Classroom management: The effectiveness of teacher’s roles. ''Education and Linguistics Research'', ''2''(1), pp.69-84.</ref>. Nokuthi uzokusebenzisa yiphi ikambiso ukuthi abafundi bafunde kamnandi bathabele ukufunda. === Ukufundisa === Ukufundisa msebenzi ovamilleko katitijhere ngombana ngombana woke umuntu uyazi ukuthi abotitjhere basebenza ukufundisa. Ukutjho bona banikela abafundi babo ilwazi leli egade banganalo nofana bathuthukise lelilwazi abafundi asele baliphethe === Ukwenza insiza zokufundisa === Lokha utitjhere nakafundisako akamane akhulume kwaphela kodwana kube neensiza zokufundisa ezifana namatjhadi, iinthombe nokhunye ekuzokwenza bona abafundi bakghone ukuzwisisa isifundo lula ngaphandle kokuthi bararane ihloko. === Ukwenza iinhlahlubo === Umsebenzi katitjhere kukuthi athathe koke lokhu akufundise abafundi bakhe bese ahlele isihlahlubo sakhe sethemu nofana sonyaka ahlolel bonyana lokhu abekakufundisa abafundi bakhe sele bakuzwisisile nofana awa<ref>Doyle, A., Johnson, M.C., Donlon, E., McDonald, E. and Sexton, P.J., 2021. The role of the teacher as assessor: Developing student teacher's assessment identity. ''Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online)'', ''46''(12), pp.52-68.</ref>. Uhlola bonyana khuyini leyo ebatlhaga ukuyimba nokuzwisisa nokuthi yini esele bayazi khulu kilezi zinto abazifundileko == Iintjhijilo zokuba ngutitjhere == Abotitjhere lokha nabasebenzako baqaalana neetjhijilo ezinengi ezahlukahlukeno.Uthole abotitjhere badelelwa bafundi ngesibanga sokuthi abafundi abasabethwa eenkolweni bese bagcine sele babona abotitjhere njebantu abadelelekileko<ref>Flores, M.A., 2017. The complexities and challenges of be (com) ing a teacher and a teacher educator. ''European journal of teacher education'', ''40''(1), pp.2-5.</ref>. Obunye ubudisi kukuthi abantu babona ngathi umsebenzi wabo titjhere bamabanga aphasi ngathi ulula khulu begodu babona kanti ngibo ebenza umsebenzi omkhulu. Abantu bacabanga bona utitjhere usebenza ukufundisa kwaphela abazi ukuthi minengi imisebenzi ebayenzako lokha nabange tlasini efana nokuthi baqinisekile ukuthi amafayili wabo ahleleke kuhle begodu kufanele benze neensiza zokufundisa. kud414az94tvmnmtuchjtwbdfg5zyeg Ukuphefumula 0 554 3069 2983 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuphefumula == '''Ukuphefumula''' kukulokha ipumulo ingenisa nofana ikhipha ummoya<ref>BREATHING | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ukuphefumula ngikho okukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uyaphila. Nawufuna ukuhlukanisa izinto eziphilako nezingaphiliko kufuze utjheje bonyana into leyo iyaphefumula nofana awa. Umuntu lokha nakaphefumulako udosa ummoya ocwengileko obizwa nge oksijini awungenise ngaphakathi uye emaphaphini. Ukhipha ummoya osilaphazekileko obizwa bona nge khabhoni dayoksayidi. Yoke into ephilako iyaphefumula. Iintjalo ziyaphefumula ngokuphikisana nabantu ngombana zona zikhupha i-oksijini bese zidose ikhabhoni dayoksayidi. 8y9qwo01zs1nxgyes1a95v1m4c9jtq0 Isikolo 0 555 3065 2994 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2673 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isikolo == '''Isikolo''' kuyindawo lapho kuhlangana abantwana abanengi bendawo bazokufunda<ref>SCHOOL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Isikolo yindawo ekulu ematlasi amanengi lapho kufundela khona abantwana ngokwesigaba abakiso ngefundo.Esikolweni kunama ofisi wabo titjhere nelaka hlokokulu. Esikolweni kuyindawo lapho abantwana baceda khona iskhathi sabo esinengi ngelanga, lokhu kuhle ngombana kwenza bona bahlale babulungekile. Abantwana bathola ilwazi elibenza bona ukujamelana nepillo esikolweni. Isikolo kuyindawo yomphakathi ngombana ngaphandle komphakathi isikolo ngekhe sabo khona nehlelo lokufunda nokufundisa emphakathini angeze libe khona<ref>Smith, G.A. and Sobel, D., 2014. ''Place-and community-based education in schools''. Routledge.</ref>. c4ual4f769x3kp1b561mzla7i2xdr7g Umlando wombuso wegandelelo eSewula Afrika 0 556 2663 2025-04-15T16:50:28Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Umlando wombuso wegandelelo enarheni yeSewula Afrika == '''Umbuso''' wegandelelo eSewula Afrika wathoma ngonyaka we-1948 ukuya enyakeni we-1994. Umbuso lo bewenza bona kube nokuhlukana phakathi kwabantu ngesibanga sombalal wabo. Umbuso lo wathoma yihlangano ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-Daniel Francois Malan ekunguye oweza nomthetho wokugandelela abantu abanzima. == Imithetho eyabekwako == Ukuzitlolisa ngokuya kombala Kwabekwa umthetho wokuthi woke umuntu kufanele ayozit..." 2663 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umlando wombuso wegandelelo enarheni yeSewula Afrika == '''Umbuso''' wegandelelo eSewula Afrika wathoma ngonyaka we-1948 ukuya enyakeni we-1994. Umbuso lo bewenza bona kube nokuhlukana phakathi kwabantu ngesibanga sombalal wabo. Umbuso lo wathoma yihlangano ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-Daniel Francois Malan ekunguye oweza nomthetho wokugandelela abantu abanzima. == Imithetho eyabekwako == Ukuzitlolisa ngokuya kombala Kwabekwa umthetho wokuthi woke umuntu kufanele ayozitlosa ngokuya kombala wakhe lokhu bekwenzelwa ukuthi kwaziwe ukuthi umuntu uzokupohatha njani ngouya kombala wakhe<ref name=":0">Mhlauli, M.B., Salani, E. and Mokotedi, R., 2015. Understanding apartheid in South Africa through the racial contract. ''International Journal of Asian Social Science'', ''5''(4), pp.203-219.</ref>. Ukuhlukanisa abantu ngeenqhema Kwahlukaniswa abantu ngendlela ebabehlala ngayo, abantu abamhlophe bebahlalaendaweni ezihle eziphezulu bese kuthi abantu abanzima banikelwe indawo lezo ezingakathuthuki. Abantu abanzima bebangaka vunyelwa bona ukuya amabhitjhi,emaphageni nakwenzinye indawo zokuledlha. Lokha nagade umuntu atholakala endaweni yabantu abamhlophe begade amapholisa ambopha<ref name=":0" />. Ukwala imitjhado yabantu abahlukileko ngombalaAbantu abanzima bebangaka vunyelwa bona bangathandana nofana batjhadane nabantu abamhlophe. Abantu bakufanele bona bathandane ngokombala ofanako<ref>Dalmage, H.M., 2018. Mixed race families in South Africa: Naming and claiming a location. ''Journal of Intercultural Studies'', ''39''(4), pp.399-413.</ref>. Umthetho umthetho wokuphatha umazisi Abantu abanzima bekufanele bahlale baphethe umazisi koke lapho bakhamba khona ukwenzela bona bagabotjhwa. Nanyana bebekhamba baphethe umazisi kodwana bebangangeni nanoma kukuphi<ref>Du Bruyn, D., 2024. Memories and testimonies of passbooks, permits and platkeps in apartheid-era Batho, Mangaung.</ref>. Ifundo yabantu abanzima Abantu abanzima bebathola ifundo ephasi kuneyabantu abamhlophe ngokwezinga lokho bekwenziwa ngilezi inzathu Ukufunda umsebenzi ovamileko Abafundi abanzima ngalesi iskhathi bebafunda ikharikhulamu enciphisiweko eyenza bona bona benze imisebenzi evamileko njengokuthuga, ukutjala esivandeni nokhunye. Lokhu bekwenziwa mthetho obizwa bona yi bantu act yango 1953, ekungiyo ebeyehlisa izinga lefundo yabantu abanzima ukubagandelela bona bahlale baphasi kwabamhlophe<ref>Wills, I.R., 2011. ''The history of Bantu education: 1948-1994'' (Doctoral dissertation, Australian Catholic University).</ref>. Inkolo ezingabhadelelwa ngurhulumende Inkolo lapho kufunda khona abantu abanzima beziphasi ngokwezinga lokufundisa ngombana abotitjhere bakhona kade bangakabandulwa bonyana bazokufundisa. Inkolo bezitloga iinsetjenziswa neensiza zokufundisa<ref>Ndimande, B.S., 2013. From Bantu education to the fight for socially just education. ''Equity & Excellence in Education'', ''46''(1), pp.20-35.</ref>. Ukuphela kombuso wegandelelo Ihlangano ye african national congress eyabe idoswa phambili ngubaba u-Nelson Mandela yadlala indima ekulu ekulwisana nebandlululo. Ihlangano yasungula isiqhema esingana nturhu Umkhonto wesizwe ukulwisana negandelelo<ref>Clark, N.L. and Worger, W.H., 2016. ''South Africa: The rise and fall of apartheid''. Routledge.</ref>. Kwathi ngonyaka we-1994 abantu amekhathweni bakhetha uNelson Mandela bona abe ngu Mongameli wesitjhaba. Kukulapho kwathoma khona ikululeko. 676cc5f5hc3i4s8vf1d5q6adi5nmxk8 Ukutlola isihlahlubo 0 557 2664 2025-04-15T16:57:13Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Isihlahlubo == '''Isihlahlubo''' kuyinto oyitlolako ukuze kughona ukuvelwa ilwazi onalo ngezinto obuzwa zona<ref>TEST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Inzathu ezenza bona abantu batlole iinhlahlubo == Abantu batlola iinhlahlubo ukuze abotitjhere bakghone ukubona ukuthi abanfundi babo Khuyini ebayizwisisako kilokho abakufundako begodu Khuyini abanobudisi bokuyizwisisa. Isihlahlubo sikghona ukunikela umuntu osenzako impendulo zokuthi Khuyini umuntu a..." 2664 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isihlahlubo == '''Isihlahlubo''' kuyinto oyitlolako ukuze kughona ukuvelwa ilwazi onalo ngezinto obuzwa zona<ref>TEST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Inzathu ezenza bona abantu batlole iinhlahlubo == Abantu batlola iinhlahlubo ukuze abotitjhere bakghone ukubona ukuthi abanfundi babo Khuyini ebayizwisisako kilokho abakufundako begodu Khuyini abanobudisi bokuyizwisisa. Isihlahlubo sikghona ukunikela umuntu osenzako impendulo zokuthi Khuyini umuntu ayikghona khulu begodu Khuyini umuntu abuthaka ngakiyo. Sikghona ukuveza indawo ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa<ref>Knoch, U., 2011. Rating scales for diagnostic assessment of writing: What should they look like and where should the criteria come from?. ''Assessing Writing'', ''16''(2), pp.81-96.</ref><ref>Al-Shammari, Z., 2011. Assessment of student learning outcomes: Indicators of strengths and weaknesses. In ''ICERI2011 Proceedings'' (pp. 4228-4230). IATED.</ref>. Isihlahlubo esikhathi esinengi sifuna bona abafundi bakghone ukucabanga ngobukhali begodu basenzise ilwazi labo ukurarulula imiraro. Lokhu kurhelebha umunti bona akghone ukukhula emkhumbulweni<ref>Gelerstein, D., Del Rio, R., Nussbaum, M., Chiuminatto, P. and López, X., 2016. Designing and implementing a test for measuring critical thinking in primary school. ''Thinking Skills and Creativity'', ''20'', pp.40-49.</ref>. Isihlahlubo sirhelebha umfundi bona akghone ukuziphendulela ngofundo yakhe ngombana isihlahlubo sizomenza akhuthalele ukufunda nokuthi ahlale athola imiphumela ephezulu. == Isiphetho == Isihlahlubo abanye siqakathekile emuntwini ofunako ngombana umuntu loyo ukgona ukubona ukuthi unelwazi elingangani entweni ayifundako begodu akghone nokuthi akhuphule izinga lakhe lokufunda ezintweni angazaziko. Isihlahlubo siveza bona umuntu sele abufunde kangangani. dzvqvlpaf2youz08e88ezizp2pniydu Isimunyisi 0 558 2665 2025-04-15T17:07:12Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Isimunyisi == Iimunyisi kusiqhema seenlwana esinegazi elitjhisako. Iinlwana lezi zihlala endaweni zazo zemvelo ezahlukahlukeneko ngombana nazo zihlukile ngokwakheka<ref>MAMMAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Sibinakala njani isimunyisi? == === Uboya === Zoke iimunyisi zinoboya nofana iinhluthu emzibeni wazo. Uboya lobu benza bona inlwana lezi zivikele ezintweni ezingazilimaza. Begodu zikghona nokuthi zingangenwa makhaza. Igazi lesimunyisi lihlala..." 2665 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isimunyisi == Iimunyisi kusiqhema seenlwana esinegazi elitjhisako. Iinlwana lezi zihlala endaweni zazo zemvelo ezahlukahlukeneko ngombana nazo zihlukile ngokwakheka<ref>MAMMAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Sibinakala njani isimunyisi? == === Uboya === Zoke iimunyisi zinoboya nofana iinhluthu emzibeni wazo. Uboya lobu benza bona inlwana lezi zivikele ezintweni ezingazilimaza. Begodu zikghona nokuthi zingangenwa makhaza. Igazi lesimunyisi lihlala litjhisa nanyana isimo sezulu singaba njani<ref>Sokolov, V.E., 2023. ''Mammal skin''. Univ of California Press.</ref>. === Ibisi === Umunyisi zoke zikghone ukwenza ibisi emzimbeni wazo lokha nazizithweleko<ref>Skibiel, A.L., Downing, L.M., Orr, T.J. and Hood, W.R., 2013. The evolution of the nutrient composition of mammalian milks. ''Journal of Animal Ecology'', pp.1254-1264.</ref>. Lokhu zikwenzela ukuthi ngesikhathi isimunyisi siceda ukuba nomtwana sikghone ukumunyisa umntwana waso ibisi. Umtwana waso uthoma ukukhula akhuliswa yibisi bese agcine adla Ukudla lokhu akudliwa ngunina nasele akhulileko. === Amathambo amathathu phakathi endlebeni === Isimunyisi sinamthambo amathathu endlebeni ephakathi<ref>Fleischer, G., 2013. ''Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear'' (Vol. 55). Springer Science & Business Media.</ref>. === Ukubeletha === Isimunyisi asibekeli abamaqanda ukuthi sikghone ukuba nabantwana. Isimunyisi siyamthwala Umntwana waso emzimbeni waso bese nakufika iskhathi siyamubeletha. Iinkhathi zokuthwala abantwana zeemunyisi azifani esibonelo iindlovu ithwala Umntwana waso imiyaka emibili, umuntu uthwala umntwana iinyanga ezilithoba. == Ukuqakatheka kwesimunyisi == Umthombo wokudla Iimunyisi zidlala indima eqakathekileko ephasini ngombana ziimthombo wokudla ebantwini, isibonelo iinkomo zikhipha ibisi elidliwa babantu. Iinyama yeemunyisi ezinye iyadliwa, begodu nesikhumba sazo abantu bakghone ukuwenza izambatho ngazo. Ukuphila nabantu IImunyisi ziyakghona ukuthi zibe yifuyo sithandwa yabantu, ezinye ziyakghona ukuthi abantu bazi sebenzise njenge nthuthi zabe zibase lapho bafuna ukuya khona. Isibonelo: inja nomqasa ziyakghona ukuba yifuyo sithandwa, ipera iyasebenza njenge njengesithuthi. Irhubhululo yeemithi Isimunyisi siyasetjenziswa lokha abasosayensi naba rhubhulula ngemithi engasetjenziswa ukuthi ilaphe abantu amagulo abangaba nawo. Ukudzimelelisa irherho lepilo yeenlwano Iimunyisi ezinye ziyadla inyama ekutjho bona ziphila ngokuthi zizingele ezinye inlwana. Ezinye zakhona ziphila ngokudla utjani. Ezinye zilahla imbewu. Iinlwana lezi ngokwenza njalo zinza bona kube nokudzimelela kwerherho yepilo yeenlwana<ref>Lacher Jr, T.E., Davidson, A.D., Fleming, T.H., Gómez-Ruiz, E.P., McCracken, G.F., Owen-Smith, N., Peres, C.A. and Vander Wall, S.B., 2019. The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems. ''Journal of Mammalogy'', ''100''(3), pp.942-964.</ref>. == Isiphetho == isimunyisi siqakathekile ngombana senza abantu bona bakghone ukuphila. Abasosayensi bakghone ukwenza amarhubhululo wabo. Isimunyisi sibonakala ngokuthi sibe noboya mezimbeni, sithwale abantwana emzibeni begodu nalokha sele bavelile abantwana sibamunyise ibisi ukuze bakghone ukukhula. 8qk312ea86dimno5b2t16q5x0kjk6h3 Iinyoni 0 559 2666 2025-04-15T17:17:41Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Iinyoni == '''Iinyoni''' kuzinlwana ezinaphiko begodu zinesiba ezinengi emzimbeni wazo<ref>BIRD | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Iinsiba zenyoni zilula begodu ziqinile zikghona ukulekelela iinyoni bona zikghone ukuphapha emoyeni bezizivikele. Iinyoni ziimhlobo omnengi ohluka ngemibala,ngokubumbeka, nangobukhulu. Ukubumbeka kwazo kulawulwa kukuthi zizifihla kangangani,ziphaphela phezulu kangangani nokhunye. == Uyibona ngani inyoni? == === Umlomo wenyo..." 2666 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinyoni == '''Iinyoni''' kuzinlwana ezinaphiko begodu zinesiba ezinengi emzimbeni wazo<ref>BIRD | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Iinsiba zenyoni zilula begodu ziqinile zikghona ukulekelela iinyoni bona zikghone ukuphapha emoyeni bezizivikele. Iinyoni ziimhlobo omnengi ohluka ngemibala,ngokubumbeka, nangobukhulu. Ukubumbeka kwazo kulawulwa kukuthi zizifihla kangangani,ziphaphela phezulu kangangani nokhunye. == Uyibona ngani inyoni? == === Umlomo wenyoni === Umlomo wenyoni ubizwa bona yibhigi. Imilomo le iyahluka ngokuqina nangokubumbeka ihlukaniswa kukuthi inyoni idla ukudla okunjani, ibamba ini<ref>Bright, J.A., Marugán-Lobón, J., Cobb, S.N. and Rayfield, E.J., 2016. The shapes of bird beaks are highly controlled by nondietary factors. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', ''113''(19), pp.5352-5357.</ref>. Ezinye iinyoni zinomlomo oqinileko ohagako ngombana zikghona ukudabula inyama. Ezinye zinomlomo owondileko okghona ukungena ehlabathini nokuthi udle emathuthumbeni. Iinyoni ziyakghona ukusebenzisa umilomo yazo ukwakha iindleke ekuzizindlu zazo. Umlomo wenyoni wenziwe nge phrotheyini ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Keratin<ref>Shah, A., Tyagi, S., Bharagava, R.N., Belhaj, D., Kumar, A., Saxena, G., Saratale, G.D. and Mulla, S.I., 2019. Keratin production and its applications: current and future perspective. ''Keratin as a protein biopolymer: Extraction from waste biomass and applications'', pp.19-34.</ref>. === Amaphiko wenyoni === Inyoni yaziwa ngamaphiko wayo. Amaphiko enziwe ngamathambo imisipha, nangasiba ethileko asebenzisanako ukuze amaphiko akghone ukusebenza<ref>Kaiser, G.W., 2010. ''The inner bird: anatomy and evolution''. UBC Press.</ref>. Amaphiko akghona ukuthi alekelele inyoni ukuthi ikghone ukuphapha, akhambe emoyeni iskhathi eside. Ezinye iinyoni zikghona ukuphapha ibanga elide unyaka nonyaka zifuna Ukudla nokubalekela isimo sezulu esimbi. Akusizo zoke iinyoni ezikghona ukuphapha ngamaphiko wazo, isibonelo ikukhu nenqiliba azikghoni ukuphapha emoyeni. === Ukubekela amaqanda === Iinyoni ukuthi zikghone ukwanda zibekela amaqanda beze ziwafukamele bese nakufika isikhathi amaqanda aqhume kuvele amadzinyani wakhona. Inyoni lokha nayingathi isabekela ithole bona [[iqanda]] layo libanjwe mumuntu iyawanghala bese ingasawafukamela<ref>Stadelman, W.J., 2017. Egg-production practices. In ''Egg science and technology'' (pp. 9-37). CRC Press.</ref>. Isibonel seenyoni: likhozi, idlanga, ikukhu Isiphetho Iinyoni zilwana ezinaphiko emzibeni namisiba amanengi angasibudisi. Zibekela amaqanda ukuba nabantwana. Zinomlomo obizwa ngebhigi obukhali ngombana zisebenzisa wona Ukudla, ukuzingela nokwakha iindleke zawo. Iiinyoni ezinengi zisebenzisa amaphiko wazo ukuphapha kodwana ezinye azikghoni ukuphapha. 7xlstyeq9jtdttp7nikn2qsf7ct22bf Isibaya 0 560 2669 2668 2025-04-15T17:23:40Z Nqobile69 190 2669 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isibaya == '''Isibaya''' kuyindawo kuhlala khona iinlwana. Kuyindlu yeenlwana lapho zivalelwa khona lokha nazise khaya zingakayi emadlelweni ukuyokudla. Isibaya senza bona iinlwana zihlale zivikelekile begodu zingagcwali [[inarha]] yoke zifuna indawo yokulala<ref>Kraal - Wikipedia</ref>. Kwezinye indawo isibaya kuyindawo eqakathekileko y[[amasiko]] ngombana abanye abantu basebenzisa isibaya ukwenza ezinye izinto zamasiko njengokuphahla. <references /> q27lcykqelxnjbhfk2rxvoxz1pet9vy Ubulungiswa beCwewe 0 561 3047 3034 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nomsa Skosana|Nomsa Skosana]] 2671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''#JusticeForCwecwe''' mkhankaso weendaba zomphakathi [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]] kanye nomkhankaso womphakathi owavela ngemva kokuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme komntazinyana eneminyaka elikhomba, eyaziwa ngoCwecwe, e-Bergview College, isikolo sangasese e- Matatiele, e-Eastern Cape, [[Isewula Afrika|e-South Africa]] . Ijima lifuna ubulungiswa kumhlukunyezwa, lifuna ukuziphendulela esikolweni neemphathisweni ezibandakanyekako. hy6it003fbr2f3fmy037b1pjwr9re21 Amalwandle 0 562 2684 2683 2025-04-23T04:49:52Z Nqobile69 190 2684 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ilwande == '''Ilwande''' yindawo enamanzi amanengi khulu enetswayi<ref>OCEAN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Amanzi welwandle athathe isikhundla esima-70% wephasi. [[Ilwandle]] liqakathekile ngombana kuyindawo lapho kuhlala khona ezinye zeenlwana, likhupha isiqunto se-oksijini ephufumulwa babantu. Ephasini sinemhlobo emine wamalwandle ekuyi lwandle ipacific, ilwandle I indian, ilwandle I-atlantic, ilwandle i-arctic ne ilwandle IeSewula. == Umhlobo wamalwandle == '''1. ilwandle i-Pacific''' Leli kulilwandle elikhulu ukuwadlula woke amalwandle ephasini. Ubukhulu belwandle leli budlula ubukhulu beenarhakazi zoke zephasi selel zihlanganisiwe. Ilikhaya le-Marian Trench ekuyindawo edibhelako ukudlula zoke phasini<ref>Stewart, H.A. and Jamieson, A.J., 2019. The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans. ''Earth-Science Reviews'', ''197'', p.102896.</ref>. Elwandle leli kunamahlengethwa, namatjhagi ahlala khona ngombana ilwandle leli kuyikhaya lawo. 2. I lwandle I- indian Linamanzi apholileko Ukudla woke amalwande, lizele ngeenlwana zemanzini ezihlukahlukeneko. '''3.Ilwandle i-Arctic''' Lilwanndle elincani ukwadlula woke ephasini begodu ngilo elimakhaza nofana elimanzi amakhaza khulu. Libonakala ngamanzi agubuzeswe lirhwaba.Ilwandle leli linamanzi afretjhibegodi amanzi la ngiwo elawula ubujamo bezulu ephasini loke<ref>Solomon, A., Heuzé, C., Rabe, B., Bacon, S., Bertino, L., Heimbach, P., Inoue, J., Iovino, D., Mottram, R., Zhang, X. and Aksenov, Y., 2021. Freshwater in the arctic ocean 2010–2019. ''Ocean Science'', ''17''(4), pp.1081-1102.</ref>. Linenlwana zakhona ezihlala khona elwandle leli. '''4. ilwandle i-Atlantic''' Leli lilwandle lesibili elikulu, laziwa ngamagagasi walo anamandla<ref>Anfuso, G., Rangel‐Buitrago, N., Cortés‐Useche, C., Iglesias Castillo, B. and Gracia, F.J., 2016. Characterization of storm events along the Gulf of Cadiz (eastern central Atlantic Ocean). ''International Journal of Climatology'', ''36''(11), pp.3690-3707.</ref> '''5. ilwandle IeSewula''' Yaziwa bona yi lwandle i-Antarctic ngombana indulungele ikhontinenti I-Antarctica. Linamanzi emakhaza . == Ukuqakatheka kwelwandle == Amalwandle aqakatheke ngendlela ezinengi okhonye kukuthi enza bona abantu bona bakghone ukuphila kuhle. === Ukudla === Ilwandle lenza bona abantu bakghone ukuthola Ukudla ngombana abantu bakghona ukuthiya iimfesi bayozidla nofana bazithengize<ref>Ferreira, B., Rice, J. and Rosenberg, A., 2016. The oceans as a source of food. ''The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (World Ocean Assessment I). United Nations, USA''.</ref>.. Lokhu kutjho bona ilwandle likhona ukondla iingidi zabantu ephasini. Abantu nbakghona ukukwakha ukwakha umnotho ngezinto ngenlwana abazithola elwandle, omunye umuntu angathatha iinlwana ezitholakala elwandle azathengise Ukuze akghone ukwenza imali. === Umoya === Ilwandle likhipha umoya ophefumulwa babantu obizwa bona yi-oksijini. Isiqunto se-oksijini esiyiphefumulako sivela elwandle<ref>Sigman, D.M. and Hain, M.P., 2012. The biological productivity of the ocean. ''Nature Education Knowledge'', ''3''(10), p.21.</ref>. Ilwandle lingeminye yemithombo lapho abantu bathoma khona ummoya ohlanzekileko abawutlhogako. === Isimo sezulu === Ilwandle lilawula isimo seZulu ngombana lidosa ikhabhoni dioksayidi nomtjhiso emoyeni == Isiphetho == Ilwandle liqakathekile begodu lidlala indima ekulu emaphilweni wabantu ngombana abantu bathola Ukudla kilo, bakghona ukuthola nomoya wokuphefumula ovela kilo. Kufuze abantu bavikele ilwandle bangalisilaphazi ukuze neenzukulwana ezizako zikghone ukuphile kuhle ngenzuzo abayithola elwandle. aorwvkgg567wl2t8ymcfay3wk4vxvw9 SWIP 0 563 2838 2837 2025-05-22T15:49:49Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 2838 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''SWiP''' == '''I-SWiP''' yiphrojekthi ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa amalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika ebuthelelwenilwazi, khulu khulu ilimi lesiNdebele ku-Wikipedia. Ilimi lesiNdebele lisetjenziswa njengelimi lokuhlola ngebanga lokuthi alikajanyelwa khulu ku-Wikipedia njengamanye amalimi weSewul Afrika begodu iphrojekthi le ihlose ukunikela abantu abakhuluma IsiNdebele amandla nomdlandla wokutlola ama-athikili ku-wikipedia simahla. Kanti-ke, i-SWiP yi-akhronimu ejamele iinhlangano ezintathu ekungizo ezakhe iphrojekthi le, iinhlangano lezo yi: SADiLaR begodu ngokuzeleko yi-South African Centre for for Digital Language Resources, ne-Wikipedia kanye nehlangano ye-PanSALB ekuyi-Pan South African Language Board ngokuzeleko. I-SADiLaR yatlanywa ngomnyaka wee-2016 begodu kuligadango lokwakha nokuphatha iintlabagelo zebuthelelolwazi nemitjhini yokurhubhulula edijithali kanye nokuthuthukisa iintlabagelo zamalimi adijithali eSewula Afrika. Igadango leli linikelwa isekele mNyango weSayentsi nokwakha eSewula Afrika. I-Wikipedia yatlanywa ngomnyaka we-2001 begodu yi-ensatlophidiya yasimahla etholakala ebuthelelwenilwazi, itlolwa beyibuye iphathwe mphakathi wabantu abazinikela simahla. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-13|title=Wikipedia {{!}} Definition, Encyclopedia, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wikipedia|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Kanti-ke, i-PanSALB yihlangano yeSewula Afrika eyakhwa ngesizathu sokukhuthaza ubuliminengi ukuze ithuthukise beyinzinzise amalimi woke weSewula Afrika alitjhumi nambili ngenani begodu ivikele amalungelo wamalimi eSewula Afrika, le ihlangano yatlanywa ngomnyaka we-1995. I-SWiP yona yatlanywa ngomnyaka wee-2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR|url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=sadilar.org}}</ref> Iminqopho ye-SWiP kukhulisa ubukhona bebuthelelolwazi bamalimi we-Sewula Afrika, ngokutjheja amalimi wendabuko, ngokukghonakalisa imiphakathi yendawo bona yenze begodu yabelane ngelwazi le-Wikipedia emalimini wabo. Iphrojekthi le ihlose ukuvikela amalimi wendabuko ngokukhuthaza ukusetjenziswa kwawo, ukubulunga amagugu wawo, nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana hlangana nabathintekako bamalimi. Igadango leli lifuna ukuvuselela nokuvikela amalimi wendabuko, ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwawo nokukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya okuhlukahlukeneko wokulondolozwa kwelimi. Iphrojekthi le ikhuthaza ukulondolozwa nokugidingwa kwamalimi wendabuko, isebenzela ukukhandela ukuwohloka kwawo begodu ikhuthaze ukuzibandakanya okusebenzako kwabasebenzi bamalimi nemiphakathi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/media-room/latest-news/2885-government-establishes-a-new-digital-centre-to-promote-indigenous-languages%5B%5D|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240212210914/https://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/media-room/latest-news/2885-government-establishes-a-new-digital-centre-to-promote-indigenous-languages%5B%5D|archive-date=2024-02-12|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.dst.gov.za}}</ref> Iphrojekthi ye-SWiP yenze amagadango soloko yasangulwa, yaqeda ngepumelelo isigaba sayo sokuthoma, esakha umfutho wokujanyelwa kwelimi le-Afrika ku-Wikipedia begodu yakhulisa umphakathi wabafaki-galelo abanekghono. Ipumelelo eqakathekileko ifaka hlangana ukusingatha imihlangano yokuqoqisana ngokutlola emalangeni amabili eendaweni ezisithandathu, ukubandula abahlanganyeli abama-483 abavela emayunivesithi ali-10, nokuhlela umnyanya oseqadi e-Sayensi Forum South Africa 2024, owakhuthaza ilwazi elivulekileko nelifinyelelekako kibo boke abantu. Iphaliswano lokutlola nalo lihlanganyelwe nabahleli abama-56, baqakathekisa abafaki-galelo abaphezulu nabaphumeleleko ngelimi ngalinye elitloliweko leSewula Afrika. Ukwakha phezu kwesisekelo lesi, iSigaba sesibili sathoma ngoSinyikhaba 2024 begodu sizokuragela phambili bekube nguMgwengweni 2027, sizokwethula amagadango amatjha wokuthuthukisa imiphakathi yamalimi nokuthuthukisa amalimi weSewula Afrika. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR|url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=sadilar.org}}</ref> === UMTHOMBO WELWAZI === adsac26rjcx79ma4no8kixtmb3mv51o USteffans Mahlangu 0 565 2790 2678 2025-04-30T06:02:34Z KeMang?? 604 maphutha 2790 wikitext text/x-wiki USteffans Mahlangu njenganje sele ayikosi etjha ye Charl Cilliers. [[Isimumathi:Steffanns5 88732.jpg|thumb|Chief Steffans Mahlangu.]] uBafana Mahlangu obegade kunguye omdosi phambili webutho elithunyelwe yiNgwenyama yama Ndzundza uMabhoko III,unikele ngokusemthethweni incwadi yesitifiketi ku Mahlangu Steffans.<ref>https://ridgetimes.co.za</ref> Ubaba u Steffans Mahlangu nje sele ayikosi ye Charl Cilliers ngemva komnyanya wokubekwa kwakhe mhlana amalanga alitjhumi nekhomba kuRhoboyi 2024. Uthweswe isikhundla lesi endaweni ye Charl Cilliers multi purpose centre ngebe Ndzundza Mabhoko Traditional Council.Nakakhuluma nababiki beendaba uBafana Mahlangu uthe ikosi etja ekungu Steffans Mahlangu uvumelekile bonyana akhalime eendabeni ezifaka hlangana zomphakathi ngokubambisana nesipholisa kunye neendabeni ezifaka isigodlo sakhe.Ubuyele watjho bonyana unelungelo lokungenelela abuye abonelele zesintu kunye neminyanya ekhona njengokutjho komthetho wezokubusa namasiko. UMahlangu Bafana ubuye wayelelisa ikosi etja bonyana ingathathi hlangothi lokha nayithatha iinqundo eziphathelene nokutjhutjhiswa kwabantu abatholakala bamlandu. "Kufuze bonyana uphathe boke abantu ngendlela elinganako ungathi hlangothi.Usebenze ngokuthembeka kunye nomphakathi ukusize." "Kufuze bonyana utjheje khulu amasiko wethu angathathelwa phasi.Usebenze namanye amakhosi nabanye abantu abasemphakathini njengombana siphila emphakathini onabantu abanamasiko ahlukeneko.Wenze isiciniseko sokobana isithuzi sobukhosi bethu namasiko wethu akathathelwa phasi begodu ayahlonitjhwa." Ikosi uMahlangu uthembisile bonyana uzokulandela yoke imithetho kunye nemigomo begodu wathembisa bonyana uzokusebenza nabo boke abantu be Charl Cilliers ngokuthembeka nangeqiniso. == Imikhombo == <references /> bv7ewr221uz8oisj5wqk8tlt42sv03x Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo 0 567 3234 3228 2025-06-26T12:59:57Z Mosakaruka 586 spelling fix 3234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Depressione.jpg|thumb|Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo kufana nokuba sejele lomkhumbulo]] '''UkuGandeleleka komKhumbulo''' (''Depression'', namkha ''Depressive Disorder'' ngesiNgisi) kugula kwengqondo okwenza umuntu ahlale adanile, angabi nekareko namkha alahlekelwe lithemba isikhathi eside. Woke umuntu uba neenkhathi zokudana nokungathabi, kodwana ukuGandeleleka komKhumbulo kuhlukile ngombana kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ingathinta ipilo yomuntu, itjhebiswano lakhe nomndenakhe, abangani bakhe, nomphakathi ahlala kiwo. Kungabanga imiraro esikolweni nakamfundi, namkha abe nemiraro emsebenzini.<ref name=":0">World Health Organisation Website - [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression Depressive Disorder]</ref> Kungathinta indlela acabanga ngayo, azizwa ngayo nenza ngayo izinto, njengokulala, ukudla nemisebenzi ayenza namalanga. Umhlobo lo wokugula awukhethi ukuthi umhlobo bani, ubulili bani, usebenza kuphi, urhola malini, wenza isiko bani nokuthi ufunde kangangani. <ref>[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression#hts-intro National Institute of Mental Health - Depression]</ref> Okumbi khulu kukuthi ukuGandeleleka komKhumbulo kungenza umuntu azibulale. Ngokwewebhusayidi ye-''World Health Organization,'' abantu abama-700 000 bayazibulala qobe mnyaka ngebanga lokugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo. Nayiragako ithi pheze abantu abaziingidi ezima-280 ephasini mazombe kubaphethe ukugulokhu begodu kubonakala kubamba khulu abantu abasikazi kunabaduna, okumaphesente amane wabembaji, nasithandathu wabengubo. <ref name=":0" /> == UkuGandeleleka KomKhumbulo ESewula Afrika == Kuthiwani ngokuGandeleleka komKhumbulo eSewula Afrika? Kunerhubhululo elitjengisa bona abantu beSewula Afrika basemathubeni amanengi wokuphathwa kugandeleleka komkhumbulo nokutshwenyeka ukudlula kwezinye iinarha. Irhubhululwelo lenziwe yi-''Wits/Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU).'' UDorhodere u-Ashleigh Craig, ongumrhubhululi we-(DPHRU) uthi imininingwana yerhubhululweli iveza bona inani labantu abaphethwe kugandeleleka nokutshwenyeka eSewula Afrika lidlula inani le-USA, le-Germany nele-Australia. <ref>University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg - [https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2022/2022-11/mental-health-in-sa-is-at-shocking-levels-but-people-are-not-seeking-help-.html Mental Health in South Africa] </ref> == Amatshwayo WokuGandeleleka KomKhumbulo == [[Isimumathi:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|thumb|Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo kukwenza uhlangahlangane]] Kunamatshwayo atjengisa bona umuntu uphethwe kugulokhu. Umuntu angabonakala * Ngokutjhugutjhuguluka kwemizwa msinyana * Ngokuhlala adanile isikhathi eside, * Nokuzizwa angasililitho, aphelelwe lithemba * ngokukwata nangokusilingwa zizinto ezincani ezingatjho litho, namkha ahlangahlangane. * Ngokungasabi nekareko emsebenzini yangamalanga * Ngokuphilelwa ubusuku boke, abanye balale isikhathi eside. * Ngokuhlala udiniwe nokuphelelwa namdlandla wokusebenza bese kuthathe isikhathi eside ukwenza umsetjenzana omncani. * Abanye abakuthandi ukudla abanye bayafobela. * Abanye bazibetha khulu nabenze iimphoso, bazizwe bangasililitho. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=How to cope with depression |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/cope-with-depression/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Lokho Kufuze Umuntu Akwenze Nakagandelelekileko == Kunezinto umuntu nakazizwa agandelelekile okufuze azenze ngokuya ngokwewebhusayidi ye-NHS ye-UK: * Kufuze athintane nabodorhodere bengqondo ngokurhabako bona afumane isizo * Kufuze adle ukudla okunepilo * Angaseli khulu utjwala * Kufuze kube nemisetjenzana ayenzako * Ahlale akhuluma nabantu * Aqalane nalokho okumlethela ukwesaba <ref>NHS - [https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/cope-with-depression/ How to cope with depression]</ref> == Iinkhombo == 8ju5i78yp4axd0pv9pxjagf1mn8t5bu UKUGULA KOKUKHOHLWA 0 569 2692 2025-04-23T09:10:45Z Orrora 587 Created page with "= UKUGULA KOKUKHOHLWA - ''DEMENTIA'' = [[Isimumathi:Old zacatecas lady.jpg|thumb|Isifo sokukhohlwa siphatha abantu abalupheleko]] Ukugula kokukholwa ngesikhuwa okubizwa ngokobana yi-''Dementia'' sisifo esitsatsela abantu abalupheleko nasele bayile ngeminyaka. Sibenza balahlekelwe mkhumbulo, balahlekelwe lilimi abalikhulumako, bangakghoni ukurarulula imiraro ebebayirarulula nabasaphile kuhle, bangakghoni ukuzicabangela.<ref>ALZHEIMER'S ASSOCIATION, [https://www.alz.org/a..." 2692 wikitext text/x-wiki = UKUGULA KOKUKHOHLWA - ''DEMENTIA'' = [[Isimumathi:Old zacatecas lady.jpg|thumb|Isifo sokukhohlwa siphatha abantu abalupheleko]] Ukugula kokukholwa ngesikhuwa okubizwa ngokobana yi-''Dementia'' sisifo esitsatsela abantu abalupheleko nasele bayile ngeminyaka. Sibenza balahlekelwe mkhumbulo, balahlekelwe lilimi abalikhulumako, bangakghoni ukurarulula imiraro ebebayirarulula nabasaphile kuhle, bangakghoni ukuzicabangela.<ref>ALZHEIMER'S ASSOCIATION, [https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia what is dementia?]</ref> Abantwaba bakhohlwa nabantu abahlala nabo ngendlina bangasabazi nokubazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ababatlhogomelako bayathinteka ngokomkhumbulo nangokwamazizo ngebanga lokugula okuphethe amalungu wemindenabo. Nanyana amalunga womndeni angalinga ngamandla ukubaphatha ngethando labo abanesifo sokukhohlwa, angazizwa adiniwe, atjharagene namkha azizwe amlandu. Yeke amalunga womndeni akuthola kubudisi ukutlhogomela abanesifo sokukhohlwa.<ref>National Institute of Medicine, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181916/ The caregivers of people with dementia]</ref> == NGABANJANI ABAPHATHWA SISIFO SOKUKHOHLWA? == I-''World Health Organization'' iveza bona abantu abasengozini yokuphathwa kugulokhu babantu: * Abanokugandeleleka nokutshwenyeka * Abasela khulu * Abanomzimba omkhulu * Abanetjhukela * Abanomfutho weengazi ophezulu * Ababhemako * Abangawusebenzisi khulu umzimbabo * Abagegedwako emphakathini * Nabalupheleko<ref name=":0">World Health Organization, [[Dementia]]</ref> == INDLELA ONGALEMUKA NGAYO UMUNTU ONESIFO SOKUKHOHLWA == Kunezinto abantu abanesifo sokukhohwa abazenzako. Irhubhululo le-WHO liveze nanzi ezilandelako: * Ukukhohlwa izinto eziqeda ukwenzeka * Ukubeka into bese ungasazi bona uyibekephi * Ukulahleka nawukhamba endleleni oyijayeleko * Ukungasakghoni ukulungisa imiraro * Ukuthola kubudisi ukukhuluma nabantu * Ukutjhuguluka kwemizwa Iintjengiswezi azibi khona zoke kibo boke abantu abaphethwe bulwele bokukhohlwa, kodwana ziyatjhiyatjhiyana. Okudanisako kukuthi abulapheki ubulwelobu kodwana kuneendlela ezingasiza umuntu ophethwe bulwelobu. Kokuthoma kufuze adle ukudla okunepilo. Okwesibili athabulule umzimba qobe, arage nokuzihlanganisa nabantu akhulume nabo. Okokugcina kufuze aye kwadorhodere asele namapilisi nemitjhoga anikelwa yona.<ref name=":0" /> ttqmg22igkc1gji1g0rzm35r0gplt58 Umlambo i-Olifants (i-Limpopo) 0 587 2764 2762 2025-04-24T13:50:25Z Mojonom 593 2764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umsuka womlambo == Umlambo i-Olifants uthoma phakathi kweendawo i-Breyten ne-Bethal, [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|esifundeni se-Mpumalanga]]. Umlambo lo ugelezela tjhuba langetlhagwini ukuya e[[Limpopo|sifundeni seLimpopo]] ngokudlula e-Witbank Dam<ref>[https://www.mpumalanga.com/press-media/blog/a-record-breaking-dam A Record Breaking Dam - Mpumalanga]</ref>, begodu idlule nase Loskop Dam. Kusukela lapho, ikatelelwa ziintaba ze Transvaal Drankensberg bonyana itjhinge ngepumalanga yeLimpopo. Sele useLimpopo, udlula e-Abel Erasmus Pass bese ugelezela ngepumalanga uyokudlula i-Lowveld (esehleni) lapha uyokuhlangana khona nomlambo i-Letaba. Nawusuka lapho, umlambo lo ukhamba utjhinge esifundeni se-Gaza, [[Mozambique|ese-Mozambique]]. ngemva kokuba namajikajika ngonobangela weentaba ze-Lebombo ngendlela ye-[[Olifants Gorge]]. Lapha ke, umlambo lo sewubizwa ngokuthi yi ''-Rio dos Elefantes'', ngelimi lesi [[Portuguese]]. Ekugcineni kwayo ihlangana nomlambo i-Limpopo eselelwe makhilomitha ama-40km bonyana ingene elwandle i-Indian Ocean e-Xai-Xai etlhagwini ye-[[Maputo]]. * dcnmb9310jblpncu7cxek90yj3x5c61 IYunivesithi ye-Pitoli 0 588 2759 2754 2025-04-24T13:30:02Z Masombukaunathi 595 Link added 2759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-Pretoria''' (Afrikaans, Northern Sotho ). IYunivesithi yasungulwa ngo-1908 njengekhampasi ye-Pretoria ye- [https://www.britannica.com/place/Transvaal Transvaal] University College e [[Johannesburg|-Johannesburg,]] begodu isikhungo sesine eSewula esiragela phambili ukunikelwa isikhundla seYunivesithi. IYunivesithi isuke kubafundi abama-32 bokuthoma endlini ye-Victorian ukuya ema-53,000 ngo-2019. IYunivesithi yakhiwa emakhampasini alikhomba wedorobha dlmrzor3ulnbwr0a7j0eqfbx2qzat7d Isayensi yengqondo 0 589 2763 2760 2025-04-24T13:47:33Z Inno06 594 added a reference 2763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Isayensi yengqondo]]''' kusifundo sengqondo nokuziphatha. Indaba yayo ifaka hlangana ukuziphatha kwabantu nokhunye okungaphili njengabantu, kokubili izinto ezizwakalako nezingezwakaliko, kanye neenkambo zengqondo ezifana nemicabango, imizwa, kanye neenhloso. Isayikholoji mkhakha wezefundo omkhulu khulu, owela hlangana nesayensi yemvelo neyehlalakuhle. [[Abasazi bengqondo zezinto eziphilako]] bafuna ukuzwisisa izakhiwo ezivelako zobuchopho, zihlanganisa umkhakha lo nesayensi yezinzwa. Njengabososayensi bezehlalakuhle, izazi zengqondo zihlose ukuzwisisa ukuziphatha kwabantu namaqembu.<ref>Psychology: Definitions, branches, history, and how to become one</ref> Izazi zengqondo zibandakanyeka ekurhubhululeni ukubona, ukuqabanga, ukutjheja, imizwa, ubuhlakani, amava wokuzikhethela, ukukhuthazeka, ukusebenza kwengqondo kanye nobuntu. Iinrhuluphelo zabososayensi bezeengqondo zikhula zifinyelele ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu, ukuqina kwengqondo, ukujamelana nomndeni, nezinye iindawo ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezehlalakuhle. Baphinde bacabangele ingqondo engazi lutho. Izazi zengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela ezihlolisisako ukuthola ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukeneko zengqondo. Abanye, kodwana ingasi boke, izazi zengqondo zezokwelapha nezeluleko zithembele ekuhlathululeni okufanako . ga6ece1joumcy5z6mcht2bim16r4g4o Ukukhuthaza abantu abakhuluma isiNdebele ngokuthuthukisa ilimi 0 590 2780 2775 2025-04-25T10:22:11Z Inno06 594 added a picture 2780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Isindebele|IsiNdebele]]''' ngelinye lamalimi wabaNguni asemthethweni eSewula Afrika elisetjenziswa nakukhulunywako, eenkolweni, emisebenzini kanye nezinye iindawo. Ilimi lesiNdebele likhulunywa sitjhaba esibizwa bona maNdebele esitholakala eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko zangeSewula Afrika. Kunemihlobo emibili eyaziwako yamaNdebele ekhuluma isiNdebele esihlukileko ingasi khulu godu. SinamaNdebele abizwa bona maNala kanye namaNzunza.<ref>Ndebele Language in South Africa | SouthAfrica.com</ref> AmaNala kanye namaNzunza akakhulumi ngendlela efanako. AmaNala ayaliliza bese amaNzunza ayandrondroza. Ngokuya ngokomthetho lilodwa ilimi elisetjenziswako ukutlola okulilimi elilinganisiwe kwavumelwana ngelilodwa. Ilimi liyindlela yokuthintana kungaba kukhuluma, kufunda kanye nokutlola. Ilimi lidosa phambili ekwakheni indlela esenza ngayo izinto ngombana bengeke sakghona ukuthintana nokuzwana ngabe bekungasilo. [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|thumb|242x242px|Ndebele woman attire]] == Indlela ezingasetjenziswa ukuthuthukisa isiNdebele == Iimi elinye nelinye kufanele bona lithuthukiswe ngendlela ezifaneleko nezisemthethweni. Ukuthuthukisa ilimi lesiNdebele kuqakathekile ngombana kwenza bona ilimi lekhethu lingatjhabalali. Isikhethu singathuthukiswa ngokobana sikhulunywe njalo mihla namalanga bakhulumi baso begodu bazikhakhazise ekusikhulumeni. Angeke kwaba nabantu abanetjisakalo ngokwazi kabanzi ngelimi leli, abantu bakhona banganayo itjisakalo yokulithuthukisa ngombana kufanele kuthome kibo. Ukuze ilimi lesikhethu lifike eendaweni eziphakemeko kuqakathekile bona lithuthukiswe ngendlela ezihlukahlukeneko ingasi ngokukhuluma kwaphela. Enye indlela engasetjenziswa kukobana kutlolwe phasi ngalo ilimi leli ukuze abanetjisakalo bazokghona ukufunda okutloliweko ngalo. Lapho kuzokuvela amarhubhululo ahlukahlukeneko mayelana nelimi lesiNdebele nangendlela ilimi lihlangana ngakhona nesiko ngombana ziyakhambisana.<ref>ISINDEBELE CLA SELF STUDY GUIDE 2018 FINAL.pdf</ref> == Amareferensi == d3g2p4y7fjbn3hk5h23uuat32e45v9t St John's Apostolic Faith Mission 0 591 3130 2942 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Mojonom|Mojonom]] 2781 wikitext text/x-wiki I St John's apostolic faith mission lingelinye lamasondo amakhulu atholakala enarheni yeSewula Africa Kanye neenarheni eziyizombelezileko ekufana ne Botswana, lesotho, Namibia kune ne-eSwatini. Indlukulu yesondo leli isendaweni ye Katlehong, eduze ne dorobha le Germiston esifundeni seGauteng. Esikhathini Sanje,isondo leli lirholwa ngu ladyarchbishop GL Maragu kusukela ngomnyaka ka 2005 ngemva kokubhubha kwaka archbishop B Maragu obekangu sobentwabakhe. Kulisondo elikhule laze laqgina sele linamagaja andlula alikhulu eenarheni ezisesewula yeAfrikha. [[Isimumathi:Warsaw 2023 112 Jesus Holy Cross Sculpture.jpg|center|thumb|Ujesu uphethe isiphambano]] == Umlando Wesondo == Isondo le St John's Apostolic Faith Mission linomlando osuka kumma obizwa ngoChristina Nku okunguye ongumthomi wekonzo ye St John's Apostolic Faith Mission.<ref>A remarkable woman in African Independent Churches: Examining Christina Nku's leadership in St John's Apostolic Faith Mission</ref> u Christinah Nku khabe asonda esondweni le Apostolic Faith Mission. Ekuphumeni kwakhe e Apostolic Faith Mission waphuma ngebanga lokobana ahlutjhwa mumoya, ekwamkatelela bona aphume ayokuvuka lakhe isondo elitjha. ekuphumeni kwakhe, waphuma wayokusebenzisana nabobaba ababili ababizwa ngo Petros Moloi kunye nobaba uRamoipone. bobathathu baya endaweni yase Evaton lapha bebanesebenzo yokusiza abantu nesitjhaba ebaphila kiso ngokubasebenzela ukuze bathole ipilo.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.7833/117-1-1386</ref> ekusebenzeleni abantu kwabo, bebasebenza ngaphasi kwakababa obekanesibongo sakwa Nkitsing. Ekhambeni labo lokuphilisa abantu, omunye wabantu abeza bazokulatjhwa ngu Mama uChristinah Nku ngubaba obizwa ngokuthi ngu Petros John Masango. Ekufikweni kwaka baba uMasango ku mama Christinah Nku kwakhombisa nokho bona kufike umuntu onomoya begodu ngokwekolelo yabo ekungumuntu othandwe nguZimu bona azoba ngomunye ozokusebenzela abantu ngokomoya. UBaba uMasango waqgina angomunye wamalunga wesondo abhajadisiweko begodu kwakhamba khamba kwaze kwafika isikhathi lapha aba ngumfundisi khona. Sele angumfundisi, wayokuthoma lakhe isondo naye endaweni ebeyibuzwa ngokobana yi Dukathole ekungelinye lamalokishi amadala eendaweni ezinqa nge Germiston. Ngeminyaka yabo 1970, kwaba sikhathi lapha ubujamo besondo kuba budisi khona, ekwaqgina sekurholela bona uBaba UMasango aphethe ngokobana ayokuzijamela ngaphandle kokuba ngaphasi kwesondo leli. Ubaba uMasango ngebanga le Grou Areas Act ebeyikhona ngesikhatheso, kwafanele basuke eDukathole bafudukele endaweni yase Katlehong Zuma Section la isondo lakhe lisese khona. Ubaba Ukhambe ephasini ngomnyaka ka 1984 sele asebenze kangangokuthi aqgine avule amasondo amakhulu asenanini elingu 38. Ngemva kokukhamba kwakababa uMasango, isondo liqgine lifumene umphathi omutjha ekungu baba u Archbishop Maragu oqgine anyuk == Imithombo Yelwazi == 2rxyxujssq9xauqk0u2wozwjv4pzh8r Ukusetjenziswa kwamalimi wendabuko eenkundleni zokuthintana 0 592 2769 2025-04-25T08:16:54Z Masombukaunathi 595 Created a article 2769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuqakathekile''' bona woke amalimi wendabuko athuthukiswe begodu asetjenziswe eenkundleni zokuthintana, njengaku WhatsAPP, Facebook, Tiktok nakezinye iinkundla zokuthintana. Lokhu kuzokwenza bona ilutjha nabantwana abasakhulako bangalahli amalimi wabo. kuqakathekile bona nakutlolwa ngamalimi wendabuko kusetjenziswa imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ngombana lokho kuzokwenza bona ilimi lihleleke begodu lihlonipheke. Abasebenzisi bamalimi wendabuko kuqakathekile bona basebenzise amalimi lokha nabatlola imibono, babelana ngemilandu ethizi, batlola iinkondlo namkha batlola amahlaya. == Iinkudla zokuthinthana == Ukuhlangana namkha ukuhlanganyela kwama-Influencers bathuthukise amalimi ngokuthi benze amavidiyo bafundise amalimi. Iinhlangano ezithuthukisa amalimi kufanele zikhuthaze abantu bona basebenzise amalimi wabo ngokutlomelisa labo abathuthukisa amalimi khulu khulu eekundleni zokuthintana. 39u1sc0q81fpjnr11ty4w0cuvj5qpk0 Ukuqakatheka kokufunda 0 593 3068 2991 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Inno06|Inno06]] 2786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Ifundo]]''' iqakathekile kiwo woke umuntu ngombana isilodlhelo seminyango enengi ekhona emhlabenapha. Ukuze uzokwazi okhunye kufanele ube nolwazi ngokuthileko bewufunde ngakho ukuze uzokuzwisisa ncono. Ukufunda kwenza umuntu ahlakaniphe ngombana usuke athwele ilwazi elinengi mayelana nalokho asuke akufunda. Ukufunda kwenza umuntu bona ahlakaniphe ngokudluleleko begodu azwisise ncono.<ref>Why Is Learning Important? (20 Reasons)</ref> [[Isimumathi:Four Types of Learning Styles.jpg|thumb|Iindlela ezine 4 zokufunda]] == Iindlela zokufunda == Zinengi iindlela ezisetjenziswako ukufumana ilwazi nanyana ukufunda ngokuthileko. Omunye nomunye umuntu ufunda ngendlela afuna ukufunda ngayo okungaba kufumana ilwazi ngemitjhiningqcondo, ngokufunda iincwadi, ngokuya esikolweni == Amareferensi == nyvkog5n7cj6aebe5qcbkk1kykyyj5v Umrhayili 0 595 2829 2812 2025-05-20T18:24:09Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i changed the images. 2829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umrhayili''' yinyanga yesihlanu ku https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar ne https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar.Inyanga ka Mrhayili inamalanga amatjhumi amathathu nanye.eSewula Afrika kilenyanga kuthoma umoya omakhaza orhayila nofana obulala yoke into emilileko namkha ebeyihlaza ehlobo.Inyanga kaMrhayili ise sizinini ye kwindla nalapho kuthoma khona isikhathi sobusika.Ibizo lenyanga lihlathulula bonyana kusikhathi sokobana izinto ezinengi ezifana neentjalo ziyarhayileka nofana ziyafa. [[Isimumathi:Africa Month Logo web(1).jpg|thumb|Africa Month Logo]] Inyanga ye Afrika igidingwa qobe mnyaka ngoMrhayili,ukukhumbula ukusungulwa kwe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity#:~:text=The%20OAU%20was%20founded%20in,May%201963%20in%20Addis%20Ababa I edishini yetjhumi yenyanga ye Afrika igidingwa ngaphasi kewsiqubulo esithi:"SIGIDINGA IMINYAKA EMATJHUMI AMATHATHU NANYE YE TJHAPHULUKO",sakha iAfrika encono nephasi elincono. eSewula Afrika inyanga kaMrhayili qobe mnyaka itshwaywa njenge nyanga yeAfrika begodu ithungelene nokhu sekela nokuqinisa ilanga le Afrika.Ngomnyaka ka 2024 i https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union yahloma ilanga leAfika ngokurhabisa ukutlanywa kwe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area.Ibuye isekele amahlelo asekela i International Decade Of Indigenous Languages njengo kutjho kwe UNESCO ukutjengisa ukuqakatheka kokuthuthukisa ukusetjenziswa kwamalimi wendabuko we Afrika. Iyunivesithi ye Mpumalanga https://www.ump.ac.za/ igidinga ilanga le Afrika solo kwango 2015.U vice chancellor we univesithi ye Mpumalanga uProfessor Thoko Mayekiso wathi iziko lezefundo ligidinga beliyazikhakhazisa ngoutjhidelana nenarhakazi yeAfrika. " ngokwehloso yethu sirhuluphela ukuba yi univesithi ye Afrika ekhamba phambili ekuletheni amathuba wokuthuthuka ngokusungula nokhu sungula.sikholwa bonyana kusinikela ithuba elihle ukuthuthukisa umqopho wethu ngamalanga.sisungule isiko lokugidinga iAfrika day solo kwango 2015.sibe netjhudu lokumema aboqwephetjhe bazositlhadlhula ngenarhakazi ye Afrika. [[Isimumathi:Stratimage.jpg|thumb|Zanex foundation.]] I Zanex Foundation African languages literarcy project eyaziwa bonyana yi Ulwazi Lwethu ihlanganisa iinhlangano ezine zeengweli esikhaleni semitlolo yabantwana begodu isebenzisa ubucwephetjhe babo ukukhiqiza izinga eliphezulu lelimi le Afrika lokuzigedla kunye nabafundi abalinganisiweko besigaba sesisekelo. I Zanex Foundation ithome begodu yasekela ngeemali i Ulwazi lwethu African language reading materials project ngomqopho wokuthuthukisa ukufunda kweencwadi zamalimi we Afrika nokusekela abotitjhere ngensetjenziswa zokufundisa ukufunda kwabentwana abasemazingeni aphasi wefundo ukufunda ngelimi lekhaya. IINKOMBA. 1.https://ienabler.ump.ac.za/pls/prodi41/w99pkg.mi_login 2.https://www.dsac.gov.za/ 3.https://www.zenexfoundation.org.za/ 4.https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwjFqoiInqGNAxWOmFAGHfFjAIUYABABGgJkZw&co=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIxaqIiJ6hjQMVjphQBh3xYwCFEAAYASAAEgL_XvD_BwE&ohost=&cid=CAASAuRo&category=acrcp_v1_0&sig=AOD64_3drcTFHUq-fKd8NUbc2q4_SQeLNQ&adurl=https://expatexplore.com/blog/interesting-facts-south-africa/%3Futm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_medium%3Dcpc%26utm_campaign%3D%7Bcampaignname%7D%26utm_term%3D%26utm_content%3D%26gad_source%3D5%26gad_campaignid%3D22453287344&q=&nb=1&rurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsyndicatedsearch.goog%2F&nm=5&nx=50&ny=7&is=530x806 ahqpbvah42xrgylnvxgq6iewut0kb4y Ukubulunga amalimi akhulunywako eSewula Afrika 0 600 2822 2821 2025-05-19T09:40:50Z Nqobile69 190 2822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ISewula''' Afrika kuyinarha enamalimi esemthethweni akhulunywako. Amalimi la nakapheleleko kumalimi amatjhumi amabili nasifaka nelimi lamatshwayo<ref>Hlengwa-Selepe, B.B., 2020. ''A critical analysis of South Africa’s contemporary language policies with specific reference to the Use of Official Languages Act No. 12 of 2012 for government purposes'' (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa)).</ref><ref>Butler, A., 2017. ''Contemporary South Africa''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref>. Ilimi kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana lilekelela umuntu bonyana akghone ukuveza imicabango nemibono yakhe ngendlela epheleleko nenqophileko. Kuqakathekile bona amalimi woke weSewula Afrika abulungwe ukuze akghone ukuthi angatjhabalali. == Ukuqakatheka kokubulunga amalimi == === Ukuveza imicabango === Umuntu lokha nakacabanga into, ukuze akghone ukuveza bona ucabangani kufuze bona asebenzise ilimi ukuthi akghone ukudlulisa bona ucabangani ngendlela ezokuzwiwa babantu boke abamlaleleko<ref>van der Veer, R. and Zavershneva, E., 2018. The final chapter of Vygotsky's Thinking and Speech: A reader's guide. ''Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'', ''54''(2), pp.101-116.</ref>. Umuntu lokha nakadlulisa imicabango yakhe ngelimi ekungasilo lakhe angagcina sele akhuluma into angafuni ukuyikhuluma kodwana akhulume into efana naleyo afuna ukuyitjho, ngombana lokha umuntu nakakhuluma ilimi elingasilo lakhe kulula bonyana aphelelwe lilwazi lamagama afuna ukuwasenzisa bese asebenzise lawo aseduze nalelo ebakafuna ukulisebenzisa. Yeke ngokubulunga amalimi nango kuwagadangisa kweze dijithali kuzokwenza bona kube lula bonyana abantu bakghone ukuveza [[imicabango]] yabo nokuthi bakghone ukuveza imibona yabo. === Ukulingana === Lokha amalimi weSewula Afrika nawabulungwe woke ngokwedijithali azokhona ukuthi agcine alingana kungabi nokuthi elinye ilimi liqakatheke khulu ukudlula elinye, ngombana kunelimi elingaziwako bonyana nawufuna ilwazi ngalo uzolitholaphi. Amalimi nawabulungwe woke kuzokuba nokulingana ekuzokuvela ngokuthi woke umuntu afunde esikolweni ngelimi likanina akhuliswe ngalo begodu nalikhulumako. Lokhu kuzokuba nomphumela omuhle khulu emfundweni zabafundi, ngombana nje enarheni yeSewula Afrika abafundi abakghona ukufunda ngelimi labo eenkolweni zamaziko aphakemeko bafundi abakhuluma [[ilimi]] lesiNgisi nelesiBhuru. Nakungenzeka bona amalimi alingane ngokuthuthuka, kuzokwenza bona nabantu abakhuluma amalimi ahlukileko enarheni le bamukelane, kungaba nokuthi umuntu ukhuluma into engekho nofana ukhuluma ilimi elingaziwako. === Ifundo === Umnyango wezefundo uhlele bewaphasisa umthetho wokuthi kufanele abafundi be greyidi-4 bafunde ngamalimi wabo isifundo seembalo Kanye nesesayensi yemvelo<ref>Veriava, F., 2024. The Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill: A case study in transformative constitutionalism beyond the courts. ''African Human Rights Law Journal'', ''24''(1), pp.153-178.</ref>. Ukubulungwa kwalimi kuzokwenza bona umsebenzi lo ubeyipumelelo, ngombana kuzokwenza bona kugcine sele kufundwa ngamalimi asemthethweni ama-12 weSewula afrika efundweni yamazika aphakemeko.Kuzokuba netjhuguluko efundweni yeSewula afrika.Woke amalimi we Sewula Afrika nakabulungwe ngokulingana kuzoku kghonakala bonyana woke umfundi enarheni le afunde [[isikolo]] ngelimi lakhe ukusukela e greyidini-R bekuyokufika e greyidinI ye-12 kurage godu kuyokufika efundweni yamazika aphakemeko.Ihlelo elifakwe eenkolweni le-MTBEE elifakwe eeenkolweni lizokuba yipumelelo ngombana elikho ilimi elizokubandlululwa<ref>Khetoa, S., Aiseng, K., Theledi, K. and Motinyane, M., 2024. The centralization and racialization of language policy: implications for the ‘below'. ''Frontiers in Communication'', ''9'', p.1472674.</ref>. === Ubunjalo babantu === Woke amalimi wabantu akhulunywa eSewula Afrika kufuze abulungwe ngombana ngokwenza njalo kuzokuba nokuthuthuka kwesitjhaba nokuthi abantu abakhuluma lelo limi bakghone ukuthi bobonakale nokuthi bamukelwe enarheni yeSewula Afrika, nanyana baye kwezinye inarha bazokukghona ukubonakala ukuthi bakhuluma amanye wamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika. Ilimi lenza bona umuntu azazi ukuthi ukuthi ungubani ngombana usebenzisa lona ukuzethula ahlathulule imvelaphi yakhe, begodu akghone nokuthi enze amasiko wakhe asebenzisa ilimi lakhe<ref>Parajuli, B., 2021. Role of language in shaping cultural identity. ''Marsyangdi journal'', pp.112-118.</ref><ref>Doke, C.M., 2017. ''The Southern Bantu Languages: Handbook of African Languages''. Routledge.</ref>. Lokhu kungombana umuntu ngelimi akakhulumi kwaphela kodwana ukghona nokuthi enze nomvumo ngelimi. === Ilwazi lomthetho nokupeledwa kwamalimi === Lokha nakubulungwa amalimi abantu bakghona nokuthi bathole ukuthola ilwazi lokuthi bafunde ukuthi ilimi likhunywa njani nokuthi lipeledwa bunjani. Iokho kuthuthukisa izinga lokuthi woke amalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika angatjhugululwa enziwe amalimi angaziwako begodu kusiza nokuthi umthetho wokusetjenziswa kwelimi ulandelwe kungathokali ilimi IsiNdebele sele sikhulunywa ngokuvangwa nelimi lesiSwati ngombana lokho kungenza bonyana ilimi limotjhakale. Abantu bazokukghona ukufunda izinto ezifana nokuthi kokhunye akukhonakali bonyana utjhugulule umutjho wesiNgisi ngendlela enqophileko uwuse elimini lesiNdebele. Ilwazi lomthetho welimi lizokwenza bona abantu balahle namagama welimi labo wemvelo bese basenzise wokubolekwa elimini lesiNgisi nofana kwamanye amalimi. Isibonelo igama ejamale uburotho ngesiNdebele mgadango kodwana sele kusetjenziswa leli loburotho ekungilo lokubolekwa elimini lesiBhuru. === Ukusebenzisa ilimi elinothileko === Lokha nawukhuluma ngokusebenzisa izaga nezitjho zelimi lemvelo lazo zikghona ukuthi zivele ngendlela enothisa ilimi nofana enembako. Nakungenzeka bonyana izaga nofana izitjho zelimi elithileko zisetjenziswe sele zitjhugululwe kwelimi zigcina sele zilahlekelwe ngilokho ezikumumetheko ngokobuhlaniphi nofana ngokwefundiso. Amalimi nakabulungiweko imvelo yelimi ngekhe itheleleke Begodu abantu bazokukghona ukusebenzisa ilimi ngokulandela imithetho yalo nangendela enembako. === Umsebenzi wokutjhugulula === Ukutlola ngelimi elingasilo lakho lemvelo utlole ngokutjhugulula ilimi, kumsebenzi omkhulu engqcondweni ngombana ingqondo kufanele isebenze khulu ukwenza umsebenzi loyo<ref>wa Thiong'o, N., 2009. Translated by the author: My life in between languages. ''Translation Studies'', ''2''(1), pp.17-20.</ref>. Ngesikhathi umuntu atjhugulula asebenzisa nobukghwari, ugcina sele alahlekelwa magama wemvelo afanele awasebenzise bese athathe lawo akungasiwo adlulisa umlayezo ngendlela enamandla. Lokha nawutjhugula inoveli nofana umdlalo ilimi lemvelo ekutlolwe ngalo lingagcina sele lingenelela kileli otjhugululela kilo ngaphandle kokuthi uhlele ukuthi lingenelele. Nalibulungiweko ilimi lizokuthuthuka bese abantu bazokukhona ukuthi bathole iinsetjenziswa ezikhghona ukutjhugulula msinya ilimi. Lokho kuzokwehlisa umsebenzi omkhulu owenzeka engqcondweni lokha nawutjhugululako. === Ukuzithemba === Lokha ilimi nalibulungiweko lenza bona abantu abalikhulumako bagcine sele baba nokuzithemba ngombana bazabe bakhuluma ilimi elaziwako nelilingana namanye amalimi wenarheni. Isibonelo nangabe umuntu akhuluma IsiNdebele endaweni yamaPedi angekhe agcine abenevalo lokuthi bazomnyaza nofana bangamamukeli ngombana naye lakhe ilimi kuzobe kulilimi elaziwako enarheni yeSewula Afrika begodu nakwezinye iiinarha zephasini. === Ukuthutha === Ukubulunga amalimi kuzokwenza bona amalimi woke azeke endaweni zoke zenarha YeSewula Afrika. Lokho kuzokwenza ukuthi nanoma umuntu athutha endaweni yekhabo ayokwakha endaweni lapho bakhuluma elinye ilimi elingafani nelakhe, angalahlekelwa kuzithemba bese agcine atjhugulula ilimi lakhe athathe labantu labo esele aphila nabo ngaleso skhathi. === Ukwanela kweensetjenziswa zefundo === Lokha amalimi nakabulungeke woke, kuzokuba lula bona woke amalimi abe neensetjenziswa zokufunda ezifana neencwadi zabantwana zokufunda nokhunye okungenza bona ifundo yabantwana ibe lula. Abantu abanye abanzima sele bathanda bona abantwana babo bafunde ngelimi lesiNgisi ngombana bobona ngathi isiNgisi lilimi eliphambili ngesibanga sokuthi lineensetjenziswa ezinengi zokufunda begodu kulilimi elikhulunywa iphasi loke. == Isiphetho == Ilimi kuyinto eyenza abantu bona bakghone ukuthi ukuveza imicabango yabo, begodu baphendule lokho abakuzwako ngokwendlela yabo. Amalimi akhona eSewula Afrika kufanele abulungwe woke ukuze akghone ukuthi alingane, begodu kungabi nomehluko lokha abantu abakhuluma. aheuhfgag0hiq6os366mx320ni5430k Isifo se-Lyme 0 601 2832 2830 2025-05-22T09:05:54Z Hugo.arg 37 Hugo.arg moved page [[Umsebenzisi:Mr. Ibrahem/Isifo se-Lyme]] to [[Isifo se-Lyme]] 2830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Lyme disease | synonym = Lyme borreliosis | image = Adult deer tick.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = An adult [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] (most cases of Lyme are caused by nymphal rather than adult ticks) | pronounce = | field = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | symptoms = Expanding area of redness at the site of a [[tick]] bite, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[fatigue (medical)|tiredness]]<ref name=CDC2013S/> | complications = [[Facial nerve paralysis]], [[arthritis]], [[meningitis]]<ref name=CDC2013S/> | onset = A week after a bite<ref name=CDC2013S/> | duration = | types = | causes = ''[[Borrelia]]'' spread by ticks<ref name=NEJM2014/> | risks = | diagnosis = Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests<ref name=CDC2013Diag/> | differential = | prevention = Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, [[DEET]]), [[doxycycline]]<ref name=NEJM2014/> | treatment = | medication = [[Doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]], [[azithromycin]], [[ceftriaxone]], [[cefuroxime]]<ref name=BNF2022/> | prognosis = | frequency = 365,000 per year<ref name=NEJM2014/><ref name=Berg2014/> | deaths = | video1 = [[File:Lyme disease.webm|frameless|upright=1.36|Video explanation]] | named after = }} '''Isifo se-Lyme''', esaziwa nangokuthi '''yi-Lyme borreliosis''', bulwelwe obuthathelwanako obubangwa yi- ''Borrelia'' bacterium esabalaliswa mikhaza . Itshwayo elivame khulu lokutheleleka yindawo ekhulako yokubomvu esikhumbeni, eyaziwa nge -erythema migrans, ebonakala endaweni lapho umkhaza ulunywe khona ngemva kweveke kwenzeke. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Iratjhi kanengi ayilunywa namkha ibe buhlungu. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Pheze ama-70 ukuya kwama-80% wabantu abathelelekileko baba ne-rash. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Ezinye iimpawu zokuthoma zingafakahlangana umkhuhlane, ihloko, ukudinwa kanye namadlala avuvukileko . Ivamise ukurarulula ngesigaba lesi. <ref name="Kumar2020" /> Nakungalatjhwa, abanye abantu bangathoma ukulahlekelwa likghono lokunyakazisa ihlangothi elilodwa nofana zombili zobuso, ubuhlungu emalungwini, ukuphathwa yihloko okukhulu nokuqina kwentamo, nofana ukubetha kwehliziyo, hlangana nezinye. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Ngemva kweenyanga ukuya eminyakeni, kungenzeka iinkhathi eziphindaphindiweko zobuhlungu bamalunga nokuvuvuka. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> <ref name="Kumar2020" /> Ngezinye iinkhathi, abantu baba nobuhlungu bokudubula nofana ukuvuvuka emikhonweni nemilenzeni yabo. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Nanyana kunikelwa ukwelatjhwa okufaneleko, abantu abangaba li-10 ukuya kweli-20% baba nobuhlungu bamalunga, imiraro yokukhumbula, nokudinwa okungenani iinyanga ezisithandathu. Ubulwelwe be-Lyme budluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa mikhaza enesifo somhlobo we- ''Ixodes'' . E-United States, imikhaza ekhathazako ivamise ukuba mhlobo we ''-Ixodes scapularis'', begodu kufuze inamathele okungenani ama-awa ama-36 ngaphambi kobana ibhaktheriya isabalale. E-Europe, imikhaza yomhlobo we ''-Ixodes ricinus'' ingasabalalisa ibhaktheriya msinyana. <ref name="Ste2016" /> E-North America, ibhaktheriya ''i-Borrelia burgdorferi'' kanye ''ne-Borrelia mayonii'' ibanga isifo se-Lyme. <ref name="NEJM2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shapiro ED|date=May 2014|title=Clinical practice. Lyme disease|url=http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=370|issue=18|pages=1724–1731|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1314325|pmc=4487875|pmid=24785207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071927/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2016|via=|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> E-Europe ne-Asia, ''i-Borrelia afzelii'' kanye ''ne-Borrelia garinii'' nazo zibangela ubulwele. Ubulwelwe lobu abubonakali butheleleka hlangana nabantu, ngezinye iinlwana, nofana ngokudla. <ref name="CDC2013T" /> Ukuhlolwa kusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kweempawu, umlando wokuvezwa kwemikhaza, begodu mhlamunye nokuhlolwa kwama -antibodies athileko egazini. Ukuhlolwa kweengazi kuvamise ukuba kumbi ekuthomeni kwesifo. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ukuhlolwa kwemikhaza ngayinye akusizi ngalitho. Ukukhandela kufaka hlangana imizamo yokukhandela ukulunywa mikhaza njengokugqoka izambatho ezivala imikhono nemilenze, nokusebenzisa iinhlahla eziqotjha iinambuzane ezisekelwe ku -DEET . Ukusebenzisa imithi yokubulala iintwala ukwehlisa inani lemikhaza nakho kungaba kuhle. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Imikhaza ingasuswa ngokusebenzisa i-tweezers . Nangabe umkhaza okhutjhweko bewuzele iingazi, umthamo munye we -doxycycline ungasetjenziswa ukukhandela ukukhula kokutheleleka, kodwana akukhuthazwa ngombana ukukhula kokutheleleka akukavami. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Nangabe kuvela ukutheleleka, ama-antibiotics amanengi ayasebenza, kufaka hlangana i-doxycycline, i-amoxicillin, i-azithromycin, i-ceftriaxone, kanye ne -cefuroxime . Ukwelatjhwa okujayelekileko kuvamise ukuthatha amaviki amabili nofana amathathu. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Abanye abantu baba nomkhuhlane kanye nobuhlungu bemisipha namalunga ngemva kokwelatjhwa okungathatha ilanga elilodwa nofana amabili. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kilabo abathola amatshwayo angapheliko, ukwelatjhwa ngama-antibiotic wesikhathi eside akukatholakali bona kuyasiza. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ubulwelwe be-Lyme bulwelwe obuvame ukusabalaliswa mikhaza e -Northern Hemisphere . Kulinganiselwa bona ithinta abantu abama-300,000 ngomnyaka e-United States kanye nabantu abama-65,000 ngomnyaka e-Europe. Ukutheleleka kuvame khulu entwasahlobo nasekuthomeni kwehlobo. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ubulwelwe be-Lyme batholwa njengobujamo obuhlukileko kokuthoma ngo-1975 e- Old Lyme, e-Connecticut . <ref name="Car2007" /> Ekuthomeni bekuthathwa njenge -rheumatoid arthritis yabantwana . Ibhaktheriya ebandakanyekako yathoma ukuchazwa ngo-1981 ngu -Willy Burgdorfer . Amatshwayo angapheliko alandela ukwelatjhwa ahlathululwe kuhle begodu aziwa ngokuthi "isifo se-Lyme ngemva kokwelatjhwa" (i-PTLDS). <ref name="CDC2017PT">{{cite web|title=Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=20 June 2018|date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> I-PTLDS ihlukile ebulwelweni be-Lyme obungapheliko ; ibizo elingasasekelwa mphakathi wezesayensi begodu lisetjenziswa ngeendlela ezihlukileko ziinqhema ezihlukileko. Abanye abasebenzi bezamaphilo bathi i-PTLDS ibangelwa kutheleleka okungapheliko, kodwana lokhu akukholelwa bona kuliqiniso ngombana abukho ubufakazi bokutheleleka okuhlalako okungatholakala ngemva kokwelatjhwa okujayelekileko. Umjovo wesifo se-Lyme wathengiswa e-United States hlangana nomnyaka ka-1998 ukuya ku-2002, kodwana wahoxiswa emakethe ngebanga lokuthengisa okumbi. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Irhubhululo liyaragela phambili ukwenza imijovo etja. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> == Iinkomba == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j0aakqmmvsdo3zi0wx4ppctyjuww4yy Amalimi WeSewula Afrika 0 604 3206 3156 2025-06-23T12:01:22Z Mosakaruka 586 3206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|Iflarha leSewula Afrika]] '''Inarha yeSewula Afrika''' yinarha enabantu abanamasiko nabaneenzinda ezihlukahlukeneko, nabakhuluma amalimi ahlukahlukeneko. Inengi labantu enarheni le lisesiqhemeni sokuthoma sabantu abakhuluma amalimi angaphasi kwesiNguni, okusiZulu, isiXhosa, [[Isindebele|isiNdebele]] nesiSwati. Bese isiqhema sesibili ngobukhulu ngesikhuluma amalimi we-Sesotho, Setswana, Sepedi. Bese kunesiqhema esikhuluma i-Xitsonga nesiqhema esikhuluma i-Tshivenda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-14|title=South Africa - Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Languages|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ngaphezu kwamalimi abaliweko la kunamalimi ahlobene nawo. Ngokwesibonelo, esiNdebeleni kunesiNala, nesiNdebele seMoletlane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ndebele people, traditions culture|url=https://www.africancraftsmarket.com/african-tribes/ndebele-people.html|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.africancraftsmarket.com}}</ref> EsiXhoseni kube nesiNgqika, isiThembu, isiBhaca, isiGcaleka, isiMpondo, isiMpondomise, isiMfengu nesiBomvana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=XHOSA - South African Language Xhosa|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/language-xhosa.htm#:~:text=Xhosa%20has%20been%20grouped%20into,yet%20pretty-sounding,%20language.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Kusese nelimi lesiThwa elibandaka isi-Khoe, isi-Tu isi-Kx'a, namanye amalimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - San people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/san.html|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> Bese isiSwati kunesikhulunywa eManzini, esikhulunywa eShiselweni, nesikhulunywa eHhoho.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=web-lingo|date=2013-01-07|title=SA’s Eleven Official Languages: SiSwati|url=https://web-lingo.com/sas-eleven-official-languages-siswati/#:~:text=Swazi%20is%20most%20closely%20related,considered%20closer%20to%20standard%20Swazi.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=Web-lingo|language=en-ZA}}</ref> IsiPedi naso sinamalinyana angaphasi kwaso anjengesiTlokwa nesiLobedu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=free online course|url=https://www.unisa.ac.za/static/corporate_web/Content/UnisaOpen/freeOnlineCourse/nSotho/nSotho.html#:~:text=Northern%20Sotho%20is%20based%20mainly,(Cf.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.unisa.ac.za}}</ref> Bese kube namalimi angasiwo wendabuko, namkha amalimi wesikhuwa akhulunywako njengesiNgisi nesiBhuru. Woke amalimi la namanye angakabalwa lapha malimi akhulunywa babantu beSewula Afrika. == Amalimi Asemthethweni == Amalimi aseMthethweni eSewula Afrika siNdebele, isiZulu, isiSwati, isiXhosa, i-Sepedi, i-Sesotho, i-Setswana, i-Tshivenda, ne-Xitsonga okumalimi wendabuko, bese kuba siBhuru nesiNgisi. Ithebula elingenzasi litjengisa isibalo sabantu abakhuluma amalimi asemthethweni eSewula Afrika namaphesente wabalikhulumako esibalweni sabo boke abantu abahlala eSewula Afrika ngokweembalobalo zango-2022.<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa#cite_note-EthnologueZA-7</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Ilimi ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lebele<ref name=":1" /> ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lesibili<ref name=":1" /> ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lesithathu<ref name=":1" /> |- !Isibalo !Amaphesente !Isibalo !Amaphesente !Isibalo !Amaphesente |- |IsiZulu |11,587,374 |22.7% |15,700,000 |30.8% |27,300,000 |46% |- |IsiXhosa |8,154,258 |16.0% |11,000,000 |21.6% |19,150,000 |33% |- |Tshivenda |1,209,388 |2.4% |1,700,000 |3.3% |2,910,000 |5% |- |Setswana |4,067,248 |8.0% |7,700,000 |15.1% |11,770,000 |20% |- |Xitsonga |2,277,148 |4.5% |3,400,000 |6.6% |5,680,000 |10% |- |IsiSwati |1,297,046 |2.5% |2,400,000 |4.7% |3,700,000 |6% |- |Sesotho |3,849,563 |7.6% |7,900,000 |15.5% |11,750,000 |20% |- |Sepedi |4,618,576 |9.1% |9,100,000 |17.8% |13,720,000 |23% |- |IsiNdebele |1,090,223 |2.1% |1,400,000 |2.7% |2,490,000 |4% |- |IsiNgisi |4,892,623 |9.6% |14,000,000 |27.4% |19,640,000 |33% |- |IsiBhuru |6,855,082 |13.5% |10,300,000 |20.2% |17,160,000 |29% |- |Ilimi Lezandla le-SA |234,655 |0.5% |500,000 |1.0% |834,655 |1.5% |- |Amanye Amalimi |828,258 |1.6% | | | | |- |'''Isibalo Sisoke''' |'''50,961,443''' |'''100.0%''' | | | | |} == IsiNdebele == [[Isimumathi:Ndebele_women-1.jpg|thumb|Abomma bamaNdebele]] IsiNdebele seSewula Afrika ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa enarheni le. Isizathu sokuthi kuthiwe siNdebele seSewula Afrika kukuthi kunesiNdebele seZimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=web-lingo|date=2012-10-19|title=Ndebele: What is Ndebele?|url=https://web-lingo.com/ndebele-what-is-ndebele/#:~:text=Northern%20Ndebele,%20or%20Matabele,%20or,nineteenth%20century%20during%20the%20Mfecane.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=Web-lingo|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ngokwethebula elingehla, abantu abakhuluma isiNdebele - abasimunyileko, okulilimi lesibili nalabo okulilimi lesithathu kibo - bangaphezu kweengidi ezine. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esifundeni seMpumalanga eendaweni ezinjengaKwaNdebele, eMalahleni, e-Middleburg, e-Belfast, kwaDlawulale nakezinye iindawo njengesiFunda seLimpopo.I siNdebele esisemthethweni siNzunza, kodwana kusese nesiNdebele sakwaManala nesiNdebele seMoletlane.<ref name=":0" /> AmaNdebele aziwa njengesitjhaba esithanda imibala emihle nekhanyako ongayibona endleleni abambatha ngayo nabenza ngayo imigwalo yabo. AmaNdebele bekangaphasi kwesiqhema sabaMbo ngaphambi kobana sizijamele ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uNdebele. Ngikho namhlanjesi kunezici ezifanako phakathi kwelimi lesiNdebele nelimi lesiHlubi, isiBhaca, isiMpondo nesiMpondomise. Ngemva kwesikhathi uNdebele wabeletha uMkhalangana owabeletha umNtungwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi umNtungwa wabeletha uNjonono. UNjonono wabeletha uNanasi, uNanasi wabeletha uMafana. UMafana wabeletha uMhlanga owabeletha uMusi. Kusesikhathini seNgwenyama uMusi lapha amaNdebele ahlukana khona waba maNzunza namaNala. AmaNdebele akheka ngaleyondlela sele ahlala eSewula Afrika nje.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language</ref> == IsiSwati == [[Isimumathi:Indoni_Parade_2018._Swati_Kingdom_by_Sizwe_Sibiya_(10).jpg|thumb|AmaSwati]] IsiSwati sikhulunywa eenarheni ezimbili, eSewula Afrika neSwatini. Ngokwethebula elingehla abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSewula Afrika bangaphezu kweengidi ezilikhomba.<ref name=":1" /> KunesiSwati esikhulunywa eSwatini kwaManzini, eShiselweni neHhoho.<ref name=":2" /> Abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSwatini babalelwa eengidini ezine.<ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language</ref> AmaSwati bewasiqhenyana esincani sabeNguni ebesaziwa bona Mangwane. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi isiqhemesi sahlangana nesiqhenyana sabeSuthu ebesihlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini. Ngemva kwalokho bakhula baba sisizwe ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uDlamini III eyathatha iintambo eNgwenyameni uMaseko, yathatha isitjhaba yayosinzinzisa ngasemlanjeni iPongola bahlala eduze namaNdwandwe ngo-1750. UDlamini III walandelwa yiNgwenyama uNgwane III okukholelwa bona nguye owaba yiNgwenyama yokuthoma eyabusa indawo namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazi_people</ref> == IsiZulu == [[Isimumathi:Zulu_Krieger.jpg|thumb|Abobaba bamaZulu bayagida]] IsiZulu ngelinye lamalimi adumileko asemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhulunywa babantu ababgaogezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amahlanu, kuthi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye.<ref name=":1" /> IsiZulu sikhulunywa khulu KwaZulu Natal, esiFundeni se-Gauteng nakezinye iimfunda. Umuntu owadlala indima ekulu ekwakhekeni kwesitjhaba samaZulu yiNgwenyama uShaka. UShaka walwa neentjhaba ezincani nezikulu zabeNguni kuhlanganise namaNdwandwe wazihlula. Ngemva kwalokho wazibiza ngoZulu obekangukhokho omkhulu wesitjhaba abelethelwa kiso. Iintjhabezi zahlangana kwavela ilimi lesiZulu.<ref name=":3" /> == IsiXhosa == [[Isimumathi:Xhosa_traditionally_dressed_women.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Abomma bamaXhosa]] IsiXhosa naso singelinye lamalimi weSewula Afrika asemthethweni. IsiXhosa sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nobunane, kuthi labo okulilimi labo lokubelethwa bangaphezu kweengidi ezibunane.<ref name=":1" /> IsiXhosa sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni seTjingalanga Kapa, eTlhagwini Kapa nesiFundeni se-Gauteng.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mary|date=2025-04-06|title=The languages of South Africa|url=https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/#:~:text=Among%20South%20Africa's%20population%20groups,),%20based%20on%20Census%202022.|access-date=2025-05-23|website=South Africa Gateway|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ekadeni bekuneenqhema zabeNguni ezakha ubuhlobo neentjhaba zabaThwa nabaKhwe (ama-''Khoekhoe''). Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi iintjhabezi zahlangana zaba sisizwe sinye ngaphasi kokubusa kweNgwenyama u-Tshawe owahlula isitjhaba sama-Cirha nama-Jwarha. Ngemva kwalokho wahlanganisa zoke iintjhaba ezincani kuhlanganise nesabaKhwe. Labeletheka njalo-ke ilimi lesiXhosa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people</ref> == I-Sesotho == [[Isimumathi:Sotho_regalia.jpg|thumb|Abobaba babeSuthu]] I-Sesotho lilimi elisemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nambili. Okulilmi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezintathu.<ref name=":1" /> I-Sesotho sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Lesotho, kanti eSewula Afrikapha sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Freestate, se-Gauteng. Umhlobo lo we-Sesotho ubizwa ngokobana yi-Sesotho seSewula ngombana uhlukaniswa ne-Sesotho seTlhagwini - i-Sepedi, ne-Sesotho seTjingalanga - i-Setwana. Emandulo abantwaba beza eSewula Afrika bavela etlhagwini njengezinye iintjhaba bafika bahlala etlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena nezinye iinqenyana. Kuhlekuhle umndeni webukhosini be-Lesotho mndeni wabaKwena. AbeSuthwaba ngibo-ke ababanikazi belimi le-Sesotho esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Lesotho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOUTHERN SESOTHO - South African Language Southern Sesotho|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/language-southern-sesotho.htm|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Setswana == [[Isimumathi:Tswana_Dancers_3.jpg|thumb|Isiqhema esigidako sabaTswana]] I-Setswana nalo ngelinye lamalimi asesiqhemeni se-Sesotho seTjingalanga esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Botswana. Abantu abasikhulumako eSewula Afrika bangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nantathu, abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezine.<ref name=":1" /> I-Setswana sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Botswana kanti eSewula Afrika sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seTlhagwini-Tjhingalanga, ne-Gauteng. Emandulo abeTswana bebangaphasi kwesiqhema sabeSuthu nabazakufika eSewula Afrika bavela eTlhagwini ne-Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena kunye nezinye iinqhenyana. Bafika endaweni ebizwa ngokobana yi-Botswana namhlanjesi, balwa nabaThwa babahlula, bese bakha umbuso wabaTswana. Ngibo-ke namhlanjesi ababanikazi belimi le-Setswana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Tswana people|url=http://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/tswana.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> == Sepedi == [[Isimumathi:Pedi_Living_Culture_Route,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(2417712111).jpg|thumb|Umuzi wesiPedi]] I-Sepedi ([https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pedi Sepedi]) nalo ngelinye lamalimi angaphasi kwe-Sesotho atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika, begodu saziwa ngokuthi yi-Sesotho seTlhagwini. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Limpopo nese-Gauteng babantu abalinganiswela eengidini ezimatjhumi amabili nekhomba.<ref name=":1" /> Ekadeni isiqhemesi besiyingcenye yesiqhema sabeSuthu, kwathi nakukhamba ezinye iinqhema sona sasala ngetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Sineenqhenyana ezinengana okucatjangelwa bona sikhuluma amalinyana amatjhumi amathathu. Abanye bathi i-Sesotho seTlhagwini akusiso i-Sepedi kodwana lilimi elihlukileko.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Pedi people|url=http://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/pedi.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> == Tshivenda == [[Isimumathi:Venda_culture,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(8714283418).jpg|thumb|251x251px|Izindlu zamaVenda]] Elinye lamalimi atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika yi-Tshivenda. Abantu abakhuluma i-Tshivenda balinganiselwa eengidini ezihlanu.<ref name=":1" /> I-Tshivenda sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seLimpopo ngetlhagwini ngitjho nesiFundeni seGauteng. Nawulilemukisisa kuhle ilimeli linezici ezivela elimini lesiShona nelesiTokwa. Ekadeni isiqhemesi kukholelwa bona sathoma ukuba khona nakusabusa uMpuso we-Mapungubwe, kwathi nakuwa umbuso lo kuvuka umbuso we-Zimbabwe sathutha sayokuhlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa ngokobana kuse-Zimbabwe. Sakhamba isikhathi, isiqhemesi sathutha e-Zimbabwe sehla seyama umlambo we-Zambezi sazitholela indawo sayithiya ngokuthi yi-D'zata. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi umbuso wabo uye wanzinza kwabusa amakhosi wawo ngokulandelana kwawo. Namhlanjesi ngibo ababanikazi belimi le-Tshivenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venda - African Tribe - Venda Culture|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_venda.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> == Xitsonga == [[Isimumathi:Tsonga_women_in_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Abomma bambethe isiTsonga]] I-Xitsonga ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika atloliswe ngokomthetho. Ilimeli likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye. I-Xitsonga sikhulunywa khulukhulu esifundeni seLimpopo neseGauteng, bese kube ne-Xitsonga esikhulunywa e-Mozambique.<ref name=":1" /> Abantwaba bebasiqhema sabeNguni abathoma lokha uSoshangane ebekuyinduna kaShaka abalekela enarheni yangepumalanga. Bathi nabafika lapho bazakhela umbuso omkhulu nedorhobho elibizwa bona yi-Gaza. Bafika bahlula izizwe ezinengi abazithola lapho njengesizwe samaNdawu, amaTonga, amaTjopi amaSena nezinye. Ilimi labo lesiNguni lahlangana nesiTonga namalimi walapho laba yi-Xitsonga. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi umbuso lo wahlukana, amanye amaTsonga asuka e-Mozambique athuthela eSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shangaan Tsonga - Nguni People, Tribe - South Africa...|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_shangaan_tsonga.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> == IsiBhuru == [[Isimumathi:Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg|thumb|AmaBhuru wakade]] I-''Afrikaans'' namkha isiBhuru mhlobo welimi lamakhuwa angasiwo wendabuko weSewula Afrika. Nalo litlolisiwe ngokomthetho begodu likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nane.<ref name=":1" /> I-Afrikaans ikhulunywa khulu eemfundeni zangeTjingalanga Kapa, eGauteng nakezinye iimfunda. Ilimi le-Afrikaans livela elimini lesiDatjhi. AmaDatjhi afika eSewula Afrika lokha uJan Van Riebeeck obekasebenzela i-VOC (''[https://www.worldhistory.org/Dutch_East_India_Company/ Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie]'') afika nabantu bekhabo ngo-1652, bafika bahlala endaweni abayibiza bona yi-''Cape of Good Hope''. Bafika lapho bahlangana nesitjhaba sabaKhoekhoe. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ilimi lesiDatjhi lahlangana nelesiKhoe kunye namanye amalimi kwakheka ilimi namhlanjesi elibizwa ngokuthi yi-''Afrikaans'' namkha isiBhuru, okulilimi elisemthethweni bekube njenganje eSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dutch Settlement {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/dutch-settlement|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=‘The language we know as Afrikaans today owes much to the enslaved people who spoke it’—Read an excerpt from Coloured: How Classification Became Culture|url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2023/10/13/the-language-we-know-as-afrikaans-today-owes-much-to-the-enslaved-people-who-spoke-it-read-an-excerpt-from-coloured-how-classification-became-culture/|access-date=2025-05-26|website=The Johannesburg Review of Books|language=en-US}}</ref> == IsiNgisi == [[Isimumathi:English_settlers_landing_in_Virginia_1607_Image_from_page_42_of_A_junior_class_history_of_the_United_States;_to_which_are_added_the_Declaration_of_independence,_and_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States_(1899).jpg|thumb|AmaNgisi bokufika]] IsiNgisi kuphela kwelimi elikhulunywa khulu ukudlula woke eSewula Afrika. Sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nekhomba. Ilimeli ngilo elisetjenziswa khulu emazikweni wezefundo, wezepolotiki, wezeemali, wezamaphilo namanye. Safika njani isiNgisi eSewula Afrika? IsiNgisi besele sikhona nakufika amaBhuru ngo-1652 ngombana nakufika amaDatjhi athola u-Atjhumato obekayikosi yabaKhoekhoe besele abuya eBantam ngo-1630, akghona ukukhuluma isiNgisi nesiDatjhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Autshumao (Herry the Strandloper) {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/autshumao-herry-strandloper#:~:text=Autshumao%20also%20known%20as%20Herry%20the%20strandloper,who%20were%20engaged%20in%20a%20trading%20relationship.|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Nanyana isiNgisi besele sikhulunywa eSewula Afrika, amaNgisi wokufika nokuhlala eza mva kwamaDatjhi. Kwathoma mhlokho bona isiNgisi sikhulunywe eSewula Afrika. == Ilimi Lezandla == Ilimi lezandla ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika. Likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kwesigidi sinye, begodu kunabantu abama-234,655 okulilimi labo lokuthoma. == Iinkhombo == <references /> aahaysyp5j6jxjc0luwbp7cby95nkom Ukuhluka Kwesikopilo 0 606 3158 3157 2025-06-17T09:50:09Z Mosakaruka 586 3158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:New_South_African_flag_unveiling.jpg|thumb|Iflarha leSewula Afrika]] '''Ukuhlalisana''' kwabantu abanesikopilo engafani kutjho ukuthatha abantu abavela eenzindeni namasikopilo ahlukahlukeneko bese ubahlalise ngobunye nangokuzwana, bangaqali kwaphela bona baneenzinda namasiko angafaniko, kodwana bakwamukele bebakuthabele lokho. Lokhu kunikela woke umuntu ilungelo lokuphila ngokwalokho angikho ingasi ngokwalokho abanye abafuna abe ngikho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Cultural Diversity and Why Does it Matter? - Hourly, Inc.|url=https://www.hourly.io/post/cultural-diversity|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.hourly.io|language=en}}</ref> Ngamanye amagama ukuhlalisana kwabantu abanesikopilo engafaniko kukwamukela bona umphakathi wethu wakhiwa babantu abafuna izinto ezingafaniko, abanamakghono namatalende angafaniko neendingo ezingafaniko. Begodu kutjho bona nawumumuntu kufuze utjheje bona uphila nabantu abanekolo engafani neyakho, nabanobulili obungafani nebakho, nokuthi lokho kufuze ukwamukele.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-03|title=What is Cultural Diversity?|url=https://young.scot/get-informed/what-is-cultural-diversity/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Young Scot|language=en-US}}</ref> Ukuba nombono onjalo kwenza abantu bahlalisane ngobunye nokusebenzisana kunokuthi baninane. == Ukuqakatheka Kokuhluka Kwesikopilo == Ukuhlukahluka kwesikopilo kuletha ukwabelana ngelwazi emazikweni ahlukahlukeneko njengakwezobukghwari, ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo emitjha, nemazikweni wezemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwelwazeli elabelwanako kuqakathekile esitjhabeni ngombana kuthuthukisa zefundo, zomnotho nendlela yokuhlalisana ngobunye enarheni le.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=lesadmin|date=2021-07-26|title=What Are the Benefits of Understanding Different Cultures?|url=https://www.leselfes.com/understanding-different-cultures/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Les Elfes International Camps Switzerland|language=en-US}}</ref> Ukulemuka nokwamukela abanye nendlela abaphila ngayo kwenza umuntu azwisise amasiko neenkolelo zabanye. Izinto umuntu ebekangaziqala njengezingasizihle namkha ezithusako ngamasiko womunye zingazwisiseka nange omunye angazifaka emanyathelweni womunye. Izazi zezokuhlalisana zithi umuntu ozwisisa isikopilo labanye: * kumenza alemuke bekatjheje bona iinzinda namasiko akufani, * kumenza ahloniphe izici ezingafaniko esikweni lakhe nelomunye, * kumenza anganyazi nanyana yini omunye ayibeka etafuleni ngokwesiko lakhe, * kumenza akghone nokweluleka abanye abangafuni ukwamukela amasiko angafani newabo, * begodu kumenze akuthabele ukungafani esikhundleni sokukunina.<ref name=":0" /> Yeke ngokuya ngokwamaphuzu la kuba bulula ukuhlalisana nomuntu nangabe uyalizwisisa isiko nendlelakhe yokuphila, kuba bulula ukusebenza naye emsebenzini, kuba lula nokwakha ubungani nokwabelana naye amakghono nangabe uyasizwisisa isizinda avela kiso, amasiko awenzako nelimi alikhulumako. == Ukungafani Kwesikopilo ESewula Afrika == UmThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika uthi woke umuntu unelungelo lokukhuluma ilimi alimunyako begodu azikhakhazise ngalo, unelungelo lokwenza amasiko wekhabo, nelokukhetha ikolo afuna ukuba ngaphasi kwayo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural, Religious and Language Diversity|url=https://fwdeklerk.org/reconciliation-and-unity-in-diversity/cultural-religious-and-language-diversity/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=FW de Klerk Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Yeke ngokomthethosisekelo lo woke umuntu nanyana anelungelo lokwenza amasiko wekhabo kufuze atjheje amalungelo wabanye wokwenza amasiko wemakhabo. Lokho kwenza abantu bahlalisane ngobunye nokwamukelana. Iimbalobalo zango-2024 ze-Statistic South Africa (''Stats SA'') zilinganisela bona isibalo sabantu baboke eSewula Afrika ziingidi ezima-63,02. Bese amalimi atloliswe ngokomthetho akhulunywa babantwaba ali-12, isiNgisi, isiBhuru, isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, Sesotho, Setswana, Xitsonga, Tshivenda nelimi lezandla leSewula Afrika. Woke amalimi la anamalungelo wokusetjenziswa ngendlela elinganako. Ngikho inengi labantu eSewula Afrika likhuluma amalimi amabili asemthethweni umuntu ngamunye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=People of South Africa {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-people|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ukuhlukahluka kwamalimi, isizinda namasiko kuyithuthukisile iSewula Afrika emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko njengakwezokuthibisa, kezomnotho nakezefundo. === Kwezokuzithabisa === Ukuhluka okukhulu kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kuvela kuhle ezikweni lokuzithabisa lenarha le. Kuneenqhema ezinengi zabantu bendabuko abahlukahlukeneko begodu boke banamasiko, amalimi neendlela zokwenza imitlamo emitjha. Lokho ukubona emafilimini, ekugideni nembhinweni weSewula Afrika begodu abantwaba bahlanganisa isikopilwabo emazwikweni la bawenze abe mahle. Ngaphezu kwalokhko kuba namajima nezenzakalo ezifana ne-''Cape Town International Jazz Festival'' ne-''National Arts Festival in Grahams Town'' edosa iinthekeli ezivela ephasini loke ezifuna ukubona ukuhlukahluka kwesikopilo lenarha le. Lokho kulithuthukisile iziko lokuzithabisa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukhari|first=Vutlhari|date=2024-08-28|title=Why is South Africa’s entertainment industry a gold mine to boost local tourism? - Etela Africa|url=https://etela.africa/why-is-south-africas-entertainment-industry-a-gold-mine-to-boost-local-tourism/|access-date=2025-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> === Kwezomnotho === Ukuhluka kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kube nesandla ekukhuleni komnotho wenarha le ngokuza nendlela yokwenza imikhiqizo emitjha - njengezokuzithabisa - nokurherha amathalente amatjha. Abantu abahlukahlukeneko abasemabubulweni la beza nemibono emitjha eyenza kuthathwe iinqunto ezingcono, kukhuphule indlela yokurarulula imiraro neyokuza neendlela ezitjha zokwenza imikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho inarha le ikghona ukuletha inzuzo ekulu ngamaziko wezokuvakatjha newokwenza imitlamo emitjha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=how cultural diversity improves economic growth in south africa - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=how+cultural+diversity+improves+economic+growth+in+south+africa&sca_esv=595de8d130c61221&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1159ZA1159&sxsrf=AE3TifPbzq6OPF4689gtEIaG4WfdKVsDrg:1748523734674&ei=1lo4aPb8KO6zhbIP7ZzH8Qk&oq=how+cultural+diversity+improves+econo+in+south+africa&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiNWhvdyBjdWx0dXJhbCBkaXZlcnNpdHkgaW1wcm92ZXMgZWNvbm8gaW4gc291dGggYWZyaWNhKgIIADIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCkj8O1D2Dli8H3ACeAGQAQCYAYMDoAHsDaoBAzMtNbgBAcgBAPgBAZgCBKAC1gbCAgoQABiwAxjWBBhHwgIIEAAYgAQYogTCAgUQABjvBcICCBAAGKIEGIkFmAMAiAYBkAYIkgcFMi40LTKgB8sqsgcDNC0yuAevBsIHBTMtMy4xyAc-&sclient=gws-wiz-serp|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> === Kwezefundo === Ukuhluka kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kuyithuthukisile ifundo ngokwenza abafundi bafunde ukuhlalisana nokusebenzisana emsebenzinabo yesikolo ngitjho nanyana bavela eenzindeni ezingafaniko. Lokho kubafundisa ukusebenzisana ngitjho nanyana sele baqedile isikolo basebenza. Kubenze baba nomqondo ovulekileko, bazithemba khudlwana begodu kwabasiza bakghona ukuzwisisa amasiko ahlukahlukeneko. Yeke ngokwamukela ifundo ngokuhlukahluka kwesikopilo, iinkolo zikghona ukuba nendawo engcono yokufundela khona amakghono wokucabanga azokuthuthuke, kwehlise nebandlululo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-14|title=The Importance of Multicultural Education|url=https://drexel.edu/soe/resources/student-teaching/advice/importance-of-cultural-diversity-in-classroom/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=School of Education|language=en}}</ref> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 7itoknjvahwdmtx99blkcl1hwnup0gh Ukulondolozwa Kwamalimi Wendabuko WeSewula Afrika 0 607 3227 2871 2025-06-25T19:07:52Z Mosakaruka 586 spelling 3227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele women-1.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Abomma bamaNdebele]] '''ESewula''' Afrika kunamalimi ali-12 akhulunywako, amalimi la yisiNgisi, i-Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, iSepedi, isiTsonga, isiTshivenda, isiSwati, isiNdebele, isiTswana, isiSotho seSewula Afrika nelimi lezandla leSewula Afrika. Kodwana kunamanye amalimi angakatloliswa ngokomthetho njengesiLobedu, isi-Korana, isi-Nluu, isi-Xiri namanye.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mary|date=2025-04-06|title=The languages of South Africa|url=https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=South Africa Gateway|language=en-GB}}</ref> UmThethosisekelo uthi amalimi la, khulukhulu wendabuko kufuze alondolozwe namkha abulungwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The SA Constitution|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/constitution/chp01.html|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.justice.gov.za}}</ref> Amalimi la ahlukaniswe ngokuya ngokwemihlobo emine. Ahlukaniswe ngendlela ahlobene begodu afana ngakho. * amalimi wesiNguni * amalimi we-Sesotho * amailimi wesikhuwa * eminye imihlobo yamalimi<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-25|title=South Africa - Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Languages|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:Zulu Culture.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Abentazana bamaZulu]] === '''Amalimi wesiNguni:''' === * isiZulu- ilimi leli likhulunywa maZulu * isiXhoza- ilimi leli likhulunywa maXhoza * isiNdebele- ilimi leli likhulinywa maNdebele * isiSwati- ilimi leli likhulunywa maSwati<ref name=":0" /> === '''Amalimi wesiSotho:''' === * Sepedi (seSotho sa Leboa) -ilimi leli likhulunywa ba-Pedi * Sesotho- Leli ilimi likhulunywa beSuthu * Setswana- ilimi leli likhulunywa be-Tswana === '''Omunye Umhlobo Wamalimi''' === * Tshivenda- ilimi leli likhulunywa ma-Venda * Xitsonga- ilimi leli likhulunywa ma-Tsonga<ref name=":0" /> === '''Amalimi wesiKhuwa:''' === * IsiNgisi - ilimi leli likhulunywa maNgisi * IsiBhuru - ilimi leli likhulunywa maBhuru<ref name=":0" /> == Isizathu Sokulondolozwa Kwamalimi La == Ukulondolozwa kwamalimi wendabuko eSewula Afrika kuqakatheke khulu ngombana kwenza abantu bakghone ukukhulumisana kuhle bebazwisisane kuhle ngamalimi abawamunyileko bese lokho kwenza ilimi lingafi kodwana lithuthuke. Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kusiza ukundlulisela isizukulwane esiza ngemva ilwazi lelimi lendabuko namasiko wendabuko, kwenza kube nokuzwana nokubekezelelana nanokuhloniphana emphakathini. Godu kuthuthukisa nezomnotho zeSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Abigail|date=2024-10-11|title=PRESERVING SOUTH AFRICA'S INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES: A LIVING LEGACY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS|url=https://fwdeklerk.org/preserving-south-africas-indigenous-languages-a-living-legacy-for-future-generations/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=FW de Klerk Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihlathululo yaloku okubalwe ngaphezulu: '''Ukufa kwelimi''' Ukufa kwelimi nofana ukungasebenzisi ilimi lendabuko kungabangela ukulahleka kwesiko, kuphazamise nokuhlalisana kuhle emphakathini. Loke ilwazi elimayelana nobukghwari, amasiko, imikghwa yokuphatha abantu ngehlonipho, neemfundo eziqakathekileko epilweni kuyafa kuphele lokha ilimi nalifako. Bona kubabalele ilwazelo ilimi kufuze lilondolozwe bona lingafi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=reasons+for+preserving+languages+in+south+africa&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1156ZA1159&oq=reasons+for+preserving+languages+in+south+africa&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiiBBiJBTIHCAIQABjvBTIHCAMQABjvBTIKCAQQABiABBiiBDIGCAUQRRg8MgYIBhBFGDwyBggHEEUYPNIBCTE2MTE1ajBqNKgCALACAQ&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> '''Ukudlulisela ilwazi lwelimi namasiko wendabuko''' Ukulondoloza ilimi nesikopilo lendabuko kusiza ukuthi loke ilwazi lidluliselwe kusizukulwana esiza ngemva lokho kuzokwenza ilimi liragele phambili likhulunywa namasiko nawo aragele phambile.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, kunemithi yesintu esetjenziswa sitjhaba esithileko kodwana engekho kesinye isitjhaba. Lokha iintjhaba ezimbili nazikhulumisanako zikghona ukwabelana ngelwazi lezokwelapha, nemiithi yendabuko nalokho ekulaphako. '''Ukubambisana komphakathi''' Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kuthuthukisa ukubambisana emphakathini, ukuhloniphana nokuthula. Kwenza umphakathi uhloniphe amanye amalimi begodu uwaqale njengaqakathekileko.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, kuba nokubambisana emalungwini womphakathi azwisisanako, begodu kuvula ithuba lokuveza imibono, ukuze kuthathwe iinqunto ezivuthiweko ezingasiza umphakathi. '''Ukuthuthuka komnotho''' Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kungavula amathuba amanengi womsebenzi khulukhulu kilaba abanekareko yokusebenza ngamalimi wendabuko.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abakghona ukukhuluma amalimi amanengana banamathuba amanengi wokuqatjhwa emisebenzini nemabubulweni asebenza ngabantu beenzinda ezihlukahlukeneko. Ukuqatjhwa kwabantwaba kuthuthukisa umnotho wenarha. == Angalondolozwa njani amalimi wendabuko == Ukulondolozwa kwamalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika kutlhoga iindlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokurarulula umraro wokulondolozwa kwawo. Kuneendlela ezimbalwa ezingasetjenziselwa ukulondoloza amalimi wendabuko. Kokuthoma kufundisa nofana ukudlulisela ilwazi ngamalimi wendabuko. Kwesibili ukusebenzisa itheknoloji ekufundiseni nekuthuthukiseni ilimi. Kwesithathu ukutlola phasi nokuzihlanganisa nomphakathi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=how+do+we+preserve+south+african+indigenous+languages&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1156ZA1159&oq=how+do+we+preserve+south+african+indigenous+lan&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBggDECEYFTIGCAAQRRg5MgkIARAhGAoYoAEyCQgCECEYChigATIGCAMQIRgVMgcIBBAhGJ8FMgcIBRAhGI8C0gEJNDY4MjJqMGo5qAIAsAIB&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> '''Fundisa ngelimi leNdabuko''' Ukufundisa ngelimi lendabuko eenkolweni zamabanga aphasi naphezulu kungasiza ukuthi ilimi lilondolozwe. Irhubhullulo likhombisa ukuthi abantwana abaningi baphasa kuhle khulu nabafundiswa ngamalimi abawamunyileko. Kutlhogeka iincwadi zamalimi wendabuko nezinye izinto ezingasetjenziswa bona kufundiswe abanye bunqopha nofana nge-inthanedi.<ref name=":2" /> '''Ukusetjenziswa kwetheknoloji''' Ukutjhugululwa kwezincwadi zamalimi wendabuko zenziwe ihlelo elilalelwako, lokho kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzako zokulondoloza amalimi begodu kwenza kube lula ukuthi zihlale isikhathi eside bezitholakale lula. Ukwenza isihlathululi magama (''online dictionary'') namanye amahlelo wetheknoloji ngamalimi wendabuko kungasiza ukuthuthukisa nokulondoloza begodu kuba lula ukuthi zitholakale kiwo woke umuntu osebenzisa itheknoloji.<ref name=":2" /> Ukutjhugulula, amaziko welimi wetheknoloji nama-''software'' asetjenziswa khudlwana emalimini wendabuko godu asiza amalimi bona alondolozwe bulula godu nabantu bazokujwayelana khulu netheknoloji.<ref name=":2" /> '''Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi ekuthuthukiseni ilimi''' Ukukhuthaza nokusekela igadango lokurhatjha ngamalimi wendabuko kumabona kude nasemrhatjhweni lokho kudlala indima ekulu ekulondolozeni amalimi wendabuko. Ukusekela umphakathi nawenza iminyanya ethuthukisa amasiko namalimi wendabuko kungaba nomthelela omuhle.<ref name=":2" /> Ukutholakala kwabatjhugululi bamalimi wendabuko kusiza amalunga womphakathi ukuthi athole ilwazi begodu azwisise kuhle ezinye zezinto ezitlolwe ngesikhuwa. Ukusebenzisa iinkundla zokuthintana (''social media'') ngamalimi wendabuko nokuzihlanganisa neeqhema zabantu abakhuluma amalimi wendabuko lokho nakho kuthuthukisa bekulondoloze ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> twddpmke68kfxg53xncwh4c35ga6m7m Corbin Bleu 0 608 2867 2025-05-29T22:18:40Z Bigbrianbrain 668 Ngifake ikhasi lomlingisi odumileko ephasini loke u-Corbin Bleu. Usema-Wikis amanengi. Ngiyasazi isiNdebele esincani, ngilibalele. 2867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Corbin Bleu (Headshot).jpg|thumb|Bleu ngo-2012]] U-Corbin Bleus mlingisi we-America owadlala indima ka-Chad emamuvini we-High School Musical. bqipj3k7dolunlw4t51gbss3ewrdbmq Esther mahlangu 0 609 2868 2025-05-30T09:32:52Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 Added refences 2868 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[Esther Mahlangu]]'' omgwali obuya '''''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ndebele-South-African-people esizweni samaNdebele weSewula Afrika]''''' ube nomqaliso wezobukghwari ebizwa bona yi '''-''' ''<nowiki/>'then I knew I was good at painting''' elethwe yi-[https://www.getyourguide.com/-l10476/?cmp=bing&ad_id=78202963710359&adgroup_id=1251244854683240&bid_match_type=bb&campaign_id=434111534&device=c&feed_item_id=&keyword=www.getyourguide.com&loc_interest_ms=&loc_physical_ms=136830&match_type=b&msclkid=d65a70a8cc4e1d1378f2189d722a4aed&network=o&partner_id=CD951&target_id=dat-2330002578451845&utm_adgroup=ct%3Ddsa%7Cfn%3Df1&utm_campaign=ct%3Ddsa%7Cln%3D29%3Aen%7Ctc%3Dall&utm_keyword=www.getyourguide.com&utm_medium=paid_search&utm_query=iziko%20art%20gallery&utm_source=bing Iziko South African Museums]. U-Esther Mahlangu wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-11 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka we-1935 endaweni yange-Middleburg ePumalanga, ngokubelethwa ungu-Esther Ntuli bese wendela kwaMahlangu, kanti-ke wathoma ukugwala aneminyaka elitjhumi ngobudala. Imisebenzi yakhe ayithathelwa phasi, wanikelwa ubudorhodere mayunivesithi amane okuyi - [https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/its-dr-esther-mahlangu-uj-honours-renowned-sa-artist-with-honorary-doctorate-20180409 University of Johannesburg] ne[https://www.dut.ac.za/dr-esther-mahlangu-to-host-a-retrospective-exhibition-to-celebrate-over-50-years-in-the-arts/ -Durban University of Technology] ngomnyaka wee-2018, [https://www.bona.co.za/celebrity-news/tut-honours-esther-mahlangu-and-david-tlale-with-honorary-doctorates/ Tshwane University of Technology] ngomnyaka wee-2022 kanye ne - [https://www.bing.com/search?q=unisa+honors+esther+mahlangu&form=WSBEDG&qs=SW&cvid=8b979d91361a45ddabfc026c8650c924&pq=unisa+honors+esther+mahlangu&cc=ZA&setlang=en-US&PC=NMTS&nclid=225FE419E1A8A46D5834F8A8971FEAF4&ts=1748354091602&wsso=Moderate University of South Africa] ngomnyaka wee-2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esther Mahlangu {{!}} About |url=https://www.esthermahlangu.com/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Esther Mahlangu |language=en}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:ESTHER MAHLANGU.jpg|thumb|Esther Mahlangu]] Iziko South African Museums yavulela abantu bona bazokubona umsebenzi ka-Esther Mahlangu obukghwari bokugwala ukuthoma mhlana amalanga ama-18 Mhlolanja ukuya mhlana ama-11 Rhoboyi kumnya wee-2024. Umqaliso lo utjengisa umnikelo omangalisako ka-Esther Mahlangu weminyaka ematjhumi alikhomba ebukghwarini besimanjemanje ngemibala namafomu aphilako. Ifaka imisebenzi yobukghwari engaphezu kwe-100 evela emaqoqweni weentjhabatjhaba, iinthombe zomlando, kanye nefilimu emfitjhani, umqaliso lo unikela ngokudephileko emsebenzini wakhe. Okuqakathekileko yi-BMW 525i Art Car ka-Esther Mahlangu, ebuyela eSewula Afrika kokuthoma eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-30. Ngo-1991, wenza umlando njengomfazi wokuthoma nomgwalii we-Afrika obe ngomunye wabakghwari ku-BMW's Art Car Collection. Lokhu kubuyela emuva kunikela umbono ohlukileko womsebenzi ka-Mahlangu omkhulu nonamandla. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Art |title=AT FEATURE: Iziko Museums of South Africa Presents: Then I Knew I Was Good At Painting: Esther Mahlangu, A Retrospective |url=https://arttimes.co.za/at-feature-iziko-museums-of-south-africa-presents-then-i-knew-i-was-good-at-painting-esther-mahlangu-a-retrospective/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=South African Art Times: |language=en-GB}}</ref> Akupheleli lapho, ubukghwarobo ngitjho nayo ikoloyi ye-BMW ayigwalako ibuye yalethwa godu e-[https://www.esthermahlangu.com/retrospective-projects/wits-art-museum Wits Arts Gallery] bona izokubonwa babantu mhlana amalanga ama-20 kuSinyikhaba 2024 ukuya mhlana amalanga ali-17 kuSihlabantangana kiwo umnyaka lo bese yabuyela emva. Okungaphezu kwalokho umqiniseki womqaliso lo uNontobeko Ntombela uyahlathulula bona “Umqaliso lo uletha ithuba elitjha lokuthi sibone umsebenzi wobukghwari omuhle ka-Esther Mahlangu. Umsebenzakhe ube nomthelela omkhulu emkhakheni wezobukghwari eSewula Afrika begodu umqaliso lo bufakazi bomnikelo omuhle.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wits Art Museum {{!}} Esther Mahlangu |url=https://www.esthermahlangu.com/retrospective-projects/wits-art-museum |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Esther Mahlangu |language=en}}</ref>  === UMTHOMBO WELWAZI === de0hmgpjyehvrn9g860iwtw7xafthaz Imiklomelo kaDakamela 0 610 3288 3165 2025-07-02T20:41:10Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3165|3165]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3288 wikitext text/x-wiki == IMITLOMELO KADAKAMELA == [https://bulawayo24.com/news/local/251778#:~:text=Chief%20Mbusi%20Bekithemba%20Dakamela%20of%20Nkayi%2C%20KoDakamela%2C%20is,contributions%20to%20society%20while%20they%20are%20still%20alive. Imiklomelo kaDakamela] mnyanya ogidinga isintu namasiko wamaNguni begodu ubuye unikele abantu imitlomelo wokubathokozisa emisebenzini emihle abayenzako emphakathini. Umnyanya lo wathoma ukwenzeka ngomnyaka wee-2023 eNkayi eZimbabwe, wenziwa yiKosi uMbusi Bekithemba Dakamela ngendlini yobuKhosi bakwaDakamela. Umnyaka lo wenzeke mhlana amalanga ama-5 kuSinyikhaba kiwo wona umnyaka lo begodu wenzeke amalanga amabili woke ukusukela mhlana amalanga ama-4 ukuya nakama-5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE - Chief Dakamela host Imiklomelo KaDakamela |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-251778.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> Nanoma kumnyanya osezweni leZimbabwe, akusibabantu beZimbabwe kwaphela abawukhambelako, ukhanjelwa babantu ababuya kwezinye iinarha njengeSewula Afrika, Tanzaniya, neZambiya. Akupheleli lapho, ezinye zeenkhambeli lezi zibuya ebuKhosini ngokwahlahlahlukana. Ekutlonyelisweni, akukaqalwa abantu beZimbabwe kwaphela, akhona amanye amalunga wemindeni wobuKhosi wezinye iinarha kanye nabanye abantu abenza kuhle emiphakathini abatlonyelisiweko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrewa |first=Tanaka |last2=Mrewa |first2=Tanaka |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chief Dakamela’s Nkayi Achievers’ Awards continue to win praise - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/,%20https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:IKosi uDakamela.jpg|thumb|376x376px|IKosi uDakamela]] Umnyanya lo nanoma usungulwe buKhosi bakwaDakamela usuke wasekelwa nanguRhulumende wesifundeni seMatebeleland North. URhulumende ube wenza nesithembiso bona umnyanya lo uzowubeka phambili begodu noNgqongqotjhe wakhona uNicholas Moyo ubize boke abathintekako nabasebenzisani bona basebenzisane ekukhuphuleni umnyanya lo nokuqinisekisa ukunzinza kwawo esikhathini eside nesizako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ncube |first=Senzeni |date=2025-04-07 |title=Imiklomelo kaDakamela gets government backing - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/imiklomelo-kadakamela-gets-government-backing/,%20https://cite.org.zw/imiklomelo-kadakamela-gets-government-backing/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Iinkhambeli zomnyanya ziwuthabela umnyanya lo ngamabanga amanengi, elinye lakhona kukuthi umnyanya lo usekela abakghwari bendawo ngokubanikela ithuba lokuthi baveze tjhatjhalazi amakghono wabo kanye nokuvezwa kwevunulo yesintu, liyatjho nelunga lepalamende uDesire Moyo bona uthatjiswe yivunulo yesintu kanye namakghono wabantu aveziweko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrewa |first=Tanaka |last2=Mrewa |first2=Tanaka |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chief Dakamela’s Nkayi Achievers’ Awards continue to win praise - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/,%20https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kanti-ke, koke lokhu njengombana kusungulwa yiKosi uDakamela, okuvelako kukuthi ulililutjha ngokwakhe. UMbusi Dakamela wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-3 kuNtaka ngomnyaka we-1995 bese wahlaliswa esihlalweni sobuKhosi ngomnyaka wee-2019. Uhlaliswa nje uthatha iintambo kuKghari yakhe uHleziphi Dlodlo obekamjaphethe nakuzakuqima ilanga elinguyise likaMbusi. Umnqopho weKosi uDakamela kubuyisa nokuvuselela isintu namasiko, kuthi nakunjalo kwasungulwa nekulumo ethi #ubuntuyisintusethu enamethele umnyanya lo obizwa ngmiklomelo kaDakamela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=24 year old installed as Chief Dakamela of Nkayi |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-160037.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> == IMITHOMBO YELWAZI == 4e7hiu6v0ocf7uspeef3vbdx6fldtum Ivunulo yamaNdebele 0 611 2870 2025-05-30T14:31:50Z Jetro mahlangu 588 ivunulo yesitjhaba sama NDEBELE ngokwahluka kwayo hlangana ngobulili 2870 wikitext text/x-wiki Ivunulo yama https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language ikhamba ihluka kusukela ebantwini beengubo kunye nebantwini bembaji.Kujayelekile ukubona ama Afrika amanengi ahlotjiswe ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zomncamo,yincenye yamasiko wethu.Isiko elingatjhugulukiko elidluliselwa ukusukela esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye.Iinarha ezinengi ze Afrika zinendlela yazo ekhethekileko yokutlama begodu kuyakarisa ukubona iinarha ze Afrika ezahlukahlukeneko zisebenzisa ivunulo ukurhatjha imilayezo ehlukeneko. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandebele sitjhaba sama Nguni esise Sewula Afrika.Isitjhaba lesi saziwa ngobuciko ne vunulo yaso.Umsebenzi wevunulo udlala indima ekulu ekumbaheni kwabo kusukela besebancani njengombana bayisebenzisa ukutshwaya amazinga ahlukileko wamasiko wepilo.Into eqakatheke khulu ekumbatheni kwabo mma bama Ndebele yi tjorholo encani.Abentazana abasebancane bahlobisa itjorholo encani enomncamo.Isiketi esihlukileko lesi sakhiwe ngokuqinileko mtjhini we khanvani ogoqiweko ubotjhwa edinini uhlotjiswe ngqo phezu kwalokhu.Okulenga ebhandeni eliphezulu kulitjhila elifana ne lace ehlanganiswe emabhandeni womncamo.Lokhu kwakhiwe bona kuwele phambi komjeje oqinileko weentambo zekoteni ezifakwe umncamo wembewu emhlophe ephazamiswa isikeli ukwandisa ubukhulu be https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garmet begodu kukhuthaze ukudlala kokukhanya lokha nakubonwa kusikinyeka ukutjengisa ukuthaba. Abentazana abadala esele balenzile isiko bambatha i phephethu ngokunikelwa bomma babo.Iphephethu yenziwe ngesikhumba esikhulu esibunjwe njenge oval esihlanganiswe ngomjeje wemicu emide yomncamo omhlophe begodu sihlotjiswe ngaphezulu ngephetheni yejometri enemibala eminengi kunye neendima ezintathu yamasongo wethusi.Iphephethu ivamise ukubotjhwa edinini belimbathwe phezu kwedini ukuya enzasi.Isikhumba sesikhumba sihloselwe kudosa amehlo ngokugona iinqulo neenyanga begodu ukutjhinga komncamo kungezelela umthelela lokha umntazana nanyakazako. Ngesikhathi somtjhado nomnyanya wokuthomba umlobokazi umbatha isiyaya ukufihla ubuso lesi kusikhathi sokutjhuguluka ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.Ngaphandle kwesiyaya abomalukazana bama Ndebele bambatha inyonga eyenziwe ngomncamo omhlophe olukwe ngentambo bomma abazinhlobo.Ubude bephetheni nesakhiwo se nyonga kutjho ukuveza izinto ezifana nokobana inga kghani umalukazana uzokuba mfazi wokuthoma womkhwenyana nofana useyintombi. Umfazi otjhadileko umbatha ingubo phezu kwamahlombe wakhe eneenhluthu ezinengi ezidephileko ezitjhugulweko ezibizwa ngeenrholwani okumincamo eqinileko efakwa entanyeni,eenyaweni,emilenzeni kunye nekhalweni.Babuye bambathe ithusi nethusi emikhonweni entanyeni nemilenzeni.Ingubo abayimbathako yingubo wombhalo unoKhethwako.Abafazi abatjhadileko bahlobisa amabhande wehloko namkha ikepisi elukiweko ukwenza iinhloko ezihle.Umcamo osetjenziselwa ababfazi bama Ndebele abatjhadileko bewune palate ehlengiweko begodu bawusebenzisela umbala izinto kunye namaphetheni ahlotjiswa nokubeletha ne pumelelo. Imincamo bayifaka imibala ukwenzela bona badlulise ilwazi ngobujamo bezulu,izinga lakhe lokuhlobana nabanye abafazi emphakathini wakhe nofana emdenini wakhe abenza isambatho kunye nekareko yakhe emtjhadweni nomndeni. Emadodeni wama Ndebele ivunulo yawo ayinamibalabala,ngokwesiko amadoda wama Ndebele ambatha i puleli yesifuba nofana i poriyana elenga entanyeni.Ivamise ukuhlotjiswa ngemincamo phezulu begodu yenziwa ngeenkhumba iporiyana litshwayo lobudoda begodu isokana linikelwa nguyise ngemva kobana lithathe umfazi.Amadoda wama Ndebele amabatha imihlobiso abayenzelwe bafazi babo. Ngokwesiko amaNdebele esebenzisa izinto ezitholakala ekhaya ezifana namagobolonda,iinsimbi kunye namathambo weenlwana neenkhumba ukwenza izambatho ezineenhluthu kunye nemihlobiso.Bakhetha izinto ezithileko malungana nokuhlobana kwazo nemvelo engomkomfanekiso nofana engokomoya nofana amakghono wabo wokuvikela umgqoki nokuthuthukisa ubujamo babo emphakathini.Umcamo omnengi wamaNdebele wenziwa ngengilazi nofana umncamo weplastiki. Ukuqakatheka okukhulu kokwenza umncamo epilweni yabantu abasikazi nendlela ihlathulula ivezwa ngemibala ,amaphetheni we goemetric begodu ukusikinyeka kuragela phambili ngokutjhuguluka kwesikhathi.Umsebenzi wemncamo yihlathululo ebonakalako yokuveza isiqhema sobuhlanga namagugu nobufakazi kunye nokudlulisa ubujamo nokhudluliswa kwama siko. Hlangana neentjhaba ze Afrika umncamo uhlanganisa ubuhle besiko nofana ubujamo bomtjhado.Esiqhemeni sendabuko samaNdebele abafazi baba mbatha iingubo ezineenhluthu njengetshwayo lepilo yomnotho begodu nokutjengisa inani labentwana abanalo.e-Arika yesimanje manje ihlathululo namatshwayo wokwenza ivunulo sele itjhugulukile kodwana isasetjenziswa ukuzikhakhazisa kwethu ngobu Afrika bethu. iinkomba. 1.https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/employment 2.https://www.nomadafricamag.com/welcome-mobile/ 3.https://www.bona.co.za/ jq96d990skl9f0gghhbb7ij7os064di Amalimi eSewula Afrika 0 612 3298 3179 2025-07-02T20:45:10Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3179|3179]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3298 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amalimi enarheni yeSewula afrika == '''Ilimi''' kuyindlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo ngokuthi benze imidumo nofana amathswayo ukuthi bakghone ukudluliselana ilwazi,imininingwane. Abantu basenzisa ilimi ukuthi bakghone ukuveza imicabango Kanye nemizwa yabo<ref>Bonvillain N. Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Rowman & Littlefield; 2019 Mar 20.</ref>. Ilimi kuyinto eqakathekileko emasikweni wabantu abanzima begodu neemphakathini ngombana arhelebha abantu bonyana bokghone ukuzwana, benze amasiko namasiko wabo basebenzisa ilimi. Ilimi linendlela elibonaka ngayo, ekukuthi ilinemidumo nofana amatjhada athileko enziwako ukuze likghone ukukhulunywa<ref>Diamond AS. The history and origin of language. Routledge; 2023 Dec 30.</ref>. Lokho kutjho bona elinye nelinyelimi ilimi kunendlela efanele liphinyiswe ngakhona ukuze kuthiwe ulikhuluma kuhle. [[Ilimi]] linemithetho ebusa ukukhulunywa nokutlolwa kwalo. Ilimi libonakala ngokuthi likghona ukwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, ukuzazi nokuba munye emphakathini. Amalimi abasengozini yokutjhabala nangabe awakhulunywa, ngesibanga seenzathu ezinengi ezifana nokuthutha endaweni ohlala kiyo bese uye kwenye lapho kungakhulunywa khona ilimi lakho, == Imiphumela yokuthi ilimi libesengozini yokutjhabalala == === Ukulahlekelwa magugu wamasiko === Njengoba ilimi likhambisana namasiko<ref name=":0">Kramsch, C., 2014. Language and culture. ''AILA review'', ''27''(1), pp.30-55.</ref>, kutjho bona ukulahleka welimi kubiza nokulahleka kwamisiko wabantu abebakhuluma amalimi lawo. Abantu bangalahlekelwa yindlela ekungiyo yokwenza amasiko wabo. == Ukutlhogeka kokubulunga amalimi wenarha yeSewula afrika == === Ukudluliswa kwamasiko. === Ilimi lidlala indima ekulu ekudlulisweni kwamasiko, ukusuka esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye isizukulwane. Lokhu kwenziwa kukobana [[isiko]] lidluliswa ngomlomo kusetjenziswe ilimi<ref name=":0" />. Ilimi lisetjenziswa ukufundisa, ukudlulisa ilwazi lamasiko Kanye nekambiso yawo.Ukubulunga amalimi eSewula Afrika kukhambisana nokubulunga amasiko wabantu abanzima, ngombana ilimi nesiko akuhlukaniseki. === Ukukhulunywa kwamalimi amanengi === ISewula Afrika kuyinarha enothe ngamalimi ngombana inamalimi adlula kwamathathu akhulunywako nasemthethweni ngokukhulunywa<ref>Van Niekerk, D.R., van Heerden, C.J., Davel, M.H., Kleynhans, N., Kjartansson, O., Jansche, M. and Ha, L., 2017, August. Rapid Development of TTS Corpora for Four South African Languages. In ''Interspeech'' (pp. 2178-2182).</ref>. Amalimi weSewula Afrika nakubulungiweko, kuzokukhuthaza Abantu ukuthi bakghone ukukhuluma amalimi adlula kwamabili begodu ngendlela efaneleko<ref>Noge, K.M., The Preservation of Culture and Indigenous Languages in a Multiculturalism Context. ''educational review'', ''82''(3), pp.381-402.</ref>. Isenzo lesi sizokwandisa ukwamukelana kwabantu ngokuhlukana abanakho ngokwamalimi wabo. === Ukusekela ifundo === Ukubulunga amalimi esewula afrika kunekghono lokuthuthukisa izinga lefundo enarheni; khulu nasiqalise endaweni ezisemakhaya ezisathuthukako kilezi ndawo kusafundwa ngamalimi wabantu abanzima abu-9 lokho kutjho bona bafunda ngamalimi angakathuthuki ngokwedijithali. Ilimi nalibulungiweko lizokwenza bonyana indawo zibe neesetjenziswa ezinengi zokufundisa ezizitlhogako ukwenza abafundi bazo bonyana bathole imiphumela emihle<ref>Mudau, P.P., Mandende, I.P. and Mushaathoni, M., 2024. Indigenous language preservation: A study of the Tshivenḓa speech community in South Africa. ''Journal of Intercultural Communication'', ''24''(4), pp.1-12.</ref>. === Ukufundiswa kwelimi === Woke umuntu nakakhulunyiswa ngelimi likanina khuliswe ngalo kuba lula bonyana azwisise begodu angararani. Kuqakathekile bonyana amalimi weSewula Afrika wendabuko abulungwe khona kuzokukghonakala bonyana afakwe erherhweni lefundo etholakala ngamalimi amanengi nofana amabili eenkolweni zoke ZeSewula Afrika. === Ukufaka umphakathi ekukhulunyweni kwelimi === Amanye wamalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika asengozini yokutjhabalala. Imiphakathi kufanele ifakwe ekubulungelweni kwemalimi ngokuthi omunye nomunye umphakathi kufanele ukhuthaze bonyana abantu bakhulume ilimi lendabuko lalalelo ndawo nofana kukhulunywe amalimi wendabuko khulu khulu. Imiphakathi nayizibandakanya ekutheni ikhuthaze abantu bonyana bakhulume ilimi lendabuko, kuzokukhuthaza bonyana amalimi asengozini yokutjhabalala agcine sele aphumele engozini<ref>Rajagukguk, R., Malems, T. and Ginting, M., 2022. Preserving linguistic diversity: Strategies for language preservation and cultural heritage safeguarding. ''Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Humaniora'', ''11''(3), pp.221-236.</ref>. Imiphakathi ingazibandakanya ngokuthi yenze imsebenzi nofana imigidi ethuthukisa ilimi. === Ukwenziwa kweensiza zokufundisa === Ukubulunga kwelimi kuzokwenza bona kube lula nofana kube neensiza zokufundisa ezinengi ezitholakala ngamalimi wendabuko weSewula afrika. Loku kuzokuthuthukisa izinga lokufunda eeenkolweeeni ngombana umuntu izwisisa msinya lokha nakafuda ngeimi lakhe<ref>Mlambo, R. and Matfunjwa, M., 2024. The use of technology to preserve indigenous languages of South Africa. ''Literator-Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies'', ''45''(1), p.2007.</ref>. Nabo titjhere kufuze bonyana bathole ukubandulwa nesekelo lokufundisa amalimi wendabuko ngendlela abafundi ezokwenza bona abafundi bathande begodu bazikhakhazise ngelimi labo. == Isiphetho == Ilimi kuyinto eyenza bonyana abantu bezwane badluliselane ilwazi nokuthi baveze baveze amazizo wabo. Ilimi kuqakathekile bonyana libulungwe ngombana lisetjenziswa ukwenza amasiko begodu kukhuthaza bonyana umuntu munye akghone ukukhuluma amalimi amanengi ayedwa. Ifundo izokghona ukuthuthuka ngombana kuzokuba neensiza zokufundisa ezinengi ezizokwenza bonyana abafundi bakghone ukuthuma imiphumela emihle. Umphakathi nawo unekghono lokuthi izabankanye ekubulungeni amalimi asengozini yokutjhabalala. crike732vqi82esws6a0evghdbl7yur INgwenyama UNyabela 0 613 3229 3155 2025-06-25T20:00:47Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Isisusa Serarano Phakathi KukaNyabela NamaBhuru */ spelling six 3229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:King Nyabela of the Ndebele Tribe South Africa 1893.jpg|thumb|Ilitje Lesikhumbuzo leNgwenyama uNyabela]] '''UNyabela''' yiNgwenyama yamaNdebele wakwaNzunza eyabusa kusukela ngenyanga kaVelabahlinze 1879 nakukhothama iNgwenyama uRhobongo, walwa ipi namaBhuru eyathoma ngomhlaka-07 kaSinyikhaba 1882 eyaphela ngomhlaka-08 kaVelabahlinze 1883 mhla anikela uMampuru emaBhurwini, kwaba kubotjhwa kwakhe nokuhluleka kwepi yamaNdebele emaBhurwini.<ref name=":0">Iziko Lamakhosi - C. J Mahlangu, K. N Mahlangu, M. A Mahlangu, no-S. M Mtshweni</ref> Ngokwencwadi ethi '''Iziko lamaKhosi''', uNyabela - uGijamphezeni kaMabhoko - yindodana yesithathu yeNgwenyama uMabhoko ebelethwa endlukulu. Kwathi bona kukhothame iNgwenyama uRhobongo ebeyibambele uFene, uNyabela wathatha isihlalo waraga nokubambela uFene indodana kaMkhephuli ngombana bekasesemncani bona angabusa. Nayiragako ithi ekuthomeni kokubusa kwakhe uNyabela wayenganayo ingubo yobukhosi. Yeke wakhupha intanga yamaDlaza bona iyokufuna ingwe khona kuzokutholakala isikhumba esizokuba yingubo yobukhosi. Owayethwele intanga yamaDlaza ibizo lakhe kwakunguNomacwayi. Bagcina Bayifumene ingwe entabeni yakwaCabha, bayibulala beza nayo ekosini. <ref name=":0" /> === Amadodana weNgwenyama uNyabela === * UMtjongweni (uSomphezeni) oliDugu noyindondana ekulu * UMofu (uSoSenzeni) oliPhogo * UNgobe oliDuba * UMpepe (uSovelemu) oliDlowu * UMzitha (uSoMene) oliSinya * UMakhabakhubu (uSovusani) oliPhogo * UPama (uSoMvumazoke) liRhorha * UZalabo (uSoMlingo) oliDuba * UMarhagi (uSoZilani) oliRhorha<ref name=":0" /> == Isisusa Serarano Phakathi KukaNyabela NamaBhuru == [[Isimumathi:LL1882 pg008 SIKUKUNI.jpg|thumb|USekhukhune]] Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaNyabela amaBhuru besele athomile ukuzibusa ngombana bebangasekho ngaphasi kokubuswa maNgisi. Yeke, besele kuphethe bona, begodu bebenza koke okusemandlenabo bona balawule iintjhaba zabantu abanzima enarheni khona bazokubusa ngendlela ephumelelako.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society - Journal - AN AFRICAN MASADA: Nyabela, Mampuru and the Defence of Mapochstad|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol144ds.html|access-date=2025-05-31|website=samilitaryhistory.org}}</ref> Soke isikhathesi amaBhuru namaNdebele wakwaNzunza bekanetjhebiswano elihle elathonywa yiNgwenyama uMabhoko. Kodwana kwathi bona amaBhuru athome ukuzibusa itjhebiswano laya lancipha. Isizathu kungaba kukuthi amaNdebele nawo besele afuna ukuzibusa, UNyabela ubesele angasawubhadeli umthelo emaBhurwini, begodu wala nokuletha isibalo sabantu baboke esitjhabeni.begodu lokho kwawasilinga amaBhuru ngaphasi kombuso we-ZAR.<ref name=":1" /> Isisusa esikhulu serarano phakathi kwamaNdebele namaBhuru kwaba nguMampuru. UMampuru bekayikosana yabaPedi eyabelethwa ngo-1824, ayindodana yomnakwabo weKosi uSikwati. USikwati wahlongakala ngo-1861. Lokho kwabanga umraro yokuthi ngubani okufuze alandele ekubeni yiKosi yabaPedi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Kgoŝi Mampuru II – King of the Pedi people {{!}} Ditsong Museums of South Africa|url=https://ditsong.org.za/en/kgosi-mampuru-ii-king-of-the-pedi-people/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=https://ditsong.org.za/en/|language=en-US}}</ref> UMampuru wathi uSikwati ukhethe yena bona abe yiKosi ngombana ubelethwa mfazi obeletha ubukhosi, abaPedi abambiza bona yi-''timamollo.'' U-Sekhukhune oyindodana ekulu kaSikwati wathi lokho angekhe kwenzeke njengombana unina kaMampuru omfazi obeletha ubukhosi ukakakhuleliswa yiKosi uSikwati, kodwana mumuntu wangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho wathi uSikwati ubengakaphethi koke okufuze akuphethe nakathatha umfazi oyi-''timamollo''. Yeke isihlalo kufuze sithathwe nguye.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mampuru_II</ref> U-Sekhukhune wathoma wathatha amandla wobukhosi bewabulala nabeluleki bakaMampuru. UMampuru wagcina sele abalekile kelekhabo. Kwathi ngemva kwesikhathi u-Sekhukhune sele alwe ipi namaBhuru, nenye ipi namaSwati, wahlaselwa esigodlweni sakhe wahlatjwa ngomukhwa wafa ngomhlaka-13 kaRhoboyi 1882. UMampuru nguye owasolwa ngokubulawa kuka-Sekhukhune, wasolwa nangokubanga umguruguru esitjhabeni sabaPedi. Yeke amaBhuru akhipha isiqunto sokuthi uMampuru akabotjhwe khona umguruguru lo uzokuphela.<ref name=":2" />[[Isimumathi:Stephanus Johannes Roos.jpg|thumb|UJohannes Roos]]Kuthe bona uMampuru ezwe bona uyafuneka wabaleka esitjhabeni sekhabo wayokukhosela ebantwini bakwaMasimula. AbaPedi bamlandelela nalapho babawa ikosi yakwaMasimula bona ibanikele yena, kodwana yona yala. Kwaba nepi, abakwaMasimula bahlulwa epini leyo. UMampuru nakabona bonyana bakwaMasimula bahluliwe, wabalekela kwaNomtjharhelo eNgwenyameni uNyabela. <ref name=":0" /> AbaPedi bafika nakoNomtjharhelo bambawa eNgwenyameni uNyabela. Kuthiwa iKosi uNyabela yathi nayibaphendulako: "UMampuru ngimginyile. Nanimfunako izani ningihlinze isisu nimkhuphe." Okutjho bona nangabe abaPedi bafuna uMampuru kuzokufuze kuliwe ipi bona atholakale. AbaPedi bakhamba batjhinga emBhurwini babawa isizo lokuthola uMampuru. U-Paul Kruger obekamungameli we-ZAR, wathumela u-Roos noSenekal bona basize abaPedi ngendaba le. AmaBhuru amabili la afika esitjhabeni samaNdebele abawa uMampuru, kodwana uNyabela wala, wathi umginyile, nabamfunako abamkhuphe ngemathunjinakhe. Ekugcineni uNyabela wasilingeka wabulala u-Roos no-Senekal, wathatha iinhloko zabo wazihloma eengodweni. Kuthiwa bekavuka qobe ekuseni akhambe ayokulotjhisa iinhloko zabo aziphulule neendevu zazo.<ref name=":0" /> AmaBhuru asilingeka khulu ngesenzwesi athumela u-Piet Joubert namasotja amanengi. Naye wafika warabhela uNyabela amahlandla ambalwa bona akhuphe uMaMpuru kodwana uNyabela wabhala naye, kwaba kusuka kwepi phakathi kwamaNdebele namaBhuru.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukuthoma Kwepi YamaNdebele NamaBhuru == [[Isimumathi:Pjjoubert.jpg|thumb|UPiet Joubert]] Ipi yathoma ngomhlaka-7 kuSinyikhaba 1882. Ipi yamaNdebele yayihlome ngeengidi zomsizi nemikhonto, bese yamaBhuru ihlome ngeengidi zeenhlamvu idoswa phambili nguPiet Joubert. Iingidi zeenhlamvu bezidumuza msinya kunalezo zomsizi, yeke inengi lamabutho wamaNdebele lafa ngelangelo, kwathi ngemva kwalokho amaNdebele ahlehla abalekela erholweni. AmaBhuru athi ayangena erholweni abuyela emva ngombana irholo awalazi, yeke atjhida entabeni ayokuhlala emasimini. <ref name=":0" /> Emalangeni alandelako bebasolo basilwa, kesinye isikhathi amaNdebele afike kungakalindeleki agadle abaleke. Kesinye isikhathi bekafika ebe iinkomo zamakhuwa, kesinye isikhathi babanjwe babulawe. Kwakhe kwaba nesahlakalo lapha amaNdebele athumba iinkomo zamaBhuru, kanti amaBhuru awakalali, abagijimisa abulala amaNdebele ali-150, babuya neenkomo zabo.<ref name=":1" /> Isikhathi nasikhambako yahlasela indlala emaNdebeleni. Ukudla ebebakubulungile kwaphela, bathoma ukudla iimphalo eenkhunjeni, kodwana ngokukhamba kwesikhathi iimphalo nazo zaphela. Bathoma bafikelwa mcabango wokuzinikela emaBhurwini, ngapha amaBhuru sebacabanga ukukhamba babuyele emakhaya ngombana sebafikelwa kudinwa. AmaNdebele eza namano wokuthola ukudla.<ref name=":0" /> Kwakhitjhwa intanga yamaThula bona iyokuthumba iinkomo zabaPedi. Ngebanga lokuthi bebanganamandla ngebanga lokulamba bahlulwa epini leyo. Kunesikhathi lapha amaNdebele athi akhukhuthisa abafazi bona bayokweba ukudla, kodwana amaBhuru wababulala abafazabo. Kuthiwa abafazaba bakwaMatsitsi, uNoMtjhatjhana noNoMgiyelwa. Ngesikhatheso bekusolo kuliwa. Kokhunye amaBhuru alinge ukwemba amadwala afuna indlela yokungena erholweni, kodwana amaNzunza afike abahlasele abaliye, nabo bagcine sele bawunghalile umsebenzi loyo. <ref name=":1" /> Kwafika isikhathi lapha amaBhuru abuyela khona emva. Athe angakayi nokuyaphi, asemlanjeni iMangwana kwafika indoda yakwaNdala yatjela amaBhuru bona amaNdebele aphelile yindlala, neemphalo nazo ziphelile. AmaBhuru wajika wabuyela emva kwaNomtjharhelo. Bafika batjela iNgwenyama bona ayikhuphe uMampuru. Nangambala yamkhupha yamnikela emaBhurwini ngomhlaka-08 kaVelabahlinze 1883. Ipi le yathatha iinyanga ezibunane zoke. Babotjhwa bobabili uNyabela noMampuru.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ukubotjhwa Nokuhlongakala KukaNyabela == Kwathi ngemva kobana uNyabela anikele uMampuru kuJoubert nebutho lakhe naye wabotjhwa ngebanga lokujamelana nebutho likaRhulumende wangesikhatheso nokufihla isilelesi. Ngemva kokubotjhwa kwabo isitjhaba sakhutjhwa ngerholweni, satjelwa bona uNyabela akasese yikosi noNyengelele ikosikazakhe akasese yindlovukazi, kunalokho uPiet Joubert uzokuba yikosi yamaNdebele wakwaNzunza bese ikosikazakhe ibe yindlovukazi. Abavumako baphadlhalajwa bahlukaniswa bona bayokuhlala emaplasini wamaBhuru basebenze khona, labo abangavumiko njengoMatsitsi, uPinda, uSigidi, uNdungulu noMhlangula babotjhwa. Abomma basetjenziselwa ukuhlanza iimpahla zamakhuwa, kwathi abobaba belusa ifuyo yamaBhuru, abanye basebenza emasimini. <ref name=":0" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 4qeex6542r2auax5qkex5lb9al1vrz0 The United States 0 614 3310 3192 2025-07-02T20:48:39Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3192|3192]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The United States of America''', elaziwa njalo ngegama elithi '''The United States''', kumbe '''America''', liyizwe elikhulu kakhulu. Inengi lalo litholakala eNorth America, kodwana ezinye izingcenye zakhona ziseAsia kanye leCaribbean. America liyizwe elinothile kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Liphinde libe labantu abangaphezu kwe-300 million. America inabantu abanhlanga ngeenhlanga, abamasiko leenkolo ezihlukile.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States</ref> 3ed9khbnnegs71opnavrcrf9z6w0tsh Mbuyisa Makhubu 0 632 3253 3217 2025-06-29T09:36:20Z Jetro mahlangu 588 3253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Hector pieterson.jpg|thumb|Mbuyisa Makhubo]] '''UMbuyisa Makhubo''' (wabelethwa ngo-1957 nofana ngo-1958) mlweli weSewula Afrika olwa nebandlululo owanyamalala ngo-1979. Wakhula waduma ngemva kobana abonakale athwele u-Hector Pieterson esithombeni esithathwe ngu-Sam Nzima ngemva kobana u-Pieterson adunyuzwe ngesikhathi se[[16 JUNE 1976|''-Soweto Uprising'']] ngo-1976. Nanyana isithombe sibekezele, kuncani okwaziwako ngoMakhubo.<ref>Kwanele Sosibo, (12 June 2014), ''Finding Mbuyisa Makhubu, the June 16 1976 hero,'' Mail Guardian. Retrieved from: https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-12-red-herrings-plague-search-for-mbuyisa-makhubu/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ngemva kobana isithombe sisabalale enarheni yoke nangaphetjheya, uMakhubo watlhoriswa bonogada, bekwamkatelela bonyana abaleke eSewula Afrika. Unina uNombulelo Makhubo watjela i-''Truth and Reconciliation Commission'' bonyana uthole incwadi esuka kuye ase-Nigeria ngomnyaka ka-1978, kodwana solo kwamhlokho khange athole litho elibuya kuye. Umma lo wahlongakala ngomnyaka ka-2004, ngaphandle kokwazi bonyana kwenzakalani ngendodanakhe.<ref name=":0">Eric Itzkin (June 4, 2020), ''Disappeared June 16 victim Mbuyisa Makhubu to be honoured.'' Retrieved from: https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/disappeared-june-16-victim-mbuyisa-makhubu-be-honoured Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> UMbuyisa bekangomunye wabatjhotjhozeli beSewula Afrika abanikelwa indawo e-Nigeria ngemva kwesehlakalo se-Soweto . Waye angomunye kwabathathu abafakwa e boarding high school e-''South-Western Nigeria-Federal Government College'' ngomnyaka ka-1976 kuya ku-1977, kodwana boke babhalelwa kufunda kwabakatelela bonyana bafuduswe kungakapheli umnyaka.<ref name=":0" /> Ngomnyaka ka-2013, kwavela iinsolo zokuthi indoda, u-Victor Vinnetou, ebegade ivalelwe ejele le-Canada iminyaka ebunane edlulileko ngamacala wokufuduka bekunguMakhubo. Kwenziwa iimhloliso zezakhi zofuzo ukuthola bona bekanguMbuyisa Makhubo kwamambala na. Kwabikwa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi bona iimhloliso ze-DNA akhange ziqinisekise isimangalo sendoda le sokuthi nguMakhubo, okudanisako emndenini kaMakhubo, nanyana ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kwabikwa bona kwenziwa elungwini lomndeni elingenabudlelwano begazi nababelethi bobabili. Ukusukela ngomnyaka ka-2020, akwaziwa bona ukuphi.<ref>U-Davie, u-Lucille. "U-Hector Pieterson Ufumana Isikhumbuzo Sakhe." [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519061318/http://www.joburg.org.za/october/hector.stm Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yedorobha le-Johannesburg]</ref> Ngomnyaka wona loyo, idokhumentari eneziqephu ezine ebizwa nge- ''Through The Cracks'', eyakhutjhwa ngeminyaka ema-44 yokuvukela umbuso mhlana ali-16 kuMgwengweni wango-2020, yanikela ngemininingwana engakakhulunywa ngaphambilini ngepilo kaMakhubo. Kwabikwa nokuthi iphosta yamagugu ekhumbula uMakhubo izokufakwa mhlana ali-16 kuMgwengweni wee-2020. == Iinkhombo == {{Reflist}} e26gh90jtegn38b8pirakfyos45h1u6 Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko: Isifundo mayelana nehlobanolwazi (reference) 0 633 3204 3185 2025-06-23T07:34:24Z Owaziwako 24 3204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Usiphathi sesitifikeyidi sefundo.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Usiphathi sesitifikeyidi sefundo_Unisa]] == Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko: Isifundo mayelana nehlobanolwazi (reference) == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Amanye namanye amazinga wemikhakha anamatshwayo lawo akhethekileko awenza ahluke kwamanye. Ngokufanako [[ifundo]] ephakemeko nayo inamatshwayo lawo ayenza ihluke kunefundo esisekelo. Elinye lamatshwayo aqakathekileko mtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo unendlela kanye nezinto ezilandelwako ngesikhathi usetjenziswa nanyana utlolwa. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko begodu ukuqakatheka kwawo kuyini. === '''2. Kuyini umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko?''' === Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/what/#google_vignette EAP Foundation] (2025) <ref>'''EAP Foundation'''. 2025. Academic writing. Litholaka ku: <nowiki>https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/what/#google_vignette</nowiki>. Lifunnyenwe [ngomhlaka 16 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko kuyindlela yokuveza amaqhinga, ilwazi nerhubhululo eemphakathini wezefundo ephakemeko. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo uyikambiso nezinga lefundo ephakemeko ekufanele lilandelwe ngesikhathi kutlolwa nanyana kurhutjululwa ([[:en:Academic_writing|Wikipedia]] 2025)<ref name=":0">'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. ''Academic writing''. Litholaka ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_writing</nowiki>. Lifunnyenwe [ngomhlaka 16 kuMgwengweni 2025]. </ref>. Woke umuntu ozibandakanya efundweni ephakemeko ekufaka hlangana abafundi nabafundisi nanyana abosofundokghono kufanele balandele ikambiso nezinga lokutlola lelo elibekiweko ngesikhathi batlola ngaphasi kwesigugu nanyana iziko elithize lefundo ephakemeko (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1">'''Akkaya, A. & Aydin, G.''' 2018. Academics' Views on the Characteristics of Academic Writing. ''Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research'', 13(2), 128-160. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2018.143.7</ref>. Nanyana kunjalo, umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo uyahluka ngokuya kweziko nanyana kwesigungu sezefundo ephakemeko. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana lokha nawuzibandaka neziko elithize lezefundo ephakemeko wazi ukuthi basebenzisa muphi umhlobo womtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. ==== 2.1. Ezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ngaphasi komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko ngilezi ezilandelako: ==== 1. Ukuhlonipha ubuhlakani bomuntu ngokwenza ireference nanyana ihlobanolwazi. Ihlobanolwazi lihlukene Kabili, kukhona ihlobano lwazi langaphakathi komtlolo kanye nerhelo lawo loke liphelele, lelo elaziwa ngomthombolwazi nanyana isilululwazi (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1" />. Asitjheje iimbonelo ezilandelako zehlobanolwazi langaphakathi komtlolo: - Ngokuya kukaMtsweni (2025) kumakhaza la. - Kumakhaza la (Mtsweni 2025). '''''Isitjengiso 1''''' Iimbonelo ezimbili lezi kusitjengiso 1 kumhlobo wehlobanolwazi lokuhlonipha ubuhlakani babanye abantu. Umhlobo lo usetjenziswa ngaphakathi komtlolo nanyana lokha nawusatlolako (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1" />. Umhlobo olandelako wehlobanolwazi usetjenziswa ekugcineni komtlolo. Ngamanye amagama, uwuthola ekugcineni lapho sele umtloli nanyana usofundokghono aqede ikulumopendulwano nanyana irhubhululo lakhe. Asitjhejeni isibonelo esilandelako: 2. '''Mtsweni, B. R.''' 2025. Ukuqakatheka kwelimi. ''Mtsweni Journal of African Languages'', 13(2):13-33. 3. '''Sibanyoni, A. J.''' 2025. ''Ukudla kwesikhethu.'' IsiKhethu Publishers. ESewula Afrika: Etshwane. ''''' Isitjengiso 2''''' Isibonelo 2 kusitjengiso 2, sisitjengisa bonyana ilwazi elinye lithethwe kujenali. iJenali leyo imthombolwazi nanyana lapho umtlolo osetjenziswe kurhubhululo uthethwe khona mayelana nerhubhululo. Ukungezelela, isibonelo 2 lesi ngaphasi kwesitjengiso 2 sitjengisa bonyana ilwazi elithethwe kujenali litlolwa njani kurhelo lomthombolwazi. Ngokufanako kusibonelo 3, kusitjengisa bonyana incwadi itlolwa njani kusilululwazi nanyana kurhelo lomtholwazi nangabe isetjenziswe ngaphasi kwerhubhululo. Yelela, ngaphathi kwerhelo lomthombolwazi nanyana lesilululwazi kutlolwa imithombo leyo esetjenziswe ngaphakathi emtlolweni werhubhululo kwaphela (Education and Training Boards Ireland 2019)<ref name=":2">'''Education and Training Boards Ireland.''' 2019. ''Academic writing handbook for leaners: In the Further Education and Training (FET) Sector''. Further Education Support Service. Ireland: Dublin. </ref>. Begodu, imithombolwazi leyo kufanele itholakale ngaphasi komtlolo werhubhululo nanyana wekulumopendulo. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja ukuqakatheka komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. === '''3. Ukuqakatheka komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko.''' === Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko uqakatheke ngendlela ezinengi emphakathini, enarheni kanye nefundweni ephakemeko. Ezinye zizo oqakatheke ngazo ngezilandelako: 1. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ubuhlakani bomunye umuntu buyahlonitjhwa (Wikipedia 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Loke ilwazi elifakwe ngaphasi kwerhelo lomthombolwazi nanyana isilululwazi, abanikazi balo bazokwaziwa begodu bahlonitjhwe ngokuthi ilwazi labo lisetjenziswe kuhle. 2. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko udlala indima ekuthuthukiseni ilwazi, ukwabelana ngelwazi kanye nokufundisana (Education and Training Boards Ireland 2019)<ref name=":2" />. Loke ilwazi elifakwe ngophasi kwehlobanolwazi, liyafundwa bese lirhunyutjhwe ukuze kuzwisise bonyana balinga ukusilemukisa ngani. 3. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ukwethulwa kwelwazi lerhubhululo kufane. Boke abafundi nabafundisi bamaziko wefundo ephakameko athize, balandela indlela nanyana umhlobo othize womtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko ukuze baphumelele ukudlulisa umlayezo wabo. === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Umtlolo wezefundo ephekemeko uqakathekile ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi ilwazi liragela phambili begodu liyabelwana. Kodwana, ukukhulu kukuthi wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu balandele imigomo neendlela ezifanako ngesikhathi batlola nanyana benza amarhubhululo wabo. === '''5. Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 3gq1cavesu85ysrgzreeym3wtoo7fmp IVUNULO YAMA NDEBELE 0 648 3203 3202 2025-06-22T18:50:46Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i changed the headings and references 3203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Le Grand-Chef Ndébélé en Avril 2017.jpg|thumb|Ivunulo yama Ndebele]] '''Ivunulo''' yama '''Ndebele''' ikhamba ihluka kusukela ebantwini beengubo kunye nebantwini bembaji.Kujayelekile ukubona ama Afrika amanengi ahlotjiswe ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zomncamo,yincenye yamasiko wethu.Isiko elingatjhugulukiko elidluliselwa ukusukela esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye.Iinarha ezinengi ze Afrika zinendlela yazo ekhethekileko yokutlama begodu kuyakarisa ukubona iinarha ze Afrika ezahlukahlukeneko zisebenzisa ivunulo ukurhatjha imilayezo ehlukeneko. === Isitjhaba sama Ndebele === AmaNDEBELE sitjhaba sama Nguni esise Sewula Afrika.Isitjhaba lesi saziwa ngobuciko ne vunulo yaso.Umsebenzi wevunulo udlala indima ekulu ekumbaheni kwabo kusukela besebancani njengombana bayisebenzisa ukutshwaya amazinga ahlukileko wamasiko wepilo.Into eqakatheke khulu ekumbatheni kwabo mma bama Ndebele yi tjorholo encani.Abentazana abasebancane bahlobisa itjorholo encani enomncamo.Isiketi esihlukileko lesi sakhiwe ngokuqinileko mtjhini we khanvani ogoqiweko ubotjhwa edinini uhlotjiswe ngqo phezu kwalokhu.Okulenga ebhandeni eliphezulu kulitjhila elifana nentambo ehlanganiswe emabhandeni womncamo.Lokhu kwakhiwe bona kuwele phambi komjeje oqinileko weentambo zekoteni ezifakwe umncamo wembewu emhlophe ephazamiswa isikeli ukwandisa ubukhulu besembatho begodu kukhuthaze ukudlala kokukhanya lokha nakubonwa kusikinyeka ukutjengisa ukuthaba. ==== Abentazana bamaNdebele ==== Abentazana abadala esele balenzile isiko bambatha i phephethu ngokunikelwa bomma babo.Iphephethu yenziwe ngesikhumba esikhulu esibunjwe njenge oval esihlanganiswe ngomjeje wemicu emide yomncamo omhlophe begodu sihlotjiswe ngaphezulu ngephetheni yejometri enemibala eminengi kunye neendima ezintathu yamasongo wethusi.Iphephethu ivamise ukubotjhwa edinini belimbathwe phezu kwedini ukuya enzasi.Isikhumba sesikhumba sihloselwe kudosa amehlo ngokugona iinqulo neenyanga begodu ukutjhinga komncamo kungezelela umthelela lokha umntazana nanyakazako. Ngesikhathi somtjhado nomnyanya wokuthomba umlobokazi umbatha isiyaya ukufihla ubuso lesi kusikhathi sokutjhuguluka ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.Ngaphandle kwesiyaya abomalukazana bama Ndebele bambatha inyonga eyenziwe ngomncamo omhlophe olukwe ngentambo bomma abazinhlobo.Ubude bephetheni nesakhiwo se nyonga kutjho ukuveza izinto ezifana nokobana inga kghani umalukazana uzokuba mfazi wokuthoma womkhwenyana nofana useyintombi. ===== Abomma bamaNdebele ===== Umfazi otjhadileko umbatha ingubo phezu kwamahlombe wakhe eneenhluthu ezinengi ezidephileko ezitjhugulweko ezibizwa ngeenrholwani okumincamo eqinileko efakwa entanyeni,eenyaweni,emilenzeni kunye nekhalweni.Babuye bambathe ithusi nethusi emikhonweni entanyeni nemilenzeni.Ingubo abayimbathako yingubo wombhalo unoKhethwako.Abafazi abatjhadileko bahlobisa amabhande wehloko namkha ikepisi elukiweko ukwenza iinhloko ezihle.Umcamo osetjenziselwa ababfazi bama Ndebele abatjhadileko bewune palate ehlengiweko begodu bawusebenzisela umbala izinto kunye namaphetheni ahlotjiswa nokubeletha ne pumelelo. Imincamo bayifaka imibala ukwenzela bona badlulise ilwazi ngobujamo bezulu,izinga lakhe lokuhlobana nabanye abafazi emphakathini wakhe nofana emdenini wakhe abenza isambatho kunye nekareko yakhe emtjhadweni nomndeni. [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|Amadoda wamaNdebele]] ====== Amadoda wamaNdebele ====== Emadodeni wama Ndebele ivunulo yawo ayinamibalabala,ngokwesiko amadoda wama Ndebele ambatha i puleli yesifuba nofana i poriyana elenga entanyeni.Ivamise ukuhlotjiswa ngemincamo phezulu begodu yenziwa ngeenkhumba iporiyana litshwayo lobudoda begodu isokana linikelwa nguyise ngemva kobana lithathe umfazi.Amadoda wama Ndebele amabatha imihlobiso abayenzelwe bafazi babo. Ngokwesiko amaNdebele esebenzisa izinto ezitholakala ekhaya ezifana namagobolonda,iinsimbi kunye namathambo weenlwana neenkhumba ukwenza izambatho ezineenhluthu kunye nemihlobiso.Bakhetha izinto ezithileko malungana nokuhlobana kwazo nemvelo engomkomfanekiso nofana engokomoya nofana amakghono wabo wokuvikela umgqoki nokuthuthukisa ubujamo babo emphakathini.Umcamo omnengi wamaNdebele wenziwa ngengilazi nofana umncamo weplastiki. Ukuqakatheka okukhulu kokwenza umncamo epilweni yabantu abasikazi nendlela ihlathulula ivezwa ngemibala ,amaphetheni we goemetric begodu ukusikinyeka kuragela phambili ngokutjhuguluka kwesikhathi.Umsebenzi wemncamo yihlathululo ebonakalako yokuveza isiqhema sobuhlanga namagugu nobufakazi kunye nokudlulisa ubujamo nokhudluliswa kwama siko. Hlangana neentjhaba ze Afrika umncamo uhlanganisa ubuhle besiko nofana ubujamo bomtjhado.Esiqhemeni sendabuko samaNdebele abafazi baba mbatha iingubo ezineenhluthu njengetshwayo lepilo yomnotho begodu nokutjengisa inani labentwana abanalo.e-Arika yesimanje manje ihlathululo namatshwayo wokwenza ivunulo sele itjhugulukile kodwana isasetjenziswa ukuzikhakhazisa kwethu ngobu Afrika bethu. IINKOMBA https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/employment https://www.nomadafricamag.com/welcome-mobile/ https://www.bona.co.za/ a8j6pwpdh44xgcbv45r6beh28wa3zea Iziqu zefundo ephakemeko 0 649 3205 2025-06-23T07:34:40Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== '''Iziqu''' '''Zefundo Ephakemeko''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Amaziko wefundo ephakemeko adlala indima ekulu eemphakathini ngokuthuthukisa ilwazi layo ngeziqu ezahlukeneko. Iziqu ezahlukeneko zihlukana ngokwamazinga, imikhakha kanye nelwazi nebandlulo lazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zisetjenziswa ukuveza izinga lobuhlakani behlangano nanyana abantu abathile. Eengatjeni zekulumopendulwano elandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini iziqu zamaziko aphakemeko nanyana zefundo..." 3205 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Iziqu''' '''Zefundo Ephakemeko''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Amaziko wefundo ephakemeko adlala indima ekulu eemphakathini ngokuthuthukisa ilwazi layo ngeziqu ezahlukeneko. Iziqu ezahlukeneko zihlukana ngokwamazinga, imikhakha kanye nelwazi nebandlulo lazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zisetjenziswa ukuveza izinga lobuhlakani behlangano nanyana abantu abathile. Eengatjeni zekulumopendulwano elandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini iziqu zamaziko aphakemeko nanyana zefundo ephakemeko begodu zihluka njani. === '''2. Kuyini iziqu zefundo ephakemeko (yamaziko aphakemeko)?''' === Izuqu ze[[Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko: Isifundo mayelana nehlobanolwazi (reference)|fundo ephakemeko]] nanyana yamaziko aphamekeko wezefundo kuziziqu lezo ezinikelwa begodu kutlonyeliswe umfundi nanyana umuntu ezikweni lefundo ephakemeko njengekholiji, iyunivesithi yethekhnoloji neyunivesithi yenarha ngemva kokuqeda ibanga elithile leemfundo zomkhakha ethize ([[:en:Academic_degree|Wikipedia]] 2025<ref>'''Wikipedia'''. 2025. ''Academic degree''. Itholaka ku: '''<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree</nowiki>.''' Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Iziqu lezi zihlukaniswa ngamazinga athize. Kukhona iimfundo zokuthoma efundweni ephakemeko ezaziwa nge-undergraduate, lezo kanengi zenziwa mumunto ozange abe neziqu ze-degree ngaphasi komkhakha loyo ([https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/study/getting-started/about-our-qualifications/university-terms-explained Canterbury Academic] 2025<ref name=":0">'''Canterbury Academy.''' 2024. ''University terms explain''. Itholaka ku: '''<nowiki>https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/study/getting-started/about-our-qualifications/university-terms-explained</nowiki>'''. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Kube neemfundo eziphakemeko lezo ezaziwa nge-postgraduate, ezenziwa mumuntu oneziqu ze-degree kumkhakha loyo (Canterbury Academic 2025<ref name=":0" />). Iziqu lezi esikhathini esinengi ukuze umuntu amukelwe ukuthi azifunde nanyana azenze kunimbandela neendingo ezifunekako, ezifana nezinga elithize lokuphumelela kanye neziqu ezithize zefundo. Izinga neziqu ezifunekako kuzingalinye, ziyahlathulula egatjeni elilandelako lekulumopendulwano. === '''3. Umhlobo weziqu zefundo ephakemeko''' === Minengi imihlobo yeziqu zefundo ephakemeko; kodwana, ngaphasi kwelumopendulwano sizokutjheja elandelako: ==== '''1. Isetifikeyidi esiphakemeko''' ==== Isetifikeyidi esiphakemeko kulizinga leziqu elilandelwa ibanga letjhumi nanyana igreyidi le-12. Iimfundo zesitifikeyidi zefundo ephakemeko zitholakala kumakholiji nemayunivesithi wethekhnoloji. Ama-credit wesetifikeyidi esiphakameko ali-120 (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1">'''Minishi-Majanja,''' M. K. The Higher Education Qualifications Framework and the changing environment of LIS education and training in South Africa: some observations. ''SA Jnl Libs & Info Sci'' 2009, 75(2):148-158</ref>; no mKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2">'''Council on Higher Education.''' 2013. ''Framework for Qualification Standards in Higher Education''. Council on Higher Education. South Africa: Pretoria.</ref>). ==== '''2. Idiploma ne-degree''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Diploma Social Work.jpg|thumb|160x160px|Ibhande leDiploma ngaphasi komkhakha wabahlengi bezehlalakuhle]] Iziqu zediploma kulizinga zefundo elilandelwa ziziqu zesetifikeyidi esiphakemeko. Iimfundo zediploma zitholakala ekholiji, eyunivesithi yethekhnoloji neyunivesithi (Minishi-Majanja<ref name=":1" /> 2009). Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu zediploma ama-360 (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). Iziqu ze-degree kulizinga lefundo elilandelwa ziziqu zediploma (Minishi-Majanja 2009). Iimfundo lezi zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji namayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu zedegree ama-360 (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1" />; nomKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). ==== '''3. I-MA ne-PhD''' ==== [[Isimumathi:MA belt Humanities.jpg|left|thumb|159x159px|Ibhande leMA ngaphasi komkhakha wezobuntu]] [[Isimumathi:PhD belt African Languages Humanites.jpg|thumb|159x159px|Ibhande lePhD ngaphasi komkhakha wezobuntu]] Iziqu ze-MA ziimfundo zezinga ezilandelwa ziziqu ze-Honours (Minishi-Majanja 2009). Iimfundo zeziqu ze-MA zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji nemayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu ze-MA ama-480 (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013). Iziqu ze-PhD ziimfundo zezinga ezilandelwa ziziqu ze-MA (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1" />). Iimfundo zeziqu ze-PhD zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji nemayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu ze-PhD ama-360 (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). === '''4. Ubuhle beziqu zefundo ephakemeko''' === Ngokuya komKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko<ref name=":2" /> (2013) iziqu zefundo ephakemeko zidlala indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni amaphilo wabantu nemiphakathi ngokuthi kusetjenziswe ilwazi lawo. Zibuye zenze isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha ifinyelela iindingo zayo nemiphakathi kanye namaqhinga wokurarulula imiraro yayo (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). Kokugcina, zenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu bayasebenzisana begodu kuba netjhebiswano elingcono (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). === '''5. Isiphetho''' === Iziqu zezinga ephakeme lezefundo azitjengisi ubuhlakani obuthize kwaphela; kodwana, zidlala indima eqakathekileko eemphakathini nenarheni njengokuthi kuthuthukiswe amaphilo wabantu. Ukungezelela, zibuye zidlale indima eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi imiraro yabantu iyararululwa begodu kuba nokusebenzisana hlangana nabantu babuya eendaweni ezakuhlikileko. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> d7jbit7szy171mnx7zlvtojik0lpk1p Iinkathi Ezine Zomnyaka 0 650 3209 2025-06-24T07:18:02Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== '''Iinkathi Ezine Zomnyaka''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Iinkathi zomnyaka ngezinye izinto eziqakathekileko tle eemphakathini esiphila kiwo. Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu okuyeleliseni iimphakathi ngalokho okungakulindela esikhathini ekiso nanyana esizako. Ezinye zezinto iinkathi zomnyaka eziyelelisa ngazo iimphakathi, kukudla ekufanelwe kutjalwe ngaleso skhathi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka esinazo kanye nemisebenz..." 3209 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Iinkathi Ezine Zomnyaka''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Iinkathi zomnyaka ngezinye izinto eziqakathekileko tle eemphakathini esiphila kiwo. Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu okuyeleliseni iimphakathi ngalokho okungakulindela esikhathini ekiso nanyana esizako. Ezinye zezinto iinkathi zomnyaka eziyelelisa ngazo iimphakathi, kukudla ekufanelwe kutjalwe ngaleso skhathi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka esinazo kanye nemisebenzi nanyana iinzuzo zazo. === '''2. Imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka:''' === Ngokuya kweNational Geographic (2025)<ref name=":0">'''National Geographic.''' 2025. ''Season''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/season/</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa yiWikipedia (2025)<ref>'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. S''eason''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref>, zine (4) iinkathi zomnyaka. [[Iinkathi zomnyaka]] lezi yihlobo, isiruthwani, ubusika nesilimela. ==== '''2.1. Ingabe kuyini ihlobo na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Ihlobo.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Umuthi notjani ehlobo]] Ihlobo kusikhathi somnyaka lapho ubujamo bezulu butjhisa khulu begodu kunezulu elinengi. Ngokuya kwe[https://www.livescience.com/25202-seasons.html Live Science (2025])<ref name=":1">'''Live Science.''' 2025. ''Seasons''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://www.livescience.com/25202-seasons.html</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa nguTrenberth (1983) <ref name=":2">'''Trenberth, K. E.''' 1983. What are the Seasons?. ''Bulletin American Meteorological Society'', 64(11):1276-1282. </ref>ihlobo esikhathini esinengi libonakala ngemithi notjani obuhlaza khulu begodu iintjalo zakhona zibazihle. Ukungezelela, kanti nefuyo nayo iyanona ngombana amadlelo anokudla okunengi tle. Nasitjheja bonyana ihlobo lingena beliphume nini na, sifunyana bona lingena ngoNobayeni begodu liphuma ekupheleni kukaMhlolanja (National Geographic 2025<ref name=":0" />). ==== '''2.2. Kuyini isiruthwani na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Isiruthwani.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|Umuthi notjani ngesiruthwani]] Isiruthwani kusikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu ehla khona begodu nemithi sele ithoma ukulahlekelwa mbala yawo ehlaza iba zotho ([https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/season/ National Geographic 2025]<ref name=":0" />; noTrenberth 1983<ref name=":2" />). Ukungezelela, namakari wemithi athoma ukusuka nanyana ukuwa. Ngalesi isikhathi, ifuyo ithoma ukuzilungiselela isikhathi somnyana esibudisi, ubusika, njengombana nokudla nakho kuthoma ukuncipha (Live Science 2024<ref name=":1" />). Isiruthwani sona sikhathi somnyaka esilandelwa busika, ekutjho bonyana sithoma ngoNtaka kuphikela ekupheleni kukaSihlabantakana (National Geographic 2025). ==== '''2.3. Kuyini ubusika na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Ubusika.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Umuthi notjani ebusika]] Ubusika kusikhathi somnyaka esibudisi khulu, lokha nasiqala ifuyo neentjalo. Ngokuya kweLive Science (2025) ubusika sikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu aphasi khulu begodu kumakhaza. Ukungezelela, kwezinye iindawo ebusika akuni izulu kodwana kuba negabhogo. INational Geographic (2025) isekelwa yi[https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/the-four-seasons Twinkl (2025)]<ref name=":3">'''Twinkl'''. 2025. ''The Four Seasons''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/the-four-seasons</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025]. </ref> iveze bonyana ebusika ifuyo iyonda, kanti iintjalo ezinye ziyafa ngebanga lokutlhogeka kokudla namanzi. Ukungezelela, nabantu bezwa abakhaza khulu bagcine bagawula imithi eminengi ukuphemba umlilo. Ubusika kusikhathi somnyaka leso esilandela isiruthwani, ekutjho bona sithoma ekuthomeni kukaMrhayili kufikela ekupheleni kukaVelabahlinze (National Geographic 2025). ==== '''2.4. Kuyini isilimela na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Isilimela.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|Umuthi notjani ngesiruthwani]] Isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka leso esingatjho bona sikhathi esiletha ithemba eentjalweni, ebantwini nefuyweni. ITwinkl (2025)<ref name=":3" /> isekele iphuzulu leli lokha nayiveza bonyana isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu athoma ukukhuphuka begodu neentjalo zithoma ukutlhurha. Kodwana, kubuye kube nemililo eminengi yommango ezenzakalekako ngesikhathi lesi somnyaka. Ngokuya kweNational geographic (2025) isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka leso esilandela ubusika begodu sitjengisa bonyana ubusika buphelile. Ngamanye amagama, isikhathi lesi sithoma ekuthomeni kukaRhoboyi kufikela ekupheleni kukaKhukhulamungu. === '''3. Ingabe iinkathi zomnyaka ziletha ini eemphakathini na?''' === 1. Iinkathi zomnyaka zibikela imiphakathi, iintjalo nefuyo mayelana nobujamo bebhoduluko ebangalilindela. Ngokuya kweTwinkl (2025) iikhathi zomnyaka zilitshwayo lokuthi abantu neentjalo nefuyo kufanele baphile njani ngaleso skhathi njengokuthi ebusika kufanele abantu bambathe ngokufudumeleko ngombana kunamakhaza, igabhogo nerhwaba imbala. 2. Zilethela imiphakathi nefuyo ukudla okuhlukileko nekghonakalo yokutjala. Ngokuya kweLive Science (2025) iintjalo nokudla okutholakala ehlobo kuhlukileko nalokho okutholakala ebusika; isibonelo, amakhabe atholakala ehlobo kodwana ebusika akatholakali. 3. Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu ngaphasi kwezamaphilo womphakathi. Ngokuya kweNational Geographic (2025) ehlobo kutholakala iinhlahla ezinengi zokwelapha njengoba namagulo ayanda; kodwana, ebusika amagula ayancipha njengombana kumakhaza khulu. === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Iinkhathi zomnyaka ziqaketheke khulu eemphakathini begodu zidlala iindima ezikulu efana nokuyelelisa abantu ngokudla ekufanele bakudle, ukulawuleka kwamagulo kanye namazinga wokutjhisa. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana ilwazi lazo silazi begodu sihlale siziyelelile ukuze sizuze kizo. === '''5. Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> d9vh9w495rky0f4ypxt3cz460mfhm8w U-Hector Pieterson 0 651 3238 3214 2025-06-26T14:11:47Z Mosakaruka 586 putting references 3238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Hector Pieterson Memorial, Soweto.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Ilitje lesikhumbuzo sika-Hector Pieterson]] '''UZolile Hector Pieterson''' bekaneminyaka eli-12 lokha nakazakubulawa mapholisa womBuso weBandlululo ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976. Lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi abantwana babantu abanzima ababafundi benza umtjhagalo e-Soweto, balwela ukukhitjhwa kwemithethokambiso enganabulungisa yomBuso weBandlululo, balwela nokuthi isiBhuru kufuze singasabi lilimi okufundiswa ngalo ingcenye yeemfundo esikolweni sabanzima. Isithombe sokufa kwakhe esidumileko esathwetjulwa nguSam Nzima senza iphasi loke lawuqala ngamanye amehlo umBuso weBandlululo. U-Hector Pieterson naye [[u-Hastings Ndlovu]], obekamfundi wesikolo samabanga aphezulu, baba bantwana bokuthoma ukubulawa emTjhagalweni we-Soweto.<ref>Ernest Leong, J.E. Luebering (2025), ''Hector Pieterson'', Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hector-Pieterson Retrieved on 23-06-2025.</ref> == Umlando Ka-Hector Pieterson == UZolile Hector Pieterson wabelethwa ngo-1963, abelethwa ngu-Dorothy Molefi unina, noyise u-Vivian Pieterson. Wabelethelwa bewakhuliselwa e-Soweto eSewula Afrika. Nanyana bekunguye omsana kunina, bekanabodadwabo abane, u-Antoinette Sithole no-Sina Molefi abeze nonina, bese u-Lulu Pieterson angudadwabo kubabelethi bobabili. Ngokwalokho unina akutjhoko ngaye, uthi u-Hector bekamsanyana othandekako othanda ukumomotheka, amsana ohlakaniphileko othanda amahlaya . Yena nodadwabo u-Antoinette bebangena isikolo sinye. Nanyana ngiliphi ibhudango ebekanalo ngengomuso lakhe latjhabalala mhla kuhlelwa ijima lomtjhagalo ngo-1976.<ref>Briefly Website, (2025), Hector Pieterson: The untold truth of the 1976 Soweto Uprising - Written on 17-06-2021, Retrieved from: https://briefly.co.za/31902-hector-pieterson-untold-truth-symbol-1976-soweto-uprising.html Retrieved on 23-06-2025.</ref> == Ibanga Lomtjhagalo We-Soweto == Umtjhagalo we-Soweto ngesikhuwa owaziwa ngokuthi yi-''Soweto Uprising'' wathoma ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 1976. Isizathu sokuba khona komtjhagalo lo kukwethulwa kwesiBhuru njengelimi okuzokufundwa ngalo ingcenye yeemfundo eenkolweni zabantu abanzima. Abantwana abaziinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili bahlanganyela emtjhagalweni lo. U-Hector nodadwabo u-Antoinette Sithole bebahlangana nesibalweso. Kuthiwa [[U-Teboho MacDonald Mashinini (Tsietsi)|u-Teboho MacDonald Mashinini]] owaziwa ngelika-Tsietsi ungomunye wabadosiphambili bomtjhagalo lo.<ref>Mecoamere, Victor (27 May 2013). "Naledi High turns 50". S''owetan Live''. Retrieved from: https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-05-27-naledi-high-turns-50/ 23 July 2013.</ref> Amapholisa womBuso webandlululo athuthumbisa iinkule nama-''teargas,'' kwafa isibalo sabantwana esingaba likhulu namatjhumi alikhomba nesithandathu. Kusolelwa bona abantwana abafa mhlokho bangaphezu kwesibalwesi.<ref>Zinn Education Project (2025), ''June 16, 1976: Soweto Uprising,'' Retrieved at: https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/soweto-uprising/ Retreived on 23-06-2025.</ref> Nasizokuzwisisa bona izenzakalo zango-1976 zenzeka njani, kufuze sizwisise bona umsuka wazo uza njani. Ekuthomeni kwabo-1970, umnotho enarheni le bewusezingeni eliphasi, amanani wokuthenga izinto ezitlhogekako bekaphezulu, ngapha imisebenzi iyindlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho bekunabantu abanengi abasuka eendaweni zemakhaya abeza bazokuhlala emalokitjhini ngebanga lokufuna lokuthuthukisa ipilwabo. Ngebanga lalokho amalokitjhi besele anesibalo esikhulu sabantu abavela eendaweni ezinengi, bese lokho kwenza neensetjenziswa zaba zincani. Lokhu kwabangela abantu bona bahlangahlangane bebathukuthele njengombana izinga lokuphila sele lehle khulu. Kodwana lokho khenge kube semtarini bekwaba kulapho kuthoma umtjhagalo wabantwana besikolo.<ref name=":0">South African History Archive (SAHA), (2025), ''The Youth take charge: the Soweto Uprising of June 1976'', Retrieved from: https://www.saha.org.za/youth/bantu_education.htm Retrived on 23-06-2025.</ref> Abantwana besikolo bangesikhatheso besele bangasanalo ithemba ngengomuso. Iinkumba zokufundela bezizele swi ngabangafundi, zinganazo iintlabagelo ezaneleko zokufunda, begodu abotitjhere nabazakulawula kuhle abantwana bekufuze babakhalime budisi ngokubabetha nangokubajezisa ngezinye iindlela ezibudisi. Kuncani khulu ebekufundwa esikolweni ngesikhatheso. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngo-1975, urhulumende wangezelela ebudisini ebebaqalene nabo ngokuthatha isiqunto sokuthi isiBhuru kube lilimi okuzokufundwa ngalo iimfundo esikolweni, okutjho bona ingcenye yeemfundo ezifundwako eenkolweni kufuze zifundiswe ngesiBhuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ukufundiswa kweemfundo ngesiBhuru kwaletha umraro okabili. Kokuthoma abotitjhere bebangakghoni ukufundisa ngesiBhuru, ngapha nabafundi bangakghoni ukulikhuluma kuhle ilimeli, okutjho bona abafundi bebazokufeyila iimvivinyo zabo, bese babe bomahlalela bangawufumani umsebenzi. Okwesibili isiBhuru besiqalwa njengelimi labagqilazi, okwenza abantwana banyanya ukulisebenzisa. Ngaphezu kobana kuthethe iinyanga abazali bafake iimbawo neenghonghoyilo ngendaba le, umBuso waragela phambili nesiqunto sawo. Kwathi ekuthomeni kwango-1976 abafundi bathoma ukuhlela amajima wokulwisana nesiBhuru, nanyana kunjalo urhulumende waqinisa ihloko, wala ukulalela iinghonghoyilo zabo. Ngebanga lalokho, iinkulungwana zabafundi e-Soweto zamatjhela e-Orlando Stadium ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 1976, okukulapho baletha khona iinghonghoyilo zabo.<ref name=":0" /> Kunokuthi kulalelwe iinghonghoyilo zabafundaba abatjhagala ngokuthula, amapholisa womBuso weBandlululo athoma ukuvulela ngeenkule ebafundini. U-Hector Pieterson waba ngewokuthoma ukudumuzeka bewafa. abanye bathi ngu-Hestings Ndlovu owadunyuzwa kokuthoma.<ref>South African.Info (18 November 2016), ''Hastings: forgotten hero of 1976,'' Web Archive (2016). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053520if_/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm#.WC6TI-j7Q2w Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> Amapholisa araga nokudumuza abafundi, kodwana lokho khenge kubajamise abafundi ekutjhagaleni. Kunalokho, ukubulawa kuka-Hector kwabenza baqunga isibindi sokuraga nomtjhagalo. Baqalana namapholisa, bebatjhisa nama-ofisi we-''West Rand Administration Board (WRAB),'' ebebayiqala njengetshwayo lokugqilazwa nokugandelelwa. Batjhisa bebatjhisa neengodiphola, okuziindawo ebeziqalwa njengamahlelo karhulumende wokuqeda isimilo sabantu abanzima.<ref name=":0" /> Nanyana urhulumende webandlululo athumela amasotja e-Soweto bona ayokujamisa umtjhagalo lo, abantu baraga nawo iinyanga ezintathu zoke. Izenzo zabo zabasela abanye abantu abatjha kiyo yoke inarha, kwaqubuka imitjhagalo ngemitjhagalo emalokitjhini enarheni yoke. Abantu abatjha abangaba makhulu amathathu babhubha, abaziinkulungwana ezimbili balimala. Boke abafundaba - kuhlanganise no-Hector Pietersen babhadela ngepilwabo ekuthuthukiseni ifundo yabantu abanzima.<ref name=":0" /> == Indima Edlalwe Kukufa Kuka-Hector Pieterson == [[Isimumathi:Hector Pieterson Museum, Soweto.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Imiziyamu ka-Hector Pieterson]] Ukuhlongakala kuka-Hector Pieterson kudlale indima ekulu ekulwelweni kwamalungelo wobuntu nomBuso webandlululo kangangobana ilanga langomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni lilanga labantu abatjha eligidingwa enarheni yoke. Isithombe sika-Hector athwelwe ngu[[Mbuyisa Makhubu|Mbuyisa Makhubo]], nodadwabo ka-Hector agijima hlanu kwabo, ngiso esithathwa njengesilitshwayo lelangeli. Isithombesi singezinye zeenthombe eziveza isehlakalwesi ezithwetjulwe nguSam Nzima.<ref name=":1">Lucille Davie, (14 June 2002), ''Hector: the famous child'' ''whose face is unknown,'' Web Archive website (2023). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20030327052242/https://joburg.org.za/june_2002/hector.stm Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekwavulwa nemiziyamu ebizwa ngegama lakhe - ''Hector Pieterson Museum'' - e-Orlando West e-Soweto. Imiziyamu le isesitaradeni sesibili ukusukela lapha u-Hector adunyuzelwa khona. Indawo le inamafilimu, amaphephandaba, ukulandisa kwabantu abazibonele ngewabo nakwenzeka isenzakalwesi, neenthombe, nalesi esidume khulu esathwetjulwa nguSam Nzima. i-''Hector Peterson Museum'' yimiziyamu yokuthoma e-Soweto eyavulwa ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 2002. Kuthethe imali engange-R23 200 000 ukuyakha begodu i-R16 000 000 yimali enikelwe ngokuzithandela mNyango wezeBhoduluko nezokuVakatjha, bese i-R7 200 000 yanikelwa Mkhandlu weDorobho le-Johannesburg. Yeke imiziyamu le iyokuhlala isikhumbuzo sokufa kuka-Hector Pieterson nokulwela kwabantu abatjha itjhaphuluko.<ref name=":1" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> ieq4mfv6vgz8k71nzbdci08m787x8zl Indima eyadlalwa yilutjha emzabalazweni wekululeko 0 652 3266 3223 2025-06-30T09:21:29Z Nqobile69 190 Added few words 3266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umzabalazo wekululeko''' ngilokha abantu bavusa ipi nofana baba nenturhu ukulwisana nombuso webandlululo.<ref>Houston, G.F., 2019. ''The National Liberation Struggle in South Africa: A Case Study of the United Democratic Front, 1983-87''. Routledge.</ref> Umzabalazo wekululeko bewudoswa phambili ziinqhema ezinengi zabantu ekungaba misikinyeko nofana iinhlangano ezabe zenziwe ngaleso sikhathi. Iinqhema lezi zabe zihlose ukuthola ikululeko, ukulingana Kanye nombuso wentando yenengi ebantwini boke abahlala eSewula Afrika. Ilutjha ebelodosa phambili umzabalazo wekululeko labe linekghuphelo lokwakha inarha encono kunaleyo ebeba phila kiyo, labe lifuna ukuletha amatjhuguluko emphakathini wabo nanyana lokho kwabe kubeka amaphilo wabo engozini. === Indima eyadlwa yilutjha ekuletheni ekuletheni ikululeko === Ukuhlela ukubhenyoga Lokha abantu abatjha bekuba ngiba ngobo abadosa phambili ukubhenyoga kwesitjhaba bebasebenzisa iindlela ezithileko ukulwisana nabaphathi nofana abadosi phambili bombuso loyo. Isibonelo sokubhenyoga ngelesi sokuphakama kweSoweto ngonyaka we-1976 lapho ilutjha khabe lilwisana khona nokufundiswa khona kwelimi lesibhuru ngekatelelo eenkolweni.<ref>Ndlovu, S., 2017. ''The Soweto Uprisings: Counter Memories of June 1976''. Pan Macmillan South africa.</ref> Omunye welutjha elabe lidosa phambili ukubhenyoga lokhu kwabe kungu Tsietsi Mashinini. Abanye abafundi bahlongakala lokha nakubhenyogwako ngombana badutjulwa. UHector peterson owabe eneminyaka eli-12, no Hastings Ndlovu owabe eneminyaka eli-15.<ref>Krog, A., 2022. Some new perspectives on the Soweto uprising: HML Lentsoane’s poem “Black Wednesday”(“Laboraro le lesoleso”). ''Tydskrif vir letterkunde'', ''59''(3), pp.113-130.</ref> Ukutjhukumisa imiphakathi Ilutjha ladlala indima yokuthi litjhukumise imiphakathi begodu liwazise ngokuthi liphala lapho bangatholi khona ubulungiswa begodu sikhombise umphakathi ukuthi sitlhoga umbuso wentando yenengi khona woke umuntu azokutjhaphuluka. Okhunye kukuthi ihlagano ye-ANC yathoma yenza amaphetjhana atlolwe ukuthi “tjhaphululani uMandela bese nilengise u Vorster” lokhu kwenziwa kokuthi nilutjha lisuse inturhu eSoweto. Abasebenzi abanzima nabo bagcina babanga imguruguru ngombana basikinywa yinto eyenziwa mbuso, ukuthi babulale abafundi. Ukwakha ubudlelwano benhlangano, nemisikinyeko Ilutjha lasiza ukwakha ukuhlangana nofana ukwenza ukuthi kube khona ubudlelwana phakathi kwenhlangano, imisikinyeko nekukhuliseni imiphakhathi iqinise ukubumbana kwabantu. Imisikinyeko yelutjha efana neCOSAS ejamele ukuthi ''congress of south african students, ne-''SASCO ejamele ukuthi ''South African student congress'' zasungulwa ukuthi zikhone ukuthi zilwisane ukuthi zikghone ukulwisana nebandlululo elabe likhona ngaleso skhathi.<ref>Ngwane, T., 2017. Learning in struggle: an activist’s view of the transition from apartheid to democracy in South Africa. In ''Reflections on Knowledge, Learning and Social Movements'' (pp. 168-185). Routledge.</ref> iSASCO yoona yavela ngaphasi kwehlangano ye-ANC. Nanyana umzabalazo wekululeko waphela kodwa uphethe ubujalo benarha begodu uyaraga ukubumba inarha ngokuzama ukuthi kungasabi nokubandlululana kwakade begodu kwakhiwe inarha eyamukela woke umuntu ngendlela angayo ngokombala, ukukhuluma nokhunye. oe7nmlan62wzx8c9gmrmclskguzw7bk U-Teboho MacDonald Mashinini (Tsietsi) 0 653 3252 3251 2025-06-28T18:24:22Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Umlando Wakhe */ spelling fix 3252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Teboho "Tsietsi" MacDonald Mashinini''' (wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kuTjhirhweni 1957 wahlongakala ngo-1990) bekamlweli wetjhaphuluko emBusweni weBandlululo weSewula Afrika nomdosiphambili wabafundi odumileko ngesikhathi se-[[:en:Soweto_Uprising|''Soweto Uprising'']].<ref name=":0">South African History Online (2022), ''Teboho “Tsietsi” Mashinini'' (Published February 17, 2011). Retrieved from: https://sahistory.org.za/people/teboho-tsietsi-mashinini Retrieved on 25-06-2025.</ref> == Umlando Wakhe == U-Teboho Tsietsi Mashinini owaziwa ngebizo lakhe elithi "Mcdonald" wabelethwa ngo-1957, ngomhlaka-27 kuTjhirhweni. Bekangowesibili ebantwaneni abali-13 baka-Ramothibe (ubaba) no-Nomkhitha Virginia (umma) bakwaMashinini. Bekamfundi okhaliphileko, odumileko nophumelelako e-''Morris Isaacson High School'' <ref name=":1">Mecoamere, Victor (27 May 2013). "Naledi High turns 50". S''owetan Live''. Retrieved from: https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-05-27-naledi-high-turns-50/ 23 July 2013.</ref> e-Soweto, lapho bekamdosiphambili wesiqhema sekulumo pikiswano begodu angumongameli we-''Methodist Wesley Guild''. Igadango lombuso webandlululo weSewula Afrika lokwenza ilimi lesiBhuru libe lilimi okufundiswa ngalo eenkolweni zoke zeSewula Afrika ngokuhlanganyela nesiNgisi belingathandwa bafundi beSewula Afrika abanzima [[Ilimi lesiNgisi|nabakhuluma isiNgisi]].<ref name=":0" /> Amfundi ngokwakhe, uMashinini nguye owahlela umtjhagalo omkhulu wabafundi ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976.<ref name=":1" /> Umtjhagalo lo waziwa ngokuthi yi-[[16 JUNE 1976|''Soweto Uprising'']], okwathatha amalanga amathathu, lapho kwabulawa khona abantwana abamakhulu ambalwa.<ref name=":1" /> Njengombana avele njengomdosiphambili wokuvukela umbuso weSewula Afrika, uMashinini wabaleka eSewula Afrika wabalekela ngaphetjheya, kokuthoma wabalekela e-London bese wabalekela nakezinye iinarha ze-Afrika, njenge-Liberia, lapho atjhade khona no-''Miss Liberia 1977'', [[Welma Campbell|u-Welma Campbell]].<ref name=":0" /> UMashinini wahlongakala ngaphasi kobujamo obungazwisisekiko, mhlamunye ngokubulawa namkha ngobulwele, ngehlobo lika-1990 ngesikhathi asendaweni yokubalekela e-Guinea.<ref>Ali Mphaki (11/07/2004), ''<nowiki/>'Tsietsi died of Aids' ,'' Wayback Machine internet archive. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211226/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1555941,00.html Retreived on the 30th September 2007.</ref> Ngomhlaka-4 kuRhoboyi 1990, isidumbu sakhe sabuyiselwa eSewula Afrika, lapho angcwatjwa khona emaThuneni we-Avalon. Ithuna lakhe linesihloko esithi ''"Black Power"''.<ref>Joburg website (2018) ''The homecoming that wasn't.'' Retrieved from: https://joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/The-homecoming-that-wasn't.aspx Retrieved on 25-06-2025.</ref> == Ilitje Lesikhumbuzo == Kunelitje lesikhumbuzo sika-Teboho Mashinini esenziwe ngu-Johannes Phokela emasangweni wesikolo ebekangena kiso kade esavulwa ngomhlaka-1 kuMrhayili 2010 ngu-Amos Masondo, iMeyara ye-Johannesburg.<ref>Arts, Culture & Heritage website (November 6, 2023), ''Tsietsi Mashinini.'' Retrieved from: https://arts-culture-heritage.joburg/public-art-inventory/tsietsi-mashinini/ Retrieved on 25-06-2025. </ref> == Qala godu == * U-[[Khotso Seatlholo]] * [[U-Hastings Ndlovu]] * [[U-Hector Pieterson]] * U-Murphy Morobe * U-Seth Mazibuko == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == * Iwebhusayithi ye-''African Activist Archive Project'' ifaka hlangana isitatimende seendaba [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=32-130-C2F i-''Lider of Soweto (South Africa) Uprising to Speak''] (''New York: American Committee on Africa, December 1976''). * Iphrofayili ka-Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini ku-''SA History Online'' https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/teboho-tsietsi-mashinini sks9e6kyejtn8hjn8ywvd6oymexxcz9 Empty 0 654 3230 2025-06-26T03:04:47Z 2601:600:9480:5910:81E2:EC04:C2A5:709E kml,\ 3230 wikitext text/x-wiki // rjdj9ub8r75v81a23rd0eea45a8l6vk Umthethomlingwa nomthetho. 0 655 3233 3232 2025-06-26T07:43:08Z Owaziwako 24 3233 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umthethomlingwa nomthetho.''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Umthethomlingwa nomthetho ngamanye wamathulusi nanyana [[Amakhotho wethu|iinsetjenziswa ezisiza khulu]] eemphakathini nenarheni mayelana nokwenza isiqiniseko bonyana kuba nokulawuleka. Ukungezelela, umthethomlingwa nomthetho magadango lawo enza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu baphilisana kuhle begodu balandela ikambiso yomthetho. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, umthethomlingwa nomthetho kuzizinto ezimbili ezingafaniko. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umthethomlinga begodu kuyini umthetho. === '''2. Kuyini umthethomlingwa na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umthethomlingwa.png|thumb|250x250px|Isikhangiso somthethomlingwa]] Ngokuya kweSouth African National Legislation Service (iNetLaw) [2025]<ref name=":0">'''South African National Legislation Service (NetLaw).''' 2025. ''Navigating the Legislative Landscape''. SabinetSA: Pretoria</ref> umthethomlingwa litlhatlha lomthetho lelo elisesigabeni sokuthi lithunyelwe eBandleni leNarha nomKhandlu weNarha owAngamele iimFunda ngaphasi kwePalamende yenarha. Itlhatlha leli lomthetho (umthethomlingwa) ukuze libe mthetho ngokusemthethweni kufanelwe liphasiswe yiPalamende yenarha ngemva kukuphasiswa iBandla leNarha nomKhandlu weNarha owAngamele iimFunda. Nanyana kunjalo, akutjho bonyana yoke imithethomlingwa etlanywako izokuphasiswa ePalamende yenarha, eminye yemithethomlingwa iyararhwa ([https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/publications/bills-acts/ Parliament of United Kingdom 2025]<ref>'''Parliament of United Kingdom'''. 2024. ''Bills vs Acts''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/publications/bills-acts/</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Ngalokho singatjho bona umthethomlingwa kulingelelo lomthetho lelo elilethwa ngaphambili kwePalamende yenarha ukuze liqalwe bonyana nalingaba mthetho lingasiza inarha ekuphemeleliseni iindingo zayo na. === '''3. Kuyini umthetho na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umthetho.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Umthetho ngelimi lesiNdebele]] PMG (2025)<ref name=":1">'''PMG.''' 2025. ''Legislative Process''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://pmg.org.za/page/legislative-process</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi[[:en:Bill_(law)|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref>'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. ''Bill (law).'' Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> iveze bonyana umthetho kuziinkambiso lezo ezenzelwe ukulawula nokuphilisana kwabantu ngokulinganako. Ukungezelela, u[[Umthethosisekelo|mthetho]] yikambiso, umhlahlandlela nesisetjenziswa sangakomthetho esisetjeziselwa ukurarulula izipi zangaphandle nangaphakathi eemphakathini ukuze kube nokuthula nanyana nokukhalima isenzo esingakalungi (South African National Legislation Service 2025<ref name=":0" />). Umehluko hlangana komthethomlingwa nomthetho kukuthi umthethomlingwa usalingelelwa bonyana ungasebenza na, begodu usengakabi mthetho ongasetjenziswa ([https://pmg.org.za/page/legislative-process PMG 2025]<ref name=":1" />). Kodwana, umthetho kusisetjenziswa isisemthethweni leso esele sisetjenziswa ngokomthetho ukurarulula imiraro ephathelene nemiphakathi (South African National Legislation Service 2025<ref name=":0" />). === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Umthetholingwa nomthetho kuzizinto ezihlukileko begodu ezisetjenziswa ngendlela ehlukileko. Nanyana kunjalo, ziyingcenye eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha iyakhula mayelana nokurarulula imiraro kanye nokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu abagadangani iinzwani. Ukungezelela, kuqakathekile bonyana sizijayezwe ngelwazi elimayelana nomthethomlingwa nomthetho ukuze sikwazi ukuzibandakanya ekuthathweni kweenqunto eziqakatheileko lezo ezithintela iimpilo zethu. '''Imithombolwazi''' <references /> 1hmv85qhix1mszym1f669fp2r9fr8hh U-Hastings Ndlovu 0 656 3237 3235 2025-06-26T13:42:51Z Mosakaruka 586 putting refrences 3237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Hastings Ndlovu''' (2 kuMhlolanja 1961 - 16 kuMgwengweni 1976) bekamfundi wesikolo samabanga aphezulu weSewula Afrika owabulawa mapholisa emtjhagalweni [[16 JUNE 1976|we-''Soweto Uprising'']] ngebanga lokujamelana nombuso webandlululo [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. == Ukuhlongakala Kwakhe == UNdlovu wabulawa ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976 ngesikhathi [[16 JUNE 1976|somtjhagalo we-Soweto]] lokha amapholisa we-Orlando nakadumuza abafundi ebegade batjhagalela indaba yokukatelelwa kokusetjenziswa kwesiBhuru eenkolweni zabo. Ukuhlongakala kwakhe akhenge kuvezwe khulu njengaye [[u-Hector Pieterson]] ngombana akunamuntu owamthwebula isithombe. Umlawuli wamapholisa u-Colonel Kleingeld utjele i-''Cillié Commission'' ukuthi u-Ndlovu nguye "obekaphehla isiqubuthu bona sibhenyoge."<ref>Blue Plaques of South Africa (2013), ''Home of Hastings Ndlovu (2012),'' Wayback Machine Internet Archive (2024). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> UNdlovu bekanabodadwabo abathathu nomfowabo. Odadewabo batjhiya inarha msinyana ngemva komhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni, kodwana babuyela [[Johannesburg|e-Johannesburg]] ngemva kweminyaka embalwa.<ref>South African.Info (18 November 2016), ''Hastings: forgotten hero of 1976,'' Web Archive (2016). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053520if_/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm#.WC6TI-j7Q2w Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> == Ithuna Lakhe == UNdlovu wangcwatjwa noPieterson emathuneni we-Avalon e-Johannesburg. Indlu yekhabo e-Soweto beyinanyathiselwe iphosta ehlaza satjani ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 2012 njengesikhumbuzo sokuhlongakala kwakhe. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} h60yn8y9fza3puc8jgt83fxjkzzecfq Abatloli Abasesebatjha BeSewula Afrika 0 657 3245 3244 2025-06-27T09:55:32Z Mosakaruka 586 3245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Child reading at Brookline Booksmith.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Umntwana uyafunda]] '''ISewula Afrika''' inomphakathi wabantu abatjha abanetalente lokutlola abazakhela ibizo emkhakheni wezokutlola. Abatlolaba abasesebatjha abakhiqizi iincwadi kwaphela kodwana baba sikhuthazo nakwabanye bona bakuthande ukutlola. Badlale indima ekulu ekucocweni kweendatjana kusukela basesebancani.<ref>News24 (30 August 2017) ''Meet these SA kids who published books before they were 16,'' News24 website (2025). Retrieved from: https://www.news24.com/life/south-africas-youngest-authors-20170830 Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> == U-Michelle Nkamankeng == U-Michelle Nkamankeng owaziwa ngencwadakhe yokuthoma ayitlolileko i-''"Waiting for the Waves"'' wathoma ukutlola aneminyaka elikhomba. Wabelethwa ngo-2008 ngunina u-Laurentine (Lolo) Nkamankeng oyimeneja yakhe, noyise uPaul Nkamankeng. Abentwana bakwabo ngu-Shawn, u-Sheena no-Marion. UMichelle ube hlangana nabantu abatjha abalitjhumi ephasini ababa batloli basesebancani. Kusukela mhlokho sekatlole umlandelande weencwadi ezine:<ref name=":0">Mbali Kgame (August 31, 2018), ''Meet Michelle Nkamankeng, Africa’s Famous School-Age Author,'' Global Citizen website. Retrieved from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/michelle-nkamankeng-south-africa-author-education/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> # ''Waiting for the Waves'' # ''The little girl who believes on herself'' # ''The little mouse'' # ''The Golden Ring''<ref name=":0" /> == U-Stacey Fru == [[Isimumathi:Stacey Ready to do a book reading for children of the Stacey Fru Foundation.jpg|thumb|U-Stacey Fru aphethe incwadi ayitlolileko]] U-Stacey Fru mtloli osele athumbe abonongorwana ngencwadi yakhe yokuthoma ethi, ''"Smelly Cats"'' aneminyaka ebunane kwaphela. Wabelethwa ngo-2007 amntwana wesibili ebantwaneni abane ekhabo. Waziwa njengomntwana onamatalende amanengi nezinto ezinengi azenzileko.<ref name=":1">Stacey Fru (2025), Meet Stacey, Stacey Fru website (2025). Retrieved from: https://staceyfru.co.za/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ekulumenakhe ayethula ngesikhathi athumba unongorwana, uthi: "Lokhu kungikhuthaze bona ngifune ukwenzela abantu okwengeziweko begodu ngibasize, khulukhulu labo abakhule batlhaga, ngokuthi ngibe nelami iziko namkha i-''foundation'' engingabasiza ngayo.''"'' U-Stacey usikhulumi, uyagida begodu ungumlweli wamalungelo wabantwana. Nanzi iincwadi zakhe:<ref name=":3" /> # ''Smelly Cats'' # ''Bob and the Snake'' # ''Tim's Answer''<ref name=":1" /> == Hallelujah Khumalo == U-Hallelujah Khumalo ngomunye walabo abathoma ukutlola basesebancani. Wabelethwa ngo-2016 abelethwa nguSkhona no-Theodora Khumalo. Waziwa ngencwadakhe edumileko ethi "''Where I Fit''" ekhuthaza abantwana bona bamukele bonyana abafani nabanye abantwana. Naye unamatalenta amanengana njengokudlala ipiyano, ukudansa umjido we-''ballet'' nokhunye. Nanzi iincwadi azitlolileko:<ref name=":2">Reitumetse Makwea (20 May 2023), ''Young author Hallelujah Khumalo wants other children to know it's okay not to fit,'' The Citizen (2025). Retrieved from: https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/special-features/young-author-hallelujah-khumalo-where-i-fit/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''Where I Fit'' # ''How Halle and Liesl became friends''<ref name=":2" /> == Reabetswe Kungwane == U-Reabetswe Kungwane besele athoma ukufeza ibhudango lakhe ngokuthoma ukutlola aneminyaka elikhomba. Waziwa ngencwadakhe enesihloko esithi ''‘Stories you’ve never heard before’'' emlandelande weendatjana ezilitjhumi ezikhuluma ngalokho okwenzeke epilwenakhe, ngasinye sinesifundo esiqakathekileko epilweni uReabetswe acabanga bona singahlohlozela abantwana abalingana naye. Incwadi le ineenthombe ezigwalwe nguye.<ref>Rudzani Matshili (2018), ''How a 9-year-old pupil became a published author,'' IOL website (2025). Retrieved from: https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-02-19-how-a-9-year-old-pupil-became-a-published-author/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''Stories you’ve never heard before'' == U-Metu Ngcali == U-Metu Ngcali oneminyaka elitjhumi nanye wazithola anetalente lokutlola ngemva kokungenela isifundobandulo sokutlola. Lokhu kwamenza wakhupha incwadakhe yokuthoma enesihloko esithi "''The Clever Twins"'' ngoVelabahlinze 2019. Uthe nakayethulako incwadi le kwathengwa amakhophi ama-300 ngelangelo. Incwadi le wayitlola acabanga ngomkhulwakhe. U-Metu uthi: "Ngithabe khulu ngokutlola incwadi le. Bengingakuthandi ukutlola ekuthomeni, kodwana ngithe ukungenela isifundobandulo sokutlola esihlelwe yi-''Bala Books'' ngathoma ukuthanda ukutlola.<ref name=":3">Lerato Mogoatlhe, (August 2, 2019), ''These 8 Young Authors Want Every Child in South Africa to Have Access to Books,'' Global Citizen website. Retrieved from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-authors-turn-the-page-campaign-south-africa/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''The Clever Twins'' == Isiphetho == Lezi ziimbonelo ezimbalwa kwezinengi zabantu abatjha abanetalende lokutlola abahlala eSewula Afrika. Abantwanaba banikele ngokuthileko okungahlohlozela abanye bona bafune ukutlola nokucoca iindaba. == Iinkhombo == noo3ettwhi53fa5cen2m75rss148vxv Abantu Abatjha Kwezokulima 0 659 3250 3249 2025-06-28T18:01:44Z Orrora 587 spelling 3250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Marcus Bai with PNG youth (10698164975).jpg|thumb|321x321px|Abantu abatjha bayalima]] '''ESewula Afrika,''' abantu abatjha abakavami ukutholakala khulu kwezokulima, yeke sibalo esincani khulu sabantu abatjha abathuthukisa zokulima. Nanyana kunjalo kunomnyakazo owenzekako kwezokulima, njengokukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthengiswa kokudla nokwehla komtlhago ezikweneli ngebanga lendima edlalwa babantu abatjha abambalwa, khulukhulu eendaweni zemakhaya. Kodwana kusesenesitjhijilo sokukara abantu abatjha ezikweneli, kuhlanganise nokungatholakali kuhle kwenarha yokutjala, iimali namakghono atlhogekako.<ref>Ongama Giwu, Lelethu Mdoda, Samuel S. Ntlanga, Olwethu Loki ( 08 Nov. 2024), ''Evaluating factors influencing youth participation in agricultural enterprises: Implications for food security and agribusiness,'' SAJEBSM website. Retrieved from: https://sajesbm.co.za/index.php/sajesbm/article/view/903/1130 Retrieved 28-06-2025.</ref> Irhubululo litjengisa bona kunamaphesente ama-24 wabantu abatjha ababandakanyeke kezokulima, begodu bambalwa khulu abenza imali ngakho. Abatjha abamaphesente ama-23 nama-21 benza imali ngamaplasi begodu banamabubulo wabo. Abatjha abatjhadileko nalabo ababondlako emizinabo nabo baba nethando lokulima ngombana ekhaya kuyalinywa.<ref>The Water Wheel pamphlet (January-February 2022) ''Youth and Agriculture.''</ref> == Iintjhijilo Abatjha Abaqalana Nazo Kezokulima == Nanzi iintjhijilo abantu abatjha abaqalene nazo ezikweni lezokulima: # Ukungatholakali lula kwelwazi nefundo yezokulima. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ifundo namakghono wezokulima asezingeni eliphasi okungilo elinomthelela omkhulu ekungabini khona kwemikhiqizo yezokulima, bese lokhu kubangele ukungalingani nomtlhago enarheni. # Ukungatholakali kwenarha. Lokhu kumraro khulukhulu kabengubo abasesebatjha ngokwesiko labanzima abanganikelwa ilifa lenarha. Ngaphezu kwalokho bambalwa khulu abantu abatjha abakghona ukufumana imali-mbonelelo etholakalako yokuthenga inarha. # Ukungatholakali lula kwemali nezenzelwa, kuhlanganise nemali-mboleko, imali ebulungwako netjhorensi etlhogekako bona kuthonyiswe ibubulo lokulima bekuthuthukise nemikhiqizo yakhona. # Ubudisi bokutholakala kwemisebenzi ephathelene nezokulima engondla amaphilo wabantu abatjha isikhathi eside. # Ukungatholakali lula kwamamakethe okungathengiswa kiwo imikhiqizo yezokulima okumthelela weentolo ezikulu ezithengisa imikhiqizo yezokulima, ukungabibikho kwefundo, ibandulo nelwazi elaneleko ngokuthengisa imikhiqizo yokulima. # Ukungatholakali lula kwamathuba wokubandakanyeka nakucociswana ngepholisi yezokulima. Lokho kutjho bona kunabantu imibono yabo engekhe izwakale, bese lokho kwenze abantu abatjha abathanda ukulima bangakutholi abakutlhogako.<ref name=":0">UNAI Hub for SDG2 News, (June 16, 2022) ''The youth are the future of the agricultural sector'', University of Pretoria website. Retrieved from: https://www.up.ac.za/unai-hub-for-sdg2/news/post_3082769-the-youth-are-the-future-of-the-agricultural-sector Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Indlela Iintjhijilwezi Ezingararululwa Ngayo == # Urhulumende kufuze wandise amahlelo wokwabelana ngelwazi nefundo yezokulima ukuze kutholakale ilwazi elaneleko ngezokulima. Amahlelo la angenziwa bese afundiswe abantu abatjha kusukela ebuncanini babo, okungasiza ekwakheni ithando lezokulima eenhliziyweni zabo. Kufuze kube namahlelo wokubandula abafundisi begodu eze neentlabagelo zokufundisa abantu abatjha ngezokulima nangendlela ukudla okukhiqizwa ngayo.<ref name=":0" /> # Urhulumende namabubulo azijameleko kufuze bafake imali ekuthuthukiseni ezokulima begodu bathuthukise nethekhnoloji yezokulima, bebasekele abantu abatjha abangenela umkhakha lo. Amaziko wezeemali nawo kufuze avulele abantu abatjha amathuba aneleko begodu kube bulula bona bawafumane.<ref name=":0" /> # Kunamahlelo nemithethokambiso eminengana kwarhulumende emalungana nokunikelwa kwenarha namkha ngemali yokuyithenga, kodwana amahlelo lawo akusibulula ukuwafumana. Yeke kufuze uthuthukise imithethokambiso yokutholakala kwenarha yokulima eSewula Afrika. Nanyana kunamahlelo nemithethokambiso eminengi emalungana nokwabiwa kwenarha yokulima, kusafuze enze kube bulula ukufumana amathuba lawo.<ref>South African Government website (2025), ''Land and agriculture.'' Retrieve from: https://www.gov.za/issues/land-and-agriculture Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Abatjha Abaphumelelako Kwezokulima == * '''Phikolomzi Qinisa Dlamini:''' Umphathi kwezokulima ekhamphanini i-''Ndela Farming'', wathola iziqu zakhe e-''Cedara College of Agriculture'' begodu ukhuthaza abantu abatjha bona balandelele khulu ifundo yezokulima.<ref name=":1">Nicole Ludolph (21st June 2022) ''Watch out, these young farmers are on fire!'', foodformzansi.co.za, Retrieved from: https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/watch-out-these-young-farmers-are-on-fire/ Retrieved on 28-08-2025.</ref> * '''Keneilwe Raphesu:''' Uphethe ibubulo i-''Runs Mogalemone Farm'' banoyise begodu ukhuthaza nabanye bona bangenele zokulima.<ref name=":1" /> * '''Thabo Herman Dithakgwe:''' Wathoma ibubulo elibizwa bona yi-''Ditha Farming, Wildlife and Projects'' aneminyaka eli-19.<ref>More Matshediso (2019)''Teen farmer makes dad proud'', Vuk'uzenzele website (2025).Retrieved from: https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/teen-farmer-makes-dad-proud Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> * '''Sabelo Mdlalose:''' Nguye odosa phambili i-''Iqabungelihle Primary Cooperative'', utjala imirorho neenungo.<ref>Food and Trees for Africa (2021) ''Youth are the future of SA agriculture''. Retrieved from: https://trees.org.za/youth-are-the-future-of-sa-agriculture Retrieve on 28-06-2025.</ref> * '''Stanley Ntshangase:''' Umlimi onesivuno esincani ophumelele khulu ukutjala ikhabitjhi, amabhatata nesiphila begodu imikhiqizo yakhe uyithumela e-SPAR.<ref>Timbali Technologies (28 Nov 2023) ''Southern Africa small-scale farming success featuring individual success story'', PROAGRIMEDIA Retrieved from: https://www.proagrimedia.com/people/southern-africa-small-scale-farming-success-featuring-individual-success-story Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Iinkhombo == <references /> rt58acfgogga2avpdf98f5zlp9hvcpi Naledi Chirwa 0 660 3275 3254 2025-07-01T21:46:22Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Ipilo yakhe mathupha */ 3275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Naledi Chirwa|native_name=|native_name_lang=|honorific-suffix=[[Parliament of South Africa|MP]]|image=Naledi Chirwa, 2024 (cropped).jpg|image_size=|smallimage=|alt=|caption=Chirwa in 2024|office=[[National Council of Provinces|Permanent Delegate to the National Council of Provinces]]|status=|term_start=15 June 2024|term_end=|predecessor=|successor=|birthname=Naledi Nokukhanya Chirwa|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|07|22|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Vosloorus]], [[East Rand]]<br /> [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|citizenship=|nationality=[[South Africa]]n|party=[[Economic Freedom Fighters]] {{small|(2015–present)}}|otherparty=|spouse=|partner=|relations=|children=2|residence=|education=|alma_mater=[[University of Pretoria]]|occupation=Member of Parliament|profession=Politician|known_for=|committees=|portfolio=|awards=|website=|honorific_prefix=[[The Honourable]]|termend1=21 May 2024|termstart1=22 May 2019|office1=[[National Assembly of South Africa|Member of the National Assembly]]|constituency_AM=}} '''UNaledi Nokukhanya Chirwa-Mpungose''' wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-22 kuNtaka ngomnyaka we-1993. Ungusopolotiki weSewula Afrika begodu gade amlweli wabafundi wesifunda se -Gauteng . Ujamele i -Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) e- National Assembly . UChirwa bekalilunga le- National Assembly ukusukela ngenyanga kaMrhayili ngomnyaka wee-2019 ukuya enyangeni kaMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2024. Uhlale isikhathi esifitjhani eKhanseleni yeNarha yamaPhrovinsi ngaphambi kobana athunyelwe e -National Assembly ukuze athathe isikhundla sakaMbuyiseni Ndlozi . Ukukhula nokuduma kwakhe kubangwe kuzibandakanya nabafundi be-#FeesMustFall e- University of Pretoria ukusukela ngomnyaka wee-2015 ukuya emnyakeni wee-2016. == Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo == U-Chirwa wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-22 kuNtaka emnyakeni we-1993 e- [[Vosloorus]], e-East Rand, e- Gauteng . <ref name="SunWorld">https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/</ref> Ekukhuleni kwakhe ukhuliswa ngugogwakhe e -Mamelodi, e-Pitoli . <ref name="SunWorld" /> phezu komnyaka wee-2009, uthe lokha nakaneminyaka ema-15, wasebenza njengomsekeli kamongameli we-Tshwane North College (TNC) Further Education & Training (FET), manje i-TNC TVET. <ref name="SunWorld" /> U-Chirwa wafunyana iziqu ze -Bachelor of Arts kanye neziqu ze- Honors degree kuDrama and Film Studies e- University of Pretoria . Ukusukela ngomnyaka wee-2019 bekafunda i -Master of Arts ku-Theatre and Performance e- University of the Witwatersrand . <ref>{{cite web|title=Ms Naledi Nokukhanya Chirwa|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/36|website=Parliament of South Africa|access-date=19 June 2021}}https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/36</ref> == Umlweli wabafundi == U-Chirwa waba lilunga le -Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) ngomnyaka wee-2015 begodu waba godu lilunga le-Student Command yehlangano e-University of Pretoria. Wabuya wakhethwa bewabekwa njengesikhulu sezokuthintana somlawuli. <ref name="SunWorld">{{cite news|last1=Zwane|first1=Nokuthula|title=Naledi Chirwa: Voice of the voiceless|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=Sunday World|date=4 June 2019}}https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=nr&page=Naledi+Chirwa</ref> Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2016, ngesikhathi umongameli wenarha wangaphambilini u-Jacob Zuma akhuluma esikhungweni sekhetho se-IEC ngemva kokhetho lukamasipala wango-2016, u-Chirwa nabanye abafundi ababe babathathu baphazamisa ikulumo kamongameli ngesikhathi baphakamise amatshwayo athi "Khanga", "Khumbula u-Khwezi ", "Ngingu-1 kwaba-3" kanye nokuthi "emva kweminyaka ema-10 ", ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ngokutjho uZuma ukudlwengula phakathi kwabo-2000. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Makhubu|first1=Ntando|title=Woman in Zuma #Khwezi protest speaks out|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/woman-in-zuma-khwezi-protest-speaks-out-2054518|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=IOL|date=8 Aug 2016}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/woman-in-zuma-khwezi-protest-speaks-out-2054518</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Ngoepe|first1=Karabo|title=Anti-rape protesters disrupt Zuma's speech|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/anti-rape-protesters-disrupt-zumas-speech-20160806|access-date=10 September 2020|newspaper=News24|date=6 August 2016|location=Pretoria}}https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/anti-rape-protesters-disrupt-zumas-speech-20160806</ref> Godu ngomnyaka wee-2016, u-Chirwa bekabandakanyeka emigurugurwini wabafundi ephathelene nomnyakazo we- #FeesMustFall . Ekukhambeni kwesikhathi wabotjhwa begodu wajanyiswa ekhampasini njengomunye wemibandela webheyili yakhe. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Madibogo|first1=Julia|title=Who is Naledi Chirwa - Drama student‚ Zuma tormentor‚ EFF student leader and fees must fall campaigner|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-10-19-who-is-naledi-chirwa-drama-student-zuma-tormentor-eff-student-leader-and-fees-must-fall-campaigner/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=TimesLIVE|date=19 October 2016}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-10-19-who-is-naledi-chirwa-drama-student-zuma-tormentor-eff-student-leader-and-fees-must-fall-campaigner/</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2017, bekangomunye wabantu abatjha abama-200 be-Mail &amp; Guardian . <ref>{{cite news|last1=Maputla|first1=Tswelopele|title=#BlackGirlMagic: These female parliamentarians are only in their 20s|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-05-23-blackgirlmagic-these-female-parliamentarians-are-only-in-their-20s/|access-date=10 September 2020|newspaper=SowetanLIVE|date=23 May 2019}}https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-05-23-blackgirlmagic-these-female-parliamentarians-are-only-in-their-20s/</ref> == Umsebenzi wePalamende == === UmHlangano weNarha: 2019–2024 === Ngokhetho lukaMeyi 2019, wakhethelwa i -National Assembly of South Africa begodu waba lilunga lePalamende elincani khulu le-EFF. Wafungiswa kanye nabanye abafundi abalwelako, okufakahlangana u-Peter Keetse, u-Nompendulo Mkhatshwa no -Vuyani Pambo . <ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhengu|first1=Cebelihle|title=Power to the new generation: three young MPs you need to know|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-05-22-power-to-the-new-generation-three-young-mps-you-need-to-know/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=TimesLIVE|date=22 May 2019}}https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/</ref> Bekalilunga leKomidi yePhothifoliyo yePalamende yezePilo . <ref>{{cite web|title=Portfolio Committee on Health - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/147|access-date=6 December 2020|website=Parliament of South Africa}}https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/147</ref> Mhlazana amalanga ama-25 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2019, wethula ikulumo yakhe yokuthoma ngesikhathi sokuphikisana ngeKulumo yeNarha . Wakatelelwa bona arhoqise ukuphawula kwakhe malungana nokuthi urhulumende ubandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwabasekeli be-#FeesMustFall. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Gerber|first1=Jan|title=EFF's Chirwa forced to withdraw remark that government was complicit in 'brutal murders' of Fees Must Fall activists|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/effs-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-remark-that-government-was-complicit-in-brutal-murders-of-fees-must-fall-activists-20190625|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=News24|date=25 June 2019}}https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/effs-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-remark-that-government-was-complicit-in-brutal-murders-of-fees-must-fall-activists-20190625</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Gaye|title=Sona debate: EFF's Chirwa forced to withdraw Ramaphosa comments in maiden speech|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/06/25/sona-debate-eff-s-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-ramaphosa-comments-in-maiden-speech|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=Eyewitness News|date=25 June 2019|location=Cape Town}}https://ewn.co.za/2019/06/25/sona-debate-eff-s-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-ramaphosa-comments-in-maiden-speech</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2022, waduma ekundleni yokuthintana eyayibizwa bona yi-Twitter ngokubiza uMongameli u-Cyril Ramaphosa ngokuthi "akanamazinyo" begodu "msana omncani obuthakathaka". <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=The EFF’s 28-year-old Naledi Chirwa called Cyril Ramaphosa a ‘weak little boy’ and now Twitter is divided|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/the-effs-28-year-old-naledi-chirwa-called-cyril-ramaphosa-a-weak-little-boy-and-now-twitter-is-divided-a82c6721-1b4e-4291-a36f-204b69e810ba|access-date=2022-01-19|website=IOL|language=en}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/the-effs-28-year-old-naledi-chirwa-called-cyril-ramaphosa-a-weak-little-boy-and-now-twitter-is-divided-a82c6721-1b4e-4291-a36f-204b69e810ba</ref> Ukusukela lapha ngomnyaka wee-2020, u-Chirwa wahlaselwa eenkundleni zokuthintana basebenzisi abangaziwako ebebatjho ngaphandle kobufakazi ukuthi usisakhamuzi se [[Malawi|-Malawi]] begodu umndenakhe ufumene ubuzwe beSewula Afrika ngokukhohlisa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2020|title=Twitter storm after EFF MP Naledi Chirwa's nationality questioned|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/twitter-storm-after-eff-mp-naledi-chirwas-nationality-questioned-44418095|access-date=16 June 2024|work=IOL}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/twitter-storm-after-eff-mp-naledi-chirwas-nationality-questioned-44418095</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2022, waphendula iinsolwezo ngokuthumela ku-Twitter wathi : "Ningaleya amala ngobuzwe bami bekube kulapho niphenduka nibe hlaza amahlalo. Angeze amala wenu aba liqiniso begodu angeze kwangenza ngithule. Azange ngilithenge iphimbo lami. Angiliqatjhisi. Ngizokuhlala ngikhuluma begodu ayikho into eningayenza ngalokho." <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=Naledi Chirwa hits back at critics: ‘You can lie about my nationality until you turn green in the buttocks’|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-01-19-naledi-chirwa-hits-back-at-critics-you-can-lie-about-my-nationality-until-you-turn-green-in-the-buttocks/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-01-19-naledi-chirwa-hits-back-at-critics-you-can-lie-about-my-nationality-until-you-turn-green-in-the-buttocks/</ref> Ngenyanga kaNtaka 2024, u-Chirwa bekangekho emakhethweni wepalamende ukwenzela bona atlhogomele umntwanakhe ogolako. I-EFF yamhlawulisa begodu yamyalela bona aqolise. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2024|title=Stir as EFF MP Naledi Chirwa fined and made to apologise for missing parliament due to sick baby|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-05-stir-as-eff-mp-naledi-chirwa-fined-and-made-to-apologise-for-missing-parliament-due-to-sick-baby/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-05-stir-as-eff-mp-naledi-chirwa-fined-and-made-to-apologise-for-missing-parliament-due-to-sick-baby/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ntombela|first=Nomzamo Portia|date=11 March 2024|title=Naledi Chirwa's apology a disturbing reminder of patriarchy in politics|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/03/11/nomzamo-ntombela-naledi-chirwas-apology-a-disturbing-reminder-of-patriarchy-in-politics|access-date=2024-03-27|website=EWN|language=en}}https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/03/11/nomzamo-ntombela-naledi-chirwas-apology-a-disturbing-reminder-of-patriarchy-in-politics</ref> Msinyana ngemva kwalokho, i-EFF yakhupha irhelo layo labakhethiweko bekhetho elizako, ebelibeka u-Chirwa endaweni yokugcina. <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2024|title=From 30 to 200: Naledi Chirwa last on EFF list after Malema’s cold shoulder to her apology letter|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-27-from-30-to-200-naledi-chirwa-last-on-eff-list-after-malemas-cold-shoulder-to-her-apology-letter/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-27-from-30-to-200-naledi-chirwa-last-on-eff-list-after-malemas-cold-shoulder-to-her-apology-letter/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Macupe|first=Bongekile|date=26 March 2024|title=Out with the old, in with the new: Carl Niehaus sitting pretty at number 27 on EFF's list for Parliament|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/out-with-the-old-in-with-the-old-carl-niehaus-sitting-pretty-at-number-27-on-effs-list-for-parliament-20240326|access-date=2024-03-27|website=News24|language=en-US}}https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/out-with-the-old-in-with-the-old-carl-niehaus-sitting-pretty-at-number-27-on-effs-list-for-parliament-20240326</ref> Umdosiphambili we-EFF u-Julius Malema wathi ukwehliswa kwakhe esikhundleni bekumphumela wehlelo lehlangano yentando yenengi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2024|title='A democratic outcome': Malema on Naledi Chirwa being last on EFF's parliament list|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-04-05-a-democratic-outcome-malema-on-naledi-chirwa-being-last-on-effs-parliament-list/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-04-05-a-democratic-outcome-malema-on-naledi-chirwa-being-last-on-effs-parliament-list/</ref> === UmKhandlu weNarha weemFunda: uMgwengweni 2024–Tjhirhweni 2025 === Ngamakhetho kaSihlabantangana 2024, u-Chirwa wakhethwa bona ajamele i-EFF esithunyweni se-Gauteng e- National Council of Provinces, ekuyindlu ephezulu yePalamende yeSewula Afrika. Wafungiswa esihlalweni sakhe mhlana amalanga ama-15 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2024. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Merten|first=Marianne|date=2024-06-15|title=Uncontested National Council of Provinces shows national unity government agreements’ impact on matters provincial|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-15-uncontested-ncop-shows-national-unity-government-agreements-impact-on-matters-provincial/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-15-uncontested-ncop-shows-national-unity-government-agreements-impact-on-matters-provincial/</ref> == Ipilo yakhe mathupha == U-Chirwa wenda ukusukela ngoNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2022. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kahla|first=Cheryl|date=2022-11-03|title='Getting married for haters' – EFF's Naledi Chirwa ties the knot [PICS]|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/eff-naledi-chirwa-married-2022/|access-date=2023-01-03|website=The Citizen|language=en}}https://www.citizen.co.za/news/eff-naledi-chirwa-married-2022/</ref> Unabantwana ababili, omunye wabantwana wabelethwa ngomnyaka wee-2021 kuthi lo omunye wabelethwa ngomnyaka wee-2023. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Goba|first=Thabiso|date=1 May 2024|title=Chirwa decided to work throughout pregnancy, it's not reflective of EFF policies: Malema|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/01/chirwa-decided-to-work-throughout-pregnancy-its-not-reflective-of-eff-policies-malema|access-date=2024-06-16|website=EWN|language=en}}https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/01/chirwa-decided-to-work-throughout-pregnancy-its-not-reflective-of-eff-policies-malema</ref> == Iinkomba == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == {{DEFAULTSORT:Chirwa, Naledi}} [[Mkhakha:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2019–2024]] [[Mkhakha:Women members of the National Council of Provinces]] [[Mkhakha:Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa]] [[Mkhakha:University of Pretoria alumni]] [[Mkhakha:South African feminists]] [[Mkhakha:Politicians from Gauteng]] [[Mkhakha:People from Vosloorus]] [[Mkhakha:Members of the National Council of Provinces]] [[Mkhakha:FeesMustFall activists]] [[Mkhakha:Economic Freedom Fighters politicians]] [[Mkhakha:21st-century South African women politicians]] [[Mkhakha:1993 births]] [[Mkhakha:Living people]] e9vfmj1m00zfvmhi7gpc3x2wtwi8oqz U-Karabo Poppy 0 661 3256 2025-06-29T15:27:06Z Jetro mahlangu 588 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289855927|Karabo Poppy]]" 3256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Undisclosed paid|date=November 2021}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">u-Karabo Poppy</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | wabelethwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Karabo Poppy Moletsane</div> <br /><br /><br /><br />1992 (iminyaka 32 – 33)<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Vereeniging]], eSewula Afrika</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ubutjhaba | class="infobox-data category" | [[South African citizenship|ISewula Afrika]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ifundo | class="infobox-data" | [[Open Window Institute|Ifasitela elivulekileko]] <span style="font-size: 85%;">( [[Bachelor of Arts|i-BA]] ekukhulumisaneni [[Visual Communication|okubonwako]] )</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Imisebenzi | class="infobox-data role" | |} '''U-Karabo Poppy Moletsane''' (wabelethwa ngo-1992) mdwebi weenthombe weSewula Afrika, umtlami wemifanekiso, kanye nomdwebi wemigwaqo. == Ipilo yokuthoma == U-Poppy wabelethelwa e- Vereeniging . Wafunda e -Open Window Institute e -Pitori begodu unedigri ku -Visual Communication . == Ibizelo == U-Poppy wenze umsebenzi we -Wall Street Journal, Google, Coca-Cola, kanye ne -Nike, okufaka hlangana ukutlama amanyathelo ambathwa ngu -LeBron James . Wakha iinthombe zomdlalo wokuthoma we-Afrika ku -Netflix, ''i-Queen Sono'', kanye ''ne-When They See Us'' . Wasebenzisana ne-RICH MNISI ngeqoqo lezambatho zabobulili obufanako, ebizwa nge-Running Errands, ngo-2020. Umfanekiso wakhe we-Utah Jazz ufakwe e -Salt Lake City, e-Utah. Ngomnyaka ka-2021, wathunyelwa yi -Wikipedia, kanye no-Jasmina El Bouamraoui, ukuklama amatshwayo ali-101 wokugidinga iminyaka ema-20 ye-Wikipedia. Iinthombe zakhe ezibotjhiweko zitjengiswa njengezinto ezifakwe emadorobheni e -Johannesburg kunye nase-Soweto Towers. == abonongorwana yobungcweti == Wafakwa erhelweni le ''-Forbes'' “30 Ngaphasi kwama-30” emkhakheni we-2019 wokutlama. Imitlamo yakhe ka-2019 ye-Nike yathumba i-BASA Beyond Border Partnership Award. Ngomnyaka ka-2020 wabizwa ngokuthi "nguMsunguli womnyaka" ngu- ''Between 10and5'' . == [https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/karabo-poppy-moletsane-jasmina-el-bouamraoui-wikipedia-20-anniversary-190221 Iinkhomba] == [https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-46922184] https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/ones-to-watch-2020-karabo-poppy-moletsane-illustration-240220 https://www.cnn.com/style/article/karabo-poppy-south-africa-illustrator-nike-sneakers-spc-intl/index.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193953/https://10and5.com/2020/03/06/karabo-poppy-teams-up-with-netflix-strong-black-lead-for-new-queen-sono-illustration/] [https://visi.co.za/rich-mnisi-x-karabo-poppy-capsule-collection-running-errands/] {{Reflist}} 09urk0mfqznuh9jir6pjfqco4493osn Abatloli abatjha 0 662 3257 2025-06-29T20:09:29Z Jetro mahlangu 588 ngifake inkhombo 3257 wikitext text/x-wiki == ABATLOLI ABATJHA == [[Isimumathi:Latin dictionary.jpg|thumb|ABATLOLI ABATJHA]] '''Abatloli abatjha''' babantu abathoma ikhambo labo lezemitlolo eminyakeni ephasi yobudala,kungaba kugadangisa umsebenzi wabo nofana ukuzitlolela ukuzithabisa.Ukuba mtloli omncane e'''Sewula Afrika''' kutlhoga ukuzimisela okukhulu nokungapheli ihliziyo.I'''Sewula Afrika''' ilikhaya kubatloli abasebatjha abenza itjhuguluko kezemitlolo ingasi enarheni le kwaphela kodwana neenarheni ezingaphetjheya. === Iphaliswano labatloli abatjha === Ngokuhlonywa ngomnyaka ka2022,i'''young writer's competition''' kubingwe ngayo ukhwakha isizukulwana esitjha sabatloli abasebatjha '''eSewula Afrika'''. Iphaliswano leli likhombela abatloli abasebatjha bonyana bathumele umsebenzi wabo ongakagadangiswa bonyana bazibeke ethubeni lokobana bagadangiselwe wona ngokwehluka kwesiqubulo qobe mnyaka. Lokhu kuqakathekile ukudlula ngaphambili ngemibiko yamhlapha nje ebonisa bonyana ilutjha le'''Sewula Afrika''' lisemrarweni naziza kwezokutlola.Ingogwana le yesule umsebenzi weminyaka wezotlolo. ==== Indima yabatloli abasebatjha ==== Abatloli abatjha badlala indima eqakathekileko ekwakheni umbono,ukuvuselela ukulandisa nokufaka isandla emasikweni.Baletha ukuzwisisa okutjha namaphimbo ahlukileko ekulandiseni iindaba kanengi zikhuluma ngeendaba zesimanjemanje ngombono welutjha.Babuye balethe ithemba nokhu katelela bonyana isiko lokufunda libuye ngamandla emiphakathini ehlukahlukeneko.Indima abayidlala khulu kuletha itjhuguluko lokobana ezinye izinto zenziwe ngendlela elula yamalanga wanamhlanjesi nokhu dlulisa umlayezo mayelana nezinto ezitinta umphakathi. ===== Amahlelo wabatloli abatjha ===== I<nowiki/>https://www.fundza.co.za/our-programmes/writing/<nowiki/>irhelebha ukukhulisa nokwandisa ithalente le'''Sewula Afrika'''. Abatloli abasebatjha bangathumela umsebenzi wabo bona ubuyekezwe siqhema begodu ukhutjhwe nge-mobisite yabo yasimahla yedatha i'''fundza.mobi'''.I-'''fundza''' iraga iintjhijilo zokutlola namaphaliswano ibuye inikele abatloli abafuna ukutlola ngendlela ethileko yokutlola.Njengengcenye yokuzibophezela kwe-'''funzda''' ekukhuliseni abatloli abatjha i-'''fundza''' iraga ihlelo lokutlola le-inthanethi elithatha isikhathi esithileko seenyanga ezili-10 lapho abatloli abasebatjha abanethalenta abalinani eliyi-20 e'''Sewula Afrika''' bathoma ikhambo elikhona lokuthuthukisa amakghono wabo. Ekupheleni kobudlelwano abatloli bazabe bakhe iphothifoliyo yokutlola ehlaba imizwa nehlukahlukeneko begodu bazabe sele igadangisiwe kanengi ku-live '''fundza''' mobi app. ====== Umtloli osemutjha owenza umehluko ====== [[Isimumathi:Umtloli u-Mafika Jetro Mahlangu.jpg|thumb|umtloli u-Mafika Jetro Mahlangu]] U-'''Mafika Jetro Mahlangu''' ungumtloli osemutjha ovela endaweni ye'''Mpumalanga'''.Ithando lakhe lokutlola lathoma lokha asese mncani asemabangeni aphasi wezefundo. Utlola ngelimi lesi'''Ndebele''' begodu utlola ngendlela ezinengi,ukufaka hlangana ama-noveli,imidlalo etjhatjhalazi,imidlalo yemirhatjhweni kunye neenkondlo. Incwadi yakhe yesihloko esithi '''uMrhayili''' yagadangiswa ngomnyaka ka 2023 begodu yenza kuhle.Uthumbe abonongorwana abathathu ngayo incwadi ka'''Mrhayili.''' Wathumba unongorwana kwi https://sala.org.za/<nowiki/>ngaphasi kwe ''best first time published author award'' ngomnyaka ka2024.Wabuye wathumba ku'''Mbokodo publishers literary awards awards''' ngaphasi kwe ''best book in isiNdebele nakhu readers choice award ngomnyaka ka 2024.'' ====== Inkhombo ====== https://sala.org.za/ https://www.panmacmillan.co.za/ https://www.fundza.co.za/ https://nalibali.org/ qdjxbwuqcedujjyoqxpnfdcv0z90r0y Ilutjha le Sewula Afrika ngefetjhini nedizayini 0 663 3258 2025-06-29T22:57:53Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i changed the headings and references 3258 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ilutjha le Sewula Afrika ngefetjhini nedizayini == [[Isimumathi:Youth, a narrative, and two other stories (IA youthnarrativetw00conrrich).pdf|thumb|abantu abatjha kwezokutlama nefetjheni]] '''Ilutjha''' le'''Sewula Afrika''' lidlala indima ekulu ekubumbeni ubujamo befetjhini nokutlama.Bamukela amagugu wabo,baveza ubuntu babo begodu bakhuthaza ukusimama ngokusebenzisa imitlamo yabo ngesikhathi baqhuba imikhuba ezwakala ebantwini bephasi loke.Ilutjha le'''Sewula Afrika''' lifaka hlangana amaphrinti wesintu we-'''Afrika''',amatjhila kunye nezinto zokusebenza emiklameni yazo lisuka emikhubeni yefetjhini yesetjhingalanga kwaphela. Ukutjheja amagugu lokhu kuyingcenye yomnyakazo omkhulu wokuqeda ubukoloni befetjhini ukugidinga imiklamo yendawo nokhutjhijilela umthelela wamakoloni. === Ukulwela ifetjhini kunye nomthelela emphakathini === Abatlami abatjha basebenzisa ifetjhini ukutjheja iindaba zehlala kuhle nezepolotiki bafaka imilayezo engabonakaliko kodwana enamandla emitlameni yabo.Abatlami abanengi abasebatjha babeka phambili imikghwa esimemeko emsebenzini wabo,badzimelele ekutholeni izinto ezihle,izinto eziphathelene nemvelo kunye nemikghwa yokusebenza efaneleko.Ifetjhini nayo isentjenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukufaka woke umuntu nokhutjhijilela imithetho yobulili,lapho abatlami benza izembatho ezigubha imizimba ehlukileko kunye nobunjalo. ==== Amahlelo athuthukisa ilutjha keze fetjhini nedizayini ==== Mhlana ama-23 kuSewula 2024,i-Inhlanyelo hub yethula ihlelo lokuthoma lokutlama i-fetjhini le-Bosadi elihlanganisa ukutlanywa kwefetjheni nokuthoma amabhizinisi.Ihlelo lokuthoma lokutlama ifetjhini le-'''Bosadi''' lenzelwe ukuqalana nesidingo lesi ngokuhlanganisa ifundo epheleleko yokutlama ifetjhini nokhubandulwa kubosomabhizinisi,okwenza bona abahlanganyeli bangakhi izambatho ezihlukileko zefetjheni kwaphela kodwana bakhe namabhizinisi asimemeko. Nnanyana ihlelo leli lifaka hlangana abahlanganyeli beengubo nebe mbaji,liqale khulu abafundi abasesebatjha abamnyama abasikazi befetjheni,abatlami abafisako kunye nabantu abanelwazi eliyisisekelo abafisa ukwandisa amakghono wabo ekwakheni izambatho nokusungula.Isiqhema sokuthoma sehlelo lokuthoma lokhutlanywa kwefetjheni ye-'''Bosadi''' libunjwa babantu abali-15 abakhethwe ngokuveza imibono yabo yamabhizinisi ephanelini yokukhetha yebubulo le-fetjhini. ===== Abatlami be'''Sewula Afrika''' abenza kuhle ekwakheni amabhrendi wabo ===== [[Isimumathi:Thabo Makhetha - Kwinana.jpg|thumb|Thabo Mkhetha eFree State fashion week.]] 1.'''GUGU BY GUGU'''. Ephethwe ngu-'''Gugu Peteni''' we-'''Eastern Cape''',i-'''GUGU BY GUGU''' mhlobo ozikhakhazisa ngemitlamo eyenziwe ngamunye.Umtlami owathoma umhlobo lo ngo-2020 wathoma ikhambo lakhe lefetjheni nakaneminyaka ebunane. Njengewele bekafuna okuthileko okuzomsiza bona athole ubuntu bakhe begodu lokho lokha nakufika ifetjhini. 2.'''Fikile Sokhulu''' Ephethwe ngu-'''Fikile Sokhulu''' umhlobo obizwa ngebizo elifanako wangena ekukhanyeni ngo-2018 ngemva kokukhethwa njengomunye wabantu abafika emaphethelweni wokufunwa kwamathalenta amatjha. 3.'''The Bam Collective''' Yasungulwa ngu-'''Jacquaes Bam''' obegade atlama kusukela aneminyaka eli-9,isiqhema se-'''Bam''' sidzimelele ethandweni elijulileko lokhuphila kwe-'''Sewula Afrika''' nokhuthaba kwabantu bayo. 4.'''Mekhukhu''' lisuselwa egameni lesi-'''Sotho''' elitjho bona imithlathlana '''Mekhukhu''' iphethwe ngu-'''Botshabelo Molete''' owaziwa ngemitlamo yokuphrinta engakajayeleki kunye nethando lakhe ngamaphrojekthi we-'''DIY''' afana nokusebenzisa amatjhila alahliweko ukwenza imininingwana ekhethekileko emitlameni yakhe. ====== Inkhombo ====== https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023-05-24-native-gennext-talks-how-the-youth-have-shaped-sas-fashion-evolution/ https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/myunisa/default/News/Articles/Inhlanyelo-Hub-launches-fashion-design-startup-programme https://iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/lifestyle/2024-06-05-these-16-young-designers-are-sewing-their-success-in-mzansi-with-their-fashion-labels/ https://www.thefashiondesigninstitute.com/za/en/ at7egzduj1pslod1gz901g3ozwetae2 Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu 0 664 3260 3259 2025-06-30T01:17:40Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 Fixed reference list 3260 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/anc-pays-tribute-to-solomon-mahlangu-who-was-he/ USolomon Kalushi Mahlangu] wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-10 kuVelabahlinze ngomnyaka we-1956, ngobuhlanga ubuya esizweni [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|samaNsebele weSewula Afrika]]. Begade amlweli wekululeko yabantu begodu alilunga lehlangano ye-[[:en:History_of_the_African_National_Congress|ANC]], [[:en:UMkhonto_weSizwe|uMkhonto wesizwe]]. UMahlangu wabelethelwa endaweni yange-Doronkop e[[:en:Mpumalanga|Pumalanga]] begodu ungewesithandathu ngakwabo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-21 |title=Rhodes University hall residences renamed after Solomon Mahlangu and Hugh Masekela |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/rhodesuniversityhallresidencesrenamedaftersolomonmahlanguandhughmaseke-1.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref>Ekufundeni kwakhe ungene isikolo semazingeni aphezulu esikolweni esibizwa bona yi-[https://wikisouthafrica.co.za/mamelodi-high-school/ Mamelodi High School] begodu isikolwesi savalwa ngebanga lemiguruguru eyayikhona ngomnyaka we-1976 ethinta i-[https://www.britannica.com/event/Soweto-uprising Soweto uprisings.] Kanti-ke ngebanga lokulwa nombuso obewukhahlumeza abantu wagwetjwa isigwebo sentambo bewabulawa mhlana amalanga asi-6 kuSihlabantangana ngomnyaka we-1979 aneminyaka ema-22 kwaphela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:SOLOMON1jpg.jpg|thumb|Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu]] UMahlangu waya enarheni ye-[[:en:Angola|Angola]] wayokulungiselelwa ukuba lijoni begodu bekalilunga lesiqhema esibizwa bona yi-June 16 Detachment ngaphasi kwehlangano yeMK. Unobangela waleli gama kukuthi yena nabanye bebayingcenye yabafundi ebegade basemgurugurwini womnyaka we-1976. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kokuthi ayokubhaqa iinyanga ezisithandathu zoke e-[[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) Timeline 1961-1990 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/umkhonto-wesizwe-mk-timeline-1961-1990 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Ukubotjhwa nokugwetjwa kwakhe kulandela isiga esenzeka mhlana amalanga ali-13 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1967 la begade ano-George Mahlangu no-Mondy Motaung eJwanasibhege, bebeze ngesibanga sokuzokuhanganyela nenengi ukuzokukhunjulwa khona okwenzeka mhlana amalanga ali-16 kuMgwengweni bese kwathi kunjalo kwadubuleka abasebenzi ababili, badutjulwa ngu-Motaung lokha nabazama ukubalekela amapholisa nase amapholisa abasolela ngokuthile ngombana bebaphethe amabhege. Kanti enye yamabhege la yawa yaphuma isigidi se-AK47.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Kwathi mhlana amalanga ali-7 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka we-1977 kulapho uMahlangu wathoma ukukhamba khona ikhotho, wabendwa ngamaqala wokubulala abantu ababili nanoma begade kungasuye owabadubulako begodu akhange ikhotho ivume bona uMahlangu afake isibawo seenlilo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (1956 - 1979) {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu-1956-1979 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Bathi lokha nabazomlengisa uMahlangu wakhuluma amagama wakhe wokugcina asithi, <nowiki>''Nitjele abantu bami ngiyabahanda. Baragele phambili balwe. Iingazi zami ziyokondla umuthi ozokuthela iinthelo zekululeko.''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (1956 - 1979) {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu-1956-1979 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Kanti ke wangcwatjwa emalibeni we-Mamelodi bewafakelwa ilitje elitlowe amagama wakhe wokugcina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhafola |first=Getrude |date=2009-02-19 |title=LOOK: Solomon Mhlangu tombstone unveiled in Mamelodi |url=https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-07-10-look-solomon-mhlangu-tombstone-unveiled-in-mamelodi/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Ilifa likaMahlangu alithathelwa phasi, kunelitje elakhiweko njengesikhumbuzo lapha elibizwa bona yi-Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square e-Mamelodi .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Mahlangu Statue details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10357 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> Indlela yePitori eyayaziwa ngokuthi yi-Hans Strijdom Drive yatlanywa ngobutjha yathiwa yi-Solomon Mahlangu Drive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Print |date=2015-08-12 |title=City loses battle over street names |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/rekord/news-headlines/2015/08/12/city-loses-battle-over-street-names/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Rekord |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eyunivesithi ye-Witwatersrand umakhiwo we-ofisi lokubuza nokuphatha libizwa bona yi-Solomon Mahlangu House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Mahlangu House, Wits University {{!}} 011 717 1000 {{!}} Johannesburg |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/ZA/solomon-mahlangu-house-wits-university-011-717-1000 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AfricaBizInfo |language=en}}</ref> Kanti-ke, kunefilimu elibizwa bona yiKalushi eveza umlando wakhe nokhunye okunengi, okufaka hlangana i-Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu Scholarship Fund ebhadalela abantwana bona bafunde emayunivesithi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu Scholarship Fund |url=https://nydawebsite.azurewebsites.net/Products-Services/Solomon-Kalushi-Mahlangu-Scholarship-Fund.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=nydawebsite.azurewebsites.net}}</ref> 8ny3ukrapoo1h1pviagwywhai161ftk AUDREY KOZWANA SKHOSANA 0 665 3263 3262 2025-06-30T03:44:31Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 Added an image 3263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AUDREY KOZWANA SKHOSANA.jpg|thumb|Audrey Kozwana Skhosana]] [https://audreykozwana.co.za/About/ Audrey Kozwana Skhosana] owabelethwa mhlana kulilanga lokuthoma enyangeni kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2000 obuya [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|esizweni samaNdebele]] ungumma wakwaMahlangu. Ngamakghono nokusebenza uyimbongikazi, umlingisi, umvumi begodu ngomunye wabantu abathuthukisa ilimi nesizwe samaNdebele weSewula Afrika eenkundleni zokuthintana.<ref>a {{Cite web |title=About – Audrey Kozwana |url=https://audreykozwana.co.za/About/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=audreykozwana.co.za |language=en}}</ref> USkhosana ngokubelethwa wabelethwa bewakhulela eLuthuli ekuyindawo engaphasi kukamasipala we[https://www.thembisilehanilm.gov.za/ Thembisile Hani], e[[:en:Mpumalanga|Pumalanga.]] USkhosana wajamela isizwe samaNdebele ku[https://indoni.net/missculture.html Ndoni Miss Cultural] ngomnyaka wee-2017 begodu wavela tjhatjhalazi nakazakuba yindlovukazi yeNdoni yeSewula Afrika ngawo wona umnyaka loyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anita |date=2018-04-18 |title=Audrey Skhosana 17, Crowned Indoni Miss Cultural 2017/18 ?? - Clipkulture |url=https://clipkulture.com/audrey-skhosana-17-crowned-indoni-miss-cultural-2017-18-%f0%9f%87%bf%f0%9f%87%a6/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=clipkulture.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Uthe ngomnyaka wee-2020 wathumba ingoma ehlukanisa umnyaka, ngelimi lesiyeni kuthiwa yi-Song Of The Year emrhatjhweni we[https://www.radio-south-africa.co.za/ikwekwezi-fm Kwekwezi FM] ngengoma yakhe ethi-Ganu ganu lapha abelana khona umbhobho no-[https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/42674 King Cube] noMega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INGOMA - IKWEKWEZIFM |url=http://www.ikwekwezifm.co.za/sabc/home/ikwekwezifm/noticeboard/details?id=c1f142d8-e6eb-4dbd-a3bb-010b6921095a&title=INGOMA |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220527070610/http://www.ikwekwezifm.co.za/sabc/home/ikwekwezifm/noticeboard/details?id=c1f142d8-e6eb-4dbd-a3bb-010b6921095a&title=INGOMA |archive-date=2022-05-27 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.ikwekwezifm.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Kanti ngakho lokhu bekangathomi ukuvela emkhakheni womvumo, kodwana phambilini ukhe wasebenza no[https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/8816 Lilow NTK] engomeni ebizwa bona yipumelelo. Kanti-ke akhange agcine lapho, ubuye waba ngomunye otsonyulwako kuma-[[:en:South_African_Traditional_Music_Awards|SATMA]] ngaphasi komkhakha wabantu abathuthukisa amalimi wabo eenkundleni zokuthintana ngomnyaka wee-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Profile {{!}} Slikouronlife |url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/135254 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=slikouronlife.co.za}}</ref> Kuthe nakunjalo waba ngabanye wabavumi abafaka isandla ekwenzeni ingoma no[https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-19-had-i-known-i-wouldve-acted-differently-mall-manager-who-humiliated-activist-thando-mahlangu/ Thando Mahlangu] ethi Vuka Ndebele ekuyingoma eyenziwe maNdebele begodu umlayezo wengoma leyo uya emaNdebebeleni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mthimunye |first=By Bongani |title=THANDO’S SONG FOR HIS PEOPLE |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/thandos-song-for-his-people-20210916 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> Hlangana namanye amaphojekthi asekelwe ngeemali yi-[https://www.nac.org.za/ NAC], iSiyarhaya yiphrojekthi kaSkhosana. Umnqopho wakhona kukuthi ikhuthaza, ilondoloza beyethula isiNdebele eenkundleni zokuthintana. Yakha amathuba walaba abanekarareko ekurhayeni iinkondlo, ikhulisa umthelela weenkondlo ngokusebenzisa amahlelo wokufunda ngokutlama begodu inikela ngomkhakha wemitlolo ohlanganiswe ngcono begodu ongatjhugulukiko eenkolweni. Kanti-ke, iphrojekthi le isungulwe ngomnyaka wee-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siyarhaya – We recite |url=https://siyarhaya.co.za/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=siyarhaya.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Okungaphezu kwalokho, uSkhosana unedokhumentari ayigadangise ku-YouTube esele ukubukelwa kwakhona sekungaphezulu kweengidi ezine. Idokhumentari le ibizwa bona yituthuko yethelerina begodu ikhuluma ngokukhula komntwana omntazana oliNdebele. Iveza ukuthi umntazana udlula kiziphi iingaba zokukhula ukusukela lapha amncani khona ukuya la sekalungele khona ukuthi angenda. Iphothulula khulu ivunulo, umlando kanye nelimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentaries – Audrey Kozwana |url=https://audreykozwana.co.za/Documentaries/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=audreykozwana.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == IINKOMBA == sfwzvvidbhtbb0ilr6bbch2mb52zu7i Chaeli Mycroft 0 666 3265 3264 2025-06-30T04:34:03Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 3265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Michaela Mycroft|other_names=Chaeli Mycroft|birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|08|30|df=y}}|occupation=Disability rights activist}} '''U-Michaela "Chaeli" Mycroft''' owabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-30 kuRhoboyi we-1994 umlweli wekghono weSewula Afrika ophila nokukhubazeka kobuchopho othumbe i- International Children's Peace Prize ngo-2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity|title=In my life, disability has never been seen as a problem or a burden. It is part of my life and an opportunity to do things differently.|website=KidsRights|access-date=2019-06-23}}https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity</ref> <ref>https://www.unicef.org/education/index_61792.html</ref> Unongorwana lo yimedali unikelwa ngu-Nobel Peace Laureate u-Mairead Maguire . <ref>https://www.kidsrights.org/News/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/61/Winner-of-International-Childrens-Peace-Prize-2011-awarded-at-World-Summit-of-Nobel-Peace-Laureates</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[ ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' ]</sup> Ngomnyaka wee-2004 u-Mycroft oneminyaka eli-9, udadwabo u-Erin (11), u-Tarryn Terry (12), u-Justine Terry (9), no-Chelsea Terry (6) basungula ijima ebalibizwa ngokuthi yi-The Chaeli Campaign eKapa ukuze babuthelele imali yesihlalo esikhambako sika-Mycroft. <ref>http://chaelicampaign.co.za/</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[ ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' ]</sup>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}} Ijimeli sele seliphethe amahlelo alikhomba athinta ipilo yabazuzi abangaphezu kwe-7,000 qobe mnyaka.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[ ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">ukudzubhula kuyatlhogeka</span></nowiki>'' ]</sup> Kuthi lokha ngomnyaka wee-2012, eMhlanganweni wePhasi we-Nobel Peace Laureates e-Chicago, wanikelwa iMedali ye-Peace Summit for Social Activism ngu-Nobel Peace Laureate u-FW de Klerk, egameni labo boke abavunyelwe i-Nobel Peace Laureate . <ref>http://www.nobelpeacesummit.com/portfolio/2012-peace-summit-medal-for-social-activism-michaela-mycroft/</ref> Bese kuthi ngomnyaka wee-2013 u-Mycroft watlonyeliswa nge-World of Children (isigaba selutjha) <ref>https://worldofchildren.org/honoree/michaela-chaeli-mycroft/</ref> ehlonipha umuntu omncani ongaphasi kweminyaka ema-21 owenze igalelo elikhulu empilweni zabanye abantwana. Lokha mhlana amalanga ama-3 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2015, nakaneminyaka ema-21, u-Mycroft waba mumuntu omsikazi wokuthoma okhubazekileko ukukhwela [[Intaba iKilimanjaro|i-Mount Kilimanjaro]] ephasini le-Tanzania, ekuyintaba ephakeme khulu e-Afrika. Wagidinga ilanga lakhe lokubelethwa entabeni leyo. <ref>https://www.discoverafrica.com/teamwork/</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019|reason=The link goes to a section with various videos. There is no clue as to which video contains the info being cited, if any have it at all. It is not reasonable to send a reader to check 9 different videos for one citation. A better source is needed.}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[ ''<nowiki><span title="The link goes to a section with various videos. There is no clue as to which video contains the info being cited, if any have it at all. It is not reasonable to send a reader to check 9 different videos for one citation. A better source is needed. (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' ]</sup> <ref>https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/africa/chaeli-mycroft-kilimanjaro-climb/index.html</ref> U-Mycroft wenza umlando mhlana amalanga ama-29 kuMrhayili ngomnyaka wee-2016, kanye bano-Anita Engelbrecht, ngokuba badlali bokuthoma abakhamba ngeenhlalo ezinamavili ukuqeda i -Comrades Marathon, umgijimo we-ultramarathon wamakhilomitha ama-89 hlangana ne-Pietermaritzburg ne-Durban. <ref>https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/South-Africa/first-wheelchair-athletes-complete-comrades-20160530</ref> Lokhu bekukokuthoma emlandwini weminyaka ema-95 womnyanya lo ukuthi mdlali wesihlalo sabakhubazekileko aphumelele okwenza bona abahleli bakhuthazeke boma batjhuhulule imithetho. Abagijimi abakhamba ngeenhlalo zabakhubazekileko bebakhandelwa bona bazibandakanye. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111021/http://news.comrades.com/media-releases/563-wheelchair-assisted-participants-at-2016-comrades</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == * {{YouTube|channel=UC7LpGqhuzS_k57SuQXAgVCg}} * {{IMDb name|nm12006961}} [[Mkhakha:White South African people]] [[Mkhakha:South African women activists]] [[Mkhakha:People with cerebral palsy]] [[Mkhakha:South African activists with disabilities]] [[Mkhakha:University of Cape Town alumni]] [[Mkhakha:South African disability rights activists]] [[Mkhakha:Living people]] [[Mkhakha:1994 births]] 3tedpt86xsa2rczb4c6dsnevvjdxbty Iincwadi ZesiNdebele Ezitlolwe Babantu Abatjha 0 667 3268 2025-06-30T12:50:20Z Orrora 587 New article 3268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IsiNdebele''' seSewula Afrika sinabantu abatjha abanetalende lokutlola. Abatjhaba sele kuneencwadi abazikhuphileko abantu abangathabela ukuzifunda. Indima yokutlola edlalwa babantu abatjha ithuthukisa ilimi. Nakunabantu abatlolako nabafunda iincwadi ezitloliweko, nesiNdebele naso siyathuthuka.Ngikho nje urhulumende weSewula Afrika ufuna abantu abatjha bakuthande ukutlola nokufunda iincwadi ezitloliweko. Yeke iincwadi ezilandelako ngezitlolwe babantu abatjha ngelimi lesiNdebele. == Vukani Kusile! == [[Isimumathi:Vukani.png|thumb|298x298px|Incwadi ethi, "Vukani! Sekusile"]] '''Incwadi''': Vukani Kusile! '''Abatloli''': Ntando Mtshweni, Dr Lungile Mabhena, Thobile Skhosana, Given Lungile '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Incwadi-le libuthelelo leenkondlo, eziveza ubudisi esizithola siqalana nabo sima-Sewula Afrika. Khumbula bona ukuhlunguphazwa kwabantu bengubo kudlange komlilo wesikhotha lapha enarheni yekhethu, kanti abobaba nabo bavela barhabile bathi nathi silila sona leso isililo sokuhlunguphazwa bomma. Nanyana kunjalo, incwadi le imumethe umlayezo wokubuyisana, ithando nokuzwelana ubuhlungu. Iimbongi nofana abatloli bencwadi le, benze okusemandleni wabo bona umamukelilwazi osebujameni nanyana ngabe ngibuphi azithole sele athobekile nofana akhandeleka. Khulu khulu incwadi le, ithoba nofana ikhandela laba abalandelako: Ababhujelweko, abalahle ithemba, abagulako, abasebenzisa iindakamizwa ngokweqileko.<ref name=":0">Epubhlishing and Digital Displays (2025) Books, Retrieved from: https://epublishing.store/product Retrieved 30-06-2025</ref> == Ongathandwa Ngunina == [[Isimumathi:Ongathandwa_Ngunina.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Incwadi "Ongathandwa Ngunina"]] '''Incwadi''': Thabi Mahamba '''Abatloli''': Ongathandwa Ngunina '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Inoveli Ongathandwa Ngunina ikhuluma ngomntazanyana onganabudlelwano obuhle nababelethi bakhe ngebanga lemali ebhadelele iimfundo zakhe esikolweni samaziko aphakamileko esingakatloliswa emnyangweni wezefundo. Unina umkatelela bona athole umsebenzi abuyise imali enyamalele nesikolo sakhe esingasi semthethweni. Kwafika lapha umraro ukhwela intaba nababelethi bakhe nakangafumani umsebenzi.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuqothwa ekhabo kwasusa igodo elihlweni wafunda ukuzijamela ngezakhe zombili ngaphandle kokusunduzwa mumuntu ngamandla namkha amenzise angakufuniko. Kwafika lapha ikghono lakhe aliphiwe nguSomnini lokutlola incwadi likhanyisa umkhanyo orhelebhileko wabuyisana nomndeni wakhe khulu unina, ozange amsekele ekuthomeni bona abhadelelwe esikolweni sefundo ephakamileko.<ref name=":0" /> == Aziyokujama Elitjeni == [[Isimumathi:Aziyokujama_Elitjeni.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Incwadi ethi "Aziyokujama Elitjeni"]] '''Incwadi''': Aziyokujama Elitjeni '''Abatloli''': Nomajoni O Mahlangu '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Inovela le isivezela ipilo ngemva kwebanga letjhumi nambili. Kusetjenziswe umlingiswa onguThuba, umntazanyana ohlakaniphileko. Akhange aphumelele kuhle ebangeni lakhe letjhumi nambili. Wazifumana angaphasi kwegandelelo lokuya ekholiji njengombana boke abangani bakhe baphumelele kuhle begodu baya emayunivesithi ahlukileko. Uzifumene afunda iimfundo angazithandiko ngombana begade angafuni ukubuyela esikolweni ayokubuyekeza ibanga letjhumi nambili. Okubuhlungu kukobana uzithole sele azifake emrarweni wokubhema iindakamizwa, athengisa umzimba, bewazithwala. Walinga ukurarulula umraro loyo ngokurhulula umbungu kanti ubeka ipilo yakhe engozini.<ref name=":0" /> == Unjengabo == [[Isimumathi:UNJENGABO.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Incwadi ethi, "Unjengabo"]] '''Incwadi''': Unjengabo '''Abatloli''': Sabelo Mthombeni '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Incwadi le, iqaliswe ebantwini abakhulu nelutjha. Nawumumuntu omkhulu, ngokufunda inwadi le, uzokuthola isifundo sokobana ufanele ubayelelise njani abasakhulako ngendlela yokuziphatha. Uthi bewunelemuko lokobana sifanele siphilisane njani nabantu abaphila nobujamo be-''Albinism?'' Athini amalungelo wabo? '' ''Ingabe abantu abavela eenarheni zangaphandle beze lapha enarheni yeSewula Afrika bezele ukuzosakhisa nofana bezele ukutjala umonyani? Koke kumumethwe yincwadi le. Inabela ilutjha ngobungozi elingahlangabezana nabo lokha nalisemazikweni wefundo ephakemeko kanye nokukhetha abangani. Ngikuphi okuqakathekileko phakathi kwendlela kaZimu, iindakamizwa? Namalungelo? Naku umthombo welwazi ziselele mfundi.<ref name=":0" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> r38utq6rrzr0ci2y3v0mrvzvrbzntnk U-Zulaikha Patel 0 668 3274 3273 2025-07-01T21:35:20Z Orrora 587 3274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Zulaikha Patel''' (wabelethwa ngo-2002)<ref name=":2">"''BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?''". ''BBC News''. 21 November 2016. Reteived from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref> mlweli wamalungelo wobuntu weSewula Afrika olwa nokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga . Waba litshwayo lokulwa nomthethomgomo we-''Pretoria Girls High School'' malungana neenhluthu zabantazana abanzima ngo-2016, nakaneminyaka eli-13. Yena nalabo afunda nabo benza umtjhagalo ongabangeli ukutjhuguluka komthethomgomo wesikolo kwaphela, kodwana ohlohlozela nephenyo ngeensolo zokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga esikolweni. Nakadzujulwako uthi: "Ukungibawa bona ngitjhugulule iinhluthu zami kufana nokungibawa bona ngisule ibala lami elinzima."<ref>"Four South Africa women make it on BBC's 100 Women List 2016". ''YOU''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> == Indaba Ye-''Pretoria Girls' High School'' == I-''Pretoria Girls' High School'', itholakala e-Pitori, eRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. Isikolo lesi sathonywa ngo-1902, begodu bekusolo kungena abantwana babamhlophe kwaphela soloko sasungulwa bekwaba ngu-1990, njengombana iimfunda zeSewula Afrika bezihlukaniswe ngaphambi kwebandlululo, kodwana kusukela ngo-1990, isikolo lesi sivulekele yoke imihlobo. Ngokuya kwe-CNN, umthetho wokuziphatha kwabentazana we-''Piretoria Girls' High'' awukhulumi ngokukhethekileko ngesihluthu esikhulu sabantu abanzima, kodwana ubeka imithetho yokuqaleka zombelele, bewuyatjho nokobana zoke iintayela zeenhluthu "kufanele zibe zihle, zihlanzeke begodu zikhambisane neyunifomu yesikolo." Abotitjhere batjele abafundi bona iinhluthu zabo ze-afro "azikajayeleki" begodu kufuze ziphungulwe.<ref name=":0">Thabile Vilakazi, for CNN (2016) ''South African students protest against school’s alleged racist hair policy''. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/31/africa/south-africa-school-racism/index.html Retreived on 30-06-2025</ref> Lokho bekutjho bona iinhluthu zabantazana kufuze zi-ayinwe ziluleke namkha zibotjhwe ngemva, kodwana zingabi yi-afro. U-Zulaikha Patel bekaphakathi kwabafundi ebebadosa phambili umtjhagalo ngokujamelana ne-''Pretoria Girls High'', ngokujamelana nomthethomgomo weenhluthu wesikolo sabantazana boke.<ref name=":1">Malgas, Natalie. "Four South Africans make it on BBC's '100 Women List for 2016'". Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> Abantwana abasesebatjha ebegade batjhagala basongelwa ngokubotjhwa njengombana u-Zulaikha Patel arhola umtjhagalo ngokuthula. Ividiyo ethunyelwe ku-inthanethi itjengisa u-Zulaikha Patel njengombana aqalene nonogada abathathu abahlomileko ebegade baqatjhwe baphathi besikolo ukobana baqede umtjhagalo. Ividiyo le yabanga ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwesikolwesi. == Imiphumela Yomtjhagalo Ka-Zulaikha == Izenzo zaka-Zulaikha Patel zakhuthaza eminye imitjhagalo eSewula Afrika, e-''Lawson Brown High School'' e-Eastern Cape, kunye ne-''St. Michael's School for Girls'' e-Bloemfontein lapho ababelethi nabo bamatjha khona. Abantu ephasini loke bathoma ukwabelana ngeenthombe zama-afro wabo eenkundleni zokuthintana, ngokubambisana nabafundi bengubo be-Pretoria High School. Ukuvezwa kwabeendaba beentjhabatjhaba kwalandela. Imitjhagalo le itjengise bona ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga kuragela phambili, nanyana ibandlululo laphela ngo-1991.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuphikisa kwaka-Patel kwathoma eminye imitjhagalo namatjhuguluko. UNgqongqotjhe wezeFundo we-Gauteng, u-Panyaza Lesufi uvakatjhele i-''Pretoria Girls' High School'' ukuzokuzwa iinghonghoyilo zabafundi abanzima, ingasi ngomthethomgomo weenhluthu kwaphela, kodwana nangebandlululo esikolweni. Ukwenza isibonelo, abantazana abavunyelwa ukukhuluma amalimi we-Afrika esikolweni, kwaphela isiNgisi nofana isiBhuru. U-Patrick Gaspard, ummeli we-US eSewula Afrika, wathumela ku-Twitter wathi: "Yoke imiphakathi inemithetho. Begodu kesinye isikhathi imithetho leyo inebandlululo begodu idinga ukuvezwa ihlatjwe." Isibawo se-inthanethi besinemitlikitlo engaba ma-25,000 ngelanga elilodwa. UmNyango wezeFundo we-Gauteng uuwujamisile umthethomgomo weenhluthu.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukutatanyiswa == U-Zulaikha Patel watatanyiswa njengomunye wabafazi abali-100 abafakwa ku--BBC ngo-2016, ngokuba nomthelela ekulwelweni kwamalungelo wobuntu.<ref name=":2" /> == Iincwadi == * {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Zulaikha|title=My Coily Crowny Hair|date=July 2021|publisher=Lingua Franca|isbn=1928535909}} * {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Zulaikha|title=Brave Like Me!|publisher=Pan Macmillan South africa|date=2025-03-03|isbn=978-1-77999-087-7}} == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 1bnvghgmd5ta7ati8qf32xmjt29i5rp Ikhaya nendlu. 0 669 3276 2025-07-02T08:23:22Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== '''Ikhaya nendlu.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Ikhaya nendlu ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko epilweni yomuntu. Ukungezelela, ukuqakatheka kwazo kuyahluka ebantwini ebahlukeneko. Nanyana kunjalo, abanye abantu bazithatha kwangathi zizinto ezifanako; kodwana, azifani. Ekulumenipendulwano elandeko zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ikhaya begodu kuyini indlu. === '''Kuyini ikhaya?''' === Ngokuya kwe[https://www.grammarly.com/commonly-confused-words/house-vs-home Grammarly..." 3276 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ikhaya nendlu.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Ikhaya nendlu ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko epilweni yomuntu. Ukungezelela, ukuqakatheka kwazo kuyahluka ebantwini ebahlukeneko. Nanyana kunjalo, abanye abantu bazithatha kwangathi zizinto ezifanako; kodwana, azifani. Ekulumenipendulwano elandeko zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ikhaya begodu kuyini indlu. === '''Kuyini ikhaya?''' === Ngokuya kwe[https://www.grammarly.com/commonly-confused-words/house-vs-home Grammarly] (2025)<ref>'''Grammarly'''. 2025. House vs. Home: What’s the Difference? Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.grammarly.com/commonly-confused-words/house-vs-home</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>, ikhaya kuyindlu leyo ehlala abantu abamndeni begodu eyenza iinkathi zekhumbulo. Iinkathi zekhumbulo lezi zifaka hlangana ubuhle nombi umndeni ohlangabenzana nakho. Ukungezelela, ikhaya linokufudumala, ithabo, ukutjhaphuluka kanye nevileko lomkhumbulo (Karjalainen 1993<ref name=":0">'''Karjalainen, P. T.''' 1993. House, home and the place of dwelling. ''Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research'',10(2):65-74.</ref>; [https://meaningofhome.ca/entries/49272 Habitat for Humanity: Canada 2025]<ref>'''Habitat for Humanity: Canada.''' 2025. House vs Home. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://meaningofhome.ca/entries/49272</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Ikhaya lenza abantu bonyana bajayelane begodu babumbane ngomnqopho wokuphila ngeendlela ezifanako kanye neemfundiso ezifanako (Karjalainen 1993<ref name=":0" />). Ezinye zeemfundiso lezi kungenzeka bonyana zisuka kibokhokho begodu zinomthelela wesiko. === '''Kuyini indlu?''' === Ngokuya kwe[https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/-House-and-Home- Britannica Dictionary] (2025)<ref>'''Britannica'''. 2025. House and Home. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/-House-and-Home-</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> indlu kumakhiwo loyo ohlala abantu nanyana umndeni othize. Ukungezelela, indlu ingahlala abantu abahlukileko abangasimndeni begodu ababuya eendaweni ezahlukileko (Perkins, uThorns noWinstanley 2008<ref>'''Perkins, H. C., Thorns, D. C., & Winstanley, A.''' 2008. House and Home: Methodology and Methods for Exploring Meaning and Structure. Studies in Qulitative Methodology,:1-32</ref>). Esikhathini esinengi, abantu abahlala lapho kungafunyaniseka bonyana baqatjhile. === '''Isintu sithini ngekhaya nendlu.''' === Ngokuya ngokwesintu, ikhaya kuyindawo ehlala abazali labo abathetheneko nanyana abatjhadileko nomndeni wabo. Kanti ngakwelinye ihlangothi, indlu kumakhiwo lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangakathathani nanyana abangakatjhadi nofana abantu abazihlaleleko. Esikhathini esinengi, imisebenzi yesintu, ayenziwa endlini, yenziwa ekhaya ngombana kuyindawo ekungenwe bekwahlala ngokomthetho wesintu. === '''Isiphetho.''' === Ikhaya nendlu kungenzeka bonyana kuthathwa njengento yinye kodwana azifani. Nanyana imisebenzi yazo ipheze ifanele nje, kukhona la zihluka khona. Begodu, isikhathi sekhumbulo, ukufudumala nevikeleko langakomkhumbulo lekhaya alifani nelendlu. === '''Imithombolwazi''' === <references /> sttu1yhbdzmnzdbgdpoj0aajvm9ys6y