Nobelprys vir Vrede

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    <title>Nobelprys vir Vrede</title>
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      <comment>/* 1900's */</comment>
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      <text bytes="78261" sha1="291eq2a93eiwq0uwsl5oiz6gbey3w5y" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas pryse
|naam = {{nowrap|{{Kleurstreep|#FAF0BE|[[Lêer:Nobel prize medal.svg|50px]] Nobelprys vir Vrede}}}}
|beeld = AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg
|breedte = 200
|onderskrif = Die Sweedse chemikus [[Alfred Nobel]], wat in sy testament voorsiening vir die Nobelprys gemaak het.
|toegeken = Uitstaande bydraes vir die mensdom in vrede
|borg = Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel
|land = {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
|datum = 10 Desember
|vorigenaam = 
|eerste = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1901|12|10}}
|ander = 
|webtuiste = [http://www.nobelprize.org/ nobelprize.org]
}}

Die '''Nobelprys vir Vrede''' ([[Noors]] en [[Sweeds]]: ''Nobels fredspris'') is een van vyf [[Nobelprys]]e wat nagelaat is deur die [[Swede|Sweedse]] nyweraar en uitvinder [[Alfred Nobel]]. Die pryse vir [[Nobelprys vir Chemie|chemie]], [[Nobelprys vir fisika|fisika]], [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde|geneeskunde]] en [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde|letterkunde]] word jaarliks in [[Stockholm]], Swede, toegeken, terwyl die Nobelprys vir Vrede in die [[Noorweë|Noorse]] [[hoofstad]] [[Oslo]] oorhandig word. Die Noorse Nobelkomitee word deur die [[Storting (Noorse parlement)|Noorse parlement]] gekies, wat weer die pryswenner(s) kies.

[[Lêer:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee in Oslo]]
[[Lêer:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES FOR 1994 IN OSLO..jpg|duimnael|links|Die Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1994 in [[Oslo]] (van links na regs): [[Palestynse Bevrydingsorganisasie|PLO]]-voorsitter [[Jasser Arafat]], [[Israel]] se minister van buitelandse sake [[Shimon Peres]] en Israel se eerste minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]]]
Ten tye van Nobel se dood was Swede en Noorweë in 'n posisie onderling waar die Sweedse parlement slegs verantwoordelik was vir buitelandse sake en Sweedse binnelandse sake, en die Noorse parlement slegs vir Noorse binnelandse sake. Nobel het dus stipuleer dat die Vredesprys deur Noorweë toegeken moes word, aangesien hy gevrees het dat die verkiesingsproses negatief beïnvloed sou kon word deur 'n buitelandse moondheid. Volgens sy testament behoort die prys toegeken te word aan diegene &quot;wat die beste of die meeste werk gedoen het vir die bevordering van broederskap tussen nasies én vir die totnietmaking of vermindering van weermagte én vir die ophou en bevordering van vredeskongresse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;Nobel Peace Prize&quot;, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anders as met die ander Nobelpryse kan die Vredesprys toegeken word aan 'n persoon of instansie wat te midde van die oplos van 'n konflik is en is dit nie nodig dat die konflik reeds opgelos moet wees nie. As gevolg daarvan lyk sommige van die toekennings vandag ietwat verdag, omdat die pogings nie blywende vrugte afgewerp het nie. Voorbeelde hiervan is die toekennings gegee aan [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Lê Đức Thọ]] en [[Henry Kissinger]]; Lê Đức Thọ het die Nobelprys vir Vrede geweier omdat daar nie vrede in [[Viëtnam]] was nie. Hy is die enigste persoon ooit wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede verwerp het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title=Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |publisher=[[Time (tydskrif)|Time]] |author=Lily Rothman |date=9 Oktober 2015 |accessdate=12 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012144753/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |archive-date=12 Oktober 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voorts word die komitee ook voortdurend deur regse groepe gekritiseer omdat dit skyn dat hulle bevooroordeeld is ten gunste van pro-linkse bewegings. Die prys wat toegeken is aan [[Jasser Arafat]] dien as brandstof vir hul argument, aangesien hulle hom beskou het as 'n ondersteuner van [[terrorisme]]. [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], wenner van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1991, is later vir haar stilte wyd gekritiseer toe honderdduisende inheemse [[Islam]]itiese [[Rohingia]] in 2017 deur die Mianmarese owerhede en weermag uit hul gebiede verdryf is en na [[Bangladesj]] moes vlug.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |title=Did the World Get Aung San Suu Kyi Wrong? |first1=Amanda |last1=Taub |first2=Max |last2=Fisher |date=31 Oktober 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |via=NYTimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331160637/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abiy Ahmed]], wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 2019 ontvang het, is hewig vir die oorlogvoering in die Noord-Ethiopiese [[Tigray-streek]] gekritiseer en van etniese suiwering beskuldig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/07/the-nobel-committee-should-resign-over-the-atrocities-in-tigray |title=The Nobel committee should resign over the atrocities in Tigray |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |author=Kjetil Tronvoll |date=7 Junie 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel kondig die naam van die Nobelpryswenners jaarliks vroeg in Oktober aan,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |title=Nomination and selection of Peace Prize Laureates |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012449/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; met die Nobelprys vir Vrede tradisioneel vyfde en op 'n Vrydag. Die prys word sedert 1990 jaarliks in [[Oslo]], Noorweë, se stadsaal toegeken op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se dood. Tot en met 2025 is die prys aan altesaam 112 individue en 31 organisasies toegeken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=All Nobel Peace Prizes |website=Nobelprize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013909/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nog 19 vroue het dit gekry, meer as enige ander Nobelprys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 2025-Nobelprys vir Vrede is toegeken aan die [[Venezuela|Venezolaanse]] [[menseregte]]aktivis [[María Corina Machado]] &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;.&lt;ref name=nobelprize&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die pryse, wat 'n bedrag geld ([[Sweedse kroon|SEK]]9&amp;nbsp;miljoen, omtrent [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA]]$1&amp;nbsp;miljoen per pryskategorie, wat dan gelykop onder die Bekroondes verdeel word),&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020440/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n goue medalje en 'n diploma insluit, word op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se sterfdag in 1896, tydens 'n seremonie deur die Noorse koning, tans [[Harald V van Noorweë]], in die Oslose stadsaal uitgedeel.

Hieronder volg 'n lys van die ontvangers van die Nobelprys vir Vrede vanaf 1901 tot op hede.

[[#1900's|1900's]] – [[#1910's|1910's]] – [[#1920's|1920's]] – [[#1930's|1930's]] – [[#1940's|1940's]] – [[#1950's|1950's]] – [[#1960's|1960's]] – [[#1970's|1970's]] – [[#1980's|1980's]] – [[#1990's|1990's]] – [[#2000's|2000's]] – [[#2010's|2010's]] – [[#2020's|2020's]]

== Trullalla ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1900's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1901]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521011340/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dunant]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy rol in die stigting van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |first=Geir |last=Lundestad |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=15 Maart 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520133329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2 |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederic Passy.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frédéric Passy]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] een van die hoofstigterslede van die Interparlementêre Unie en ook die hooforganiseerder van die eerste Universele Vredeskongres te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1902]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012952/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ducommun.jpg|75px]]
| [[Élie Ducommun]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die eerste ere-sekretaris van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Albert Gobat2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Albert Gobat]]
| &quot;[vir sy rol as die] eerste sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1903]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012958/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Cremer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Randal Cremer]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die 'eerste vader' van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1904]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013002/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo of Institut de Droit International.svg|75px]]
| [[Institut de Droit International]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings as 'n nieamptelike liggaam om die algemene beginsels van die wetenskap van die internasionale reg te formuleer&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1905]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204445/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bertha von Suttner nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Bertha von Suttner]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;vir die skryf van ''Lay Down Your Arms'' en by te dra tot die skepping van die prys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1906]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522191421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|75px]]
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1896}}
| &quot;[vir] sy suksesvolle bemiddeling om die Russies-Japannese oorlog te beëindig en vir sy belangstelling in arbitrasie, nadat hy die Haagse arbitrasiehof voorsien het met sy heel eerste geval&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1907]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013018/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]]
| {{vlagland|Italië|1861}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] sleutelleier van die Italiaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Louis Renault jurist.gif|75px]]
| [[Louis Renault]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] voorste Franse internasionale juris en 'n lid van die permanente hof van arbitrasie in Den Haag&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1908]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013023/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:KParnoldson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Sweedse Vredes- en Arbitrasieliga&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Fredrik Bajer nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fredrik Bajer]]
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| &quot;[vir synde] die voorste vredesvoorsitter in [[Skandinawië]], wat werk in die Interparlementêre Unie kombineer het met die eerste president van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1909]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013027/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Beernaert.gif|75px]]
| [[Auguste Beernaert]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[om 'n] verteenwoordiger te wees vir die twee Haagse konferensies en 'n leidende figuur in die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:PaulBalluet.gif|75px]]
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] gekombineerde diplomatieke werk ten doeleinde vir 'n Frans-Duitse en 'n Frans-Britse begrip met 'n vooraanstaande loopbaan in internasionale arbitrasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1910's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1910's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1910]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1910 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013037/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:IPB logo svg.svg|75px]]
| [[International Peace Bureau]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[om te handel] as 'n skakel tussen die vredesgemeenskappe van die verskillende lande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1911]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521004028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:TMCasser.jpg|75px]]
| [[Tobias Asser]]
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| &quot;[om 'n lid] te wees van die Hof van Arbitrasie sowel as die inisieerder van die Konferensies oor Internasionale Privaatreg&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfred Hermann Fried nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Duitse Vredesvereniging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1912]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1912 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013048/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elihu Root, bw photo portrait, 1902.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elihu Root]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy sterk belangstelling in internasionale arbitrasie en vir sy plan vir 'n wêreldhof&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1913]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013053/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HenriLaFontaine.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henri La Fontaine]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] hoof van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1917]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013059/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die uitvoering van die geweldige taak om die regte van die vele krygsgevangenes aan alle kante van die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] te beskerm, insluitend hul reg om kontak met hul gesinne te vestig&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1919]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013104/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|75px]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy belangrike rol in die stigting van die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1920's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1920's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1920]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013110/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Bourgeois.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Bourgeois]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy deelname] aan beide die Haagse konferensies van 1899 en 1907 &quot;en vir sy werk na&quot; wat die [[Volkebond|bond]] tot so 'n mate geword het dat hy dikwels sy &quot;geestelike vader&quot; genoem word&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1921]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013116/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hjalmar Branting by Goodwin.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hjalmar Branting]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy werk in die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Christian Lous Lange.jpg|75px]]
| [[Christian Lange]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] die eerste sekretaris van die Noorse Nobelkomitee&quot; en &quot;die sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1922]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013125/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Fridtjof Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fridtjof Nansen]]
| &quot;[vir] sy werk in die ondersteuning van die miljoene in Rusland wat sukkel teen hongersnood&quot; en &quot;sy werk vir die vlugtelinge van [[Anatolië|Klein-Asië]] en [[Thrakië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1925]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013131/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Austen Chamberlain nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Austen Chamberlain]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Dawes, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles G. Dawes]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk] aan die Dawes-plan vir Duitse herstelwerk wat gesien is as die ekonomiese grondslag van die Locarno-verdrag van 1925&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1926]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013137/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aristide Briand 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aristide Briand]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gustav Stresemann]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1927]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013142/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ferdinand Buisson 1924.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ferdinand Buisson]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] bydraes tot die Frans-Duitse bevolkingsversoening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Ludwig Quidde nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ludwig Quidde]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| [[1929]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:FrankKellogg.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frank B. Kellogg]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir die Kellogg-Briand-verdrag, wie se ondertekenaars ingestem het om alle konflikte met vreedsame middele te vestig en die oorlog as 'n instrument van nasionale beleid te verwerp&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1930's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1930's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1930]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nathan Söderblom nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nathan Söderblom]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om die kerke nie net in die werk van ekumeniese eenheid te betrek nie, maar ook vir wêreldvrede&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1931]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204514/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jane Addams profile.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jane Addams]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir haar maatskaplike hervormingswerk&quot; en &quot;leiding van die Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nicholas Murray Butler ppmsca.03668.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]
| &quot;vir sy bevordering van die Briand-Kellogg-verdrag&quot; en vir sy werk as die &quot;leier van die meer vestigingsgerigte deel van die Amerikaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1933]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013202/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Angell 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Angell]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir die skryfwerk aan ''The Great Illusion'' en vir 'n &quot;ondersteuner van die [[Volkebond]], sowel as 'n invloedryke publisiteit [en] opvoeder vir vrede in die algemeen te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1934]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013207/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:1910 Arthur Henderson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Henderson]]
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond|bond]], veral sy pogings van ontwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1935]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013217/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carl von Ossietzky]]
| {{vlagland|Nazi-Duitsland}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd teen Duitsland se herwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1936]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013226/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlos Saavedra Lamas.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;vir sy bemiddeling van 'n einde aan die [[Chaco-oorlog]] tussen [[Paraguay]] en [[Bolivië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1937]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013228/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood - Project Gutenberg eText 15306.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Cecil]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1938]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1938 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011170906/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |archive-date=11 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|75px]]
| Nansen se Internasionale Kantoor vir Vlugtelinge
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|23px]] [[Volkebond]]
| &quot;vir sy werk om vlugtelinge te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1940's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1940's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1944]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507154706/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |archive-date=7 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die groot werk wat dit tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] vir die mensdom gedoen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1945]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141754/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg|75px]]
| [[Cordell Hull]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy stryd teen isolasie in die huis, sy pogings om 'n vredesblok van state op die Amerikaanse vasteland te skep en sy werk vir die [[Verenigde Nasies]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1946]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204534/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|75px]]
| [[Emily Greene Balch]]
| &quot;voorheen professor in geskiedenis en sosiologie; internasionale erepresident, Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:John Raleigh Mott, 1910.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Mott]]
| &quot;voorsitter, Internasionale Sendingraad; president, [[YMCA|World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1947]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505170329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |archive-date=5 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan='2' | [[Lêer:Quaker star-T.svg|75px]]
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;deernis vir ander en die begeerte om hulle te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[American Friends Service Committee]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
|-
| [[1949]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013258/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Boyd Orr nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Boyd Orr]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;dokter; voedingspolitikus; prominente organiseerder en direkteur, algemene [[voedsel]]- en [[landbou]]-organisasie; president, Nasionale Vredesraad en Wêreldunie van Vredesorganisasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1950's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1950's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1950]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013303/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ralph Bunche]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;professor, Harvard-universiteit Cambridge, MA; direkteur, afdeling van voogdyraad, VN; Waarnemende bemiddelaar in Palestina, 1948&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1951]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013311/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Jouhaux nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Jouhaux]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;voorsitter van die Internasionale Komitee van die Europese Raad, adjunkpresident van die Internasionale Konfederasie van Vrye Vakbonde, adjunkpresident van die Wêreldfederasie van Vakbonde, lid van die IAO-raad, afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1952]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013318/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Schweitzer]]
| &quot;sending chirurg; stigter van Lambarene ([[Gaboen|Republiek Gaboen]])&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1953]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013320/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|75px]]
| [[George Marshall]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;algemene president van die Amerikaanse Rooi Kruis; voormalige staatsekretaris vir verdediging; afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies; skepper van die [[Marshall-plan]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1954]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013324/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1957]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada|1957}}
| &quot;voormalige minister van buitelandse sake van Kanada; voormalige president van die sewende sitting van die Algemene Vergadering van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; &quot;vir sy rol om die Suez-konflik te beëindig en die [[Midde-Ooste]]rse vraag deur die Verenigde Nasies te probeer oplos&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1958]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013334/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Georges Pire 1958.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dominique Pire]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vader in die Dominikaanse Orde; leier van die verligtingsorganisasie vir vlugtelinge ''L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1959]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Philip Noel-Baker 1942.jpg|75px]]
| [[Philip Noel-Baker]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;lid van die parlement; lewenslange vurige werker vir internasionale vrede en samewerking&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1960's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1960's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013344/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Albert Lutuli nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Luthuli]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;President van die [[African National Congress]]&quot;; &quot;was in die baie voorpunt van die stryd teen [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1961]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013349/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dag Hammarskjöld.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;sekretaris-generaal van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; toegeken &quot;vir die bevordering van die organisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1962]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013354/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
| [[Linus Pauling]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy veldtog teen die toetsing van [[kernwapen]]s&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1963]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013400/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk in die beskerming van menseregte in die 100 jaar se bestaan van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the IFRC.svg|75px]]
| Internasionale Federasie van Rooi Kruis en Rooi Halfmaan-genootskappe
|-
| [[1964]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013406/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martin Luther King jr.]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| Kampvegter vir [[burgerregte]]; eerste persoon in die [[Weste|Westerse wêreld]] wat ons gewys het dat 'n stryd sonder geweld gevoer kan word&quot;; King het sy tyd spandeer in verskeie gebiede van die burgerregtebeweging; van gelyke opvoeding tot ekonomiese ontkenning van minderhede. King het ook die Mars op Washington georganiseer, waar hy sy beroemde ''I Have a Dream''-toespraak gelewer het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1965]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013411/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UNICEF Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[UNICEF]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1968]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013416/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:René Cassin nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[René Cassin]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;Voorsitter van die Europese Hof vir Menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1969]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of ILO.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1970's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1970's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1970]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013426/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Borlaug (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Borlaug]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;Internasionale Mielie- en Koringverbeteringsentrum&quot;; &quot;vir sy bydraes tot die '[[groen rewolusie]]' wat so 'n impak gehad het op [[voedsel]]produksie veral in [[Asië]] en [[Latyns-Amerika]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1971]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013431/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|75px]]
| [[Willy Brandt]]
| {{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}
| &quot;Kanselier van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland&quot;; &quot;vir Wes-Duitsland se ''Ostpolitik''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1973]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013436/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Henry Kissinger.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Kissinger]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Parys-ooreenkoms van 1973 ten doeleinde van 'n wapenstilstand in die [[Viëtnamoorlog]] en 'n onttrekking van die [[Amerikaanse Gewapende Magte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:LeDucTho1973.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lê Đức Thọ]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(wys die prys van die hand)&lt;/small&gt;
| {{vlagland|Noord-Viëtnam}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013440/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Seán MacBride 1984.jpg|75px]]
| [[Seán MacBride]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| &quot;President van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor; President van die Kommissie van [[Namibië]]; vir sy sterk belangstelling in [[menseregte]]: Die Europese Konvensie vir Menseregte deur die [[Raad van Europa]], die bevordering van bevindings en die leiding van [[Amnestie Internasionaal]] en as sekretaris-generaal van die Internasionale Kommissie van Juriste&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Satō Eisaku.jpg|75px]]
| [[Eisaku Satō]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;Erste minister van Japan&quot;; &quot;vir sy afstanddoening van die kernopsie vir Japan en sy pogings om streeksversoening te bevorder&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1975]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|75px]]
| [[Andrei Sacharof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie|1955}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd vir [[menseregte]], ontwapening en samewerking tussen alle nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1976]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204559/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Betty Williams.jpg|75px]]
| [[Betty Williams]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;stigters van die Vredesbeweging in [[Noord-Ierland]] (later hernoem tot die Vredesgemeenskap)&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mairead Corrigan Gaza crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mairead Corrigan]]
|-
| [[1977]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013455/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Amnesty international Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Amnestie Internasionaal]]
| &quot;[vir] die beskerming van die menseregte van gewete gevangenes&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1978]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013500/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte|1972}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Camp David-ooreenkoms, wat 'n onderhandelde vrede tussen Egipte en Israel tot stand gebring het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Menachem Begin 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Menachem Begin]]
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[1979]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204608/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|75px]]
| [[Moeder Teresa]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;stigter van Sendelinge van Liefdadigheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1980's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1980's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1980]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013510/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel agosto 2011.jpg|75px]]
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;Menseregteleier&quot;; &quot;het niegewelddadige menseregte-organisasies gestig om die militêre junta te beveg wat sy land (Argentinië) regeer het.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1981]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013518/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1982]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204618/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ARB-Alva-Myrdal.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alva Myrdal]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] hul pragtige werk in die ontwapeningsonderhandelinge van die Verenigde Nasies, waar hulle albei 'n belangrike rol gespeel en internasionale erkenning gewen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfonso Garcia Robles 1981.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfonso García Robles]]
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
|-
| [[1983]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013533/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lech Walesa OAF Visit.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lech Wałęsa]]
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| &quot;stigter van [[Solidarność]]; kampvegter vir menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1984]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013536/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Desmond Tutu]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;... as 'n verenigende leiersfiguur in die veldtog om die probleem van [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika op te los. … Deur die toekenning van vanjaar se Vredesprys wil die Komitee aandag gee aan die niegewelddadige bevrydingstryd waartoe Desmond Tutu behoort, 'n stryd waarin [[Swart mense|swart]] en [[Blanke Suid-Afrikaners|wit]] Suid-Afrikaners verenig is om hul land uit konflik en krisis te bring&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1985]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013545/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Wellcome L0075338.jpg|75px]]
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir gesaghebbende inligting en deur bewustheid te skep van die katastrofiese gevolge van [[Kernoorlog]]. Die komitee glo dat dit op sy beurt bydra tot 'n toename in die druk van openbare opposisie teen die verspreiding van [[kernwapen]]s en die herdefiniëring van prioriteite, met meer aandag wat betaal word aan gesondheid en ander humanitêre sake&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1986]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013546/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elie Wiesel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elie Wiesel]]
| &quot;Voorsitter van die President se Kommissie oor die [[Holocaust]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1987]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013551/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:OscarArias.jpg|75px]]
| [[Óscar Arias]]
| {{vlagland|Costa Rica}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir vrede in [[Sentraal-Amerika]], pogings wat gelei het tot die ooreenkoms wat op 7 Augustus vanjaar in Guatemala onderteken is&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013647/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies se vredesbewaring]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;[vir] hul pogings [wat] belangrike bydraes gelewer het tot die verwesenliking van een van die fundamentele beginsels van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1989]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013607/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dalai Lama at WhiteHouse (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tenzin Gyatso]], [[Dalai Lama|14de Dalai Lama]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;In sy stryd vir die bevryding van [[Tibet]] het hy konsekwent die gebruik van geweld verwerp. Hy het eerder vreedsame oplossings voorgestel wat gebaseer is op verdraagsaamheid en wedersydse respek ten doeleinde om die historiese en kulturele erfenis van sy mense te bewaar&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1990's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1990's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013616/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Mikhail Gorbachev 1987.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michail Gorbatsjof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}
| &quot;Algemene Sekretaris van die [[Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie]] en president van die Sowjetunie&quot;; &quot;vir sy hoofrol in die vredesproses wat vandag belangrike dele van die internasionale gemeenskap kenmerk&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1991]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712031022/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |archive-date=12 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aung San Suu Kyi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
| {{vlagland|Mianmar|1974}}
| &quot;vir haar niegewelddadige stryd vir [[demokrasie]] en [[menseregte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1992]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Rigoberta Menchu Tum.JPG|75px]]
| [[Rigoberta Menchú]]
| {{vlagland|Guatemala}}
| &quot;vir haar werk vir sosiale geregtigheid en etno-kulturele versoening gebaseer op respek vir die regte van inheemse volke&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1993]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107160301/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nelson Mandela-2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die vreedsame beëindiging van die [[apartheid]]sregering en vir die grondslag van 'n nuwe demokratiese Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederik Willem de Klerk.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]
|-
| rowspan='3' | 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519235645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |archive-date=19 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ArafatEconomicForum.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jasser Arafat]]
| {{vlagland|Palestynse Owerheid}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;om 'n politieke daad te eerbiedig wat aan beide kante groot moed aanroep en wat geleenthede vir 'n nuwe ontwikkeling vir broederskap in die [[Midde-Ooste]] oopgemaak het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yitzhak Rabin]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lêer:Shimon Peres World Economic Forum 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shimon Peres]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1995]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Josef Rotblat ID badge.png|75px]]
| [[Joseph Rotblat]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die deel wat kernwapens in die internasionale politiek speel te verminder en om in die langer termyn sulke wapens uit te skakel&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Peace symbol (bold).svg|75px]]
| [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1996]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512051803/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |archive-date=12 Mei 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlosbelo.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Oos-Timor}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk na 'n regverdige en vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in Oos-Timor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:EastTimor.JoseRamosHorta.01.jpg|75px]]
| [[José Ramos-Horta]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1997]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204714/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Icbl english.pdf|75px]]
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die verbod en skoonmaak van anti-personeelmyne&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:JodyWilliamsMay2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jody Williams]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1998]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013700/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Hume 2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hume]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in [[Noord-Ierland]] te vind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:David Trimble.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Trimble]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
|-
| [[1999]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013704/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MSF HQ.jpg|75px]]
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;ter erkenning van die organisasie se baanbrekende humanitêre werk op verskeie vastelande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 2000's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2000's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2000]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013709/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kim Dae-jung (Cropped).png|75px]]
| [[Kim Dae-jung]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir demokrasie en menseregte in Suid-Korea en in [[Oos-Asië]] in die algemeen en vir vrede en versoening met [[Noord-Korea]] in die besonder&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2001]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013715/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir 'n beter georganiseerde en meer vreedsame wêreld&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Kofi Annan4 2007 04 20.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
|-
| [[2002]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013723/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jimmy Carter.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy dekades van onvermoeide poging om vreedsame oplossings vir internasionale konflikte te vind, om demokrasie en menseregte asook ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2003]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522041648/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Shirin Ebadi 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shirin Ebadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar pogings vir demokrasie en menseregte. Sy het veral gefokus op die stryd vir [[Vroueregte|vroue]]- en kinderregte&quot;
|-
| [[2004]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204731/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Wangari Maathai in 2001.jpg|75px]]
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| &quot;vir haar bydrae tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, demokrasie en vrede&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2005]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013733/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of IAEA.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Atoomenergie-Agentskap]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om te voorkom dat kernenergie vir militêre doeleindes gebruik word en om te verseker dat kernenergie vir vreedsame doeleindes op die veiligste moontlike manier gebruik word&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammed el-Baradei]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2006]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013740/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Professor Muhammad Yunus- Building Social Business Summit (8758300102).jpg|75px]]
| [[Muhammad Yunus]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Bangladesj}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die bevordering van ekonomiese en sosiale geleenthede vir armes, veral vroue, deur hul baanbrekende kredietwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Grameen.JPG|75px]]
| [[Grameen Bank]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013743/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om meer kennis oor mensgemaakte [[klimaatverandering]] op te bou en te versprei en om die grondslag te lê vir die maatreëls wat nodig is om sulke veranderinge teen te werk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Al Gore.jpg|75px]]
| [[Al Gore]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| [[2008]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013747/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martti Ahtisaari.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martti Ahtisaari]]
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings op verskeie vastelande en meer as drie dekades om internasionale konflikte op te los&quot;
|-
| [[2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504045401/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |archive-date=4 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|75px]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy buitengewone pogings om internasionale diplomasie en samewerking tussen mense te bevorder&quot;
|}

== 2010's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2010's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520044753/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Portrait of Liu Xiaobo by Wang Liming (2017, cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Liu Xiaobo]]
| {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}
| &quot;vir sy lang en niegewelddadige stryd vir fundamentele menseregte in China&quot;
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2011]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Liberië}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir hul niegewelddadige stryd vir die veiligheid van vroue en vir [[vroueregte]] tot volle deelname in vrede-bouwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Leymah-gbowee-at-emu-press-conference.jpg|75px]]
| [[Leymah Gbowee]]
|-
| [[Lêer:Tawakkul Karman (2011).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tawakkol Karman]]
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
|-
| [[2012]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013812/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of Europe.svg|75px]]
| [[Europese Unie]]
| {{vlagland|Europese Unie}}
| &quot;vir meer as ses dekades se bydrae tot die bevordering van vrede en versoening, demokrasie en menseregte in Europa&quot;
|-
| [[2013]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172402/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |archive-date=8 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HQ of OPCW in The Hague.jpg|75px]]
| [[Organisasie vir die Verbod op Chemiese Wapens]]
| Internasionaal
| &quot;vir sy uitgebreide pogings om [[chemiese wapen]]s uit te skakel&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2014]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231458/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul stryd teen die onderdrukking van kinders en jongmense en vir die reg van alle kinders tot onderwys&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Malala Yousafzai]]
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[2015]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015707/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Tunisian national dialogue (October 2012).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tunisiese Nasionale Dialoogkwartet]]
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| &quot;vir sy beslissende bydrae tot die bou van 'n pluralistiese demokrasie in Tunisië in die nasleep van die Jasmine-rewolusie van 2011&quot;
|-
| [[2016]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515204146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |archive-date=15 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| &quot;vir sy vasberade pogings om die land se meer as 50 jaar lange [[burgeroorlog]] tot 'n einde te bring, 'n oorlog wat die lewens van minstens 220&amp;nbsp;000 Colombiane geëis en nagenoeg ses miljoen mense verplaas het.&quot;
|-
| [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428040853/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo ICAN Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale veldtog vir die afskaffing van kernwapens]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy werk om die aandag te vestig op die katastrofale humanitêre gevolge van enige gebruik van kernwapens en vir sy baanbrekende pogings om 'n verbod op sodanige wapens op grond van verdrae te bereik&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522205033/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Denis Mukwege par Claude Truong-Ngoc novembre 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Denis Mukwege]]
| {{vlagland|Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die gebruik van seksuele geweld as 'n wapen van oorlog en gewapende konflik te beëindig&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nadia Murad in Washington - 2018 (42733243785) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nadia Murad]]
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
|-
| [[2019]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2019 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013843/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Abiy Ahmed during state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| {{vlagland|Ethiopië}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om vrede en internasionale samewerking te bewerkstellig, en veral vir sy beslissende inisiatief om die grenskonflik met die buurland [[Eritrea]] op te los.&quot;
|}

== 2020's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2020's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2020]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2020/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:World Food Programme Logo Simple.svg|75px]]
| [[Wêreldvoedselprogram]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om honger te bekamp, vir sy bydrae tot die verbetering van toestande vir vrede in konflikgeteisterde gebiede en sy optrede as 'n dryfveer in pogings om die gebruik van honger as 'n wapen van oorlog en konflik te voorkom.&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Maria Ressa.jpg|75px]]
| [[Maria Ressa]]
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om vryheid van uitdrukking te beskerm, wat 'n voorwaarde is vir demokrasie en blywende vrede.&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Dmitry Muratov Four Freedoms Award 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dmitri Moeratof]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Alaksandr Bialacki.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ales Bialiatski]]
| {{vlagland|Belarus}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir die bevordering van die reg om mag te kritiseer en die fundamentele regte van burgers te beskerm en 'n uitstaande poging aan te wend om oorlogsmisdade, menseregtevergrype en die misbruik van mag te dokumenteer&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Memorial Logo.png|75px]]
| [[Memorial]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| [[Lêer:The Center for Civil Liberties logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Sentrum vir Burgerlike Vryhede]]
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|-
| [[2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2023 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Narges Mohammadi (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Narges Mohammadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar stryd teen die onderdrukking van vroue in Iran en om menseregte en vryheid vir almal te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2024 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jørgen Watne Frydnes awarding Terumi Tanaka, Shigemitsu Tanaka, and Toshiyuki Mimaki at 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony 8 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nihon Hidankyo]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n wêreld vry van kernwapens te bewerkstellig en vir die demonstrasie deur middel getuieverklarings dat kernwapens nooit weer gebruik mag word nie&quot;
|-
| [[2025]]&lt;ref name=nobelprize /&gt;
| [[Lêer:María Corina Machado 2023.jpg|75px]]
| [[María Corina Machado]]
| {{vlagland|Venezuela}}
| &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Nobelprys vir Chemie]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe]]
* [[Nobelprys vir fisika]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Nobel Peace Prize|Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = All Nobel Peace Prizes | website= Nobelprize.org | publisher=Nobel Media AB | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = Winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace | work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Peace-1856940#ref1149177 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Nobel Peace Prize|Engelse Wikipedia]]

{{Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van Nobelpryse|Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Toekennings]]</text>
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|naam = {{nowrap|{{Kleurstreep|#FAF0BE|[[Lêer:Nobel prize medal.svg|50px]] Nobelprys vir Vrede}}}}
|beeld = AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg
|breedte = 200
|onderskrif = Die Sweedse chemikus [[Alfred Nobel]], wat in sy testament voorsiening vir die Nobelprys gemaak het.
|toegeken = Uitstaande bydraes vir die mensdom in vrede
|borg = Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel
|land = {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
|datum = 10 Desember
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Die '''Nobelprys vir Vrede''' ([[Noors]] en [[Sweeds]]: ''Nobels fredspris'') is een van vyf [[Nobelprys]]e wat nagelaat is deur die [[Swede|Sweedse]] nyweraar en uitvinder [[Alfred Nobel]]. Die pryse vir [[Nobelprys vir Chemie|chemie]], [[Nobelprys vir fisika|fisika]], [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde|geneeskunde]] en [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde|letterkunde]] word jaarliks in [[Stockholm]], Swede, toegeken, terwyl die Nobelprys vir Vrede in die [[Noorweë|Noorse]] [[hoofstad]] [[Oslo]] oorhandig word. Die Noorse Nobelkomitee word deur die [[Storting (Noorse parlement)|Noorse parlement]] gekies, wat weer die pryswenner(s) kies.

[[Lêer:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee in Oslo]]
[[Lêer:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES FOR 1994 IN OSLO..jpg|duimnael|links|Die Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1994 in [[Oslo]] (van links na regs): [[Palestynse Bevrydingsorganisasie|PLO]]-voorsitter [[Jasser Arafat]], [[Israel]] se minister van buitelandse sake [[Shimon Peres]] en Israel se eerste minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]]]
Ten tye van Nobel se dood was Swede en Noorweë in 'n posisie onderling waar die Sweedse parlement slegs verantwoordelik was vir buitelandse sake en Sweedse binnelandse sake, en die Noorse parlement slegs vir Noorse binnelandse sake. Nobel het dus stipuleer dat die Vredesprys deur Noorweë toegeken moes word, aangesien hy gevrees het dat die verkiesingsproses negatief beïnvloed sou kon word deur 'n buitelandse moondheid. Volgens sy testament behoort die prys toegeken te word aan diegene &quot;wat die beste of die meeste werk gedoen het vir die bevordering van broederskap tussen nasies én vir die totnietmaking of vermindering van weermagte én vir die ophou en bevordering van vredeskongresse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;Nobel Peace Prize&quot;, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anders as met die ander Nobelpryse kan die Vredesprys toegeken word aan 'n persoon of instansie wat te midde van die oplos van 'n konflik is en is dit nie nodig dat die konflik reeds opgelos moet wees nie. As gevolg daarvan lyk sommige van die toekennings vandag ietwat verdag, omdat die pogings nie blywende vrugte afgewerp het nie. Voorbeelde hiervan is die toekennings gegee aan [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Lê Đức Thọ]] en [[Henry Kissinger]]; Lê Đức Thọ het die Nobelprys vir Vrede geweier omdat daar nie vrede in [[Viëtnam]] was nie. Hy is die enigste persoon ooit wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede verwerp het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title=Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |publisher=[[Time (tydskrif)|Time]] |author=Lily Rothman |date=9 Oktober 2015 |accessdate=12 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012144753/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |archive-date=12 Oktober 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voorts word die komitee ook voortdurend deur regse groepe gekritiseer omdat dit skyn dat hulle bevooroordeeld is ten gunste van pro-linkse bewegings. Die prys wat toegeken is aan [[Jasser Arafat]] dien as brandstof vir hul argument, aangesien hulle hom beskou het as 'n ondersteuner van [[terrorisme]]. [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], wenner van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1991, is later vir haar stilte wyd gekritiseer toe honderdduisende inheemse [[Islam]]itiese [[Rohingia]] in 2017 deur die Mianmarese owerhede en weermag uit hul gebiede verdryf is en na [[Bangladesj]] moes vlug.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |title=Did the World Get Aung San Suu Kyi Wrong? |first1=Amanda |last1=Taub |first2=Max |last2=Fisher |date=31 Oktober 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |via=NYTimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331160637/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abiy Ahmed]], wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 2019 ontvang het, is hewig vir die oorlogvoering in die Noord-Ethiopiese [[Tigray-streek]] gekritiseer en van etniese suiwering beskuldig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/07/the-nobel-committee-should-resign-over-the-atrocities-in-tigray |title=The Nobel committee should resign over the atrocities in Tigray |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |author=Kjetil Tronvoll |date=7 Junie 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel kondig die naam van die Nobelpryswenners jaarliks vroeg in Oktober aan,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |title=Nomination and selection of Peace Prize Laureates |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012449/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; met die Nobelprys vir Vrede tradisioneel vyfde en op 'n Vrydag. Die prys word sedert 1990 jaarliks in [[Oslo]], Noorweë, se stadsaal toegeken op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se dood. Tot en met 2025 is die prys aan altesaam 112 individue en 31 organisasies toegeken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=All Nobel Peace Prizes |website=Nobelprize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013909/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nog 19 vroue het dit gekry, meer as enige ander Nobelprys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 2025-Nobelprys vir Vrede is toegeken aan die [[Venezuela|Venezolaanse]] [[menseregte]]aktivis [[María Corina Machado]] &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;.&lt;ref name=nobelprize&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die pryse, wat 'n bedrag geld ([[Sweedse kroon|SEK]]9&amp;nbsp;miljoen, omtrent [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA]]$1&amp;nbsp;miljoen per pryskategorie, wat dan gelykop onder die Bekroondes verdeel word),&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020440/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n goue medalje en 'n diploma insluit, word op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se sterfdag in 1896, tydens 'n seremonie deur die Noorse koning, tans [[Harald V van Noorweë]], in die Oslose stadsaal uitgedeel.

Hieronder volg 'n lys van die ontvangers van die Nobelprys vir Vrede vanaf 1901 tot op hede.

[[#1900's|1900's]] – [[#1910's|1910's]] – [[#1920's|1920's]] – [[#1930's|1930's]] – [[#1940's|1940's]] – [[#1950's|1950's]] – [[#1960's|1960's]] – [[#1970's|1970's]] – [[#1980's|1980's]] – [[#1990's|1990's]] – [[#2000's|2000's]] – [[#2010's|2010's]] – [[#2020's|2020's]]

== 1900's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1900's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1901]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521011340/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dunant]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy rol in die stigting van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |first=Geir |last=Lundestad |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=15 Maart 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520133329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2 |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederic Passy.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frédéric Passy]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] een van die hoofstigterslede van die Interparlementêre Unie en ook die hooforganiseerder van die eerste Universele Vredeskongres te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1902]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012952/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ducommun.jpg|75px]]
| [[Élie Ducommun]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die eerste ere-sekretaris van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Albert Gobat2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Albert Gobat]]
| &quot;[vir sy rol as die] eerste sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1903]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012958/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Cremer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Randal Cremer]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die 'eerste vader' van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1904]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013002/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo of Institut de Droit International.svg|75px]]
| [[Institut de Droit International]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings as 'n nieamptelike liggaam om die algemene beginsels van die wetenskap van die internasionale reg te formuleer&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1905]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204445/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bertha von Suttner nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Bertha von Suttner]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;vir die skryf van ''Lay Down Your Arms'' en by te dra tot die skepping van die prys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1906]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522191421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|75px]]
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1896}}
| &quot;[vir] sy suksesvolle bemiddeling om die Russies-Japannese oorlog te beëindig en vir sy belangstelling in arbitrasie, nadat hy die Haagse arbitrasiehof voorsien het met sy heel eerste geval&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1907]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013018/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]]
| {{vlagland|Italië|1861}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] sleutelleier van die Italiaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Louis Renault jurist.gif|75px]]
| [[Louis Renault]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] voorste Franse internasionale juris en 'n lid van die permanente hof van arbitrasie in Den Haag&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1908]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013023/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:KParnoldson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Sweedse Vredes- en Arbitrasieliga&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Fredrik Bajer nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fredrik Bajer]]
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| &quot;[vir synde] die voorste vredesvoorsitter in [[Skandinawië]], wat werk in die Interparlementêre Unie kombineer het met die eerste president van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1909]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013027/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Beernaert.gif|75px]]
| [[Auguste Beernaert]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[om 'n] verteenwoordiger te wees vir die twee Haagse konferensies en 'n leidende figuur in die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:PaulBalluet.gif|75px]]
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] gekombineerde diplomatieke werk ten doeleinde vir 'n Frans-Duitse en 'n Frans-Britse begrip met 'n vooraanstaande loopbaan in internasionale arbitrasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1910's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1910's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1910]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1910 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013037/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:IPB logo svg.svg|75px]]
| [[International Peace Bureau]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[om te handel] as 'n skakel tussen die vredesgemeenskappe van die verskillende lande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1911]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521004028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:TMCasser.jpg|75px]]
| [[Tobias Asser]]
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| &quot;[om 'n lid] te wees van die Hof van Arbitrasie sowel as die inisieerder van die Konferensies oor Internasionale Privaatreg&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfred Hermann Fried nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Duitse Vredesvereniging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1912]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1912 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013048/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elihu Root, bw photo portrait, 1902.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elihu Root]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy sterk belangstelling in internasionale arbitrasie en vir sy plan vir 'n wêreldhof&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1913]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013053/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HenriLaFontaine.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henri La Fontaine]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] hoof van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1917]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013059/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die uitvoering van die geweldige taak om die regte van die vele krygsgevangenes aan alle kante van die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] te beskerm, insluitend hul reg om kontak met hul gesinne te vestig&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1919]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013104/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|75px]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy belangrike rol in die stigting van die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1920's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1920's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1920]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013110/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Bourgeois.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Bourgeois]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy deelname] aan beide die Haagse konferensies van 1899 en 1907 &quot;en vir sy werk na&quot; wat die [[Volkebond|bond]] tot so 'n mate geword het dat hy dikwels sy &quot;geestelike vader&quot; genoem word&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1921]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013116/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hjalmar Branting by Goodwin.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hjalmar Branting]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy werk in die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Christian Lous Lange.jpg|75px]]
| [[Christian Lange]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] die eerste sekretaris van die Noorse Nobelkomitee&quot; en &quot;die sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1922]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013125/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Fridtjof Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fridtjof Nansen]]
| &quot;[vir] sy werk in die ondersteuning van die miljoene in Rusland wat sukkel teen hongersnood&quot; en &quot;sy werk vir die vlugtelinge van [[Anatolië|Klein-Asië]] en [[Thrakië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1925]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013131/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Austen Chamberlain nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Austen Chamberlain]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Dawes, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles G. Dawes]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk] aan die Dawes-plan vir Duitse herstelwerk wat gesien is as die ekonomiese grondslag van die Locarno-verdrag van 1925&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1926]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013137/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aristide Briand 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aristide Briand]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gustav Stresemann]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1927]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013142/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ferdinand Buisson 1924.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ferdinand Buisson]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] bydraes tot die Frans-Duitse bevolkingsversoening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Ludwig Quidde nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ludwig Quidde]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| [[1929]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:FrankKellogg.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frank B. Kellogg]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir die Kellogg-Briand-verdrag, wie se ondertekenaars ingestem het om alle konflikte met vreedsame middele te vestig en die oorlog as 'n instrument van nasionale beleid te verwerp&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1930's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1930's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1930]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nathan Söderblom nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nathan Söderblom]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om die kerke nie net in die werk van ekumeniese eenheid te betrek nie, maar ook vir wêreldvrede&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1931]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204514/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jane Addams profile.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jane Addams]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir haar maatskaplike hervormingswerk&quot; en &quot;leiding van die Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nicholas Murray Butler ppmsca.03668.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]
| &quot;vir sy bevordering van die Briand-Kellogg-verdrag&quot; en vir sy werk as die &quot;leier van die meer vestigingsgerigte deel van die Amerikaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1933]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013202/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Angell 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Angell]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir die skryfwerk aan ''The Great Illusion'' en vir 'n &quot;ondersteuner van die [[Volkebond]], sowel as 'n invloedryke publisiteit [en] opvoeder vir vrede in die algemeen te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1934]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013207/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:1910 Arthur Henderson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Henderson]]
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond|bond]], veral sy pogings van ontwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1935]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013217/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carl von Ossietzky]]
| {{vlagland|Nazi-Duitsland}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd teen Duitsland se herwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1936]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013226/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlos Saavedra Lamas.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;vir sy bemiddeling van 'n einde aan die [[Chaco-oorlog]] tussen [[Paraguay]] en [[Bolivië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1937]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013228/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood - Project Gutenberg eText 15306.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Cecil]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1938]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1938 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011170906/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |archive-date=11 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|75px]]
| Nansen se Internasionale Kantoor vir Vlugtelinge
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|23px]] [[Volkebond]]
| &quot;vir sy werk om vlugtelinge te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1940's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1940's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1944]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507154706/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |archive-date=7 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die groot werk wat dit tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] vir die mensdom gedoen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1945]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141754/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg|75px]]
| [[Cordell Hull]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy stryd teen isolasie in die huis, sy pogings om 'n vredesblok van state op die Amerikaanse vasteland te skep en sy werk vir die [[Verenigde Nasies]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1946]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204534/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|75px]]
| [[Emily Greene Balch]]
| &quot;voorheen professor in geskiedenis en sosiologie; internasionale erepresident, Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:John Raleigh Mott, 1910.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Mott]]
| &quot;voorsitter, Internasionale Sendingraad; president, [[YMCA|World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1947]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505170329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |archive-date=5 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan='2' | [[Lêer:Quaker star-T.svg|75px]]
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;deernis vir ander en die begeerte om hulle te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[American Friends Service Committee]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
|-
| [[1949]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013258/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Boyd Orr nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Boyd Orr]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;dokter; voedingspolitikus; prominente organiseerder en direkteur, algemene [[voedsel]]- en [[landbou]]-organisasie; president, Nasionale Vredesraad en Wêreldunie van Vredesorganisasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1950's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1950's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1950]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013303/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ralph Bunche]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;professor, Harvard-universiteit Cambridge, MA; direkteur, afdeling van voogdyraad, VN; Waarnemende bemiddelaar in Palestina, 1948&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1951]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013311/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Jouhaux nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Jouhaux]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;voorsitter van die Internasionale Komitee van die Europese Raad, adjunkpresident van die Internasionale Konfederasie van Vrye Vakbonde, adjunkpresident van die Wêreldfederasie van Vakbonde, lid van die IAO-raad, afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1952]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013318/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Schweitzer]]
| &quot;sending chirurg; stigter van Lambarene ([[Gaboen|Republiek Gaboen]])&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1953]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013320/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|75px]]
| [[George Marshall]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;algemene president van die Amerikaanse Rooi Kruis; voormalige staatsekretaris vir verdediging; afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies; skepper van die [[Marshall-plan]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1954]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013324/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1957]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada|1957}}
| &quot;voormalige minister van buitelandse sake van Kanada; voormalige president van die sewende sitting van die Algemene Vergadering van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; &quot;vir sy rol om die Suez-konflik te beëindig en die [[Midde-Ooste]]rse vraag deur die Verenigde Nasies te probeer oplos&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1958]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013334/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Georges Pire 1958.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dominique Pire]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vader in die Dominikaanse Orde; leier van die verligtingsorganisasie vir vlugtelinge ''L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1959]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Philip Noel-Baker 1942.jpg|75px]]
| [[Philip Noel-Baker]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;lid van die parlement; lewenslange vurige werker vir internasionale vrede en samewerking&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1960's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1960's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013344/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Albert Lutuli nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Luthuli]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;President van die [[African National Congress]]&quot;; &quot;was in die baie voorpunt van die stryd teen [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1961]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013349/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dag Hammarskjöld.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;sekretaris-generaal van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; toegeken &quot;vir die bevordering van die organisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1962]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013354/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
| [[Linus Pauling]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy veldtog teen die toetsing van [[kernwapen]]s&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1963]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013400/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk in die beskerming van menseregte in die 100 jaar se bestaan van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the IFRC.svg|75px]]
| Internasionale Federasie van Rooi Kruis en Rooi Halfmaan-genootskappe
|-
| [[1964]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013406/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martin Luther King jr.]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| Kampvegter vir [[burgerregte]]; eerste persoon in die [[Weste|Westerse wêreld]] wat ons gewys het dat 'n stryd sonder geweld gevoer kan word&quot;; King het sy tyd spandeer in verskeie gebiede van die burgerregtebeweging; van gelyke opvoeding tot ekonomiese ontkenning van minderhede. King het ook die Mars op Washington georganiseer, waar hy sy beroemde ''I Have a Dream''-toespraak gelewer het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1965]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013411/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UNICEF Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[UNICEF]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1968]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013416/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:René Cassin nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[René Cassin]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;Voorsitter van die Europese Hof vir Menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1969]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of ILO.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1970's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1970's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1970]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013426/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Borlaug (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Borlaug]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;Internasionale Mielie- en Koringverbeteringsentrum&quot;; &quot;vir sy bydraes tot die '[[groen rewolusie]]' wat so 'n impak gehad het op [[voedsel]]produksie veral in [[Asië]] en [[Latyns-Amerika]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1971]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013431/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|75px]]
| [[Willy Brandt]]
| {{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}
| &quot;Kanselier van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland&quot;; &quot;vir Wes-Duitsland se ''Ostpolitik''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1973]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013436/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Henry Kissinger.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Kissinger]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Parys-ooreenkoms van 1973 ten doeleinde van 'n wapenstilstand in die [[Viëtnamoorlog]] en 'n onttrekking van die [[Amerikaanse Gewapende Magte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:LeDucTho1973.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lê Đức Thọ]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(wys die prys van die hand)&lt;/small&gt;
| {{vlagland|Noord-Viëtnam}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013440/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Seán MacBride 1984.jpg|75px]]
| [[Seán MacBride]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| &quot;President van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor; President van die Kommissie van [[Namibië]]; vir sy sterk belangstelling in [[menseregte]]: Die Europese Konvensie vir Menseregte deur die [[Raad van Europa]], die bevordering van bevindings en die leiding van [[Amnestie Internasionaal]] en as sekretaris-generaal van die Internasionale Kommissie van Juriste&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Satō Eisaku.jpg|75px]]
| [[Eisaku Satō]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;Erste minister van Japan&quot;; &quot;vir sy afstanddoening van die kernopsie vir Japan en sy pogings om streeksversoening te bevorder&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1975]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|75px]]
| [[Andrei Sacharof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie|1955}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd vir [[menseregte]], ontwapening en samewerking tussen alle nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1976]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204559/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Betty Williams.jpg|75px]]
| [[Betty Williams]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;stigters van die Vredesbeweging in [[Noord-Ierland]] (later hernoem tot die Vredesgemeenskap)&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mairead Corrigan Gaza crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mairead Corrigan]]
|-
| [[1977]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013455/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Amnesty international Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Amnestie Internasionaal]]
| &quot;[vir] die beskerming van die menseregte van gewete gevangenes&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1978]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013500/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte|1972}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Camp David-ooreenkoms, wat 'n onderhandelde vrede tussen Egipte en Israel tot stand gebring het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Menachem Begin 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Menachem Begin]]
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[1979]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204608/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|75px]]
| [[Moeder Teresa]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;stigter van Sendelinge van Liefdadigheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1980's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1980's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1980]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013510/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel agosto 2011.jpg|75px]]
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;Menseregteleier&quot;; &quot;het niegewelddadige menseregte-organisasies gestig om die militêre junta te beveg wat sy land (Argentinië) regeer het.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1981]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013518/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1982]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204618/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ARB-Alva-Myrdal.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alva Myrdal]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] hul pragtige werk in die ontwapeningsonderhandelinge van die Verenigde Nasies, waar hulle albei 'n belangrike rol gespeel en internasionale erkenning gewen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfonso Garcia Robles 1981.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfonso García Robles]]
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
|-
| [[1983]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013533/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lech Walesa OAF Visit.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lech Wałęsa]]
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| &quot;stigter van [[Solidarność]]; kampvegter vir menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1984]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013536/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Desmond Tutu]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;... as 'n verenigende leiersfiguur in die veldtog om die probleem van [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika op te los. … Deur die toekenning van vanjaar se Vredesprys wil die Komitee aandag gee aan die niegewelddadige bevrydingstryd waartoe Desmond Tutu behoort, 'n stryd waarin [[Swart mense|swart]] en [[Blanke Suid-Afrikaners|wit]] Suid-Afrikaners verenig is om hul land uit konflik en krisis te bring&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1985]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013545/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Wellcome L0075338.jpg|75px]]
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir gesaghebbende inligting en deur bewustheid te skep van die katastrofiese gevolge van [[Kernoorlog]]. Die komitee glo dat dit op sy beurt bydra tot 'n toename in die druk van openbare opposisie teen die verspreiding van [[kernwapen]]s en die herdefiniëring van prioriteite, met meer aandag wat betaal word aan gesondheid en ander humanitêre sake&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1986]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013546/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elie Wiesel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elie Wiesel]]
| &quot;Voorsitter van die President se Kommissie oor die [[Holocaust]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1987]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013551/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:OscarArias.jpg|75px]]
| [[Óscar Arias]]
| {{vlagland|Costa Rica}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir vrede in [[Sentraal-Amerika]], pogings wat gelei het tot die ooreenkoms wat op 7 Augustus vanjaar in Guatemala onderteken is&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013647/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies se vredesbewaring]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;[vir] hul pogings [wat] belangrike bydraes gelewer het tot die verwesenliking van een van die fundamentele beginsels van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1989]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013607/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dalai Lama at WhiteHouse (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tenzin Gyatso]], [[Dalai Lama|14de Dalai Lama]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;In sy stryd vir die bevryding van [[Tibet]] het hy konsekwent die gebruik van geweld verwerp. Hy het eerder vreedsame oplossings voorgestel wat gebaseer is op verdraagsaamheid en wedersydse respek ten doeleinde om die historiese en kulturele erfenis van sy mense te bewaar&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1990's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1990's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013616/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Mikhail Gorbachev 1987.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michail Gorbatsjof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}
| &quot;Algemene Sekretaris van die [[Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie]] en president van die Sowjetunie&quot;; &quot;vir sy hoofrol in die vredesproses wat vandag belangrike dele van die internasionale gemeenskap kenmerk&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1991]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712031022/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |archive-date=12 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aung San Suu Kyi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
| {{vlagland|Mianmar|1974}}
| &quot;vir haar niegewelddadige stryd vir [[demokrasie]] en [[menseregte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1992]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Rigoberta Menchu Tum.JPG|75px]]
| [[Rigoberta Menchú]]
| {{vlagland|Guatemala}}
| &quot;vir haar werk vir sosiale geregtigheid en etno-kulturele versoening gebaseer op respek vir die regte van inheemse volke&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1993]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107160301/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nelson Mandela-2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die vreedsame beëindiging van die [[apartheid]]sregering en vir die grondslag van 'n nuwe demokratiese Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederik Willem de Klerk.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]
|-
| rowspan='3' | 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519235645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |archive-date=19 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ArafatEconomicForum.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jasser Arafat]]
| {{vlagland|Palestynse Owerheid}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;om 'n politieke daad te eerbiedig wat aan beide kante groot moed aanroep en wat geleenthede vir 'n nuwe ontwikkeling vir broederskap in die [[Midde-Ooste]] oopgemaak het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yitzhak Rabin]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lêer:Shimon Peres World Economic Forum 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shimon Peres]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1995]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Josef Rotblat ID badge.png|75px]]
| [[Joseph Rotblat]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die deel wat kernwapens in die internasionale politiek speel te verminder en om in die langer termyn sulke wapens uit te skakel&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Peace symbol (bold).svg|75px]]
| [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1996]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512051803/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |archive-date=12 Mei 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlosbelo.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Oos-Timor}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk na 'n regverdige en vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in Oos-Timor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:EastTimor.JoseRamosHorta.01.jpg|75px]]
| [[José Ramos-Horta]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1997]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204714/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Icbl english.pdf|75px]]
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die verbod en skoonmaak van anti-personeelmyne&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:JodyWilliamsMay2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jody Williams]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1998]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013700/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Hume 2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hume]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in [[Noord-Ierland]] te vind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:David Trimble.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Trimble]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
|-
| [[1999]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013704/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MSF HQ.jpg|75px]]
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;ter erkenning van die organisasie se baanbrekende humanitêre werk op verskeie vastelande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 2000's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2000's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2000]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013709/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kim Dae-jung (Cropped).png|75px]]
| [[Kim Dae-jung]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir demokrasie en menseregte in Suid-Korea en in [[Oos-Asië]] in die algemeen en vir vrede en versoening met [[Noord-Korea]] in die besonder&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2001]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013715/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir 'n beter georganiseerde en meer vreedsame wêreld&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Kofi Annan4 2007 04 20.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
|-
| [[2002]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013723/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jimmy Carter.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy dekades van onvermoeide poging om vreedsame oplossings vir internasionale konflikte te vind, om demokrasie en menseregte asook ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2003]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522041648/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Shirin Ebadi 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shirin Ebadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar pogings vir demokrasie en menseregte. Sy het veral gefokus op die stryd vir [[Vroueregte|vroue]]- en kinderregte&quot;
|-
| [[2004]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204731/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Wangari Maathai in 2001.jpg|75px]]
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| &quot;vir haar bydrae tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, demokrasie en vrede&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2005]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013733/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of IAEA.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Atoomenergie-Agentskap]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om te voorkom dat kernenergie vir militêre doeleindes gebruik word en om te verseker dat kernenergie vir vreedsame doeleindes op die veiligste moontlike manier gebruik word&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammed el-Baradei]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2006]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013740/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Professor Muhammad Yunus- Building Social Business Summit (8758300102).jpg|75px]]
| [[Muhammad Yunus]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Bangladesj}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die bevordering van ekonomiese en sosiale geleenthede vir armes, veral vroue, deur hul baanbrekende kredietwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Grameen.JPG|75px]]
| [[Grameen Bank]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013743/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om meer kennis oor mensgemaakte [[klimaatverandering]] op te bou en te versprei en om die grondslag te lê vir die maatreëls wat nodig is om sulke veranderinge teen te werk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Al Gore.jpg|75px]]
| [[Al Gore]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| [[2008]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013747/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martti Ahtisaari.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martti Ahtisaari]]
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings op verskeie vastelande en meer as drie dekades om internasionale konflikte op te los&quot;
|-
| [[2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504045401/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |archive-date=4 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|75px]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy buitengewone pogings om internasionale diplomasie en samewerking tussen mense te bevorder&quot;
|}

== 2010's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2010's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520044753/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Portrait of Liu Xiaobo by Wang Liming (2017, cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Liu Xiaobo]]
| {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}
| &quot;vir sy lang en niegewelddadige stryd vir fundamentele menseregte in China&quot;
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2011]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Liberië}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir hul niegewelddadige stryd vir die veiligheid van vroue en vir [[vroueregte]] tot volle deelname in vrede-bouwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Leymah-gbowee-at-emu-press-conference.jpg|75px]]
| [[Leymah Gbowee]]
|-
| [[Lêer:Tawakkul Karman (2011).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tawakkol Karman]]
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
|-
| [[2012]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013812/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of Europe.svg|75px]]
| [[Europese Unie]]
| {{vlagland|Europese Unie}}
| &quot;vir meer as ses dekades se bydrae tot die bevordering van vrede en versoening, demokrasie en menseregte in Europa&quot;
|-
| [[2013]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172402/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |archive-date=8 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HQ of OPCW in The Hague.jpg|75px]]
| [[Organisasie vir die Verbod op Chemiese Wapens]]
| Internasionaal
| &quot;vir sy uitgebreide pogings om [[chemiese wapen]]s uit te skakel&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2014]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231458/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul stryd teen die onderdrukking van kinders en jongmense en vir die reg van alle kinders tot onderwys&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Malala Yousafzai]]
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[2015]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015707/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Tunisian national dialogue (October 2012).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tunisiese Nasionale Dialoogkwartet]]
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| &quot;vir sy beslissende bydrae tot die bou van 'n pluralistiese demokrasie in Tunisië in die nasleep van die Jasmine-rewolusie van 2011&quot;
|-
| [[2016]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515204146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |archive-date=15 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| &quot;vir sy vasberade pogings om die land se meer as 50 jaar lange [[burgeroorlog]] tot 'n einde te bring, 'n oorlog wat die lewens van minstens 220&amp;nbsp;000 Colombiane geëis en nagenoeg ses miljoen mense verplaas het.&quot;
|-
| [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428040853/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo ICAN Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale veldtog vir die afskaffing van kernwapens]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy werk om die aandag te vestig op die katastrofale humanitêre gevolge van enige gebruik van kernwapens en vir sy baanbrekende pogings om 'n verbod op sodanige wapens op grond van verdrae te bereik&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522205033/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Denis Mukwege par Claude Truong-Ngoc novembre 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Denis Mukwege]]
| {{vlagland|Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die gebruik van seksuele geweld as 'n wapen van oorlog en gewapende konflik te beëindig&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nadia Murad in Washington - 2018 (42733243785) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nadia Murad]]
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
|-
| [[2019]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2019 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013843/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Abiy Ahmed during state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| {{vlagland|Ethiopië}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om vrede en internasionale samewerking te bewerkstellig, en veral vir sy beslissende inisiatief om die grenskonflik met die buurland [[Eritrea]] op te los.&quot;
|}

== 2020's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2020's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2020]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2020/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:World Food Programme Logo Simple.svg|75px]]
| [[Wêreldvoedselprogram]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om honger te bekamp, vir sy bydrae tot die verbetering van toestande vir vrede in konflikgeteisterde gebiede en sy optrede as 'n dryfveer in pogings om die gebruik van honger as 'n wapen van oorlog en konflik te voorkom.&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Maria Ressa.jpg|75px]]
| [[Maria Ressa]]
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om vryheid van uitdrukking te beskerm, wat 'n voorwaarde is vir demokrasie en blywende vrede.&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Dmitry Muratov Four Freedoms Award 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dmitri Moeratof]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Alaksandr Bialacki.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ales Bialiatski]]
| {{vlagland|Belarus}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir die bevordering van die reg om mag te kritiseer en die fundamentele regte van burgers te beskerm en 'n uitstaande poging aan te wend om oorlogsmisdade, menseregtevergrype en die misbruik van mag te dokumenteer&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Memorial Logo.png|75px]]
| [[Memorial]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| [[Lêer:The Center for Civil Liberties logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Sentrum vir Burgerlike Vryhede]]
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|-
| [[2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2023 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Narges Mohammadi (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Narges Mohammadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar stryd teen die onderdrukking van vroue in Iran en om menseregte en vryheid vir almal te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2024 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jørgen Watne Frydnes awarding Terumi Tanaka, Shigemitsu Tanaka, and Toshiyuki Mimaki at 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony 8 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nihon Hidankyo]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n wêreld vry van kernwapens te bewerkstellig en vir die demonstrasie deur middel getuieverklarings dat kernwapens nooit weer gebruik mag word nie&quot;
|-
| [[2025]]&lt;ref name=nobelprize /&gt;
| [[Lêer:María Corina Machado 2023.jpg|75px]]
| [[María Corina Machado]]
| {{vlagland|Venezuela}}
| &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Nobelprys vir Chemie]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe]]
* [[Nobelprys vir fisika]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Nobel Peace Prize|Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = All Nobel Peace Prizes | website= Nobelprize.org | publisher=Nobel Media AB | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = Winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace | work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Peace-1856940#ref1149177 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Nobel Peace Prize|Engelse Wikipedia]]

{{Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van Nobelpryse|Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Toekennings]]</text>
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|beeld = AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg
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|land = {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
|datum = 10 Desember
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Die '''Nobelprys vir Vrede''' ([[Noors]] en [[Sweeds]]: ''Nobels fredspris'') is een van vyf [[Nobelprys]]e wat nagelaat is deur die [[Swede|Sweedse]] nyweraar en uitvinder [[Alfred Nobel]]. Die pryse vir [[Nobelprys vir Chemie|chemie]], [[Nobelprys vir fisika|fisika]], [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde|geneeskunde]] en [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde|letterkunde]] word jaarliks in [[Stockholm]], Swede, toegeken, terwyl die Nobelprys vir Vrede in die [[Noorweë|Noorse]] [[hoofstad]] [[Oslo]] oorhandig word. Die Noorse Nobelkomitee word deur die [[Storting (Noorse parlement)|Noorse parlement]] gekies, wat weer die pryswenner(s) kies.

[[Lêer:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee in Oslo]]
[[Lêer:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES FOR 1994 IN OSLO..jpg|duimnael|links|Die Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1994 in [[Oslo]] (van links na regs): [[Palestynse Bevrydingsorganisasie|PLO]]-voorsitter [[Jasser Arafat]], [[Israel]] se minister van buitelandse sake [[Shimon Peres]] en Israel se eerste minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]]]
Ten tye van Nobel se dood was Swede en Noorweë in 'n posisie onderling waar die Sweedse parlement slegs verantwoordelik was vir buitelandse sake en Sweedse binnelandse sake, en die Noorse parlement slegs vir Noorse binnelandse sake. Nobel het dus stipuleer dat die Vredesprys deur Noorweë toegeken moes word, aangesien hy gevrees het dat die verkiesingsproses negatief beïnvloed sou kon word deur 'n buitelandse moondheid. Volgens sy testament behoort die prys toegeken te word aan diegene &quot;wat die beste of die meeste werk gedoen het vir die bevordering van broederskap tussen nasies én vir die totnietmaking of vermindering van weermagte én vir die ophou en bevordering van vredeskongresse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;Nobel Peace Prize&quot;, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anders as met die ander Nobelpryse kan die Vredesprys toegeken word aan 'n persoon of instansie wat te midde van die oplos van 'n konflik is en is dit nie nodig dat die konflik reeds opgelos moet wees nie. As gevolg daarvan lyk sommige van die toekennings vandag ietwat verdag, omdat die pogings nie blywende vrugte afgewerp het nie. Voorbeelde hiervan is die toekennings gegee aan [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Lê Đức Thọ]] en [[Henry Kissinger]]; Lê Đức Thọ het die Nobelprys vir Vrede geweier omdat daar nie vrede in [[Viëtnam]] was nie. Hy is die enigste persoon ooit wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede verwerp het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title=Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |publisher=[[Time (tydskrif)|Time]] |author=Lily Rothman |date=9 Oktober 2015 |accessdate=12 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012144753/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |archive-date=12 Oktober 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voorts word die komitee ook voortdurend deur regse groepe gekritiseer omdat dit skyn dat hulle bevooroordeeld is ten gunste van pro-linkse bewegings. Die prys wat toegeken is aan [[Jasser Arafat]] dien as brandstof vir hul argument, aangesien hulle hom beskou het as 'n ondersteuner van [[terrorisme]]. [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], wenner van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1991, is later vir haar stilte wyd gekritiseer toe honderdduisende inheemse [[Islam]]itiese [[Rohingia]] in 2017 deur die Mianmarese owerhede en weermag uit hul gebiede verdryf is en na [[Bangladesj]] moes vlug.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |title=Did the World Get Aung San Suu Kyi Wrong? |first1=Amanda |last1=Taub |first2=Max |last2=Fisher |date=31 Oktober 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |via=NYTimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331160637/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abiy Ahmed]], wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 2019 ontvang het, is hewig vir die oorlogvoering in die Noord-Ethiopiese [[Tigray-streek]] gekritiseer en van etniese suiwering beskuldig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/07/the-nobel-committee-should-resign-over-the-atrocities-in-tigray |title=The Nobel committee should resign over the atrocities in Tigray |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |author=Kjetil Tronvoll |date=7 Junie 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel kondig die naam van die Nobelpryswenners jaarliks vroeg in Oktober aan,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |title=Nomination and selection of Peace Prize Laureates |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012449/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; met die Nobelprys vir Vrede tradisioneel vyfde en op 'n Vrydag. Die prys word sedert 1990 jaarliks in [[Oslo]], Noorweë, se stadsaal toegeken op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se dood. Tot en met 2025 is die prys aan altesaam 112 individue en 31 organisasies toegeken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=All Nobel Peace Prizes |website=Nobelprize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013909/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nog 19 vroue het dit gekry, meer as enige ander Nobelprys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 2025-Nobelprys vir Vrede is toegeken aan die [[Venezuela|Venezolaanse]] [[menseregte]]aktivis [[María Corina Machado]] &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;.&lt;ref name=nobelprize&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die pryse, wat 'n bedrag geld ([[Sweedse kroon|SEK]]9&amp;nbsp;miljoen, omtrent [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA]]$1&amp;nbsp;miljoen per pryskategorie, wat dan gelykop onder die Bekroondes verdeel word),&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020440/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n goue medalje en 'n diploma insluit, word op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se sterfdag in 1896, tydens 'n seremonie deur die Noorse koning, tans [[Harald V van Noorweë]], in die Oslose stadsaal uitgedeel.

Hieronder volg 'n lys van die ontvangers van die Nobelprys vir Vrede vanaf 1901 tot op hede.

[[#1900's|1900's]] – [[#1910's|1910's]] – [[#1920's|1920's]] – [[#1930's|1930's]] – [[#1940's|1940's]] – [[#1950's|1950's]] – [[#1960's|1960's]] – [[#1970's|1970's]] – [[#1980's|1980's]] – [[#1990's|1990's]] – [[#2000's|2000's]] – [[#2010's|2010's]] – [[#2020's|2020's]]

== Trullalla ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1900's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1901]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521011340/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dunant]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy rol in die stigting van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |first=Geir |last=Lundestad |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=15 Maart 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520133329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2 |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederic Passy.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frédéric Passy]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] een van die hoofstigterslede van die Interparlementêre Unie en ook die hooforganiseerder van die eerste Universele Vredeskongres te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1902]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012952/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ducommun.jpg|75px]]
| [[Élie Ducommun]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die eerste ere-sekretaris van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Albert Gobat2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Albert Gobat]]
| &quot;[vir sy rol as die] eerste sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1903]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012958/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Cremer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Randal Cremer]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die 'eerste vader' van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1904]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013002/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo of Institut de Droit International.svg|75px]]
| [[Institut de Droit International]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings as 'n nieamptelike liggaam om die algemene beginsels van die wetenskap van die internasionale reg te formuleer&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1905]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204445/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bertha von Suttner nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Bertha von Suttner]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;vir die skryf van ''Lay Down Your Arms'' en by te dra tot die skepping van die prys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1906]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522191421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|75px]]
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1896}}
| &quot;[vir] sy suksesvolle bemiddeling om die Russies-Japannese oorlog te beëindig en vir sy belangstelling in arbitrasie, nadat hy die Haagse arbitrasiehof voorsien het met sy heel eerste geval&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1907]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013018/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]]
| {{vlagland|Italië|1861}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] sleutelleier van die Italiaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Louis Renault jurist.gif|75px]]
| [[Louis Renault]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] voorste Franse internasionale juris en 'n lid van die permanente hof van arbitrasie in Den Haag&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1908]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013023/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:KParnoldson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Sweedse Vredes- en Arbitrasieliga&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Fredrik Bajer nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fredrik Bajer]]
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| &quot;[vir synde] die voorste vredesvoorsitter in [[Skandinawië]], wat werk in die Interparlementêre Unie kombineer het met die eerste president van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1909]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013027/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Beernaert.gif|75px]]
| [[Auguste Beernaert]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[om 'n] verteenwoordiger te wees vir die twee Haagse konferensies en 'n leidende figuur in die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:PaulBalluet.gif|75px]]
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] gekombineerde diplomatieke werk ten doeleinde vir 'n Frans-Duitse en 'n Frans-Britse begrip met 'n vooraanstaande loopbaan in internasionale arbitrasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1910's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1910's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1910]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1910 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013037/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:IPB logo svg.svg|75px]]
| [[International Peace Bureau]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[om te handel] as 'n skakel tussen die vredesgemeenskappe van die verskillende lande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1911]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521004028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:TMCasser.jpg|75px]]
| [[Tobias Asser]]
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| &quot;[om 'n lid] te wees van die Hof van Arbitrasie sowel as die inisieerder van die Konferensies oor Internasionale Privaatreg&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfred Hermann Fried nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Duitse Vredesvereniging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1912]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1912 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013048/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elihu Root, bw photo portrait, 1902.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elihu Root]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy sterk belangstelling in internasionale arbitrasie en vir sy plan vir 'n wêreldhof&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1913]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013053/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HenriLaFontaine.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henri La Fontaine]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] hoof van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1917]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013059/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die uitvoering van die geweldige taak om die regte van die vele krygsgevangenes aan alle kante van die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] te beskerm, insluitend hul reg om kontak met hul gesinne te vestig&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1919]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013104/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|75px]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy belangrike rol in die stigting van die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1920's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1920's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1920]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013110/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Bourgeois.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Bourgeois]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy deelname] aan beide die Haagse konferensies van 1899 en 1907 &quot;en vir sy werk na&quot; wat die [[Volkebond|bond]] tot so 'n mate geword het dat hy dikwels sy &quot;geestelike vader&quot; genoem word&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1921]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013116/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hjalmar Branting by Goodwin.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hjalmar Branting]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy werk in die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Christian Lous Lange.jpg|75px]]
| [[Christian Lange]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] die eerste sekretaris van die Noorse Nobelkomitee&quot; en &quot;die sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1922]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013125/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Fridtjof Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fridtjof Nansen]]
| &quot;[vir] sy werk in die ondersteuning van die miljoene in Rusland wat sukkel teen hongersnood&quot; en &quot;sy werk vir die vlugtelinge van [[Anatolië|Klein-Asië]] en [[Thrakië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1925]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013131/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Austen Chamberlain nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Austen Chamberlain]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Dawes, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles G. Dawes]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk] aan die Dawes-plan vir Duitse herstelwerk wat gesien is as die ekonomiese grondslag van die Locarno-verdrag van 1925&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1926]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013137/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aristide Briand 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aristide Briand]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gustav Stresemann]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1927]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013142/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ferdinand Buisson 1924.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ferdinand Buisson]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] bydraes tot die Frans-Duitse bevolkingsversoening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Ludwig Quidde nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ludwig Quidde]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| [[1929]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:FrankKellogg.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frank B. Kellogg]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir die Kellogg-Briand-verdrag, wie se ondertekenaars ingestem het om alle konflikte met vreedsame middele te vestig en die oorlog as 'n instrument van nasionale beleid te verwerp&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1930's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1930's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1930]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nathan Söderblom nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nathan Söderblom]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om die kerke nie net in die werk van ekumeniese eenheid te betrek nie, maar ook vir wêreldvrede&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1931]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204514/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jane Addams profile.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jane Addams]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir haar maatskaplike hervormingswerk&quot; en &quot;leiding van die Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nicholas Murray Butler ppmsca.03668.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]
| &quot;vir sy bevordering van die Briand-Kellogg-verdrag&quot; en vir sy werk as die &quot;leier van die meer vestigingsgerigte deel van die Amerikaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1933]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013202/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Angell 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Angell]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir die skryfwerk aan ''The Great Illusion'' en vir 'n &quot;ondersteuner van die [[Volkebond]], sowel as 'n invloedryke publisiteit [en] opvoeder vir vrede in die algemeen te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1934]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013207/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:1910 Arthur Henderson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Henderson]]
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond|bond]], veral sy pogings van ontwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1935]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013217/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carl von Ossietzky]]
| {{vlagland|Nazi-Duitsland}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd teen Duitsland se herwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1936]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013226/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlos Saavedra Lamas.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;vir sy bemiddeling van 'n einde aan die [[Chaco-oorlog]] tussen [[Paraguay]] en [[Bolivië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1937]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013228/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood - Project Gutenberg eText 15306.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Cecil]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1938]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1938 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011170906/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |archive-date=11 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|75px]]
| Nansen se Internasionale Kantoor vir Vlugtelinge
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|23px]] [[Volkebond]]
| &quot;vir sy werk om vlugtelinge te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1940's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1940's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1944]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507154706/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |archive-date=7 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die groot werk wat dit tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] vir die mensdom gedoen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1945]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141754/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg|75px]]
| [[Cordell Hull]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy stryd teen isolasie in die huis, sy pogings om 'n vredesblok van state op die Amerikaanse vasteland te skep en sy werk vir die [[Verenigde Nasies]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1946]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204534/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|75px]]
| [[Emily Greene Balch]]
| &quot;voorheen professor in geskiedenis en sosiologie; internasionale erepresident, Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:John Raleigh Mott, 1910.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Mott]]
| &quot;voorsitter, Internasionale Sendingraad; president, [[YMCA|World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1947]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505170329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |archive-date=5 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan='2' | [[Lêer:Quaker star-T.svg|75px]]
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;deernis vir ander en die begeerte om hulle te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[American Friends Service Committee]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
|-
| [[1949]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013258/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Boyd Orr nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Boyd Orr]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;dokter; voedingspolitikus; prominente organiseerder en direkteur, algemene [[voedsel]]- en [[landbou]]-organisasie; president, Nasionale Vredesraad en Wêreldunie van Vredesorganisasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1950's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1950's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1950]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013303/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ralph Bunche]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;professor, Harvard-universiteit Cambridge, MA; direkteur, afdeling van voogdyraad, VN; Waarnemende bemiddelaar in Palestina, 1948&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1951]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013311/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Jouhaux nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Jouhaux]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;voorsitter van die Internasionale Komitee van die Europese Raad, adjunkpresident van die Internasionale Konfederasie van Vrye Vakbonde, adjunkpresident van die Wêreldfederasie van Vakbonde, lid van die IAO-raad, afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1952]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013318/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Schweitzer]]
| &quot;sending chirurg; stigter van Lambarene ([[Gaboen|Republiek Gaboen]])&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1953]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013320/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|75px]]
| [[George Marshall]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;algemene president van die Amerikaanse Rooi Kruis; voormalige staatsekretaris vir verdediging; afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies; skepper van die [[Marshall-plan]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1954]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013324/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1957]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada|1957}}
| &quot;voormalige minister van buitelandse sake van Kanada; voormalige president van die sewende sitting van die Algemene Vergadering van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; &quot;vir sy rol om die Suez-konflik te beëindig en die [[Midde-Ooste]]rse vraag deur die Verenigde Nasies te probeer oplos&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1958]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013334/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Georges Pire 1958.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dominique Pire]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vader in die Dominikaanse Orde; leier van die verligtingsorganisasie vir vlugtelinge ''L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1959]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Philip Noel-Baker 1942.jpg|75px]]
| [[Philip Noel-Baker]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;lid van die parlement; lewenslange vurige werker vir internasionale vrede en samewerking&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1960's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1960's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013344/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Albert Lutuli nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Luthuli]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;President van die [[African National Congress]]&quot;; &quot;was in die baie voorpunt van die stryd teen [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1961]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013349/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dag Hammarskjöld.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;sekretaris-generaal van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; toegeken &quot;vir die bevordering van die organisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1962]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013354/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
| [[Linus Pauling]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy veldtog teen die toetsing van [[kernwapen]]s&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1963]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013400/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk in die beskerming van menseregte in die 100 jaar se bestaan van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the IFRC.svg|75px]]
| Internasionale Federasie van Rooi Kruis en Rooi Halfmaan-genootskappe
|-
| [[1964]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013406/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martin Luther King jr.]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| Kampvegter vir [[burgerregte]]; eerste persoon in die [[Weste|Westerse wêreld]] wat ons gewys het dat 'n stryd sonder geweld gevoer kan word&quot;; King het sy tyd spandeer in verskeie gebiede van die burgerregtebeweging; van gelyke opvoeding tot ekonomiese ontkenning van minderhede. King het ook die Mars op Washington georganiseer, waar hy sy beroemde ''I Have a Dream''-toespraak gelewer het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1965]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013411/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UNICEF Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[UNICEF]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1968]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013416/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:René Cassin nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[René Cassin]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;Voorsitter van die Europese Hof vir Menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1969]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of ILO.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1970's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1970's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1970]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013426/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Borlaug (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Borlaug]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;Internasionale Mielie- en Koringverbeteringsentrum&quot;; &quot;vir sy bydraes tot die '[[groen rewolusie]]' wat so 'n impak gehad het op [[voedsel]]produksie veral in [[Asië]] en [[Latyns-Amerika]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1971]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013431/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|75px]]
| [[Willy Brandt]]
| {{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}
| &quot;Kanselier van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland&quot;; &quot;vir Wes-Duitsland se ''Ostpolitik''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1973]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013436/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Henry Kissinger.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Kissinger]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Parys-ooreenkoms van 1973 ten doeleinde van 'n wapenstilstand in die [[Viëtnamoorlog]] en 'n onttrekking van die [[Amerikaanse Gewapende Magte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:LeDucTho1973.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lê Đức Thọ]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(wys die prys van die hand)&lt;/small&gt;
| {{vlagland|Noord-Viëtnam}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013440/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Seán MacBride 1984.jpg|75px]]
| [[Seán MacBride]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| &quot;President van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor; President van die Kommissie van [[Namibië]]; vir sy sterk belangstelling in [[menseregte]]: Die Europese Konvensie vir Menseregte deur die [[Raad van Europa]], die bevordering van bevindings en die leiding van [[Amnestie Internasionaal]] en as sekretaris-generaal van die Internasionale Kommissie van Juriste&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Satō Eisaku.jpg|75px]]
| [[Eisaku Satō]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;Erste minister van Japan&quot;; &quot;vir sy afstanddoening van die kernopsie vir Japan en sy pogings om streeksversoening te bevorder&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1975]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|75px]]
| [[Andrei Sacharof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie|1955}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd vir [[menseregte]], ontwapening en samewerking tussen alle nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1976]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204559/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Betty Williams.jpg|75px]]
| [[Betty Williams]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;stigters van die Vredesbeweging in [[Noord-Ierland]] (later hernoem tot die Vredesgemeenskap)&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mairead Corrigan Gaza crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mairead Corrigan]]
|-
| [[1977]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013455/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Amnesty international Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Amnestie Internasionaal]]
| &quot;[vir] die beskerming van die menseregte van gewete gevangenes&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1978]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013500/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte|1972}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Camp David-ooreenkoms, wat 'n onderhandelde vrede tussen Egipte en Israel tot stand gebring het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Menachem Begin 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Menachem Begin]]
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[1979]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204608/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|75px]]
| [[Moeder Teresa]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;stigter van Sendelinge van Liefdadigheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1980's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1980's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1980]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013510/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel agosto 2011.jpg|75px]]
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;Menseregteleier&quot;; &quot;het niegewelddadige menseregte-organisasies gestig om die militêre junta te beveg wat sy land (Argentinië) regeer het.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1981]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013518/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1982]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204618/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ARB-Alva-Myrdal.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alva Myrdal]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] hul pragtige werk in die ontwapeningsonderhandelinge van die Verenigde Nasies, waar hulle albei 'n belangrike rol gespeel en internasionale erkenning gewen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfonso Garcia Robles 1981.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfonso García Robles]]
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
|-
| [[1983]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013533/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lech Walesa OAF Visit.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lech Wałęsa]]
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| &quot;stigter van [[Solidarność]]; kampvegter vir menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1984]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013536/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Desmond Tutu]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;... as 'n verenigende leiersfiguur in die veldtog om die probleem van [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika op te los. … Deur die toekenning van vanjaar se Vredesprys wil die Komitee aandag gee aan die niegewelddadige bevrydingstryd waartoe Desmond Tutu behoort, 'n stryd waarin [[Swart mense|swart]] en [[Blanke Suid-Afrikaners|wit]] Suid-Afrikaners verenig is om hul land uit konflik en krisis te bring&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1985]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013545/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Wellcome L0075338.jpg|75px]]
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir gesaghebbende inligting en deur bewustheid te skep van die katastrofiese gevolge van [[Kernoorlog]]. Die komitee glo dat dit op sy beurt bydra tot 'n toename in die druk van openbare opposisie teen die verspreiding van [[kernwapen]]s en die herdefiniëring van prioriteite, met meer aandag wat betaal word aan gesondheid en ander humanitêre sake&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1986]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013546/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elie Wiesel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elie Wiesel]]
| &quot;Voorsitter van die President se Kommissie oor die [[Holocaust]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1987]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013551/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:OscarArias.jpg|75px]]
| [[Óscar Arias]]
| {{vlagland|Costa Rica}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir vrede in [[Sentraal-Amerika]], pogings wat gelei het tot die ooreenkoms wat op 7 Augustus vanjaar in Guatemala onderteken is&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013647/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies se vredesbewaring]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;[vir] hul pogings [wat] belangrike bydraes gelewer het tot die verwesenliking van een van die fundamentele beginsels van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1989]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013607/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dalai Lama at WhiteHouse (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tenzin Gyatso]], [[Dalai Lama|14de Dalai Lama]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;In sy stryd vir die bevryding van [[Tibet]] het hy konsekwent die gebruik van geweld verwerp. Hy het eerder vreedsame oplossings voorgestel wat gebaseer is op verdraagsaamheid en wedersydse respek ten doeleinde om die historiese en kulturele erfenis van sy mense te bewaar&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1990's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1990's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013616/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Mikhail Gorbachev 1987.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michail Gorbatsjof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}
| &quot;Algemene Sekretaris van die [[Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie]] en president van die Sowjetunie&quot;; &quot;vir sy hoofrol in die vredesproses wat vandag belangrike dele van die internasionale gemeenskap kenmerk&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1991]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712031022/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |archive-date=12 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aung San Suu Kyi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
| {{vlagland|Mianmar|1974}}
| &quot;vir haar niegewelddadige stryd vir [[demokrasie]] en [[menseregte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1992]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Rigoberta Menchu Tum.JPG|75px]]
| [[Rigoberta Menchú]]
| {{vlagland|Guatemala}}
| &quot;vir haar werk vir sosiale geregtigheid en etno-kulturele versoening gebaseer op respek vir die regte van inheemse volke&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1993]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107160301/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nelson Mandela-2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die vreedsame beëindiging van die [[apartheid]]sregering en vir die grondslag van 'n nuwe demokratiese Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederik Willem de Klerk.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]
|-
| rowspan='3' | 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519235645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |archive-date=19 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ArafatEconomicForum.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jasser Arafat]]
| {{vlagland|Palestynse Owerheid}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;om 'n politieke daad te eerbiedig wat aan beide kante groot moed aanroep en wat geleenthede vir 'n nuwe ontwikkeling vir broederskap in die [[Midde-Ooste]] oopgemaak het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yitzhak Rabin]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lêer:Shimon Peres World Economic Forum 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shimon Peres]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1995]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Josef Rotblat ID badge.png|75px]]
| [[Joseph Rotblat]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die deel wat kernwapens in die internasionale politiek speel te verminder en om in die langer termyn sulke wapens uit te skakel&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Peace symbol (bold).svg|75px]]
| [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1996]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512051803/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |archive-date=12 Mei 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlosbelo.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Oos-Timor}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk na 'n regverdige en vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in Oos-Timor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:EastTimor.JoseRamosHorta.01.jpg|75px]]
| [[José Ramos-Horta]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1997]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204714/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Icbl english.pdf|75px]]
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die verbod en skoonmaak van anti-personeelmyne&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:JodyWilliamsMay2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jody Williams]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1998]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013700/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Hume 2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hume]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in [[Noord-Ierland]] te vind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:David Trimble.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Trimble]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
|-
| [[1999]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013704/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MSF HQ.jpg|75px]]
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;ter erkenning van die organisasie se baanbrekende humanitêre werk op verskeie vastelande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 2000's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2000's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2000]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013709/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kim Dae-jung (Cropped).png|75px]]
| [[Kim Dae-jung]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir demokrasie en menseregte in Suid-Korea en in [[Oos-Asië]] in die algemeen en vir vrede en versoening met [[Noord-Korea]] in die besonder&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2001]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013715/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir 'n beter georganiseerde en meer vreedsame wêreld&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Kofi Annan4 2007 04 20.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
|-
| [[2002]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013723/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jimmy Carter.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy dekades van onvermoeide poging om vreedsame oplossings vir internasionale konflikte te vind, om demokrasie en menseregte asook ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2003]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522041648/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Shirin Ebadi 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shirin Ebadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar pogings vir demokrasie en menseregte. Sy het veral gefokus op die stryd vir [[Vroueregte|vroue]]- en kinderregte&quot;
|-
| [[2004]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204731/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Wangari Maathai in 2001.jpg|75px]]
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| &quot;vir haar bydrae tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, demokrasie en vrede&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2005]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013733/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of IAEA.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Atoomenergie-Agentskap]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om te voorkom dat kernenergie vir militêre doeleindes gebruik word en om te verseker dat kernenergie vir vreedsame doeleindes op die veiligste moontlike manier gebruik word&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammed el-Baradei]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2006]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013740/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Professor Muhammad Yunus- Building Social Business Summit (8758300102).jpg|75px]]
| [[Muhammad Yunus]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Bangladesj}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die bevordering van ekonomiese en sosiale geleenthede vir armes, veral vroue, deur hul baanbrekende kredietwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Grameen.JPG|75px]]
| [[Grameen Bank]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013743/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om meer kennis oor mensgemaakte [[klimaatverandering]] op te bou en te versprei en om die grondslag te lê vir die maatreëls wat nodig is om sulke veranderinge teen te werk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Al Gore.jpg|75px]]
| [[Al Gore]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| [[2008]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013747/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martti Ahtisaari.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martti Ahtisaari]]
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings op verskeie vastelande en meer as drie dekades om internasionale konflikte op te los&quot;
|-
| [[2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504045401/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |archive-date=4 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|75px]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy buitengewone pogings om internasionale diplomasie en samewerking tussen mense te bevorder&quot;
|}

== 2010's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2010's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520044753/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Portrait of Liu Xiaobo by Wang Liming (2017, cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Liu Xiaobo]]
| {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}
| &quot;vir sy lang en niegewelddadige stryd vir fundamentele menseregte in China&quot;
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2011]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Liberië}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir hul niegewelddadige stryd vir die veiligheid van vroue en vir [[vroueregte]] tot volle deelname in vrede-bouwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Leymah-gbowee-at-emu-press-conference.jpg|75px]]
| [[Leymah Gbowee]]
|-
| [[Lêer:Tawakkul Karman (2011).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tawakkol Karman]]
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
|-
| [[2012]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013812/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of Europe.svg|75px]]
| [[Europese Unie]]
| {{vlagland|Europese Unie}}
| &quot;vir meer as ses dekades se bydrae tot die bevordering van vrede en versoening, demokrasie en menseregte in Europa&quot;
|-
| [[2013]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172402/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |archive-date=8 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HQ of OPCW in The Hague.jpg|75px]]
| [[Organisasie vir die Verbod op Chemiese Wapens]]
| Internasionaal
| &quot;vir sy uitgebreide pogings om [[chemiese wapen]]s uit te skakel&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2014]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231458/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul stryd teen die onderdrukking van kinders en jongmense en vir die reg van alle kinders tot onderwys&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Malala Yousafzai]]
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[2015]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015707/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Tunisian national dialogue (October 2012).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tunisiese Nasionale Dialoogkwartet]]
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| &quot;vir sy beslissende bydrae tot die bou van 'n pluralistiese demokrasie in Tunisië in die nasleep van die Jasmine-rewolusie van 2011&quot;
|-
| [[2016]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515204146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |archive-date=15 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| &quot;vir sy vasberade pogings om die land se meer as 50 jaar lange [[burgeroorlog]] tot 'n einde te bring, 'n oorlog wat die lewens van minstens 220&amp;nbsp;000 Colombiane geëis en nagenoeg ses miljoen mense verplaas het.&quot;
|-
| [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428040853/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo ICAN Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale veldtog vir die afskaffing van kernwapens]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy werk om die aandag te vestig op die katastrofale humanitêre gevolge van enige gebruik van kernwapens en vir sy baanbrekende pogings om 'n verbod op sodanige wapens op grond van verdrae te bereik&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522205033/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Denis Mukwege par Claude Truong-Ngoc novembre 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Denis Mukwege]]
| {{vlagland|Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die gebruik van seksuele geweld as 'n wapen van oorlog en gewapende konflik te beëindig&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nadia Murad in Washington - 2018 (42733243785) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nadia Murad]]
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
|-
| [[2019]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2019 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013843/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Abiy Ahmed during state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| {{vlagland|Ethiopië}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om vrede en internasionale samewerking te bewerkstellig, en veral vir sy beslissende inisiatief om die grenskonflik met die buurland [[Eritrea]] op te los.&quot;
|}

== 2020's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2020's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2020]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2020/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:World Food Programme Logo Simple.svg|75px]]
| [[Wêreldvoedselprogram]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om honger te bekamp, vir sy bydrae tot die verbetering van toestande vir vrede in konflikgeteisterde gebiede en sy optrede as 'n dryfveer in pogings om die gebruik van honger as 'n wapen van oorlog en konflik te voorkom.&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Maria Ressa.jpg|75px]]
| [[Maria Ressa]]
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om vryheid van uitdrukking te beskerm, wat 'n voorwaarde is vir demokrasie en blywende vrede.&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Dmitry Muratov Four Freedoms Award 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dmitri Moeratof]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Alaksandr Bialacki.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ales Bialiatski]]
| {{vlagland|Belarus}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir die bevordering van die reg om mag te kritiseer en die fundamentele regte van burgers te beskerm en 'n uitstaande poging aan te wend om oorlogsmisdade, menseregtevergrype en die misbruik van mag te dokumenteer&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Memorial Logo.png|75px]]
| [[Memorial]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| [[Lêer:The Center for Civil Liberties logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Sentrum vir Burgerlike Vryhede]]
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|-
| [[2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2023 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Narges Mohammadi (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Narges Mohammadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar stryd teen die onderdrukking van vroue in Iran en om menseregte en vryheid vir almal te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2024 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jørgen Watne Frydnes awarding Terumi Tanaka, Shigemitsu Tanaka, and Toshiyuki Mimaki at 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony 8 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nihon Hidankyo]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n wêreld vry van kernwapens te bewerkstellig en vir die demonstrasie deur middel getuieverklarings dat kernwapens nooit weer gebruik mag word nie&quot;
|-
| [[2025]]&lt;ref name=nobelprize /&gt;
| [[Lêer:María Corina Machado 2023.jpg|75px]]
| [[María Corina Machado]]
| {{vlagland|Venezuela}}
| &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Nobelprys vir Chemie]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe]]
* [[Nobelprys vir fisika]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Nobel Peace Prize|Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = All Nobel Peace Prizes | website= Nobelprize.org | publisher=Nobel Media AB | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = Winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace | work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Peace-1856940#ref1149177 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Nobel Peace Prize|Engelse Wikipedia]]

{{Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van Nobelpryse|Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Toekennings]]</text>
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|beeld = AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg
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|onderskrif = Die Sweedse chemikus [[Alfred Nobel]], wat in sy testament voorsiening vir die Nobelprys gemaak het.
|toegeken = Uitstaande bydraes vir die mensdom in vrede
|borg = Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel
|land = {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
|datum = 10 Desember
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Die '''Nobelprys vir Vrede''' ([[Noors]] en [[Sweeds]]: ''Nobels fredspris'') is een van vyf [[Nobelprys]]e wat nagelaat is deur die [[Swede|Sweedse]] nyweraar en uitvinder [[Alfred Nobel]]. Die pryse vir [[Nobelprys vir Chemie|chemie]], [[Nobelprys vir fisika|fisika]], [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde|geneeskunde]] en [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde|letterkunde]] word jaarliks in [[Stockholm]], Swede, toegeken, terwyl die Nobelprys vir Vrede in die [[Noorweë|Noorse]] [[hoofstad]] [[Oslo]] oorhandig word. Die Noorse Nobelkomitee word deur die [[Storting (Noorse parlement)|Noorse parlement]] gekies, wat weer die pryswenner(s) kies.

[[Lêer:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee in Oslo]]
[[Lêer:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES FOR 1994 IN OSLO..jpg|duimnael|links|Die Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1994 in [[Oslo]] (van links na regs): [[Palestynse Bevrydingsorganisasie|PLO]]-voorsitter [[Jasser Arafat]], [[Israel]] se minister van buitelandse sake [[Shimon Peres]] en Israel se eerste minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]]]
Ten tye van Nobel se dood was Swede en Noorweë in 'n posisie onderling waar die Sweedse parlement slegs verantwoordelik was vir buitelandse sake en Sweedse binnelandse sake, en die Noorse parlement slegs vir Noorse binnelandse sake. Nobel het dus stipuleer dat die Vredesprys deur Noorweë toegeken moes word, aangesien hy gevrees het dat die verkiesingsproses negatief beïnvloed sou kon word deur 'n buitelandse moondheid. Volgens sy testament behoort die prys toegeken te word aan diegene &quot;wat die beste of die meeste werk gedoen het vir die bevordering van broederskap tussen nasies én vir die totnietmaking of vermindering van weermagte én vir die ophou en bevordering van vredeskongresse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;Nobel Peace Prize&quot;, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History''&lt;/ref&gt;

Anders as met die ander Nobelpryse kan die Vredesprys toegeken word aan 'n persoon of instansie wat te midde van die oplos van 'n konflik is en is dit nie nodig dat die konflik reeds opgelos moet wees nie. As gevolg daarvan lyk sommige van die toekennings vandag ietwat verdag, omdat die pogings nie blywende vrugte afgewerp het nie. Voorbeelde hiervan is die toekennings gegee aan [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Lê Đức Thọ]] en [[Henry Kissinger]]; Lê Đức Thọ het die Nobelprys vir Vrede geweier omdat daar nie vrede in [[Viëtnam]] was nie. Hy is die enigste persoon ooit wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede verwerp het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title=Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |publisher=[[Time (tydskrif)|Time]] |author=Lily Rothman |date=9 Oktober 2015 |accessdate=12 Oktober 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012144753/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |archive-date=12 Oktober 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voorts word die komitee ook voortdurend deur regse groepe gekritiseer omdat dit skyn dat hulle bevooroordeeld is ten gunste van pro-linkse bewegings. Die prys wat toegeken is aan [[Jasser Arafat]] dien as brandstof vir hul argument, aangesien hulle hom beskou het as 'n ondersteuner van [[terrorisme]]. [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], wenner van die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 1991, is later vir haar stilte wyd gekritiseer toe honderdduisende inheemse [[Islam]]itiese [[Rohingia]] in 2017 deur die Mianmarese owerhede en weermag uit hul gebiede verdryf is en na [[Bangladesj]] moes vlug.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |title=Did the World Get Aung San Suu Kyi Wrong? |first1=Amanda |last1=Taub |first2=Max |last2=Fisher |date=31 Oktober 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |via=NYTimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331160637/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/world/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar.html |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abiy Ahmed]], wat die Nobelprys vir Vrede in 2019 ontvang het, is hewig vir die oorlogvoering in die Noord-Ethiopiese [[Tigray-streek]] gekritiseer en van etniese suiwering beskuldig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/07/the-nobel-committee-should-resign-over-the-atrocities-in-tigray |title=The Nobel committee should resign over the atrocities in Tigray |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |author=Kjetil Tronvoll |date=7 Junie 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Noorweegse Nobelkomitee namens die boedel van Alfred Nobel kondig die naam van die Nobelpryswenners jaarliks vroeg in Oktober aan,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |title=Nomination and selection of Peace Prize Laureates |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012449/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; met die Nobelprys vir Vrede tradisioneel vyfde en op 'n Vrydag. Die prys word sedert 1990 jaarliks in [[Oslo]], Noorweë, se stadsaal toegeken op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se dood. Tot en met 2025 is die prys aan altesaam 112 individue en 31 organisasies toegeken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=All Nobel Peace Prizes |website=Nobelprize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013909/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nog 19 vroue het dit gekry, meer as enige ander Nobelprys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media 2025 |date=10 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women-3/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die 2025-Nobelprys vir Vrede is toegeken aan die [[Venezuela|Venezolaanse]] [[menseregte]]aktivis [[María Corina Machado]] &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;.&lt;ref name=nobelprize&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die pryse, wat 'n bedrag geld ([[Sweedse kroon|SEK]]9&amp;nbsp;miljoen, omtrent [[Amerikaanse dollar|VSA]]$1&amp;nbsp;miljoen per pryskategorie, wat dan gelykop onder die Bekroondes verdeel word),&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020440/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/prize_amounts_18.pdf |archive-date=2 Oktober 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n goue medalje en 'n diploma insluit, word op 10 Desember, die herdenking van Nobel se sterfdag in 1896, tydens 'n seremonie deur die Noorse koning, tans [[Harald V van Noorweë]], in die Oslose stadsaal uitgedeel.

Hieronder volg 'n lys van die ontvangers van die Nobelprys vir Vrede vanaf 1901 tot op hede.

[[#1900's|1900's]] – [[#1910's|1910's]] – [[#1920's|1920's]] – [[#1930's|1930's]] – [[#1940's|1940's]] – [[#1950's|1950's]] – [[#1960's|1960's]] – [[#1970's|1970's]] – [[#1980's|1980's]] – [[#1990's|1990's]] – [[#2000's|2000's]] – [[#2010's|2010's]] – [[#2020's|2020's]]

== 1900's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1900's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1901]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521011340/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dunant]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy rol in die stigting van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |first=Geir |last=Lundestad |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–2000 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |date=15 Maart 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520133329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-peace-prize-1901-2000-2 |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederic Passy.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frédéric Passy]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] een van die hoofstigterslede van die Interparlementêre Unie en ook die hooforganiseerder van die eerste Universele Vredeskongres te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1902]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012952/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1902/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ducommun.jpg|75px]]
| [[Élie Ducommun]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die eerste ere-sekretaris van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Albert Gobat2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Albert Gobat]]
| &quot;[vir sy rol as die] eerste sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1903]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522012958/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1903/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Cremer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Randal Cremer]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy rol as] die 'eerste vader' van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1904]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013002/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1904/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo of Institut de Droit International.svg|75px]]
| [[Institut de Droit International]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings as 'n nieamptelike liggaam om die algemene beginsels van die wetenskap van die internasionale reg te formuleer&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1905]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204445/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bertha von Suttner nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Bertha von Suttner]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;vir die skryf van ''Lay Down Your Arms'' en by te dra tot die skepping van die prys&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1906]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522191421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|75px]]
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1896}}
| &quot;[vir] sy suksesvolle bemiddeling om die Russies-Japannese oorlog te beëindig en vir sy belangstelling in arbitrasie, nadat hy die Haagse arbitrasiehof voorsien het met sy heel eerste geval&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1907]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013018/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1907/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]]
| {{vlagland|Italië|1861}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] sleutelleier van die Italiaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Louis Renault jurist.gif|75px]]
| [[Louis Renault]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as 'n] voorste Franse internasionale juris en 'n lid van die permanente hof van arbitrasie in Den Haag&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1908]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013023/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1908/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:KParnoldson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Sweedse Vredes- en Arbitrasieliga&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Fredrik Bajer nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fredrik Bajer]]
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| &quot;[vir synde] die voorste vredesvoorsitter in [[Skandinawië]], wat werk in die Interparlementêre Unie kombineer het met die eerste president van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1909]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013027/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1909/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Beernaert.gif|75px]]
| [[Auguste Beernaert]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[om 'n] verteenwoordiger te wees vir die twee Haagse konferensies en 'n leidende figuur in die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:PaulBalluet.gif|75px]]
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir] gekombineerde diplomatieke werk ten doeleinde vir 'n Frans-Duitse en 'n Frans-Britse begrip met 'n vooraanstaande loopbaan in internasionale arbitrasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1910's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1910's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1910]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1910 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013037/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1910/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:IPB logo svg.svg|75px]]
| [[International Peace Bureau]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;[om te handel] as 'n skakel tussen die vredesgemeenskappe van die verskillende lande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1911]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521004028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1911/summary/ |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:TMCasser.jpg|75px]]
| [[Tobias Asser]]
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| &quot;[om 'n lid] te wees van die Hof van Arbitrasie sowel as die inisieerder van die Konferensies oor Internasionale Privaatreg&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfred Hermann Fried nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk-Hongarye}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] stigter van die Duitse Vredesvereniging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1912]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1912 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013048/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1912/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elihu Root, bw photo portrait, 1902.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elihu Root]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy sterk belangstelling in internasionale arbitrasie en vir sy plan vir 'n wêreldhof&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1913]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013053/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1913/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HenriLaFontaine.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henri La Fontaine]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] hoof van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1917]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013059/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1917/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die uitvoering van die geweldige taak om die regte van die vele krygsgevangenes aan alle kante van die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] te beskerm, insluitend hul reg om kontak met hul gesinne te vestig&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1919]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013104/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1919/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg|75px]]
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy belangrike rol in die stigting van die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1920's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1920's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1920]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013110/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1920/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Bourgeois.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Bourgeois]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;[vir sy deelname] aan beide die Haagse konferensies van 1899 en 1907 &quot;en vir sy werk na&quot; wat die [[Volkebond|bond]] tot so 'n mate geword het dat hy dikwels sy &quot;geestelike vader&quot; genoem word&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1921]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013116/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1921/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hjalmar Branting by Goodwin.jpg|75px]]
| [[Hjalmar Branting]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy werk in die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Christian Lous Lange.jpg|75px]]
| [[Christian Lange]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk as] die eerste sekretaris van die Noorse Nobelkomitee&quot; en &quot;die sekretaris-generaal van die Interparlementêre Unie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1922]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013125/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1922/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Fridtjof Nansen LOC 03377u-3.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fridtjof Nansen]]
| &quot;[vir] sy werk in die ondersteuning van die miljoene in Rusland wat sukkel teen hongersnood&quot; en &quot;sy werk vir die vlugtelinge van [[Anatolië|Klein-Asië]] en [[Thrakië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1925]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013131/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1925/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Austen Chamberlain nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Austen Chamberlain]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Charles Dawes, Bain bw photo portrait.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles G. Dawes]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;[vir sy werk] aan die Dawes-plan vir Duitse herstelwerk wat gesien is as die ekonomiese grondslag van die Locarno-verdrag van 1925&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1926]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013137/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aristide Briand 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aristide Briand]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk aan die Locarno-verdrae&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gustav Stresemann]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1927]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013142/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1927/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ferdinand Buisson 1924.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ferdinand Buisson]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] bydraes tot die Frans-Duitse bevolkingsversoening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Ludwig Quidde nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ludwig Quidde]]
| {{vlagland|Republiek van Weimar}}
|-
| [[1929]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:FrankKellogg.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frank B. Kellogg]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir die Kellogg-Briand-verdrag, wie se ondertekenaars ingestem het om alle konflikte met vreedsame middele te vestig en die oorlog as 'n instrument van nasionale beleid te verwerp&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1930's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1930's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1930]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1930/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nathan Söderblom nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nathan Söderblom]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om die kerke nie net in die werk van ekumeniese eenheid te betrek nie, maar ook vir wêreldvrede&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1931]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204514/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jane Addams profile.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jane Addams]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir haar maatskaplike hervormingswerk&quot; en &quot;leiding van die Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nicholas Murray Butler ppmsca.03668.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]
| &quot;vir sy bevordering van die Briand-Kellogg-verdrag&quot; en vir sy werk as die &quot;leier van die meer vestigingsgerigte deel van die Amerikaanse vredesbeweging&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1933]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013202/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1933/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Angell 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Angell]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir die skryfwerk aan ''The Great Illusion'' en vir 'n &quot;ondersteuner van die [[Volkebond]], sowel as 'n invloedryke publisiteit [en] opvoeder vir vrede in die algemeen te wees&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1934]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013207/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1934/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:1910 Arthur Henderson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Arthur Henderson]]
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond|bond]], veral sy pogings van ontwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1935]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013217/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carl von Ossietzky.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carl von Ossietzky]]
| {{vlagland|Nazi-Duitsland}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd teen Duitsland se herwapening&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1936]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013226/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1936/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlos Saavedra Lamas.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;vir sy bemiddeling van 'n einde aan die [[Chaco-oorlog]] tussen [[Paraguay]] en [[Bolivië]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1937]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013228/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1937/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood - Project Gutenberg eText 15306.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Cecil]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;vir sy werk by die [[Volkebond]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1938]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1938 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011170906/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1938/summary/ |archive-date=11 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|75px]]
| Nansen se Internasionale Kantoor vir Vlugtelinge
| [[Lêer:Flag of the League of Nations (1939–1941).svg|23px]] [[Volkebond]]
| &quot;vir sy werk om vlugtelinge te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1940's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1940's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1944]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507154706/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1944/summary/ |archive-date=7 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir die groot werk wat dit tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] vir die mensdom gedoen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1945]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1945 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141754/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1945/summary/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg|75px]]
| [[Cordell Hull]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;vir sy stryd teen isolasie in die huis, sy pogings om 'n vredesblok van state op die Amerikaanse vasteland te skep en sy werk vir die [[Verenigde Nasies]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1946]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204534/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg|75px]]
| [[Emily Greene Balch]]
| &quot;voorheen professor in geskiedenis en sosiologie; internasionale erepresident, Vroue se Internasionale Liga vir Vrede en Vryheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:John Raleigh Mott, 1910.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Mott]]
| &quot;voorsitter, Internasionale Sendingraad; president, [[YMCA|World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1947]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505170329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/summary/ |archive-date=5 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan='2' | [[Lêer:Quaker star-T.svg|75px]]
| [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;deernis vir ander en die begeerte om hulle te help&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[American Friends Service Committee]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
|-
| [[1949]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013258/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1949/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Boyd Orr nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Boyd Orr]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;dokter; voedingspolitikus; prominente organiseerder en direkteur, algemene [[voedsel]]- en [[landbou]]-organisasie; president, Nasionale Vredesraad en Wêreldunie van Vredesorganisasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1950's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1950's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1950]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013303/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1950/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ralph Bunche]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;professor, Harvard-universiteit Cambridge, MA; direkteur, afdeling van voogdyraad, VN; Waarnemende bemiddelaar in Palestina, 1948&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1951]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013311/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Léon Jouhaux nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Léon Jouhaux]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;voorsitter van die Internasionale Komitee van die Europese Raad, adjunkpresident van die Internasionale Konfederasie van Vrye Vakbonde, adjunkpresident van die Wêreldfederasie van Vakbonde, lid van die IAO-raad, afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1952]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013318/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1952/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Schweitzer]]
| &quot;sending chirurg; stigter van Lambarene ([[Gaboen|Republiek Gaboen]])&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1953]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013320/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1953/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:General George C. Marshall, official military photo, 1946.JPEG|75px]]
| [[George Marshall]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State|1912}}
| &quot;algemene president van die Amerikaanse Rooi Kruis; voormalige staatsekretaris vir verdediging; afgevaardigde van die Verenigde Nasies; skepper van die [[Marshall-plan]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1954]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013324/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1954/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1957]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013329/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lester B. Pearson with a pencil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lester B. Pearson]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada|1957}}
| &quot;voormalige minister van buitelandse sake van Kanada; voormalige president van die sewende sitting van die Algemene Vergadering van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; &quot;vir sy rol om die Suez-konflik te beëindig en die [[Midde-Ooste]]rse vraag deur die Verenigde Nasies te probeer oplos&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1958]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013334/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1958/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Georges Pire 1958.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dominique Pire]]
| {{vlagland|België}}
| &quot;vader in die Dominikaanse Orde; leier van die verligtingsorganisasie vir vlugtelinge ''L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1959]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1959/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Philip Noel-Baker 1942.jpg|75px]]
| [[Philip Noel-Baker]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| &quot;lid van die parlement; lewenslange vurige werker vir internasionale vrede en samewerking&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1960's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1960's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1960]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013344/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1960/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Albert Lutuli nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Albert Luthuli]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;President van die [[African National Congress]]&quot;; &quot;was in die baie voorpunt van die stryd teen [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1961]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013349/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dag Hammarskjöld.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| &quot;sekretaris-generaal van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;; toegeken &quot;vir die bevordering van die organisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1962]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013354/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Pauling.jpg|75px]]
| [[Linus Pauling]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy veldtog teen die toetsing van [[kernwapen]]s&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1963]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013400/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1963/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk in die beskerming van menseregte in die 100 jaar se bestaan van die Internasionale Komitee van die Rooi Kruis&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the IFRC.svg|75px]]
| Internasionale Federasie van Rooi Kruis en Rooi Halfmaan-genootskappe
|-
| [[1964]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013406/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martin Luther King jr.]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| Kampvegter vir [[burgerregte]]; eerste persoon in die [[Weste|Westerse wêreld]] wat ons gewys het dat 'n stryd sonder geweld gevoer kan word&quot;; King het sy tyd spandeer in verskeie gebiede van die burgerregtebeweging; van gelyke opvoeding tot ekonomiese ontkenning van minderhede. King het ook die Mars op Washington georganiseer, waar hy sy beroemde ''I Have a Dream''-toespraak gelewer het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1965]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013411/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1965/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UNICEF Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[UNICEF]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1968]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013416/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1968/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:René Cassin nobel.jpg|75px]]
| [[René Cassin]]
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| &quot;Voorsitter van die Europese Hof vir Menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1969]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013421/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1969/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of ILO.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1970's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1970's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1970]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013426/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1970/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Norman Borlaug (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Norman Borlaug]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;Internasionale Mielie- en Koringverbeteringsentrum&quot;; &quot;vir sy bydraes tot die '[[groen rewolusie]]' wat so 'n impak gehad het op [[voedsel]]produksie veral in [[Asië]] en [[Latyns-Amerika]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1971]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013431/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|75px]]
| [[Willy Brandt]]
| {{vlagland|Wes-Duitsland}}
| &quot;Kanselier van die Bondsrepubliek Duitsland&quot;; &quot;vir Wes-Duitsland se ''Ostpolitik''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1973]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013436/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Henry Kissinger.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Kissinger]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Parys-ooreenkoms van 1973 ten doeleinde van 'n wapenstilstand in die [[Viëtnamoorlog]] en 'n onttrekking van die [[Amerikaanse Gewapende Magte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:LeDucTho1973.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lê Đức Thọ]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(wys die prys van die hand)&lt;/small&gt;
| {{vlagland|Noord-Viëtnam}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1974]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013440/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1974/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Seán MacBride 1984.jpg|75px]]
| [[Seán MacBride]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| &quot;President van die Internasionale Vredeskantoor; President van die Kommissie van [[Namibië]]; vir sy sterk belangstelling in [[menseregte]]: Die Europese Konvensie vir Menseregte deur die [[Raad van Europa]], die bevordering van bevindings en die leiding van [[Amnestie Internasionaal]] en as sekretaris-generaal van die Internasionale Kommissie van Juriste&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Satō Eisaku.jpg|75px]]
| [[Eisaku Satō]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;Erste minister van Japan&quot;; &quot;vir sy afstanddoening van die kernopsie vir Japan en sy pogings om streeksversoening te bevorder&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1975]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1975/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|75px]]
| [[Andrei Sacharof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie|1955}}
| &quot;[vir sy] stryd vir [[menseregte]], ontwapening en samewerking tussen alle nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1976]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204559/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1976/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Betty Williams.jpg|75px]]
| [[Betty Williams]]
| rowspan='3' | {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;stigters van die Vredesbeweging in [[Noord-Ierland]] (later hernoem tot die Vredesgemeenskap)&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mairead Corrigan Gaza crop.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mairead Corrigan]]
|-
| [[1977]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013455/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1977/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Amnesty international Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Amnestie Internasionaal]]
| &quot;[vir] die beskerming van die menseregte van gewete gevangenes&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1978]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013500/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1978/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Anwar Sadat cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Anwar Sadat]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte|1972}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die Camp David-ooreenkoms, wat 'n onderhandelde vrede tussen Egipte en Israel tot stand gebring het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Menachem Begin 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Menachem Begin]]
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[1979]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204608/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|75px]]
| [[Moeder Teresa]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;stigter van Sendelinge van Liefdadigheid&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1980's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1980's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1980]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013510/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1980/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel agosto 2011.jpg|75px]]
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]]
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| &quot;Menseregteleier&quot;; &quot;het niegewelddadige menseregte-organisasies gestig om die militêre junta te beveg wat sy land (Argentinië) regeer het.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1981]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013518/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1981/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:UN refugee.jpg|75px]]
| [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;'n Internasionale hulporganisasie gestig deur die Verenigde Nasies in 1951&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1982]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204618/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1982/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ARB-Alva-Myrdal.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alva Myrdal]]
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;[vir] hul pragtige werk in die ontwapeningsonderhandelinge van die Verenigde Nasies, waar hulle albei 'n belangrike rol gespeel en internasionale erkenning gewen het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Alfonso Garcia Robles 1981.jpg|75px]]
| [[Alfonso García Robles]]
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
|-
| [[1983]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013533/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1983/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Lech Walesa OAF Visit.jpg|75px]]
| [[Lech Wałęsa]]
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| &quot;stigter van [[Solidarność]]; kampvegter vir menseregte&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1984]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013536/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Desmond Tutu]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| &quot;... as 'n verenigende leiersfiguur in die veldtog om die probleem van [[apartheid]] in Suid-Afrika op te los. … Deur die toekenning van vanjaar se Vredesprys wil die Komitee aandag gee aan die niegewelddadige bevrydingstryd waartoe Desmond Tutu behoort, 'n stryd waarin [[Swart mense|swart]] en [[Blanke Suid-Afrikaners|wit]] Suid-Afrikaners verenig is om hul land uit konflik en krisis te bring&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1985]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013545/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1985/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Wellcome L0075338.jpg|75px]]
| [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir gesaghebbende inligting en deur bewustheid te skep van die katastrofiese gevolge van [[Kernoorlog]]. Die komitee glo dat dit op sy beurt bydra tot 'n toename in die druk van openbare opposisie teen die verspreiding van [[kernwapen]]s en die herdefiniëring van prioriteite, met meer aandag wat betaal word aan gesondheid en ander humanitêre sake&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1986]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013546/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Elie Wiesel.jpg|75px]]
| [[Elie Wiesel]]
| &quot;Voorsitter van die President se Kommissie oor die [[Holocaust]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1987]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013551/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1987/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:OscarArias.jpg|75px]]
| [[Óscar Arias]]
| {{vlagland|Costa Rica}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir vrede in [[Sentraal-Amerika]], pogings wat gelei het tot die ooreenkoms wat op 7 Augustus vanjaar in Guatemala onderteken is&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1988]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013647/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1988/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies se vredesbewaring]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;[vir] hul pogings [wat] belangrike bydraes gelewer het tot die verwesenliking van een van die fundamentele beginsels van die Verenigde Nasies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1989]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013607/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Dalai Lama at WhiteHouse (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tenzin Gyatso]], [[Dalai Lama|14de Dalai Lama]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| &quot;In sy stryd vir die bevryding van [[Tibet]] het hy konsekwent die gebruik van geweld verwerp. Hy het eerder vreedsame oplossings voorgestel wat gebaseer is op verdraagsaamheid en wedersydse respek ten doeleinde om die historiese en kulturele erfenis van sy mense te bewaar&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 1990's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 1990's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013616/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Mikhail Gorbachev 1987.jpg|75px]]
| [[Michail Gorbatsjof]]
| {{vlagland|Sowjetunie}}
| &quot;Algemene Sekretaris van die [[Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie]] en president van die Sowjetunie&quot;; &quot;vir sy hoofrol in die vredesproses wat vandag belangrike dele van die internasionale gemeenskap kenmerk&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1991]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712031022/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1991/summary/ |archive-date=12 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Aung San Suu Kyi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
| {{vlagland|Mianmar|1974}}
| &quot;vir haar niegewelddadige stryd vir [[demokrasie]] en [[menseregte]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[1992]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1992/summary/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Rigoberta Menchu Tum.JPG|75px]]
| [[Rigoberta Menchú]]
| {{vlagland|Guatemala}}
| &quot;vir haar werk vir sosiale geregtigheid en etno-kulturele versoening gebaseer op respek vir die regte van inheemse volke&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1993]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107160301/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/summary/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Nelson Mandela-2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika|1928}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die vreedsame beëindiging van die [[apartheid]]sregering en vir die grondslag van 'n nuwe demokratiese Suid-Afrika&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Frederik Willem de Klerk.jpg|75px]]
| [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]
|-
| rowspan='3' | 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519235645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1994/summary/ |archive-date=19 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:ArafatEconomicForum.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jasser Arafat]]
| {{vlagland|Palestynse Owerheid}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;om 'n politieke daad te eerbiedig wat aan beide kante groot moed aanroep en wat geleenthede vir 'n nuwe ontwikkeling vir broederskap in die [[Midde-Ooste]] oopgemaak het&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yitzhak Rabin]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lêer:Shimon Peres World Economic Forum 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shimon Peres]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1995]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013645/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Josef Rotblat ID badge.png|75px]]
| [[Joseph Rotblat]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die deel wat kernwapens in die internasionale politiek speel te verminder en om in die langer termyn sulke wapens uit te skakel&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:Peace symbol (bold).svg|75px]]
| [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]]
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1996]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512051803/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1996/summary/ |archive-date=12 Mei 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Carlosbelo.jpg|75px]]
| [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Oos-Timor}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk na 'n regverdige en vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in Oos-Timor&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:EastTimor.JoseRamosHorta.01.jpg|75px]]
| [[José Ramos-Horta]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1997]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204714/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1997/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Icbl english.pdf|75px]]
| [[International Campaign to Ban Landmines]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir die verbod en skoonmaak van anti-personeelmyne&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:JodyWilliamsMay2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jody Williams]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[1998]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013700/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1998/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:John Hume 2008.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hume]]
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in [[Noord-Ierland]] te vind&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Lêer:David Trimble.jpg|75px]]
| [[David Trimble]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
|-
| [[1999]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013704/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1999/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:MSF HQ.jpg|75px]]
| [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;ter erkenning van die organisasie se baanbrekende humanitêre werk op verskeie vastelande&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lundestad&quot; /&gt;
|}

== 2000's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2000's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2000]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013709/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2000/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kim Dae-jung (Cropped).png|75px]]
| [[Kim Dae-jung]]
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| &quot;vir sy werk vir demokrasie en menseregte in Suid-Korea en in [[Oos-Asië]] in die algemeen en vir vrede en versoening met [[Noord-Korea]] in die besonder&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2001]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013715/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|75px]]
| [[Verenigde Nasies]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul werk vir 'n beter georganiseerde en meer vreedsame wêreld&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Kofi Annan4 2007 04 20.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
|-
| [[2002]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013723/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jimmy Carter.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy dekades van onvermoeide poging om vreedsame oplossings vir internasionale konflikte te vind, om demokrasie en menseregte asook ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkeling te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2003]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522041648/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2003/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Shirin Ebadi 01.jpg|75px]]
| [[Shirin Ebadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar pogings vir demokrasie en menseregte. Sy het veral gefokus op die stryd vir [[Vroueregte|vroue]]- en kinderregte&quot;
|-
| [[2004]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204731/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2004/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Wangari Maathai in 2001.jpg|75px]]
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| &quot;vir haar bydrae tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, demokrasie en vrede&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2005]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013733/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of IAEA.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale Atoomenergie-Agentskap]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om te voorkom dat kernenergie vir militêre doeleindes gebruik word en om te verseker dat kernenergie vir vreedsame doeleindes op die veiligste moontlike manier gebruik word&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|75px]]
| [[Mohammed el-Baradei]]
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2006]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013740/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Professor Muhammad Yunus- Building Social Business Summit (8758300102).jpg|75px]]
| [[Muhammad Yunus]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Bangladesj}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir die bevordering van ekonomiese en sosiale geleenthede vir armes, veral vroue, deur hul baanbrekende kredietwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Grameen.JPG|75px]]
| [[Grameen Bank]]
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013743/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om meer kennis oor mensgemaakte [[klimaatverandering]] op te bou en te versprei en om die grondslag te lê vir die maatreëls wat nodig is om sulke veranderinge teen te werk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Al Gore.jpg|75px]]
| [[Al Gore]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
|-
| [[2008]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013747/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2008/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Martti Ahtisaari.jpg|75px]]
| [[Martti Ahtisaari]]
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings op verskeie vastelande en meer as drie dekades om internasionale konflikte op te los&quot;
|-
| [[2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504045401/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/summary/ |archive-date=4 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|75px]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}}
| &quot;vir sy buitengewone pogings om internasionale diplomasie en samewerking tussen mense te bevorder&quot;
|}

== 2010's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2010's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2010]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520044753/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2010/summary/ |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Portrait of Liu Xiaobo by Wang Liming (2017, cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Liu Xiaobo]]
| {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}}
| &quot;vir sy lang en niegewelddadige stryd vir fundamentele menseregte in China&quot;
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2011]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522193009/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| rowspan='2' | {{vlagland|Liberië}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir hul niegewelddadige stryd vir die veiligheid van vroue en vir [[vroueregte]] tot volle deelname in vrede-bouwerk&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Leymah-gbowee-at-emu-press-conference.jpg|75px]]
| [[Leymah Gbowee]]
|-
| [[Lêer:Tawakkul Karman (2011).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tawakkol Karman]]
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
|-
| [[2012]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013812/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2012/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Flag of Europe.svg|75px]]
| [[Europese Unie]]
| {{vlagland|Europese Unie}}
| &quot;vir meer as ses dekades se bydrae tot die bevordering van vrede en versoening, demokrasie en menseregte in Europa&quot;
|-
| [[2013]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172402/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2013/summary/ |archive-date=8 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:HQ of OPCW in The Hague.jpg|75px]]
| [[Organisasie vir die Verbod op Chemiese Wapens]]
| Internasionaal
| &quot;vir sy uitgebreide pogings om [[chemiese wapen]]s uit te skakel&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2014]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231458/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/ |archive-date=10 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Kailash Satyarthi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul stryd teen die onderdrukking van kinders en jongmense en vir die reg van alle kinders tot onderwys&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Malala Yousafzai at Girl Summit 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Malala Yousafzai]]
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[2015]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426015707/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2015/summary |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Tunisian national dialogue (October 2012).jpg|75px]]
| [[Tunisiese Nasionale Dialoogkwartet]]
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| &quot;vir sy beslissende bydrae tot die bou van 'n pluralistiese demokrasie in Tunisië in die nasleep van die Jasmine-rewolusie van 2011&quot;
|-
| [[2016]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515204146/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2016/summary/ |archive-date=15 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| &quot;vir sy vasberade pogings om die land se meer as 50 jaar lange [[burgeroorlog]] tot 'n einde te bring, 'n oorlog wat die lewens van minstens 220&amp;nbsp;000 Colombiane geëis en nagenoeg ses miljoen mense verplaas het.&quot;
|-
| [[2017]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428040853/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/summary/ |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Logo ICAN Internationale Kampagne zur Abschaffung von Atomwaffen.svg|75px]]
| [[Internasionale veldtog vir die afskaffing van kernwapens]]
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| &quot;vir sy werk om die aandag te vestig op die katastrofale humanitêre gevolge van enige gebruik van kernwapens en vir sy baanbrekende pogings om 'n verbod op sodanige wapens op grond van verdrae te bereik&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2018]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522205033/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Denis Mukwege par Claude Truong-Ngoc novembre 2014.jpg|75px]]
| [[Denis Mukwege]]
| {{vlagland|Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om die gebruik van seksuele geweld as 'n wapen van oorlog en gewapende konflik te beëindig&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Nadia Murad in Washington - 2018 (42733243785) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nadia Murad]]
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
|-
| [[2019]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2019 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013843/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2019/summary/ |archive-date=22 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Abiy Ahmed during state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018.jpg|75px]]
| [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| {{vlagland|Ethiopië}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om vrede en internasionale samewerking te bewerkstellig, en veral vir sy beslissende inisiatief om die grenskonflik met die buurland [[Eritrea]] op te los.&quot;
|}

== 2020's ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Nobelprys vir Vrede, 2020's'''
!Jaar
!colspan='2' | Naam
!Land
!Beweegrede
|-
| [[2020]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2020/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2020 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:World Food Programme Logo Simple.svg|75px]]
| [[Wêreldvoedselprogram]]
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Nasies}}
| &quot;vir sy pogings om honger te bekamp, vir sy bydrae tot die verbetering van toestande vir vrede in konflikgeteisterde gebiede en sy optrede as 'n dryfveer in pogings om die gebruik van honger as 'n wapen van oorlog en konflik te voorkom.&quot;
|-
| rowspan='2' | [[2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Maria Ressa.jpg|75px]]
| [[Maria Ressa]]
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| rowspan='2' | &quot;vir hul pogings om vryheid van uitdrukking te beskerm, wat 'n voorwaarde is vir demokrasie en blywende vrede.&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Dmitry Muratov Four Freedoms Award 2010.jpg|75px]]
| [[Dmitri Moeratof]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| rowspan='3' | [[2022]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Alaksandr Bialacki.jpg|75px]]
| [[Ales Bialiatski]]
| {{vlagland|Belarus}}
| rowspan='3' | &quot;vir die bevordering van die reg om mag te kritiseer en die fundamentele regte van burgers te beskerm en 'n uitstaande poging aan te wend om oorlogsmisdade, menseregtevergrype en die misbruik van mag te dokumenteer&quot;
|-
| [[Lêer:Memorial Logo.png|75px]]
| [[Memorial]]
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
|-
| [[Lêer:The Center for Civil Liberties logo.svg|75px]]
| [[Sentrum vir Burgerlike Vryhede]]
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
|-
| [[2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2023 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Narges Mohammadi (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Narges Mohammadi]]
| {{vlagland|Iran}}
| &quot;vir haar stryd teen die onderdrukking van vroue in Iran en om menseregte en vryheid vir almal te bevorder&quot;
|-
| [[2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/summary/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2024 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lêer:Jørgen Watne Frydnes awarding Terumi Tanaka, Shigemitsu Tanaka, and Toshiyuki Mimaki at 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony 8 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Nihon Hidankyo]]
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| &quot;vir hul pogings om 'n wêreld vry van kernwapens te bewerkstellig en vir die demonstrasie deur middel getuieverklarings dat kernwapens nooit weer gebruik mag word nie&quot;
|-
| [[2025]]&lt;ref name=nobelprize /&gt;
| [[Lêer:María Corina Machado 2023.jpg|75px]]
| [[María Corina Machado]]
| {{vlagland|Venezuela}}
| &quot;vir haar onvermoeide werk ter bevordering van demokratiese regte vir die mense van Venezuela en vir haar stryd om 'n regverdige en vreedsame oorgang van diktatorskap na demokrasie te bewerkstellig&quot;
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Nobelprys vir Chemie]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe]]
* [[Nobelprys vir fisika]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde]]
* [[Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Nobel Peace Prize|Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = All Nobel Peace Prizes | website= Nobelprize.org | publisher=Nobel Media AB | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes/ |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web | title = Winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace | work= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Peace-1856940#ref1149177 |accessdate=10 Oktober 2025}}
* [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Nobel Peace Prize|Engelse Wikipedia]]

{{Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van Nobelpryse|Vrede]]
[[Kategorie:Toekennings]]</text>
      <sha1>6vpz64d5go5cz5g0bdm63qfb34fbuep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsoenami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889580</id>
      <parentid>2558500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T14:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>vrywillige proeflees op Vrydae</comment>
      <origin>2889580</origin>
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      <text bytes="22157" sha1="9kaj7sstq2d7d7k7aqluvr8ep28iiwh" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Maldives tsunami wave.jpg|duimnael|250px|Die tsoenami wat [[Malé]] in die [[Maledive]] op [[26 Desember]] [[2004]] getref het.]]
[[Lêer:2011Sendai-NOAA-TravelTime-Ttvulhvpd9-06.jpg|duimnael|250px|Uitbreiding van die tsoenami ná die [[aardbewing]] langs die [[Japan|Japannese]] kus op 11 Maart 2011.]]

'n '''Tsoenami''' (uitgespreek as tsoe-NA-mie), 'n tipe vloedgolf, is 'n reeks golwe (genoem 'n &quot;golftrein&quot;) wat in 'n watermassa veroorsaak word deur 'n [[puls]] of skielike versteuring wat 'n waterkolom vertikaal verplaas.  [[Aardbewing]]s, aard- of grondverskuiwings, [[vulkaan|vulkaniese uitbarsting]]s, ontploffings en die impak van buiteaardse liggame soos [[meteoriet]]e kan 'n vloedgolf veroorsaak. Tsoenami's kan [[kuslyn]]e 'n geweldige slag toedien en verpletterende skade aan eiendom, beserings en lewensverlies deur besering of verdrinking veroorsaak.

== Naam ==
Die term &quot;tsoenami&quot; vind sy oorsprong in die [[Japannees]] &quot;&amp;#27941;&amp;#27874;&quot;: ''tsu'' (hawe) en ''nami'' (golf).  Die term is geskep deur vissers wat per boot teruggekeer het en die hawe en omgewing vernietig gevind het, alhoewel hulle nie die golf op die oop see opgemerk het nie. Omdat tsoenamigolwe onder die water beweeg en baie lang [[golflengte]]s (soms meer as 100 [[kilometer|km]]) het, veroorsaak dit net 'n effense boggel in die see wat gewoonlik onopgemerk verbygaan.  Die golf word eers groter wanneer die snelheid vertraag word deur die vlakker water aan die kus.

Die ander term (in beide [[Afrikaans]] en [[Nederlands]]), ''&quot;vloedgolf&quot;'', is ook aanvaarbaar, alhoewel dit gewoonlik eerder gebruik word in verband met plaaslike vloede as gevolg van weerstoestande. Tradisioneel is daar na tsoenami's verwys as &quot;getygolwe&quot; (&quot;tidal waves&quot; in die [[Engelse taal|Engels]]), omdat hulle dieselfde eienskappe as 'n geweldige instromende [[gety]] openbaar wanneer hulle die land nader, eerder as die brekende golwe wat deur die wind se uitwerking op die [[oseaan]] gevorm word, en die term waaraan mense gewoond is. Omdat tsoenami's in werklikheid nie verband hou met die [[getye]] nie, beskou oseanograwe die term &quot;getygolf&quot; as misleidend, en hulle keur die gebruik daarvan af.

== Oorsake ==
'n Tsoenami kan ontstaan deur enige versteuring wat 'n groot massa water verplaas in die see, soos 'n [[aardbewing]], grondverskuiwing of [[Meteoroïde|meteoorinslag]].

Tsoenami's kan ontstaan wanneer die seebodem skielik vervorm word en die boliggende water vertikaal verplaas word.  Tektoniese aardbewings is 'n spesifieke soort aardbewing wat verband hou met die vervorming van die aardkors; wanneer hierdie aardbewings onder die see plaasvind, word die see bokant die vervormde gebied vanuit sy ewewigsposisie versteur.  Golwe word gevorm wanneer die verplaaste water onder die invloed van swaartekrag weer poog om die ewewig te herwin. Wanneer groot areas van die seebodem styg of daal kan 'n tsoenami ontstaan.  Groot vertikale bewegings van die aardkors kan by plaatgrense plaasvind.  Plate werk op mekaar in langs hierdie grense wat &quot;breuke&quot; genoem word.  Byvoorbeeld, rondom die grense van die Stille Oseaan gly die digter oseaniese plate onder die kontinentale plate in deur 'n proses bekend as subduksie.  Subduksie-aardbewings is baie doeltreffend om tsoenami's op te wek.

Ondersese grondverskuiwings, wat dikwels groot aardbewings vergesel, sowel as die ineenstorting van vulkane se wande kan ook die boliggende waterkolom versteur wanneer sediment en rotse teen die hellings afgly en oor die seebodem versprei.  Net so kan 'n geweldige ondersese vulkaniese uitbarsting ook 'n waterkolom oplig en 'n tsoenami veroorsaak.

Groot grondverskuiwings en hemelliggame wat die aarde tref veroorsaak ook tsoenami's wanneer die momentum van die puin oorgedra word aan die watermassa waarin dit val.  Oor die algemeen is tsoenami's wat so veroorsaak word (teenoor die tsoenami's wat in die [[Stille Oseaan]] deur aardbewings veroorsaak word) van korte duur, en hulle het min invloed op kuslyne ver daarvandaan. Indien die grondverskuiwing of hemelliggaam groot genoeg is mag dit wel 'n megatsoenami veroorsaak:  'n tsoenami wat honderde meter hoog is en gewoonlik veroorsaak word deur 'n ineenstortende eiland, asteroïede-impak of groot blokke ys wat in 'n groot waterliggaam val.

== Eienskappe ==
Tsoenami's verskil grootliks van tipiese onstuimige deinings aan die kuslyn deurdat die golwe teen hoë snelhede en oor groot afstande voortplant, selfs oor oseane heen, sonder om veel energie te verloor.  'n Tsoenami kan duisende kilometers vanaf sy oorsprong skade veroorsaak, en etlike ure kan dus verbygaan vandat dit ontstaan het tot wanneer dit die kus tref &amp;mdash; meer tyd as wat dit seismiese golwe neem om die kus te bereik.

Hierdie eienskappe bestaan omdat tsoenami's uiters lang [[periode]]s (van 2 minute tot meer as 'n uur) en [[golflengte]]s (meer as 100 km) het.  Vergelyk dit met 'n tipiese windgedrewe deining by 'n strand wat tipies deur 'n storm ver weg op see veroorsaak is: die golwe rol ritmies een na die ander in met 'n periode van ongeveer 10 [[sekonde]]s en 'n [[golflengte]] van 150 m.

Tipies genereer ondersese aardbewings tussen drie en vyf aparte golfkruine, waarvan die tweede of derde gewoonlik die grootste is.  

In gevalle waar die leidende rand van die tsoenami die trog is, trek die see weg van die kus, 'n halfperiode voor die golf se aankoms. Indien die helling vlak is kan hierdie terugtrekking 800 m oorskry &amp;mdash; mense onbewus van die komende gevaar word dan juis deur hierdie vreemde verskynsel aangetrek uit nuuskierigheid, of om vis van die seebodem te versamel.

In gevalle waar die leidende rand van die tsoenami sy eerste kruin is word die laagliggende kusgebiede eers oorstroom voordat die hoër tweede kruin daar aankom. Weereens is dit belangrik om ingelig te wees oor tsoenami's en te besef dat wanneer die watervlak die eerste keer daal die gevaar nog nie verby is nie.

'n Golf word 'n vlakwatergolf wanneer die verhouding tussen die waterdiepte en sy golflengte baie klein begin word.  Aangesien 'n tsoenami 'n lang golflengte het, kan 'n tsoenami as 'n vlakwatergolf optree selfs as dit in diep oseaanwater is. Vlakwatergolwe beweeg teen snelhede wat gelyk is aan die [[vierkantswortel]] van die produk van die [[swaartekrag]][[versnelling]] (9.8 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) en die diepte van die water. In die Stille Oseaan, waar die tipiese waterdiepte ongeveer 4000 m is, kan 'n tsoenami teen ongeveer 200 m/s (ongeveer 712 km/h) beweeg met baie min energieverlies oor lang afstande.  By waterdieptes van 40 m is die snelheid ongeveer 20 m/s (ongeveer 71 km/h) wat baie stadiger is, maar wat menslik-onmoontlik is om voor weg te hardloop.

In diep water bly die [[energie]] van 'n tsoenami konstant as 'n funskie van sy hoogte en spoed. Soos die golf dus die land nader verminder sy spoed terwyl sy hoogte toeneem. Terwyl 'n persoon op die oppervlak van die diepsee waarskynlik nie die tsoenami sal opmerk nie, kan die golf se hoogte styg tot 30 m en meer soos dit die kuslyn nader en saamgedruk word. Tsoenami's kan ernstige verwoesting saai oor kuste en eilande, selfs by plekke baie ver van die oorsprong af, waar die oorsprongsgebeurtenis nie sonder instrumente opmerkbaar is nie.

Tsoenami's plant uitwaarts voort vanaf hul oorsprong, dus is kuslyne in die &quot;skaduwee&quot; van landmassas wat aangetas is gewoonlik redelik veilig.  Tsoenamigolwe kan egter rondom landmassas buig (soos gesien kan word in hierdie [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_-_animation.gif bewegende uitbeelding van 'n Indiese Oseaantsoenami] soos die golwe suidelike [[Sri Lanka]] en [[Indië]] bereik).  Hulle hoef ook nie noodwendig simmetries te wees nie; tsoenamigolwe kan baie sterker in een rigting wees as in die ander, afhangende van die aard van die oorsprong en die omliggende geografie.

== Megatsoenami's en seiches ==
Daar bestaan bewyse dat megatsoenamis, 'n tsoenami van meer as 100 meter hoog, moontlik is.  Hierdie skaars gebeurtenisse word tipies veroorsaak wanneer beduidende dele van 'n eiland in die oseaan stort, en kan uiters verwoestend wees aan verafgeleë kusstreke.

Verwant aan 'n tsoenami is 'n ''seiche'', 'n onderwater, ongereelde wisseling of ritmiese swaaiing van die water in 'n meer.  Groot aardbewings veroorsaak gereeld beide tsoenami's en seiches terselfdertyd, en daar is bewyse dat seiches deur tsoenami's veroorsaak is.

Die hoogste tsoenami wat ooit opgeteken is, was baie gelokaliseerd: veroorsaak deur 'n grondverskuiwing in Lituyabaai, [[Alaska]] in [[1958]], het 'n tsoenami wat meer as 500 m hoog was die bome en grond afgestroop van die steil wande van 'n fjord.  Toe dit die oop see bereik, het dit vinnig weggekwyn.  Die hoogte van die golwe was meer deur die topografie van die omgewing bepaal as die energie wat deur die grondverskuiwing opgewek is.

== Waarskuwingstelsels ==
Vele stede rondom die [[Stille Oseaan]], veral in [[Japan]] maar ook in [[Hawaii]], het waarskuwingstelsels en ontruimingsprosedures in geval van 'n ernstige tsoenami. Tsoenami's word voorspel deur verskeie [[Seismologie|seismologiese instellings]] regoor die wêreld en hulle ontwikkeling word deur [[satelliet]]e dopgehou.

Drukopnemers op die seebodem gekoppel aan 'n boei met kommunikasietoerusting op die oppervlak word gebruik om golwe op te spoor wat nie noodwendig deur 'n menslike waarnemer op die oop see opgemerk sal word nie.  Die eerste primitiewe stelsels wat gepoog het om gemeenskappe te waarsku teen 'n naderende tsoenami is in [[Hawaiï]] in die vroeë [[1920's]] geïmplementeer.  Meer gevorderde stelsels is ontwikkel ná die tsoenami's van [[1 April]] [[1946]] en [[23 Mei]] [[1960]], wat ontsaglike vernietiging in [[Hilo]] op die eiland [[Hawaiï (eiland)|Hawaiï]] veroorsaak het.  Die [[Verenigde State]] het die [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/ Pacific Tsunami Warning Center] in [[1949]] gestig en dit in [[1965]] gekoppel aan internasionale data- en waarskuwingsnetwerke.

Een stelsel wat tsoenamiwaarskuwing verskaf is die CREST-projek (''Consolidated Reporting of Earthquakes and Tsunamis'') wat aan die Weskus (Cascadia), Alaska en Hawaiï van die Verenigde State geskep is deur die USGS, [[NOAA]], die Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network en drie ander universiteite se seismiese netwerke.

Die voorspelling van tsoenami's bly egter 'n gebrekkige wetenskap.  Alhoewel die episentrum van groot aardbewings onder water en die waarskynlike aankomstye van die tsoenami's vinnig bereken kan word, is dit amper onmoontlik om te weet of massiewe grondverskuiwings onder water plaasgevind het wat tsoenami's kan veroorsaak.  As gevolg hiervan is vals alarms algemeen.

Geen stelsel kan egter beskerming bied teen 'n skielike tsoenami nie.  'n Vernietigende tsoenami het aan die kus van [[Hokkaido]] in Japan plaasgevind as gevolg van 'n aardbewing op [[12 Julie]] [[1993]].  As gevolg daarvan het 202 mense op die klein eiland Okushiri hulle lewens verloor en honderde meer is vermis of beseer.  Hierdie tsoenami het slegs drie tot vyf minute na die aardbewing toegeslaan, en meeste van die slagoffers was besig om na hoër grond en veilige plekke te vlug nadat hulle die aardbewing oorleef het.

Alhoewel die kans vir grootskaalse vernietiging deur 'n tsoenami steeds bestaan, kan waarskuwingstelsels tog doeltreffend wees.  Byvoorbeeld, as daar 'n baie groot subduksiesone-[[aardbewing]] (grootte 9.0 op die [[Richterskaal]]) aan die kus van die V.S.A. plaasvind, kan die mense in [[Japan]] meer as 12 uur waarskuwing hê, wat heelwat geleentheid bied om laagliggende gebiede te ontruim.

== Geskiedenis ==
Alhoewel tsoenami's mees dikwels in die [[Stille Oseaan]] voorkom, kom hulle ook elders voor.  Baie antieke beskrywings bestaan wat skielike en katastrofiese golwe beskryf, veral in en rondom die [[Middellandse See]].  Duisende [[Portugese]] wat die groot aardbewing van [[1755]] in [[Lissabon]] oorleef het is deur 'n tsoenami dood gemaak wat 'n paar minute later gevolg het.  Voordat die groot golf die kus getref het, het die hawe se water teruggetrek en verlore vragte en vergete skeepswrakke blootgelê.  In die [[Atlantiese Oseaan|Noord-Atlantiese Oseaan]] het 'n ander groot gebeurtenis, die Storeggaverskuiwing, plaasgevind.

=== Santorini ===
Iewers tussen [[1650 v.C.]] en [[1600 v.C.]], het die vulkaniese Griekse eiland [[Santorini]] opgeblaas na 'n gewelddadige uitbarsting wat 'n 100 tot 150 meter hoë tsoenami tot gevolg gehad het, wat die noordkus van [[Kreta]], 70 km verder weg, vernietig het.

=== Die Krakatoa-insident ===
In [[1883]] was daar 'n verwoede uitbarsting van die eilandvulkaan [[Krakatoa]].  'n Reeks groot tsoenamigolwe het ontstaan as gevolg van die uitbarsting, met sommige golwe wat 'n hoogte van 40 meter bó seevlak bereik het.  Tsoenamigolwe is regdeur die [[Indiese Oseaan]], die [[Stille Oseaan]], die Weskus van Amerika, Suid-Amerika en selfs so ver weg as die [[Engelse kanaal]] waargeneem.  Op die kuste van [[Java]] en [[Sumatra]] het die see baie kilometer binnelands ingedring en só 'n groot lewensverlies veroorsaak dat een gebied nooit weer herbewoon is nie, en weer oerwoud geword het &amp;mdash; dit is nou die [[Ujung Kulon]] [[natuurreservaat]].

=== 22 Mei 1960 Chileense tsoenami ===
[[Lêer:USGS Tsunami Travel Time.gif|duimnael|250px|Uitbreiding van die 1960- en die 1964-tsoenami's.]]
Die groot Chileense aardbewing, die grootste aardbewing wat ooit opgeteken is, aan die kus van Suid-sentraal [[Chili]], het een van die mees vernietigende tsoenami's van die [[20ste eeu]] veroorsaak.  Toe die tsoenami Onagawa in Japan byna 22 ure na die aardbewing getref het, is 'n golfhoogte van meer as 3 meter bo die getyhoogte aangeteken.

=== 27 Maart 1964 Goeie Vrydag-tsoenami ===
Ná die 9.2-grootte Goeie Vrydag aardbewing het tsoenami's [[Alaska]], [[Brits-Kolombië]], [[Kalifornië]] en die kusstreek van die Pasifiese Noordweste getref, waarin 122 mense gesterf het.  Die tsoenami's was tot 6 meter hoog wat 11 mense so ver weg as Crescent City, Kalifornië gedood het.

=== 26 Desember 2004 Indiese Oseaan-tsoenami ===
[[Lêer:2004-tsunami.jpg|duimnael|250px|Die 2004-tsoenami tref Ao Nang, [[Thailand]].]]
[[Lêer:2004 Indonesia Tsunami Complete.gif|duimnael|250px|'n Animasie van die 2004-tsoenami.]]
Die grootte van 9.0 op die [[Richterskaal]] van die [[2004 Indiese Oseaan-aardbewing en -tsoenami|2004 Indiese Oseaan-aardbewing]] het 'n reeks noodlottige tsoenami's ontketen op [[26 Desember]] [[2004]], met meer as 220 000 sterftes in lande naby aan die aardbewing, soos [[Indonesië]], [[Thailand]] en die noord-westelike kus van [[Maleisië]], tot duisende kilometer ver in [[Bangladesj]], [[Indië]], [[Sri Lanka]], die [[Maledive]] en selfs só ver as [[Somalië]] in Oos-[[Afrika]].  Die dodetal van hierdie tsoenami, meer as 310 000 mense, was die noodlottigste ooit in die geskrewe geskiedenis.

Anders as vir die [[Stille Oseaan]], bestaan daar geen waarskuwingstelsel vir die [[Indiese Oseaan]] nie. Dit is deels te wyte aan die afwesigheid van enige groot tsoenamigebeurtenis sedert [[1883]], nadat die klem meer op die ontwikkeling van 'n waarskuwingstelsel vir [[tropiese sikloon|tropiese siklone]] gelê het.

Daar is meer as VS$2 miljard in hulpbydraes ingesamel.

Om aardbewings beter te begryp moet 'n mens jou die aarde voorstel as groot, plat rotsplate, kilometers dik, wat rus op ’n dik, warm massa wat soos 'n waterstroom vloei. Vastelande, stede, dorpe en mense beweeg saam met die plate, maar jy merk niks op nie, omdat die beweging so ontsettend stadig is. Waar plate mekaar ontmoet, bots hulle of skuur hulle teen mekaar. Die kant van die een plaat kan dalk onder die ander een inskuif, of hulle kan van mekaar af wegskuif. Die krake in die aardkors waar plate bymekaarkom, word deur die geleerdes &quot;breuke&quot; (Engels &quot;faults&quot;) genoem. 

Wetenskaplikes sê dat die tsoenami van 26 Desember 2004 juis veroorsaak is deur 'n seismiese versteuring van die seebodem deurdat een van die rotsplate van die aardkors onder 'n ander een ingeskuif het. Die rand van die sogenaamde Indiese plaat het onder die Birmese mikroplaat ('n deel van die Eurasiese plaat) ingeduik en 'n deel van laasgenoemde in die proses saam met hom afwaarts getrek. Die tsoenami is veroorsaak toe die afgetrekte deel van die Birmaanse plaat weer opwaarts teruggespring en 'n magtige hoeveelheid energie aan die water daar bokant oorgedra het. 'n Foto wat deur 'n navorsingskip van die [[Britse Vloot]] geneem is, toon skouspelagtig hoe die seebodem in die proses geplooi, verwring en gebreek is.

=== Ander geskiedkundige tsoenami's ===
Ander tsoenami's wat voorgekom het sluit die volgende in:
* Die [[1755]] Lissabon aardbewing, saam met die gevolglike tsoenami en brande het byna tot die vernietiging van die [[Portugal|Portugese]] hoofstad gelei.
* Een van die ergste tsoenamirampe het hele dorpe langs die Sanrikukus in Japan oorstroom in 1896. 'n Golf van ongeveer 20 m hoog het gelei tot die verdrinking van sowat 26 000 mense.
* [[1946]]: 'n Aardbewing in die [[Aleoetiese Eilande]] het 'n tsoenami na [[Hawaii]] gestuur en 159 mense laat sterf (slegs vyf mense is in [[Alaska]] dood).
* [[1958]]: 'n Tsoenami wat grootliks beperk was tot Lituyabaai in Alaska, is die hoogste een ooit waargeneem: meer as 500 m bo seevlak.  Dit het nie baie verder as die opening van die fjord waarin dit ontstaan het, gevorder nie, maar het twee mense in 'n visserskuit se dood veroorsaak.
* [[1964]]: 'n Aardbewing in [[Alaska]] het 'n tsoenami tot gevolg gehad wat oor die 6 m hoog was en het 11 mense so ver weg as [[Kalifornië]] laat sterf met 'n totale dodetal van 120.
* [[1976]]: 16 Augustus (middernag) sterf meer as 5000 mense in die Moro Golfgebied van die [[Filippyne]]
* [[1983]]: 104 mense sterf in westelike Japan as gevolg van 'n tsoenami wat ontstaan uit 'n nabygeleë aardbewing.
* [[17 Julie]] [[1998]]: 'n Tsoenami in [[Papoea-Nieu-Guinee]] veroorsaak die dood van ongeveer 3000 mense. 'n 7.1-grootte aardbewing 24 km vanaf die kus is binne 10 minute gevolg deur 'n tsoenami wat ongeveer 12 m hoog was.  Die dorpies Arop en Warapu is vernietig.
* [[11 Maart]] [[2011]]: 'n Verwoestende 9.0 [[aardbewing]] skud [[Japan]] en veroorsaak 'n tsoenami met meer as 15&amp;nbsp;700 sterftes, wat tot 'n [[kernkrag]]ramp lei.

Die argeologiese navorsing van tsoenami's en ander seismiese gebeurtenisse is die onderwerp van die [[argeoseismologie]].

== Toekomstige bedreigings ==
In [[2001]] het wetenskaplikes voorspel dat 'n toekomstige uitbarsting van die onstabiele [[Cumbre Vieja]] vulkaan in [[La Palma]] ('n eiland van die [[Kanariese-eilande]]) 'n superreuse ondersese grondverskuiwing kan veroorsaak.  Die volgende vulkaniese uitbarsting word in die tweede helfte van die [[21ste eeu]] verwag, maar dit sal nie noodwendig die een wees wat die grondverskuiwing sal veroorsaak nie.  In hierdie voorspelde verskuiwing sak die westelike helfte van die eiland (wat sowat 500 biljoen ton weeg) in die oseaan;  só 'n verskuiwing kan 'n 100 m megatsoenami veroorsaak wat die kus van noordwes-[[Afrika]] verwoes, en 'n 30-50 m tsoenami wat 7-8 uur later die ooskus van [[Noord-Amerika]] sal bereik en grootskaalse verwoesting langs die kus veroorsaak, tesame met die dood van miljoene mense in [[Miami]], woonbuurte van [[New York]], dele van [[Boston]] en al die kusstede tussen-in.&lt;ref name=&quot;cumbre1&quot;&gt;[http://www.100megsfree4.com/farshores/nwave.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220113656/http://100megsfree4.com/farshores/nwave.htm |date=20 Desember 2004 }}, &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cumbre2&quot;&gt;[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/08/29/tidal.wave/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425074504/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/08/29/tidal.wave/ |date=25 April 2013 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aardbewings aan die Wes-Amerikaanse kus kan tsoenami's genereer wat [[Hawaii]] en [[Japan]] bedreig.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Bronne ==
* ''&quot;The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy&quot;'', deur Richard Macey, The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 Januarie 2005, p. 11 - aanhaling van Dr Mark Leonard, seismoloog by ''Geoscience Australia''.
* ''[[:en:Tsunami|Tsunami]]'' by die Engelse Wikipedia.

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Tsunamis|Tsoenami}}
* [http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/circular/c1187/c1187.pdf USGS: Surviving a tsunami]
* [http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/runup.html Rekenaar-geskepte animasie van 'n tsoenami]
* [http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/characteristics.html Animasie van 'n  1960 tsoenami met sy oorsprong langs die kus van Chili]
* [http://wcatwc.gov/ NOAA NWS West Coast &amp; Alaska Tsunami Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111012540/http://wcatwc.gov/ |date=11 Januarie 2005 }}
** [http://wcatwc.gov/ttt/tttsanfr.gif Example of tsunami travel time map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114193438/http://wcatwc.gov/ttt/tttsanfr.gif |date=14 Januarie 2005 }}
* [http://geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/archives/eq/93hokkaido/index-j.html Extensive collection of photographs of the aftermath of the earthquake that caused the Okushiri tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117011229/http://geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/archives/eq/93hokkaido/index-j.html |date=17 Januarie 2005 }}
* [http://www.tsunami.org/ Pacific Tsunami Museum]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/ Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]
* [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/ Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program]
* [http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ Tsunamis and Earthquakes]
* [http://tsunami.gov/ Tsunami.gov (US NOAA)]
* [http://www.sthjournal.org/ Science of Tsunami Hazards journal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041230015334/http://jlgolson.blogspot.com/2004/12/tsunami-video.html Amateurvideo's van die tsoenami rondom Kersfees in Suidoos-Asië]
* [http://wetterchronik.de/english/tsunami.htm Missing alert system: What can we do?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103142117/http://wetterchronik.de/english/tsunami.htm |date= 3 Januarie 2005 }}

{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

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|bevolking_sensus        = 2&amp;nbsp;409&amp;nbsp;207&lt;ref&gt;{{mo}} {{cite web |url=https://statistica.gov.md/files/files/serii_de_timp/recensamant_2024/date_finale/Date_finale_RPL_2024_15_07_25.xlsx |title=Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor 2024: Caracteristici Geografice (date finale) |publisher=Nasionale Statistiekkantoor van die Republiek Moldowa |date=15 Julie 2025 |accessdate=4 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(met Transnistrië)&lt;/small&gt;
|bevolking_sensus_jaar   = 2024
|bevolkingsdigtheid      = 106,3
|bevolkingsdigtheidmi²   = 275,4
|bevolkingsdigtheidrang  = 125&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP                 = $46,365&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=921,&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&amp;sy=2023&amp;ey=2030&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=Moldova |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2025 |accessdate=4 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|BBP_PPP_rang            = 136&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP_jaar            = 2025
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita      = $19&amp;nbsp;678&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 93&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP                     = $19,462&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_rang                = 130&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_jaar                = 2025
|BBP_per_kapita          = $8&amp;nbsp;260&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_per_kapita_rang     = 89&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|onafhanklikheidstipe    = Vorming
|onafhanklikheidsgebeure = • Prinsdom Moldawa&lt;br /&gt;• Goewerment Bessarabië&lt;br /&gt;• Demokratiese Republiek&lt;br /&gt;• Vereniging met Roemenië&lt;br /&gt;• Moldawiese ASSR&lt;br /&gt;• [[Moldawiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek|Moldawiese SSR]]&lt;br /&gt;• Transnistrië-oorlog&lt;br /&gt;• Onafhanklikheid van&lt;br /&gt;die [[Sowjetunie]]&lt;br /&gt;• Huidige grondwet
|onafhanklikheidsdatums  = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[1346]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1812]]&lt;br /&gt;[[15 Desember]] [[1917]]&lt;br /&gt;[[9 April]] [[1918]]&lt;br /&gt;[[12 Oktober]] [[1924]]&lt;br /&gt;[[2 Augustus]] [[1940]]&lt;br /&gt;[[2 November]] [[1990]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[27 Augustus]] [[1991]]{{smallsup|b}}&lt;br /&gt;[[29 Julie]] [[1994]]
|MOI                     = {{wins}} 0,785&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 Mei 2025 |accessdate=4 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|MOI_rang                = 86&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|MOI_jaar                = 2023
|MOI_kategorie           = {{kleur|#090|hoog}}
|Gini                    = 26,8&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MD |title=Gini Index – Moldova |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=4 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rang               = 6&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|Gini_jaar               = 2023
|Gini_kategorie          = {{kleur|#090|laag}}
|geldeenheid             = [[Moldawiese leu|Leu]]
|geldeenheid_kode        = MDL
|land_kode               = MD
|tydsone                 = OET
|utc_afwyking            = [[UTC+02:00|+02]]
|tydsone_somer           = OEST
|utc_afwyking_DST        = [[UTC+03:00|+03]]
|internet_domein         = [[.md]]
|skakelkode              = 373
|voetskrif               = a. Soos bepaal deur die Moldawiese Onafhanklikheidsverklaring – wat volgens die Grondwetlike hof van Moldawië voorrang geniet bo artikel 13 van die Moldawiese grondwet – wat die naam [[Moldawies]] gebruik&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCDecision2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b. Datum van proklamasie. Die onafhanklikheid is daarna in Desember 1991 met die ontbinding van die Sowjetunie gefinaliseer.
}}

'''Moldowa''' ([[Roemeens]]: ''Moldova'', [molˈdova], {{Audio|Ro-Moldova.ogg|luister}}, amptelik die '''Republiek Moldowa''' (''Republica Moldova''), voorheen '''Moldawië''', is ’n [[landingeslote land]] in [[Suidoos-Europa]], grotendeels geleë tussen die [[Proet]]- en die [[Dnister]]rivier. Dit word in die weste begrens deur [[Roemenië]] en verder deur [[Oekraïne]]. Die hoofstad is [[Chișinău]] ([[Russies]]: Kisjinef). Die land word beskou as een van die armstes in [[Europa]].

[[Lêer:Satellite image of Moldova in September 2003.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van Moldowa]]
Die bevolking is oorwegend Moldowies (Sowjet-naam: [[Moldawies]]; ’n benaming wat ná die skeiding van die res van Moldawië in gebruik gekom het: die inwoners van Roemeense Moldawië word as [[Roemeniërs]] beskou). Daar is ook [[Oekraïners|Oekraïense]], [[Russe|Russiese]] en [[Gagaoesiërs|Gagaoesiese]] minderhede.

Moldowa was tot in [[1991]] deel van die [[Sowjetunie]] as die [[Moldawiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek]]. Die grondgebied van die nuwe land kom ooreen met dié van die voormalige Sowjetrepubliek en gedeeltelik met dié van die ouer [[Bessarabië]] (wat tot die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] Roemeens was). Slegs die suidelikste en noordelikste deel van Bessarabië behoort tot die Oekraïne, terwyl die gebied aan die linkeroewer van die Dnister, [[Transnistrië]], nooit tot Bessarabië behoort het nie, maar volgens die grootste deel van die wêreldgemeenskap wel behoort tot die huidige Moldowa. Transnistrië het hom in 1991 eensydig onafhanklik verklaar. Die tweede belangrikste stad van Moldowa, [[Tiraspol]], lê in dié gebied.

Die land is ’n parlementêre republiek met ’n [[president]] as staatshoof en ’n premier as regeringshoof. Dit is in Maart 1992 toegelaat tot die [[Verenigde Nasies]]. Dit is ook lid van verskeie ander internasionale organisasies en hoop om lid te word van die [[Europese Unie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&amp;ID=68715 |title=Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member, |publisher=Moldpress News Agency |date=19 Junie 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193244/http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimologie ==
Die naam &quot;Moldowa&quot; is afgelei van die [[Moldowa (rivier)|Moldowa-rivier]]; die vallei van dié rivier was ’n politieke sentrum toe die Prinsdom Moldawië in 1359 ontstaan het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.moldova.md/en/istorie/ History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222142800/http://www.moldova.md/en/istorie/ |date=22 Desember 2013 }}, Official site of Republic of Moldova&lt;/ref&gt; Die oorsprong van die rivier se naam is onduidelik. Daar is ’n legende dat prins [[Dragoș]] dit sy naam gegee het nadat hy [[oeros]]se gejag en sy moeë hond Molda in die rivier verdrink het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://rentmoldova.com/history-of-moldova/where-did-name-moldova.html Where did the name Moldova come from?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127183235/http://rentmoldova.com/history-of-moldova/where-did-name-moldova.html |date=27 Januarie 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geskiedenis ==
=== Voorgeskiedenis ===
Tydens die [[Neolitikum|Neolitiese Steentydperk]] was die gebied waarin Moldowa lê die middelpunt van die groot [[Cucuteni-kultuur]] wat ooswaarts gestrek het vanaf die Dnjester-rivier in die Oekraïne en weswaarts tot ná die [[Karpate]] in Roemenië. Die inwoners van dié beskawing, wat rofweg van 5500 tot 2750&amp;nbsp;v.C. bestaan het, het landbou en veeteelt beoefen, gejag en fyn pottebakkerswerk gedoen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite journal|last=Constantinescu|first=Bogdan|authorlink=|url=http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf34/DPConstantinescu34.pdf|last2=Bugoi|first2=Roxana|author2-link=|last3=Pantos|first3=Emmanuel|last4=Popovici|first4=Dragomir|title=Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics|journal=Documenta Praehistorica|volume=XXXIV|pages=281–288|publisher=Departement Argeologie, Universiteit van Ljubljana|location=Ljubljana|year=2007|issn=1408-967X|oclc=41553667|accessdate=25 Oktober 2012|archive-date= 2 Mei 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502152113/http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf34/DPConstantinescu34.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Antieke tyd en Middeleeue ===
[[Lêer:Stefan cel Mare.jpg|duimnael|links|upright|[[Stefanus III van Moldawië|Stefanus die Grote]], prins van Moldawië tussen 1457 en 1504.]]
In die antieke tyd is die gebied bewoon deur [[Dasiërs|Dasiese stamme]]. Tussen die 1ste en 7de eeu n.C. was die suide van tyd tot tyd onder [[Romeinse Ryk|Romeinse]] en toe [[Bisantynse Ryk|Bisantynse]] heerskappy. Vanweë sy strategiese ligging tussen [[Europa]] en [[Asië]] is die gebied in die laat antieke tyd en vroeë [[Middeleeue]] dikwels binnegeval, onder andere deur die [[Gote]], [[Hunne]], [[Aware]], [[Bulgarye|Magjare]], [[Petsjenege]], [[Koemane]] en [[Mongole]].

Die '''Prinsdom Moldawië''', wat in 1359 gestig is, is begrens deur die Karpate in die weste, die Djester in die ooste en die [[Donau]] en die [[Swartsee]] in die suide. Dit het bestaan uit die hedendaagse gebied van die Republiek Mongolië, die oostelike agt distrikte van Roemenië, en die Tsjerniftsi-oblast en Boedjak-streek van die Oekraïne. Nes die huidige republiek en die noordoostelike streek van Roemenië was dit onder die inwoners bekend as Moldowa. Die prinsdom is herhaaldelik deur [[Tatare]] van die [[Krim]] binnegeval en sedert die 15de eeu deur die [[Ottomaanse Turke]]. In 1538 het dit ’n belastingpligtige deel van die [[Ottomaanse Ryk]] geword, maar sy outonomiteit behou.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+md0013) Moldova]&quot;. Library of Congress Country Studies&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Moderne geskiedenis ===
==== Russiese Ryk ====
[[Lêer:Coat of arms of Bessarabia Governorate 1878.svg|duimnael|Wapen van die Bessarabiese Goewernement tussen 1878 en 1917.]]
Ondanks besware deur die Moldawiese adel het die Ottomaanse Ryk in 1812 kragtens die Verdrag van Boekarest die oostelike helfte van die prinsdom asook [[Khotyn]] en die ou Bessarabië (moderne Boedjak) aan die [[Russiese Ryk]] afgestaan.

Die nuwe Russiese provinsie is die '''Oblast Moldawië en Bessarabië''' genoem en het aanvanklik ’n groot mate van onafhanklikheid gehad. Ná 1828 is dié outonomie al hoe meer beperk en in 1871 is die Oblast verander in die '''Bessarabiese Goewernement''' as deel van ’n russifikasieproses. Die administrasie van die [[tsaar]] in Bessarabië het geleidelik [[Roemeens]] as amptelike en godsdienstige taal in onbruik laat verval.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_10.shtml#bc_10 ''Bessarabia'' deur Charles Upson Clark, 1927, hoofstuk 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209212714/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_10.shtml#bc_10 |date= 9 Desember 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die westelike deel van Moldawië (wat vandag deel van Roemenië is) het ’n outonome prinsdom gebly, en in 1859 het dit met [[Wallachye]] verenig en die [[Koninkryk Roemenië]] gevorm.

Die Verdrag van Parys van 1856 het drie distrikte van Bessarabië — Cahul, Bolgrad en Ismail — aan Moldawië toegeken, maar in die Verdrag van Berlyn van 1878 het die Koninkryk Roemenië ingestem om dit aan die Russiese Ryk terug te gee. In die 19de eeu het die Russiese owerhede Russe, Roemeniërs,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Vasile Baican, &quot;Human settlements in Moldavia represented on «the Russian map» between 1828-1829&quot;, ''Scientific Annals of &quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; Universiteit van Iasi – Geography series'', 54, 2008, bl. 65.&lt;/ref&gt; Oekraïners, [[Kosakke]], [[Bulgare]],&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_8.shtml#bc_8 ''Bessarabia'' deur Charles Upson Clark, 1927, hoofstruk8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212063455/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_8.shtml#bc_8 |date=12 Desember 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Duitsers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.ualberta.ca/%7Egerman/PAA/Bessarabians.htm The Germans from Bessarabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110142/http://www.ualberta.ca/%7Egerman/PAA/Bessarabians.htm |date=13 Mei 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; en [[Gagaoesiërs]] aangemoedig om in die streek te gaan bly en al hoe meer [[Jode]] uit Bessarabië daar toegelaat&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/moldova.html].&lt;/ref&gt; om die groot Nogai-Tataarse bevolking  te vervang wat uitgesit is in die 1770's en 1780's tydens die [[Russies-Turkse Oorloë]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/pastissues/apr00staples.html Mennonite-Nogai Economic Relations, 1825–1860] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108093628/http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/pastissues/apr00staples.html |date= 8 Januarie 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Moldawiese deel van die bevolking het afgeneem van sowat 86% in 1816&lt;ref&gt;{{ro}} Ion Nistor, ''Istoria Bassarabiei'', Cernăuţi, 1921&lt;/ref&gt; tot omtrent 52% in 1905.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} Flavius Solomon, ''Die Republik Moldau und ihre Minderheiten'' (Länderlexikon), in: Ethnodoc-Datenbank für Minderheitenforschung in Südostosteuropa, bl. 52&lt;/ref&gt; In dié tyd was daar anti-Semitiese opstande en dit het daartoe gelei dat duisende Jode na die [[VSA]] geëmigreer het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/moldova.html Moldova]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Groter Roemenië ====
[[Lêer:Greater Romania.svg|duimnael|links|’n Kaart van Groter Roemenië tussen 1920 en 1940.]]
In die [[Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] het die politieke en kulturele (etniese) bewustheid onder die inwoners van die streek toegeneem, toe 300&amp;nbsp;000 Bessarabiërs opgeroep is om in die Rooi Leër te dien wat in 1917 gestig is. Ná die [[Russiese Rewolusie (1917)|Russiese Rewolusie]] van 1917 is ’n Bessarabiese parlement, Sfatul Ţării, verkies. Dit het die '''Moldawiese Demokratiese Republiek''' op {{OuVormDatum|15 Desember|1917|2 Desember}}  uitgeroep binne ’n federale Russiese staat en ’n regering op {{OuVormDatum|21 Desember|1917|8 Desember}} gevorm.

Bessarabië het hom op {{OuVormDatum|6 Februarie|1918|24 Januarie}} onafhanklik van Rusland verklaar en die hulp gevra van die [[Frankryk|Franse]] leër wat toe in Roemenië was.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Anthony Babel: La Bessarabie (Bessarabia), Félix Alcan, Genève, Switzerland, 1931&lt;/ref&gt; Op {{OuVormDatum|9 April|1918|27 Maart}} het die Sfatul Ţării met 86 stemme teen 3 (met 36 buite stemming) besluit om op sekere voorwaardes met die Koninkryk Roemenië te verenig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=King|first=Charles|title= The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture|publisher=Hoover Press|location=|year=2000|chapter=From Principality to Province|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ldBFWtuv8DQC&amp;pg=PA33|pages=33–35|isbn=0-8179-9792-X|accessdate=31 Oktober 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later het Bukovina en Transilvanië ook by die koninkryk aangesluit.

Hierdie samesmelting is in die Verdrag van Parys van 1920 deur die [[Geallieerdes van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog|Geallieerdes]] goedgekeur. Dit is egter nie deur al die lede bekragtig nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;legal&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{siteer vaktydskrif |titel=The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia |outeur=Malbone W. Graham |tydskrif=The American Journal of International Law |datum=Oktober 1944 |volume=38 |uitgawe=4 |bladsye=667–673 |uitgewer=American Society of International Law |doi=10.2307/2192802 |jstor=2192802}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Mitrasca|first=Marcel|title=Moldova: a Romanian province under Russian rule: diplomatic history from the archives of the great powers|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=2002|chapter=Introduction |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mZogbSmBR-4C&amp;pg=PA13|page=13|isbn=1-892941-86-4|accessdate=31 Oktober 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van die groot magte, soos die VSA en die [[RSFSR|nuwe Kommunistiese Rusland]], het nie Roemeense heerskappy oor Bessarabië goedgekeur nie en laasgenoemde het dit beskou as die besetting van Russiese grondgebied.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Wayne S. Vucinich, ''Bessarabia'' In: ''Collier's Encyclopedia'' (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, bl. 103&lt;/ref&gt;

In Mei 1919 is die Bessarabiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek verklaar tot ’n regering in bannelingskap. Ná ’n opstand deur die kleinboere in 1924 wat deur die Russe geïnspireer is, is die '''Moldawiese Outonome Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek''' (Moldawiese OSSR) gestig.

In Augustus 1939 is die [[Molotof-Ribbentrop-verdrag]] en sy geheime bykomende protokol onderteken. Daarvolgens het [[Nazi-Duitsland]] Bessarabië erken as binne die [[Sowjetunie|Sowjet]]-invloedsfeer. Dit het daartoe gelei dat laasgenoemde sy aanspraak op die gebied met nuwe ywer hervat het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olson 1994 483&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Olson|first=James|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|year=1994|page=483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Op 28 Junie 1940 het die [[Sowjetunie]], met die medewete van Nazi-Duitsland, ’n ultimatum aan Roemenië uitgereik waarin die land versoek word om Bessarabië en Noord-Bukovina aan die Sowjetunie af te staan. Roemenië het dit die volgende dag gedoen. Kort daarna is die '''Moldawiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek''' (Moldawiese SSR) gestig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olson 1994 483&quot; /&gt; Dit het bestaan uit sowat 70% van Bessarabië en 50% van die toe ontbinde Moldawiese OSSR.

As deel van die [[Spilmoondhede]] se inval in die Sowjetunie het Roemenië beslag gelê op die gebiede Bessarabië, Noord-Bukovina en Transnistrië. Die Roemeense soldate en Duitsers het sowat 300&amp;nbsp;000 Jode verban of vermoor, onder andere 147&amp;nbsp;000 van Bessarabië en Bukovina.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CPADCR.pdf Tismăneanu Report], bl. 748-749&lt;/ref&gt; Die [[Rooi Leër|Sowjet-leër]] het die streek in Februarie tot Augustus 1944 herower en weer die Moldawiese SSR gestig. Tussen Augustus 1944 en die einde van die oorlog in Mei 1945 is 256&amp;nbsp;800 inwoners van die Moldawiese SSR deur die Sowjet-leër opgeroep. Altesaam 40&amp;nbsp;592 van hulle is in die oorlog dood.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{ro}} {{cite book|title=Istoria Republicii Moldova: din cele mai vechi timpuri pină în zilele noastre|editor=Asociaţia Oamenilor de știinţă din Moldova. H. Milescu-Spătaru.|edition=2nd|year=2002|publisher=Elan Poligraf|location=Chișinău|isbn=9975-9719-5-4|pages=239–244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sowjet-tydperk (1940–1991) ====
: ''Hoofartikel: [[Moldawiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek]].''
[[Lêer:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-065360, Bessarabien, Abtransport von Umsiedlern.jpg|duimnael|links|300px|Etniese Duitsers gaan woon in 1940 in Bessarabië.]]
In die [[Stalin]]istiese tydperke 1940–1941 en 1944–1953 het die deportasie van plaaslike inwoners na die [[Oeralgebergte|Oeral]], [[Siberië]] en Noord-[[Kasakstan]] gereeld plaasgevind. Die grootstes hiervan was op 12–13 Junie 1941 en 5–6 Julie 1949, met onderskeidelik 18&amp;nbsp;392 en 35&amp;nbsp;796 mense net uit die Moldawiese SSR.&lt;ref name=&quot;tismrep&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/RAPORT_FINAL_CPADCR.pdf Tismăneanu Report], bl. 747 en 752&lt;/ref&gt; Ander vorme van vervolging sluit in 32&amp;nbsp;433 politieke arrestasies, waarna mense tereggestel (in 8&amp;nbsp;360 gevalle) of na die [[Goelag]] gestuur is.

In 1946, weens ’n groot droogte en buitensporige produksiekwotas deur die Sowjet-regering, het die suidwestelike deel van die USSR ’n groot [[hongersnood]] ondervind.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www1.fee.uva.nl/pp/mjellman/ Michael Ellman], [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1947.pdf The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325075851/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1947.pdf |date=25 Maart 2009 }} ''Cambridge Journal of Economics'' 24 (2000): 603–630.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1946–1947 was daar volgens historici 216&amp;nbsp;000 sterfgevalle en 350&amp;nbsp;000 gevalle van wanvoeding net in die Moldawiese SSR.&lt;ref name=&quot;tismrep&quot; /&gt; In 1944–53 was daar verskeie weerstandsgroepe teen die USSR in Moldawië, maar die [[FSB|NKWD]] en later [[FSB|MGB]] het die lede eindelik gearresteer en tereggestel of verban.&lt;ref name=&quot;tismrep&quot; /&gt;

In die tydperk ná die oorlog het die Sowjetunie baie mense (hoofsaaklik Russe, Belo-Russe en Oekraïners) na Moldawië gestuur, veral na stedelike gebiede, om op te maak vir die verlies aan inwoners weens die oorlog en verbanning van die plaaslike bevolking.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Pal Kolsto, ''National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies: The Cases of Estonia and Moldova'', Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002, {{ISBN|0-7425-1888-4}}, bl. 202&lt;/ref&gt; In die 1970's en 1980's het die Moldawiese SSR ’n aansienlike deel van die Sowjet-begroting gekry vir nywerheids- en wetenskapgeriewe en behuising. In 1971 het die Sowjet-raad van ministers ’n besluit aanvaar oor &quot;die verdere ontwikkeling van [[Chișinău|Kisjinef]]&quot; (die hedendaagse Chișinău) en meer as ’n miljard [[roebel]] toegeken vir bouprojekte.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url= http://www.kishinev.info/architecture_en|title= Architecture of Chișinău|publisher= on Kishinev.info|accessdate= 12 Oktober 2008|archive-date= 13 Mei 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100513230114/http://kishinev.info/architecture_en/|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Met nog geld later en gekwalifiseerde spesialiste uit die res van die Sowjetunie is Moldawië se nywerheid verder uitgebrei.

Die Sowjet-regering het ’n veldtog begin om ’n Moldawiese etniese identiteit te ontwikkel onafhanklik van dié van die [[Roemene]]. Volgens amptelike Sowjet-beleid was die [[Moldawies]] wat die plaaslike bevolking gepraat het, ’n ander taal as [[Roemeens]]. Om ’n onderskeid tussen die twee te maak is Moldawies tydens die Sowjet-tyd in die [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] geskryf, in teenstelling met Roemeens, wat sedert 1860 in die [[Latynse alfabet]] geskryf word.

In die 1980's, in die politieke toestande wat deur [[glasnost]] en [[perestroika]] geskep is, is die Demokratiese Beweging van Moldawië gestig, wat in 1989 bekend geword het as die nasionalistiese [[Volksfront van Moldowa]] (FPM).&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot;&gt;{{ro}} Horia C. Matei, &quot;State lumii. Enciclopedie de istorie.&quot; Meronia, București, 2006, bl. 292-294&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} &quot;[http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.pdf?type=pdf&amp;serial=1047909431571 Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719192119/http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.pdf?type=pdf&amp;serial=1047909431571 |date=19 Julie 2011 }}&quot; deur Andrei Panici, American University in Bulgaria, 2002; bl. 40 en 41&lt;/ref&gt; Nes verskeie ander Sowjet-republieke van 1988 af, het Moldawië begin voorbrand maak vir onafhanklikheid. Op 27 Augustus 1989 het die FPM ’n massademonstrasie in Kisjinef gereël wat bekend geword het as die Groot Nasionale Raad. Die raad het druk op die Moldawiese owerhede uitgeoefen om ’n taalwet op 31 Augustus 1989 te aanvaar waarvolgens Moldawies in die Latynse alfabet die amptelike taal van die Moldawiese SSR is. Die verband tussen dié taal en Roemeens is ook bevestig.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt; Die Kommunistiese Party van Moldawië het ook in dié jaar minder gewild geword en in November is groot opstande gehou.&lt;ref&gt;{{ro}} {{cite web |url=http://basarabialiterara.com.md/?p=3231 |title=Ion Costaș: 7 APRILIE 2009 NE AMINTEșTE DE 10 NOIEMBRIE 1989 |date=28 Februarie 2010 |publisher=Basarabia Literară [[.ro]] |accessdate=21 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105737/http://basarabialiterara.com.md/%3Fp%3D3231/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ro}} {{cite web |url=http://www.europalibera.org/content/article/1871579.html |title=Igor Cașu, Chișinău 7 noiembrie 1989: &quot;Jos dictatura comunistă!&quot; |date=7 November 2009 |publisher=Radio Free Europe |accessdate=21 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330020430/http://www.europalibera.org/content/article/1871579.html |archive-date=30 Maart 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Onafhanklikheid (1990) ====
[[Lêer:Gheorghe Ghimpu arboreaza Tricolorul.jpg|duimnael|200px|Gheorghe Ghimpu vervang op 27 April 1990 die Sowjet-vlag met die Moldowiese vlag.]]
Die eerste demokratiese parlementêre verkiesing in Moldowa is in Februarie en Maart 1990 gehou. Mircea Snegur is verkies tot speaker van die parlement en Mircea Druc tot premier. Op 23 Junie 1990 het die parlement die Verklaring van die Soewereiniteit van die &quot;Sosialistiese Sowjet-republiek Moldova&quot; aanvaar waarin verklaar is dat Moldowiese wette voorrang geniet bo dié van die Sowjetunie.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt; Ná die mislukking van die Sowjet-staatsgreeppoging op [[27 Augustus]] [[1991]], het Moldowa hom onafhanklik verklaar. Roemenië was die eerste land wat sy onafhanklikheid erken het.

Op 21 Desember van dié jaar het Moldowa saam met die meeste van die ander oud-republieke van die Sowjetunie die stigtingsdokument van die [[Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State]] (GOS) onderteken. Moldowa het op [[25 Desember]] amptelike erkenning gekry en homself as ’n neutrale staat verklaar. Op 26 Desember het die Sowjetunie ophou bestaan. Drie maande later, op 2 Maart 1992, het die Verenigde Nasies Moldowa amptelik as ’n onafhanklike staat erken. In 1994 het die land lid van [[Navo]] se Vennootskap vir Vrede-program geword en op 29 Junie 1995 lid van die Raad van Europa.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt;

In die streek oos van die Dnjester-rivier, Transnistrië, wat ’n groot bevolking Russe (26%) en Oekraïners (28%) het wat saam meer as die etniese Moldowiërs (40%) is, is ’n onafhanklike sosialistiese sowjetrepubliek op 16 Augustus 1990 uitgeroep, met [[Tiraspol]] as hoofstad.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt; Die motiewe daaragter was ’n vrees vir die opkoms van nasionalisme in Moldowa en die verwagting dat die land met Roemenië sou herenig. In die winter van 1991–1992 het botsings tussen Transnistriese magte en die Moldowiese polisie plaasgevind, en tussen 2 Maart en 26 Julie 1992 het dit ontaard in ’n militêre stryd.

Op 2 Januarie 1992 het Moldowa ’n [[markekonomie]] ingestel en pryse vrygemaak, wat gelei het tot ’n vinnige groei in inflasie. Van 1992 tot 2001 het die jong land ’n ernstige ekonomiese krisis beleef en ’n groot deel van die bevolking het onder die [[broodlyn]] gelewe. In 1993 is ’n nasionale geldeenheid, die Moldowiese leu, bekend gestel om die tydelike Moldowiese koepon te vervang. In 2001 het die ekonomie begin verbeter en tot 2008 was daar ’n bestendige jaarlikse groei van tussen 5% en 10%. In die vroeë 2000's was daar ook ’n taamlike emigrasie van Moldowiërs wat werk soek (meestal onwettig) in Rusland (veral die [[Moskou]]-gebied), [[Italië]], [[Portugal]], [[Spanje]], [[Griekeland]], [[Siprus]], [[Turkye]] en ander lande. Geld wat van Moldowiërs in die buiteland huis toe gestuur is, het amper 38% van die land se [[BBP]] uitgemaak, die tweede grootste persentasie in die wêreld.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://iom.ramdisk.net/iom/artikel.php?menu_id=10&amp;artikel_id=557&amp;history_back=true |title=Moldova: Information Campaign to Increase the Efficiency of Remittance Flows |publisher=Internasionale Organisasie vir Migrasie |date=10 Desember 2008 |accessdate=31 Augustus 2013 |archive-date=20 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320161647/http://iom.ramdisk.net/iom/artikel.php?menu_id=10&amp;artikel_id=557&amp;history_back=true |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In die Moldowiese parlementêre verkiesing van 1994 het die Demokratiese Landbouparty ’n meerderheid van die setels gewen en dit was ’n keerpunt in die land se politiek. Nuwe maatreëls is aanvaar om die etniese spanning te verlig. Planne om met Roemenië te herenig is laat vaar&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt; en in die nuwe 1994-grondwet is Transnistrië en Gagaoesië se onafhanklikheid erken.

[[Lêer:Petru Lucinschi, March 2012-2.jpg|duimnael|160px|links|Petru Lucinschi, die tweede president van Moldowa.]]
Nadat hy die presidentsverkiesing in 1996 gewen het, het [[Petru Lucinschi]], die voormalige eerste sekretaris van die land se Kommunistiese Party, op 15 Januarie 1997 die tweede president geword (1997–2001) ná Mircea Snegur (1991–1996). In 2000 is die grondwet aangepas om Moldowa in ’n parlementêre republiek te verander waarin die president indirek verkies word in plaas van by die stembus.

[[Lêer:Chisinau riot 2009-04-07 02.jpg|duimnael|300px|’n Burgerlike opstand in 2009 buite die Moldowiese parlementsgebou.]]
Nadat hulle 49,9% van die stemme gewen het, het die Party van Kommuniste van die Republiek Moldowa (wat in 1993 weer gewettig is nadat hulle in 1991 verbied is) 71 van die LP-setels gewen en op 4 April 2001 het hulle [[Vladimir Voronin]] tot die land se derde president verkies. Hy is in 2005 herkies. Die land is die eerste staat ná die Sowjet-tydperk waar ’n onhervormde Kommunistiese Party weer aan die bewind gekom het.&lt;ref name=&quot;lang matei&quot; /&gt; ’n Nuwe regering is deur Vasile Tarlev (19 April 2001 – 31 Maart 2008) en Zinaida Greceanîi (31 Maart 2008 – 14 September 2009) gevorm.

In 2001–2003 het die betrekkinge tussen Moldowa en Rusland verbeter, maar in 2003–2006 het dit weer versleg ná die mislukking van die [[Kozak-memorandum]] oor ’n voorgestelde hereniging met Transnistrië, en dit het gelei tot ’n Russiese verbod op die invoer van Moldowiese en Georgiese wyn in 2006.

Die Party van Kommuniste het agt jaar lank aan die bewind gebly. Hulle het in 2009 begin steun verloor nadat Marian Lupu by die Demokratiese Party aangesluit en so baie mense van die Kommuniste af weggelok het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Marandici, Ion, The Factors Leading to the Electoral Success, Consolidation and Decline of the Moldovan Communists' Party During the Transition Period (23 April 2010). By die Midwestern Political Science Association Convention van April 2010. Beskikbaar by SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1809029&lt;/ref&gt;

In die parlementsverkiesing van 2009 het die Kommuniste 49,48% van die stemme gewen, gevolg deur die Liberale Party (13,14%). Die omstrede uitslag van die verkiesing het gelei tot burgerlike opstande.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} SevenTimes.ro: [http://www.seventimes.ro/politics/supporting_actions_for_moldovas_riot.html &quot;Supporting actions for Moldova's riot&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121031517/http://seventimes.ro/politics/supporting_actions_for_moldovas_riot.html |date=21 Januarie 2010 }}, 08 April 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;omg.md&quot;&gt;{{en}} &quot;[http://omg.md/Content.aspx?id=2437&amp;lang=2 The protest initiative group: LDPM is the guilty one for the devastations in the Chișinău downtown]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2012}}&quot;, 8 April 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unimedia.info&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://unimedia.info/stiri/-11183.html &quot;EU flags flying on the Presidency and Parliament, to calm the masses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060456/http://unimedia.info/stiri/-11183.html |date=23 Oktober 2013 }}&quot;, 2 Junie 2009&lt;/ref&gt; In Augustus 2009 het vier partye – die Liberaal-Demokratiese, die Liberale en die Demokratiese Party en die Ons Moldowa-alliansie – besluit om die Alliansie vir Europese Integrasie te vorm en dit het die Kommuniste die amptelike opposisie gemaak. Vladimir Voronin, wat sedert 2009 president was, het eindelik op 11 September 2009 bedank, maar in die presidentsverkiesing van 2009 kon die parlement nie ’n president kies nie en die waarnemende president, Mihai Ghimpu, het ’n kommissie vir grondwetlike hervorming in Moldowa in die lewe geroep om ’n nuwe grondwet op te stel. Ná die mislukking van ’n referendum in 2010 om die hervorming goed te keur,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [[Reuters]], [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6840FD20100905 Moldovan referendum appears to flop on low turnout]&lt;/ref&gt; is die regering weer ontbind en ’n nuwe parlementsverkiesing is uitgeroep vir 28 November van dié jaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11430570 |title=Moldova going to third election in two years |date=28 September 2010 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521033544/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11430570 |archive-date=21 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Op 30 Desember 2010 is Marian Lupu verkies tot speaker.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249049268.html |title=Marian Lupu elected Head of Parliament |date=30 November 2010 |publisher=allmoldova |accessdate=27 Oktober 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184732/http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249049268.html |archive-date=13 Augustus 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kragtens die grondwet sou hy dien as waarnemende president. Nadat die Alliansie vir Europese Integrasie ’n [[mosie van wantroue]] verloor het, is die Pro-Europese Koalisie op 30 Mei 2013 gevorm.

== Regering ==
[[Lêer:Parlament Building Moldova.jpg|duimnael|250px|Die Moldowiese parlement.]]
Moldowa is ’n unitêre, parlementêre, verteenwoordigende en demokratiese republiek. Die grondwet van 1994 vorm die raamwerk vir die land se regering. ’n Parlementêre meerderheid van minstens twee derdes is nodig om die grondwet te wysig en dit kan nie verander word in tye van oorlog of ’n nasionale krisis nie. Sekere veranderings kan eers ná ’n referendum gedoen word. Geen veranderings kan aangebring word wat die fundamentele regte van die land se inwoners beperk nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://www.e-democracy.md/en/legislation/constitution/ The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova], 2000. Besoek op 31-10-2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die sentrale wetgewende liggaam is die eenkamer-parlement met sy 101 setels. Die lede word elke vier jaar gekies deur middel van ’n algemene verkiesing. Die staatshoof is die president, wat deur die parlement gekies word en die steun van drie vyfdes van die afgevaardigdes verg (minstens 61 stemme). Die president stel ’n premier aan, wat as regeringshoof dien en op sy beurt ’n kabinet saamstel, wat deur die parlement goedgekeur moet word.

Daar is ook ’n onafhanklike konstitusionele hof, wat uit ses regters bestaan waarvan twee deur die president aangestel word, twee deur die parlement en twee deur die raad van magistrate. Hulle dien vir ses jaar en in dié tyd kan hulle nie verwyder word en is hulle aan geen mag onderwerp nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;const&quot; /&gt;

=== Buitelandse betrekkinge ===
[[Lêer:European Union Moldova Locator.svg|duimnael|250px|Moldowa het lidmaatskap van die EU ’n saak van prioriteit gemaak.]]
Ná sy onafhanklikheid van die Sowjetunie het Moldowa betrekkinge met ander Europese lande aangeknoop. Uiteindelike lidmaatskap van die [[Europese Unie]] en neutraliteit definieer die land se riglyne vir buitelandse betrekkinge. In 1995 is Moldowa toegelaat tot die Raad van Europa.

Benewens die land se deelname aan [[Navo]] se Vennootskap vir Vrede-program is Moldowa ook ’n lidstaat van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] (VN), die Oragnaisasie vir Sekuriteit en Samewerking in Europa, die [[Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie]] (Navo), die [[Wêreldhandelsorganisasie]] (WHO), die [[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] (IMF), die [[Wêreldbank]] en die Europese Bank vir Rekonstruksie en Ontwikkeling.

Aan die einde van 2005 is ’n ooreenkoms tussen Moldowa en die Oekraïne gesluit waarvolgens die EU die twee lande sal help om hul grense en doeaneprosedures vas te stel en die lande sal steun in hul bestryding van misdaad oor hul grens heen.

Ná die Oorlog van Transnistrië in 1990–1992 het Moldowa hom beywer vir ’n vreedsame oplossing vir die konflik in Transnistrië deur met Roemenië, die Oekraïne en Rusland saam te werk en te vra vir internasionale bemiddeling. Die Moldowiese minister van buitelandse sake het herhaaldelik gesê die Russiese soldate in die streek is daar teen die wil van die Moldowiese regering en gevra dat hulle &quot;volkome en onvoorwaardelik&quot; onttrek.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.easybourse.com/bourse-actualite/marches/moldova-calls-on-russian-troops-to-leave-transdniestr-574221|title=Moldova Calls On Russian Troops To Leave Transdniestr}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Oktober 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2010 het die [[Europese Parlement]] ’n lening van €90&amp;nbsp;miljoen aan Moldowa toegestaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/en/pressroom/content/20100907IPR81460/ EU to grant €90 million to crisis-hit Moldova]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ook die IMF,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20100130/157721106.html |title=Moldova to get $570 million in IMF loans &amp;#124; Ex-Soviet States &amp;#124; RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=30 Januarie 2010 |accessdate=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013319/http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20100130/157721106.html |archive-date=1 Mei 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wêreldbank en ander organisasies het vir die land geld geleen. Van die lande wat hulp met allerlei projekte verleen, is Roemenië&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/romania-moldova-to-boost-relations Romania, Moldova to Boost Relations]&lt;/ref&gt; en [[Pole]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.azi.md/en/story/9504 Poland will support Moldova in its European integration efforts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827015717/http://www.azi.md/en/story/9504 |date=27 Augustus 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administratiewe verdeling ===
{{Moldowa-gebiede|links}}
Moldowa is verdeel in 32 distrikte (''raioane''), drie munisipaliteite en twee outonome gebiede ([[Gagaoesië]] en [[Transnistrië]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://descentralizare.gov.md/regionmap.php?l=ro&amp;idc=310|title=Autorităţi publice locale|publisher=Government of Moldova|accessdate=12 Oktober 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die finale status van Transnistrië word betwis, aangesien die sentrale regering nie die gebied beheer nie. Die stede [[Comrat]] en [[Tiraspol]], die hoofstede van die twee outonome gebiede, het ook munisipale status.

=== Weermag ===
[[Lêer:У Києві на Хрещатику пройшов військовий парад з нагоди 27-ї річниці Незалежності України (43414556415).jpg|duimnael|250px|Soldate van die Moldowiese leër.]]
Die Moldowiese weermag bestaan uit die leër en lugmag. Die land het al die wapenbeheervereistes van die voormalige Sowjetunie nagekom en op 30 Oktober 1992 die Verdrag oor Konvensionele Weermagte in Europa bekragtig, wat groot perke stel wat betref sleutelkategorieë van konvensionele militêre toerusting. Die land het die voorwaardes van die Atoomwapensperverdrag in Oktober 1994 in [[Washington, D.C.]] aanvaar. Dit het geen [[kernwapen|kern-]], biologiese of chemiese wapens nie.

Moldowa lê hom ook neer by verskeie internasionale en streeksregulasies vir die beheer van wapens soos die VN se Vuurwapenprotokol en Program van Aksie.

=== Menseregte ===
Volgens [[Amnestie Internasionaal]] kom &quot;marteling en ander mishandeling&quot; in polisie-aanhouding gereeld voor; die staat stel nie onmiddellike en onpartydigee ondersoeke in nie en polisiebeamptes spring soms straf vry. Politieke andersdenkendes van die [[Ilaşcu-groep]], wat in hegtenis geneem is oor die moord op twee seperatiste-amptenare, is eers vrygelaat van vrywillige aanhouding ná ’n bevel van die [[Europese Hof van Menseregte]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/6039.html Ilascu and Others vs. Moldova and Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613032014/http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/6039.html |date=13 Junie 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, toe Moldowa sy ernstigste opstande in ’n dekade beleef het, is verskeie burgers deur die polisie vermoor en talle ander beseer.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Bureau of Diplomatic Security, [https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10459 Moldova 2011 Crime and Safety Report]&lt;/ref&gt;

Volgens ’n verslag van die Amerikaanse departement van buitelandse sake in April 2011 is geen moorde deur die veiligheidsmagte aangeteken nie, in teenstelling met die vorige jaar, en verslae oor die regering wat buitensporige druk op die media uitgeoefen het, het verminder. &quot;Maar Transnistriese owerhede val steeds onafhanklike media en wetmakers van die opposisie lastig, beperk vryheid van assosiasie, beweging en godsdiens, en diskrimineer teen Roemeenssprekendes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} United States Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154439.htm 2010 Human Rights Report: Moldova]&lt;/ref&gt;

Moldowa &quot;het noemenswaardige vooruitgang gemaak in verband met godsdiensvryheid sedert die tydperk van die Sowjetunie, maar dit kan steeds verdere stappe doen om diversiteit aan te moedig,&quot; het die VN se spesiale beriggewer oor die vryheid van godsdiens, Heiner Bielefeldt, in September 2011 in Chișinău gesê.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39500 Moldova: UN human rights expert calls for more fostering of religious diversity]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geografie ==
Moldowa lê tussen die [[breedtegraad|breedtegrade]] 45° en 49°&amp;nbsp;N, en tussen die [[lengtegraad|lengtegrade]] 26° en 30°&amp;nbsp;O. Die land se totale oppervlakte is 33&amp;nbsp;851&amp;nbsp;km².

Die grootste deel van die land lê tussen twee rivier, die Dnjester en Proet. Die westelike grens van Moldowa word deur die Proet gevorm, waarna dit by die [[Donou]] aansluit voordat dit in die [[Swartsee]] uitmond. Moldowa het net vir sowat 480&amp;nbsp;m toegang tot die Donou, en Giurgiulești is die enigste hawe in dié deel. In die ooste is die Dnjester die grootste rivier; dit vloei van noord tot suid deur die land en kry water van verskeie ander riviere.

Hoewel die land naby die Swartsee is, word dit deur land omring. Die grootste deel is heuwelagtig, maar dit is nooit hoër as 430&amp;nbsp;m nie — die hoogste punt is die Bălănești-heuwel. Die heuwels is deel van die Moldowiese Plato, wat geografies in die [[Karpate]] begin. In die suide is daar ’n klein vlakte, die Bugeac-vlakte.

{{Wide image|Orhei panorama 01.jpeg|1100px|Panorama van die museumkompleks Ou Orhei, ’n reeks historiese monumente en natuurlike landskappe, wat bekend is vir sy grotkloosters.}}

=== Klimaat ===
[[Lêer:Koppen-Geiger Map MDA present.svg|duimnael|Klimaatsones in Moldowa volgens die [[Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie]]]]
Omdat Moldowa so naby aan die [[Swartsee]] lê, het dit ’n matige en sonnige klimaat.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Moldova.htm Moldova's Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014031249/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Moldova.htm |date=14 Oktober 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is matig kontinentaal: die somers is lank en warm met temperature van gemiddeld sowat 20&amp;nbsp;°C, en die winters is relatief matig en droog met Januarie-temperature van gemiddeld sowat {{nowrap|-4&amp;nbsp;°C}}. Die jaarlikse reënval, wat kan wissel van sowat 600&amp;nbsp;mm in die noorde tot 400&amp;nbsp;mm in die suide, is wisselvallig; lang tyd sonder reën is nie ongewoon nie. Die grootste reënval vind in die vroeë somer en weer in Oktober plaas; swaar reënval en donderstorms is algemeen. Vanweë die onegalige terrein veroorsaak die somerreën dikwels erosie en slik in die riviere.

Die hoogste temperatuur wat nog in Moldowa gemeet is, was 41,5&amp;nbsp;°C op 21 Julie 2007 in Camenca.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Camenca Camenca temperature]&lt;/ref&gt; Die laagste temperatuur was {{nowrap|-35,5&amp;nbsp;°C}} op 20 Januarie 1963 in Brătușeni.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Bratuseni-weather/Gagauzia/MD.aspx Bratuseni temperature]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ekonomie ==
[[Lêer:MoldovanGDPBySector af.svg|duimnael|Moldowa se BBP volgens sektor.]]
[[Lêer:Karte-Moldawien-Wein-01.png|duimnael|Kaart van Moldowa se wynboustreke]]
Ná die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie in 1991 het [[energie]]tekorte gelei tot ’n groot afname in produksie. Ná ’n ekonomiese reddingsplan het die ekonomie ’n positiewe groei getoon van 2,1% in 2000 en 6,1% in 2001, en daarna bly groei.

Ná Rusland se finansiële krisis van 1998 het Moldowa groot vordering gemaak om makro-ekonomiese en finansiële stabiliteit te bereik en te handhaaf. Tog is lewensomstandighede van ’n lae gehalte in verhouding met ander oorgangsekonomieë. Min is in die afgelope dekade gedoen om die land minder kwesbaar te maak. Ná ’n groot ekonomiese agteruitgang, maatskaplike en ekonomiese uitdagings, en energieprobleme is Moldowa een van die lande in Europa met die laagste inkomste per capita.

In 2005 het sowat 20,8% van die bevolking onder die broodlyn gelewe en minder as $2,15 per dag verdien. Die BBP en menslike-ontwikkelingsindeks is ver onder die wêreldgemiddelde. Die BBP in 2011 was maar $12,15&amp;nbsp;miljard.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/moldova/economy_profile.html |title=Moldova Economy Profile 2014 |website=Indexmundi.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704182811/https://www.indexmundi.com/moldova/economy_profile.html |archive-date=4 Julie 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Energie: Moldowa voer sy [[petrol]], [[steenkool]] en [[gas]] hoofsaaklik van Rusland af in. Die land is lid van die EU se energieprogram wat ten doel het om lidlande se energiesekuriteit en volhoubare energieontwikkeling te verhoog en beleggings te lok vir energieprojekte.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.inogate.org |title=INOGATE website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118080914/http://www.inogate.org/ |archive-date=18 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |accessdate=17 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Wynbedryf: Moldowa is bekend vir sy wyne. Baie jare lank was wynbou die algemene beroep van die bevolking. Bewyse hiervan kan gesien word in historiese gedenktekens en dokumente, [[folklore]] en gesproke Moldowies. Die land het ’n goed gevestigde wynbedryf. Dit het wingerde van 147&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;ha, waarvan 102&amp;nbsp;500&amp;nbsp;ha gebruik word vir kommersiële produksie. Die meeste van die land se wyne word gemaak vir uitvoer. Baie gesinne het hul eie resepte en wingerde wat van geslag tot geslag oorgedra word. Volgens ’n 2011-verslag van die [[Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie]] het Moldowa in 2005 die meeste alkohol per kop in die wêreld verbruik.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite news |url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf |title=Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2011, Appendix III |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=17 Maart 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506084206/https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf |archive-date=6 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Landbou: Moldowa se [[tsjernozjom]] (vrugbare swart grond) en kontinentale klimaat met sy warm somers en matige winters het tot gevolg dat dié streek sedert antieke tye groot sukses behaal in die landbousektor. Die land is ’n groot verskaffer van landbouprodukte in Suidoos-Europa.

; Toerisme: Die land se toerisme fokus op die natuurlike landskap en geskiedenis. Wyntoere word landwyd aangebied. Bekende kelders sluit in Cricova, Purcari, Ciumai, Romanesti, Cojușna en Milestii Mici.

; Vervoer: Die meeste vervoer vind plaas per treinspoor (1&amp;nbsp;138&amp;nbsp;km) en snelweë (12&amp;nbsp;730&amp;nbsp;km). Die enigste internasionale lughawe is Chișinău. Klein bote gebruik die Giurgiulești-terminaal op die Donou-rivier. Die riviere Proet en Nistru speel net ’n klein rol in die land se vervoerstelsel.

; Telekommunikasie: In September 2005 is ’n miljoen gebruikers van selfone geregistreer. Die aantal gebruikers het in die eerste kwartaal van 2008 met 47,3% toegeneem teenoor die vorige jaar en was toe meer as 2,89 miljoen.&lt;ref name=&quot;2mil&quot;&gt;{{ro}} [http://www.anrceti.md/ R. Moldova are deja peste două milioane de utilizatori ai serviciilor de telefonie mobilă] – Agenţia Naţionala pentru Reglementare în Comunicaţii Electronice și Tehnologia Informaţiei (ANRCETI)&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2009 was Moldowa die eerste land in die wêreld wat hoëdefinisie-stemdienste vir selfone gekry het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/31/orange-launches-hd-mobile-phone-service |title=Orange launches HD mobile phone service |author=Katie Allen |date=31 Desember 2009 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314093452/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/dec/31/orange-launches-hd-mobile-phone-service |archive-date=14 Maart 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daar was in 2010 reeds sowat 1&amp;nbsp;295&amp;nbsp;000 [[internet]]gebruikers.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&amp;ReportFormat=HTML4.0&amp;RP_intYear=2010&amp;RP_intLanguageID=1&amp;RP_bitLiveData=False International Telecommunication Union – BDT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106002436/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&amp;ReportFormat=HTML4.0&amp;RP_intYear=2010&amp;RP_intLanguageID=1&amp;RP_bitLiveData=False |date= 6 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografie ==
=== Kulturele en etniese samestelling ===
[[Lêer:Harta etnica a Republicii Moldova - 2004.jpg|duimnael|Verspreiding van [[etniese groep]]e in Moldowa, 2014]]
Die laaste syfers wat bekend is, is dié van die 2004-sensus in Moldowa&lt;ref name=&quot;2004census_ethnic&quot;&gt;{{ro}} [http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamintul_populatiei/vol_1/6_Nationalitati_de_baza_ro.xls Population by main nationalities, in territorial aspect]&lt;/ref&gt; (in dele wat deur die sentrale regering beheer word) en die 2004-sensus in Transnistrië (in dele wat deur die wegbreekrepublieke beheer word, onder meer Transnistrië, Bender en vier naburige kommunes):
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|- style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot;
! Selfidentifikasie !! Moldowiese&lt;br /&gt;sensus !! % van &lt;br /&gt;Moldowa !! Transnistriese&lt;br /&gt;sensus !! % van Transnistrië&lt;br /&gt;+ Bender !! Totaal !! %
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Moldowiërs{{smallsup|A}} || 2 564 849 || 75,81% || 177 382 || 31,94% || 2 742 231 || 69,62%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Oekraïners || 282 406 || 8,35% || 160 069 || 28,82% || 442 475 || 11,23%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Russe || 201 218 || 5,95% || 168 678 || 30,37% || 369 896 || 9,39%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Gagaoesiërs || 147 500 || 4,36% || 4 096 || 0,74% || 151 596 || 3,85%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Roemene{{smallsup|A}} || 73 276 || 2,17% || 253 || 0,05% || 73 529 || 1,87%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Bulgare ||  65 662 || 1,94% ||  13 858 || 2,50% || 79 520 || 2,02%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Romani || 12 271 || 0,36% || 507 || 0,09% || 12 778 || 0,32%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Pole || 2 383 || 0,07% || 1 791 || 0,32% || 4 174 || 0,11%
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| Ander || 30 159 || 0,89% || 27 454 || 4,94% || 57 613 || 1,46%
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| '''TOTAAL''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''3 383 332''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''100%''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''555 347''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''100%''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''3 938 679''' || {{nbsp|2}}'''100%'''
|}

{{smallsup|A}} Daar is steeds ’n geskil oor of [[Moldawiërs]] en Roemene tot dieselfde etniese groep behoort – dus of die Moldawiërs se selfidentiteit ’n aparte etniese groep of ’n Roemeense subgroep is. Wat die resultaat nog ingewikkelder maak, is dat 18,8% van die respondente wat hulself as Moldawiërs beskou, Roemeens as hul moedertaal aangegee het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |last=Protsyk |first=Oleh |others=Andrzej Marcin Suszycki, Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski |title=Nation and Nationalism. Political and Historical Studies |publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut Wrocawskie Wydawn. Oswiatowe |date=1 Januarie 2007 |chapter=Nation-building in Moldova |isbn=978-83-7432-261-4 |url=http://www.policy.hu/protsyk/Publications/NationalisminMoldova.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Stede ===
Die grootste stede is die hoofstad, [[Chișinău]], in die middel van die land, [[Tiraspol]] in die ooste van Transnistrië, [[Bălţi]] in die noorde en [[Bender]] in die suidooste. [[Comrat]] is die hoofstad van Gagaoesië.

Daar is altesaam 66 stede en dorpe, insluitende die vyf met munisipale status, en 916 kommunes. Nog 699 dorpe is te klein om aparte administrasies te hê en vorm deel van óf stede (40 van hulle) óf kommunes (659). Dit is altesaam 1&amp;nbsp;681 nedersettings, waarvan almal behalwe twee bewoon word.

{{Grootste stede van Moldowa}}

{{clear}}

=== Tale ===
[[Lêer:Limba noastră graffiti in Moldova.jpg|duimnael|120px|’n Advertensie vir die volkslied, Limba Noastră (Ons Taal), waaroor iemand die woord ''Română'' gespuitverf het.]]
Die 1994-grondwet van Moldowa gee [[Moldawies]] aan as die amptelike taal en die [[alfabet]] waarin dit geskryf word, is [[Latynse alfabet|Latyns]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.e-democracy.md/en/legislation/constitution/ |title=Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425182448/http://www.e-democracy.md/en/legislation/constitution/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1991 se onafhanklikheidsverklaring word die amptelike taal as [[Roemeens]] aangegee.&lt;ref&gt;{{ro}} [http://www.moldova-suverana.md/index.php?start_from=&amp;ucat=7&amp;subaction=showfull&amp;id=1156426235&amp;archive=1156767681&amp; Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova], Moldova Suverană&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot that language and how to tell them apart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224120109/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf |date=24 Februarie 2007 }}, Europese Kommissie&lt;/ref&gt; In 1989 se staatstaalwet word gepraat van ’n Moldowies-Roemeense taalidentiteit.

In 2003–2009 het die Kommunistiese regering ’n nasionale politieke wetsvoorstel aanvaar dat die bestaan van Moldowies verseker moet word.&lt;ref name=&quot;conceptia&quot; /&gt; Geleerdes stem saam dat Moldowies en Roemeens dieselfde taal is, maar dat &quot;Moldowies&quot; in ’n sekere politieke verband gebruik word.&lt;ref&gt;{{ro}} {{cite web |url=http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |title=Marian Lupu: Româna și moldoveneasca sunt aceeași limbă |publisher=Realitatea .NET |accessdate=7 Oktober 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141515/http://www.realitatea.net/marian-lupu--romana-si-moldoveneasca-sunt-aceeasi-limba_288666.html |archive-date=22 Desember 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Russies het die status van &quot;taal vir interetniese kommunikasie&quot; (naas die amptelike taal) en word in die praktyk wyd gebruik op alle vlakke van die gemeenskap en die staat. Volgens bogenoemde politieke wetsvoorstel is ’n Russies-Moldawiese tweetaligheid kenmerkend van Moldowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;conceptia&quot;&gt;{{ro}} &quot;[http://old.parlament.md/download/laws/ro/546-XV-19.12.2003.doc Concepţia politicii naţionale a Republicii Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314113035/http://old.parlament.md/download/laws/ro/546-XV-19.12.2003.doc |date=14 Maart 2012 }}&quot; Moldowiese Parlement&lt;/ref&gt;

Volgens die 2004-sensus het Moldowa ’n aansienlike persentasie Russe (6%) en Oekraïners (8,4%). Sowat 50% van Oekraïners, 27% van Gagaoesiërs, 35% van Bulgare en 54% van kleiner etniese groepe praat [[Russies]] as eerste taal. Daar is altesaam 541&amp;nbsp;000 mense (of 16% van die bevolking) in Moldowa wat Russies as eerste taal praat, onder andere 130&amp;nbsp;000 etniese Moldowiërs. Aan die ander kant gebruik 47&amp;nbsp;000 lede van etniese minderhede Roemeens as eerste taal.

[[Gagaoesies]] en [[Oekraïens]] word algemeen in spesifieke streke gepraat en het saam met Russies amptelike status in Gagaoesië en Transnistrië onderskeidelik.

=== Godsdiens ===
{{Staafgrafiek kas
|sweef=regs
|byskrif=Godsdiens in Moldowa
|wydte=300px
|stawe =
{{Staafgrafiek persent|[[Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk|Ortodoks]]|rooi|93.34}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|[[Protestantisme|Protestants]]|blou|1.89}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|[[Ougelowiges]]|groen|0.15}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|[[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Katoliek]]|geel|0.14}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|[[Jode|Joods]]|blou|0.11}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|Ateïsties|oranje|0.38}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|Geen|rooi|0.98}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|Geen antwoord|grys|2.24}}
{{Staafgrafiek persent|Ander|blou|0.88}}
}}

Vir die 2004-sensus was dit nie nodig vir [[Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk|Ortodokse]] Moldowiërs (93,3% van die bevolking) om aan te dui of hulle behoort tot die Moldowies-Ortodokse Kerk (wat onder die [[Russies-Ortodokse Kerk]] val) of die Ortodokse Kerk van Bessarabië (wat onder die [[Roemeens-Ortodokse Kerk]] val en beweer hulle is die nasionale kerk van die land) nie. Altesaam 1,9% van die bevolking is Protestants, 0,9% beoefen ander godsdienste, 1% is nie godsdienstig nie, 0,4% is ateïsties en 2,2% het nie die vraag oor godsdiens geantwoord nie.

=== Opvoeding ===
[[Lêer:Biblioteca Nationala Vasile Alecsandri, Chisinau, Republica Moldova Vasile Alecsandri National Library, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova (51171201087).jpg|duimnael|250px|Die Nasionale Biblioteek van Moldowa.]]
Daar is 16 staats- en 15&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/links/National-reports-2007/National_Report_moldova2007.pdf |title=Bologna Process Template for National Reports: 2005–2007 (Moldova) |last=Moldovanu-Batrinac |first=Viorelia |date=18 Desember 2006 |work=Bologna Process website |publisher=European Higher Education Area |page=3 |accessdate=2 Julie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184124/http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/links/National-reports-2007/National_Report_moldova2007.pdf |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; privaat instellings vir hoër onderwys in Moldowa, met altesaam 126&amp;nbsp;100 studente (104&amp;nbsp;300 in staatsinstellings en 21&amp;nbsp;700 in privaat instellings). Die getal studente per 10&amp;nbsp;000 inwoners het konstant toegeneem sedert die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie; dit was 217 in 2000–2001 en 351 in 2005–2006.

Die Nasionale Biblioteek van Moldowa is in 1832 gestig. Die Staatsuniversiteit van Moldowa en die Akademie vir Wetenskap is in 1946 gestig.

=== Misdaad ===
Volgens die [[CIA World Factbook]] is wydverspreide misdaad en ondergrondse ekonomiese bedrywighede van die grootste misdaadkwessies in Moldowa.

=== Gesondheid ===
Die gemiddelde geboortekoers is 1,5 per vrou.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MDA.html|title=Human Development Report 2009 – Moldova|publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org|date=|accessdate=7 Oktober 2009|archive-date=23 Maart 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323184920/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MDA.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Openbare uitgawes vir gesondheid was 4,2% van die BBP en die privaat uitgawes 3,2%.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; Daar is sowat 264 dokters per 100&amp;nbsp;000 mense.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

Sedert die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie het die land minder aan gesondheidsorg bestee en as gevolg daarvan het die gevalle van [[tuberkulose]] toegeneem.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/health-system-declined-tb-increased |title=Pulitzer Center Reporting on MDR-TB in Moldova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190022/http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/health-system-declined-tb-increased |archive-date=8 Januarie 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moldawië is een van die lande met die meeste gevalle van middelweerstandige tuberkulose in die wêreld.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=58042|title=Tuberculosis,Former Soviet Nations, China Face High MDR-TB Prevalence}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emigrasie ===
Emigrasie is ’n massaverskynsel in Moldowa en dit het ’n groot invloed op die land se demografie en ekonomie. Die Moldowiese intelligensie-en-veiligheidsdiens raam dat 600&amp;nbsp;000 tot ’n miljoen Moldowiërs (amper 25% van die bevolking) oorsee werk.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.outreachworld.org/Files/u_texas/Decision-Activity_Russia.pdf Understanding Migration, Emigration from Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514225142/http://www.outreachworld.org/Files/u_texas/Decision-Activity_Russia.pdf |date=14 Mei 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kultuur ==
[[Lêer:Eminescu.jpg|duimnael|140px|Mihai Eminescu.]]
Deurdat Moldova op die kruispad van Roemeense, Slawiese en ander beskawings lê, het die land sy kultuur verryk met van die tradisies van sy bure en ander invloedsbronne.

’n Deel van die land se kultuur word gekenmerk deur verskeie [[Kerk (gebou)|kerke]] en [[klooster]]s wat in die 15de eeu deur die Moldawiese leier [[Stefanus III van Moldawië|Stefanus die Grote]] laat bou is, asook die werke van die latere [[renaissance]]-metropoliete Varlaam en Dosoftei, en dié van geleerdes soos Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin, Nicolae Milescu, Dimitrie Cantemir en Ion Neculce.

In die 19de eeu het Moldawiërs van die gebiede van die Middeleeuse Prinsdom Moldawië in ’n groot mate bygedra tot die vorming van die moderne Roemeense kultuur. Tussen hulle was baie Bessarabiërs, soos Alecu Donici, Alexandru Hâjdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Constantin Stamati, Constantin Stamati-Ciurea, Costache Negruzzi, Alecu Russo en Constantin Stere.

Mihai Eminescu, ’n laat-Romantiese digter, en Ion Creangă, ’n skrywer, is die invloedrykste kunstenaar in Roemeens en word in sowel Roemenië as Moldawië as nasionale skrywers beskou.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.poemhunter.com/mihai-eminescu/biography/ Biography of Mihai Eminescu] at poemhunter.com&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.creatingculturalcapitals.eu/rom/?My_heroes:Mihai_Eminescu Mihai Eminescu]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at creatingculturalcapitals.eu&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.refugeesinpa.org/RefugeeResettlementProgram/Map/Europe.aspx Moldova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402074315/http://www.refugeesinpa.org/refugeeresettlementprogram/Map/Europe.aspx |date= 2 April 2013 }} at refugeesinpa.org&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.ce-review.org/00/3/lovatt3.html 2000: Year of Eminescu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201420/http://www.ce-review.org/00/3/lovatt3.html |date=23 September 2015 }} at Central Europe Review&lt;br /&gt;[http://explore.theculturetrip.com/europe/moldova/ Moldova]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at explore.theculturetrip.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Die grootste etniese groep in die land praat Roemeens/Moldowies en deel die Roemeense kultuur. Die land het ook belangrike etniese minderhede. Gagaoesiërs maak 4,4% van die bevolking uit; hulle is ’n [[Christendom|Christelike]] [[Turkse volke|Turkse volk]]. Ook [[Grieke]], [[Armeniërs]], [[Pole (volk)|Pole]] en [[Oekraïners]] was in kleiner hoeveelhede sedert die 17de eeu in die land aanwesig en het ’n kulturele invloed gehad. In die 19de eeu het nog Oekraïners, asook Lipowane, Bulgare en Duitsers hulle hier gevestig.

In die tweede helfte van die 20ste eeu het ’n groot aantal Sowjet-immigrante gearriveer en hulle het baie elemente van die Sowjet-kultuur saam met hulle gebring.

=== Gewilde media ===
In Oktober 1939 was ''Radio Basarabia'', ’n plaaslike stasie van die Roemeense Radio-uitsaaimaatskappy, die eerste radiostasie wat in Kisjinef (Chișinău) begin is. Televisie-uitsendings het in April 1958 begin, binne die raamwerk van Sowjet-TV. Deur kabel-TV kan Moldowiërs baie Russiese kanale, ’n paar Roemeense kanale en verskeie Russiese weergawes van internasionale kanale opvang.

=== Voedsel ===
[[Lêer:Sarmalute mamaliguta.JPG|duimnael|220px|’n Gewilde Moldowiese gereg van opgestopte koolrolletjies, met sauerkraut en mămăligă.]]
Moldowiese kos stem baie ooreen met dié van Roemenië, en het sterk invloede van Russiese, Turkse en Oekraïense geregte. Hoofgeregte sluit in [[beesvleis]], [[varkvleis]], [[aartappel]]s, [[kool (plant)|kool]] en ’n verskeidenheid graansoorte. Gewilde drankies is Moldowiese [[wyn]], [[brandewyn]] en [[bier]].

Omtrent ewe veel sterk drank, bier en wyn word verbruik.

=== Musiek ===
[[Lêer:Moldova at ESC 2011.jpg|duimnael|220px|Zdob și Zdub tree op by die Eurovision Song Contest in 2011.]]
Onder Moldowië se bekendste komponiste is Gavriil Musicescu, Ştefan Neaga en Eugen Doga.

Op die gebied van gewilde musiek is daar die groep O-Zone, wat in 2003 bekend geword het, met hul liedjie &quot;Dragostea Din Tei.&quot; Moldowa neem sedert 2005 deel aan die [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. Nog ’n gewilde groep is Zdob și Zdub, wat die land verteenwoordig het by die [[Eurovision-sangfees]] in 2005; hulle het sesde geëindig.

In Mei 2007 het Natalia Barbu Moldowa in dié jaar se Eurovision Song Contest in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], verteenwoordig met haar liedjie &quot;Fight&quot;. Sy het die tiende plek behaal.

In 2011 het Zdob și Zdub die land weer verteenwoordig en die twaalfde plek behaal. Dan Bălan, nog ’n gewilde kunstenaar, het die album ''Chica Bomb'' in 2010 uitgereik.

Die groep SunStroke Project met Olia Tira het die land in 2010 by die Eurovision Song Contest verteenwoordig net hul liedjie &quot;Run Away&quot;. Hul optrede het internasionaal bekend geraak as ’n [[internet]]fenomeen vanweë die heupbewegings van Sergey Stepanov, die groep se [[Saksofoon|saksofonis]].

Onder die bekendste klassieke musikante in Moldowa is Mark Pester, ’n [[viool]]speler en dirigent. Hy was ’n leerling van die beroemde vioolafrigter Leopold Auer by die Sint Petersburgse Konservatorium. As dirigent het hy die eerste [[opera]]s in Moldowa aangebied en saam met die grootste soliste soos Sergei Rachmaninof gespeel.

Nog ’n klassieke musikant is Maria Biesu, een van die wêreld se voorste [[Sopraan|soprane]], die [[Klavier|pianis]] Mark Zeltser en Oleg Maisenberg, ook ’n pianis.

=== Sport ===
[[Lêer:AUT vs. MDA 2015-09-05 (006).jpg|duimnael|Die [[Moldowiese nasionale sokkerspan]] in 2015]]
[[Sokker]] is die gewildste sportsoort in Moldowa. Die beheerliggaam is die [[Moldowiese Sokkervereniging]] en is ’n lid van [[UEFA]]. Die [[Moldowiese nasionale sokkerspan]] het sy eerste wedstryd in 1994 gespeel, maar nog nie vir die [[UEFA Europa-beker]] gekwalifiseer nie. Die suksesvolste sokkerklub is [[FC Sheriff Tiraspol|Sheriff Tiraspol]], die eerste en enigste Moldowiese klub wat vir die groepfase van die [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] en die [[UEFA Europa League|Europa League]] gekwalifiseer het. Ander wenners van die [[Moldowiese Nasionale Divisie]] sluit in [[FC Zimbru Chișinău|Zimbru Chișinău]], [[FC Dacia Chișinău|Dacia Chișinău]], [[FC Tiraspol]] en [[FC Milsami Orhei|Milsami Orhei]].

''[[Trânta]]'' (’n soort [[stoei]]) is die land se nasionale sportsoort. [[Rugby]] is ook baie gewild. Meer as ’n 10&amp;nbsp;000 ondersteuners besoek tuiswedstryde. Sedert 2004 het die aantal spelers op alle vlakte tot meer as 3&amp;nbsp;200 verdubbel. Die nasionale span is 34ste op Wêreldrugby se wêreldranglys gelys. Die bekendste [[Fietsry|fietsresies]] is die Moldowiese Presidentsbekerresies, wat sedert 2004 aangebied word. In [[skaak]] het Moldowa verskeie internasionale meesters opgelewer soos [[Viorel Iordăchescu]], [[Dmitry Svetushkin]] en [[Victor Bologan]].

[[Radu Albot]] is een van die suksesvolste Moldowiese [[tennis]]spelers en het titels in ATP-enkel- (Delray Beach Open 2019) en dobbelspeel (Istanboel-ope) gewen.

Moldowiese atlete het al Europese medaljes gewen in [[atletiek]], [[tweekamp]], [[sokker]] en [[gimnastiek]]; wêreldmedaljies in [[boogskiet]], [[judo]], [[swem]] en [[taekwondo]]; asook [[Olimpiese Spele|Olimpiese]] medaljes in [[boks]], [[kanovaart]], [[skyfskiet]], [[gewigoptel]] en stoei. Moldowa het sy Olimpiese debuut tydens die [[Olimpiese Winterspele 1994]] in [[Lillehammer]] gemaak. Olimpiese medaljewenners sluit in [[Sergei Mureiko]], [[Oleg Moldovan]], [[Vitalie Grușac]], [[Veaceslav Gojan]] en [[Serghei Tarnovschi]]. [[Nicolae Juravschi]] het die Sowjetunie tydens die [[Olimpiese Somerspele 1988]] in [[Seoel]] verteenwoordig en twee medaljes gewen.

== Vervoer ==
Die land se tweede besigste [[lughawe]]ns is die [[Chișinău Internasionale Lughawe|Chișinău]] en [[Bălți-Leadoveni Internasionale Lughawe]]ns.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldova|title=Moldova|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=4 November 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/moldova/|title=Moldova|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=4 November 2025}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Moldova|Moldowa}}
{{Wikt|Moldowa}}
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Moldova|Moldowa}}
* {{ro}} [https://moldova.md/ Amptelike webwerf]
* {{en}} [https://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/moldova.htm Moldova, Republic of] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054002/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/moldova.htm |date= 4 Maart 2016 }} van ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* {{en}} [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17601580 Moldowa op die BBC-webtuiste]

{{Geografiese ligging
| Senter = {{vlagland|Moldowa}}
| Noord = {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| Noordoos = {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| Oos = {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| Suidoos = {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| Suid = {{vlagland|Roemenië}}
| Suidwes = {{vlagland|Roemenië}}
| Wes = {{vlagland|Roemenië}}
| Noordwes = {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
}}

{{Lande van Europa}}
{{SEVA}}
{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

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'''Monaco''' ([[Frans]] ''Monaco'', [mɔnako]; [[Monegaskies]]: ''Munegu''), amptelik die '''Prinsdom Monaco''' ([[Frans]]: ''Principauté de Monaco''; [[Monegaskies]]: ''Principatu de Munegu''), is 'n [[Europa|Europese]] stad- en mikrostaat. Ná die [[Vatikaanstad]] is Monaco die tweede kleinste land ter wêreld en word deur die oudste heersende dinastie, die [[Huis van Grimaldi]], geregeer.

[[Lêer:Panorama schloss monaco.jpg|duimnael|links|350px|Die paleis van Monaco]]
[[Lêer:Centro histórico, Mónaco, 2016-06-23, DD 01.jpg|duimnael|links|350px|Le Rocher met die historiese middestad (Le Rocher of Monaco-Ville genoem)]]
Monaco is tussen [[Frankryk]] en die [[Middellandse See]] geleë, aan die [[Franse Riviera]] of ''Côte d'Azur'' (&quot;Asuurblou Kus&quot;) en sowat 21&amp;nbsp;km van die Franse grens met [[Italië]] af. Monaco, wat volledig deur Franse staatsgebied omsluit word, bestaan hoofsaaklik uit die ou stad Monaco en die woongebiede wat later bygevoeg is. Dit is die digbevolkste staat ter wêreld met meer as 16&amp;nbsp;000 inwoners per vierkante kilometer.

Na Monaco word dikwels verwys as die [[Manhattan]] van die Middellandse See, 'n bynaam wat op die talle [[wolkekrabber]]s en voortdurende boubedrywighede in die prinsdom sinspeel. Monaco is allermins een van die aantreklikste kusoorde langs die Franse Riviera – [[Monte Carlo]] word eerder as 'n lofsang op [[glas]] en [[beton]] beskryf, versinnebeeld deur veelverdieping-hotelle en woonsteltorings wat uit 'n doolhof strate verrys en met hul helder fasades 'n sterk kontras vorm teen die heuwels in die agtergrond. Nogtans is daar ook 'n historiese kwartier, geleë op 'n groot rotsformasie aan die hawe se suidekant, Le Rocher. Hier is ook die prinslike paleis geleë.

Die vraagstukke, wat die klein prinsdom in die gesig staar, verskil nie baie van dié van groter lande nie. Die handhawing van die openbare orde is 'n prioriteit vir die regering; lae [[misdaad]]syfers is belangrik om Monaco se aantreklikheid vir die welgesteldes en skones te bewaar. Terselfdertyd het Monaco aan die begin van die 21ste eeu die voorheen ongekende stap gedoen om sy deure vir hoofstroom-[[toerisme]] te open.

Toeriste word deur die aangename [[klimaat]] en uitstekende [[infrastruktuur]] met 'n hoë digtheid luukse hotelle en eersterangse [[restourant]]e (waaraan tien Michelin-sterre toegeken is&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [https://www.frankfurt-live.com/tourismus-in-monaco-nimmt-wieder-fahrt-auf-122503.html ''Frankfurt-live.com, 8 Junie 2020: Tourismus in Monaco nimmt wieder Fahrt auf. Besoek op 21 Augustus 2020'']&lt;/ref&gt;) gelok; welvarendes trek daarnaas voordeel uit Monaco se reputasie as verskaffer van finansiële dienste, belastingshawe – alhoewel lande soos Frankryk moeite doen om die prinsdom se aantrekkingskrag op belastingontduikers te verminder, terwyl ook inligting uitgeruil word met die Amerikaanse federale belastingsdiens ''Internal Revenue Service (IRS)'' – en jaghawe. Met uitsondering van Franse burgers, wat in hul geboorteland belastingpligtig bly, hoef permanente bewoners geen belasting op inkomste en erflatings te betaal nie – rede genoeg vir welvarende buitelanders om hulle in die prinsdom te vestig. Ondernemings trek eweneens voordeel uit Monaco se belastingwetgewing.

Bekende persoonlikhede uit die televisie- en vermaakbedryf vergader jaarliks in Monaco ter geleentheid van Monte Carlo se televisiefees wat danksy 'n inisiatief van prins [[Rainier III van Monaco|Rainier III]] sedert 1961 gehou word. Die invloed van Monaco se eie uitsaaibedryf strek ver buite sy grense. Sedert die 1960's maak Radio Monte-Carlo (RMC) gebruik van senders met baie groot reikwydtes om gehore in groot dele van Frankryk te teiken. Sedert die 1970's word ook programme vir [[Italiaans]]e luisteraars uitgesaai. RMC beskik oor uitgebreide FM-netwerke in albei lande. Franse radioprogramme word aangevul deur die televisiediens TV Monte-Carlo (TMC).&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17616158 ''BBC.com: Monaco profile – Media. Besoek op 21 Augustus 2020'']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimologie ==
Gedurende die 6de eeu v.C. het Phokeane van Massalia (die huidige [[Marseille]]) die kolonie Monoikos gestig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klieger2012&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=P. Christiaan Klieger |title=The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrfwGa4aCwYC&amp;pg=PA165 |date=29 November 2012|publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-7427-2 |pages=165–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die naam van dié kolonie is ontleen aan die plaaslike aanbidding van die [[Griekse mitologie|Griekse]] [[halfgod]] [[Herakles]], wat later ook deur die [[Rome]]ine vereer is en volgens oorlewering 'n antieke pad deur die streek van Spanje na Italië gebou het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klieger2012&quot; /&gt; Die [[Romeinse Ryk|Romeinse keiser]] [[Julianus]] het ook Herakles se bouwerk aan Monaco se hawe en 'n kuspad beskryf.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rike1987&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=R. L. Rike |title=Apex Omnium: Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0LbfTAT--gC&amp;pg=PA24 |year=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05858-3 |pages=24–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die pad was besaai met altare vir Herakles en 'n tempel wat aan hom gewy was, is op die rots van Monaco opgerig. Vervolgens is die benaming &quot;Hawe van Herakles&quot; vir die antieke hawe gebruik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klieger2012&quot; /&gt; ''Monoeki'' beteken &quot;enkele een&quot; en ''Monoikos'' beteken &quot;enkelhuis&quot; wat 'n verwysing kon gewees het na Herakles of sy tempel, of die geïsoleerde gemeenskap wat die gebied rondom die rots bevolk het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klieger2012&quot; /&gt;

== Geografie en klimaat ==
=== Geografie ===
[[Lêer:Monaco satellite map.png|duimnael|[[Nasa]]-Satellietbeeld van Monaco]]
[[Lêer:Monaco5.png|duimnael|Die 10 wyke van Monaco]]
[[Lêer:Monaco Monte Carlo 1.jpg|duimnael|'n Uitsig oor Monte Carlo]]
Die Prinsdom Monaco is, naas die [[Vatikaanstad]], die kleinste onafhanklike staat ter wêreld. Dit lê aan die Mediterreense kus, sowat 18&amp;nbsp;km oos van [[Nice]] en digby die [[Italië|Italiaanse]] grens. Monaco word deur Frankryk omring, behalwe 'n kus langs die [[Liguriese See]]. Die prinsdom beslaan 'n smal strokie land, met 'n kuslyn van meer as 3,2&amp;nbsp;km, waar die rotswande van die [[Alpe|Alpynse]] voorheuwels steil uit die see verrys. Die hoogste punt in die prinsdom is &quot;Le Rocher&quot; (Die Rots), 140&amp;nbsp;m bo seespieël.

Tot 1959 het Monaco 'n oppervlakte van slegs sowat 150&amp;nbsp;ha beslaan. Sedertdien is die grondgebied deur middel van [[landwinning]] tot 202&amp;nbsp;ha vergroot. Groot dele daarvan is dig bebou, en dikwels word ouer geboue afgebreek om plek te maak vir nuwe veelverdiepinggeboue.

Monaco word in tien wyke (''quartiers'') verdeel:
# Monaco-Ville, die hoofstad en ou stad wat op 'n voorgebergte in die Middellandse See lê
# La Condamine, die hawegebied
# [[Monte Carlo]], die vernaamste woongebied en vakansieoord met die kasino
# Fontvieille, 'n nuwe woongebied wat kunsmatig uit die see gewen is, met onder meer die winkelsentrum ''Carrefour''
# Moneghetti aan die westelike grens met die Cap d'Ail
# Larvotto Terano met sy seeklub, noordoos van Monte Carlo
# en Saint-Romain, 'n klein gemeenskap wat aan Larvotto Terano grens
# Saint Michel
# La Colle
# Les Révoires

=== Klimaat ===
Die prinsdom staan bekend vir sy natuurskoon en sy matige Mediterreense [[winter]]reënklimaat met warm en droë [[somer]]s en 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur van 16&amp;nbsp;°C. Die gemiddelde laagste temperatuur in Januarie en Februarie is 8&amp;nbsp;°C (47&amp;nbsp;°F), terwyl die gemiddelde hoogste temperatuur in Julie en Augustus tot 26&amp;nbsp;°C (78&amp;nbsp;°F) styg. Daar word 'n gemiddeld van meer as driehonderd sonskyndae en 'n gemiddelde reënval van sowat 800&amp;nbsp;mm per jaar aangeteken.

{{Tabel weergemiddeldes
|locatie = Monaco
|bron = Monaco se webwerf&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} [http://www.visitmonaco.com/fr/Monaco-Pratique/Climat &quot;Climatological information for Monaco&quot;] – Monaco website&lt;/ref&gt;

| jan_gem=10.2           | jan_gem_ns=82.7
| feb_gem=10.4           | feb_gem_ns=76.4
| mrt_gem=11.8           | mrt_gem_ns=70.5
| apr_gem=13.9           | apr_gem_ns=62.2
| mei_gem=17.1           | mei_gem_ns=48.6
| jun_gem=20.8           | jun_gem_ns=36.9
| jul_gem=23.5           | jul_gem_ns=15.6
| aug_gem=23.7           | aug_gem_ns=31.3
| sep_gem=21.6           | sep_gem_ns=54.4
| okt_gem=17.8           | okt_gem_ns=108.2
| nov_gem=14.0           | nov_gem_ns=104.2
| dec_gem=11.4           | dec_gem_ns=77.5
| jaar_gem=16.4          | jaar_gem_ns=768.5

| jan_gem_min=8.1        | jan_gem_max=12.3
| feb_gem_min=8.2        | feb_gem_max=12.5
| mrt_gem_min=9.6        | mrt_gem_max=14.0
| apr_gem_min=11.6       | apr_gem_max=16.1
| mei_gem_min=14.8       | mei_gem_max=19.4
| jun_gem_min=18.5       | jun_gem_max=23.0
| jul_gem_min=21.2       | jul_gem_max=25.8
| aug_gem_min=21.5       | aug_gem_max=25.9
| sep_gem_min=19.3       | sep_gem_max=23.8
| okt_gem_min=15.6       | okt_gem_max=19.9
| nov_gem_min=11.9       | nov_gem_max=16.1
| dec_gem_min=9.3        | dec_gem_max=13.4
| jaar_gem_min=14.1      | jaar_gem_max=18.5

| zujan = 148.8
| zufeb = 152.6
| zumrt = 201.5
| zuapr = 228.0
| zumei = 269.7
| zujun = 297.0
| zujul = 341.0
| zuaug = 306.9
| zusep = 240.0
| zuokt = 204.6
| zunov = 156.0
| zudec = 142.6

| rdjan = 6.8
| rdfeb = 6.4
| rdmrt = 6.1
| rdapr = 6.3
| rdmei = 5.2
| rdjun = 4.1
| rdjul = 1.9
| rdaug = 3.1
| rdsep = 4.0
| rdokt = 5.8
| rdnov = 7.0
| rddec = 6.0
}}

== Geskiedenis ==
=== Antieke tydperk ===
[[Lêer:Meyers b9 s0067b.jpg|duimnael|Monaco as deel van die Romeinse [[Ligurië]], 1ste eeu v.C.]]
Die naam Monaco is afgelei van die nabygeleë Griekse kolonie Monoikos, wat in die 6de eeu v.C. deur Griekse setlaars, die Phokeane, gestig is. Volgens 'n ou mite het Herkules die gebied van Monaco besoek, en ter ere van hom het die Phokeane 'n tempel opgerig – die tempel van Herkules Monoikos, wat later die middelpunt van 'n Gallies-Romeinse nedersetting sou word. Die godheid se bynaam Monoikos – die Unieke – sou vervolgens ook na die nedersetting verwys.

Monoikos is in 122 v.C. deur Romeinse troepe verower. Gedurende die bloeitydperk van die [[Romeinse Ryk]] het ook Monaco gefloreer. Akwadukte het in die kusgebied ontstaan om nedersettings van vars water te voorsien, terwyl paaie, wat langs die Mediterreense kus geloop het, Italië met Spanje verbind het. Uit die gebied van Monaco is olyfolie, [[wyn]] en [[suurlemoen]]e na [[Rome]] uitgevoer.

Ná die ondergang van die Romeinse Ryk in die 5de eeu het Germaanse stamme die gebied binnegedring. Die inheemse bevolking het met [[Gote|Gotiese]] en [[Franke|Frankiese]] setlaars vermeng wat hulle hier gevestig het.

=== Middeleeue ===
[[Lêer:Malizia.jpg|duimnael|Muurskildery van François Grimaldi wat – verklee as 'n monnik – daarin geslaag het om die Rots van Monaco in te neem]]
Min is bekend oor die gebied se geskiedenis tussen die 5de en 10de eeu. Monaco het in die 9de eeu 'n deel van die Graafskap [[Nice]] geword.

Teen die middel van die 11de eeu het Genuese troepe die stad verower, en Monaco het 'n kolonie van die Italiaanse [[Genua|Republiek van Genua]] geword. Vanaf 1070 het lede van die Grimaldi-gesin as stadshere gefungeer. Die keisers van die [[Heilige Romeinse Ryk]] het die inlywing van Monaco by die Genuese magsgebied herhaaldelik goedgekeur. In 1162 het keiser [[Frederik I (Barbarossa)|Frederik Barbarossa]] sy toestemming vir die vestiging van Genuese koopmans in die gebied verleen, terwyl keiser Hendrik VI Monaco in 1191 amptelik aan die Republiek van Genua geskenk het. Die politieke en militêre gesag is deur twee Genuese kastellane (''castellani'') uitgeoefen wat ook die opperbevel oor Monaco se garnisoen gehad het. Regspraak is deur 'n regter (''podestà'') uitgeoefen. Die gemeenskap van Monegaskiese burgers (in [[Latyn]] ''Universitas'' genoem) het die administrasie van die gebied in hande gehou; namens hulle is Monaco deur twee amptenare of ''syndici'' geadministreer.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} Wolfgang Ismayr (red.): ''Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas''. 4., aktualisierte und überarbeitete Auflage. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2009, bl. 924&lt;/ref&gt;

Twee eeue lank het 'n bloedige magstryd hier afgespeel tussen twee Genuese partye – die Ghibelline, aanhangers van die keisers, en die pousgesinde Guelfe. Die Ghibelline het in 1215 'n vesting opgerig, die historiese voorloper van die huidige prinslike paleis. In 1297 het François Grimaldi, 'n lid van die Guelfe-party, in die py van 'n Fransiskaanse monnik (&quot;monaco&quot; in [[Italiaans]]) verklee en die Ghibelline-vesting ingeneem wat die beroemde rots van Monaco destyds beskerm het. Die gesinshoof van die Guelfe het sy heerskappy as Rainier I begin en die stamvader van die nog steeds regerende dinastie van die Huis van Grimaldi geword wat Monaco sedertdien as 'n onafhanklike gebied geregeer het.

In 1346 het Charles I Grimaldi daarin geslaag om die nabygeleë stad [[Menton]] by Monaco in te lyf. 1355 het ook Roquebrune 'n Monegaskiese besitting geword. Tydens die heerskappy van Jean I het Monaco in 1419 uiteindelik die eiendom van die Huis van Grimaldi geword. Die Franse koning [[Karel VIII van Frankryk|Karel VIII]] en die hertog van Savoie het in 1489 met 'n oorkonde die onafhanklikheid van Monaco erken.

=== Monaco as prinsdom ===
[[Lêer:Frontiere Monaco.gif|duimnael|Afstigting van die stede Menton en Roquebrune in 1848]]
Honoré II van Monaco het in 1612 die eerste heerser geword wat die titel &quot;prins&quot; gedra het. In 1731 het die heerskappy van die geslagslyn van Goyon de Matignon-Grimaldi begin.

Die enigste tydperk van vreemde heerskappy was die jare van 1789 tot 1814, toe Monaco deur Frankryk geannekseer is. Lede van die Huis van Grimaldi is reeds gedurende die [[Franse Rewolusie]] in hegtenis geneem en het enkele jare in die tronk deurgebring. Toe hulle vrygelaat is, was hulle om finansiële redes genoodsaak om die grootste deel van hul besittings te verkoop. Hul paleis, wat tydens die Rewolusie as pakhuis gedien het, het herstelwerk nodig gehad.

Volgens 'n besluit van die [[Kongres van Wene]] was Monaco van 1815 tot 1860 'n protektoraat van die Koninkryk [[Sardinië]], terwyl sy onafhanklikheid een jaar later deur die Frans-Monegaskiese Verdrag erken is. In 1836 het die kasino van Monaco sy deure geopen.

Die stede Menton en Roquebrune het in 1848 hulle onafhanklikheid verklaar en is twaalf jaar later by Frankryk ingelyf. Nadat Sardinië in 1861 'n deel van die koninkryk Italië geword het, het Frankryk danksy die oortuigingskrag van prins Charles III Grimaldi (1856–1889) die soewereiniteit van Monaco en sy huidige grense erken.

In 1865 het die doeane-unie tussen Frankryk en Monaco in werking getree. Tegelykertyd is die kasino van Monaco geopen. Danksy die wins uit die kasinobedryf geniet die inheemse bevolking van 1869 af belastingvryheid.

=== 20ste eeu ===
[[Lêer:Aerial view of Monaco at dusk.jpg|duimnael|Monaco in die aandskemer]]
[[Lêer:Princess Grace and Prince Rainier III.jpg|duimnael|Prins Rainier III en Gracia Patricia]]
Tot en met die proklamasie van 'n Grondwet in 1911 tydens die heerskappy van Albert I Grimaldi (1889–1922), het die prins van Monaco as 'n absolute heerser regeer. In Julie 1918 is 'n ooreenkoms onderteken wat bepaal het dat Frankryk in 'n beperkte mate as 'n beskermende mag sal optree. Die ooreenkoms, wat deel van die [[Verdrag van Versailles]] was, het van Monaco 'n protektoraat van Frankryk gemaak en die Monegaskiese politiek ondergeskik gemaak aan Franse politieke, militêre en ekonomiese belange. Die ooreenkoms het daarnaas ook Monaco se erfopvolging gereël; die Duitse dinastie Uracht-Württemberg is hiervan eksplisiet uitgesluit, selfs al sou die Huis van Grimaldi eendag uitsterf.

Vanaf die 1920's het Monaco 'n gewilde vakansiebestemming vir Europese en Amerikaanse film- en sportsterre en ander welgesteldes geword. Steeds meer luukse jagte het Monaco-hawe aangedoen, terwyl kunstenaars soos die skilder [[Pablo Picasso]] tot die prinsdom se natuurskoon aangetrokke gevoel het. Die motorwedren ''Grand Prix de Monaco'', wat in 1929 vir die eerste keer gehou is, het vinnig een van Europa se groot sportgebeurtenisse geword.

Nadat die nagevolge van die [[Groot Depressie]] ook in Europa baie rykdom vernietig het, het Monaco moeilike tye beleef. Die inkomste uit die plaaslike kasinobedryf en ander besighede het skerp gedaal. Die oorlogsjare tussen 1939 en 1945 was nóg 'n donker episode in die geskiedenis van die prinsdom. Alhoewel prins Louis II aanvanklik sy neutraliteit in die konflik tussen die fascistiese [[spilmoondhede]] en die [[Geallieerdes van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog|geallieerdes]] verklaar het, het hy vervolgens aktiewe steun aan die Vichy-regering verleen, 'n bewind wat deur Nazi-Duitsland in die suidelike gedeelte van Frankryk geïnstalleer.

Prins [[Rainier III van Monaco|Rainier III]] het die troon in 1949 bestyg ná die dood van sy grootvader Prins Louis II. Hy is in 1956 met die Amerikaanse rolprentster [[Grace Kelly]] (prinses Gracia Patricia&lt;ref&gt;Na die prinses word onder meer in die Afrikaanse, Nederlandse en Duitse taalgebied as ''Gracia'' verwys. In Frans en [[Engels]] het haar voornaam egter onveranderd ''Grace'' gebly.&lt;/ref&gt;) getroud. Met die nuwe Grondwet, wat in 1962 geproklameer is, is die doodstraf afgeskaf, die stemreg vir vroue ingevoer en 'n hooggeregshof ingestel om basiese burgerregte te beskerm.

In 1982 het prinses Gracia Patricia in 'n tragiese motorongeluk gesterf. In 1993 het Monaco 'n volwaardige lidstaat van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] geword.

=== 21ste eeu ===
[[Lêer:Balconies - Monaco 2014.jpg|duimnael|Bougrond is in Monaco so skaars dat landwinning oorweeg moet word]]
In 2002 het 'n nuwe ooreenkoms tussen Frankryk en Monaco bepaal dat die prinsdom 'n onafhanklike staat mag bly, selfs al sou daar geen erfgename wees wat die troon kan bestyg nie. 'n Vroeëre verdrag het in hierdie geval vasgelê dat Monaco weer by Frankryk ingelyf sou word. Die verantwoordelikheid vir militêre sake berus egter steeds by Frankryk.

Ses jaar ná sy aansoek om lidmaatskap is Monaco op 5 Oktober 2004 as die 46ste lidstaat van die [[Raad van Europa]] aanvaar. As 'n voorvereiste vir sy lidmaatskap, het Monaco 'n aantal grondwetlike hervormings deurgevoer waardeur die prinsdom meer in die rigting van 'n demokratiese regstaat beweeg en sy [[onafhanklikheid]] van Frankryk versterk het. Nogtans is die voorregte van die sowat 7&amp;nbsp;700 Monegaskiese burgers, veral op die arbeids- en behuisingsmark, bewaar.

Weens die ernstige siekte van sy vader het prins Albert vanaf 31 Maart 2005 sy ampspligte uitgevoer. Met die dood van prins Rainier op 6 April 2005 het Albert sy vader ná 'n routyd van drie maande op 12 Julie as prins [[Albert II van Monaco|Albert II]] opgevolg. Hy het op 1 Julie 2011 in die [[huwelik]] met die voormalige [[Suid-Afrika]]anse swemmer [[Charlene, Prinses van Monaco|Charlene Lynette Wittstock]] getree.

'n Nuwe landwinningsprojek ter waarde van omstreeks een miljard € is in 2014 in die beplanningsfase. Monaco se oppervlakte sal met ses hektaar vergroot word om nuwe geboue met tussen ses en tien verdiepings op te rig – waaronder luukse woonstelgeboue, winkels, sakekantore en geriewe vir openbare instellings asook 'n parkeerterrein en jaghawe vir veertig bote. Die nuwe buurt, wat tussen die hawebaai Anse du Portier en die Grimaldi-forum ontstaan, sal op 'n reuse-fondamentplaat rus wat twintig meter hoog is. Motors sal grotendeels verban word.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/maerkte,did=949096.html ''GTAI Germany Trade and Invest, 24 Januarie 2014: Monaco erweitert seine Fläche. Besoek op 18 Junie 2014''] {{dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politiek ==
[[Lêer:Whole Monaco.jpg|duimnael|'n Uitsig oor die hele staatsgebied van die Prinsdom Monaco]]
Monaco word sedert 1911, toe prins Albert I die eerste grondwet van Monaco, die ''Organisation constitutionelle'', afgekondig het, as 'n konstitusionele monargie geregeer, waarby die prins as staatshoof optree. Die staatsminister en regeringshoof is die voorsitter van die regeringsraad met vier lede (die kabinet). Staatsminister en regeringsraad vorm gesamentlik die uitvoerende gesag van Monaco.

Die staatsminister moet 'n Franse burger wees. Hy word deur die prins benoem. Die Franse regering stel volgens die verdrag van 1861 vooraf 'n aantal kandidate vir die amp voor.

Volgens die nuwe Grondwet van 1962 is Monaco 'n prinsdom met beperkte soewereiniteit. Die prins deel sy uitvoerende gesag met die een-kamer-parlement van Monaco, die Nasionale Raad (''Conseil National''). Die 24 lede van die parlement word vir 'n periode van vyf jaar in 'n algemene verkiesing gekies.

Die plaaslike politiek word deur die Kommunale Raad (''Conseil Communal'') met 15 verkose lede beheer. Die burgemeester is die voorsitter van die raad.

=== Nuwe staatsverdrag met Frankryk ===
[[Lêer:Coat of arms and flag of Monaco.jpg|duimnael|links|Vlag en wapen van Monaco]]
Prins Albert II het op 9 November 2005 in die [[Parys]]e [[Élysée-paleis]] 'n nuwe staatsverdrag met Frankryk onderteken waardeur die Prinsdom Monaco se outonomie vergroot is.

Volgens 'n konvensie van 1930 was alle politieke sleutelposte, waaronder ook die amp van ''ministre d'état'' (regeringsleier), gereserveer vir Franse amptenare, waarby die kandidate deur die Franse regering voorgestel en vervolgens deur die Prinsdom Monaco benoem is.

Volgens die nuwe staatsverdrag met Frankryk het tans ook Monaco die reg om self plaaslike kandidate te benoem. Terwyl die amp van regeringsleier nog deur 'n Franse burger (Michel Roger) beklee woord, het prins Albert II 'n Monegas, Franck Biancheri, benoem as minister van finansies en dus tweede belangrikste politikus in die regeringshiërargie.

=== Buitelandse betrekkinge ===
[[Lêer:Monaco Embassy in Washington.jpg|duimnael|Monaco se ambassade in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
Monaco handhaaf diplomatieke betrekkinge met ander state. Tans is daar vyftien Monegaskiese ambassades. Reeds in 1993 het die prinsdom 'n lidstaat van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] geword. Volgens die nuwe staatsverdrag met Frankryk vind gereeld konsultasie oor die grondbeginsels van Monaco se buitelandse beleid tussen die twee lande plaas, maar staan dit die prinsdom andersins vry om self met ander state diplomatieke betrekkinge aan te gaan en onderhandelinge oor wedersydse betrekkinge te begin. Sodanige onderhandelinge word onder meer met die Europese Unie gevoer.

Betrekkinge met die Verenigde State strek terug tot die middel van die 19de eeu. In 2006 is volle diplomatieke betrekkinge aangeknoop waarby die Amerikaanse ambassadeur in Frankryk ook in Monaco geakkrediteer word, net soos die Amerikaanse konsul-generaal in Marseille in wie se bevoegdheid die meeste diplomatieke en ander kontakte met Monaco val.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-monaco/ ''U.S. Department of State: U.S. Relations With Monaco. Besoek op 21 Augustus 2020'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Suid-Afrikaanse ambassade in Parys dien ook as ambassade vir Monaco; die ambassadeur word in albei lande geakkrediteer.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://en.gouv.mc/Policy-Practice/Monaco-Worldwide/Diplomacy-and-International-Presence/bilateral-relations/All-the-countries/South-Africa ''Gouvernement Princier: Representation of the Republic of South Africa in the Principality of Monaco. Besoek op 21 Augustus 2020''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810064001/https://en.gouv.mc/Policy-Practice/Monaco-Worldwide/Diplomacy-and-International-Presence/bilateral-relations/All-the-countries/South-Africa |date=10 Augustus 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die eerste amptelike verteenwoordiger van Monaco in Suid-Afrika is reeds in November 1964 benoem. R.P.A. Dyker, die destydse verteenwoordiger van die Nederlandse [[lugredery]] KLM in [[Kaapstad]], is as ere-konsul benoem, met toerisme as sy hooffokus.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} ''South African Digest'', 13 November 1964, bl. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ekonomie ==
Die Monegaske se lewenstandaard is hoog en vergelyk gunstig met dié van Franse metropolitaanse gebiede. Monaco is een van min lande sonder 'n publieke skuldlas.

=== Ekonomiese sektore ===
[[Lêer:008-day1-HD.jpg|duimnael|Uitsig oor die moderne kongres- en uitstalsentrum ''Forum Grimaldi'' wat teen 'n koste van €280 miljoen vlakby die strand van Larvotto opgerig en in Julie 2000 deur prins Rainier III amptelik ingewy is. Sowat 1&amp;nbsp;000 parkeerplekke en 'n vulstasie het ondergronds ontstaan]]
[[Lêer:Monaco08.JPG|duimnael|Woonstelblokke in Monte Carlo]]
[[Lêer:Vertical Garden.jpg|duimnael|Vertikale tuine is 'n geskikte oplossing vir 'n stad waar grond baie skaars is]]
Meer as 'n derde van Monaco se bruto binnelandse produk (33,94 persent) word deur twee ekonomiese sektore gegenereer, die bank- en versekeringbedryf (16,7 persent van die BBP) en wetenskap-, en tegnologiebedryf en administrasie (17,2 persent van die BBP). Ander belangrike sektore is handel (8,3 persent), onderwys, gesondheids- en sosiale dienste (8,1 persent) en eiendomme (7,6 persent).&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_59FE0412D046D890EDE8745436D8A393/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html ''Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Monaco – Ekonomie''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311080237/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_59FE0412D046D890EDE8745436D8A393/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html |date=11 Maart 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die staatsinkomste het in 2012 sowat 900 miljoen € beloop (2011: 810 miljoen €), die staatsbesteding 896 miljoen € (2011: 861 miljoen €). So is vir die eerste keer sedert 2008 weer 'n staatsinkomste-oorskot aangeteken. Die hoofbronne van staatsinkomste was die belasting op toegevoegde waarde (49 persent), korporatiewe belasting, belasting op ekonomiese en juridiese transaksies en 'n aantal ander belastings. Staatsmonopolies (waaronder die kasinobedryf, die uitreiking van posseëls en die belasting op tabak) speel intussen 'n minder belangrike rol. Daar is geen [[inkomstebelasting]] vir natuurlike persone nie.

'n Groot deel van die staatsuitgawes word aan die uitbou van die infrastruktuur bestee. Die prinsdom het sy ekonomie suksesvol gediversifiseer en sowel die dienstesektor asook klein, skoon nywerhede met groot waardetoevoeging uitgebrei.

'n Nuwe stasie is opgerig en die prinsdom sal in die toekoms deel van Frankryk se [[TGV]]-sneltreinspoorwegnet wees. Die aantal bushaltes is tot meer as 140 vergroot, en ook die aantal hotelbeddens het aansienlik gestyg. Die tekort aan goedkoper driesterhotelle word intussen verlig deur onder meer 'n nuwe hotel van die Franse ''Novotel''-ketting wat op die voormalige perseel van Radio Monte Carlo opgerig is.

Die Monegaskiese vervaardigingsbedryf is beperk tot ligte en omgewingsvriendelike nywerhede soos kosmetika en elektronika wat hoofsaaklik in Fontvieille, wes van Monaco-hawe, saamgetrek is.

=== Belasting ===
[[Lêer:Hotel de Paris à Monaco.JPG|duimnael|links|Hôtel de Paris]]
Monaco het sedert 1869 geen inkomstebelasting vir sy inwoners nie, maar wel 'n monopolie oor die posdiens en [[tabak]]. Die telefoonnetwerk is vroeër deur die staat beheer. Intussen is 49% in die besit van ''Cable and Wireless'', 45% van die staat en 6% van die ''Compagnie Monégasque de Banque'' (Monegaskiese Bankmaatskappy), alhoewel dit nog steeds 'n monopolie is. Monopolies is dalk die opmerklike kenmerk van Monaco se ekonomie; dit bestaan ook ten opsigte van die [[televisie]]-opvangs (antennes word nie toegelaat nie en die plaaslike kabeltelevisie is 'n verpligte diens), gas-, elektrisiteits- en watervoorsiening.

Die belangrikste belasting is dié op toegevoegde waarde, naas korporatiewe belasting en belasting op ekonomiese en regstransaksies. Die gebrek aan 'n inkomstebelasting maak Monaco 'n aantreklike woonplek vir Europese welgesteldes wat die belastingnet in hulle vaderland wil ontwyk, met die noemenswaardige uitsondering van Frankryk. Die prinsdom het sodoende die tuiste van sowat 20&amp;nbsp;000 miljoenêrs geword. Die meeste is sakelui en verdien hulle inkomste uit ondernemings buite die prinsdom.

=== Kasinobedryf ===
[[Lêer:Casinò - panoramio.jpg|duimnael|Die Casino de Monte-Carlo]]
Die kasinomaatskappy, wat deur die ''Société des Bains de Mer (SBM)'' beheer word en ná die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] sowat 70% van die staat se inkomste opgelewer het, dra met sy vyf kasino's nou minder as 5% by (in die jaar 1949 is dit nog 45 persent). Die kasino's is slegs oop vir buitelandse besoekers; Monegaske mag nie daar dobbel nie. Die SBM beheer tans veral gastronomiese ondernemings, soos sy vier hotelle (onder meer die luukse hotelle ''Monte Carlo Beach Hotel'' en die ''Hôtel de Paris''), meer as 20 restourante en die nagklub ''Jimmy'z''.

Die nuwe ''Monte Carlo Bay Hotel &amp; Resort'', 'n viersterhotel met elf verdiepings en 335 kamers, is op 1 Oktober 2005 op die skiereiland van die Larvotto ingewy en spog met sy eie strandmeer en [[chloor]]vrye water. Daarnaas beskik die SBM oor aansienlike eiendomme. Die staat besit 70 persent van die SBM se aandele, wat op die Paryse effektebeurs gelys is.

=== Ekonomiese ontwikkeling ===
[[Lêer:Bus panoramique touristique Le grand tour Monaco-2.JPG|duimnael|'n Toerbus neem toeriste na besienswaardighede]]
Monaco se bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) is in 2014 op 5,32 miljard € beraam. Die amptelike berekening van die per capita-BBP baseer op die de facto-bevolking (36&amp;nbsp;136, waarvan slegs 8&amp;nbsp;837 Monegaskiese burgers) en pendelaars uit die omgewing. Vir altesaam meer as 75&amp;nbsp;000 persone (alle permanente inwoners en pendelaars uit die buiteland) is dus in 2014 'n per capita-BBP van 63&amp;nbsp;497&amp;nbsp;€ bereken.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html ''Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake – Monaco: Ekonomie''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101091931/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html |date= 1 Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die groot getal pendelaars wys daarop dat werkloosheid in Monaco tans onbekend is – die werkloosheidsyfer is nul persent. Die aantal ekonomies aktiewe persone het in 2013 met 2,4 persent toegeneem en was met 50&amp;nbsp;792 groter as die inwonertal. Die inflasiekoers het in 2012 1,7 persent beloop.

Aan die begin van die 21ste eeu het Monaco se tekort op die lopende rekening – wat steeds deur fondse uit die staat se skatkis geëwenaar word – aansienlik toegeneem. Die regering onder prins Albert II besef dat die prinsdom sy gewildheid onder veral jong toeriste sterk moet vergroot. Monaco begin dus nie net sy beeld as toeristebestemming heeltemal verander nie, maar het ook 'n grootskaalse beleggingsprogram van stapel gestuur.

Aangesien die prys vir 'n vliegkaartjie van byvoorbeeld [[Duitsland]] na [[Nice]] in 2005 tot sowat €25 gedaal het, probeer Monaco nou ook meer jong toeriste met minder koopkrag na die prinsdom lok.

=== Monetêre beleid ===
[[Lêer:TourOdeon3.jpg|duimnael|Luukse woonsteltorings in Monaco]]
Monaco is nie lid van die Europese Unie nie, maar deur die monetêre en doeane-unie nou verbind met Frankryk. Volgens 'n monetêre ooreenkoms, wat Monaco met Frankryk as die verteenwoordiger van die Europese Unie gesluit het, mag die prinsdom sedert Januarie 1999 die Euro as amptelike geldeenheid gebruik. Die prinsdom mag nie self Euro-banknote uitgee nie, tog het Monaco die reg om vanaf 1 Januarie 2002 [[Euro]]- en Centstukke met sy eie ontwerpe op die nasionale sy te munt.

=== Wetenskap en tegnologie ===
Monaco se telekommunikasie-sektor het 'n leidende posisie in Europa wat die ontwikkeling van nuwe kommunikasie-tegnologieë betref. ''Monaco Telecom'' het byvoorbeeld die eerste UMTS-netwerk in Europa ingevoer. Prins Albert II het in 2006 sy omgewingsbewaringstigting, Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, in die lewe geroep wat hom met [[Klimaatverandering|klimaatsverandering]], biodiversiteit en water bemoei.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_59FE0412D046D890EDE8745436D8A393/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html ''Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Monaco – Ekonomie/Wetenskap en tegnologie''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311080237/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_59FE0412D046D890EDE8745436D8A393/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Monaco/Wirtschaft_node.html |date=11 Maart 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Buitelandse handel ===
[[Lêer:1FrancMonaco1978face.jpg|duimnael|links|Monegaskiese franc-muntstuk uit 1978 met 'n beeld van Rainier III]]
Weens die doeane-unie met Frankryk word gegewens oor die handel met dié buurland nie by amptelike statistieke oor die prinsdom se buitelandse handel ingesluit nie. Dus is Duitsland die belangrikste handelsvennoot, nog voor Italië. Die oorgrote deel van Monaco se buitelandse handel word met lidstate van die Europese Unie gedryf (66 persent van die uit- en 67 van die invoere). Die belangrikste handelsvennote buite die EU is die Verenigde State, Tunisië en die [[Volksrepubliek China]].

Die totale invoere het in 2013 1015 miljoen € beloop, terwyl goedere en dienste ter waarde van 1037 miljoen € uitgevoer is. Daar was dus 'n oorskot van 22 miljoen € op die lopende handelsrekening.

== Vervoer ==
[[Lêer:Monaco-Yachthafen.JPG|duimnael|Luukse [[Jag (plesierboot)|jagte]] in Monaco-hawe]]
Vir die grootste deel van die 20ste eeu was Monaco se hawegeriewe, wat tussen 1901 en 1926 ontstaan het en as Monaco-hawe of Port Hercule bekendstaan, voldoende om die skeepsverkeer in die prinsdom te hanteer. Eers toe dit in die laaste jare van die eeu vinnig toegeneem het en ook steeds groter privaat jagte en plesierbote in die hawe aangedoen het, het prins Rainier III besluit om die hawe se kapasiteit te vergroot.

Die geskikte oplossing vir Monaco was 'n groot drywende hawehoof van 165&amp;nbsp;000 ton met 'n lengte van 352 meter en 'n wydte van 28 meter wat in Spanje gebou is. Dit het 700 werkers byna drie jaar geneem om die hawehoof te voltooi. In Augustus 2002 is die hawehoof na Monaco gesleep. Die seehawe se kapasiteit is sodoende verdubbel, en dit is tans een van die wêreld se leidende hawens vir plesierbote.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} David C. King: ''Cultures of the World – Monaco''. Tweede uitgawe. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish 2008, bl. 10&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografie ==
[[Lêer:Monaco aerial view.jpg|duimnael|links|'n Lugfoto van Monaco]]
[[Lêer:MonacoBeiNacht.jpg|duimnael|'n Nagtelike uitsig oor Monaco]]
Ná die inlywing van Macau by die Volksrepubliek China het Monaco die digbevolkste land ter wêreld geword, met 18&amp;nbsp;185,5 inwoners per vierkante kilometer in 2011. Monaco vorm saam met die aangrensende en nabygeleë Franse stede soos [[Menton]] 'n agglomerasie met meer as 100&amp;nbsp;000 inwoners.

Volgens die jongste sensus (2008) was daar 35&amp;nbsp;352 inwoners. In 2011 is die totale bevolking op sowat 36&amp;nbsp;000 beraam. Die sowat 7&amp;nbsp;700 Monegasse is 'n minderheid in hul eie land. Die grootste deel van die bevolking is [[Franse]] burgers (28%), Monegasse (22%) en [[Italianers]] (19%). Die ander 31% van Monaco se internasionale bevolking kom uit 125 verskillende lande.

Die ampstaal is Frans, maar daar word ook Monegaskies ('n taal wat van die Genuese dialek afgelei is), en Engels en Italiaans as omgangstale gepraat. Monegaskies is 'n verpligte skoolvak. Nege en negentig persent van die bevolking is geletterd.

Die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] is Monaco se staatskerk, maar die Grondwet waarborg godsdiensvryheid. In 2002 was 91% van die bevolking Rooms-Katoliek en die res hoofsaaklik [[Protestantisme|Protestantse]] en [[Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk|Ortodokse Christene]] en [[Jode]].

== Kultuur en onderwys ==
=== Sport ===
[[Lêer:Monaco005.jpg|duimnael|Die sokkerstadion ''Stade Louis II'']]
Die prinsdom tree sedert 1929 as gasheerland van die ''[[Monaco Grand Prix|Grand Prix automobile de Monaco]]'' [[Formule Een]]-motorwedrenne en die ''Rallye automobile Monte-Carlo'' op, hoewel laasgenoemde oorwegend in die Franse département Alpes-Maritimes plaasvind.

Monaco het 'n [[sokker]]klub, die ''Association sportive de Monaco Football Club (AS Monaco)'', wat in die Franse Premier-sokkerliga speel.

=== Museums ===
[[Lêer:Monaco - Ozeanografisches Museum - panoramio (1).jpg|duimnael|Die Oseanografiese Museum van Monaco]]
Die Oseanografiese Museum van Monaco, 'n instelling wat uitgebou is tot wêreldfaam, is in 1910 deur die verligte prins Albert I gestig, wat self in die Franse vloot diens gedoen het. Later was [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] (1910–1997), 'n Franse vlootoffisier, ontdekkingsreisiger, navorser en ekoloog, die direkteur van die museum.

Die museum huisves 'n groot aantal [[akwarium]]s met seediere soos [[seesterre]], seeperdjies, seeskilpaaie, seekwalle, [[krappe]], [[kreef]], rogvisse, see-egels, [[seekomkommer]]s, palings, inkvisse en ander [[spesie]]s, asook 'n groot verskeidenheid voorwerpe soos modelskepe, geraamtes van seediere, werktuie, wapens en ander objekte.

=== Vermaak ===
Van 21 tot 30 Oktober 2005 het Monaco sy eerste Oktoberfest gevier volgens die Beiers-Duitse tradisie, met 'n egte ''Bierzelt'' langs die Casino.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} [https://www.monacomatin.mc/gastronomie/monaco-a-lheure-bavaroise-avec-loktoberfest-271849 ''Monaco-Matin, 24 Oktober 2018: Monaco à l'heure bavaroise avec l'Oktoberfest. Besoek op 21 Augustus 2020'']&lt;/ref&gt; Die fees word sedertdien jaarliks gehou. Die inheemse ''Bière de Monaco'', Duitse ''Weißwurst'' (wit worsies), ''Weihenstephan-'' en ''Hefeweizenbier'' word tydens die Oktoberfest selfs in die luukse Hôtel de Paris bedien.

=== Onderwys ===
[[Lêer:Le Lycée Albert 1er de Monaco.jpg|duimnael|links|Die Lycée Albert Premier is 'n gesogte openbare sekondêre skool in Monaco]]
Die onderwysstelsel in die prinsdom is grotendeels volgens die Franse voorbeeld georganiseer, met enkele plaaslike besonderhede.

Monaco se nege openbare en twee privaat skole met altesaam meer as 5&amp;nbsp;700 leerders van 'n sewentigtal nasionaliteite en meer as 500 onderwysers word op 'n internasionale grondslag bedryf. Daar is ses openbare kleuter- en laerskole, een hoërskool (''collège''), een gespesialiseerde hoërskool (''lycée'') wat algemene en tegniese opleiding aanbied asook een ''lycée'' wat praktiese beroepsopleiding (onder meer in die restaurantbedryf) verskaf. Monaco se twee privaat skole (met 1&amp;nbsp;200 leerders) word volgens 'n ooreenkoms tussen staat en kerk op 'n godsdienstige grondslag bedryf.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://en.gouv.mc/Policy-Practice/Youth/A-privileged-educational-system ''Gouvernement Princier – A privileged educational system'']&lt;/ref&gt;

Om nie-Franssprekende leerders in die Monegaskiese samelewing te integreer, word Frans as 'n vreemde taal onderrig. Engels-onderrig begin al op kleuterskoolvlak, met 'n opsie vir intensiewe onderwys vanaf die ouderdom van agt of nege jaar in laerskole.

Daar is een tersiêre instelling, die ''International University of Monaco (IUM)'' wat hom as Engelsmedium-universiteit op ekonomiese wetenskappe toespits.

== Poswese en filatelie ==
[[Lêer:Stamp Monaco 1885 5c.jpg|duimnael|links|Posseël ter waarde van 5 centimes met die portret van prins Charles III, uitgereik in 1885]]
[[Lêer:Monaco-CP-anté41-.jpg|duimnael|''Monaco – entre les Oliviers'' (Monaco – tussen die olyfbome) – 'n poskaart van die vroeë 20ste eeu]]
Monaco beskik nie oor sy eie posdiens nie. Volgens die Frans-Monegaskiese Vriendskapsverdrag, wat in 1640 in Péronne onderteken is, word alle posdienste op die staatsgebied van Monaco deur Frankryk verskaf. Die enigste onderbrekings was die tydperk van die Franse Rewolusie tussen 1793 en 1814 en die Sardiese protektoraat tussen 1815 en 1860. Die besonderhede van Monaco se poswese is op 9 November 1865 in die sogenaamde Buurskapskonvensie (''Convention de voisinage'') gereël. Dit is steeds van krag sodat in Monaco byvoorbeeld dieselfde postariewe van toepassing is soos in Frankryk. Daarnaas word ook die Franse [[poskode]]stelsel in Monaco gebruik. Die hele prinsdom het een enkele poskode: 98000.

Die Monegaskiese poswese is gevolglik tot die historiese gebruik van handstempels en die uitreiking van [[posseël]]s beperk. Hierdie tradisie het sy oorsprong in die eerste posstempel van 1704. Van hierdie vroeë periode dateer koeverte met handgeskrewe datums en handstempels wat in Monaco en die vesting Fort d'Hercule (tydens die Franse besetting tussen 1793 en 1814) gebruik is.

Tydens die Sardiese protektoraat is vir 'n kort tydperk tussen 1851 en 1860 Sardiese posseëls gebruik. Aangesien die Koninkryk Sardinië die graafskap Nice volgens die Verdrag van Turyn aan Frankryk afgestaan en ook sy protektoraat oor Monaco beëindig het, is vanaf daardie jaar ongeperforeerde Franse seëls gebruik wat van plaaslike stempels (&quot;Monaco&quot; of &quot;Monte-Carlo&quot;) voorsien is.

Op 1 Julie 1885 het Monaco begin om sy eie posseëls met 'n portret van prins Charles III van Monaco uit te reik, veral om sy soewereiniteit asook onafhanklike prinsdom te beklemtoon. Die gebruik van hierdie seëls was verpligtend vir alle posstukke wat vanaf Monaco gestuur is. Hoe meer die versameling van posseëls 'n gewilde stokperdjie geword het, hoe meer het versamelaars daarin belang gestel om op nuwe posseëls in te teken. Om in hulle behoeftes te kan voorsien, het prins Louis II op 6 November 1937 die ''Office des Emissions de Timbre-Postes (O.E.T.P.)'' gestig, met Henry Gamerdinger en Hyacinthe Chiavassa as eerste direkteure.

Vanaf 1949, toe Rainier III die Monegaskiese troon bestyg het, word die finale besluit oor die onderwerpe, motiewe en kleure van Monegaskiese posseëls deur die prins geneem, waarby hy deur die direkteur van die O.E.T.P. geadviseer word. Die prins was self 'n geesdriftige filatelis. Sy versameling het later as basis vir die Monegaskiese Posseël- en muntmuseum gedien. Danksy Rainier III, wat posseëls as &quot;ambassadeurs vir sy land&quot; beskou het, het Monegaskiese seëls baie gewild by internasionale versamelaars geword. Op sy hoogtepunt in 1985 het die O.E.T.P. sowat 35&amp;nbsp;000 intekenaars gehad. Intussen het dié getal afgeneem tot sowat 28&amp;nbsp;000.

Die O.E.T.P. het in 1955 tot die [[Wêreldposunie]] en in 1993 tot ''PostEurop'' toegetree. Monegaskiese posseëls is steeds 'n belangrike bron van inkomste en het hul gewildheid aan die hoogs ontwikkelde druktegnieke te danke wat by hul vervaardiging ingespan word. Monaco is die enigste land wat hiervoor gebruik maak van staalgravure – dit wil sê dat alle seël-motiewe net soos banknote as tekening in 'n staalplaat gegraveer word voordat hulle gedruk word. Die drukbeeld van hoogstaande gehalte kan maklik met 'n vergrootglas bekyk word.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} ''Die ganze Welt der Philatelie''. Lorch: Hermann E. Sieger 1995, bl. 35&lt;/ref&gt;

== Susterstede ==
* {{vlagikoon|België}} [[Oostende]], [[België]], sedert 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;Susterstede&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mairie.mc/mairie-monaco/la-politique-de-la-ville/ |title=La politique de la ville |publisher=La Mairie |accessdate=16 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110038/https://www.mairie.mc/mairie-monaco/la-politique-de-la-ville/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{vlagikoon|Frankryk}} [[Lucciana]], [[Frankryk]], sedert 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Susterstede&quot; /&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
----
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Monaco|title=Monaco|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=21 Julie 2025}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/|title=Monaco|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=21 Julie 2025}}

; Politiek / Nuwe staatsverdrag met Frankryk / Demografie
----
* {{de}} ''Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2007''. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 2006, bl. 343

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
; Algemene inligting
----
* {{fr}} [http://www.gouv.mc/ Amptelike webwerf van Monaco se regering]
* {{fr}} [http://www.mairie.mc/ Amptelike webwerf van Monaco se burgemeester]
* {{fr}} [http://www.palais.mc/ Amptelike webwerf van Monaco se prinslike paleis]

; Argitektuur
----
* {{en}} [http://edition.cnn.com/style/article/monaco-extension-sea/index.html?hpt=ob_galleryfooterexpansion ''CNN Style – Monaco's $2.3bn project to expand into Mediterranean Sea'']

; Toerisme
----
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Monaco}}
* {{en}} [https://www.visitmonaco.com/us ''Visit Monaco'']
* {{en}} [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/monaco ''Lonely Planet: Monaco'']

; Prinslike huis
----
* {{en}} [https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2020/04/the-monaco-princess-who-holds-south-africa-dear-to-her-heart/ ''Monaco Tribune, 9 April 2020: The Monaco Princess who holds South Africa dear to her heart'']

; Filatelie
----
* {{en}} [https://www.postbeeld.com/stamps/country/monaco ''Postbeeld.com: Stamps from Monaco'']

; Bootskou van Monaco | Monaco Yacht Show
----
* {{en}} [https://monacoyachtshow.com/en/ ''Monaco Yacht Show'']

{{Geografiese ligging
| Senter = {{vlagland|Monaco}}
| Noord = {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| Noordoos = {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| Oos = [[Middellandse See]]
| Suidoos = [[Middellandse See]]
| Suid = [[Middellandse See]]
| Suidwes = [[Middellandse See]]
| Wes = {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| Noordwes = {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
}}

{{Lande van Europa}}
{{Hoofstede in Europa}}
{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

[[Kategorie:Monaco| ]]
[[Kategorie:Nedersettings langs die Middellandse See]]</text>
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| bgcolour = #EEDC82
| name = Mercurius
| symbol = [[Lêer:Mercury symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☿|Mercurius se sterrekundige simbool]]
| image = [[Lêer:Mercury in true color.jpg|240px|Die planeet Mercurius]]
| caption = Mercurius in ware kleure, soos waargeneem deur die Messenger-wenteltuig op 14 Januarie 2008.
| orbit_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;horizons&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 April 2008 |first=Donald K. |last=Yeomans |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons |title=HORIZONS System |publisher=NASA JPL |access-date=7 April 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520143801/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| aphelion = 69&amp;nbsp;817&amp;nbsp;079&amp;nbsp;km&lt;br /&gt;0,466&amp;nbsp;698&amp;nbsp;35&amp;nbsp;AE
| perihelion = 46&amp;nbsp;001&amp;nbsp;272&amp;nbsp;km&lt;br /&gt;0,307&amp;nbsp;499&amp;nbsp;51&amp;nbsp;AE
| semimajor = 57&amp;nbsp;909&amp;nbsp;176&amp;nbsp;km&lt;br /&gt;0,387&amp;nbsp;098&amp;nbsp;93&amp;nbsp;AE
| orbital_area = 1,031 01 × 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; km²&lt;br /&gt;(0,461 AE&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
| eccentricity = 0,205&amp;nbsp;630&amp;nbsp;69
| synodic_period = 115&amp;nbsp;8776 dae&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;
| avg_speed = 47,36&amp;nbsp;km/s&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mercury Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html |publisher=[[Nasa]] Goddard Space Flight Center |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=28 Mei 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520143347/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| inclination = 7,004 87°&lt;br /&gt;(3,38° tot die [[sonnebaan]])&lt;ref name=&quot;meanplane&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date=2009-04-03 | title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter | url=http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif | accessdate=2009-04-03 | archive-date=2009-05-14 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5glwILykY?url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif | url-status=dead }} (geproduseer met [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=20 Desember 2008 }} geskryf van Aldo Vitagliano&lt;/ref&gt;
| asc_node = 
| satellites = 0
| minorplanet = 
| physical_characteristics = yes
| equatorial_radius = 2439,7&amp;nbsp;km&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=28 Mei 2009 |first=Kirk |last=Munsell |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury&amp;Display=Facts |title=Mercury: Facts &amp; Figures |work=Solar System Exploration |publisher=NASA |access-date=7 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116120234/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury |archive-date=16 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(0,383 [[Aarde]]s)
| flattening = 0,0009&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot; /&gt;
| surface_area = 7,48×10&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; km²&lt;br /&gt;(0,147 Aardes)
| volume = 6,083×10&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; km³&lt;br /&gt;(0,056 Aardes)
| mass = 3,302×10&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br /&gt;(0,055 Aardes)
| density = 5,427&amp;nbsp;g/cm³&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;
| surface_grav = 3,7&amp;nbsp;m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0,38 g&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;
| escape_velocity = 4,249&amp;nbsp;km/s&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;
| sidereal_day = 58,6462 dae (58 dae, 15,5088 uur)&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot; /&gt;
| rot_velocity = 10,892 km/h (by die [[ewenaar]])
| axial_tilt = ~0,01°&lt;ref name=Margot2007&gt;{{cite journal| last=Margot | first=L.J.| last2=Peale |first2= S.J. |last3= Jurgens |first3= R.F.| last4=Slade |first4= M.A. |last5= Holin |first5=I.V.| title=Large Longitude Libration of Mercury Reveals a Molten Core| journal=Science| year=2007 | volume=316 | pages=710–714| doi=10.1126/science.1140514
| bibcode=2007Sci...316..710M| pmid=17478713| issue=5825 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| right_asc_north_pole = 18 h 44 m 2 s&lt;br /&gt;281,01°&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;
| declination = 61,45°&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;
| albedo = 0,068 (Bond)&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaMercury&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Mallama, A.; Wang, D.; Howard, R.A. | title=Photometry of Mercury from SOHO/LASCO and Earth | journal=Icarus | volume=155 | issue=2 | pages=253–264 | year=2002 | doi=10.1006/icar.2001.6723 | bibcode=2002Icar..155..253M }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0,142 (geometries)&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaMercury&quot; /&gt;
| magnitude = -2,6&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaSky&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Mallama, A. | title=Planetary magnitudes | journal=Sky and Telescope | volume=121(1) | pages=51–56 | year=2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tot 5,7&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=ephemeris&gt;{{cite web |last=Espenak |first=Fred |date=25 Julie 1996 |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/TYPE/mercury2.html |title=Twelve Year Planetary Ephemeris: 1995–2006 |work=NASA Reference Publication 1349 |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 Mei 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520143635/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/TYPE/mercury2.html |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| angular_size = 4,5-13&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;
| temperatures = yes
| temp_name1 = 0°N, 0°W &lt;ref name=vasa&gt;{{cite journal | title= Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits | first1= Ashwin R. | last1= Vasavada | first2= David A. | last2= Paige | first3= Stephen E. | last3= Wood | date= 19 February 1999 | url= http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge151/references/vasavada_et_al_1999.pdf | journal= Icarus | volume= 141 | pages= 179–193 | id= Figure 3 with the &quot;TWO model&quot;; Figure 5 for pole | access-date= 23 Maart 2012 | archive-date= 13 November 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121113124427/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge151/references/vasavada_et_al_1999.pdf | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| min_temp_1 = 100 K ({{nowrap|-173 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| mean_temp_1 = 340 K {{nowrap|(67 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| max_temp_1 = 700 K ({{nowrap|427 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| temp_name2 = 85°N, 0°W&lt;ref name=&quot;vasa&quot; /&gt;
| min_temp_2 = 80 K ({{nowrap|-193 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| mean_temp_2 = 200 K ({{nowrap|-73 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| max_temp_2 = 380 K ({{nowrap|106,85 °C}})&amp;nbsp;
| atmosphere = yes
| surface_pressure = Baie klein (≲ 0,5 nPa)
| atmosphere_ref= &lt;ref name=&quot;nssdcMercury&quot;/&gt;
| atmosphere_composition = 31,7% [[kalium]]&lt;br /&gt;24,9% [[natrium]]&lt;br /&gt;9,5% atomiese [[suurstof]]&lt;br /&gt;7,0% [[argon]]&lt;br /&gt;5,9%
[[helium]]&lt;br /&gt;5,6% molekulêre [[suurstof]]&lt;br /&gt;5,2% [[stikstof]]&lt;br /&gt;3,6% [[koolstofdioksied]]&lt;br /&gt;3,4% [[water]]&lt;br /&gt;3,2% [[waterstof]]
}}

'''Mercurius''' is die kleinste [[planeet]] in die [[Sonnestelsel]] en die naaste een aan die [[Son]]. Een omwenteling van Mercurius om die Son duur 87,97 aarddae, die kortste van al die planete. Dit is genoem na die [[Romeinse mitologie|Romeinse god]] [[Mercurius (mitologie)|Mercurius]], die god van handel, die boodskapper van die gode en die tussenganger tussen gode en sterflinge. Hy stem ooreen met die [[Griekse mitologie|Griekse god]] [[Hermes]]. 

Nes [[Venus]] wentel Mercurius binne die [[Aarde]] se [[wentelbaan]] om die Son en sy skynbare afstand van die Son soos van die Aarde af gesien is nooit meer as 28° nie. Dié nabyheid aan die Son beteken die planeet kan net ná sonsondergang naby die westelike horison en voor sonsopkom naby die oostelike horison gesien word, gewoonlik in die skemerlig. Dan kan dit as 'n helder steragtige voorwerp gesien word, maar dit is moeiliker om te sien as Venus. Van die aarde af vertoon die planeet die volle siklus van fases, soortgelyk aan Venus en die [[Maan]], wat oor sy sinodiese periode (ten opsigte van die Aarde en die Son) van sowat 116 dae gesien kan word. Mercurius se sinodiese afstand van die Aarde af maak dat hy die grootste deel van die tyd die Aarde se naaste planeet is, hoewel Venus soms nader aan die aarde kom as wat enige ander planeet kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;AIP Publishing 2019 p. &quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=Venus is not Earth's closest neighbor | journal=Physics Today | publisher=AIP Publishing | date=2019-03-12 | issn=1945-0699 | doi=10.1063/pt.6.3.20190312a | page= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MoreOrLess&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Harford |first1=Tim |title=BBC Radio 4 – More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0001y9p |publisher=BBC |date=11 Januarie 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercurius roteer op 'n unieke manier in die Sonnestelsel. Dit is in 'n [[sinchroniese omwenteling|rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie]] van 3:2 met die Son,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System |first1=Linda T. |last1=Elkins-Tanton  |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4381-0729-5 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJoYlBWbCAYC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJoYlBWbCAYC&amp;pg=PA51 Extract of page 51]&lt;/ref&gt; wat beteken ten opsigte van die vaste sterre roteer dit om sy eie as drie keer vir elke twee omwentelings om die Son.&lt;ref name=rotasie group=&quot;nota&quot;&gt;In sterrekunde het die woorde &quot;rotasie&quot; en &quot;omwenteling&quot; verskillende betekenisse. &quot;Rotasie&quot; is die draai van 'n liggaam om sy eie as, soos die Aarde wat een keer per dag om sy as roteer. &quot;Omwenteling&quot; is 'n beweging om 'n sentrum buite die liggaam, soos die Aarde wat in 'n jaar om die Son wentel.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=orbit&gt;{{cite web |title=Animated clip of orbit and rotation of Mercury |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/messenger/or/OrbitRotation.html |publisher=Sciencenetlinks.com |access-date=10 Desember 2022 |archive-date= 5 Mei 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505222804/http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/messenger/or/OrbitRotation.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Lêer:Earth Mercury comparision vector.svg|duimnael|links|140px|'n Vergelyking in grootte tussen Mercurius en die Aarde.]]
Mercurius se as het die kleinste [[ashelling]] van al die planete in die sonnestelsel (sowat {{breuk|1|30}} graad). Sy [[Eksentrisiteit (sterrekunde)|eksentrisiteit]] (hoe ver sy wentelbaan van 'n ronde sirkel afwyk) is die grootste van al die planete &lt;ref name=dwergplaneet group=&quot;nota&quot;&gt;[[Pluto]] is van sy ontdekking in 1930 tot in 2006 as 'n planeet beskou, maar is sedertdien as 'n [[dwergplaneet]] herklassifiseer. Pluto se eksentrisiteit is groter as Mercurius s'n. Pluto is ook kleiner as Mercurius, maar tot in 1976 is geglo dit is groter.&lt;/ref&gt; met [[perihelium]]; sy afstand van die Son is dan net sowat twee derdes (of 66%) van sy afstand met [[afelium]]. 

Mercurius se oppervlak het talle [[Slagkrater|kraters]] en lyk nes die Maan s'n, wat daarop dui dat dit al miljarde jare lank [[geologie]]s onaktief is. Omdat dit feitlik geen [[atmosfeer]] het wat hitte kan behou nie, het dit oppervlaktemperature wat meer as dié van enige ander planeet in die Sonnestelsel verskil tussen dag en nag; dit wissel in die [[ewenaar]]streke van omtrent 100&amp;nbsp;K ({{nowrap|-173 °C}}) snags tot 700&amp;nbsp;K ({{nowrap|427 °C}}) bedags.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Prockter |first=Louise |title=Ice in the Solar System |publisher=Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=2005 |url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/content/techdigest/pdf/V26-N02/26-02-Prockter.pdf |access-date=27 Julie 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die poolstreke is heeltyds onder 180&amp;nbsp;K ({{nowrap|-93 °C}}). Die planeet het geen [[natuurlike satelliet]] nie.

Twee [[Ruimtetuig|ruimtetuie]] het Mercurius al besoek: [[Mariner 10]], wat in 1974 'n verbyvlug gedoen het, en [[Messenger]], wat in 2004 gelanseer en in vier jaar meer as 4&amp;nbsp;000 keer om Mercurius gewentel het voordat sy brandstof opgeraak en dit op 30&amp;nbsp;April 2015 teen die planeet se oppervlak gebots het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/details.php?id%3D284 |title=NASA Completes MESSENGER Mission with Expected Impact on Mercury's Surface |access-date=April 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503002503/http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/details.php?id=284 |archive-date=3 Mei 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EclipseReboost&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10100759-from-mercury-orbit-messenger.html |title=From Mercury orbit, MESSENGER watches a lunar eclipse |publisher=Planetary Society |date=10 Oktober 2014 |access-date=23 Januarie 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pressurant2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2014/12/innovative-use-of-pressurant-extends-messengers-mercury-mission |title=Innovative use of pressurant extends MESSENGER's Mercury mission |publisher=Astronomy.com |date=29 Desember 2014 |access-date=22 Januarie 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die [[BepiColombo]]-ruimtetuig sal volgens beplanning in 2025 by Mercurius aankom.

Die ou Romeine het die planeet na die boodskappergod, Mercurius, genoem vanweë die vinnige beweging  van die planeet tydens sonsondergang.  Die [[sterrekundige simbool]] van Mercurius is [[Lêer:Mercury symbol.svg|16px]]. Voor die 5de eeu&amp;nbsp;v.C., het Griekse sterrekundiges geglo die planeet is twee aparte voorwerpe; dit het saans as Hermes bekend gestaan en soggens as Apollo. [[Pythagoras]] was die eerste mens wat voorgestel het dat dit dieselfde voorwerp is wat slegs in verskillende posisies waargeneem word.

==Fisiese eienskappe==
Mercurius is een van vier [[Aardplaneet|aardplanete]] in die Sonnestelsel, soos die Aarde. Dit is die kleinste planeet, met 'n radius van 2&amp;nbsp;439,7&amp;nbsp;km by die ewenaar.&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot;/&gt; Mercurius is ook kleiner, maar swaarder, as die grootste mane, [[Ganumedes (maan)|Ganumedes]] en [[Titaan (maan)|Titaan]]. Mercurius bestaan uit sowat 70% metaliese en 30% [[silikaat]]materiaal.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt;

===Interne struktuur===
[[Beeld:Mercurius en magneetveld.svg|upright=1.6|links|thumb|Mercurius se interne struktuur en [[magneetveld]].]]

Dit lyk of Mercurius 'n soliede [[Kors (geologie)|silikaatkors]] en {{nowrap|[[Mantel (geologie)|-mantel]]}} het bo-op 'n soliede buitekern van ystersulfied, 'n dieper buitekern van vloeistof en 'n soliede binnekern.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20120321.html |title=MESSENGER Provides New Look at Mercury's Surprising Core and Landscape Curiosities |publisher=NASA |editor-first=Tricia |editor-last=Talbert |date=21 Maart 2012 |access-date=10 Desember 2022 |archive-date=12 Januarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112170032/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20120321.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.agu.org/press-release/scientists-find-evidence-mercury-has-a-solid-inner-core/ |title=Scientists find evidence Mercury has a solid inner core |website=AGU Newsroom |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die planeet het die tweede grootste [[digtheid]] in die Sonnestelsel: 5,427&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, net effens kleiner as die Aarde s'n van 5,515&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot; /&gt; As die uitwerking van swaartekragsamepersing buite rekening gelaat kan word, sou die materiale waaruit Mercurius bestaan, digter as dié van die Aarde gewees het, met 'n onsaamgeperste 5,3&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; teenoor die Aarde se 4,4&amp;nbsp;g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 Mei 2003 |url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheGeologicSolarSystem/MercuryBack.html |title=Mercury |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929091534/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheGeologicSolarSystem/MercuryBack.html |archive-date=29 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mercurius se digtheid kan gebruik word om besonderhede van sy innerlike struktuur af te lei. Hoewel die Aarde se groot digtheid in 'n groot mate veroorsaak is deur swaartekragsamepersing, veral by die planeet se kern, is Mercurius baie kleiner en sy innerlike streke is nie so saamgepers nie. Om so 'n groot digtheid te hê moet sy kern groot en ryk aan [[yster]] wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=On the Internal Structures of Mercury and Venus |last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |journal=Astrophysics and Space Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=18–35 |year=1969 |doi=10.1007/BF00653933 |bibcode=1969Ap&amp;SS...5...18L }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die radius van Mercurius se kern word geraam op 2&amp;nbsp;020 ± 30&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margot2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauck_etal_2013&quot; /&gt; Daarom beslaan sy kern sowat 57% van sy volume; vir die Aarde is die proporsie 17%. Volgens die resultate van navorsing wat in 2007 gepubliseer is, het Mercurius 'n gesmelte kern.&lt;ref name=&quot;cornell&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Lauren |last=Gold |title=Mercury has molten core, Cornell researcher shows |date=3 Mei 2007 |work=Chronicle |publisher=Cornell University |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/May07/margot.mercury.html |access-date=12 Mei 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nrao&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Finley |first=Dave |date=3 Mei 2007 |title=Mercury's Core Molten, Radar Study Shows |publisher=National Radio Astronomy Observatory |url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2007/mercury/ |access-date=12 Mei 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Om die kern is 'n mantel van 500-700&amp;nbsp;km wat uit silikate bestaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spohn2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Spohn |first1=Tilman |last2=Sohl |first2=Frank |last3=Wieczerkowski |first3=Karin |last4=Conzelmann |first4=Vera |title=The interior structure of Mercury: what we know, what we expect from BepiColombo |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=49 |issue=14–15 |pages=1561–1570 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00093-9 |bibcode=2001P&amp;SS...49.1561S |year=2001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Gallant | first=Roy A. | title=The National Geographic Picture Atlas of Our Universe | publisher=National Geographic Society | date=1986 | edition=2de | isbn=9780870446443 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Volgens data van Mariner 10, Messenger en aardgebaseerde waarnemings het Mercurius 'n kors van sowat 35&amp;nbsp;km dik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padovan2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Sean C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o92DwAAQBAJ |title=Mercury: The View after MESSENGER |last2=Nittler |first2=Larry R. |last3=Anderson |first3=Brian J. |date=2018-12-20 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15445-2 |pages=534 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die kors kan egter tot net 26&amp;nbsp;km dik wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=A thin, dense crust for Mercury | last=Sori | first=Michael M. | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=489 | pages=92–99 | date=May 2018 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.033 | bibcode=2018E&amp;PSL.489...92S }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'n Besonderse kenmerk van Mercurius se oppervlak is die teenwoordigheid van talle smal riwwe van tot 'n paar honderd kilometer lank. Vermoedens is dat hulle gevorm het toe Mercurius se kern en mantel afgekoel het nadat sy kors reeds hard geword het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere |last1=Schenk |first1=Paul M. |last2=Melosh |first2=H. Jay |journal=Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |volume=1994 |pages=1994LPI....25.1203S |bibcode=1994LPI....25.1203S |date=Maart 1994 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference | last1=Watters | first1=T. R. | first2=F. | last2=Nimmo | first3=M. S. | last3=Robinson | title=Chronology of Lobate Scarp Thrust Faults and the Mechanical Structure of Mercury's Lithosphere | conference=Lunar and Planetary Science Conference | page=1886 | year=2004 | bibcode= 2004LPI....35.1886W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | journal=Geology | date=November 1998 | volume=26 | issue=11 | pages=991–994 | title=Topography of lobate scarps on Mercury; new constraints on the planet's contraction | first1=Thomas R. | last1=Watters | first2=Mark S. | last2=Robinson | first3=Anthony C. | last3=Cook | doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026&lt;0991:TOLSOM&gt;2.3.CO;2 | bibcode=1998Geo....26..991W  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercurius se kern het 'n baie hoër ysterinhoud as dié van enige ander planeet in die Sonnestelsel, en verskeie teorieë is voorgestel om dit te verduidelik. Die mees aanvaarde teorie is dat Mercurius oorspronklik 'n metaalverhouding gehad het soortgelyk aan dié van algemene [[chondriet]][[meteoriet]]e, wat vermoedelik tipies van die Sonnestelsel se rotsagtige materie is, en 'n massa van sowat 2,25&amp;nbsp;keer sy huidige massa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benz&quot; /&gt; Vroeg in sy geskiedenis kon Mercurius getref gewees het deur 'n [[planetesimaal]] van sowat {{breuk|1|6}} van sy massa en verskeie duisende kilometers breed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benz&quot; /&gt; Die botsing sou baie van sy oorspronklike kors en mantel weggestroop het en 'n kern as 'n taamlike groot komponent agtergelaat het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benz&quot; /&gt; 'n Soortgelyke proses, bekend as die [[reusebotsingshipotese]], is voorgestel vir hoe die Maan gevorm het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benz&quot; /&gt;

Alternatiewelik kon Mercurius gevorm het uit die [[sonnewel]] voordat die Son se energie-uitset gestabiliseer het. Die planeet sou aanvanklik twee keer sy huidige massa gehad het, maar namate die [[protoster|protoson]] gekrimp het, kon temperature naby Mercurius tussen 2&amp;nbsp;500 en 3&amp;nbsp;500&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] gewees het, en selfs so hoog as 10&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;K.&lt;ref name=&quot;CameronAGW1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=The partial volatilization of Mercury |last=Cameron |first=Alastair G. W. |journal=Icarus |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=285–294 |year=1985 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(85)90091-0 |bibcode=1985Icar...64..285C}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Groot deel van Mercurius se oppervlakrotse kon by sulke temperature verdamp het en 'n atmosfeer van &quot;rotsdamp&quot; gevorm het wat deur die [[sonwind]] weggewaai kon gewees het.&lt;ref name=&quot;CameronAGW1&quot; /&gt; 

Volgens 'n derde hipotese het die sonnewel sleurkrag uitgeoefen op die deeltjies waaruit Mercurius [[Akkresieskyf#Akkresieskywe by stervorming|materiaal aangetrek]] het, wat beteken die ligter deeltjies het verlore gegaan en is nie deur Mercurius aangetrek nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Iron/silicate fractionation and the origin of Mercury |last=Weidenschilling |first=Stuart J. |journal=Icarus |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |year=1987 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(78)90064-7 |bibcode=1978Icar...35...99W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elke hipotese voorspel 'n ander oppervlaksamestelling, en twee ruimtesendings is van stapel gestuur om waarnemings van dié samestelling te doen. Die eerste, die Messenger-sending wat in 2015 geëindig het, het hoër vlakke van [[swael]] en [[kalium]] op die oppervlak gekry. Dit sluit die reuse-impakhipotese en verdamping van die kors en mantel uit, want dié swael en kalium sou deur die uiterse hitte van dié voorvalle weggedryf gewees het.&lt;ref name=&quot;csmon20110929&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0929/Messenger-s-message-from-Mercury-Time-to-rewrite-the-textbooks |title=Messenger's message from Mercury: Time to rewrite the textbooks |work=The Christian Science Monitor |first=Mark |last=Sappenfield |date=29 September 2011 |access-date=21 Augustus 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

BepiColombo, wat Mercurius in 2025 sal bereik, sal waarnemings doen om dié hipoteses te toets.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-Bepi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sci.esa.int/bepicolombo/ |title=BepiColombo |series=Science &amp; Technology |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=7 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die bevindings tot dusver ondersteun skynbaar die derde hipotese; nog ontledings van die data is egter nodig.&lt;ref name=&quot;intra&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/messenger-sheds-light-on-mercurys-formation/3002463.article |title=Messenger sheds light on Mercury's formation |work=Chemistry World |first=Jon |last=Cartwright |date=30 September 2011 |access-date=21 Augustus 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Oppervlakgeologie===
Mercurius se oppervlak lyk baie soos die Maan s'n, met baie [[Maansee|''mare'']]-agtige vlaktes en talle kraters, wat aandui dat dit miljarde jare lank al onaktief is. Dit is meer heterogeen as die oppervlak van [[Mars]] of die Maan, wat albei aansienlike gebiede van eenderse geologie bevat, soos &quot;seë&quot; en plato's.&lt;ref name=&quot;awst169_18_18&quot; /&gt; Die [[albedo]] wissel aansienlik tussen byvoorbeeld slagkraters en die gevolglike ejekta en straalstelsels. Hoe hoër die weerkaatsende vermoë van die verskynsel, hoe groter die albedo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference | title=Albedo Features of Mercury | last1=Hughes | first1=E. T. | last2=Vaughan | first2=W. M. | conference=43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 19–23, 2012 at The Woodlands, Texas | volume=1659 | id=2151 | date=March 2012 | bibcode=2012LPI....43.2151H }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mercurius het riwwe, maanagtige hooglande, berge (''montes''), vlaktes (''planitiae''), eskarpe (''rupes'') en valleie (''valles'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Blue |first=Jennifer |date=April 11, 2008 |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=April 11, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DunneCh7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Voyage of Mariner&amp;nbsp;10 – Mission to Venus and Mercury |last1=Dunne |first1=James A. |last2=Burgess |first2=Eric |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch7.htm |publisher=NASA History Office |date=1978 |chapter=Chapter Seven |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ |access-date=May 28, 2008 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117190025/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Unmasking the Secrets of Mercury.jpg|thumb|links|220px|'n Spektrumskandering deur Messenger van Mercurius se oppervlak.]]
[[Beeld:PIA19421-Mercury-Craters-MunchSanderPoe-20150416.jpg|thumb|220px|links|'n Foto met versterkte kleure van die kraters Munch, Sander en Poe, met vulkaanvlaktes (oranje), naby die Calorisbekken.]]
Die planeet se mantel is chemies heterogeen, wat aandui die planeet kon vroeg in sy geskiedenis deur 'n magma-oseaan-stadium gegaan het. Die kristallisasie van minerale het gelei tot 'n gelaagde, chemies heterogene kors met grootskaalse variasies in chemiese samestelling, wat op die oppervlak gesien kan word. Die kors bevat min [[yster]], maar baie [[swael]]. Dit is vanweë die sterker vroeë [[Redoksreaksie|chemies verminderende]] toestande wat in ander aardplanete ook voorkom. Die oppervlak word oorheers deur ysterarm [[piroxeen]] en [[olivien]], soos verteenwoordig word deur onderskeidelik [[enstatiet]] en [[forsteriet]], asook [[natrium]]ryke [[plagioklaas]] en minerale van 'n mengsel van [[magnesium]], [[kalsium]] en [[ystersulfied]]. Die minder weerkaatsende streke van die kors bevat baie [[koolstof]], waarskynlik in die vorm van [[grafiet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=The Surface Composition of Mercury | first1=Larry R. | last1=Nittler | first2=Shoshana Z. | last2=Weider | journal=Elements | year=2019 | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=33–38 | doi=10.2138/gselements.15.1.33 | s2cid=135051680 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Name vir Mercurius se verskynsels kom uit verskeie bronne. Name wat van mense af kom, is beperk tot dié van oorledenes. Kraters is na kunstenaars, musikante, skilders en skrywers genoem wat uitsonderlike bydraes op hulle gebied gelewer het. Riwwe is genoem na wetenskaplikes wat bygedra het tot die bestudering van Mercurius, depressies na argitektoniese werke, berge na die woord vir &quot;warm&quot; in verskeie [[Taal|tale]], en vlaktes na die naam van die god Mercurius in verskeie tale. Eskarpe is genoem na skepe van wetenskaplike ekspedisies en valleie na verlate stede, dorpe of nedersettings uit die antieke tyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories |title=Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=20 Augustus 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Slagkraters en bekkens====
Mercurius is gedurende en kort ná sy vorming 4,6&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar gelede getref deur talle [[komete]] en [[asteroïde]]s, asook daarna in 'n aparte voorval bekend as die [[Groot Bombardement]], wat 3,8&amp;nbsp;miljard gelede opgehou het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Strom |first=Robert G. |year=1979 |volume=24 |issue=1 |title=Mercury: a post-Mariner assessment |journal=Space Science Reviews |pages=3–70 |bibcode=1979SSRv...24....3S |doi=10.1007/BF00221842 |s2cid=122563809 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mercurius is oor sy hele oppervlak getref in dié tyd van groot kratervorming,&lt;ref name=&quot;DunneCh7&quot; /&gt; wat aangehelp is deur die feit dat dit geen atmosfeer het wat die voorwerpe se spoed kon verminder nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Broadfoot |first1=A. Lyle |first2=Shailendra |last2=Kumar |first3=Michael J. S. |last3=Belton |first4=Michael B. |last4=McElroy|title=Mercury's Atmosphere from Mariner&amp;nbsp;10: Preliminary Results |journal=Science |volume=185 |issue=4146 |date=July 12, 1974 |pages=166–169 |doi=10.1126/science.185.4146.166 |pmid=17810510 |bibcode=1974Sci...185..166B|s2cid=7790470 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In dié tyd was Mercurius [[Vulkaan|vulkanies]] aktief; bekkens is deur [[magma]] gevul, wat gladde vlaktes geskep het soortglyk aan die seë op die Maan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | date=1997 | doi=10.3133/i2596 | title=Geology of the solar system | series=IMAP 2596 | publisher=U.S. Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Head |first1=James W. |last2=Solomon |first2=Sean C. |title=Tectonic Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets |journal=Science |year=1981 |volume=213 |issue=4503 |pages=62–76 |doi=10.1126/science.213.4503.62 |pmid=17741171 |bibcode=1981Sci...213...62H |hdl=2060/20020090713 |url=http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/323.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.4402 |access-date=25 Oktober 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721153426/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/323.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Een van die ongewoonste kraters is Apollodorus, of &quot;die Spinnekop&quot;, wat talle trôe het wat van die plek van impak uitwaarts na die kante loop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scientists see Mercury in a new light |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080201093149.htm |website=Science Daily |date=28 Februarie 2008 |access-date=7 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kraters op Mercurius wissel van klein gate tot slagbekkens met ringe wat honderde kilometers breed is. Hulle kom voor in alle toestande van degradasie, van relatief vars kraters tot hoogs gedegradeerde krateroorblyfsels. Die kraters verskil effens van die maan s'n deurdat die gebiede wat deur die ejekta getref is, baie kleiner is: 'n gevolg van Mercurius se groter oppervlakswaartekrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Paul D. |last=Spudis |title=The Geological History of Mercury |journal=Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior, Chicago |issue=1097 |year=2001 |page=100 |bibcode=2001mses.conf..100S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Volgens die reëls van die [[IAU]] moet elke nuwe krater genoem word na 'n kunstenaar wat minstens 50 jaar lank beroemd was en langer as drie jaar dood is. Daarna volg die datum waarop die krater 'n naam gekry het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritzel&quot; /&gt;

{{Multibeeld
   | align = right
   | direction = horizontal
   | beeld1      = The Mighty Caloris (PIA19213).png 
   | width1 = 150
   | onderskrif1 = Die Calorisbekken van bo af gesien.
   | beeld2      = PIA19450-PlanetMercury-CalorisBasin-20150501.jpg 
   | width2 = 230
   | onderskrif2 = 'n Perspektiewe beeld op die Calorisbekken: hoog (rooi); laag (blou)
  }}

Die grootste bekende krater is Caloris Planitia, of die Calorisbekken, met 'n deursnee van 1&amp;nbsp;550&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;newscientist30012008&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13257-bizarre-spider-scar-found-on-mercurys-surface.html |title=Bizarre spider scar found on Mercury's surface |date=January 30, 2008 |publisher=NewScientist.com news service |first=David |last=Shiga }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die slag wat die Calorisbekken veroorsaak het, was so kragtig dat dit [[lawa]]uitbarstings veroorsaak het en 'n konsentriese, bergagtige ring van ~2&amp;nbsp;km hoog om die krater agtergelaat het. Die bodem van die bekken is gevul deur 'n plat vlakte wat onderbreek word deur riwwe en krake wat na buite loop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot; /&gt;

By die antipode of teenvoeter van die Calorisbekken (aan die ander kant van die planeet) is 'n groot streek van ongewone, heuwelagtige terrein bekend as die &quot;Rare Terrein&quot;. Een hipotese van hoe dit ontstaan het, is dat die skokgolwe tydens die Calorisimpak rondom Mercurius beweeg en by die antiode van die bekken byeengekom het. Die gevolglike hoë stres het die oppervlak laat kraak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=Peter H.  |last2=Gault |first2=Donald E. |year=1975 |title=Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury |journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=159–175 |doi=10.1007/BF00577875 |bibcode=1975Moon...12..159S|s2cid=121225801 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alternatiewelik is voorgestel dat die terrein geskep is deur die samestroming van ejekta by die bekken se antipode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wieczorek |first1=Mark A. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |title=A Serenitatis origin for the Imbrian grooves and South Pole-Aitken thorium anomaly |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |year=2001 |volume=106 |issue=E11 |pages=27853–27864 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2001/2000JE001384.shtml |access-date=12 Mei 2008 |doi=10.1029/2000JE001384 |bibcode=2001JGR...10627853W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altesaam 46 slagkraters is al geïdentifiseer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Large impact basins on Mercury: Global distribution, characteristics, and modification history from MESSENGER orbital data | last1=Fassett | first1=Caleb I. | last2=Head | first2=James W. | last3=Baker | first3=David M. H. | last4=Zuber | first4=Maria T. | last5=Smith | first5=David E. | last6=Neumann | first6=Gregory A. | last7=Solomon | first7=Sean C. | last8=Klimczak | first8=Christian | last9=Strom | first9=Robert G. | last10=Chapman | first10=Clark R. | last11=Prockter | first11=Louise M. | last12=Phillips | first12=Roger J. | last13=Oberst | first13=Jürgen | last14=Preusker | first14=Frank | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research | volume=117 | id=E00L08 | date=October 2012 | at=15 pp. | doi=10.1029/2012JE004154 | bibcode=2012JGRE..117.0L08F }}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Besonderse bekken is die 400&amp;nbsp;km breë Tolstoibekken met sy ringe wat 'n laag ejekta het tot 500&amp;nbsp;km van sy rand af en 'n bodem wat gevul is deur gladde materiale. Beethovenbekken het 'n byna ewe groot laag ejekta en 'n rand met 'n deursnee van 625&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot; /&gt; Nes op die Maan is Mercurius se oppervlak waarskynlik deur ruimteweerverskynsels soos sonwind en mikrometeorietimpakte beïnvloed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Albedo of Immature Mercurian Crustal Materials: Evidence for the Presence of Ferrous Iron |journal=Lunar and Planetary Science |volume=39 |issue=1391 |year=2008 |page=1750 |last1=Denevi |first1=Brett W. |last2=Robinson |first2=Mark S. |bibcode=2008LPI....39.1750D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Vlaktes====
Mercurius het twee geologies afsonderlike streke met vlaktes:&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WagWolIva01&quot; /&gt; 

Sagte, golwende, heuwelagtige vlaktes in die streke tussen kraters is die oudste sigbare oppervlakterrein op die planeet,&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot; /&gt; ouer as die terrein met die talle kraters. Dit lyk of dié vlaktes baie ouer kraters uitgewis het.&lt;ref name=&quot;WagWolIva01&quot; /&gt;

Gladde vlaktes is wydverspreide plat gebiede wat depressies van verskeie groottes vul en baie soos die [[Maansee|seë op die Maan]] lyk. Anders as die maanseë, het die gladde vlaktes op Mercurius dieselfde albedo as die ouer vlaktes tussen kraters. Ondanks 'n gebrek aan onteenseglik vulkaniese eienskappe, dui die ligging van die gladde vlaktes en die ronde, lobbige vorm daarvan sterk op 'n vulkaniese oorsprong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spudis01&quot; /&gt;

====Kompressieplooie====
'n Ongewone verskynsel op Mercurius is die talle kompressieplooie wat oor die vlaktes sigsag. Hulle kom ook op die Maan voor, maar is baie opsigteliker op Mercurius.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Wrinkle ridges on Mercury and the Moon within and outside of mascons | last1=Schleicher | first1=Lisa S. | last2=Watters | first2=Thomas R. | last3=Martin | first3=Aaron J. | last4=Banks | first4=Maria E. | journal=Icarus | volume=331 | pages=226–237 | date=October 2019 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.04.013 | bibcode=2019Icar..331..226S | s2cid=150072193 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Namate Mercurius se binnekant afgekoel het, het dit gekrimp en sy oppervlak begin vervorm. Dit het riwwe en lobbige hellings geskep wat verbind word met stootverskuiwings, waar ouer gesteentes deur skeure in jonger gesteentes boontoe stoot. Die hellings kan tot 1&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km lank en 3&amp;nbsp;km hoog wees.&lt;ref name = &quot;Choi2016.09&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/34199-earthquakes-rock-mercury-today.html |title=Mercuryquakes May Currently Shake Up the Tiny Planet |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |date=26 September 2016 |website=Space.com |access-date=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die kompressies kan bo-op ander verskynsels soos kraters en gladde vlaktes gesien word, en dit dui daarop hulle is meer onlangs gevorm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dzurisin1978&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Dzurisin |first=Daniel |date=October 10, 1978 |title=The tectonic and volcanic history of Mercury as inferred from studies of scarps, ridges, troughs, and other lineaments |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=83 |issue=B10 |pages=4883–4906 |bibcode=1978JGR....83.4883D |doi=10.1029/JB083iB10p04883}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Kartering van die verskynsels dui op 'n algehele krimping van Mecurius van sowat 1 tot 7&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watters2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Watters |first1=Thomas R. |last2=Daud |first2=Katie |last3=Banks |first3=Maria E. |last4=Selvans |first4=Michelle M. |last5=Chapman |first5=Clark R. |last6=Ernst |first6=Carolyn M. |title=Recent tectonic activity on Mercury revealed by small thrust fault scarps |journal=Nature Geoscience |date=26 September 2016 |doi=10.1038/ngeo2814 |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=743–747 |bibcode=2016NatGe...9..743W}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die grootste deel van die aktiwiteite van die grootste stootverskuiwings het waarskynlik sowat 3,6-3,7&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar gelede opgehou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Dating long thrust systems on Mercury: New clues on the thermal evolution of the planet | first1=L. | last1=Giacomini | first2=M. | last2=Massironi | first3=V. | last3=Galluzzi | first4=S. | last4=Ferrari | first5=P. | last5=Palumbo | journal=Geoscience Frontiers | volume=11 | issue=3 | date=May 2020 | pages=855–870 | doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2019.09.005 | s2cid=210298205 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kleinskaalse stootverskuiwings van 'n paar dosyn meter hoog en 'n paar kilometer lank is al gevind. Dit lyk of hulle minder as 50&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar oud is en dit dui daarop dat die kompressie van die binnekant van die planeet en die gevolglike geologiese aktiwiteit op die oppervlak steeds voortduur.&lt;ref name = &quot;Choi2016.09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Watters2016&quot; /&gt;

====Vulkanisme====
[[Beeld:Picasso crater.png|thumb|220px|Die Picassokrater. Die groot boogvormige put aan die oostekant van sy bodem kon gevorm gewees het toe magma onder die oppervlak gesak of gedreineer het, wat veroorsaak het dat die oppervlak in die gevolglike leemte gestort het.]]
[[Beeld:North pole of Mercury -- NASA.jpg|thumb|220px|'n Saamgestelde foto van die noordpool, waar [[Nasa]] die ontdekking aangekondig het van 'n groot volume waterys in permanent donker kraters wat daar voorkom.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes2012-11-28&quot; /&gt;]]

Daar is bewyse van [[Piroklastiese stroom|piroklastiese strome]] op Mercurius van lae [[skildvulkane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerber 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Explosive volcanic eruptions on Mercury: Eruption conditions, magma volatile content, and implications for interior volatile abundances |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=15 Augustus 2009 |last1=Kerber |first1=Laura |last2=Head |first2=James W. |last3=Solomon |first3=Sean C. |last4=Murchie |first4=Scott L. |last5=Blewett |first5=David T. | volume=285 | issue=3–4 | pages=263–271 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.037 | bibcode=2009E&amp;PSL.285..263K }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Volcanism 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Flood Volcanism in the Northern High Latitudes of Mercury Revealed by ''MESSENGER'' |journal=Science |date=September 30, 2011 |last1=Head |first1=James W. |last2=Chapman |first2=Clark R. |last3=Strom |first3=Robert G. |last4=Fassett |first4=Caleb I. |last5=Denevi |first5=Brett W. |volume=333 |issue=6051 |pages=1853–1856 |doi=10.1126/science.1211997 |bibcode=2011Sci...333.1853H |pmid=21960625|s2cid=7651992 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/72395/2/Head.SOM.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Altesaam 51 piroklastiese deposito's is reeds geïdentifiseer,&lt;ref name=&quot;Groudge 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Global inventory and characterization of pyroclastic deposits on Mercury: New insights into pyroclastic activity from MESSENGER orbital data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=Maart 2014 |last1=Groudge |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Head |first2=James W. |doi=10.1002/2013JE004480 |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=635–658 |bibcode=2014JGRE..119..635G |s2cid=14393394 |url=http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/4334.pdf |access-date=11 Desember 2022 |archive-date=18 Julie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718161242/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/4334.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; en 90% van hulle kom voor in slagkraters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groudge 2014&quot;/&gt; 

'n &quot;Randlose depressie&quot; in die suidwestelike rand van die Calorisbekken bestaan uit minstens nege oorvleuelende vulkaanmondings, wat elk tot 8&amp;nbsp;km breed is. Dit is dus 'n &quot;saamgestelde vulkaan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothery 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Prolonged eruptive history of a compound volcano on Mercury: Volcanic and tectonic implications |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=January 1, 2014 |last1=Rothery |first1=David A. |last2=Thomas |first2=Rebeca J. |last3=Kerber |first3=Laura |volume=385 |pages=59–67 |bibcode=2014E&amp;PSL.385...59R |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.023|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/38842/1/Rothery2.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is vermoedelik sowat 'n miljard jaar oud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rothery 2014&quot;/&gt;

===Oppervlaktoestande en eksosfeer===
Mercurius se oppervlaktemperatuur wissel van 100 tot 700&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] (-173 tot {{nowrap|+427 °C}})&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; op die mees ekstreme plekke: 0°N, 0°W of 180°W. Dit oorskry nooit 180&amp;nbsp;K by die pole nie&lt;ref name=&quot;vasa&quot; /&gt; weens die afwesigheid van 'n atmosfeer en 'n groot verandering tussen die temperature van die ewenaar en die pole. Wanneer die Son reg van bo af skyn, is die temperatuur sowat 700&amp;nbsp;K tydens [[perihelium]] (0°W of 180°W), maar net 550&amp;nbsp;K by [[afelium]] (90° of 270°W).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=John S. |last=Lewis |date=2004 |title=Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System |page=463 |edition=2nd |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-446744-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aan die donker kant van die planeet is temperature gemiddeld 110&amp;nbsp;K.&lt;ref name=&quot;vasa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Murdock |first1=Thomas L. |last2=Ney |first2=Edward P. |title=Mercury: The Dark-Side Temperature |journal=Science |year=1970 |volume=170 |issue=3957 |pages=535–537 |doi=10.1126/science.170.3957.535 |pmid=17799708 |bibcode=1970Sci...170..535M|s2cid=38824994 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die intensiteit van die Son op Mercurius wissel tussen 4,59 en 10,61 keer die [[sonkonstante]] (1&amp;nbsp;370&amp;nbsp;W·m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System |last=Lewis |first=John S. |publisher=Academic Press |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERpMjmR1ErYC&amp;pg=RA1-PA461 |access-date=3 Junie 2008 |isbn=978-0-12-446744-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoewel die dagtemperature op Mercurius gewoonlik geweldig hoog is, dui waarnemings sterk daarop dat ys (bevrore water) op die planeet voorkom. Die bodems van diep kraters by die pole is nooit regstreeks aan sonlig blootgestel nie, en temperature daar bly onder 102&amp;nbsp;K, baie laer as die gemiddelde van die planeet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ingersoll |first1=Andrew P. |last2=Svitek |first2=Tomas |last3=Murray |first3=Bruce C. |title=Stability of polar frosts in spherical bowl-shaped craters on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars |journal=Icarus |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |year=1992 |bibcode=1992Icar..100...40I |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(92)90016-Z}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit skep koue kolle waar ys kan versamel. Waterys het 'n groot invloed op [[radar]], en waarnemings deur die Goldstone Solar System Radar van 70 m en die [[Radioteleskoop#Langbasisinterferometrie|Very Large Array]] in die vroeë 1990's het onthul daar is kolle van groot radarweerkaatsing naby die pole.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Slade |first1=Martin A. |last2=Butler |first2=Bryan J. |last3=Muhleman |first3=Duane O. |year=1992 |title=Mercury radar imaging – Evidence for polar ice |journal=Science |volume=258 |issue=5082 |pages=635–640 |doi=10.1126/science.258.5082.635 |pmid=17748898 |bibcode=1992Sci...258..635S|s2cid=34009087 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoewel ys nie die enigste moontlike oorsaak van dié weerkaatsende streke is nie, dink sterrekundiges dit is hoogs waarskynlik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Williams |first=David R. |date=June 2, 2005 |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_mercury.html |title=Ice on Mercury |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=23 Mei 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die ysstreke bevat na raming sowat 10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;-10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg ys,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahnle1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rawlins |first1=Katherine |last2=Moses |first2=Julianne I. |last3=Zahnle |first3=Kevin J. |title=Exogenic Sources of Water for Mercury's Polar Ice |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |year=1995 |volume=27 |bibcode=1995DPS....27.2112R |page=1117}}&lt;/ref&gt; en kan bedek wees met 'n laag [[regoliet]] wat [[sublimasie]] inhibeer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harmon |first1=John K. |last2=Perillat |first2=Phil J. |last3=Slade |first3=Martin A. |title=High-Resolution Radar Imaging of Mercury's North Pole |journal=Icarus |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |year=2001 |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6544 |bibcode=2001Icar..149....1H}}&lt;/ref&gt; In vergelyking het die yslaag op [[Antarktika]] 'n massa van sowat 4{{e|18}}&amp;nbsp;kg, en [[Mars]] se suidpoolkap bevat sowat 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;kg water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahnle1&quot; /&gt; 

Die oorsprong van die ys op Mercurius is onbekend, maar die twee waarskynlikste bronne is die [[uitgassing]] van water van die planeet se binnekant en deposito's deur botsings met komete.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zahnle1&quot; /&gt;

Mercurius is te klein en warm dat sy [[swaartekrag]] 'n aansienlike atmosfeer oor lang tydperke kan handhaaf; dit het wel 'n klein oppervlakgebonde [[eksosfeer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Domingue |first1=Deborah L. |last2=Koehn |first2=Patrick L. |display-authors=2 |last3=Killen |first3=Rosemary M. |last4=Sprague |first4=Ann L. |last5=Sarantos |first5=Menelaos |last6=Cheng |first6=Andrew F. |last7=Bradley |first7=Eric T. |last8=McClintock |first8=William E. |title=Mercury's Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=131 |issue=1–4 |pages=161–186 |year=2009 |doi=10.1007/s11214-007-9260-9 |bibcode=2007SSRv..131..161D |s2cid=121301247 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wat [[waterstof]], [[helium]], [[suurstof]], [[natrium]], [[kalsium]], [[kalium]] en ander elemente bevat&lt;ref name=Milillo_et_al_2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=Berezhnoy2018/&gt; by 'n oppervlakdruk van minder as sowat 0,5&amp;nbsp;nPa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot; /&gt; 

Die eksosfeer is nie stabiel nie. Atome word voortdurend verloor en uit 'n verskeidenheid bronne aangevul. Waterstof- en heliumatome kom moontlik van die [[sonwind]] en ontsnap later weer terug in die ruimte. Die [[radioaktiewe verval]] van elemente in Mercurius se kors is nog 'n bron van helium, asook natrium en kalium. Messenger het goot proporsies kalsium, helium, [[hidroksied]], [[magnesium]], suurstof, kalium, [[silikon]] en natrium opgespoor. [[Waterdamp]] is teenwoordig en word vrygestel deur 'n kombinasie prosesse, soos: komete wat sy oppervlak tref, [[verstuiwing]] wat water skep van waterstof uit die sonwind en suurstof van rotse, en sublimasie van reservoirs van waterys in die poolkraters wat permanent in die skadu is. Die opsporing van groot hoeveelhede waterverwante ione soos O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; en H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; was 'n verrassing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor-first=Faith |editor-last=Vilas |editor-first2=Clark R. |editor-last2=Chapman |editor-first3=Mildred |editor-last3=Shapley Matthews |last1=Hunten |first1=Donald M. |last2=Shemansky |first2=Donald Eugene |last3=Morgan |first3=Thomas Hunt |date=1988 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-1085-6 |chapter=The Mercury atmosphere |title=Mercury |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23869200_The_Mercury_atmosphere |url=https://uapress.arizona.edu/book/mercury }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=July 3, 2008 |title=MESSENGER Scientists &quot;Astonished&quot; to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere | publisher=The Planetary Society |url=https://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |access-date=May 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanweë die hoeveelhede van dié ione het wetenskaplikes aangeneem die molekules is deur die sonwind van die oppervlak of eksosfeer gewaai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zurbuchen |first1=Thomas H. |last2=Raines |first2=Jim M. |display-authors=2 |last3=Gloeckler |first3=George |last4=Krimigis |first4=Stamatios M. |last5=Slavin |first5=James A. |title=MESSENGER Observations of the Composition of Mercury's Ionized Exosphere and Plasma Environment |journal=Science |volume=321 |issue=5885 |pages=90–92 |year=2008 |doi=10.1126/science.1159314 |pmid=18599777 |bibcode=2008Sci...321...90Z |s2cid=206513512}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natrium, kalium en kalsium is in die 1980's tot '90's in die atmosfeer ontdek en daar is vermoed dit kom hoofsaaklik van die verdamping van oppervlakrotse wat deur mikrometeorietimpakte getref word.&lt;ref name=&quot;Killen2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Killen |first1=Rosemary |title=Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exosphere of Mercury |year=2007 |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=132 |issue=2–4 |pages=433–509 |doi=10.1007/s11214-007-9232-0 |ref=Killen2007 |bibcode=2007SSRv..132..433K |last2=Cremonese |first2=Gabrielle |display-authors=2 |last3=Lammer |first3=Helmut |last4=Orsini |first4=Stefano |last5=Potter |first5=Andrew E. |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/25351/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008 het Messenger magnesium ontdek.&lt;ref name=&quot;McClintock2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McClintock |first1=William E. |last2=Vervack |first2=Ronald J. |last3=Bradley |first3=E. Todd |last4=Killen |first4=Rosemary M. |last5=Mouawad |first5=Nelly |title=MESSENGER Observations of Mercury's Exosphere: Detection of Magnesium and Distribution of Constituents |journal=Science |year=2009 |volume=324 |doi=10.1126/science.1172525 |pages=610–613 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..610M |pmid=19407195 |issue=5927 |s2cid=5578520 |display-authors=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Studies dui aan dat natriumvrystellings met tye gelokaliseer is by punte wat met die planeet se magneetpole ooreenstem. Dit sou dui op 'n wisselwerking tussen die [[magnetosfeer]] en die planeet se oppervlak.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaikin1&quot; /&gt;

Op 29 November 2012 het Nasa bevestig dat kraters by die noordpool op foto's van Messenger ontdek is wat waterys bevat. 

Volgens Nasa is Mercurius nie 'n geskikte planeet vir lewe soos op die Aarde nie. Dit het 'n oppervlakgebonde eksosfeer in plaas van 'n gelaagde atmosfeer, dit het ekstreme temperature en hoë sonstraling. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat enige lewende wese sulke toestande kan oorleef.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/in-depth/|title= Mercury|date= 19 Oktober 2021|publisher= Nasa|accessdate=4 Julie 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sommige dele onder die oppervlak kon bewoonbaar gewees het en miskien kon lewensvorme op die planeet bestaan het, al is dit konserwatiewe vorme soos [[mikroörganisme]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20200324&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Shannon |title=Life on the Planet Mercury? 'It's Not Completely Nuts' – A new explanation for the rocky world's jumbled landscape opens a possibility that it could have had ingredients for habitability. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/science/mercury-life-water.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150021/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/science/mercury-life-water.html |archive-date=2020-03-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=24 Maart 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 Maart 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Magneetveld en magnetosfeer===
[[Beeld:Mercury Magnetic Field NASA.jpg|thumb|230px|'n Grafika wat die relatiewe sterkte van Mercurius se [[magneetveld]] wys.]]

Ondanks sy klein grootte en stadige rotasie van 59 dae, het Mercurius 'n aansienlike en blykbaar globale [[magneetveld]]. Volgens metings deur Mariner&amp;nbsp;10 is dit 1,1% so sterk as die Aarde s'n. Die magneetveld is, nes die Aarde s'n, dipolêr.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaikin1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=J. Kelly |last1=Beatty |last2=Petersen |first2=Carolyn Collins |last3=Chaikin |first3=Andrew |title=The New Solar System |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64587-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anders as die Aarde, is Mercurius se pole amper opgelyn met die planeet se spin-as.&lt;ref name=&quot;qq&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 30, 2008 |url=https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/Science-Images-Database/gallery-image-152.html |title=Mercury's Internal Magnetic Field |publisher=NASA |access-date=2021-04-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Metings van beide Mariner&amp;nbsp;10 en Messenger het aangedui die sterkte en vorm van die magneetveld is stabiel.&lt;ref name=&quot;qq&quot; /&gt;

Mercurius se magneetveld is sterk genoeg om die sonwind om die planeet af te keer, en dit skep 'n magnetosfeer. Die planeet se magnetosfeer, hoewel dit so klein is dat dit in die Aarde kan pas,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaikin1&quot; /&gt; is sterk genoeg om sonwindplasma vas te keer. Dit dra by tot die ruimteverwering van die planeet se oppervlak.&lt;ref name=&quot;qq&quot; /&gt; Waarnemings deur Mariner&amp;nbsp;10 het dié lae-energieplasma in die magnetosfeer van die planeet se nagkant bespeur. Uitbarstings van energieke deeltjies in die planeet se magnetostert het gedui op 'n dinamiese kant van die planeet se magnetosfeer.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaikin1&quot; /&gt;

==Wentelbaan en rotasie==
{{Multibeeld
   | align = right
   | direction = horizontal
   | beeld1      = Mercurius se wentelbaan.svg
   | width1 = 201
   | onderskrif1 = Mercurius se wentelbaan (2006).
   | beeld2      = Mercuryorbitsolarsystem.gif 
   | width2 = 200
   | onderskrif2 = 'n Animasie van Mercurius en die Aarde se omwenteling om die Son.
  }}

Mercurius het die [[Eksentrisiteit (sterrekunde)|eksentriekste]] wentelbaan van al die planete in die Sonnestelsel; sy eksentrisiteit is 0,21, met sy afstand van die Son af wat wissel tussen 46&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000 en 70&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km. 'n Volle omwenteling duur 87,969 aarddae. Die linkerkantste diagram regs illustreer die uitwerking van dié eksentrisiteit en toon Mercurius se wentelbaan saam met 'n ronde wentelbaan met dieselfde [[halwe lengteas]]. Mercurius se hoër snelheid wanneer dit naby sy [[perihelium]] (naaste afstand aan die Son) kom, is duidelik uit die groter afstand wat dit in elke interval van vyf dae dek. In die diagram word die wisselende afstand tussen Mercurius en die Son verteenwoordig deur die grootte van die planeet. Dié wisselende afstand lei daartoe dat Mercurius getybulte ondergaan wat deur die Son veroorsaak word. Dit is 17 keer so sterk as dié van die Maan en die Aarde.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Van Hoolst |first1=Tim |last2=Jacobs |first2=Carla |year=2003 |title=Mercury's tides and interior structure |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=E11 |page=7 |doi=10.1029/2003JE002126 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5121V}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saam met 'n [[sinchroniese omwenteling|rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie]] van 3:2 met die Son, is daar ingewikkelde variasies van die oppervlaktemperatuur.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Robert G. |last1=Strom |last2=Sprague |first2=Ann L. |date=2003 |title=Exploring Mercury: the iron planet |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-85233-731-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/exploringmercury00stro }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dié resonansie veroorsaak dat 'n enkele sondag (die lengte van twee [[Meridiaan (sterrekunde)|meridiaan]]oorgange van die Son) op Mercurius presies twee Mercurius-jare duur, of sowat 176 aarddae.&lt;ref name=&quot;compare&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Space Topics: Compare the Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars |publisher=Planetary Society |url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |access-date=12 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044444/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/compare_the_planets/terrestrial.html |archive-date=28 Julie 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercurius se baanhelling is 7&amp;nbsp;grade tot die vlak van die aarde se wentelbaan (die [[sonnebaan]]), en dit is die grootste van al agt planete.&lt;ref name=Williams2019/&gt; As gevolg daarvan kan Mercurius net voor die Son verbybeweeg as die planeet die vlak van die sonnebaan kruis wanneer dit tussen die Son en die Aarde lê, wat in Mei of November is. Dit gebeur gemiddeld elke sewe jaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Espenak |first=Fred |date=April 21, 2005 |url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html |title=Transits of Mercury |publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=30 Mei 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercurius se [[ashelling]] is feitik nul;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cosmic1&quot; /&gt; die bes gemete waarde is so laag as 0,027&amp;nbsp;grade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margot2007&quot;/&gt; Dit is aansienlik kleiner as dié van [[Jupiter]], wat die tweede kleinste ashelling (3,1&amp;nbsp;grade) van al die planete het. Dit beteken dat die middel van die Son vir 'n waarnemer by Mercurius se pole nooit meer as 2,1&amp;nbsp;[[boogminute]] bo die horison styg nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margot2007&quot; /&gt;

Op sekere plekke op Mercurius se oppervlak sal 'n waarnemer die Son net meer as twee derdes van die afstand oor die horison sien styg; dan sal dit terugkeer en ondergaan voordat dit weer opkom, alles binne dieselfde Mercurius-dag. Dit is omdat Mercurius se hoekwentelspoed sowat vier aarddae voor perihelium gelyk is aan sy hoekrotasiepspoed, sodat die Son se skynbare beweging ophou; nader aan perihelium, is Mercurius se hoekwentelspoed groter as die hoekrotasiespoed. Vir 'n waarnemer op Mercurius sal dit dus lyk of die Son in 'n skynbare [[Retrograde en prograde beweging|retrograde]] rigting beweeg. Vier aarddae ná perihelium sal die Son sy normale skynbare beweging hervat.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt;

Om dieselfde rede is daar twee plekke op Mercurius se ewenaar (180&amp;nbsp;lengtegrade uitmekaar) waar die Son rondom perihelium in alternatiewe Mercurius-jare (een keer op 'n Mercurius-dag) bo die waarnemer sal verbybeweeg, dan sy skynbare beweging omkeer en weer bo die waarnemer verbybeweeg, dan 'n tweede keer omkeer en 'n derde keer bo die waarnemer verbybeweeg. Die hele proses duur sowat 16 aarddae. In die Mercurius-jare tussenin gebeur dieselfde by die ander een van die twee punte. Die omvang van die retrograde beweging is klein en die algehele uitwerking is dus dat die Son twee of drie weke lank feitlik bo die waarnemer sal stilstaan, en dit is op sy helderste omdat Mercurius by perihelium, sy naaste afstand van die Son af, is. Die lang blootstelling aan dié helder Son maak dié twee plekke die warmste plekke op die planeet. Daar is ook twee plekke op die ewenaar, 90&amp;nbsp;lengtegrade van die ander twee, wanneer die Son bo 'n waarnemer se kop verbybeweeg met afelium in alternatiewe jare, wanneer die skynbare beweging van die Son in Mercurius se lugruim relatief vinnig is. Dié punte, wat die punte op die ewenaar is waar die skynbare retrograde beweging van die Son voorkom wanneer dit die horison kruis soos in die vorige paragraaf beskryf, kry baie minder hitte van die Son af as die eerste twee wat hierbo beskryf is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=On the Variations in the Insolation at Mercury Resulting from Oscillations of the Orbital Eccentricity | last=van Hemerlrijck | first=E. | journal=The Moon and the Planets | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=83–93 | date=Augustus 1983 | doi=10.1007/BF00928377 | bibcode=1983M&amp;P....29...83V | s2cid=122761699 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercurius kom gemiddeld elke 116 aarddae op sy naaste punt aan die Aarde,&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot; /&gt; maar dié interval kan wissel van 105 tot 129 dae vanweë die planeet se eksentrieke wentelbaan. Mercurius kan tot 82&amp;nbsp;200&amp;nbsp;000 km (0,549&amp;nbsp;[[AE]]) van die Aarde af kom, en dié afstand is stadig aan die afneem: Die volgende punt nader as 82&amp;nbsp;100&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km is in 2679, en binne 82&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km in 4487, maar dit sal eers weer in 28622 nader as 80&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km aan die Aarde wees.&lt;ref&gt;Mercury Closest Approaches to Earth generated with: &lt;br /&gt; 1. [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10]&amp;nbsp; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=20 Desember 2008 }} ([http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMerc.txt Text Output file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309120624/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMerc.txt |date=9 Maart 2012 }}) &lt;br /&gt; 2. [http://www.orbitsimulator.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1235936812 Gravity Simulator charts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912091426/http://www.orbitsimulator.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1235936812 |date=12 September 2014 }} &lt;br /&gt; 3. [http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt JPL Horizons 1950–2200]&amp;nbsp; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106172707/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Mercury.txt |date=6 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sy tydperk van retrograde beweging soos van die Aarde af gesien, kan wissel van 8 tot 15 dae weerskante van sy naaste afstand van die Aarde af. Dié groot omvang is vanweë die planeet se hoë eksentrisiteit.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt; 

Omdat Mercurius gemiddeld die naaste planeet aan die Son is, is dit meestal fisies die naaste planeet aan die Aarde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AIP Publishing 2019 p. &quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MoreOrLess&quot;/&gt; Op dieselfde manier is dit ook gemiddeld die naaste planeet aan elk van die ander planete in die Sonnestelsel.&lt;ref name=afstand group=&quot;nota&quot;&gt;Dit is belangrik om te let op wat met die begrip &quot;naaste&quot; bedoel word. In sterrekundige geskrifte word met &quot;naaste&quot; gewoonlik bedoel watter ander planeet se wentelbaan die naaste aan 'n sekere planeet is. Dit beteken egter nie die planete is fisies die naaste aan mekaar nie. Voorbeeld: Omdat Mercurius nader aan die Son is as Venus, bring Mercurius meer tyd in die nabyheid van die Aarde deur. Dus is Mercurius meestal die naaste planeet aan die Aarde. Volgens dié berekening is Mercurius die naaste planeet aan al sewe ander planete in die Sonnestelsel.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stockman |first1=Tom |last2=Monroe |first2=Gabriel |last3=Cordner |first3=Samuel |title=Venus is not Earth's closest neighbor |journal=Physics Today |date=12 Maart 2019 |doi=10.1063/PT.6.3.20190312a }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |last1=Stockman |first1=Tom |date=March 7, 2019 |title=Mercury is the closest planet to all seven other planets |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDgbVIqGADQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410095120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDgbVIqGADQ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=29 Mei 2019 |via=YouTube |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=🌍 Which Planet is the Closest?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SumDHcnCRuU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/SumDHcnCRuU| archive-date=2021-10-28|language=en|access-date=2021-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lengtegraadkonvensie===
Die lengtegraadkonvensie vir Mercurius plaas die nullengtegraad by een van die twee warmste punte op die oppervlak, soos hierbo beskryf. Toe dié gebied egter die eerste keer besoek is, deur {{nowrap|Mariner 10}}, was dié nulmeridiaan in donkerte gehul en was dit onmoontlik om 'n voorwerp op die oppervlak te kies om die presiese posisie van die meridiaan te definieer. 'n Klein krater verder wes, Hun Kal, is dus gekies en dit verskaf die presiese verwysingspunt om lengtegrade te meet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Davies | first=M. E. | title=Surface Coordinates and Cartography of Mercury | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research | volume=80 | issue=B17 | pages=2417–2430 | date=June 10, 1975 | doi=10.1029/JB080i017p02417 | bibcode=1975JGR....80.2417D }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Davies | first1=M. E. | first2=S. E. | last2=Dwornik | first3=D. E. | last3=Gault | first4=R. G. | last4=Strom | title=NASA Atlas of Mercury | publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office | date=1978 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die middel van Hun Kal definieer die 20°&amp;nbsp;wes-meridiaan. Volgens 'n besluit van die [[IAU]] van 1970 word lengtegrade op Mercurius positief in 'n westelike rigting gemeet.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html |access-date=October 22, 2009 |title=USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024101856/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html |archive-date=24 Oktober 2011 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die warmste twee plekke op die ewenaar lê dus by lengtegrade 0°&amp;nbsp;W en 180°&amp;nbsp;W, en die koelste plekke by 90°&amp;nbsp;W en 270°&amp;nbsp;W. 

Die Messengerprojek gebruik egter 'n oos-positiewe konvensie.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArchinalA'Hearn2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Archinal |first1=Brent A. |display-authors=4 |last2=A'Hearn |first2=Michael F. |last3=Bowell |first3=Edward L. |last4=Conrad |first4=Albert R. |last5=Consolmagno |first5=Guy J. |last6=Courtin |first6=Régis |last7=Fukushima |first7=Toshio |last8=Hestroffer |first8=Daniel |last9=Hilton |first9=James L. |last10=Krasinsky |first10=George A. |last11=Neumann |first11=Gregory A. |last12=Oberst |first12=Jürgen |last13=Seidelmann |first13=P. Kenneth |last14=Stooke |first14=Philip J. |last15=Tholen |first15=David J. |last16=Thomas |first16=Peter C. |last17=Williams |first17=Iwan P. |title=Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009 |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=109 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=101–135 |issn=0923-2958 |doi=10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4 |bibcode=2011CeMDA.109..101A|s2cid=189842666 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie===
[[Beeld:Mercury's orbital resonance.svg|thumb|220px|Ná een omwenteling van Mercurius om die Son het die planeet 1,5 keer roteer (in die rondte gedraai), en dus is dieselfde halfrond ná twee volle omwentelings weer verlig.]]

Jare lank is geglo Mercurius is in 'n [[sinchroniese omwenteling]] met die Son, wat beteken hy roteer een keer per omwenteling en keer dus permanent sy een kant na die Son, nes die een kant van die Maan altyd na die Aarde gekeer is. Radarwaarnemings in 1965 het bewys die planeet het 'n 3:2-rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie, wat beteken hy roteer drie keer vir elke twee omwentelings om die Son. Die eksentrisiteit van Mercurius se wentelbaan maak dié resonansie stabiel – by perihelium, wanneer die songety die sterkste is, staan die Son feitlik stil in Mercurius se lugruim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Han-Shou |last2=O'Keefe |first2=John A. |title=Theory of Rotation for the Planet Mercury |journal=Science |year=1965 |volume=150 |issue=3704 |page=1717 |doi=10.1126/science.150.3704.1717 |pmid=17768871 |bibcode=1965Sci...150.1717L|s2cid=45608770 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die oorsponklike rede dat sterrekundiges gedink het Mercurius is in 'n sinchroniese omwenteling is dat die planeet altyd op dieselfde plek in sy 3:2-resonansie was op die beste tyd om hom waar te neem, en dan was dieselfde kant altyd na die Son gekeer. Vanweë die 3:2-resonansie duur 'n sondag op die planeet sowat 176 aarddae.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt; 'n Sideriese dag (die rotasieperiode) duur sowat 58,7 aarddae.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt;

Simulasies dui daarop dat Mercurius se baaneksentrisiteit oor miljoene jare chaoties kan wissel van byna nul (rond) tot meer as 0,45 vanweë versteurings deur die ander planete.&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Correia2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Correia |first1=Alexandre C. M. |last2=Laskar |first2=Jacques |title=Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance including the effect of core–mantle friction |journal=Icarus |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.034 |arxiv=0901.1843 |volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |bibcode=2009Icar..201....1C|s2cid=14778204 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daar is geglo dit verduidelik Mercurius se 3:2-rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie (eerder as die algemener 1:1), omdat dié toestand waarskynliker sal voorkom tydens 'n tydperk van hoë eksentrisiteit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Correia&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Correia |first1=Alexandre C. M. |last2=Laskar |first2=Jacques |year=2004 |title=Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics |journal=Nature |volume=429 |pages=848–850 |doi=10.1038/nature02609 |pmid=15215857 |issue=6994 |bibcode=2004Natur.429..848C|s2cid=9289925 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Realistiese model van getyreaksie het egter gedemonstreer Mercurius is in 'n vroeë stadium van sy geskiedeis in 'n 3:2-rotasie-omwenteling-resonansie vasgevang – binne 20&amp;nbsp;miljoen (of waarskynliker 10&amp;nbsp;miljoen) jaar ná sy vorming.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |bibcode=2014Icar..241...26N |last1=Noyelles |first1=B. |last2=Frouard |first2=J. |last3=Makarov |first3=V. V. |last4=Efroimsky |first4=M. |title=Spin-orbit evolution of Mercury revisited |journal=Icarus |pages=26–44 |year=2014 |volume=241 |issue=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.045 |arxiv=1307.0136|s2cid=53690707 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Numeriese simulasies toon dat 'n toekomstige [[baanresonansie]]-perihelium-wisselwerking met [[Jupiter]] die eksentrisiteit van Mercurius se wentelbaan kan laat toeneem tot op 'n punt dat daar 'n kans van 1% is dat die wentelbaan binne die volgende 5&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar kan destabiliseer. As dit gebeur, kan die planeet in die Son val, teen [[Venus]] bots, uit die [[Sonnestelsel]] geskiet word of selfs die res van die binneste Sonnestelsel versteur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laskar2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Laskar |first=Jacques |date=18 Maart 2008 |title=Chaotic diffusion in the Solar System |journal=Icarus |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |bibcode=2008Icar..196....1L |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2008.02.017 |arxiv=0802.3371|s2cid=11586168 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Laskar2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Laskar |first1=Jacques |last2=Gastineau |first2=Mickaël |date=11 Junie 2009 |title=Existence of collisional trajectories of Mercury, Mars and Venus with the Earth |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7248 |pages=817–819 |doi=10.1038/nature08096 |bibcode=2009Natur.459..817L |pmid=19516336|s2cid=4416436 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:Mercurius perihelion aanskuif.jpg|duimnael|180px|links|Mercurius se perihelium skuif aan.]]
===Aanskuiwing van perihelium===
In 1859 het die Frans wiskundige en sterrekundige [[Urbain Le Verrier]] berig die stadige verandering in die oriëntasie van Mercurius se wentelbaan om die Son kan nie bevredigend verduidelik word aan die hand van [[Newton se bewegingswette|newtonmeganika]] en versteurings deur die bekende planete nie. Hy het onder meer voorgestel 'n ander planeet (of 'n groep kleiner liggame) bestaan selfs nader aan die Son en dat hulle Mercurius versteur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Le Verrier | first=Urbain | year=1859 | language=French | url=https://archive.org/stream/comptesrendusheb49acad#page/378/mode/2up | title=Lettre de M. Le Verrier à M. Faye sur la théorie de Mercure et sur le mouvement du périhélie de cette planète | journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences | publication-place=Paris | volume=49 | pages=379–383 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die sukses van die soektog na [[Neptunus]] wat gebaseer is op versteurings van [[Uranus]] se wentelbaan het sterrekundiges laat glo dit is dalk die verduideliking, en die hipotetiese planeet is [[Vulkanus (hipotetiese planeet)|Vulkanus]] genoem, maar geen so 'n planeet is ooit ontdek nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Baum |last2=Sheehan |first2=William |title=In Search of Planet Vulcan, The Ghost in Newton's Clockwork Machine |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-306-45567-4 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofplanet0000baum }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die aanskuiwing van Mercurius se perihelium is 5&amp;nbsp;600 [[boogsekondes]] (1,5556°) per eeu relatief tot die Aarde, of 574,10±0,65 boogsekondes per eeu&lt;ref name=&quot;Clemence&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Gerald M. |last=Clemence |title=The Relativity Effect in Planetary Motions |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=361–364 |year=1947 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.19.361 |bibcode=1947RvMP...19..361C}}&lt;/ref&gt; relatief tot die internasionale ruimteverwysingstelsel. Newtonmeganika, wat al die versteurings van die ander planete in ag neem, voorspel 'n aanskuiwing van 5&amp;nbsp;557 boogsekondes (1,5436°) per eeu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clemence&quot; /&gt; In die vroeë 20ste eeu het [[Albert Einstein]] se [[Algemene relatiwiteit|algemene teorie van relatiwiteit]] die verduideliking verskaf vir die waargenome aanskuiwing deur te formuleer dat [[swaartekrag]] bemiddel word deur die kromming van [[ruimtetyd]]. Die uitwerking is klein: net 42,98 boogsekondes per eeu vir Mercurius; net meer as 12&amp;nbsp;miljoen omwentelings is dus nodig vir 'n volle rotasie. Soortgelyke voorspellings geld vir die ander planete in die Sonnestelsel, byvoorbeeld 8,62 boogsekondes per eeu vir Venus, 3,84 vir die Aarde en 1,35 vir Mars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Gilvarry |first=John J. |title=Relativity Precession of the Asteroid Icarus |journal=Physical Review |year=1953 |volume=89 |issue=5 |page=1046 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.89.1046 |bibcode=1953PhRv...89.1046G}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first=Kevin | last=Brown |url=http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm |title=6.2 Anomalous Precession |website=Reflections on Relativity |publisher=MathPages |access-date=May 22, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Waarneming==
[[Beeld:Mercury.jpg|thumb|180px|'n Mosaïekbeeld deur {{nowrap|Mariner 10}}, 1974.]]

Mercurius se [[skynbare magnitude]] wissel tussen -2,48 (helderder as [[Sirius]]) rondom sy [[Konjunksie (sterrekunde)|buitekonjunksie]] en +7,25 (minder as waar dit met die blote oog sigbaar is) rondom sy binnekunjunksie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot; /&gt; Die gemiddelde skynbare magnitude is 0,23, terwyl die standaardafwyking van 1,78 die grootste van al die planete is. Die gemiddelde skynbare magnitude by sy buitekonjunksie is -1,89 en by sy binnekonjunksie +5,93.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot; /&gt; Waarnemings van Mercurius word bemoeilik deur sy nabyheid aan die Son, want dit is vir 'n groot deel van die tyd onsigbaar in die Son se gloed. Waarnemings is net moontlik vir 'n kort ruk in die skemerlig van die aand of oggend.&lt;ref name=Menzel1964P292-293&gt;{{cite book |last=Menzel |first=Donald H. |title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |date=1964 |series=The Peterson Field Guide Series |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co. |pages=292–293}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In sommige gevalle kan Mercurius in daglig beter met 'n teleskoop waargeneem word indien sy posisie bekend is, want dit is hoër in die lug en minder atmosferiese steurings beïnvloed die sig. As die nodige veiligheidsmaatreëls toegepas word om te keer dat die teleskoop per ongeluk na die Son gewys en die waarnemer verblind word, kan Mercurius gesien word tot 4° van die Son af wanneer dit naby sy buitekonjunksie en op sy helderste is.

Mercurius kan, nes verskeie ander planete en die helderste [[ster]]re, gedurende 'n algehele [[sonsverduistering]] gesien word.&lt;ref name=&quot;eclipse&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 22, 2003 |title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2006 March 29 |publisher=Department of Physics at Fizik Bolumu in Turkey |first=Tunç |last=Tezel |url=http://www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~aat/TSE2006/TSE2006.html |access-date=May 24, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nes die [[Maan]] en [[Venus]], gaan Mercurius deur [[Maanfase|fases]] soos van die Aarde af gesien. Dit is &quot;donker&quot; by sy binnekonjunksie en &quot;vol&quot; by sy buitekonjunksie. Die planeet is op albei dié geleenthede onsigbaar van die Aarde af omdat dit deur die Son versluier word.&lt;ref name=Menzel1964P292-293/&gt;

===Toestande===
Mercurius is tegnies op sy helderste van die Aarde af wanneer dit in sy vol fase is. Hoewel dit dan die verste van die Aarde af is, vergoed die groter verligte gebied en die [[Seeligereffek]] vir die afstand.&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaSky&quot; /&gt; 

[[Beeld:PIA19247-Mercury-NPolarRegion-Messenger20150316.jpg|thumb|links|220px|'n Kaart in valse kleure wat die maksimum temperature in die noordpoolgebied wys.]]
Die vol fase is egter feitlik onmoontlik om te sien omdat die planeet dan so naby aan die Son is. Die beste tyd om dit te sien is met sy eerste en laaste kwartier, hoewel hy dan nie so helder is nie. Die eerste en laaste kwartier kom voor by onderskeidelik sy [[Konjunksie (sterrekunde)|grootste elongasie]] oos en wes van die Son. Op albei dié geleenthede wissel Mercurius se afstand van die Son af tussen 17,9° by perihelium en 27,8° by afelium.&lt;ref name=&quot;elongation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mercury Chaser's Calculator |publisher=Fourmilab Switzerland |first=John |last=Walker |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/3planets/elongation.html |access-date=29 Mei 2008}} (kyk by 1964 en 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; By sy grootste westelike elongasie kom Mercurius op die vroegste op voor sonsopkoms, en by sy grootste oostelike elongasie sak dit op sy laatste ná sonsondergang.&lt;ref name=&quot;RASC2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Observer's Handbook 2007 |editor-first=Patrick |editor-last=Kelly |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-9738109-3-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/observershandboo00raji_0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:PIA19422-Mercury-CarnegieRupes-MDIS-MLA-20150416.jpg|thumb|220px|'n Beeld in valse kleure van Carnegie Rupes; die hoë terrein is rooi en die lae terrein blou.]]
Mercurius is meer dikwels en makliker uit die [[Suidelike Halfrond]] sigbaar. Dit is omdat die planeet se maksimum westelike elongasie in die Suidelike Halfrond net in die vroeë herfs voorkom, terwyl sy grootste oostelike elongasie daar in die laat winter voorkom.&lt;ref name=&quot;RASC2007&quot; /&gt; In albei gevalle is die hoek waarteen die planeet se wentelbaan die horison kruis op sy maksimum by die middelste breedtegrade soos in [[Argentinië]] en [[Suid-Afrika]], en daarom kom dit in die eerste geval 'n paar uur voor sonsopkoms op en gaan dit in die tweede geval 'n paar uur ná sonsondergang onder.&lt;ref name=&quot;RASC2007&quot; /&gt;

'n Alternatiewe manier om Mercurius waar te neem is in die daglig wanneer helder toestande heers, veral as dit by sy grootste elongasie is. Dan kan die planeet maklik gevind word, selfs met 'n teleskoop met 'n [[lensopening]] van 8&amp;nbsp;cm. Groot sorg moet egter getref word om die Son af te keer om oogskade te voorkom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Finding Venus or Mercury in daylight | last=Curtis | first=A. C. | journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association | volume=82 | pages=438–439 | date=Oktober 1972 | bibcode=1972JBAA...82..438C }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Grondgebaseerde teleskope sien Mercurius net as 'n gedeeltelik verligte skyf met beperkte detail. Die eerste van twee [[ruimtetuig|ruimtetuie]] wat die planeet besoek het, was {{nowrap|Mariner 10}}, wat van 1974 tot 1975 sowat 45% van sy oppervlak karteer het. Die tweede een was Messenger, wat ná drie verbyvlugte (tussen 2008 en 2009) op 17 Maart 2011 in 'n wentelbaan om Mercurius gegaan het&lt;ref name=&quot;insertion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=March 17, 2011 |title=Celebrating Mercury Orbit |publisher=NASA Multimedia |first=Paul E. |last=Alers |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1897.html |access-date=18 Maart 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; om die res van die planeet te bestudeer en karteer.&lt;ref name=&quot;twsMarX31&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=NASA spacecraft now circling Mercury – a first |publisher=NBC News |date=17 Maart 2011 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42142053 |access-date=24 Maart 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[Hubble-ruimteteleskoop]] kan Mercurius glad nie bestudeer nie vanweë veiligheidsmaatreëls wat keer dat dit te na aan die Son wys.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Baumgardner |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Mendillo |first2=Michael |last3=Wilson |first3=Jody K. |title=A Digital High-Definition Imaging System for Spectral Studies of Extended Planetary Atmospheres. I. Initial Results in White Light Showing Features on the Hemisphere of Mercury Unimaged by Mariner&amp;nbsp;10 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |year=2000 |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=2458–2464 |doi=10.1086/301323 |bibcode=2000AJ....119.2458B|s2cid=17361371 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====BepiColombo ====
Die [[Europese Ruimteagentskap]] en die Japannese Ruimteagentskap [[JAXA]] het BepiColombo saam ontwikkel en lanseer. Dit sal met twee ondersoektuie om Mercurius wentel: een om die planeet te karteer en die ander om sy [[magnetosfeer]] te ondersoek.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESAColumboGoAhead&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ESA gives go-ahead to build BepiColombo |date=26 Februarie 2007 |publisher=European Space Agency |url=http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMC8XBE8YE_index_0.html |access-date=29 Mei 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dit is op 20 Oktober 2018 lanseer en sal Mercurius na verwagting in 2025 bereik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BepiColombo Fact Sheet |url=http://sci.esa.int/bepicolombo/47346-fact-sheet/ |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=19 Desember 2016 |date=1 Desember 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albei tuie sal 'n jaar lank aktief wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESAColumboGoAhead&quot; /&gt; 

==Notas==
{{Reflist|group=nota}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|25em
|verwysings=

&lt;ref name=&quot;fact&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first=David R. | last=Williams | title=Mercury Fact Sheet | url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html | publisher=NASA | access-date=2021-04-19 | date=25 November 2020 | archive-date= 3 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403160651/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;strom&quot;/&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Margot2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margot |first1=Jean-Luc |last2=Peale |first2=Stanton J. |last3=Solomon |first3=Sean C. |last4=Hauck |first4=Steven A. |last5=Ghigo |first5=Frank D. |last6=Jurgens |first6=Raymond F. |last7=Yseboodt |first7=Marie |last8=Giorgini |first8=Jon D. |last9=Padovan |first9=Sebastiano|last10=Campbell|first10=Donald B. |title=Mercury's moment of inertia from spin and gravity data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |volume=117 |issue=E12 |year=2012 |pages=n/a |issn=0148-0227 |doi=10.1029/2012JE004161 |bibcode=2012JGRE..117.0L09M|citeseerx=10.1.1.676.5383 |s2cid=22408219 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauck_etal_2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hauck |first1=Steven A. |last2=Margot |first2=Jean-Luc |last3=Solomon |first3=Sean C. |last4=Phillips |first4=Roger J. |last5=Johnson |first5=Catherine L. |last6=Lemoine |first6=Frank G. |last7=Mazarico |first7=Erwan |last8=McCoy |first8=Timothy J. |last9=Padovan |first9=Sebastiano |last10=Peale |first10=Stanton J. |last11=Perry |first11=Mark E. |last12=Smith |first12=David E. |last13=Zuber |first13=Maria T. |title=The curious case of Mercury's internal structure|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |year=2013 |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=1204–1220 |doi=10.1002/jgre.20091|bibcode=2013JGRE..118.1204H |s2cid=17668886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Padovan2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/2014GL062487 |title=Thickness of the crust of Mercury from geoid-to-topography ratios |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=1029 |year=2015 |last1=Padovan |first1=Sebastiano |last2=Wieczorek |first2=Mark A. |last3=Margot |first3=Jean-Luc |last4=Tosi |first4=Nicola |last5=Solomon |first5=Sean C. |bibcode=2015GeoRL..42.1029P |s2cid=31442257 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/403071pz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Benz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle |last1=Benz |first1=W. |last2=Slattery |first2=W. L. |last3=Cameron |first3=Alastair G. W. |journal=Icarus |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=516–528 |year=1988 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(88)90118-2 |bibcode=1988Icar...74..516B|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253898 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;awst169_18_18&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Jefferson |last=Morris |date=10 November 2008 |title=Laser Altimetry |journal=Aviation Week &amp; Space Technology |volume=169 |issue=18 |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritzel&gt;{{cite news |last=Ritzel |first=Rebecca |title=Ballet isn't rocket science, but the two aren't mutually exclusive, either |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C., VSA |date=20 Desember 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/theater_dance/ballet-isnt-rocket-science-but-the-twoarentmutually-exclusive-either/2012/12/20/83fae9d6-3e2b-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_story.html |access-date=22 Desember 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;WagWolIva01&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |last1=Wagner |first1=Roland J. |last2=Wolf |first2=Ursula |last3=Ivanov |first3=Boris A. |last4=Neukum |first4=Gerhard |title=Application of an Updated Impact Cratering Chronology Model to Mercury' s Time-Stratigraphic System |work=Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior. Proceedings of a workshop held at The Field Museum. |date=4-5 Oktober 2001 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Science Institute |page=106 |bibcode=2001mses.conf..106W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes2012-11-28&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/science/space/mercury-home-to-ice-messenger-spacecraft-findings-suggest.html |title=On Closest Planet to the Sun, NASA Finds Lots of Ice |work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=29 November 2012 |page=A3 |archive-date=29 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129194012/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/science/space/mercury-home-to-ice-messenger-spacecraft-findings-suggest.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Milillo_et_al_2005&gt;{{cite journal | title=Surface-Exosphere-Magnetosphere System Of Mercury | last1=Milillo | first1=A. | last2=Wurz | first2=P. | last3=Orsini | first3=S. | last4=Delcourt | first4=D. | last5=Kallio | first5=E. | last6=Killen | first6=R. M. | last7=Lammer | first7=H. | last8=Massetti | first8=S. | last9=Mura | first9=A. | last10=Barabash | first10=S. | last11=Cremonese | first11=G. | last12=Daglis | first12=I. A. | last13=Angelis | first13=E. | last14=Lellis | first14=A. M. | last15=Livi | first15=S. | last16=Mangano | first16=V. | last17=Torkar | first17=K. | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=117 | issue=3–4 | pages=397–443 | date=April 2005 | doi=10.1007/s11214-005-3593-z | bibcode=2005SSRv..117..397M | s2cid=122285073 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Berezhnoy2018&gt;{{cite journal | title=Chemistry of impact events on Mercury | last=Berezhnoy | first=Alexey A. | journal=Icarus | volume=300 | pages=210–222 | date=January 2018 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.034 | bibcode=2018Icar..300..210B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;chaikin1&quot;/&gt;

&lt;ref name=Williams2019&gt;{{cite web | first=David R. | last=Williams | date=21 Oktober 2019 | title=Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric | publisher=Nasa | url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ | access-date=2021-04-20 | archive-date=19 Julie 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719082605/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cosmic1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Biswas |first=Sukumar |date=2000 |title=Cosmic Perspectives in Space Physics |publisher=Springer |series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library |page=176 |isbn=978-0-7923-5813-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac |journal=Astronomy and Computing |first1=Anthony |last1=Mallama |first2=James L. |last2=Hilton |volume=25 |pages=10–24 |date=Oktober 2018 |doi=10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 |bibcode=2018A&amp;C....25...10M |arxiv=1808.01973|s2cid=69912809 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Skakels ==
* [http://www.spacewallpapers.net/wallpapers/thumbnails.php?album=search&amp;type=full&amp;search=mercury Mercurius Foto Agtergronde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224608/http://www.spacewallpapers.net/wallpapers/thumbnails.php?album=search&amp;type=full&amp;search=mercury |date=26 September 2007 }}
{{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Mercury (planet)}}
{{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Mercury (planet)}}

{{PlaneteSon}}
{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

[[Kategorie:Planete]]</text>
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    <title>Réunion</title>
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|noem_naam               = Department La Réunion
|volle_naam              = &lt;small&gt;''Département de la Réunion ([[Frans]])&lt;/small&gt;
|algemene_naam           = Réunion
|beeld_vlag              = Flag of France.svg
|beeld_wapen             = Armoiries Réunion.svg
|simbool_tipe            = Wapen
|beeld_kaart             = LocationReunion.svg
|leuse                   = ''[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[Frans]] vir: &quot;Vryheid, Gelykheid, Broederskap&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;
|volkslied               = ''[[Marseillaise]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Lêer:La Marseillaise.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|amptelike_tale          = [[Frans]]
|hoofstad                = [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]]
{{Koördinate|20|53|S|55|27|O}}
|latd                    = 20
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|grootste_stad           = [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]]
|regeringsvorm           = [[Franse oorsese gebiede|Oorsese département]]
|leiertitels             = • [[President van Frankryk|Franse president]]&lt;br /&gt;• President van die&lt;br /&gt;territoriale Vergadering&lt;br /&gt;• Prefek
|leiername               = [[Emmanuel Macron]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Huguette Bello (PLR)&lt;br /&gt;Cyrille Melchior (LR)
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|bevolking_skatting_jaar = 
|bevolking_rang          = 
|bevolking_sensus        = 873&amp;nbsp;102&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2023.xls |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2023 |publisher=Nasionale Instituut vir Statistiek en Ekonomiese Studies |accessdate=29 Mei 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|BBP                     = €19,5&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=&quot;GDP&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |publisher=Nasionale Instituut vir Statistiek en Ekonomiese Studies |accessdate=29 Mei 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;$21,8&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=&quot;GDP&quot; /&gt;
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|onafhanklikheidstipe    = [[Franse oorsese gebiede|Franse oorsese département]]
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|onafhanklikheidsdatums  = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[1642]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1665]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1810]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1815]]&lt;br /&gt;[[19 Maart]] [[1946]]
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'''Réunion''' ([[Frans]]: ''La Réunion'', [la ʁe.ynjɔ̃], {{Audio|Fr-La Réunion.ogg|luister}}; [[Réunionnais]]: ''La Rényon'', voorheen: ''Île Bourbon''), amptelik die '''Department La Réunion''' (Frans: ''Département de la Réunion''), is 'n [[eiland]] en [[Franse oorsese gebiede|oorsese]] ''[[département]]'' (''[[département d'outre-mer]]'', of ''DOM'') van [[Frankryk]], geleë in die [[Indiese Oseaan]] omtrent 700 [[kilometer]] oos van [[Madagaskar]] en 200 kilometer suidwes van [[Mauritius]], met 'n oppervlak van 2&amp;nbsp;511 vierkante kilometer en 'n bevolking van 873&amp;nbsp;102 (&quot;Réunionnais&quot;). Nes die Franse moederland is Frans die [[amptelike taal]] van Réunion. Daarbenewens besig die bevolkingsmeerderheid die [[Kreools]] [[Réunionnais]] as [[moedertaal]].

[[Lêer:Reunion 21.12S 55.51E.jpg|duimnael|links|'n Satellietfoto van die eiland wys duidelik die vulkaniese calderas in die middel]]
Soos ander oorsese Franse gebiede is Réunion ook een van die 18 ''[[Franse geweste|régions]]'' van Frankryk met 'n status soortgelyk aan dié van die metropolitaanse Frankryk op die Europese vasteland. Réunion maak deel uit van die [[Europese Unie]] en was danksy sy ligging die eerste gebied ter wêreld waar [[Euro]]-banknote en munte ingevoer is. President [[Paul Vergés]] was die eerste verbruiker wat sy inkopies met Euro's betaal het.

Réunion is danksy die natuurskoon en die onmiddellike ervaring van die vier elemente vuur, water, aarde en lug, wat sy ongerepte landskappe en landvorms bied, nou een van die gewildste reisbestemmings vir Franse toeriste. Die vulkaniese landskappe van Pitons, cirques en remparts is in 2010 deur [[Unesco]] as [[wêrelderfenisgebied]] aangewys.

== Etimologie ==
In 17de eeu het Frankryk beheer oorgeneem oor die eiland en dit [[Huis van Bourbon|Bourbon]] genoem na die destydse Franse dinastie. Op 23 Maart 1793 het die nasionale vergadering besluit om met die naam weg te doen wat geheg was aan die ''Ancien régime''&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} Jean Baptiste Duvergier, ''Collection complète des lois […]'', éd. A. Guyot et Scribe, Paris, 1834, «Décret du 23 mars 1793», bl. 205&lt;/ref&gt; en die gebied na Réunion hernoem. In Frans beteken ''La Réunion'' oor die algemeen &quot;vergadering&quot; of &quot;byeenkoms&quot; pleks van &quot;reünie&quot;. Hierdie naam is vermoedelik gekies as 'n huldeblyk aan die vergadering van die ''fédérés'' van [[Marseille]] en die [[Parys]]e nasionale wag wat die opstand op 10 Augustus 1792 voorafgegaan het. Geen dokument stel dit vas nie en die gebruik van die woord &quot;vergadering&quot; kon bloot simbolies van aard gewees het.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} Daniel Vaxellaire, ''Le Grand Livre de l'histoire de La Réunion'', vol. 1: ''Des origines à 1848'', éd. Orphie, 2000, bl. 701 {{ISBN|978-2-87763-101-3}}), bl. 228 (avec fac-similé du décret).&lt;/ref&gt;

In die 19de eeu het die eiland se naam opnuut verander: in 1806 het generaal Decaen tydens die Eerste Franse Keiserryk die eiland ''Île Bonaparte'' (na [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]) genoem en in 1810 is die naam weer in ''Île Bourbon'' verander. Op 7 Maart 1848, ná die einde van die Juliemonargie, is dit eindelik deur 'n dekreet van die voorlopige regering in Réunion hernoem.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} ''Nouveau recueil général de traités, conventions et autres transactions remarquables – Année 1848'', éd. Librairie de Dieterich, 1854, «Arrêté du gouvernement provisoire portant changement du nom de l'île Bourbon, Paris, 7 mars», bl. 76&lt;/ref&gt;

In ooreenstemming met die oorspronklike spelling, die klassieke spelling en tipografiese reëls,&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} ''Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l’Imprimerie nationale'', Imprimerie nationale, 1990 {{ISBN|978-2-11-081075-5}}; réédition 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7433-0482-9}}; réimpressions octobre 2007 et novembre 2008 {{ISBN|978-2-7433-0482-9}}, bl. 90 en 93.&lt;/ref&gt; is die artikel van &quot;la Réunion&quot; met 'n kleinletter geskryf, maar aan die einde van die 20ste eeu het die spelling in baie geskrifte na &quot;La Réunion&quot; verander met 'n hoofletter om die integrasie van die artikel in die naam te beklemtoon. Laasgenoemde spelling stem ooreen met die aanbevelings van die Nasionale Toponiekommissie&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cnig.gouv.fr/upload/ressource/r1147273214.DOC |title=Collectivités territoriales françaises |publisher=Nasionale Toponiekommissie |accessdate=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112114347/http://www.cnig.gouv.fr/upload/ressource/r1147273214.DOC |archive-date=12 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; en dit verskyn ook in die huidige Grondwet van Frankryk se artikels 72-3 en 73.

== Geskiedenis ==
[[Lêer:Reunion 2004 5.jpg|duimnael|links|'n Vulkaanuitbarsting in 2004]]
Réunion was oorspronklik 'n onbewoonde eiland wat deur Arabiese seevaarders ''Dina Morgabin'' (&quot;Westelike Eiland&quot;) genoem is. Die Portugese was die eerste Europeërs wat hier in 1513 voet aan wal gesit en die eiland Santa Apollonia genoem het. Tog was dit uiteindelik Franse wat die eiland later beset het. François Cauche het in 1638 die Franse vlag op Santa Apollonia gehys, en vier jaar later het Jacques Pronis die eiland tot 'n Franse besitting verklaar. Aanvanklik het die eiland as 'n verbanningsoord vir Franse muiters uit Madagaskar gedien. Hulle is later terug na Frankryk gebring. In 1649 is die naam van die eiland ter ere van die Franse koningshuis gewysig na Île Bourbon.

Die eiland het 'n belangrike rol as hawe en verversingspos vir handelskepe op pad na Oos-Indië gespeel en sou sy strategiese belangrikheid eers met die opening van die [[Suezkanaal]] in 1869 verloor. In die 17de eeu het die immigrasie van Franse setlaars, [[Indië]]rs, [[Han-Chinese]], [[Maleiers]] en Afrikane begin.

Tydens die [[Franse Rewolusie]] is die eiland se naam deur 'n dekreet van die Konvent gewysig. Die nuwe naam ''Île de la Réunion'' herdenk sedertdien die vereniging van die rewolusionêre strydmag uit [[Marseille]] met die Nasionale Garde in [[Parys]] op 10 Augustus 1792. Die derde Franse naam, Île Bonaparte, wat vanaf 1801 gebruik is, het nog eens die politieke gebeure in die moederland weerspieël.

Ná die verowering deur die [[Britse Vloot]] onder die bevel van [[kommodoor]] Josias Bowley het die eiland sy ou naam &quot;Île Bourbon&quot; teruggekry, maar eers met die rewolusie van 1848 is dit vir goed na Réunion gewysig.

Op 19 Maart 1946 het Réunion 'n oorsese département (''département d'outre-mer'') van Frankryk geword. Sedert 1986 is dit ook 'n oorsese administratiewe gebied (''région d'outre-mer''). In 1997 het Réunion een van die agt sogenaamde ''régions ultrapériphériques'' of &quot;uiterste randgebiede&quot; van die Europese Unie geword.

== Politiek en administratiewe verdeling ==
[[Lêer:SaintDenisReunion003.jpg|duimnael|'n Uitsig oor die hoofstad Saint-Denis de la Réunion]]
Réunion is in administratiewe opsig verdeel in vier [[arrondissement]]e, 24 munisipaliteite (Frans: ''communes'') en 47 kantonne. Die eiland is tegelykertyd 'n oorsese administratiewe gebied (''région'') en département van Frankryk.

In 1972 het Réunion 'n soort selfregerende status gekry. Danksy die ligging ver af van die sentrum van die Europese Unie (EU) vorm die eiland sedert 1997 ook 'n sogenaamde ''région ultrapériphérique'' in die EU. Weens sy geografiese ligging en die afwykende tydsone was Réunion op 1 Januarie 2002 ook die eerste gebied wat die nuwe geldeenheid Euro amptelik ingevoer het.

Réunion is 'n lid van die Kommissie van die Indiese Oseaan; administratief val die eiland, wat tot Frankryk behoort, onder die [[Europese Unie]].

== Geografie ==
[[Lêer:Reunionkaart.png|duimnael|links|Kaart van Réunion]]
[[Lêer:Reunion von westen aus NASAWorldWind 001.jpg|duimnael|Réunion, soos gesien vanuit 'n westelike rigting]]
[[Lêer:Sommet-Piton-des-Neiges.JPG|duimnael|Die bergpiek van Piton des Neiges]]
Die eiland het 'n oppervlak van 2&amp;nbsp;512 vierkante kilometer en 'n deursnee van tussen 50 en 70 kilometer. Réunion maak saam met Mauritius en Rodrigues deel uit van die [[Maskareense eilande|Maskarene-eilandgroep]] wat in [[1511]] deur [[Pedro Mascarenhas]] ontdek is. Die eiland het 'n tropiese klimaat met 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur van 26&amp;nbsp;°C in die kusgebiede en sowat 300 sonskyndae per jaar, met 'n reënseisoen in die somer (van Desember tot Maart).

Die eiland is sowat drie miljoen jaar gelede uit lawa gevorm, toe die [[vulkaan]] Piton des Neiges uit die Indiese Oseaan verrys het, en daar is baie geologiese ooreenkomste met die groot Hawaii-eiland van die gelyknamige Amerikaanse eilandgroep, wat net soos Réunion op 'n aktiewe vulkaangordel in die oseaan geleë is.

Die uitgewerkte vulkaan Piton des Neiges (wat in Frans &quot;Met sneeu bedekte bergspits&quot; beteken, alhoewel sneeuval hier eintlik nie voorkom nie) is met 'n hoogte van 3&amp;nbsp;070,5 meter die hoogste piek in 'n vulkaniese bergreeks wat dwarsoor die eiland loop. Piton des Neiges is ook die hoogste bergpiek in die gebied van die Indiese Oseaan.

Die skildvulkaan Piton de la Fournaise (2&amp;nbsp;631 meter) het sowat een miljoen jaar gelede naas die Piton des Neiges aan die oostelike kant van die eiland ontstaan. Die bergpiek word deur 'n aantal magtige, ineengestorte calderas omring. Die vulkaan is nog steeds aktief, en sedert 1690 is daar meer as 150 uitbarstings geregistreer, die laaste op 26 Desember 2005. Die groot uitbarsting in 1986 het die eiland selfs met 25 hektaar vergroot. Die La Fournaise-vulkaan behoort tot die sogenaamde effusiewe vulkane wat minder gevaarlik is. Dit loop gereeld sowat twee keer per jaar leeg sonder dat sy lawastrome groot skade berokken. In Augustus 2003 het die vulkaan 'n buitengewone skouspel opgelewer nadat 'n sterk lugstroming sneeu- en yskristalle vanuit Antarktika tot by die 21ste tropiese breedtegraad gewaai en sodoende 'n winterlandskap op die berg geskep het.

Die binneland van Réunion word oorheers deur sogenaamde ''calderas'', valleie wat deur ineengestorte vulkane gevorm is. Hulle word weens hulle kenmerkende vorm plaaslik ook ''cirques'' (&quot;sirkusse&quot;) genoem. Die Cirques de Salazie en de Cilaos is algemeen toeganklik, terwyl die afgeleë Cirque de Mafate slegs op voetslaanpaaie of met 'n [[helikopter]] bereikbaar is. Die Cirque de Salazie bekoor met sy pragtige flora en die tropiese bosse in die ooste, terwyl die Cirque de Cilaos ook as 'n wynbougebied dien.

Die afgeleë vulkaniese hoogplato's was in die 19de eeu 'n skuilplek vir slawe wat die harde werk op die suikerrietplantasies ontvlug het. Die Cirque de Mafate is nog steeds die tuiste van sowat 650 mense wat in klein gehuggies woon.

Die hange van die vulkaniese bergpieke is dig bebos; die meeste landbougebiede en menslike nedersettings is in die kusvlaktes van die omgewing geleë. Réunion beskik oor sowat 40 kilometer se sandstrande in die weste en suidweste van die eiland.

== Demografie ==
[[Lêer:Panneau en créole réunionnais.jpg|duimnael|Padteken in [[Réunionnais]]]]
Met 'n bevolking van 840&amp;nbsp;000 en 'n gemiddelde bevolkingsdigtheid van 334 inwoners per vierkante kilometer is Réunion dig bevolk. Nietemin is die bevolking oneweredig versprei en veral in die kusgebiede saamgetrek waar die bevolkingsdigtheid met 1&amp;nbsp;000 inwoners per km² aansienlik hoër is. Sowat dertig persent van die bevolking is jonger as vyftien jaar.

Frans is die amptelike taal, alhoewel die meerderheid van die bevolking [[Réunionnais]], 'n Frans-gebaseerde [[kreooltaal]], as omgangstaal praat.

Naastenby negentig persent van die bevolking is [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Rooms-Katolieke]] Christene. Daar is minderhede van [[Hindoeïsme|Hindoes]] en [[Moslem]]s (oorwegend [[Indië]]rs) en [[Boeddhisme|Boeddhiste]] (veral Chinese). Réunion staan ook in godsdienstige opsig bekend vir die verdraagsaamheid van sy bewoners waarvan baie aanhangers van meer as een godsdiens is.

=== Etniese herkoms ===
Tot die middel van die 17de eeu was Réunion onbewoon. Eers in die tyd van die Franse kolonisasie het Franse setlaars hulle op die eiland gevestig en is slawe uit Madagaskar, [[Oos-Afrika]] en Indië na Réunion geneem om op die plaaslike [[vanielje]]- en suikerriet-plantasies te werk. Slawerny is in 1848 onwettig verklaar, en ná hul bevryding het sowat 60&amp;nbsp;000 voormalige slawe dieselfde status gekry soos die eiland se 35&amp;nbsp;000 vrye burgers. Plantasiewerkers het voortaan uit Indië, Afrika en China gekom.

Die nakomelinge van koloniale setlaars en slawe het lankal vermeng om 'n relatief homogene bevolking te vorm waarna as &quot;kreole&quot; (''créoles'') verwys word. Bewoners met etniese wortels in Madagaskar en Oos-Afrika word plaaslik ''cafres'' genoem, terwyl na Indiërs afhangende van hul godsdiens en herkoms as ''Zarabes'' ([[Soenni]]tiese Moslems uit [[Gujarat]]) of ''Malbars'' ([[Tamils]], Hindoes en Christene) verwys word. ''Sinoi'' is nakomelinge van Chinese immigrante, ''P'tits blancs'' (&quot;klein blankes&quot;) nasate van verarmde koloniale setlaars uit Frankryk. Nasate van welvarende Franse grondbesitters staan as ''grand blancs'' (&quot;groot blankes&quot;) bekend.

Die Franse grondwet plaas 'n verbod op die versameling van etniese gegewens sodat die etniese herkoms van Réunion se huidige bevolking slegs beraam kan word. Daar word aangeneem dat 45 persent van die bewoners van gemengde afkoms is (nasate van Franse setlaars en slawe uit Madagaskar en Afrika), 25 persent van Indiese (waarvan 24 persent ''Malbars'' en een persent ''Zarabes'') en drie persent van Chinese herkoms.

Daar is klein minderhede van ander [[etniese groep]]e.

== Ekonomie ==
[[Lêer:LaReunionSugarCaneFields.jpg|duimnael|links|Suikerrietplantasies op Réunion]]
[[Lêer:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|duimnael|upright|''Vanilla planifolia'' op 'n vanieljeplantasie]]
[[Lêer:Edmond Albius.jpg|duimnael|upright|Edmond Albius]]
In die tydperk tussen 1993 en 2001 was die ekonomie van Réunion die snelste groeiende van alle administratiewe gebiede van Frankryk, met 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse groeikoers van 4,4 persent. Met 'n bruto binnelandse produk van meer as 10&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;€ per capita is Réunion die welvarendste gebied in die suidelike Indiese Oseaan. Nogtans is die per capita-inkomste die laagste in Frankryk, aangesien die natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas nog steeds groot bly. Werkloosheid (tans meer as 30 persent&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.reunion.de/Land--Leute/Wirtschaft--Politik/ www.reunion.de: Wirtschaft &amp; Politik. Besoek op 30 Junie 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;) is een van die kwellendste vraagstukke, alhoewel emigrasie na die metropolitaanse Frankryk vir baie eilandbewoners 'n opsie bly.

Die tersiêre sektor, veral die toerisme en inligtingsbedryf, is tans die belangrikste steunpilaar van die plaaslike ekonomie, wat ook die meeste werkgeleenthede bied. In 2004 het meer as 430&amp;nbsp;000 toeriste die eiland besoek, waaronder 'n groot aantal familiebesoeke van Réunionais wat in die Europese deel van Frankryk werk.

Die landbou is die tweede belangrikste sektor van Réunion se ekonomie. Aanvanklik was [[koffie]] die hoofproduk van die eiland, maar nadat tropiese storms in die jare 1806 en 1807 die koffieplantasies volledig verwoes het, het die meeste koffieboere na suikerriet omgeskakel. In die eerste jare is die suikerriet veral gebruik om rum te distilleer, en eers nadat die owerhede 'n verbod op die alkoholvervaardiging geplaas het, begin die grootskaalse [[suiker]]produksie, wat vandag sowat 12&amp;nbsp;000 werkgeleenthede bied.

Twee derdes van die eiland se landbougebiede of sowat 38&amp;nbsp;000 hektaar word deur suikerrietplantasies beslaan. Nogtans bestaan daar nog net twee groot koöperasies, die ''Sucrerie de Bois-Rouge'' in die noordooste van Réunion, en die ''Sucrerie du Gol'' in die suidweste. Laasgenoemde is ook die grootste suikerprodusent in die [[Europese Unie]]. Die meeste ander suikerfabrieke is as gevolg van lae pryse op die wêreldmark al lank gesluit.

Weens die topografiese natuur van die eiland is meganisering en outomatisering dikwels nie moontlik nie, en vier-vyfdes van die suikerriet word met die hand geoes. Elk van die suikerrietfabrieke het 'n kapasiteit van een miljoen ton suikerriet, wat sowat 300&amp;nbsp;000 ton ru-suiker sou oplewer. Negentig persent van die jaarlikse ru-suikerproduksie word na Frankryk in Europa uitgevoer waar dit ook geraffineer word.

Sap en [[melasse]], die byprodukte van die suikerkristallisasie, word op Réunion tot rum gedistilleer. Suikerrietstrooi dien as brandstof, terwyl die filterskuim van die suikerrietverwerking as mis op die velde gebruik word. Die jaarlikse opbrengs van sowat 70&amp;nbsp;000 ton melasse word onder meer tot bio-etanol verwerk.

Tot dusver bly die subsidiëring deur die Franse regering en die Europese Gemeenskap, wat in die vorm van vaste pryse vir ru-suiker deurgevoer word, 'n belangrike steunpilaar van die plaaslike suikerrietbedryf. Die afskaling van hierdie indirekte ekonomiese hulp is reeds op besluit, nogtans het die suikerpryse op die wêreldmark danksy die groeiende aanvraag in Asië skerp gestyg, wat die plaaslike bedryf minder afhanklik van subsidies sal maak.

Die plaaslike ru-suikerproduksie beloop 220&amp;nbsp;000 ton in 2004.

Réunion produseer jaarliks ook sowat dertig ton van sy &quot;swart goud&quot;, [[vanielje]], wat die tweede duurste [[spesery]] ter wêreld is. Die oorsprong van die vanieljebedryf op 'n eiland wat nie oor bestuiwende [[insekte]] of kolibris beskik nie, lê in 'n toevallige ontdekking. 'n Woedende slaweseun, die twaalfjarige Edmond Albius, druk in 1841 die vanieljebloeisels van sy baas plat. Merkwaardig genoeg het die bloeisels nie verwelk nie, maar doosvrugte begin uit die vanieljeorgideë voortspruit. Ter ere van die eiland Île Bourbon word hierdie soort vanielje ''bourbon-vanielje'' genoem. Later is danksy hierdie metode in verskillende lande met die produksie van bourbon-vanielje begin. Albius het as beloning sy vryheid verkry.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Reunion|title=Réunion|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=29 Mei 2024}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://user.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/fbook/04/geos/re.html|title=Reunion|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=29 Mei 2024}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Réunion}}
* {{fr}} [https://www.reunion.gouv.fr/ Amptelike webwerf van die regering]
* {{en}} {{fr}} [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1317 Amptelike Unesco-bladsy]

{{Geografiese ligging
| Senter = {{vlagland|Réunion}}
| Noord = [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Noordoos = [[Atlantiese Oseaan]] • {{vlagland|Mauritius}}
| Oos = [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Suidoos = [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Suid = [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Suidwes = {{vlagland|Madagaskar}} • [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Wes = {{vlagland|Madagaskar}} • [[Indiese Oseaan]]
| Noordwes = {{vlagland|Madagaskar}} • [[Indiese Oseaan]]
}}

{{Région van Frankryk}}
{{Départements van Frankryk}}
{{Lande van Afrika}}
{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reunion}}
[[Kategorie:Réunion| ]]
[[Kategorie:Vulkaniese eilande]]
[[Kategorie:Wêrelderfenisgebiede in Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Wêrelderfenisgebiede in Frankryk]]
[[Kategorie:Skildvulkane]]</text>
      <sha1>swj7d853i9m0fg7npxddbmoaa7xej0q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889603</id>
      <parentid>2880832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103520" sha1="gambuh3tqpeon0zr5mtfu3zna9v9xbe" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image2
 | align =  left
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 900
 | footer =
 | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg
 | alt1 = Koorsboom
 | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]]
 | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg
 | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout
 | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]]
 | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg
 | alt3 = Soetdoring
 | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]]
 | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg
 | alt4 = Kanferbos
 | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]]
 | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg
 | alt5 = Berghardepeer
 | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]]
 | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg
 | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring
 | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]]
 | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg
 | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol
 | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]]
}}{{-}}
Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: 

{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer
|-
|[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311
|-
|[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487
|-
|[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571
|-
|[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486
|-
|[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376
|-
|[[Afrikahondsroos|Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493
|-
|[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44
|-
|[[Afrikasoetlemoen|Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1
|-
|[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474
|-
|[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25
|-
|[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607
|-
|[[Albaniebroodboom|Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7
|-
|[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9
|-
|[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505
|-
|[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159
|-
|[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69
|-
|[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5
|-
|[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1
|-
|[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Ceraria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10
|-
|[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5
|-
|[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166
|-
|[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213
|-
|[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238
|-
|[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570
|-
|[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385
|-
|[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575
|-
|[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2
|-
|[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88
|-
|[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11
|-
|[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521
|-
|[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean&lt;br /&gt; Elephantroot||193
|-
|[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30
|-
|[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85
|-
|[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119
|-
|[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106
|-
|[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101
|-
|[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320
|-
|[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45
|-
|[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21
|-
|[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14
|-
|[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2
|-
|[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5
|-
|[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5
|-
|[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100
|-
|[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70
|-
|[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1
|-
|[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15
|-
|[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4
|-
|[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593
|-
|[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear&lt;br /&gt;Transvaal hard-pear||514
|-
|[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387
|-
|[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2
|-
|[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293
|-
|[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13
|-
|[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269
|-
|[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20
|-
|[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3
|-
|[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730
|-
|[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2
|-
|[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703
|-
|[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33
|-
|[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383
|-
|[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1
|-
|[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50
|- 
|[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1
|-
|[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2
|-
|[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725
|-
|[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2
|-
|[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149
|-
|[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304
|-
|[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1
|-
|[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165
|-
|[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1
|-
|[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452
|-
|[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287
|-
|[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508
|-
|[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447
|-
|[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439
|-
|[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393
|-
|[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3
|-
|[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1
|-
|[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6
|-
|[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4
|-
|[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5
|-
|[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1
|-
|[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631
|-
|[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276
|-
|[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6
|-
|[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3
|-
|[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2
|-
|[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2
|-
|[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743
|-
|[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9
|-
|[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594
|-
|[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164
|-
|[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3
|-
|[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2
|-
|[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112
|-
|[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1
|-
|[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5
|-
|[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1
|-
|[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3
|-
|[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13
|-
|[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4
|-
|[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna  ||741
|-
|[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21
|-
|[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639
|-
|[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18
|-
|[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404
|-
|[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3
|-
|[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre  ||72.3
|-
|[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28
|-
|[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1
|-
|[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3
|-
|[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228
|-
|[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1
|-
|[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472
|-
|[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204
|-
|[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2
|-
|[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718
|-
|[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708
|-
|[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485
|-
|[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515
|-
|[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698
|-
|[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11
|-
|[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224
|-
|[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339
|-
|[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291
|-
|[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1
|-
|[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena&lt;br /&gt;White gardenia||692
|-
|[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2
|-
|[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2
|-
|[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9
|-
|[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330
|-
|[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632
|-
|[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429
|-
|[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454
|-
|[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414
|-
|[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588
|-
|[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590
|-
|[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2
|-
|[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3
|-
|[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620
|-
|[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645
|-
|[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5
|-
|[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491
|-
|[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310
|-
|[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300
|-
|[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482
|-
|[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584
|-
|[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109
|-
|[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461
|-
|[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415
|-
|[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580
|-
|[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380
|-
|[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731
|-
|[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540
|-
|[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1
|-
|[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2
|-
|[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75
|-
|[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6
|-
|[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375
|-
|[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346
|-
|[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1
|-
|[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713
|-
|[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10
|-
|[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1
|-
|[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2
|-
|[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416
|-
|[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155
|-
|[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694
|-
|[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260
|-
|[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3
|-
|[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634
|-
|[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52
|-
|[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556
|-
|[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93
|-
|[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314
|-
|[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6
|-
|[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1
|-
|[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648
|-
|[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1
|-
|[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626
|-
|[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3
|-
|[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1
|-
|[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177
|-
|[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94
|-
|[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76
|-
|[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374
|-
|[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734
|-
|[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2
|-
|[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244
|-
|[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113
|-
|[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1
|-
|[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3
|-
|[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5
|-
|[[Breëblaarwasbessie]]  ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]''  ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37
|-
|[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127
|-
|[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701
|-
|[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod albizia||154
|-
|[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15
|-
|[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523
|-
|[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7
|-
|[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe&lt;br /&gt;Wolkberg aloe ||29.1
|-
|[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449
|-
|[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5
|-
|[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501
|-
|[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56
|-
|[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358
|-
|[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1
|-
|[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7
|-
|[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19
|-
|[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274
|-
|[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn&lt;br /&gt;Hairy umbrella thorn||163
|-
|[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657
|-
|[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362
|-
|[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6
|-
|[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2
|-
|[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742
|-
|[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6
|-
|[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5
|-
|[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237
|-
|[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433
|-
|[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15
|-
|[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1
|-
|[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690
|-
|[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707
|-
|[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43
|-
|[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498
|-
|[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1
|-
|[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388
|-
|[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2
|-
|[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2
|-
|[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171
|-
|[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2
|-
|[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5
|-
|[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1
|-
|[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5
|-
|[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15
|-
|[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1
|-
|[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1
|-
|[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735
|-
|[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1
|-
|[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343
|-
|[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2
|-
|[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3
|-
|[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720
|-
|[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9
|-
|[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82
|-
|[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri&lt;br /&gt;Sea guarri||599.3
|-
|[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638
|-
|[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1
|-
|[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1
|-
|[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11
|-
|[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1
|-
|[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619
|-
|[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4
|-
|[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430
|-
|[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2
|-
|[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608
|-
|[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510
|-
|[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1
|-
|[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2
|-
|[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426
|-
|[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1
|-
|[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush  ||226.9
|-
|[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1
|-
|[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16
|-
|[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1
|-
|[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2
|-
|[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Ceraria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2
|-
|[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree&lt;br /&gt;Black ebony||598
|-
|[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5
|-
|[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1
|-
|[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562
|-
|[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn&lt;br /&gt;Splendid thorn&lt;br /&gt;Brack thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod robust thorn||183
|-
|[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa&lt;br /&gt;Conkerberry&lt;br /&gt;Arabian num-num||640.4
|-
|[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date&lt;br /&gt;Egyptian balsam||251.1
|-
|[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229
|-
|[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298
|-
|[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537
|-
|[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280
|-
|[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382
|-
|[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706
|-
|[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3
|-
|[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325
|-
|[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5
|-
|[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5
|-
|[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush  ||226.8
|-
|[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1
|-
|[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5
|-
|[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728
|-
|[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502
|-
|[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5
|-
|[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504
|-
|[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1
|-
|[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3
|-
|[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2
|-
|[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3
|-
|[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208
|-
|[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2
|-
|[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3
|-
|[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1
|-
|[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5
|-
|[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1
|-
|[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10
|-
|[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1
|-
|[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627
|-
|[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723
|-
|[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675
|-
|[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18
|-
|[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219
|-
|[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5
|-
|[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2
|-
|[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3
|-
|[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569
|-
|[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4
|-
|[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716
|-
|[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471
|-
|[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601
|-
|[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162
|-
|[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2
|-
|[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338
|-
|[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285
|-
|[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391
|-
|[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2
|-
|[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87
|-
|[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant&lt;br /&gt;||392
|-
|[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114
|-
|[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree&lt;br /&gt;Parsnip-tree||568
|-
|[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48
|-
|[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756
|-
|[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721
|-
|[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517
|-
|[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603
|-
|[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446
|-
|[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1
|-
|[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469
|-
|[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478
|-
|[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6
|-
|[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705
|-
|[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1
|-
|[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519
|-
|[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11
|-
|[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4
|-
|[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1
|-
|[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11
|-
|[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662
|-
|[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5
|-
|[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3
|-
|[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1
|-
|[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4
|-
|[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5
|-
|[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2
|-
|[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1
|-
|[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2
|-
|[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107
|-
|[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1
|-
|[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5
|-
|[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251
|-
|[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1
|-
|[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush  ||91.1
|-
|[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629
|-
|[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1
|-
|[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283
|-
|[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9
|-
|[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271
|-
|[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3
|-
|[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651
|-
|[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63
|-
|[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4
|-
|[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush&lt;br /&gt;African sicklebush||190.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476
|-
|[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530
|-
|[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158
|-
|[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6
|-
|[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1
|-
|[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81
|-
|[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1
|-
|[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2
|-
|[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3
|-
|[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89
|-
|[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732
|-
|[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199
|-
|[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7
|-
|[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush&lt;br /&gt;Snot berry||654
|-
|[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40
|-
|[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1
|-
|[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2
|-
|[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5
|-
|[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146
|-
|[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3
|-
|[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188
|-
|[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649
|-
|[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1
|-
|[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539
|-
|[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513
|-
|[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709
|-
|[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri&lt;br /&gt;Natal ebony|| 597
|-
|[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1
|-
|[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270
|-
|[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1
|-
|[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4
|-
|[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4
|-
|[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255
|-
|[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64
|-
|[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4
|-
|[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5
|-
|[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1
|-
|[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2
|-
|[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59
|-
|[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80
|-
|[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo  ||21.6
|-
|[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120
|-
|[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184
|-
|[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17
|-
|[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3
|-
|[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679
|-
|[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574
|-
|[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1
|-
|[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354
|-
|[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2
|-
|[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2
|-
|[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1
|-
|[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42
|-
|[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1
|-
|[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643
|-
|[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202
|-
|[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle&lt;br /&gt;Black wattle&lt;br /&gt;African-wattle||215
|-
|[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3
|-
|[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525
|-
|[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760
|-
|[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606
|-
|[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10
|-
|[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2
|-
|[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1
|-
|[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8
|-
|[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578
|-
|[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1
|-
|[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16
|-
|[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624
|-
|[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2
|-
|[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428
|-
|[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565
|-
|[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747
|-
|[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116
|-
|[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473
|-
|[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457
|-
|[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401
|-
|[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528
|-
|[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum caffrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533
|-
|[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32
|-
|[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2
|-
|[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1
|-
|[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6
|-
|[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239
|-
|[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3
|-
|[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174
|-
|[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674
|-
|[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5
|-
|[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1
|-
|[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210
|-
|[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110
|-
|[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2
|-
|[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3
|-
|[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641
|-
|[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745
|-
|[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168
|-
|[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209
|-
|[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3
|-
|[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5
|-
|[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733
|-
|[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296
|-
|[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759
|-
|[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544
|-
|[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765
|-
|[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2
|-
|[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood&lt;br /&gt;Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1
|-
|[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1
|-
|[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1
|-
|[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1
|-
|[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4
|-
|[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126
|-
|[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Ceraria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3
|-
|[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2
|-
|[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386
|-
|[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284
|-
|[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201
|-
|[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1
|-
|[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7
|-
|[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379
|-
|[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6
|-
|[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2
|-
|[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7
|-
|[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2
|-
|[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128
|-
|[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4
|-
|[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139
|-
|[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6
|-
|[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis caffra]]''||Kei apple||507
|-
|[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444
|-
|[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4
|-
|[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12
|-
|[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373
|-
|[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495
|-
|[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661
|-
|[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush&lt;br /&gt;Jade plant||137.3
|-
|[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush&lt;br /&gt;St. John's wort||484
|-
|[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409
|-
|[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree&lt;br /&gt;Pink blossom tree||221
|-
|[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236
|-
|[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564
|-
|[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538
|-
|[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia caffra]]''||Quinine tree||647
|-
|[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2
|-
|[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295
|-
|[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1
|-
|[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1
|-
|[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1
|-
|[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102
|-
|[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9
|-
|[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738
|-
|[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190
|-
|[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3
|-
|[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1
|-
|[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203
|-
|[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5
|-
|[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252
|-
|[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1
|-
|[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1
|-
|[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3
|-
|[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253
|-
|[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4
|-
|[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200
|-
|[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria caffra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1
|-
|[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717
|-
|[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710
|-
|[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299
|-
|[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739
|-
|[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368
|-
|[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400
|-
|[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1
|-
|[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152
|-
|[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677
|-
|[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8
|-
|[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740
|-
|[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132
|-
|[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178
|-
|[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1
|-
|[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47
|-
|[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456
|-
|[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389
|-
|[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410
|-
|[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308
|-
|[[Koffiebeesklou]]&lt;br&gt;[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia&lt;br /&gt;Natal neat's foot||208.3
|-
|[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9
|-
|[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1
|-
|[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29
|-
|[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403
|-
|[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]]  ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig&lt;br /&gt;Dot-leaved fig ||58
|-
|[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2
|-
|[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307
|-
|[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329
|-
|[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189
|-
|[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642
|-
|[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277
|-
|[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245
|-
|[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2
|-
|[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394
|-
|[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377
|-
|[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2
|-
|[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2
|-
|[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748
|-
|[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762
|-
|[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26
|-
|[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479
|-
|[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2
|-
|[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355
|-
|[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2
|-
|[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1
|-
|[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500
|-
|[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712
|-
|[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2
|-
|[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467
|-
|[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1
|-
|[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136
|-
|[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303
|-
|[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2
|-
|[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463
|-
|[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1
|-
|[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7
|-
|[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767
|-
|[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Ceraria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4
|-
|[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1
|-
|[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623
|-
|[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766
|-
|[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226
|-
|[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1
|-
|[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769
|-
|[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218
|-
|[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719
|-
|[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10
|-
|[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604
|-
|[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700
|-
|[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2
|-
|[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;Wild cotton tree||464
|-
|[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1
|-
|[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina caffra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242
|-
|[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99
|-
|[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1
|-
|[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583
|-
|[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11
|-
|[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8
|-
|[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1
|-
|[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724
|-
|[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2
|-
|[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34
|-
|[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441
|-
|[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig&lt;br /&gt;Wild fig||57
|-
|[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711
|-
|[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4
|-
|[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297
|-
|[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334
|-
|[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587
|-
|[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348
|-
|[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475
|-
|[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727
|-
|[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65
|-
|[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7
|-
|[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23
|-
|[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2
|-
|[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Ceraria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5
|-
|[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130
|-
|[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9
|-
|[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455
|-
|[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton&lt;br /&gt;Lavender fever-berry||328
|-
|[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4
|-
|[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7
|-
|[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1
|-
|[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4
|-
|[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8
|-
|[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327
|-
|[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427
|-
|[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria&lt;br /&gt;Lebombo milktree||345
|-
|[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191
|-
|[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5
|-
|[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane&lt;br /&gt;Peelingbark ochna||483
|-
|[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179
|-
|[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5
|-
|[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111
|-
|[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420
|-
|[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3
|-
|[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418
|-
|[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2
|-
|[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98
|-
|[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2
|-
|[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53
|-
|[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2
|-
|[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2
|-
|[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726
|-
|[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3
|-
|[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree&lt;br /&gt;Feather-weight tree||337
|-
|[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5
|-
|[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758
|-
|[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1
|-
|[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree&lt;br /&gt;Swazi ordeal tree||196
|-
|[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2
|-
|[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764
|-
|[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360
|-
|[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122
|-
|[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761
|-
|[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Nala tree||153
|-
|[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591
|-
|[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3
|-
|[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5
|-
|[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684
|-
|[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5
|-
|[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324
|-
|[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13
|-
|[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585
|-
|[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54
|-
|[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198
|-
|[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4
|-
|[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1
|-
|[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676
|-
|[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5
|-
|[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree||
|-
|[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1
|-
|[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa&lt;br /&gt;Musasa||198.1
|-
|[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7
|-
|[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8
|-
|[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3
|-
|[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1
|-
|[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135
|-
|[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4
|-
|[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351
|-
|[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1
|-
|[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1
|-
|[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757
|-
|[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370
|-
|[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602
|-
|[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273
|-
|[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1
|-
|[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51
|-
|[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5
|-
|[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369
|-
|[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10
|-
|[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1
|-
|[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2
|-
|[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9
|-
|[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243
|-
|[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2
|-
|[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381
|-
|[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1
|-
|[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6
|-
|[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1
|-
|[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332
|-
|[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2
|-
|[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390
|-
|[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2
|-
|[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1
|-
|[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5
|-
|[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17
|-
|[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292
|-
|[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241
|-
|[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5
|-
|[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2
|-
|[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6
|-
|[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2
|-
|[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672
|-
|[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754
|-
|[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670
|-
|[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2
|-
|[[Oleasterboswilg]]  ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3
|-
|[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive&lt;br&gt;African olive||617
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1
|-
|[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227
|-
|[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142
|-
|[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194
|-
|[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1
|-
|[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395
|-
|[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2
|-
|[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24
|-
|[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8
|-
|[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5
|-
|[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5
|-
|[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145
|-
|[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1
|-
|[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3
|-
|[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750
|-
|[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16
|-
|[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520
|-
|[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294
|-
|[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2
|-
|[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644
|-
|[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768
|-
|[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671
|-
|[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4
|-
|[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187
|-
|[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278
|-
|[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554
|-
|[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157
|-
|[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5
|-
|[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399
|-
|[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384
|-
|[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2
|-
|[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488
|-
|[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281
|-
|[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2
|-
|[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood&lt;br /&gt;False horsewood||265
|-
|[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254
|-
|[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom&lt;br /&gt;Moth-fruit||302.2
|-
|[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151
|-
|[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668
|-
|[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282
|-
|[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1
|-
|[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207
|-
|[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7
|-
|[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1
|-
|[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1
|-
|[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4
|-
|[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681
|-
|[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148
|-
|[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3
|-
|[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3
|-
|[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73
|-
|[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1
|-
|[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3
|-
|[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia&lt;br /&gt;Powder-bark gardenia||690.3
|-
|[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree&lt;br /&gt;Powder-puff tree||524
|-
|[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663
|-
|[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615
|-
|[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16
|-
|[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4
|-
|[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1
|-
|[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8
|-
|[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1
|-
|[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407
|-
|[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1
|-
|[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1
|-
|[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5
|-
|[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1
|-
|[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]''||Pondo coconut||27
|-
|[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2
|-
|[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1
|-
|[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1
|-
|[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1
|-
|[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4
|-
|[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46
|-
|[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3
|-
|[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1
|-
|[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68
|-
|[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6
|-
|[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144
|-
|[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481
|-
|[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659
|-
|[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2
|-
|[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367
|-
|[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664
|-
|[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546
|-
|[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534
|-
|[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714
|-
|[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459
|-
|[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1
|-
|[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3
|-
|[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609
|-
|[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660
|-
|[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1
|-
|[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1
|-
|[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61
|-
|[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10
|-
|[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460
|-
|[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3
|-
|[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91
|-
|[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6
|-
|[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288
|-
|[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470
|-
|[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108
|-
|[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12
|-
|[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356
|-
|[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1
|-
|[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2
|-
|[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2
|-
|[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1
|-
|[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1
|-
|[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536
|-
|[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4
|-
|[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1
|-
|[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4
|-
|[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640
|-
|[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372
|-
|[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2
|-
|[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre&lt;br /&gt;Honey-scented sceptre  ||72.6
|-
|[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625
|-
|[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55
|-
|[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5
|-
|[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364
|-
|[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10
|-
|[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532
|-
|[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]''  ||Red thorn ||167
|-
|[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140
|-
|[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301
|-
|[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2
|-
|[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181
|-
|[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317
|-
|[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450
|-
|[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408
|-
|[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117
|-
|[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496
|-
|[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402
|-
|[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3
|-
|[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147
|-
|[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2
|-
|[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79
|-
|[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1
|-
|[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41
|-
|[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4
|-
|[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526
|-
|[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480
|-
|[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1
|-
|[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468
|-
|[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542
|-
|[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286
|-
|[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78
|-
|[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5
|-
|[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650
|-
|[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36
|-
|[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212
|-
|[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535
|-
|[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3
|-
|[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186
|-
|[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192
|-
|[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1
|-
|[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine&lt;br /&gt;Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613
|-
|[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223
|-
|[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340
|-
|[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272
|-
|[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1
|-
|[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683
|-
|[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6
|-
|[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive&lt;br /&gt;Hopbush||437.1
|-
|[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood  ||255.1
|-
|[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2
|-
|[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1
|-
|[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531
|-
|[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5
|-
|[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83
|-
|[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1
|-
|[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279
|-
|[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751
|-
|[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232
|-
|[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453
|-
|[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71
|-
|[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5
|-
|[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14
|-
|[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190
|-
|[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406
|-
|[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770
|-
|[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3
|-
|[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia caffra]]''||Septee tree||652
|-
|[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1
|-
|[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695
|-
|[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755
|-
|[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1
|-
|[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7
|-
|[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582
|-
|[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77
|-
|[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6
|-
|[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4
|-
|[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1
|-
|[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1
|-
|[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1
|-
|[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa&lt;br /&gt;Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2
|-
||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2
|-
|[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6
|-
|[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656
|-
|[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275
|-
|[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2
|-
|[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1
|-
|[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush  ||96
|-
|[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1
|-
|[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5
|-
|[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123
|-
|[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2
|-
|[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3
|-
|[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1
|-
|[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14
|-
|[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5
|-
|[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290
|-
|[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8
|-
|[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185
|-
|[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466
|-
||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1
|-
||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596
|-
|[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6
|-
|[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621
|-
|[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush  ||90.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38
|-
|[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559
|-
|[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492
|-
|[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172
|- 
|[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753
|-
|[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763
|-
|[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1
|-
|[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9
|-
|[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104
|-
|[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3
|-
|[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5
|-
|[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342
|-
|[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137
|-
|[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20
|-
|[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581
|-
|[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7
|-
|[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316
|-
|[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628
|-
||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5
|-
|[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477
|-
|[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1
|-
|[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550
|-
|[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9
|-
|[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2
|-
|[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1
|-
|[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1
|-
|[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124
|-
|[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306
|-
|[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118
|-
|[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125
|-
|[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4
|-
|[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129
|-
|[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7
|-
|[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1
|-
|[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9
|-
|[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737
|-
|[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509
|-
|[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2
|-
|[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4
|-
|[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103
|-
|[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1
|-
|[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1
|-
|[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161
|-
|[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5
|-
|[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611
|-
|[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630
|-
|[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176
|-
|[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425
|-
|[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527
|-
|[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10
|-
|[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2
|-
|[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2
|-
|[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749
|-
|[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1
|-
|[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8
|-
|[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398
|-
|[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182
|-
|[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3
|-
|[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518
|-
|[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2
|-
|[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341
|-
|[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365
|-
|[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12
|-
|[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74
|-
|[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699
|-
|[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3
|-
|[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7
|-
|[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9
|-
|[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]''  ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7
|-
|[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1
|-
|[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131
|-
|[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1
|-
|[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4
|-
|[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595
|-
|[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97
|-
|[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680
|-
|[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170
|-
|[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1
|-
|[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371
|-
|[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264
|-
|[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2
|-
|[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67
|-
|[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5
|-
|[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1
|-
|[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9
|-
|[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2
|-
|[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66
|-
|[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5
|-
|[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8
|-
|[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1
|-
|[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6
|-
|[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1
|-
|[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4
|-
|[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529
|-
|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2
|-
|[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19
|-
|[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205
|-
|[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6
|-
|[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4
|-
|[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3
|-
|[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551
|-
|[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169
|-
|[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3
|-
|[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84
|-
|[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4
|-
|[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666
|-
|[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462
|-
|[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7
|-
|[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1
|-
|[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350
|-
|[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5
|-
|[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5
|-
|[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577
|-
|[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305
|-
|[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138
|-
|[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686
|-
|[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715
|-
|[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693
|-
|[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566
|-
|[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2
|-
|[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1
|-
|[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363
|-
|[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704
|-
|[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1
|-
|[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8
|-
|[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438
|-
|[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499
|-
|[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1
|-
|[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413
|-
|[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant&lt;br /&gt;Bastard currant||423
|-
|[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8
|-
|[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448
|-
|[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1
|-
|[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302
|-
|[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2
|-
|[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4
|-
|[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222
|-
|[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49
|-
|[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6
|-
|[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3
|-
|[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697
|-
|[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4
|-
|[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121
|-
|[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160
|-
|[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2
|-
|[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545
|-
|[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1
|-
|[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2
|-
|[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3
|-
|[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3
|-
|[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4
|-
|[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240
|-
|[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8
|-
|[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746
|-
|[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173
|-
|[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318
|-
|[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2
|-
|[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1
|-
|[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea&lt;br /&gt;Sotho laburnum ||220.1
|-
|[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe  ||29.6
|-
|[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86
|-
|[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1
|-
|[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12
|-
|[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1
|-
|[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7
|-
|[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555
|-
|[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica caffra]]''||Water tree heath&lt;br /&gt;Sweet scented heath||572
|-
|[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1
|-
|[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225
|-
|[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear&lt;br /&gt;Water berry||557
|-
|[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614
|-
|[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3
|-
|[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378
|-
|[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak&lt;br /&gt;Water white alder||729
|-
|[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635
|-
|[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1
|-
|[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1
|-
|[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3
|-
|[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2
|-
|[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1
|-
|[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72
|-
|[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511
|-
|[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22
|-
|[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646
|-
|[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688
|-
|[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214
|-
|[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612
|-
|[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115
|-
|[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256
|-
|[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696
|-
|[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216
|-
|[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702
|-
|[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503
|-
|[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5
|-
|[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262
|-
|[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134
|-
|[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494
|-
|[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31
|-
|[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar&lt;br /&gt;River macaranga||335
|-
|[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361
|-
|[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637
|-
|[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197
|-
|[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105
|-
|[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633
|-
|[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7
|-
|[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2
|-
|[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309
|-
|[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736
|-
|[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667
|-
|[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133
|-
|[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141
|-
|[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443
|-
|[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576
|-
|[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4
|-
|[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397
|-
|[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396
|-
|[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405
|-
|[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579
|-
|[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636
|-
|[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel&lt;br /&gt;Natal hazel||143
|-
|[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422
|-
|[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458
|-
|[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669
|-
|[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267
|-
|[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600
|-
|[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180
|-
|[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289
|-
|[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39
|-
|[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3
|-
|[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90
|-
|[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261
|-
|[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1
|-
|[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Ceraria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1
|-
|[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4
|-
|[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10
|-
|[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445
|-
|[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1
|-
|[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5
|-
|[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1
|-
|[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1
|-
|[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319
|-
|[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60
|-
|[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5
|-
|[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9
|-
|[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10
|-
|[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14
|-
|[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678
|-
|[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5
|-
|[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150
|-
|[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4
|-
|[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618
|-
|[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1
|-
|[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2
|-
|[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6
|-
|[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8
|-
|[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263
|-
|[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561
|-
|[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1
|-
|[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586
|-
|[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211
|-
|[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156
|}

{{clear}}

== Bronne ==
* [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010]
* [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }}
* [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica]
* [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }}
* [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante]
* [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]
* [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997]
* [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park]
* [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)]

== Sien ook ==
* [[Bas]]
* [[Blaar]]
* [[Boom]]
* [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]]

[[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]]</text>
      <sha1>gambuh3tqpeon0zr5mtfu3zna9v9xbe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889617</id>
      <parentid>2889603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:50:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103606" sha1="ne0xp7np80nlcetapuxrum7sgbhzoko" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image2
 | align =  left
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 900
 | footer =
 | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg
 | alt1 = Koorsboom
 | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]]
 | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg
 | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout
 | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]]
 | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg
 | alt3 = Soetdoring
 | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]]
 | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg
 | alt4 = Kanferbos
 | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]]
 | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg
 | alt5 = Berghardepeer
 | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]]
 | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg
 | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring
 | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]]
 | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg
 | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol
 | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]]
}}{{-}}
Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: 

{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer
|-
|[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311
|-
|[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487
|-
|[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571
|-
|[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486
|-
|[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376
|-
|[[Afrikahondsroos|Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493
|-
|[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44
|-
|[[Afrikasoetlemoen|Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1
|-
|[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474
|-
|[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25
|-
|[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607
|-
|[[Albaniebroodboom|Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7
|-
|[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9
|-
|[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505
|-
|[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159
|-
|[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69
|-
|[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5
|-
|[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1
|-
|[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Ceraria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10
|-
|[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5
|-
|[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166
|-
|[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213
|-
|[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238
|-
|[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570
|-
|[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385
|-
|[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575
|-
|[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2
|-
|[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88
|-
|[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11
|-
|[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521
|-
|[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean&lt;br /&gt; Elephantroot||193
|-
|[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30
|-
|[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85
|-
|[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119
|-
|[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106
|-
|[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101
|-
|[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320
|-
|[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45
|-
|[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21
|-
|[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14
|-
|[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2
|-
|[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5
|-
|[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5
|-
|[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100
|-
|[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70
|-
|[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1
|-
|[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15
|-
|[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4
|-
|[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593
|-
|[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear&lt;br /&gt;Transvaal hard-pear||514
|-
|[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387
|-
|[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2
|-
|[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293
|-
|[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13
|-
|[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269
|-
|[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20
|-
|[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3
|-
|[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730
|-
|[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2
|-
|[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703
|-
|[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33
|-
|[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383
|-
|[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1
|-
|[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50
|- 
|[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1
|-
|[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2
|-
|[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725
|-
|[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2
|-
|[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149
|-
|[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304
|-
|[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1
|-
|[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165
|-
|[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1
|-
|[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452
|-
|[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287
|-
|[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508
|-
|[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447
|-
|[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439
|-
|[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393
|-
|[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3
|-
|[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1
|-
|[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6
|-
|[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4
|-
|[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5
|-
|[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1
|-
|[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631
|-
|[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276
|-
|[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6
|-
|[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3
|-
|[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2
|-
|[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2
|-
|[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743
|-
|[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9
|-
|[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594
|-
|[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164
|-
|[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3
|-
|[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2
|-
|[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112
|-
|[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1
|-
|[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5
|-
|[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1
|-
|[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3
|-
|[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13
|-
|[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4
|-
|[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna  ||741
|-
|[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21
|-
|[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639
|-
|[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18
|-
|[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404
|-
|[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3
|-
|[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre  ||72.3
|-
|[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28
|-
|[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1
|-
|[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3
|-
|[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228
|-
|[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1
|-
|[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472
|-
|[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204
|-
|[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2
|-
|[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718
|-
|[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708
|-
|[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485
|-
|[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515
|-
|[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698
|-
|[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11
|-
|[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224
|-
|[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339
|-
|[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291
|-
|[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1
|-
|[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena&lt;br /&gt;White gardenia||692
|-
|[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2
|-
|[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2
|-
|[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9
|-
|[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330
|-
|[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632
|-
|[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429
|-
|[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454
|-
|[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414
|-
|[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588
|-
|[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590
|-
|[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2
|-
|[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3
|-
|[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620
|-
|[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645
|-
|[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5
|-
|[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491
|-
|[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310
|-
|[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300
|-
|[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482
|-
|[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584
|-
|[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109
|-
|[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461
|-
|[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415
|-
|[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580
|-
|[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380
|-
|[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731
|-
|[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540
|-
|[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1
|-
|[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2
|-
|[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75
|-
|[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6
|-
|[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375
|-
|[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346
|-
|[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1
|-
|[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713
|-
|[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10
|-
|[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1
|-
|[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2
|-
|[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416
|-
|[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155
|-
|[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694
|-
|[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260
|-
|[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3
|-
|[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634
|-
|[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52
|-
|[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556
|-
|[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93
|-
|[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314
|-
|[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6
|-
|[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1
|-
|[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648
|-
|[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1
|-
|[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626
|-
|[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3
|-
|[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1
|-
|[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177
|-
|[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94
|-
|[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76
|-
|[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374
|-
|[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734
|-
|[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2
|-
|[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244
|-
|[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113
|-
|[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1
|-
|[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3
|-
|[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5
|-
|[[Breëblaarwasbessie]]  ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]''  ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37
|-
|[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127
|-
|[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701
|-
|[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod albizia||154
|-
|[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15
|-
|[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523
|-
|[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7
|-
|[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe&lt;br /&gt;Wolkberg aloe ||29.1
|-
|[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449
|-
|[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5
|-
|[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501
|-
|[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56
|-
|[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358
|-
|[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1
|-
|[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7
|-
|[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19
|-
|[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274
|-
|[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn&lt;br /&gt;Hairy umbrella thorn||163
|-
|[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657
|-
|[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362
|-
|[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6
|-
|[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2
|-
|[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742
|-
|[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6
|-
|[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5
|-
|[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237
|-
|[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433
|-
|[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15
|-
|[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1
|-
|[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690
|-
|[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707
|-
|[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43
|-
|[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498
|-
|[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1
|-
|[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388
|-
|[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2
|-
|[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2
|-
|[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171
|-
|[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2
|-
|[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5
|-
|[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1
|-
|[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5
|-
|[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15
|-
|[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1
|-
|[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1
|-
|[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735
|-
|[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1
|-
|[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343
|-
|[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2
|-
|[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3
|-
|[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720
|-
|[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9
|-
|[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82
|-
|[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri&lt;br /&gt;Sea guarri||599.3
|-
|[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638
|-
|[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1
|-
|[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1
|-
|[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11
|-
|[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1
|-
|[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619
|-
|[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4
|-
|[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430
|-
|[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2
|-
|[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608
|-
|[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510
|-
|[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1
|-
|[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2
|-
|[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426
|-
|[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1
|-
|[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush  ||226.9
|-
|[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1
|-
|[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16
|-
|[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1
|-
|[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2
|-
|[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Ceraria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2
|-
|[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree&lt;br /&gt;Black ebony||598
|-
|[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5
|-
|[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1
|-
|[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562
|-
|[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn&lt;br /&gt;Splendid thorn&lt;br /&gt;Brack thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod robust thorn||183
|-
|[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa&lt;br /&gt;Conkerberry&lt;br /&gt;Arabian num-num||640.4
|-
|[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date&lt;br /&gt;Egyptian balsam||251.1
|-
|[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229
|-
|[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298
|-
|[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537
|-
|[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280
|-
|[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382
|-
|[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706
|-
|[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3
|-
|[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325
|-
|[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5
|-
|[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5
|-
|[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush  ||226.8
|-
|[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1
|-
|[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5
|-
|[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728
|-
|[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502
|-
|[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5
|-
|[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504
|-
|[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1
|-
|[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3
|-
|[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2
|-
|[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3
|-
|[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208
|-
|[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2
|-
|[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3
|-
|[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1
|-
|[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5
|-
|[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1
|-
|[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10
|-
|[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1
|-
|[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627
|-
|[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723
|-
|[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675
|-
|[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18
|-
|[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219
|-
|[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5
|-
|[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2
|-
|[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1
|-
|[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3
|-
|[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569
|-
|[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4
|-
|[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716
|-
|[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471
|-
|[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601
|-
|[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162
|-
|[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2
|-
|[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338
|-
|[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285
|-
|[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391
|-
|[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2
|-
|[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87
|-
|[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant&lt;br /&gt;||392
|-
|[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114
|-
|[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree&lt;br /&gt;Parsnip-tree||568
|-
|[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48
|-
|[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756
|-
|[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721
|-
|[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517
|-
|[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603
|-
|[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446
|-
|[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1
|-
|[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469
|-
|[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478
|-
|[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6
|-
|[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705
|-
|[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1
|-
|[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519
|-
|[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11
|-
|[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4
|-
|[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1
|-
|[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11
|-
|[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662
|-
|[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5
|-
|[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3
|-
|[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1
|-
|[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4
|-
|[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5
|-
|[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2
|-
|[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1
|-
|[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2
|-
|[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107
|-
|[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1
|-
|[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5
|-
|[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251
|-
|[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1
|-
|[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush  ||91.1
|-
|[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629
|-
|[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1
|-
|[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283
|-
|[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9
|-
|[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271
|-
|[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3
|-
|[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651
|-
|[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63
|-
|[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4
|-
|[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush&lt;br /&gt;African sicklebush||190.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476
|-
|[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530
|-
|[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158
|-
|[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6
|-
|[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1
|-
|[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81
|-
|[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1
|-
|[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2
|-
|[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3
|-
|[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89
|-
|[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732
|-
|[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199
|-
|[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7
|-
|[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush&lt;br /&gt;Snot berry||654
|-
|[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40
|-
|[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1
|-
|[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2
|-
|[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5
|-
|[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146
|-
|[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3
|-
|[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188
|-
|[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649
|-
|[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1
|-
|[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539
|-
|[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513
|-
|[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709
|-
|[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri&lt;br /&gt;Natal ebony|| 597
|-
|[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1
|-
|[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270
|-
|[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1
|-
|[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4
|-
|[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4
|-
|[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255
|-
|[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64
|-
|[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4
|-
|[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5
|-
|[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1
|-
|[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2
|-
|[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59
|-
|[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80
|-
|[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo  ||21.6
|-
|[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120
|-
|[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184
|-
|[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17
|-
|[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3
|-
|[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679
|-
|[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574
|-
|[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1
|-
|[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354
|-
|[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2
|-
|[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2
|-
|[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1
|-
|[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42
|-
|[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1
|-
|[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643
|-
|[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202
|-
|[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle&lt;br /&gt;Black wattle&lt;br /&gt;African-wattle||215
|-
|[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3
|-
|[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525
|-
|[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760
|-
|[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606
|-
|[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10
|-
|[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2
|-
|[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1
|-
|[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8
|-
|[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578
|-
|[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1
|-
|[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16
|-
|[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624
|-
|[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2
|-
|[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428
|-
|[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565
|-
|[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747
|-
|[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116
|-
|[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473
|-
|[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457
|-
|[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401
|-
|[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528
|-
|[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum caffrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533
|-
|[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32
|-
|[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2
|-
|[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1
|-
|[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6
|-
|[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239
|-
|[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3
|-
|[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174
|-
|[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674
|-
|[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5
|-
|[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1
|-
|[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210
|-
|[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110
|-
|[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2
|-
|[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3
|-
|[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641
|-
|[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745
|-
|[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168
|-
|[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209
|-
|[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3
|-
|[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5
|-
|[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733
|-
|[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296
|-
|[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759
|-
|[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544
|-
|[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765
|-
|[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2
|-
|[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood&lt;br /&gt;Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1
|-
|[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1
|-
|[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1
|-
|[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1
|-
|[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4
|-
|[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126
|-
|[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Ceraria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3
|-
|[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2
|-
|[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386
|-
|[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284
|-
|[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201
|-
|[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1
|-
|[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7
|-
|[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379
|-
|[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6
|-
|[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2
|-
|[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7
|-
|[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2
|-
|[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128
|-
|[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4
|-
|[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139
|-
|[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6
|-
|[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis caffra]]''||Kei apple||507
|-
|[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444
|-
|[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4
|-
|[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12
|-
|[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373
|-
|[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495
|-
|[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661
|-
|[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush&lt;br /&gt;Jade plant||137.3
|-
|[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush&lt;br /&gt;St. John's wort||484
|-
|[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409
|-
|[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree&lt;br /&gt;Pink blossom tree||221
|-
|[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236
|-
|[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564
|-
|[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538
|-
|[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia caffra]]''||Quinine tree||647
|-
|[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2
|-
|[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295
|-
|[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1
|-
|[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1
|-
|[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1
|-
|[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102
|-
|[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9
|-
|[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738
|-
|[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190
|-
|[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3
|-
|[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1
|-
|[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203
|-
|[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5
|-
|[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252
|-
|[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1
|-
|[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1
|-
|[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3
|-
|[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253
|-
|[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4
|-
|[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200
|-
|[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria caffra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1
|-
|[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717
|-
|[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710
|-
|[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299
|-
|[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739
|-
|[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368
|-
|[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400
|-
|[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1
|-
|[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152
|-
|[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677
|-
|[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8
|-
|[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740
|-
|[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132
|-
|[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178
|-
|[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1
|-
|[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47
|-
|[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456
|-
|[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389
|-
|[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410
|-
|[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308
|-
|[[Koffiebeesklou]]&lt;br&gt;[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia&lt;br /&gt;Natal neat's foot||208.3
|-
|[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9
|-
|[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1
|-
|[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29
|-
|[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403
|-
|[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]]  ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig&lt;br /&gt;Dot-leaved fig ||58
|-
|[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2
|-
|[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307
|-
|[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329
|-
|[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189
|-
|[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642
|-
|[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277
|-
|[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245
|-
|[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2
|-
|[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394
|-
|[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377
|-
|[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2
|-
|[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2
|-
|[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748
|-
|[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762
|-
|[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26
|-
|[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479
|-
|[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2
|-
|[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355
|-
|[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2
|-
|[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1
|-
|[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500
|-
|[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712
|-
|[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2
|-
|[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467
|-
|[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1
|-
|[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136
|-
|[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303
|-
|[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2
|-
|[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463
|-
|[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1
|-
|[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7
|-
|[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767
|-
|[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Ceraria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4
|-
|[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1
|-
|[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623
|-
|[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766
|-
|[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226
|-
|[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1
|-
|[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769
|-
|[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218
|-
|[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719
|-
|[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10
|-
|[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604
|-
|[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700
|-
|[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2
|-
|[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;Wild cotton tree||464
|-
|[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1
|-
|[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina caffra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242
|-
|[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99
|-
|[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1
|-
|[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583
|-
|[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11
|-
|[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8
|-
|[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1
|-
|[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724
|-
|[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2
|-
|[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34
|-
|[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441
|-
|[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig&lt;br /&gt;Wild fig||57
|-
|[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711
|-
|[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4
|-
|[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297
|-
|[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334
|-
|[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587
|-
|[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348
|-
|[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475
|-
|[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727
|-
|[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65
|-
|[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7
|-
|[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23
|-
|[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2
|-
|[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Ceraria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5
|-
|[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130
|-
|[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9
|-
|[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455
|-
|[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton&lt;br /&gt;Lavender fever-berry||328
|-
|[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4
|-
|[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7
|-
|[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1
|-
|[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4
|-
|[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8
|-
|[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327
|-
|[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427
|-
|[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria&lt;br /&gt;Lebombo milktree||345
|-
|[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191
|-
|[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5
|-
|[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane&lt;br /&gt;Peelingbark ochna||483
|-
|[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179
|-
|[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5
|-
|[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111
|-
|[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420
|-
|[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3
|-
|[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418
|-
|[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2
|-
|[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98
|-
|[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2
|-
|[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53
|-
|[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2
|-
|[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2
|-
|[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726
|-
|[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3
|-
|[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree&lt;br /&gt;Feather-weight tree||337
|-
|[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5
|-
|[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758
|-
|[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1
|-
|[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree&lt;br /&gt;Swazi ordeal tree||196
|-
|[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2
|-
|[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764
|-
|[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360
|-
|[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122
|-
|[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761
|-
|[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Nala tree||153
|-
|[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591
|-
|[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3
|-
|[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5
|-
|[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684
|-
|[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5
|-
|[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324
|-
|[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13
|-
|[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585
|-
|[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54
|-
|[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198
|-
|[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4
|-
|[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1
|-
|[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676
|-
|[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5
|-
|[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree||
|-
|[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1
|-
|[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa&lt;br /&gt;Musasa||198.1
|-
|[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7
|-
|[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8
|-
|[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3
|-
|[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1
|-
|[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135
|-
|[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4
|-
|[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351
|-
|[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1
|-
|[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1
|-
|[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757
|-
|[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370
|-
|[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602
|-
|[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273
|-
|[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1
|-
|[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51
|-
|[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5
|-
|[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369
|-
|[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10
|-
|[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1
|-
|[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2
|-
|[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9
|-
|[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243
|-
|[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2
|-
|[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381
|-
|[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1
|-
|[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6
|-
|[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1
|-
|[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332
|-
|[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2
|-
|[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390
|-
|[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2
|-
|[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1
|-
|[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5
|-
|[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17
|-
|[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292
|-
|[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241
|-
|[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5
|-
|[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2
|-
|[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6
|-
|[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2
|-
|[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672
|-
|[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754
|-
|[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670
|-
|[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2
|-
|[[Oleasterboswilg]]  ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3
|-
|[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive&lt;br&gt;African olive||617
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1
|-
|[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227
|-
|[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142
|-
|[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194
|-
|[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1
|-
|[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395
|-
|[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2
|-
|[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24
|-
|[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8
|-
|[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5
|-
|[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5
|-
|[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145
|-
|[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1
|-
|[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3
|-
|[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750
|-
|[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16
|-
|[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520
|-
|[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294
|-
|[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2
|-
|[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644
|-
|[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768
|-
|[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671
|-
|[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4
|-
|[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187
|-
|[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278
|-
|[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554
|-
|[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157
|-
|[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5
|-
|[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399
|-
|[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384
|-
|[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2
|-
|[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488
|-
|[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281
|-
|[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2
|-
|[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood&lt;br /&gt;False horsewood||265
|-
|[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254
|-
|[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom&lt;br /&gt;Moth-fruit||302.2
|-
|[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151
|-
|[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668
|-
|[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282
|-
|[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1
|-
|[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207
|-
|[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7
|-
|[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1
|-
|[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1
|-
|[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4
|-
|[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681
|-
|[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148
|-
|[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3
|-
|[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3
|-
|[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73
|-
|[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1
|-
|[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3
|-
|[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia&lt;br /&gt;Powder-bark gardenia||690.3
|-
|[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree&lt;br /&gt;Powder-puff tree||524
|-
|[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663
|-
|[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615
|-
|[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16
|-
|[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4
|-
|[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1
|-
|[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8
|-
|[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1
|-
|[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407
|-
|[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1
|-
|[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1
|-
|[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5
|-
|[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1
|-
|[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]''||Pondo coconut||27
|-
|[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2
|-
|[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1
|-
|[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1
|-
|[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1
|-
|[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4
|-
|[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46
|-
|[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3
|-
|[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1
|-
|[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68
|-
|[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6
|-
|[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144
|-
|[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481
|-
|[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659
|-
|[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2
|-
|[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367
|-
|[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664
|-
|[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546
|-
|[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534
|-
|[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714
|-
|[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459
|-
|[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1
|-
|[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3
|-
|[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609
|-
|[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660
|-
|[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1
|-
|[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1
|-
|[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61
|-
|[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10
|-
|[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460
|-
|[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3
|-
|[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91
|-
|[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6
|-
|[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288
|-
|[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470
|-
|[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108
|-
|[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12
|-
|[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356
|-
|[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1
|-
|[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2
|-
|[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2
|-
|[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1
|-
|[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1
|-
|[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536
|-
|[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4
|-
|[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1
|-
|[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4
|-
|[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640
|-
|[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372
|-
|[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2
|-
|[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre&lt;br /&gt;Honey-scented sceptre  ||72.6
|-
|[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625
|-
|[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55
|-
|[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5
|-
|[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364
|-
|[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10
|-
|[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532
|-
|[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]''  ||Red thorn ||167
|-
|[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140
|-
|[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301
|-
|[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2
|-
|[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181
|-
|[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317
|-
|[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450
|-
|[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408
|-
|[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117
|-
|[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496
|-
|[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402
|-
|[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3
|-
|[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147
|-
|[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2
|-
|[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79
|-
|[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1
|-
|[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41
|-
|[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4
|-
|[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526
|-
|[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480
|-
|[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1
|-
|[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468
|-
|[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542
|-
|[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286
|-
|[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78
|-
|[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5
|-
|[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650
|-
|[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36
|-
|[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212
|-
|[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535
|-
|[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3
|-
|[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186
|-
|[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192
|-
|[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1
|-
|[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine&lt;br /&gt;Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613
|-
|[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223
|-
|[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340
|-
|[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272
|-
|[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1
|-
|[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683
|-
|[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6
|-
|[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive&lt;br /&gt;Hopbush||437.1
|-
|[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood  ||255.1
|-
|[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2
|-
|[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1
|-
|[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531
|-
|[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5
|-
|[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83
|-
|[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1
|-
|[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279
|-
|[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751
|-
|[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232
|-
|[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453
|-
|[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71
|-
|[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5
|-
|[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14
|-
|[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190
|-
|[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406
|-
|[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770
|-
|[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3
|-
|[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia caffra]]''||Septee tree||652
|-
|[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1
|-
|[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695
|-
|[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755
|-
|[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1
|-
|[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7
|-
|[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582
|-
|[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77
|-
|[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6
|-
|[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4
|-
|[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1
|-
|[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1
|-
|[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1
|-
|[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa&lt;br /&gt;Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2
|-
||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2
|-
|[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6
|-
|[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656
|-
|[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275
|-
|[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2
|-
|[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1
|-
|[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush  ||96
|-
|[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1
|-
|[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5
|-
|[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123
|-
|[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2
|-
|[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3
|-
|[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1
|-
|[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14
|-
|[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5
|-
|[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290
|-
|[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8
|-
|[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185
|-
|[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466
|-
||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1
|-
||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596
|-
|[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6
|-
|[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621
|-
|[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush  ||90.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38
|-
|[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559
|-
|[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492
|-
|[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172
|- 
|[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753
|-
|[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763
|-
|[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1
|-
|[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9
|-
|[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104
|-
|[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3
|-
|[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5
|-
|[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342
|-
|[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137
|-
|[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20
|-
|[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581
|-
|[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7
|-
|[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316
|-
|[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628
|-
||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5
|-
|[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477
|-
|[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1
|-
|[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550
|-
|[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9
|-
|[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2
|-
|[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1
|-
|[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1
|-
|[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124
|-
|[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306
|-
|[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118
|-
|[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125
|-
|[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4
|-
|[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129
|-
|[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7
|-
|[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1
|-
|[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9
|-
|[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737
|-
|[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509
|-
|[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2
|-
|[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4
|-
|[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103
|-
|[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1
|-
|[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1
|-
|[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161
|-
|[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5
|-
|[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611
|-
|[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630
|-
|[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176
|-
|[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425
|-
|[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527
|-
|[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10
|-
|[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2
|-
|[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2
|-
|[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749
|-
|[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1
|-
|[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8
|-
|[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398
|-
|[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182
|-
|[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3
|-
|[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518
|-
|[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2
|-
|[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341
|-
|[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365
|-
|[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12
|-
|[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74
|-
|[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699
|-
|[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3
|-
|[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7
|-
|[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9
|-
|[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]''  ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7
|-
|[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1
|-
|[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131
|-
|[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1
|-
|[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4
|-
|[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595
|-
|[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97
|-
|[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680
|-
|[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170
|-
|[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1
|-
|[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371
|-
|[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264
|-
|[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2
|-
|[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67
|-
|[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5
|-
|[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1
|-
|[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9
|-
|[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2
|-
|[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66
|-
|[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5
|-
|[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8
|-
|[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1
|-
|[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6
|-
|[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1
|-
|[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4
|-
|[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529
|-
|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2
|-
|[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19
|-
|[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205
|-
|[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6
|-
|[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4
|-
|[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3
|-
|[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551
|-
|[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169
|-
|[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3
|-
|[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84
|-
|[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4
|-
|[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666
|-
|[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462
|-
|[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7
|-
|[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1
|-
|[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350
|-
|[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5
|-
|[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5
|-
|[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577
|-
|[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305
|-
|[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138
|-
|[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686
|-
|[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715
|-
|[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693
|-
|[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566
|-
|[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2
|-
|[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1
|-
|[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363
|-
|[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704
|-
|[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1
|-
|[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8
|-
|[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438
|-
|[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499
|-
|[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1
|-
|[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413
|-
|[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant&lt;br /&gt;Bastard currant||423
|-
|[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8
|-
|[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448
|-
|[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1
|-
|[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302
|-
|[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2
|-
|[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4
|-
|[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222
|-
|[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49
|-
|[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6
|-
|[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3
|-
|[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697
|-
|[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4
|-
|[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121
|-
|[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160
|-
|[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2
|-
|[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545
|-
|[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1
|-
|[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2
|-
|[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3
|-
|[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3
|-
|[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4
|-
|[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240
|-
|[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8
|-
|[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746
|-
|[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173
|-
|[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318
|-
|[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2
|-
|[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1
|-
|[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea&lt;br /&gt;Sotho laburnum ||220.1
|-
|[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe  ||29.6
|-
|[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86
|-
|[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1
|-
|[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12
|-
|[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1
|-
|[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7
|-
|[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555
|-
|[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica caffra]]''||Water tree heath&lt;br /&gt;Sweet scented heath||572
|-
|[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1
|-
|[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225
|-
|[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear&lt;br /&gt;Water berry||557
|-
|[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614
|-
|[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3
|-
|[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378
|-
|[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak&lt;br /&gt;Water white alder||729
|-
|[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635
|-
|[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1
|-
|[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1
|-
|[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3
|-
|[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2
|-
|[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1
|-
|[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72
|-
|[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511
|-
|[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22
|-
|[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646
|-
|[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688
|-
|[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214
|-
|[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612
|-
|[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115
|-
|[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256
|-
|[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696
|-
|[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216
|-
|[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702
|-
|[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503
|-
|[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5
|-
|[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262
|-
|[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134
|-
|[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494
|-
|[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31
|-
|[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar&lt;br /&gt;River macaranga||335
|-
|[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361
|-
|[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637
|-
|[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197
|-
|[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105
|-
|[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633
|-
|[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7
|-
|[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2
|-
|[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309
|-
|[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736
|-
|[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667
|-
|[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133
|-
|[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141
|-
|[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443
|-
|[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576
|-
|[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4
|-
|[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397
|-
|[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396
|-
|[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405
|-
|[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579
|-
|[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636
|-
|[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel&lt;br /&gt;Natal hazel||143
|-
|[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422
|-
|[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458
|-
|[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669
|-
|[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267
|-
|[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600
|-
|[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180
|-
|[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289
|-
|[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39
|-
|[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3
|-
|[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90
|-
|[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261
|-
|[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1
|-
|[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Ceraria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1
|-
|[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4
|-
|[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10
|-
|[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445
|-
|[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1
|-
|[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5
|-
|[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1
|-
|[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1
|-
|[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319
|-
|[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60
|-
|[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5
|-
|[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9
|-
|[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10
|-
|[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14
|-
|[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678
|-
|[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5
|-
|[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150
|-
|[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4
|-
|[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618
|-
|[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1
|-
|[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2
|-
|[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6
|-
|[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8
|-
|[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263
|-
|[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561
|-
|[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1
|-
|[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586
|-
|[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211
|-
|[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156
|}

{{clear}}

== Bronne ==
* [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010]
* [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }}
* [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica]
* [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }}
* [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante]
* [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]
* [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997]
* [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park]
* [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)]

== Sien ook ==
* [[Bas]]
* [[Blaar]]
* [[Boom]]
* [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]]

[[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]]</text>
      <sha1>ne0xp7np80nlcetapuxrum7sgbhzoko</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889619</id>
      <parentid>2889617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
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      <text bytes="103696" sha1="7g2k2naq3svpxxjyhgwntfexnx4dnu7" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image2
 | align =  left
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 900
 | footer =
 | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg
 | alt1 = Koorsboom
 | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]]
 | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg
 | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout
 | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]]
 | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg
 | alt3 = Soetdoring
 | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]]
 | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg
 | alt4 = Kanferbos
 | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]]
 | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg
 | alt5 = Berghardepeer
 | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]]
 | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg
 | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring
 | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]]
 | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg
 | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol
 | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]]
}}{{-}}
Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: 

{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer
|-
|[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311
|-
|[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487
|-
|[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571
|-
|[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486
|-
|[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376
|-
|[[Afrikahondsroos|Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493
|-
|[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44
|-
|[[Afrikasoetlemoen|Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1
|-
|[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474
|-
|[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25
|-
|[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607
|-
|[[Albaniebroodboom|Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7
|-
|[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9
|-
|[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505
|-
|[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159
|-
|[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69
|-
|[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5
|-
|[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1
|-
|[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Ceraria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10
|-
|[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5
|-
|[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166
|-
|[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213
|-
|[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238
|-
|[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570
|-
|[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385
|-
|[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575
|-
|[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2
|-
|[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88
|-
|[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11
|-
|[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521
|-
|[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean&lt;br /&gt; Elephantroot||193
|-
|[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30
|-
|[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85
|-
|[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119
|-
|[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106
|-
|[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101
|-
|[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320
|-
|[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45
|-
|[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21
|-
|[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14
|-
|[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2
|-
|[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5
|-
|[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5
|-
|[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100
|-
|[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70
|-
|[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1
|-
|[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15
|-
|[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4
|-
|[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593
|-
|[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear&lt;br /&gt;Transvaal hard-pear||514
|-
|[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387
|-
|[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2
|-
|[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293
|-
|[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13
|-
|[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269
|-
|[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20
|-
|[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3
|-
|[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730
|-
|[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2
|-
|[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703
|-
|[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33
|-
|[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383
|-
|[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1
|-
|[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50
|- 
|[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1
|-
|[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2
|-
|[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725
|-
|[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2
|-
|[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149
|-
|[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304
|-
|[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1
|-
|[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165
|-
|[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1
|-
|[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452
|-
|[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287
|-
|[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508
|-
|[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447
|-
|[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439
|-
|[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393
|-
|[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3
|-
|[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1
|-
|[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6
|-
|[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4
|-
|[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5
|-
|[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1
|-
|[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631
|-
|[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276
|-
|[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6
|-
|[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3
|-
|[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2
|-
|[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2
|-
|[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743
|-
|[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9
|-
|[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594
|-
|[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164
|-
|[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3
|-
|[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2
|-
|[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112
|-
|[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1
|-
|[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5
|-
|[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1
|-
|[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3
|-
|[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13
|-
|[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4
|-
|[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna  ||741
|-
|[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21
|-
|[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639
|-
|[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18
|-
|[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404
|-
|[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3
|-
|[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre  ||72.3
|-
|[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28
|-
|[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1
|-
|[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3
|-
|[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228
|-
|[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1
|-
|[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472
|-
|[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204
|-
|[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2
|-
|[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718
|-
|[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708
|-
|[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485
|-
|[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515
|-
|[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698
|-
|[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11
|-
|[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224
|-
|[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339
|-
|[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291
|-
|[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1
|-
|[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena&lt;br /&gt;White gardenia||692
|-
|[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2
|-
|[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2
|-
|[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9
|-
|[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330
|-
|[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632
|-
|[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429
|-
|[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454
|-
|[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414
|-
|[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588
|-
|[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590
|-
|[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2
|-
|[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3
|-
|[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620
|-
|[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645
|-
|[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5
|-
|[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491
|-
|[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310
|-
|[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300
|-
|[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482
|-
|[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584
|-
|[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109
|-
|[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461
|-
|[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415
|-
|[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580
|-
|[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380
|-
|[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731
|-
|[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540
|-
|[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1
|-
|[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2
|-
|[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75
|-
|[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6
|-
|[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375
|-
|[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346
|-
|[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1
|-
|[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713
|-
|[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10
|-
|[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1
|-
|[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2
|-
|[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416
|-
|[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155
|-
|[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694
|-
|[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260
|-
|[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3
|-
|[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634
|-
|[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52
|-
|[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556
|-
|[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93
|-
|[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314
|-
|[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6
|-
|[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1
|-
|[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648
|-
|[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1
|-
|[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626
|-
|[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3
|-
|[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1
|-
|[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177
|-
|[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94
|-
|[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76
|-
|[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374
|-
|[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734
|-
|[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2
|-
|[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244
|-
|[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113
|-
|[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1
|-
|[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3
|-
|[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5
|-
|[[Breëblaarwasbessie]]  ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]''  ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37
|-
|[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127
|-
|[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701
|-
|[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod albizia||154
|-
|[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15
|-
|[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523
|-
|[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7
|-
|[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe&lt;br /&gt;Wolkberg aloe ||29.1
|-
|[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449
|-
|[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5
|-
|[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501
|-
|[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56
|-
|[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358
|-
|[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1
|-
|[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7
|-
|[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19
|-
|[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274
|-
|[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn&lt;br /&gt;Hairy umbrella thorn||163
|-
|[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657
|-
|[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362
|-
|[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6
|-
|[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2
|-
|[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742
|-
|[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6
|-
|[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5
|-
|[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237
|-
|[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433
|-
|[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15
|-
|[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1
|-
|[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690
|-
|[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707
|-
|[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43
|-
|[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498
|-
|[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1
|-
|[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388
|-
|[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2
|-
|[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2
|-
|[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171
|-
|[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2
|-
|[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5
|-
|[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1
|-
|[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5
|-
|[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15
|-
|[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1
|-
|[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1
|-
|[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735
|-
|[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1
|-
|[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343
|-
|[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2
|-
|[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3
|-
|[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720
|-
|[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9
|-
|[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82
|-
|[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri&lt;br /&gt;Sea guarri||599.3
|-
|[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638
|-
|[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1
|-
|[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1
|-
|[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11
|-
|[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1
|-
|[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619
|-
|[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4
|-
|[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430
|-
|[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2
|-
|[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608
|-
|[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510
|-
|[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1
|-
|[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2
|-
|[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426
|-
|[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1
|-
|[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush  ||226.9
|-
|[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1
|-
|[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16
|-
|[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1
|-
|[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2
|-
|[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Ceraria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2
|-
|[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree&lt;br /&gt;Black ebony||598
|-
|[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5
|-
|[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1
|-
|[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562
|-
|[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn&lt;br /&gt;Splendid thorn&lt;br /&gt;Brack thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod robust thorn||183
|-
|[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa&lt;br /&gt;Conkerberry&lt;br /&gt;Arabian num-num||640.4
|-
|[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date&lt;br /&gt;Egyptian balsam||251.1
|-
|[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229
|-
|[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298
|-
|[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537
|-
|[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280
|-
|[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382
|-
|[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706
|-
|[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3
|-
|[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325
|-
|[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5
|-
|[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5
|-
|[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush  ||226.8
|-
|[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1
|-
|[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5
|-
|[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728
|-
|[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502
|-
|[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5
|-
|[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504
|-
|[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1
|-
|[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3
|-
|[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2
|-
|[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3
|-
|[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208
|-
|[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2
|-
|[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3
|-
|[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1
|-
|[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5
|-
|[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1
|-
|[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10
|-
|[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1
|-
|[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627
|-
|[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723
|-
|[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675
|-
|[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18
|-
|[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219
|-
|[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5
|-
|[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2
|-
|[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1
|-
|[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3
|-
|[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569
|-
|[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4
|-
|[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716
|-
|[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471
|-
|[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601
|-
|[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162
|-
|[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2
|-
|[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338
|-
|[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285
|-
|[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391
|-
|[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2
|-
|[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87
|-
|[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant&lt;br /&gt;||392
|-
|[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114
|-
|[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree&lt;br /&gt;Parsnip-tree||568
|-
|[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48
|-
|[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756
|-
|[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721
|-
|[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517
|-
|[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603
|-
|[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446
|-
|[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1
|-
|[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469
|-
|[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478
|-
|[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6
|-
|[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705
|-
|[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1
|-
|[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519
|-
|[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11
|-
|[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4
|-
|[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1
|-
|[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11
|-
|[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662
|-
|[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5
|-
|[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3
|-
|[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1
|-
|[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4
|-
|[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5
|-
|[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2
|-
|[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1
|-
|[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2
|-
|[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107
|-
|[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1
|-
|[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5
|-
|[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251
|-
|[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1
|-
|[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush  ||91.1
|-
|[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629
|-
|[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1
|-
|[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283
|-
|[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9
|-
|[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271
|-
|[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3
|-
|[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651
|-
|[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63
|-
|[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4
|-
|[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush&lt;br /&gt;African sicklebush||190.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476
|-
|[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530
|-
|[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158
|-
|[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6
|-
|[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1
|-
|[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81
|-
|[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1
|-
|[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2
|-
|[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3
|-
|[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89
|-
|[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732
|-
|[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199
|-
|[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7
|-
|[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush&lt;br /&gt;Snot berry||654
|-
|[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40
|-
|[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1
|-
|[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2
|-
|[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5
|-
|[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146
|-
|[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3
|-
|[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188
|-
|[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649
|-
|[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1
|-
|[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539
|-
|[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513
|-
|[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709
|-
|[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri&lt;br /&gt;Natal ebony|| 597
|-
|[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1
|-
|[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270
|-
|[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1
|-
|[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4
|-
|[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4
|-
|[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255
|-
|[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64
|-
|[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4
|-
|[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5
|-
|[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1
|-
|[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2
|-
|[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59
|-
|[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80
|-
|[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo  ||21.6
|-
|[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120
|-
|[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184
|-
|[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17
|-
|[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3
|-
|[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679
|-
|[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574
|-
|[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1
|-
|[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354
|-
|[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2
|-
|[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2
|-
|[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1
|-
|[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42
|-
|[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1
|-
|[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643
|-
|[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202
|-
|[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle&lt;br /&gt;Black wattle&lt;br /&gt;African-wattle||215
|-
|[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3
|-
|[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525
|-
|[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760
|-
|[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606
|-
|[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10
|-
|[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2
|-
|[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1
|-
|[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8
|-
|[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578
|-
|[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1
|-
|[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16
|-
|[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624
|-
|[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2
|-
|[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428
|-
|[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565
|-
|[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747
|-
|[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116
|-
|[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473
|-
|[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457
|-
|[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401
|-
|[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528
|-
|[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum caffrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533
|-
|[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32
|-
|[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2
|-
|[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1
|-
|[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6
|-
|[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239
|-
|[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3
|-
|[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174
|-
|[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674
|-
|[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5
|-
|[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1
|-
|[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210
|-
|[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110
|-
|[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2
|-
|[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3
|-
|[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641
|-
|[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745
|-
|[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168
|-
|[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209
|-
|[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3
|-
|[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5
|-
|[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733
|-
|[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296
|-
|[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759
|-
|[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544
|-
|[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765
|-
|[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2
|-
|[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood&lt;br /&gt;Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1
|-
|[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1
|-
|[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1
|-
|[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1
|-
|[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4
|-
|[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126
|-
|[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Ceraria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3
|-
|[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2
|-
|[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386
|-
|[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284
|-
|[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201
|-
|[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1
|-
|[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7
|-
|[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379
|-
|[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6
|-
|[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2
|-
|[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7
|-
|[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2
|-
|[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128
|-
|[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4
|-
|[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139
|-
|[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6
|-
|[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis caffra]]''||Kei apple||507
|-
|[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444
|-
|[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4
|-
|[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12
|-
|[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373
|-
|[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495
|-
|[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661
|-
|[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush&lt;br /&gt;Jade plant||137.3
|-
|[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush&lt;br /&gt;St. John's wort||484
|-
|[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409
|-
|[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree&lt;br /&gt;Pink blossom tree||221
|-
|[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236
|-
|[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564
|-
|[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538
|-
|[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia caffra]]''||Quinine tree||647
|-
|[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2
|-
|[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295
|-
|[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1
|-
|[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1
|-
|[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1
|-
|[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102
|-
|[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9
|-
|[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738
|-
|[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190
|-
|[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3
|-
|[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1
|-
|[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203
|-
|[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5
|-
|[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252
|-
|[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1
|-
|[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1
|-
|[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3
|-
|[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253
|-
|[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4
|-
|[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200
|-
|[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria caffra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1
|-
|[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717
|-
|[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710
|-
|[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299
|-
|[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739
|-
|[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368
|-
|[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400
|-
|[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1
|-
|[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152
|-
|[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677
|-
|[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8
|-
|[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740
|-
|[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132
|-
|[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178
|-
|[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1
|-
|[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47
|-
|[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456
|-
|[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389
|-
|[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410
|-
|[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308
|-
|[[Koffiebeesklou]]&lt;br&gt;[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia&lt;br /&gt;Natal neat's foot||208.3
|-
|[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9
|-
|[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1
|-
|[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29
|-
|[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403
|-
|[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]]  ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig&lt;br /&gt;Dot-leaved fig ||58
|-
|[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2
|-
|[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307
|-
|[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329
|-
|[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189
|-
|[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642
|-
|[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277
|-
|[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245
|-
|[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2
|-
|[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394
|-
|[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377
|-
|[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2
|-
|[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2
|-
|[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748
|-
|[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762
|-
|[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26
|-
|[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479
|-
|[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2
|-
|[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355
|-
|[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2
|-
|[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1
|-
|[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500
|-
|[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712
|-
|[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2
|-
|[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467
|-
|[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1
|-
|[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136
|-
|[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303
|-
|[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2
|-
|[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463
|-
|[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1
|-
|[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7
|-
|[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767
|-
|[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Ceraria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4
|-
|[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1
|-
|[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623
|-
|[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766
|-
|[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226
|-
|[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1
|-
|[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769
|-
|[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218
|-
|[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719
|-
|[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10
|-
|[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604
|-
|[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700
|-
|[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2
|-
|[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;Wild cotton tree||464
|-
|[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1
|-
|[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina caffra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242
|-
|[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99
|-
|[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1
|-
|[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583
|-
|[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11
|-
|[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8
|-
|[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1
|-
|[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724
|-
|[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2
|-
|[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34
|-
|[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441
|-
|[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig&lt;br /&gt;Wild fig||57
|-
|[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711
|-
|[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4
|-
|[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297
|-
|[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334
|-
|[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587
|-
|[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348
|-
|[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475
|-
|[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727
|-
|[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65
|-
|[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7
|-
|[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23
|-
|[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2
|-
|[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Ceraria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5
|-
|[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130
|-
|[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9
|-
|[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455
|-
|[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton&lt;br /&gt;Lavender fever-berry||328
|-
|[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4
|-
|[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7
|-
|[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1
|-
|[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4
|-
|[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8
|-
|[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327
|-
|[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427
|-
|[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria&lt;br /&gt;Lebombo milktree||345
|-
|[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191
|-
|[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5
|-
|[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane&lt;br /&gt;Peelingbark ochna||483
|-
|[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179
|-
|[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5
|-
|[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111
|-
|[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420
|-
|[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3
|-
|[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418
|-
|[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2
|-
|[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98
|-
|[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2
|-
|[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53
|-
|[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2
|-
|[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2
|-
|[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726
|-
|[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3
|-
|[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree&lt;br /&gt;Feather-weight tree||337
|-
|[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5
|-
|[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758
|-
|[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1
|-
|[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree&lt;br /&gt;Swazi ordeal tree||196
|-
|[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2
|-
|[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764
|-
|[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360
|-
|[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122
|-
|[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761
|-
|[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Nala tree||153
|-
|[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591
|-
|[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3
|-
|[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5
|-
|[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684
|-
|[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5
|-
|[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324
|-
|[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13
|-
|[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585
|-
|[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54
|-
|[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198
|-
|[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4
|-
|[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1
|-
|[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676
|-
|[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5
|-
|[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree||
|-
|[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1
|-
|[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa&lt;br /&gt;Musasa||198.1
|-
|[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7
|-
|[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8
|-
|[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3
|-
|[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1
|-
|[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135
|-
|[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4
|-
|[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351
|-
|[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1
|-
|[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1
|-
|[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757
|-
|[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370
|-
|[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602
|-
|[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273
|-
|[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1
|-
|[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51
|-
|[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5
|-
|[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369
|-
|[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10
|-
|[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1
|-
|[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2
|-
|[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9
|-
|[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243
|-
|[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2
|-
|[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381
|-
|[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1
|-
|[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6
|-
|[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1
|-
|[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332
|-
|[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2
|-
|[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390
|-
|[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2
|-
|[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1
|-
|[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5
|-
|[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17
|-
|[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292
|-
|[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241
|-
|[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5
|-
|[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2
|-
|[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6
|-
|[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2
|-
|[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672
|-
|[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754
|-
|[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670
|-
|[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2
|-
|[[Oleasterboswilg]]  ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3
|-
|[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive&lt;br&gt;African olive||617
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1
|-
|[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227
|-
|[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142
|-
|[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194
|-
|[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1
|-
|[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395
|-
|[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2
|-
|[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24
|-
|[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8
|-
|[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5
|-
|[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5
|-
|[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145
|-
|[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1
|-
|[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3
|-
|[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750
|-
|[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16
|-
|[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520
|-
|[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294
|-
|[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2
|-
|[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644
|-
|[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768
|-
|[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671
|-
|[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4
|-
|[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187
|-
|[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278
|-
|[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554
|-
|[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157
|-
|[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5
|-
|[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399
|-
|[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384
|-
|[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2
|-
|[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488
|-
|[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281
|-
|[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2
|-
|[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood&lt;br /&gt;False horsewood||265
|-
|[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254
|-
|[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom&lt;br /&gt;Moth-fruit||302.2
|-
|[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151
|-
|[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668
|-
|[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282
|-
|[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1
|-
|[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207
|-
|[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7
|-
|[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1
|-
|[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1
|-
|[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4
|-
|[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681
|-
|[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148
|-
|[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3
|-
|[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3
|-
|[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73
|-
|[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1
|-
|[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3
|-
|[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia&lt;br /&gt;Powder-bark gardenia||690.3
|-
|[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree&lt;br /&gt;Powder-puff tree||524
|-
|[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663
|-
|[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615
|-
|[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16
|-
|[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4
|-
|[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1
|-
|[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8
|-
|[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1
|-
|[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407
|-
|[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1
|-
|[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1
|-
|[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5
|-
|[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1
|-
|[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]''||Pondo coconut||27
|-
|[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2
|-
|[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1
|-
|[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1
|-
|[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1
|-
|[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4
|-
|[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46
|-
|[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3
|-
|[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1
|-
|[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68
|-
|[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6
|-
|[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144
|-
|[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481
|-
|[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659
|-
|[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2
|-
|[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367
|-
|[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664
|-
|[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546
|-
|[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534
|-
|[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714
|-
|[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459
|-
|[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1
|-
|[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3
|-
|[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609
|-
|[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660
|-
|[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1
|-
|[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1
|-
|[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61
|-
|[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10
|-
|[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460
|-
|[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3
|-
|[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91
|-
|[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6
|-
|[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288
|-
|[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470
|-
|[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108
|-
|[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12
|-
|[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356
|-
|[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1
|-
|[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2
|-
|[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2
|-
|[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1
|-
|[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1
|-
|[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536
|-
|[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4
|-
|[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1
|-
|[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4
|-
|[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640
|-
|[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372
|-
|[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2
|-
|[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre&lt;br /&gt;Honey-scented sceptre  ||72.6
|-
|[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625
|-
|[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55
|-
|[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5
|-
|[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364
|-
|[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10
|-
|[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532
|-
|[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]''  ||Red thorn ||167
|-
|[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140
|-
|[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301
|-
|[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2
|-
|[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181
|-
|[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317
|-
|[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450
|-
|[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408
|-
|[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117
|-
|[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496
|-
|[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402
|-
|[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3
|-
|[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147
|-
|[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2
|-
|[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79
|-
|[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1
|-
|[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41
|-
|[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4
|-
|[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526
|-
|[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480
|-
|[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1
|-
|[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468
|-
|[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542
|-
|[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286
|-
|[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78
|-
|[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5
|-
|[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650
|-
|[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36
|-
|[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212
|-
|[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535
|-
|[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3
|-
|[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186
|-
|[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192
|-
|[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1
|-
|[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine&lt;br /&gt;Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613
|-
|[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223
|-
|[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340
|-
|[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272
|-
|[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1
|-
|[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683
|-
|[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6
|-
|[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive&lt;br /&gt;Hopbush||437.1
|-
|[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood  ||255.1
|-
|[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2
|-
|[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1
|-
|[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531
|-
|[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5
|-
|[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83
|-
|[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1
|-
|[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279
|-
|[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751
|-
|[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232
|-
|[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453
|-
|[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71
|-
|[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5
|-
|[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14
|-
|[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190
|-
|[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406
|-
|[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770
|-
|[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3
|-
|[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia caffra]]''||Septee tree||652
|-
|[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1
|-
|[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695
|-
|[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755
|-
|[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1
|-
|[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7
|-
|[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582
|-
|[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77
|-
|[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6
|-
|[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4
|-
|[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1
|-
|[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1
|-
|[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1
|-
|[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa&lt;br /&gt;Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2
|-
||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2
|-
|[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6
|-
|[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656
|-
|[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275
|-
|[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2
|-
|[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1
|-
|[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush  ||96
|-
|[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1
|-
|[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5
|-
|[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123
|-
|[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2
|-
|[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3
|-
|[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1
|-
|[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14
|-
|[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5
|-
|[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290
|-
|[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8
|-
|[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185
|-
|[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466
|-
||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1
|-
||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596
|-
|[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6
|-
|[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621
|-
|[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush  ||90.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38
|-
|[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559
|-
|[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492
|-
|[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172
|- 
|[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753
|-
|[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763
|-
|[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1
|-
|[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9
|-
|[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104
|-
|[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3
|-
|[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5
|-
|[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342
|-
|[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137
|-
|[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20
|-
|[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581
|-
|[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7
|-
|[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316
|-
|[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628
|-
||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5
|-
|[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477
|-
|[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1
|-
|[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550
|-
|[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9
|-
|[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2
|-
|[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1
|-
|[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1
|-
|[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124
|-
|[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306
|-
|[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118
|-
|[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125
|-
|[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4
|-
|[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129
|-
|[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7
|-
|[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata'']]||Southern Shell-flower||673
|-
|[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1
|-
|[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9
|-
|[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737
|-
|[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509
|-
|[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2
|-
|[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4
|-
|[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103
|-
|[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1
|-
|[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1
|-
|[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161
|-
|[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5
|-
|[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611
|-
|[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630
|-
|[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176
|-
|[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425
|-
|[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527
|-
|[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10
|-
|[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2
|-
|[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2
|-
|[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749
|-
|[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1
|-
|[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8
|-
|[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398
|-
|[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182
|-
|[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3
|-
|[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518
|-
|[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2
|-
|[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341
|-
|[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365
|-
|[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12
|-
|[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74
|-
|[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699
|-
|[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3
|-
|[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7
|-
|[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9
|-
|[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]''  ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7
|-
|[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1
|-
|[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131
|-
|[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1
|-
|[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4
|-
|[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595
|-
|[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97
|-
|[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680
|-
|[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170
|-
|[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1
|-
|[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371
|-
|[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264
|-
|[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2
|-
|[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67
|-
|[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5
|-
|[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1
|-
|[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9
|-
|[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2
|-
|[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66
|-
|[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5
|-
|[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8
|-
|[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1
|-
|[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6
|-
|[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1
|-
|[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4
|-
|[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529
|-
|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2
|-
|[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19
|-
|[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205
|-
|[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6
|-
|[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4
|-
|[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3
|-
|[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551
|-
|[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169
|-
|[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3
|-
|[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84
|-
|[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4
|-
|[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666
|-
|[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462
|-
|[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7
|-
|[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1
|-
|[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350
|-
|[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5
|-
|[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5
|-
|[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577
|-
|[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305
|-
|[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138
|-
|[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686
|-
|[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715
|-
|[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693
|-
|[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566
|-
|[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2
|-
|[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1
|-
|[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363
|-
|[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704
|-
|[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1
|-
|[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8
|-
|[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438
|-
|[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499
|-
|[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1
|-
|[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413
|-
|[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant&lt;br /&gt;Bastard currant||423
|-
|[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8
|-
|[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448
|-
|[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1
|-
|[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302
|-
|[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2
|-
|[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4
|-
|[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222
|-
|[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49
|-
|[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6
|-
|[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3
|-
|[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697
|-
|[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4
|-
|[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121
|-
|[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160
|-
|[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2
|-
|[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545
|-
|[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1
|-
|[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2
|-
|[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3
|-
|[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3
|-
|[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4
|-
|[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240
|-
|[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8
|-
|[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746
|-
|[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173
|-
|[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318
|-
|[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2
|-
|[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1
|-
|[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea&lt;br /&gt;Sotho laburnum ||220.1
|-
|[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe  ||29.6
|-
|[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86
|-
|[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1
|-
|[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12
|-
|[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1
|-
|[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7
|-
|[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555
|-
|[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica caffra]]''||Water tree heath&lt;br /&gt;Sweet scented heath||572
|-
|[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1
|-
|[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225
|-
|[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear&lt;br /&gt;Water berry||557
|-
|[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614
|-
|[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3
|-
|[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378
|-
|[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak&lt;br /&gt;Water white alder||729
|-
|[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635
|-
|[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1
|-
|[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1
|-
|[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3
|-
|[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2
|-
|[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1
|-
|[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72
|-
|[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511
|-
|[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22
|-
|[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646
|-
|[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688
|-
|[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214
|-
|[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612
|-
|[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115
|-
|[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256
|-
|[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696
|-
|[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216
|-
|[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702
|-
|[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503
|-
|[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5
|-
|[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262
|-
|[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134
|-
|[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494
|-
|[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31
|-
|[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar&lt;br /&gt;River macaranga||335
|-
|[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361
|-
|[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637
|-
|[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197
|-
|[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105
|-
|[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633
|-
|[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7
|-
|[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2
|-
|[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309
|-
|[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736
|-
|[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667
|-
|[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133
|-
|[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141
|-
|[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443
|-
|[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576
|-
|[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4
|-
|[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397
|-
|[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396
|-
|[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405
|-
|[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579
|-
|[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636
|-
|[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel&lt;br /&gt;Natal hazel||143
|-
|[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422
|-
|[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458
|-
|[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669
|-
|[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267
|-
|[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600
|-
|[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180
|-
|[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289
|-
|[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39
|-
|[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3
|-
|[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90
|-
|[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261
|-
|[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1
|-
|[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Ceraria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1
|-
|[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4
|-
|[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10
|-
|[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445
|-
|[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1
|-
|[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5
|-
|[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1
|-
|[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1
|-
|[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319
|-
|[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60
|-
|[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5
|-
|[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9
|-
|[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10
|-
|[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14
|-
|[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678
|-
|[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5
|-
|[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150
|-
|[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4
|-
|[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618
|-
|[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1
|-
|[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2
|-
|[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6
|-
|[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8
|-
|[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263
|-
|[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561
|-
|[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1
|-
|[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586
|-
|[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211
|-
|[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156
|}

{{clear}}

== Bronne ==
* [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010]
* [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }}
* [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica]
* [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }}
* [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante]
* [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]
* [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997]
* [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park]
* [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)]

== Sien ook ==
* [[Bas]]
* [[Blaar]]
* [[Boom]]
* [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]]

[[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]]</text>
      <sha1>7g2k2naq3svpxxjyhgwntfexnx4dnu7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889620</id>
      <parentid>2889619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ai!</comment>
      <origin>2889620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="103696" sha1="7rky96i3s7yo7pu1ac1gpc23efvyb4i" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image2
 | align =  left
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 900
 | footer =
 | image1 = Vachellia xanthophloea 20D 3046.jpg
 | alt1 = Koorsboom
 | caption1 = [[Koorsboom]]
 | image2 = Southafrica428yellowwood.jpg
 | alt2 = Outeniekwageelhout
 | caption2 = [[Outeniekwageelhout|Outenikwa-geelhout]]
 | image3 = Vachellia karroo 1947.jpg
 | alt3 = Soetdoring
 | caption3 = [[Soetdoring]]
 | image4 = Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1DS-II 3-4583.jpg
 | alt4 = Kanferbos
 | caption4 = [[Kanferbos]]
 | image5 = Olinia emarginata 1DS-II 0056.jpg
 | alt5 = Berghardepeer
 | caption5 = [[Berghardepeer]]
 | image6 = Cyathea dregei00.jpg
 | alt6 = Grasveldboomvaring
 | caption6 = [[Grasveldboomvaring|Grasveld-boomvaring]]
 | image7 = Cussonia paniculata, habitus, Phalandingwe, a.jpg
 | alt7 = Hoëveldkiepersol
 | caption7 = [[Hoëveldkiepersol]]
}}{{-}}
Hier volg ’n sorteerbare lys van [[inheems]]e [[boom|bome]] van Suider-Afrika met hulle FSA-nommers: 

{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afrikaanse naam!!Botaniese naam!!Engelse naam!!FSA-nommer
|-
|[[Aartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus reticulatus]]''||Potato bush||311
|-
|[[Abiekwasgeelhout]]||''[[Tamarix usneoides]]''||Wild tamarisk||487
|-
|[[Afrikabloubessie]]||''[[Vaccinium exul]]''||Transvaal cranberry||571
|-
|[[Afrikageelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia livingstonei]]''||Lowveld mangosteen||486
|-
|[[Afrikaharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa reticulata]]''||Bushveld resin tree||376
|-
|[[Afrikahondsroos|Afrikahondsroos]]||''[[Xylotheca kraussiana]]''||African dog-rose||493
|-
|[[Afrikamoerbei]]||''[[Afromorus mesozygia]]''||African mulberry||44
|-
|[[Afrikasoetlemoen|Afrikasoetlemoen]] ||''[[Maclura africana]]'' || Thorny mulberry ||44.1
|-
|[[Afrikasterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia africana]]''||African star-chestnut||474
|-
|[[Afrikawaaierpalm]]||''[[Borassus aethiopum]]''||Selati palm||25
|-
|[[Akkerjakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros natalensis]]''||Small-leaved jackal-berry||607
|-
|[[Albaniebroodboom|Albaniebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos latifrons]]'' ||Albany cycad ||7
|-
|[[Albanierooibostee]] ||''[[Aspalathus teres]]'' ||Albany rooibos tea ||225.9
|-
|[[Albinobessie]]||''[[Aphloia theiformis]]''||Albino-berry ||505
|-
|[[Anaboom]]||''[[Faidherbia albida]]''||Ana tree||159
|-
|[[Angolabrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia carruthersiana]]'' ||Angola nettle ||69
|-
|[[Angolakiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia angolensis]]'' ||Angola cabbage-tree ||560.5
|-
|[[Angolavingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex angolensis]]'' ||Angola fingerleaf ||659.1
|-
|[[Angolawolftoon]] ||''[[Angolawolftoon|Ceraria carrissoana]]'' ||Angola porkbush ||103.10
|-
|[[Anysbergsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia conifera]]'' ||Anysberg startree ||145.5
|-
|[[Apiesdoring]]||''[[Senegalia galpinii]]''||Monkey thorn||166
|-
|[[Apiespeul]]||''[[Senna petersiana]]''||Monkeypod||213
|-
|[[Appelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera violacea]]''||Apple leaf||238
|-
|[[Assegaai (boom)]]||''[[Curtisia dentata]]''||Assegai bush||570
|-
|[[Baardbessie]] ||''[[Searsia incisa]]'' ||Rubrub-berry ||385
|-
|[[Baardboomheide]] ||''[[Erica triflora]]'' || Bearded tree erica ||575
|-
|[[Barbertonbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta barbertonensis]]'' ||Barberton brides-bush ||716.2
|-
|[[Barbertonse bergsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea comptonii]]'' ||Saddleback sugarbush ||88
|-
|[[Barbertonse broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos paucidentatus]]'' ||Barberton cycad ||11
|-
|[[Basboom]]||''[[Dais cotinifolia]]''||Pompon tree||521
|-
|[[Basboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza burkei]]''||Sumach bean&lt;br /&gt; Elephantroot||193
|-
|[[Basterkokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron pillansii]]'' ||Bastard quiver tree ||30
|-
|[[Basterkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum patersonii]]'' ||Silver-edge pincushion ||85
|-
|[[Basterstinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea kenyensis]]'' ||Mock stinkwood ||119
|-
|[[Bastersuikerappel]] ||''[[Hexalobus monopetalus]]'' ||Shakama plum ||106
|-
|[[Bastersuurpruim]] of [[Bastersuurpruim|kleinvalssuurpruim]] ||''[[Olax dissitiflora]]'' ||Bastard sourplum ||101
|-
|[[Bastertambotie]] ||''[[Cleistanthus schlechteri]]''||False tamboti||320
|-
|[[Bastervy]] ||''[[Trilepisium madagascariense]]'' ||Bastard fig ||45
|-
|[[Baviaanskloofseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia schwarzii]]'' ||Willowmore cedar||21
|-
|[[Bedfordbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cycadifolius]]'' ||Bedford cycad ||14.14
|-
|[[Beesganna]] ||''[[Salsola arborea]]''||Cattle ganna ||103.2
|-
|[[Bergaalwyn]] ||[[Bergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''marlothii'']] ||Mountain aloe||29.5
|-
|[[Bergbamboes]] ||''[[Bergbambos tessellata]]'' ||Drakensberg bamboo ||21.5
|-
|[[Bergbas]] ||''[[Osyris lanceolata]]'' ||Rock tannin bush ||100
|-
|[[Bergbrandnetel]] ||''[[Obetia tenax]]'' ||Mountain nettle ||70
|-
|[[Bergdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium kuntzeanum]]'' ||Mountain turkey-berry ||708.1
|-
|[[Bergfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea angustifolia]]'' ||Mountain fountain-bush ||226.15
|-
|[[Berggeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia sericea]]'' ||Mountain wild laburnum ||219.4
|-
|[[Bergghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea coriacea]]'' ||Mountain guarri ||593
|-
|[[Berghardepeer]] ||''[[Olinia emarginata]]''||Mountain hard-pear&lt;br /&gt;Transvaal hard-pear||514
|-
|[[Bergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia leptodictya]]'' ||Mountain karree||387
|-
|[[Bergkoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia divaricata]]'' || Mountain kuni-bush ||381.2
|-
|[[Bergmahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma caudatum]]''||Mountain mahogany||293
|-
|[[Bergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia phillipsii]]'' ||Mountain ricebush ||145.13
|-
|[[Bergsering]] ||''[[Kirkia wilmsii]]''||Mountain seringa||269
|-
|[[Bergsipres]] ||''[[Widdringtonia nodiflora]]''||Mountain cypress||20
|-
|[[Bergtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. integrifolia]]'' ||Mountain firethorn currant ||392.3
|-
|[[Bergvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena rotundata]]'' ||Mountain silver-oak ||730
|-
|[[Bergwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella microbracteata]]'' ||Mountain waxberry ||37.2
|-
|[[Bergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria parvifolia]]'' ||Mountain wild-medlar ||703
|-
|[[Bergwildepiesang]] ||''[[Strelitzia caudata]]''||Transvaal wild banana||33
|-
|[[Besembos]] ||''[[Searsia erosa]]'' ||Broom karee ||383
|-
|[[Besemkraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia fastigiata]]'' ||Broom currant ||383.1
|-
|[[Besemtrosvy]]||''[[Ficus sur]]''||Broom cluster fig||50
|- 
|[[Bietou]] ||''[[Osteospermum moniliferum]]'' ||Bush tickberry ||736.1
|-
|[[Bitteraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe ferox]]'' ||Bitter aloe ||29.2
|-
|[[Bitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena elliptica]]''||Bitter leaf||725
|-
|[[Bitterkaree]] ||''[[Searsia marlothii]]'' ||Bitter karee ||389.2
|-
|[[Bittervalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia amara]]''||Bitter false-thorn||149
|-
|[[Blaarbessie]] ||''[[Tapura fischeri]]'' ||Leafberry ||304
|-
|[[Blaasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. retinens]]'' ||Balloon thorn ||174.1
|-
|[[Bladdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia fleckii]]'' ||Blade thorn ||165
|-
|[[Bleekbassoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia natalitia]]'' ||Pale-bark sweet thorn ||172.1
|-
|[[Blinkblaar]]||''[[Rhamnus prinoides]]''||Dogwood||452
|-
|[[Blinkblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora schimperi]]''||Glossy-leaved corkwood||287
|-
|[[Blinkblaarsuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis lucida]]'' ||Glossy-leaved bitterberry ||508
|-
|[[Blinkblaar-wag-’n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]''||Buffalo-thorn||447
|-
|[[Blinkblaarwitessenhout]]||''[[Bersama lucens]]''||Glossy white ash||439
|-
|[[Blinkfluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia quartiniana]]'' ||Glossy velvet karee ||393
|-
|[[Blinkhardebos]] ||''[[Phylica oleifolia]]'' ||Glossy hard-leaf ||453.3
|-
|[[Blinktaaibos]]||''[[Searsia lucida]]''||Glossy wild currant||388.1
|-
|[[Bloedhoutbos]] ||''[[Haematoxylum dinteri]]'' ||Bloodwood-bush ||213.6
|-
|[[Blombos]] ||''[[Metalasia densa]]'' ||Common flowerbush ||735.4
|-
|[[Blosendesuikerbos]] of [[Blosendesuikerbos|pienksuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea stokoei]]'' ||Pink sugarbush ||97.5
|-
|[[Bloubaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora caerulea]]'' ||Blue-barked corkwood ||272.1
|-
|[[Bloubitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos usambarensis]]''||Blue bitterberry||631
|-
|[[Bloublaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora glaucescens]]'' ||Blue-leaved corkwood ||276
|-
|[[Bloublaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia glaucophylla]]'' ||Blue-leaved spike-thorn ||399.6
|-
|[[Bloublaarrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna glauca]]'' ||Blue-leaved plane ||479.3
|-
|[[Bloublaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua decumbens]]'' ||Blue-leaved spiderbush ||133.2
|-
|[[Bloubos]]||''[[Diospyros lycioides]]''||Karoo bluebush||605.2
|-
|[[Bloubotterboom]] ||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus subsp. glaucus]]'' ||Blue botterboom ||743
|-
|[[Bloubroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos nubimontanus]]'' ||Blue cycad ||14.9
|-
|[[Bloughwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea crispa]]''||Mountain guarri||594
|-
|[[Blouhaak]] ||''[[Senegalia erubescens]]''||Blue thorn||164
|-
|[[Blouheuningbos]] ||''[[Freylinia tropica]]'' ||Blue honeybells ||670.3
|-
|[[Bloukoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia glauca]]'' ||Blue kuni-bush ||383.2
|-
|[[Bloulourier]] ||''[[Cryptocarya angustifolia]]'' ||Blue laurel ||112
|-
|[[Baardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Baardsuikerbos|Protea neriifolia]]'' ||Blue sugarbush ||93.1
|-
|[[Blousuurpruim]] ||[[Blousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''america'']] ||Blue sourplum||101.5
|-
|[[Bloutaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia zeyheri]]'' ||Blue crowberry ||396.1
|-
|[[Bloutolbos]] ||''[[Diospyros pallens]]'' ||Blue star-apple ||607.3
|-
|[[Blyderivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cupidus]]'' ||Blyde River cycad ||14.13
|-
|[[Blydesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laetans]]'' ||Blyde sugarbush ||90.4
|-
|[[Bobbejaankoolbos]] ||''[[Othonna triplinervia]]'' ||Three-veined othonna  ||741
|-
|[[Bobbejaankos]] ||''[[Stangeria eriopus]]'' ||Natal grass cycad ||14.21
|-
|[[Boesmansgif]]||''[[Acokanthera oppositifolia]]''||Common poison-bush||639
|-
|[[Boesmansrivierbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos trispinosus]]'' ||Bushman's River cycad ||14.18
|-
|[[Boesmanstee]]||''[[Catha edulis]]''||Bushman's tea||404
|-
|[[Bokbitterappel]] ||''[[Solanum aculeastrum]]''||Goat-apple||669.3
|-
|[[Bokkeveldpoppiesbos]] ||''[[Paranomus bracteolaris]]'' ||Smooth-leaved tree-sceptre  ||72.3
|-
|[[Boomaalwyn]]||''[[Aloidendron barberae]]''||Tree aloe||28
|-
|[[Boomranknetel]] ||''[[Urera trinervis]]'' ||tree climbing-nettle ||70.1
|-
|[[Borselaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe rupestris]]'' ||Bottlebrush aloe ||30.3
|-
|[[Bosappelblaar]]||''[[Philenoptera sutherlandii]]''||Forest appleleaf||228
|-
|[[Bosbeesklou]]||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]''||Bush neat's foot||208.1
|-
|[[Bosblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya tiliacea]]'' ||Forest wildpear ||472
|-
|[[Bosboerboon]]||''[[Schotia latifolia]]''||Forest boerbean||204
|-
|[[Bosboomvaring]]||[[Bosboomvaring|''Cyathea capensis'' subsp. ''capensis'']]||Forest tree fern||2
|-
|[[Bosbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta inandensis]]'' ||Forest bride’s bush ||718
|-
|[[Bosdoringklipels]]||''[[Canthium inerme]]''||Common turkey-berry||708
|-
|[[Bosgeelmelkhout]]||''[[Garcinia gerrardii]]''||Forest mangosteen||485
|-
|[[Boshardepeer]]||''[[Olinia radiata]]''||Forest hard-pear||515
|-
|[[Bosjakkalskoffie]]||''[[Tricalysia capensis]]''||Forest jackal-coffee||698
|-
|[[Bosjesmansbrood]] ||''[[Encephalartos caffer]]'' ||Grahamstown cycad ||14.11
|-
|[[Boskamhout]]||''[[Baphia racemosa]]''||Natal camwood||224
|-
|[[Boskanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada procera]]'' ||Forest canaryberry ||339
|-
|[[Boskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora woodii]]''||Forest corkwood||291
|-
|[[Boskasieboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum padoides]]'' ||Thicket bushwillow ||534.1
|-
|[[Boskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]''||Forest gardena&lt;br /&gt;White gardenia||692
|-
|[[Boskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia sphaerocephala]]''||Natal forest cabbage tree||564.2
|-
|[[Bosklouterboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum edwardsii]]'' ||Forest climbing bushwillow ||534.2
|-
|[[Boskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus deflexa]]'' ||Forest kokotree ||402.9
|-
|[[Boskoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton sylvaticus]]''||Forest fever-berry||330
|-
|[[Boskoorsboom]]||''[[Anthocleista grandiflora]]''||Forest fever tree||632
|-
|[[Boskranses]]||''[[Atalaya natalensis]]''||Natal krantz ash||429
|-
|[[Boslaventelboom]]||''[[Heteropyxis canescens]]''||Forest lavender tree||454
|-
|[[Boslepelhout]]||''[[Cassine peragua]]''||Mountain saffron||414
|-
|[[Bosmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara discolor]]''||Forest milkberry||588
|-
|[[Bosmelkhout]]||''[[Vitellariopsis marginata]]''||Natal bush milkwood||590
|-
|[[Bosmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia natalitia]]''||Common forest myrtle||553.2
|-
|[[Bosnanabessie]] ||''[[Searsia grandidens]]''||Sharp-toothed currant ||381.3
|-
|[[Bosolienhout]]||''[[Olea woodiana]]''||Forest olive||620
|-
|[[Bospaddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana ventricosa]]''||Forest toad tree||645
|-
|[[Bospeper]] of [[Bospeper|wildepeper]] ||''[[Piper capense]]'' ||Wild pepper ||34.5
|-
|[[Bosperske]]||''[[Rawsonia lucida]]''||Forest peach||491
|-
|[[Bospoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia]]''||Forest peacockberry||310
|-
|[[Bosrooiessenhout]]||''[[Trichilia dregeana]]''||Forest mahogany||300
|-
|[[Bosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna arborea var. oconnorii]]'' ||Forest plane ||482
|-
|[[Bosrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops obovata]]''||Red milkwood||584
|-
|[[Bosrooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia gracilipes]]'' ||Forest redfingers ||109
|-
|[[Bosrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia lasiocarpa]]''||Forest raisin||461
|-
|[[Bossaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron croceum]]''||Small-leaved saffron||415
|-
|[[Bosstamvrug]]||''[[Chrysophyllum viridifolium]]''||Fluted milkwood||580
|-
|[[Bostaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia chirindensis]]''||Red currant||380
|-
|[[Bosvaalbos]] ||[[Bosvaalbos|''Brachylaena discolor'' var. ''transvaalensis'']] ||Woodland silver oak||731
|-
|[[Bosvaderlandswilg]] ||''[[Combretum kraussii]]''||Forest bushwillow||540
|-
|[[Bosvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha glabrata]]''||Forest mock nettle||335.1
|-
|[[Bosvalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia verrucosa]]'' ||False forest spikethorn ||403.2
|-
|[[Bosveldboekenhout]] ||''[[Faurea saligna]]''||Transvaal beech||75
|-
|[[Bosveldhalfmaanranker]] ||''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'' || Python climber ||104.6
|-
|[[Bosveldharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa]]''||Broad-leaved resin tree||375
|-
|[[Bosveldkandelaarnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia cooperi]]''||Bushveld candelabra tree||346
|-
|[[Bosveldkatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia volkensii]]''||Transvaal gardenia||691.1
|-
|[[Bosveldklipels]]||''[[Psydrax livida]]''||Green quar||713
|-
|[[Bosveldpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia mossambicensis]]'' ||Black forest spike-thorn ||399.10
|-
|[[Bosveldpoubessie]]||''[[Margaritaria discoidea var. nitida]]''||Bushveld peacockberry||310.1
|-
|[[Bosveldrooiklapperbos]] ||''[[Erythrophysa transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal red balloon||436.2
|-
|[[Bosveldsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]''||Condiment saffron||416
|-
|[[Bosveldvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia harveyi]]''||Common false-thorn||155
|-
|[[Bosveldwitklokke]]||''[[Rothmannia fischeri]]''||Cape gardenia||694
|-
|[[Bosveldwitysterhout]]||''[[Vepris reflexa]]''||Bushveld white ironwood||260
|-
|[[Bosvlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum paniculatum]]'' ||Forest flamecreeper ||545.3
|-
|[[Bosvlier]]||''[[Nuxia floribunda]]''||Forest elder||634
|-
|[[Bosvy]]||''[[Ficus craterostoma]]''||Forest fig||52
|-
|[[Boswaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium gerrardii]]''||Forest waterwood||556
|-
|[[Boswitsuikerbos]] ||''[[Boswitsuikerbos|Protea mundii]]''|| Forest white sugarbush || 93
|-
|[[Bosysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes gerrardii]]''||Forest ironplum||314
|-
|[[Botrivierheuningklokkies]] ||''[[Freylinia helmei]]'' ||Bot River honeybells ||670.6
|-
|[[Botriviersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea compacta]]'' ||Bot River sugarbush || 87.1
|-
|[[Bottelboom]]||''[[Pachypodium lealii]]''||Bottle tree||648
|-
|[[Botterboom]]||''[[Tylecodon paniculatus]]''||Butter tree||137.1
|-
|[[Botterklapper]]||''[[Strychnos madagascariensis]]''||Black monkey orange||626
|-
|[[Braamtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia batophylla]]'' ||Bramble currant ||377.3
|-
|[[Brakdoring]] ||[[Vachellia robusta subsp. clavigera]] ||Narrow-pod robust thorn thorn ||183.1
|-
|[[Brandbergdoring]] ||[[Senegalia montis-usti]] ||Brandberg thorn ||177
|-
|[[Bredasdorpsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea obtusifolia]]'' ||Bredasdorp protea ||94
|-
|[[Breëblaarboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea rochetiana]]''||Broad-leaved beech||76
|-
|[[Breëblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata]]'' ||Broad-leaved resin tree ||374
|-
|[[Breëblaarkanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii]]'' ||Broad-leaved camphorbush ||734
|-
|[[Breëblaarklipels]] ||''[[Afrocanthium pseudorandii]]'' ||Mottled-bark rock-alder ||709.2
|-
|[[Breëblaarkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina latissima]]''||Broad-leaved coral tree||244
|-
|[[Breëblaarkweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya latifolia]]''||Broad-leaved quince||113
|-
|[[Breëblaarpluisbos]] ||''[[Lopholaena platyphylla]]'' || Broad-leaved fluff bush||738.1
|-
|[[Breëblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea eximia]]'' ||Broad-leaf sugarbush ||88.3
|-
|[[Breëblaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne ovalifolia]]''||Broad-leaved fibre-bush ||517.5
|-
|[[Breëblaarwasbessie]]  ||''[[Morella pilulifera]]''  ||Broad-leaved waxberry ||37
|-
|[[Breëblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia mossambicensis]]'' ||Broad-leaved shepherd tree ||127
|-
|[[Breekhout]]||''[[Alberta magna]]''||Magnificent flame bush||701
|-
|[[Breëpeulvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia forbesii]]''||Broad-pod false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod albizia||154
|-
|[[Breëriviergeelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus elongatus]]''||Breede River yellowwood||15
|-
|[[Brosblaar]]||''[[Galpinia transvaalica]]''||Transvaal privet||523
|-
|[[Brosdoring]] ||''[[Phaeoptilum spinosum]]'' ||Brittle thorn ||103.7
|-
|[[Bruinaalwyn]] of [[Bruinaalwyn|wolkbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe dolomitica]]'' of ook soms ''[[Aloe vryheidensis]]'' ||Brown aloe&lt;br /&gt;Wolkberg aloe ||29.1
|-
|[[Bruinivoor]]||''[[Berchemia discolor]]''||Brown ivory||449
|-
|[[Bruinstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora giessii]]'' ||Brown-stemmed corkwood || 275.5
|-
|[[Bruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium dentatum]]''||Brown ironwood||501
|-
|[[Bubuvy]] ||''[[Ficus bubu]]'' ||Bubu fig ||56
|-
|[[Buig-my-nie]]||''[[Buxus macowanii]]''||Cape box||358
|-
|[[Bukshardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica buxifolia]]'' ||Box hard-leaf ||453.1
|-
|[[Clanwilliamaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe comosa]]'' ||Clanwilliam aloe ||28.7
|-
|[[Clanwilliamseder]]||''[[Widdringtonia cedarbergensis]]''||Clanwilliam cedar||19
|-
|[[Damarakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora crenato-serrata]]'' ||Damara corkwood ||274
|-
|[[Delagoadoring]]||''[[Senegalia welwitschii]]''||Delagoa thorn&lt;br /&gt;Hairy umbrella thorn||163
|-
|[[Deurmekaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia rigida]]''||Puzzle bush||657
|-
|[[Dikbas]]||''[[Lannea discolor]]''||Live-long||362
|-
|[[Dikblaarbosmirt]] ||''[[Eugenia umtamvunensis]]'' ||Thick-leaved myrtleberry ||553.6
|-
|[[Dikblaargroenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii|Monodora junodii var. macrantha]]'' ||Thick-leave green-apple ||107.2
|-
|[[Disseldoring]] ||''[[Berkheya chamaepeuce]]'' ||Tree thistle thorn ||742
|-
|[[Donkievy]] ||''[[Mestoklema arboriforme]]'' ||Donkey mesemb ||103.6
|-
|[[Donsiebos]] ||''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' || Barberton groundsel ||738.5
|-
|[[Dopperkiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]''||Round-leaved teak||237
|-
|[[Doppruim]]||''[[Pappea capensis]]''||Jacket-plum||433
|-
|[[Doringbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos horridus]]'' ||Eastern Cape blue cycad ||14.15
|-
|[[Doringkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora glandulosa]]''||Tall common corkwood||285.1
|-
|[[Doringkatjiepiering]]||''[[Hyperacanthus amoenus]]''||Thorny gardenia||690
|-
|[[Doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium spinosum]]'' ||Thorny turkeyberry ||707
|-
|[[Doringolm]]||''[[Chaetacme aristata]]''||Thorny elm||43
|-
|[[Doringpeer]]||''[[Scolopia zeyheri]]''||Thorn pear||498
|-
|[[Doringrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca berberidea]]''||Prickly redberry||332.1
|-
|[[Doringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia longispina]]'' ||Spiny currant ||388
|-
|[[Doringvalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha sonderiana]]'' ||Thorny false nettle ||335.2
|-
|[[Dorinkiedoring]] ||''[[Senegalia brevispica subsp. dregeana]]'' ||Prickly thorn ||160.2
|-
|[[Dorre haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia hereroensis]]'' ||Arid hook thorn ||171
|-
|[[Drakensbergboomheide]] ||''[[Erica dracomontana]]'' || Dragon heath ||574.2
|-
|[[Drakensbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ghellinckii]]''||Drakensberg cycad ||5
|-
|[[Drakensbergkaree]] ||''[[Searsia montana]]'' ||Drakensberg karee ||384.1
|-
|[[Drakensbergpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia devenishii]]'' ||Drakensberg spike-thorn ||399.5
|-
|[[Drakensbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia repens]]'' ||Drakensberg ricebush ||145.15
|-
|[[Driedoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum trichotomum]]'' ||Three-thorn rhigozum ||676.1
|-
|[[Driehaakdoring]]||''[[Senegalia senegal var. rostrata]]''||Bushy three-hooked thorn||185.1
|-
|[[Drietandkanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus trilobus]]''||Trident camphortree||735
|-
|[[Dubbelkroonboom]]||''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]''||African munondo||207.1
|-
|[[Duikerbessie]] ||''[[Sclerocroton integerrimus]]'' ||Duiker-berry tallow-tree||343
|-
|[[Duinbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos arenarius]]'' ||Alexandria cycad ||3.2
|-
|[[Duinebessie]] ||''[[Muraltia scoparia]]'' ||Duneberry ||303.3
|-
|[[Duinebruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta revoluta]]''||Dune bride's bush||720
|-
|[[Duineganna]] ||''[[Duineganna|Salsola nollothensis]]'' ||Dune ganna ||103.9
|-
|[[Duinegeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron coniferum]]'' ||Dune conebush ||82
|-
|[[Duineghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea racemosa]]''||Dune guarri&lt;br /&gt;Sea guarri||599.3
|-
|[[Duinegifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera oblongifolia]]'' ||Dune poison-bush||638
|-
|[[Duinekokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus procumbens]]'' ||Dune koko tree ||401.1
|-
|[[Duinekraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia crenata]]'' ||Dune crowberry ||380.1
|-
|[[Duinekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium ferocissimum]]'' ||Dune honeythorn ||669.11
|-
|[[Duinemirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia capensis]]''||Dune myrtle||553.1
|-
|[[Duine-olienhout]] ||''[[Olea exasperata]]'' ||Dune olive ||619
|-
|[[Duinependoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia arenicola]]'' ||Dune spike-thorn ||399.4
|-
|[[Duineseepbessie]]||''[[Deinbollia oblongifolia]]''||Dune soap-berry||430
|-
|[[Duinesoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia kosiensis]]'' ||Dune sweet thorn ||172.2
|-
|[[Duinesterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune star-apple ||608
|-
|[[Duinesuurbessie]] ||''[[Dovyalis rotundifolia]]'' ||Dune sourberry ||510
|-
|[[Duinesybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron maritimum]]'' ||Dune mock silky-bark ||413.1
|-
|[[Duinetaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia laevigata]]'' ||Dune currant ||385.2
|-
|[[Duinevalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus natalensis]]''||Dune false currant||426
|-
|[[Duinewasbessie]] ||''[[Morella cordifolia]]'' ||Dune waxberry ||37.1
|-
|[[Dunblaarfonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea glabra]]'' || Narrow-leaf fountain-bush  ||226.9
|-
|[[Dwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis afra]]'' ||Dwababerry ||107.1
|-
|[[Dwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos humilis]]'' ||Dwarf cycad ||14.16
|-
|[[Dwergpruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris speciosa]]'' ||Cape sumach ||100.1
|-
|[[Dwergvy]] ||''[[Ficus pygmaea]]'' || Dwarf fig ||50.2
|-
|[[Dwergwolftoon]] ||''[[Dwergwolftoon|Ceraria fruticulosa]]'' ||Dwarf porkbush ||104.2
|-
|[[Ebbehoutghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea pseudebenus]]''||Ebony tree&lt;br /&gt;Black ebony||598
|-
|[[Ebutsinidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ebutsiniorum]]'' ||Ebutsini thorn ||163.5
|-
|[[Eikeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora wildii]]'' ||Oak-leaved corkwoord ||290.1
|-
|[[Enkelblaarkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia natalensis]]''||Rock cabbage tree||562
|-
|[[Enkeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia robusta]] subps. robusta''||Ankle thorn&lt;br /&gt;Splendid thorn&lt;br /&gt;Brack thorn&lt;br /&gt;Broad-pod robust thorn||183
|-
|[[Enkeldoringnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa spinarum]]''||Simple-spine carissa&lt;br /&gt;Conkerberry&lt;br /&gt;Arabian num-num||640.4
|-
|[[Enkelgroendoring]]||''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]''||Desert date&lt;br /&gt;Egyptian balsam||251.1
|-
|[[Ertjiehout]] ||''[[Craibia zimmermannii]]'' ||Peawood ||229
|-
|[[Essenhout]]||''[[Ekebergia capensis]]''||Cape ash||298
|-
|[[Fluweelboswilg]]||''[[Combretum molle]]''||Velvet bushwillow||537
|-
|[[Fluweelkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mollis]]''||Velvet corkwood||280
|-
|[[Fluweelkaree]] ||''[[Searsia engleri]]'' ||Velvet karee ||382
|-
|[[Fluweelklipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium gilfillanii]]''||Velvet rockalder||706
|-
|[[Fluweelrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca menyharthii]]''||Velvet redberry||332.3
|-
|[[Fluweelsoetbessie]]||''[[Bridelia mollis]]''||Velvet sweetberry||325
|-
|[[Fluweelvrughardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica purpurea]]'' ||Velvet-fruited/hardleaf ||453.5
|-
|[[Fluweelvrugzanha]]||''[[Zanha africana]]''||Velvet-fruit zanha||438.5
|-
|[[Fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea aphylla]]'' || Leafless fountain-bush  ||226.8
|-
|[[Fransaalwyn]]||''[[Aloe pluridens]]''||French aloe||30.1
|-
|[[Fynbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia natalensis]]''||Dainty bauhinia||208.5
|-
|[[Fynbitterblaar]]||''[[Brachylaena ilicifolia]]''||Small bitter-leaf||728
|-
|[[Fynblaarboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra var. angustifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved boerbean||201.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta zeyheri]]'' ||Small-leaved bride’s bush ||722
|-
|[[Fynblaarbruinysterhout]] ||''[[Homalium rufescens]]'' ||Small-leaved brown-ironwood||502
|-
|[[Fynblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kraeuseliana]]'' ||Feather-leaved corkwoord ||277.5
|-
|[[Fynblaarrooihout]]||''[[Ochna serrulata]]''||Small-leaved plane||479.1
|-
|[[Fynblaarwildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria trinervis]] ||Small-leaved wild mulberry||504
|-
|[[Fynbossterappel‎]] ||''[[Diospyros glabra]]'' ||Blueberry bush ||603.1
|-
|[[Fyndoring]] ||''[[Vachellia tenuispina]]'' ||Turf thorn ||187.3
|-
|[[Gamtooskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia gamtoosensis]]'' ||Gamtoos cabbage tree||565.2
|-
|[[Gannabos]] of [[Gannabos|seepganna]] ||''[[Salsola aphylla]]'' ||Lye ganna ||103.3
|-
|[[Gariepbauhinia]]||''[[Adenolobus garipensis]]''||Blue neat's foot||208
|-
|[[Gariepharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa namaquensis]]''||Gariep resin tree ||373.2
|-
|[[Gariepkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep corkwoord ||275.3
|-
|[[Gariepkaree]] ||''[[Searsia populifolia]]'' ||Gariep karee ||391.1
|-
|[[Garieppendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia gariepensis]]'' ||Gariep spike-thorn ||401.5
|-
|[[Garieppronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia bracteata]]'' ||Gariep plumeflower ||214.1
|-
|[[Gariepsmalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. lanceolata]]'' ||Gariep narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||401.10
|-
|[[Geelbauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia tomentosa]]'' ||Yellow bauhinia ||208.1
|-
|[[Geelbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos mitis]]'' ||Yellow bitterberry ||627
|-
|[[Geelblomvoëlbessie]]||''[[Psychotria capensis]]''||Bird-berry||723
|-
|[[Geeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum obovatum]]'' ||Yellow pomegranate ||675
|-
|[[Geelhout]]||''[[Podocarpus latifolius]]''||Real yellowwood||18
|-
|[[Geelkeurboom]]||''[[Calpurnia aurea]]''||Natal laburnum||219
|-
|[[Geelpapierkelk]]||''[[Monotes glaber]]''||Palefruit monotes||486.5
|-
|[[Geelpistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia aconitiflora]]'' ||Lemon pistol-bush ||681.2
|-
|[[Geelskulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' ||Yellow shell-flower bush ||672.1
|-
|[[Geelsuikerbos]] of [[Geelsuikerbos|geelsuikerkan]] ||[[Geelsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''aurea'']] ||Common shuttlecock sugarbush ||90.3
|-
|[[Geelwortelboom]]||''[[Steganotaenia araliacea]]''||Carrot tree||569
|-
|[[Geneesblaarboom]] ||''[[Solanum giganteum]]''||Healing-leaf tree||669.4
|-
|[[Gewone bruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta gardeniifolia var. gardeniifolia]]'' ||Common bride’s bush ||716
|-
|[[Gewone drolpeer]] ||''[[Dombeya rotundifolia]]''||Common wild pear||471
|-
|[[Gewone ghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea undulata]]''||Common guarri||601
|-
|[[Gewone haakdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia afra]]''||Common hook-thorn||162
|-
|[[Gewone hardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica paniculata]]''||Common hard-leaf||453.2
|-
|[[Gewone kanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada africana]]'' ||Common canaryberry ||338
|-
|[[Gewone kanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora pyracanthoides]]'' ||Firethorn corkwood ||285
|-
|[[Gewone kraaibessie]] ||''[[Searsia pentheri]]''||Common crow-berry||391
|-
|[[Gewone luisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum cuneiforme]]'' ||Wart-stemmed pincushion ||84.2
|-
|[[Gewone protea]] of [[Gewone protea|gewone suikerbos]] ||[[Gewone protea|''Protea afra'' subsp. ''afra'']]||Common sugarbush||87
|-
|[[Gewone taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides]]''||Common wildcurrant&lt;br /&gt;||392
|-
|[[Gewone wildekweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya transvaalensis]]'' ||Mountain wild-quince ||114
|-
|[[Gewone wildepietersieliebos]]||''[[Heteromorpha arborescens]]''||Parsley-tree&lt;br /&gt;Parsnip-tree||568
|-
|[[Gewone wildevy]]||''[[Ficus burkei]]''||Common wild fig||48
|-
|[[Gifbergboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia giftbergensis]]'' ||Gifberg tree-vygie ||756
|-
|[[Gifbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta schumanniana]]'' ||Poison bride’s bush ||721
|-
|[[Gifolyf]]||''[[Peddiea africana]]''||Poison-olive||517
|-
|[[Gifsterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros dichrophylla]] ''||Poison star-apple ||603
|-
|[[Gladblaarbaakhout]]||''[[Greyia sutherlandii]]''||Natal bottlebrush||446
|-
|[[Gladdeblaarwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria madagascariensis]]'' ||Smooth-leaved wild-medlar ||702.1
|-
|[[Gladdeblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya cymosa]]''||Natal wild pear||469
|-
|[[Gladdekola]]||''[[Cola natalensis]]''||Coshwood||478
|-
|[[Gladderankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. juncea]]'' ||Smooth climbing spiderbush ||133.6
|-
|[[Gladdeslapmispel]]||''[[Vangueria lasiantha]]''||Natal medlar||705
|-
|[[Gladdesuurpruim]] ||''[[Ximenia caffra var natalensis]]'' ||Smooth-twigged sourplum ||103.1
|-
|[[Gladdeveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne subcordata]]''||Smooth fibre-bush||519
|-
|[[Glansrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia vernicosa]]''||Glossy raisinbush||463.11
|-
|[[Gordoniavalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia saxatilis]]'' ||Gordonia false spikethorn ||403.4
|-
|[[Goueklokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia obtusifolia]]'' ||Golden bell-bean ||677.1
|-
|[[Gouetee]]||''[[Aspalathus pendula]]'' || Golden tea ||225.11
|-
|[[Gouevingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex patula]]'' ||Gold fingerleaf ||662
|-
|[[Granietvy]] ||[[Granietvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''granitticola'']] ||Granite fig ||56.5
|-
|[[Graskopaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe alooides]]'' ||Graskop aloe ||28.3
|-
|[[Grasveldboomvaring]] ||''[[Cyathea dregei]]'' ||Common tree fern ||1
|-
|[[Grasveldrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna confusa]]'' ||Grassland plane ||479.4
|-
|[[Griekwakokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus ilicina]]'' ||Griqua kokotree ||398.5
|-
|[[Griekwasuurkaree]] ||''[[Searsia tridactyla]]'' ||Griqua sour karee ||394.2
|-
|[[Groefbasboomheide]] ||''[[Erica canaliculata]]'' ||Grooved-bark tree erica ||573.1
|-
|[[Groefstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora karibensis]] ''||Angular-stemmed corkwoord ||277.2
|-
|[[Groenappel]] ||''[[Monodora junodii var. junodii]]'' ||Green apple ||107
|-
|[[Groenblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba natalensis]]'' ||Green-leaved worm bush ||129.1
|-
|[[Groenblomtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loranthifolium]]'' ||Green-flower conebush ||81.5
|-
|[[Groendoring]]||''[[Balanites maughamii]]''||Green thorn||251
|-
|[[Groenharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa concolor]]'' ||Green resin tree ||369.1
|-
|[[Groenhofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea coronata]]'' ||Green sugarbush  ||91.1
|-
|[[Groenklapper]] ||''[[Strychnos spinosa]]''||Green monkey orange||629
|-
|[[Groenkreupelhout]] ||[[Groenkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpodendron'' subsp. ''viridum'']] ||Green pincushion ||84.1
|-
|[[Groenstamkanniedood]]|| ''[[Commiphora neglecta]]''||Green-stem corkwood||283
|-
|[[Grootblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena aletriformis]]''||Large-leaved dragon tree||30.9
|-
|[[Grootblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora anacardiifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved corkwood ||271
|-
|[[Grootblaarlaventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis dehniae]]''||Large-leaved lavender tree||455.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia erythrophylla]]''||Large-leaved myrtle||553.3
|-
|[[Grootblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia africana]]''||Large-leaved saucer-berry||651
|-
|[[Grootblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus abutilifolia]]''||Large-leaved rock fig||63
|-
|[[Grootblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved ricebush ||145.4
|-
|[[Grootblaarsekelbos]] ||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. nyassana]]''||Large-leaved sicklebush&lt;br /&gt;African sicklebush||190.1
|-
|[[Grootblaarsterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia quinqueloba]]''||Large-leaved-chestnut||476
|-
|[[Grootblaaruiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea gummiflua]]''||Large-leaved onionwood||530
|-
|[[Grootblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia versicolor]]''||Large-leaved false-thorn||158
|-
|[[Grootblomkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium amoenum]]'' ||Large-flower honeythorn ||669.6
|-
|[[Grootblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia putterlickioides]]'' ||Large-flowered spike-thorn ||402.1
|-
|[[Grootgeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron eucalyptifolium]]'' ||Gum-leaved conebush ||81
|-
|[[Groothaakbessie]] || ''[[Artabotrys brachypetalus]]'' ||Large hook-berry ||105.1
|-
|[[Grootmirting]] ||''[[Myrsine pillansii]]'' ||Large cape myrtle ||577.2
|-
|[[Grootnoemnoem]]||''[[Carissa macrocarpa]]''||Big num-num||640.3
|-
|[[Grootsuikerbos]] of [[Grootsuikerbos|witsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea gaguedi]]'' ||African sugarbush ||89
|-
|[[Grootvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena uniflora]]'' ||Tall silver-oak ||732
|-
|[[Grootvalsmopanie]] ||''[[Guibourtia coleosperma]]'' ||Large copalwood ||199
|-
|[[Grootvrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia grandifolia]]'' ||Large-leaved forest spike-thorn ||399.7
|-
|[[Grootvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia oxycarpa]]'' ||Large-fruited spike-thorn ||401.9
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria lucida]]'' ||Large-fruited clusterpear ||108.2
|-
|[[Grootvrugtrosvy]] ||[[Grootvrugtrosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''gnaphalocarpa'']] ||Large-fruited sycamore fig ||66.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarkatsnorbosse]] ||''[[Rotheca myricoides]]''||Blueflower tinderwood||667.1
|-
|[[Growweblaarpieringbessie]] ||''[[Cordia ovalis]]''||Satinbark saucerbush&lt;br /&gt;Snot berry||654
|-
|[[Growweblaarstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis gomphophylla]]'' ||False white stinkwood ||40
|-
|[[Growweblaartaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia refracta]]'' ||Thorny crow-berry ||389.1
|-
|[[Growwelaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton menyharthii]]'' ||Rough-leaved croton ||329.2
|-
|[[Growwerankwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua juncea supsp. crustata]]'' ||Crusty climbing spiderbush ||133.5
|-
|[[Grysappel]] ||''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' ||Mobola plum ||146
|-
|[[Gryskokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus albata]]'' ||Grey kokotree ||401.3
|-
|[[Haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. heteracantha]]''||Umbrella thorn||188
|-
|[[Halfmens]]||''[[Pachypodium namaquanum]]''||Elephant's trunk||649
|-
|[[Hangvrugkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora zanzibarica]]'' ||Pendant-fruit corkwood ||291.1
|-
|[[Hardekool]]||''[[Combretum imberbe]]''||Leadwood||539
|-
|[[Hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia ventosa]]''||Hardpear||513
|-
|[[Harige doringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium ciliatum]]'' ||Hairy turkeyberry ||709
|-
|[[Harige ghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea natalensis]]''||Natal guarri&lt;br /&gt;Natal ebony|| 597
|-
|[[Harige haak-en-steek]]||''[[Vachellia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa]]''||Hairy umbrella thorn||188.1
|-
|[[Harige kanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora africana]]''||Hairy corkwood||270
|-
|[[Harige kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta bowkeri]]'' ||Hairy coastal bride’s bush ||719.1
|-
|[[Harige mirtebessie]] ||''[[Eugenia woodii]]''||Mountain myrtle||553.4
|-
|[[Harige pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia pubescens]]'' ||Hairy spike-thorn ||402.4
|-
|[[Harige perdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum humile]]'' ||Hairy knobwood||255
|-
|[[Harige rotsvy]]||''[[Ficus glumosa]]''||Mountain fig||64
|-
|[[Harige Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia robbertsei]]'' ||Hairy Sekhukhune thorn ||172.4
|-
|[[Harige septerboom]] ||''[[Paranomus tomentosus]]'' ||Hairy-leaved tree sceptre ||72.5
|-
|[[Harige witgat]] ||''[[Boscia tomentosa]]'' || Hairy shepherd's tree ||127.1
|-
|[[Harpuiskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]''||Resin gardenia||690.2
|-
|[[Hartblaarvy]] ||[[Hartblaarvy|''Ficus polita'' subsp. ''polita'']] ||Heart-leaved fig ||59
|-
|[[Heideblaargeelbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron ericifolium]]'' ||Erica-leaved conebush || 80
|-
|[[Heilige Venda-bamboes]] ||''[[Oxytenanthera abyssinica]]'' ||Holy Venda bamboo  ||21.6
|-
|[[Helikopterboom]]||''[[Gyrocarpus americanus]]''||Propeller tree||120
|-
|[[Hemelbesemdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia robynsiana]]'' ||Whipstick thorn ||184
|-
|[[Henkel-se-geelhout]] ||''[[Podocarpus henkelii]]''||Henkel's yellowwood||17
|-
|[[Hereroharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa hereroensis]]'' ||Herero resin tree ||371.3
|-
|[[Hererosesambos]]||''[[Sesamothamnus guerichii]]'' ||Herero sesame-bush||679
|-
|[[Heuningboomheide]] ||''[[Erica caterviflora]]'' ||Tree heath ||574
|-
|[[Heuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia lanceolata]]'' ||Honey bells ||670.1
|-
|[[Heuningnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tetragona]]''||Honey euphorbia||354
|-
|[[Hikklimop]] ||''[[Combretum bracteosum]]'' ||Hiccupnut ||532.2
|-
|[[Hoedespeldlukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus pyriformis]]''||Natal wildloquat||696.2
|-
|[[Hoëveldkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia paniculata]]''||Small mountain cabbage||563.1
|-
|[[Hophout]]||''[[Trema orientalis]]''||Pigeonwood||42
|-
|[[Horingdoring]]||''[[Vachellia grandicornuta]]''||Horned thorn||168.1
|-
|[[Horingpeultjieboom]]||''[[Diplorhynchus condylocarpon]]''||Horn-pod tree||643
|-
|[[Huilboerboon]]||''[[Schotia brachypetala]]''||Weeping boerbean||202
|-
|[[Huilboom]]||''[[Peltophorum africanum]]''||Weeping wattle&lt;br /&gt;Black wattle&lt;br /&gt;African-wattle||215
|-
|[[Impalalelie]]||''[[Adenium multiflorum]]''||Impala lily||647.3
|-
|[[Indiese wortelboom]] ||''[[Ceriops tagal]]'' ||Indian mangrove ||525
|-
|[[iSimangaliso-wildeappelkoos]] ||''[[Dovyalis revoluta]]'' ||iSimangaliso wild apricot ||760
|-
|[[Jakkalsbessie]]||''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]''||Jackalberry||606
|-
|[[Jankoensedoring]] ||''[[Cliffortia ilicifolia]]'' ||Holly-leaved ricebush ||145.10
|-
|[[Jasmynkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Heinsia crinita subsp. parviflora]]'' ||Jasmine-gardenia ||700.2
|-
|[[Jeukpeul]] ||''[[Cnestis polyphylla]]'' ||Itchpod ||147.1
|-
|[[Jozinibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos senticosus]]'' || Jozini cycad ||8
|-
|[[Kaapboekenhout]]||''[[Rapanea melanophloeos]]''||Cape beech||578
|-
|[[Kaapse boomheide]]||''[[Erica tristis]]''||False Cape tree heath||575.1
|-
|[[Kaapse fonteinbos]]||''[[Psoralea axillaris]]'' ||Cape fountainbush||226.16
|-
|[[Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia capensis]]''||Hard pear||513.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kanferfoelie]]||''[[Tecoma capensis]]''||Cape honeysuckle||673.1
|-
|[[Kaapse kiaat]]||''[[Strychnos decussata]]''||Cape teak||624
|-
|[[Kaapse kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus lucida]]'' ||Cape kokotree ||401.2
|-
|[[Kaapse kranses]]||''[[Atalaya capensis]]''||Cape krantz ash||428
|-
|[[Kaapse kuskiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia thyrsiflora]]''||Cape coast cabbage tree||565
|-
|[[Kaapse kwar]] ||''[[Psydrax capensis]]'' ||Cape quar ||747
|-
|[[Kaapse kweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya woodii]]''||Cape quince||116
|-
|[[Kaapse sterkastaiing]] ||''[[Sterculia alexandri]]'' || Cape star-chestnut ||473
|-
|[[Kaapse stokroos]]||''[[Sparrmannia africana]]''||Cape Hollyhock||457
|-
|[[Kaapse swarthout]] ||''[[Maytenus peduncularis]]'' ||Cape blackwood ||401
|-
|[[Kaapse uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea flanaganii]]'' || Cape onionwood ||528
|-
|[[Kaapse vaderlandsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum caffrum]]'' ||Cape bushwillow ||533
|-
|[[Kaapse wildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia alba]]''||Cape wild banana||32
|-
|[[Kaapse witpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes geldenhuysii]]'' ||Cape White Pear ||422.2
|-
|[[Kaiingsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea glabra]]'' ||Clanwilliam sugarbush ||89.1
|-
|[[Kaapsehoopbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos laevifolius]]'' ||Kaapsehoop cycad ||6
|-
|[[Kalahari-appelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera nelsii]]'' ||Kalahari appleleaf||239
|-
|[[Kalaharibauhinia]] ||''[[Bauhinia macrantha]]'' ||Kalahari bauhinia||208.3
|-
|[[Kalaharidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia luederitzii var. luederitzii]]'' ||Kalahari thorn ||174
|-
|[[Kalaharigeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum brevispinosum]]'' ||Kalahari yellowthorn ||674
|-
|[[Kalahariharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa schinzii]]'' || Kalahari resin tree ||376.5
|-
|[[Kalaharikoedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia var. dekindtii]] ||Kalahari kuduberry ||308.1
|-
|[[Kalaharipeulbessie]] ||''[[Dialium englerianum]]'' ||Kalahari podberry ||210
|-
|[[Kalaharirooivingers]] ||''[[Xylopia odoratissima]]'' ||Kalahari redfingers ||110
|-
|[[Kalaharitaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia tenuinervis]]'' ||Rolled-leaf currant ||393.2
|-
|[[Kalahariwildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria cyanescens]]''||Kalahari wild-medlar||702.3
|-
|[[Kamassie]]||''[[Gonioma kamassi]]''||Kamassi||641
|-
|[[Kamdebooboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea recondita]]''||Kamdeboo beechwood||745
|-
|[[Kameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Camel thorn||168
|-
|[[Kameelspoor]] ||''[[Piliostigma thonningii]]''||Camel's foot||209
|-
|[[Kamiesbergaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe khamiesensis]]'' ||Khamiesberg aloe ||29.3
|-
|[[Kandelaaraalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe candelabrum]]'' ||Candelabrum aloe ||28.5
|-
|[[Kanferbos]]||''[[Tarchonanthus camphoratus]]''||Wild camphor bush||733
|-
|[[Kanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea floribunda]]'' ||Honeysuckle tree ||296
|-
|[[Kaokorooibessie]] ||[[Erythrococca kaokoensis]] ||Kaoko redberry ||759
|-
|[[Kaokoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum wattii]]'' ||Kaoko bushwillow ||544
|-
|[[Kaokobrandbos]] ||''[[Hymenodictyon kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko firebush ||765
|-
|[[Kaokogeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum virgatum]]'' ||Kaoko yellowthorn ||676.2
|-
|[[Kaokogroendoring]]||''[[Balanites angolensis]]''||Angolan torchwood&lt;br /&gt;Simple-thorned torchwood||252.1
|-
|[[Kaokokanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko corkwoord ||277.1
|-
|[[Kaokosesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus benguellensis]]'' ||Kaoko sesame-bush ||679.1
|-
|[[Kaokoswarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. mellifera]]'' ||Kaoko black thorn ||176.1
|-
|[[Kaokovlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum oxystachyum]]'' ||Kaoko flamecreeper ||540.4
|-
|[[Kaokowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia microphylla]]'' ||Kaoko shepherd's tree ||126
|-
|[[Kaokowolftoon]] ||''[[Ceraria kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko porkbush ||104.3
|-
|[[Kaokowurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba schroeppelii]]'' ||Kaoko wormbush ||129.2
|-
|[[Karee]] ||''[[Searsia lancea]]'' ||Karree ||386
|-
|[[Kareekanniedood]] || ''[[Commiphora gracilifrondosa]]'' ||Karee-leaved commiphora ||284
|-
|[[Karooboerboon]] ||''[[Schotia afra]]'' ||Karoo boerbean ||201
|-
|[[Karoobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lehmannii]]'' ||Karoo cycad ||8.1
|-
|[[Karooheuningklokkiesbos]] ||''[[Freylinia vlokii]]'' ||Karoo honeybells ||670.7
|-
|[[Karookoeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia burchellii]]'' ||Karoo kunibush ||379
|-
|[[Karookruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia robusta]]''||Karoo cross-berry||463.6
|-
|[[Karoonoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa haematocarpa]]'' ||Karoo numnum ||640.2
|-
|[[Karoopendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia karooica]]'' ||Karoo spike-thorn ||401.7
|-
|[[Karooplakkiebos]] ||''[[Crassula arborescens]]'' ||Karoo tree crassula ||137.2
|-
|[[Karoowitgat]] ||''[[Boscia oleoides]]'' ||Karoo shepherd tree ||128
|-
|[[Kartelplakkiesbos]] ||''[[Crassula arboresscens subsp. undulatifolia]]'' ||Wavy tree crassula ||137.4
|-
|[[Kasuur]]||''[[Pittosporum viridiflorum]]''||Cheesewood||139
|-
|[[Katstertaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe castanea]]'' ||Cat's-tail aloe ||28.6
|-
|[[Kei-appel]]||''[[Dovyalis caffra]]''||Kei apple||507
|-
|[[Keibaakhout]]||''[[Greyia flanaganii]]''||Kei bottlebrush||444
|-
|[[Keibauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia bowkeri]]''||Kei bauhinia||208.4
|-
|[[Keibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos princeps]]''||Kei cycad||12
|-
|[[Keiharpuisbos]] ||''[[Ozoroa mucronata]]'' ||Kei resin tree ||373
|-
|[[Keirooipeer]] ||''[[Scolopia flanaganii]]'' ||Kei redpear ||495
|-
|[[Keivingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex obovata]]''||Kei fingerleaf||661
|-
|[[Kerkeibos]]||''[[Crassula ovata]]''||Kerky-bush&lt;br /&gt;Jade plant||137.3
|-
|[[Kerriebos]]||''[[Hypericum revolutum]]''||Curry bush&lt;br /&gt;St. John's wort||484
|-
|[[Kershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus]]''||Candlewood||409
|-
|[[Keurboom]]||''[[Virgilia oroboides]]''||Cape blossom tree&lt;br /&gt;Pink blossom tree||221
|-
|[[Kiaat]]||''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]''||Wild teak||236
|-
|[[Kiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia spicata]]''||Common cabbage tree||564
|-
|[[Kierieklapper]]||''[[Combretum hereroense]]''||Russet bushwillow||538
|-
|[[Kinaboom]]||''[[Rauvolfia caffra]]''||Quinine tree||647
|-
|[[Kinderbessie]] ||''[[Halleria elliptica]]'' ||Rock tree-fuschia ||670.2
|-
|[[Klapperbos]]||''[[Nymania capensis]]''||Chinese lantern||295
|-
|[[Kleefdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia borleae]]'' ||Sticky thorn ||160.1
|-
|[[Kleefpeul]]||''[[Senna singueana]]''||Stickypod||213.1
|-
|[[Kleinappelblaar]] ||''[[Philenoptera bussei]]'' ||Small apple-leaf ||238.1
|-
|[[Kleinblousuurpruim]] ||[[Kleinblousuurpruim|''Ximenia americana'' var. ''microphylla'']] ||Small blue sourplum || 102
|-
|[[Kleinblaardrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena mannii]]'' ||Small-leaved dragon tree ||30.8
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkiaat]] ||''[[Pterocarpus lucens subsp. antunesii]]'' ||Small-leaved bloodwood ||236.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium cinereum]]'' ||Small-leaved honeythorn ||669.9
|-
|[[Kleinblaarmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia verdoorniae]]''||Small-leaved myrtle||554.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarperspeuldoring]] ||''[[Senegalia goetzi subsp. microphylla]]'' ||Small-leaved purple-pod thorn ||167.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarpluisbossie]] ||''[[Lopholaena coriifolia]]'' || Small-leaved fluff bush||738
|-
|[[Kleinblaarrotsvy]]||''[[Ficus tettensis]]''||Small-leaved rock fig||62
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsaffraan]]||''[[Elaeodendron zeyheri]]''||Zeyher's saffronwood||412
|-
|[[Kleinblaarsekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana ]]''||Small-leaved sicklebush||190
|-
|[[Kleinblaartrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria gracilipes]]'' ||Small-leaved clusterpear ||108.3
|-
|[[Kleinblaarvy]] ||[[Ficus lingua'' subsp. ''depauperata'']] ||Small-leaved fig ||55.1
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''mucronata'']] ||Small-leaved willow ||35
|-
|[[Kleinblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua parvifolia]]'' ||Small-leaved spiderbush ||135.1
|-
|[[Kleinboerboon]]||''[[Schotia capitata]]''||Dwarf boerbean||203
|-
|[[Kleinbosrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna gamostigmata]]'' ||Small forest plane ||479.5
|-
|[[Kleingroendoring]]||''[[Balanites pedicellaris]]''||Lesser torchwood||252
|-
|[[Kleinkanferfoelieboom]]||''[[Turraea obtusifolia]]''||Small honeysuckle tree||296.1
|-
|[[Kleinkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina humeana]]''||Dwarf coral tree||243.1
|-
|[[Kleinlaventelkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton pseudopulchellus]]'' ||Small lavender croton ||329.3
|-
|[[Kleinperdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum capense]]''||Small knobwood||253
|-
|[[Kleinpeulseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada wahlbergii]]''||Small-pod seabean ||193.4
|-
|[[Kleinvalsmopanie]]||''[[Guibourtia conjugata]]''||Small copalwood||200
|-
|[[Kleinvrugtrospeer]] ||''[[Uvaria caffra]]'' ||Small-fruited clusterpear ||108.1
|-
|[[Kliertjiesboom]] ||''[[Pavetta edentula]]'' ||Gland-leaved bride’s bush ||717
|-
|[[Klipels]]||''[[Afrocanthium mundianum]]''||Rock alder||710
|-
|[[Klipessenhout]] ||''[[Ekebergia pterophylla]]'' ||Rock ash ||299
|-
|[[Klipharpuisbos]] ||''[[Euryops brevipapposus]]'' ||Rock resin-bush ||739
|-
|[[Kliphout]]||''[[Heeria argentea]]''||Rockwood||368
|-
|[[Klipkershout]]||''[[Maytenus oleoides]]''||Rock candlewood||400
|-
|[[Klipkoolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis bilocularis]]''||Rock coalwood||307.1
|-
|[[Klipvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia brevifolia]]'' ||Rock false-thorn ||152
|-
|[[Klokkiesboontjieboom]] ||''[[Markhamia zanzibarica]]'' ||Bell-bean ||677
|-
|[[Klokkiespendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia tenuispina]]''||Bell spike-thorn||402.8
|-
|[[Knolharpuis]] ||''[[Othonna arbuscula]]'' || Traap baboon cabbage ||740
|-
|[[Knoppiesboontjie]]||''[[Maerua angolensis]]''||Bead-bean tree||132
|-
|[[Knoppiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia nigrescens]]'' ||Knob thorn ||178
|-
|[[Knoppiesklimop]] ||''[[Combretum mossambicense]]'' ||Knobbly climbing bushwillow ||545.1
|-
|[[Knoppiesvy]]||[[Knoppiesvy|''Ficus sansibarica'' subsp. ''sansibarica'']]||Knobbly fig||47
|-
|[[Kobas]] ||''[[Cyphostemma currorii]]'' ||Cobas||456
|-
|[[Koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia undulata]]'' ||Kuni-bush||389
|-
|[[Koeboebessie]] ||''[[Mystroxylon aethiopicum]]'' ||Kooboo-berry||410
|-
|[[Koedoebessie]] ||''[[Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia]]''||Kudu berry||308
|-
|[[Koffiebeesklou]]&lt;br&gt;[[Koffie bauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia petersiana]]'' ||Coffee bauhinia&lt;br /&gt;Natal neat's foot||208.3
|-
|[[Kogelbergrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia heterophylla]]'' ||Kogelberg ricebush ||145.9
|-
|[[Kogelbergvaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes arboreus]]'' ||Kogelberg pagoda ||72.1
|-
|[[Kokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'' ||Quiver tree ||29
|-
|[[Kokoboom]]||''[[Maytenus undata]]''||Koko tree||403
|-
|[[Kolletjiesblaarvy]]  ||''[[Ficus nigropunctata]]'' ||Busse's fig&lt;br /&gt;Dot-leaved fig ||58
|-
|[[Komkommerbos]]||''[[Thilachium africanum]]''||Cucumber bush||136.2
|-
|[[Koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hirta]]''||Coalwood||307
|-
|[[Koorsbessie]]||''[[Croton megalobotrys]]''||Large fever-berry||329
|-
|[[Koorsboom]] ||''[[Vachellia xanthophloea]]''||Fever tree||189
|-
|[[Koorspeulboom]] ||''[[Holarrhena pubescens]]'' ||Fever-pod ||642
|-
|[[Koperstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora harveyi]]''||Red-stem corkwood||277
|-
|[[Koraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina lysistemon]]''||Common coral tree||245
|-
|[[Koraaltaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia magalismontana]]'' ||Coral crowberry ||384.2
|-
|[[Korentebos]] ||''[[Searsia tomentosa]]'' ||Bicoloured currant ||394
|-
|[[Korenteharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa sphaerocarpa]]'' ||Currant resin tree ||377
|-
|[[Korthaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. subglabra]]'' ||Short-haired caperbush ||130.2
|-
|[[Kortpeul]] ||''[[Rourea orientalis]]'' ||Shortpod ||147.2
|-
|[[Kortstamnaboom]] ||''[[Euphorbia otjingandu]]'' ||Short-stemmed candelabra-tree ||748
|-
|[[Kosibaairoosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon kosiense]]'' ||Kosi Bay rose-apple ||762
|-
|[[Kosipalm]]||''[[Raphia australis]]''||Kosi palm||26
|-
|[[Kouebasrooihout]]||''[[Ochna arborea]]''||Cape redwood||479
|-
|[[Kraalkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium afrum]]''||Kraal honey-thorn||669.2
|-
|[[Kraalnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia tirucalli]]''||Rubber euphorbia||355
|-
|[[Kraalpendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia polyacantha subsp. polyacantha]]''||Kraal spike-thorn||402.2
|-
|[[Kransaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe arborescens]]'' ||Krantz aloe ||28.1
|-
|[[Kransbessie]]||''[[Gerrardina foliosa]]''||Krantz berry||500
|-
|[[Kranskwar]] ||''[[Psydrax locuples]]'' ||Krantz quar ||712
|-
|[[Kranssuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rupicola]]'' ||Krantz sugarbush ||88.2
|-
|[[Kremetart]]||''[[Adansonia digitata]]''||Baobab||467
|-
|[[Kreupelrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna inermis]]'' ||Stunted plane ||480.1
|-
|[[Kringboom]]||''[[Maerua schinzii]]''||Ringwood tree||136
|-
|[[Krinkhout]]||''[[Securidaca longepedunculata]]''||Violet tree||303
|-
|[[Kromblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[''Protea afra'' subsp. ''falcata'']] ||Curved-leave sugarbush ||87.2
|-
|[[Kruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia occidentalis]]''||Cross-berry||463
|-
|[[Kruiskameeldoring]]||''[[Vachellia erioloba]]''||Hybrid camel thorn||169.1
|-
|[[Kunenekanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene corkwood ||277.7
|-
|[[Kunenewaterbessie]] ||''[[Syzygium kuneneense]]'' ||Kunene waterberry ||767
|-
|[[Kunenewolftoon]] ||''[[Kunenewolftoon|Ceraria kuneneana]]'' ||Kunene porkbush ||104.4
|-
|[[Kurkbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia davyi]]'' ||Corky-barked thorn ||163.1
|-
|[[Kurkbasklapper]] of Geelklapper||''[[Strychnos cocculoides]]''||Corky monkey orange||623
|-
|[[Kurkbasrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna maguirei]]'' ||Corky-barked plane ||766
|-
|[[Kurkbos]] ||''[[Mundulea sericea]]''||Cork bush||226
|-
|[[Kurkdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium suberosum]]'' ||Cork turkey-berry ||709.1
|-
|[[Kurkvoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria suber]]'' ||Corky birdberry ||769
|-
|[[Kusboontjiebos]] ||''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' ||Coastal bean-bush ||218
|-
|[[Kusbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta natalensis]]'' ||Coastal bride’s bush ||719
|-
|[[Kusfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea arborea]]'' ||Coastal fountainbush ||226.10
|-
|[[Kusjakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros inhacaensis]]'' ||Coastal jackal-berry ||604
|-
|[[Kusjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona coriacea]]'' ||Coastal jackal coffee ||700
|-
|[[Kuskanferbos]] ||''[[Tarchonanthus littoralis]]''||Coastal camphor bush||733.2
|-
|[[Kuskatoenboom]] ||''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]''||Lagoon hibiscus&lt;br /&gt;Wild cotton tree||464
|-
|[[Kuskeiappel]] ||''[[Dovyalis longispina]]'' ||Coastal Kei apple ||510.1
|-
|[[Kuskoraalboom]] ||''[[Erythrina caffra]]''||Coast coral tree ||242
|-
|[[Kuslooibas]] of [[Kuslooibas|pruimbas]] ||''[[Osyris compressa]]'' ||Tannin bush ||99
|-
|[[Kusrankdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia kraussiana]]'' ||Coastal climbing thorn|| 173.1
|-
|[[Kusrooimelkhout]]||''[[Mimusops afra]]''||Coastal red milkwood||583
|-
|[[Kusrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia longifolia]]'' ||Coastal ricebush ||145.11
|-
|[[Kussigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. zeyheri]]'' ||Coastal zigzag caperbush ||129.8
|-
|[[Kustaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia nebulosa]]'' ||Coastal currant ||390.1
|-
|[[Kusvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena discolor]]''||Coast silver oak||724
|-
|[[Kuswildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. chartacea]]'' ||Coastal wild-medlar ||702.2
|-
|[[Kuswildepiesang]]||''[[Strelitzia nicolai]]''||Natal wild banana||34
|-
|[[Kuswitessenhout]] ||''[[Bersama swinnyi]]'' ||Coastal white-ash ||441
|-
|[[Kuswurgvy]]||[[Kuswurgvy|''Ficus natalensis'' subsp. ''natalensis'']]||Natal fig&lt;br /&gt;Wild fig||57
|-
|[[Kwar]]||''[[Psydrax obovata]]''||Coastal quar||711
|-
|[[Laeveldbittertee]]||''[[Vernonia colorata]]''||Lowveld bitter-tea||723.4
|-
|[[Laeveldkanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea nilotica]]'' ||Lowveld honeysuckle Tree ||297
|-
|[[Laeveldkralesnoer]] ||''[[Alchornea laxiflora]]'' ||Lowveld beadstring ||334
|-
|[[Laeveldmelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara mochisia]]''||Lowveld milkberry||587
|-
|[[Laeveldnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia evansii]]''||Lowveld euphorbia||348
|-
|[[Laeveldsterkastaiïng]]||''[[Sterculia murex]]''||Lowveld chestnut||475
|-
|[[Laeveldvaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena huillensis]]''||Lowveld silver oak||727
|-
|[[Laeveldvy]]||''[[Ficus stuhlmannii]]''||Lowveld fig||65
|-
|[[Laingsburgtolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron osbornei]]'' ||Laingsburg conebush ||81.7
|-
|[[Lalapalm]]||''[[Hyphaene coriacea]]''||Lala palm||23
|-
|[[Langbeentjie]] ||''[[Leucadendron procerum]]'' ||Ivory conebush ||81.2
|-
|[[Langblaarwolftoon]] ||''[[Langblaarwolftoon|Ceraria longipedunculata]]'' ||Long-leaved porkbush ||104.5
|-
|[[Langhaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis sepiaria var. citrifolia]]'' ||Long-haired caperbush ||130
|-
|[[Langpeuldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana]]'' ||Longpod thorn ||186.9
|-
|[[Laventelboom]] ||''[[Heteropyxis natalensis]]''||Lavender tree||455
|-
|[[Laventelkoorsbessie]]||''[[Croton gratissimus]]''||Lavender croton&lt;br /&gt;Lavender fever-berry||328
|-
|[[Limpopokoorsbessie]] ||[[Croton madandensis]] ||Limpopo feverberry ||328.4
|-
|[[Loerietolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron loeriense]]'' ||Loerie conebush ||80.7
|-
|[[Lydenburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos inopinus]]'' || Lydenburg cycad ||5.1
|-
|[[Lebombo-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spicata]]'' ||Lebombo aloe ||30.4
|-
|[[Lebombobroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos lebomboensis]]'' || Lebombo cycad ||14.8
|-
|[[Lebombo-ysterhout]]||''[[Androstachys johnsonii]]''||Lebombo ironwood||327
|-
|[[Lebombokranses]]||''[[Atalaya alata]]''||Lebombo krantz ash||427
|-
|[[Lebombonaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia confinalis]]''||Lebombo euphoria&lt;br /&gt;Lebombo milktree||345
|-
|[[Lebombowattel]]||''[[Newtonia hildebrandtii]]''||Lebombo-wattle||191
|-
|[[Lebombowitbos]] ||''[[Maerua brevipetiolata]]'' ||Lebombo spiderbush ||132.5
|-
|[[Lekkerbreek]]||''[[Ochna pulchra]]''||Peeling plane&lt;br /&gt;Peelingbark ochna||483
|-
|[[Lekkerruikpeul]]||''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana]]''||Scented thorn||179
|-
|[[Lekkervreet]] ||[[''Opilia campestris'' var. ''campestris'']] || Parasitebush ||100.5
|-
|[[Lemoenhout]]||''[[Xymalos monospora]]''||Lemonwood||111
|-
|[[Lemoentjiedoring]]||''[[Cassinopsis ilicifolia]]''||Lemon thorn||420
|-
|[[Leolodoring]] ||''[[Vachellia ormocarpoides]]'' ||Leolo thorn ||179.3
|-
|[[Lepelhout]]||''[[Cassine schinoides]]''||Spoon-wood||418
|-
|[[Lilliebroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dyerianus]]'' || Lillie cycad ||14.2
|-
|[[Lippeblomsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea subvestita]]''||Waterlily sugarbush || 98
|-
|[[Louriersuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea laurifolia]]''||Laurel sugarbush||90.2
|-
|[[Louriervy]] ||''[[Ficus ilicina]]'' || Laurel rock fig ||53
|-
|[[Maanhaarstompie]]||''[[Mimetes fimbriifolius]]''||Fringed bottlebrush||72.2
|-
|[[Magaliesrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna pretoriensis]]''||Magalies redwood ||480.2
|-
|[[Malbaarvaalbos]] ||''[[Brachylaena glabra]]'' ||Malabar silver-oak ||726
|-
|[[Malvarosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia villosa]]''||Mallow raisin||463.3
|-
|[[Manketti]]||''[[Schinziophyton rautanenii]]''||Manketti tree&lt;br /&gt;Feather-weight tree||337
|-
|[[Mannetjiebos]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis]]'' ||White fig ||103.5
|-
|[[Maputalanddwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis maputensis]]'' ||Maputaland dwababerry ||758
|-
|[[Maputalandkoorsbessie]] ||''[[Croton steenkampianus]]'' ||Maputaland feverberry ||329.1
|-
|[[Maputalandoordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum lasianthum]]''||Maputaland ordealtree&lt;br /&gt;Swazi ordeal tree||196
|-
|[[Maputalandraasblaar]]||''[[Combretum mkuzense]]''||Mkuze bushwillow||545.2
|-
|[[Maputalandrankboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum eugeneanum]]'' ||Maputaland climbing bushwillow ||764
|-
|[[Maroela]]||''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''||Marula||360
|-
|[[Matoppie]]||''[[Boscia albitrunca]]''||Shepherd's tree||122
|-
|[[Mbasheroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon australissimum]]''||Mbashe rose-apple ||761
|-
|[[Meerstamvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia petersiana]]''||Multi-stemmed false-thorn&lt;br /&gt;Nala tree||153
|-
|[[Melkpeer]]||''[[Inhambanella henriquesii]]''||Milk pear||591
|-
|[[Middelburgbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos middelburgensis]]'' ||Middelburg cycad ||14.3
|-
|[[Miershoopwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria randii subsp. randii]]'' ||Antheap-wild-medlar ||702.5
|-
|[[Mingerhout]]||''[[Breonadia salicina]]''||Matumi||684
|-
|[[Mirtaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus myrtaceus]]''||Myrtle potatobush||311.5
|-
|[[Mitserie]]||''[[Bridelia micrantha]]''||Mitzeeri||324
|-
|[[Modjadjibroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos transvenosus]]''||Modjadji giant-cycad||13
|-
|[[Moepel]]||''[[Mimusops zeyheri]]''||Transvaal red milkwood||585
|-
|[[Moerasvy]]||''[[Ficus trichopoda]]''||Swamp fig||54
|-
|[[Mopanie]]||''[[Colophospermum mopane]]''||Mopane||198
|-
|[[Mopanie-aalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe littoralis]]'' ||Mopane aloe ||29.4
|-
|[[Mopanieaartappelbos]]||''[[Phyllanthus pinnatus]]'' ||Mopane potato bush||312.1
|-
|[[Mopaniegeeldoring]] ||''[[Rhigozum zambesiacum]]'' ||Zambezi gold ||676
|-
|[[Mopaniewitgat]] ||''[[Boscia matabelensis]]'' ||Mopane shepherd's tree ||125.5
|-
|[[Moringaboom]]||''[[Moringa oleifrea]]''||Drumstick tree||
|-
|[[Mosambiekkoffie]]||''[[Coffea racemosa]]''||Mozambique Wild Coffee||715.1
|-
|[[Msasa]]||''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]''||Spring msasa&lt;br /&gt;Musasa||198.1
|-
|[[Msinga-broodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos msinganus]]''||Msinga cycad ||14.7
|-
|[[Naaldblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia erectisepala]]'' ||Needle-leaved ricebush ||145.8
|-
|[[Naaldblaarheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia maculata]]'' ||Needle-leaf honeybush tea ||224.3
|-
|[[Naaldblaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron nobile]]'' ||Karoo conebush ||81.1
|-
|[[Naaldblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua rosmarinoides]]'' ||Needle-leaved spiderbush ||135
|-
|[[Naaldhardeblaar]] ||''[[Phylica villosa]]'' ||Needle hardleaf ||453.4
|-
|[[Naboom]]||''[[Euphorbia ingens]]''||Common tree euphorbia||351
|-
|[[Namahaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa namaensis]]'' ||Nama resin tree ||373.1
|-
|[[Namakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora namaensis]]'' ||Nama corkwoord ||282.1
|-
|[[Namakwaboomvygie]] ||''[[Stoeberia utilis var. lerouxiae]]'' ||Namaqua tree-vygie ||757
|-
|[[Namakwaharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa dispar]]'' ||Namaqua resin tree ||370
|-
|[[Namakwajakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros acocksii]]'' ||Namaqua jackalberry ||602
|-
|[[Namakwakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora capensis]]'' ||Namaqua corkwood ||273
|-
|[[Namakwarooiklapperbos]]||''[[Erythrophysa alata]]''||Namaqua red balloon||436.1
|-
|[[Namakwavy]]||''[[Ficus cordata]]''||Sandpaper fig||51
|-
|[[Namapronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia merxmuellerana]]''||Nama plumeflower||214.5
|-
|[[Namibharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa crassinervia]]''||Namibian resin tree||369
|-
|[[Namibiese kriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium eenii]]'' ||Namibian honeythorn ||669.10
|-
|[[Namibiese taaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. dinteri]]'' ||Namibia firethorn crowberry ||392.1
|-
|[[Namibkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora dinteri]]'' ||Namib corkwoord ||274.2
|-
|[[Namibkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis hereroensis]]'' ||Namib caperbush ||129.9
|-
|[[Namibkoraalboom]]||''[[Erythrina decora]]''||Namib coral tree||243
|-
|[[Namibpronkstert]]||''[[Hererolandia pearsonii]]''||Namib plumeflower||214.2
|-
|[[Nanabessie]]||''[[Searsia dentata]]''||Nana-berry||381
|-
|[[Nardouwluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum praemorsum]]'' ||Nardouw fountain pincushion ||85.1
|-
|[[Natalaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe spectabilis]]'' ||Natal aloe ||30.6
|-
|[[Natalkweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya natalensis]]'' ||Sandstone quince ||117.1
|-
|[[Natalokkerneut]] ||''[[Cavacoa aurea]]'' ||Natal hickory ||332
|-
|[[Natalwilger]] of [[Natalwilger|fluitjieswilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''woodii'']] ||Natal willow ||36.2
|-
|[[Natalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia natalensis]]'' ||Northern dune currant ||390
|-
|[[Naukluftkaree]] ||''[[Searsia volkii]]'' ||Naukluft rhus ||396.2
|-
|[[Netblaarwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua nervosa]]'' ||Lace-leaved spiderbish ||136.1
|-
|[[Ngotshe-broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aemulans]]'' || Ngotshe cycad ||14.5
|-
|[[Ngoyedwergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ngoyanus]]'' ||Ngoye dwarf cycad ||14.17
|-
|[[Nieshout]]||''[[Ptaeroxylon obliquum]]''||Sneezewood||292
|-
|[[Njalaboom]]||''[[Xanthocercis zambesiaca]]''||Nyala tree||241
|-
|[[Noemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa bispinosa]]'' ||Num-num ||640.5
|-
|[[Nooienskokerboom]] ||''[[Aloidendron ramosissimum]]'' ||Maiden's quiver tree ||30.2
|-
|[[Noordelike boesmansdruif]]||''[[Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. cuneifolia]]''||Northern bushman's grape||456.6
|-
|[[Noordelike pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cataractarum]]'' ||Northern pompon bride’s bush ||719.2
|-
|[[Noordelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]''||Escarpment Shell-flower||672
|-
|[[Noordelike valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia neglecta]]'' ||Northern false spikethorn ||754
|-
|[[Notsung]]||''[[Halleria lucida]]''||Tree fuchsia||670
|-
|[[Okavangoboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum albopunctatum]]'' ||Okavango bushwillow ||531.2
|-
|[[Oleasterboswilg]]  ||''[[Combretum elaeagnoides]]'' ||Oleaster bushwillow ||534.3
|-
|[[Olienhout]]||''[[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata]]''||Wild olive&lt;br&gt;African olive||617
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos lanatus]]''||Olifants River cycad||5.2
|-
|[[Olifantsrivierboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum petrophilum]]'' ||Olifants River bushwillow ||542.1
|-
|[[Omsambeet]]||''[[Millettia grandis]]''||Umzimbeet||227
|-
|[[Onderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus crinitus]]''||Black hazel||142
|-
|[[Oordeelboom]]||''[[Erythrophleum africanum]]''||Ordeal tree||194
|-
|[[Oorlogskloofsterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia dichotoma]]'' ||Oorlogskloof startree ||145.7
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse hardepeer]]||''[[Olinia micrantha]]''||Eastern Cape hard-pear||514.1
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos altensteinii]]''||Eastern Cape cycad||3
|-
|[[Oos-Kaapse smalblaarpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia linearis subsp. linearis]]'' ||Eastern Cape narrow-leaved spike-thorn ||399.1
|-
|[[Oostelike koeniebos]] ||''[[Searsia pallens]]'' ||Eastern kunibush ||395
|-
|[[Opregte suikerbos]]||''[[Protea repens]]''||Real sugarbush||94.2
|-
|[[Opregte waaierpalm]]||''[[Hyphaene petersiana]]''||Real fan palm||24
|-
|[[Oranjedruiweranker]] ||''[[Hyalosepalum caffrum]]'' ||Orange grape creeper ||104.8
|-
|[[Otavibasboontjie]]||''[[Elephantorrhiza schinziana]]''||Otavi elephantroot||192.5
|-
|[[Otjihipakanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora otjihipana]]'' ||Otjihipa corkwoord ||284.5
|-
|[[Ouhout]]||''[[Leucosidea sericea]]''||Oldwood||145
|-
|[[Outeniekwa-erica]]||''[[Erica inconstans]]'' ||Outeniqua tree erica ||574.1
|-
|[[Outeniekwakreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum glabrum]]'' ||Outeniqua pincushion ||84.3
|-
|[[Outeniekwafonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea diturnerae]]'' ||Outeniqua fountainbush ||750
|-
|[[Outeniekwageelhout]]||''[[Afrocarpus falcatus]]''||Outeniqua yellowwood||16
|-
|[[Outeniekwagonna]] ||''[[Passerina falcifolia]]'' ||Outeniqua gonna ||520
|-
|[[Ovambomahonie]] ||''[[Entandrophragma spicatum]]'' ||Ovambo mahogany ||294
|-
|[[Owamboperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum]]'' ||Kaoko knobwood ||255.2
|-
|[[Paddaboom]]||''[[Tabernaemontana elegans]]''||Toad tree||644
|-
|[[Palmiet]] ||''[[Prionium serratum]]'' ||Palmiet ||768
|-
|[[Pambatieboom]]||''[[Anastrabe integerrima]]''||Pambati tree||671
|-
|[[Papegaaiboomheide]] ||''[[Erica psittacina ]]'' ||Parrot tree erica ||574.4
|-
|[[Papierbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii]]''||Paper-bark thorn||187
|-
|[[Papierbaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora marlothii]]''||Paperbark corkwood||278
|-
|[[Papierbasmirtebessie]]||''[[Eugenia zuluensis]]''||Paper-bark myrtle||554
|-
|[[Papierbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia tanganyicensis]]''||Paperbark false-thorn||157
|-
|[[Parlotabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos relictus]]'' ||Parlota cycad ||12.5
|-
|[[Pendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia buxifolia]]''||Common spike-thorn||399
|-
|[[Pendoringkaree]] ||''[[Searsia gueinzii]]'' ||Thorny karee ||384
|-
|[[Pendoringtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pterota]]'' ||Winged currant ||391.2
|-
|[[Peperblaarboom]]||''[[Warburgia salutaris]]''||Pepper-bark tree||488
|-
|[[Peperblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora mossambicensis]]''||Pepper-leaf corkwood||281
|-
|[[Perdekopspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum reflexum]]'' ||Rocket pincushion ||85.2
|-
|[[Perdepis]]||''[[Clausena anisata]]''||Horsewood&lt;br /&gt;False horsewood||265
|-
|[[Perdepram]]||''[[Zanthoxylum davyi]]''||Knobwood||254
|-
|[[Persbesem]]||''[[Polygala virgata]]''||Purple broom&lt;br /&gt;Moth-fruit||302.2
|-
|[[Persblaarvalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia antunesiana]]'' ||Purple-leaved false-thorn ||151
|-
|[[Perssambreelblom]]||''[[Karomia speciosa]]''||Wild parasol flower||668
|-
|[[Persstamkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora multijuga]]'' ||Purple-stemmed corkwood ||282
|-
|[[Petersvy]]||''[[Ficus petersii]]''||Peters's wild fig||48.1
|-
|[[Peulmahonie]]||''[[Afzelia quanzensis]]''||Pod-mahogany||207
|-
|[[Pienkbauhinia]]||''[[Bauhinia urbaniana]]''||Pink bauhinia||208.7
|-
|[[Pienkblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya burgessiae]]''||Pink wild pear||468.1
|-
|[[Pienkkeurboom]] ||''[[Virgilia divaricata]]'' ||Pink keurboom ||221.1
|-
|[[Pienkmispel]] ||''[[Feretia aeruginescens]]'' ||Pink-medlar ||696.4
|-
|[[Pistoolbos]] ||''[[Justicia adhatodoides]]'' ||Pistol bush ||681
|-
|[[Platkroon]]||''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]''||Flat crown||148
|-
|[[Platorandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus]]'' ||Escarpment cycad ||3.3
|-
|[[Platorandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum thorncroftii]]'' ||Escarpment knobwood ||255.3
|-
|[[Platorandboekenhout]]||''[[Faurea galpinii]]''||Forest boekenhout||73
|-
|[[Platorandkaree]] ||''[[Searsia transvaalensis]]'' ||Escarpment karee ||394.1
|-
|[[Pluisblomjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona kirkii subsp. junodii]]'' ||Fluffy-flower jackal-coffee|| 698.3
|-
|[[Poeierbaskatjiepiering]]||''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]''||Yellow gardenia&lt;br /&gt;Powder-bark gardenia||690.3
|-
|[[Poeierkwasboom]]||''[[Barringtonia racemosa]]''||Lagoon powderpufftree&lt;br /&gt;Powder-puff tree||524
|-
|[[Poerabessie]] ||''[[Vitex pooara]]'' ||Poora fingerleaf ||663
|-
|[[Pokysterhout]]||''[[Chionanthus foveolatus]]''||Common pock ironwood||615
|-
|[[Pompomrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia serpyllifolia]]'' ||Pompon ricebush ||145.16
|-
|[[Pompombruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta cooperi]]'' ||Pompom brides-bush ||719.4
|-
|[[Pondo-kokoboom]] ||''[[Maytenus oleosa]]'' ||Pondo kokotree ||400.1
|-
|[[Pondotreurdoring]]||''[[Colubrina nicholsonii]]||Pondo weeping-thorn||453.8
|-
|[[Pondowitpeer]] ||''[[Apodytes abbottii]]'' ||Pondo white pear ||422.1
|-
|[[Pondoboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia abbottii]]'' ||Pondo bushman's tea ||407
|-
|[[Pondodoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium vanwykii]]''||Pondo turkey-berry ||710.1
|-
|[[Pondojakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona africana]]'' ||Pondo jackal-coffee ||698.1
|-
|[[Pondokruisbessie]]||''[[Grewia pondoensis]]''||Pondo crossberry||463.5
|-
|[[Pondomelkbessie]] ||''[[Manilkara nicholsonii]]''||Pondo milkberry||586.1
|-
|[[Pondopalm]]||''[[Jubaeopsis caffra]]''||Pondo coconut||27
|-
|[[Pondoranktaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia acocksii]]'' ||Pondo climbing currant ||377.2
|-
|[[Pondorooihout]] ||''[[Ochna sp. nov.]]'' ||Pondo plane ||481.1
|-
|[[Pondospookbos]] ||''[[Brunia trigyna]]'' ||Pondo ghostbush ||141.1
|-
|[[Pondosybas]] ||''[[Maytenus abbottii]]'' ||Pondo silky-bark ||398.1
|-
|[[Pondotolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pondoense]]'' ||Pondoland conebush ||81.4
|-
|[[Pondovy]] ||''[[Ficus bizanae]]'' || Pondoland fig ||46
|-
|[[Pondovalspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia retrospinosa]]'' ||Pondo false spikethorn ||403.3
|-
|[[Pondowaterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium pondoense]]''||Pondo waterwood||558.1
|-
|[[Populierblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus fischeri]]'' ||Poplar-leaved fig ||68
|-
|[[Potbergsuikerbos]]||[[Potbergsuikerbos|''Protea aurea'' subsp. ''potbergensis'']]||Potberg sugarbush ||90.6
|-
|[[Pronkonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus grandiflorus]]''||Green hazel||144
|-
|[[Pronkrooihout]]||''[[Ochna natalitia]]''||Natal plane||481
|-
|[[Pruimvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex ferruginea]]'' ||Plum fingerleaf ||659
|-
|[[Pylgif]]||''[[Adenium boehmianum]]''||Namibian impalalily||647.2
|-
|[[Pynbos]] ||''[[Smodingium argutum]]'' ||Agony bush ||367
|-
|[[Pypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex rehmannii]]''||Pipe-stem tree||664
|-
|[[Raasblaar]]||''[[Combretum zeyheri]]''||Large-fruited bushwillow||546
|-
|[[Rankboswilg]]||''[[Combretum patelliforme]]'' ||Combretum patelliforme ||534
|-
|[[Rankklipels]] ||''[[Keetia gueinzii]]'' ||Climbing-turkeyberry ||714
|-
|[[Rankrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia afra]]''||Climbing raisin||459
|-
|[[Ranksaffraan]] ||''[[Lauridia tetragona]]'' ||Climbing saffron ||411.1
|-
|[[Ranksaffraanboom]] ||''[[Lauridia reticulata]]'' ||Tree climbing saffron ||411.3
|-
|[[Ranksterappel]] ||''[[Diospyros simii]]'' ||Climbing star-apple ||609
|-
|[[Rankvingerblaar]] ||''[[Vitex harveyana]]'' ||Scrambling fingerleaf ||660
|-
|[[Reepbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora discolor]]'' ||Stringy-barked corkwood ||274.1
|-
|[[Renosterkoffie]] ||''[[Kraussia floribunda]]'' ||Rhino-coffee ||700.1
|-
|[[Reuseblaarvy]] ||''[[Ficus lutea]]'' ||Giant-leaved fig ||61
|-
|[[Reusebroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos natalensis]]''||Natal cycad||10
|-
|[[Reuserosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia hexamita]]''||Giant raisin||460
|-
|[[Reuseseeboontjie]]||''[[Entada rheedii]]''||Giant seabean||193.3
|-
|[[Riemblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lorifolia]]'' ||Strap-leaved sugarbush ||91
|-
|[[Riffelstampendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia heterophylla]]''||Zulu spike-thorn||401.6
|-
|[[Ringbaskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora steynii]]'' ||Ringed-bark corkwood ||288
|-
|[[Rivierblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya kirkii]]'' ||River wildpear ||470
|-
|[[Rivierdwababessie]] ||''[[Monanthotaxis obovata]]'' ||River dwababerry ||108
|-
|[[Rivierkriedoring]]||''[[Lycium hirsutum]]''||River honey-thorn||669.12
|-
|[[Riviernaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia triangularis]]''||River euphorbia||356
|-
|[[Rivierrankdoring]]||''[[Senegalia schweinfurthii var. schweinfurthii]]''||River climbing thorn||184.1
|-
|[[Rivierrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia stolzii]]''||River redpear||496.2
|-
|[[Riviertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia pyroides var. gracilis]]'' ||River firethorn crowberry ||392.2
|-
|[[Riviertolbos]] |||''[[Leucadendron salicifolium]]'' ||Common stream conebush ||82.1
|-
|[[Riviertrassiedoring]] |||[[''Vachellia hebeclada'' subsp. ''chobiensis'']] ||River candle-pod thorn ||170.1
|-
|[[Riviervaderlandswilg]]||''[[Combretum erythrophyllum]]''||River bushwillow||536
|-
|[[Rivierwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria proschii]]'' ||River wild-medlar ||702.4
|-
|[[Rivierwitbos]] ||''[[ Maerua gilgii]]''||River spiderbush ||133.1
|-
|[[Robinsonkreupelhout]] ||''[[Leucospermum pluridens]]'' ||Robinson pincushion ||84.4
|-
|[[Rondeblaargifboom]] ||''[[Acokanthera rotundata]]'' ||Round-leaved poison-bush ||640
|-
|[[Rondeblaarharpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa longipes]]'' ||Round-leaved resin tree ||372
|-
|[[Rondevrugbospendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia harveyana subsp. harveyana]]'' || Black forest spike-thorn ||399.2
|-
|[[Rooibergsepterbos]] ||''[[Paranomus roodebergensis]]'' ||Rooiberg tree sceptre&lt;br /&gt;Honey-scented sceptre  ||72.6
|-
|[[Rooibitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos henningsii]]'' ||Red bitterberry ||625
|-
|[[Rooiblaarrotsvy]] ||''[[Ficus ingens]]''||Red-leaved fig||55
|-
|[[Rooiblompendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia rubra]]'' ||Red-flower spike-thorn ||402.5
|-
|[[Rooiboekenhout]]||''[[Protorhus longifolia]]''||Red beech||364
|-
|[[Rooibos]] ||''[[Aspalathus linearis]]'' ||Rooibos tea ||225.10
|-
|[[Rooiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum apiculatum]]''||Okavango bushwillow||532
|-
|[[Rooidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia gerrardii subsp. gerrardii]]''  ||Red thorn ||167
|-
|[[Rooi-els (boom)|Rooi-els]] ||''[[Cunonia capensis]]''||Red alder||140
|-
|[[Rooiessenhout]] ||''[[Trichilia emetica]]''||Natal mahogany ||301
|-
|[[Rooihaakbessie]] ||''[[Artabotrys monteiroae]]'' ||Red hook-berry ||105.2
|-
|[[Rooihaak]] ||''[[Vachellia reficiens subsp. reficiens]]'' ||Red umbrella thorn||181
|-
|[[Rooihartboom]]||''[[Hymenocardia ulmoides]]''||Red-heart tree||317
|-
|[[Rooi-ivoor]]||''[[Berchemia zeyheri]]''||Red ivory||450
|-
|[[Rooikershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus rostratus]]''||Red candlewood||408
|-
|[[Rooikweper]]||''[[Cryptocarya wyliei]]''||Red quince||117
|-
|[[Rooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia mundii]]''||Red pear||496
|-
|[[Rooipendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia senegalensis]]''||Red spike-thorn||402
|-
|[[Rooipronkstert]]||''[[Gelrebia rubra]]''||Red plumeflower||214.3
|-
|[[Rooistinkhout]]||''[[Prunus africana]]''||Red stinkwood||147
|-
|[[Rooisuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea grandiceps]]'' ||Red sugarbush ||89.2
|-
|[[Rooitolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron discolor]]'' ||Piketberg conebush ||79
|-
|[[Rooivoëlbessie]] ||''[[Psychotria zombamontana]]''||Red bird-berry||723.1
|-
|[[Rooivrugwitstinkhout]] ||''[[Celtis mildbraedii]]''||Natal white stinkwood||41
|-
|[[Rooivy]] ||''[[Stoeberia arborea]]'' ||Red fig ||103.4
|-
|[[Rooiwortelboom]]||''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''||Red mangrove||526
|-
|[[Rooiysterhout]]||''[[Ochna holstii]]''||Red ironwood||480
|-
|[[Rosyntjiebos]]||''[[Grewia flava]]''||Sandpaper raisin||459.1
|-
|[[Rotsblompeer]]||''[[Dombeya autumnalis]]''||Rock wildpear||468
|-
|[[Rotsboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum moggii]]'' ||Rock bushwillow ||542
|-
|[[Rotskanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora saxicola]]'' ||Rock corkwood ||286
|-
|[[Rotstolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron strobilinum]]'' ||Peninsula conebush ||78
|-
|[[Ruigtekriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium acutifolium]]'' ||Thicket honey-thorn ||669.5
|-
|[[Saalpeultjieboom]]||''[[Wrightia natalensis]]''||Saddle pod||650
|-
|[[Safsafwilger]]||[[Safsafwilger|''Salix mucronata'' subsp. subserrata'']]||Safsaf willow||36
|-
|[[Sambokpeul]]||''[[Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareanna]]'' ||Sjambokpod||212
|-
|[[Sandboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum engleri]]'' ||Sand bushwillow ||535
|-
|[[Sandbruidsbos]] ||''[[Pavetta catophylla]]'' ||Sand bride’s bush ||719.3
|-
|[[Sanddoring]] ||''[[Vachellia arenaria]]'' ||Sand thorn ||186
|-
|[[Sandessenhout]]||''[[Xylia torreana]]''||Sand ash||192
|-
|[[Sandjakkalskoffie]] ||''[[Empogona maputensis]]'' ||Maputo jackal-coffee ||699.1
|-
|[[Sandjasmyn]] ||''[[Schrebera trichoclada]]'' ||Sand jasmine&lt;br /&gt;Wing-leaved wooden pear ||613
|-
|[[Sandkamhout]]||''[[Baphia massaiensis]]''||Sand camwoord||223
|-
|[[Sandkanariebessie]] ||''[[Suregada zanzibariensis]]'' ||Sand canaryberry ||340
|-
|[[Sandkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora angolensis]]''||Sand corkwood||272
|-
|[[Sandkiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia arenicola]]'' ||Sand cabbage-tree ||561.1
|-
|[[Sandkroonbessie]] ||''[[Crossopteryx febrifuga]]'' ||Sand crown-berry ||683
|-
|[[Sandnoemnoem]] ||''[[Carissa tetramera]]'' ||Sand num-num ||640.6
|-
|[[Sandolien]]||''[[Dodonaea viscosa]]''||African sandolive&lt;br /&gt;Hopbush||437.1
|-
|[[Sandperdepram]] ||''[[Zanthoxylum leprieurii]]'' ||Sand knobwood  ||255.1
|-
|[[Sandrooihout]] ||''[[Ochna barbosae]]'' ||Sand plane ||479.2
|-
|[[Sandsterappel]]||''[[Diospyros loureiriana]]''||Sand star-apple||604.1
|-
|[[Sanduiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea mossambicensis]]'' ||Sand onionwood ||531
|-
|[[Sandveldhaarpuisboom]] ||''[[Ozoroa obovata var. elliptica]]'' ||Sandveld resin tree ||373.5
|-
|[[Sandveldluisiesbos]] ||''[[Leucospermum rodolentum]]'' ||Sandveld pincushion ||83
|-
|[[Sandveldwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia filipes]]'' ||Sandveld shepherd's tree ||123.1
|-
|[[Sebrabaskanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora viminea]]'' ||Zebra-bark corkwood||279
|-
|[[Sebrabergwitbos]] ||''[[Maerua sebrabergensis]]'' ||Zebra mountain spiderbush ||751
|-
|[[Sebrahout]]||''[[Dalbergia melanoxylon]]''||Zebrawood||232
|-
|[[Seepbos]]||''[[Noltea africana]]''||Soap bush||453
|-
|[[Seepnetel]]||''[[Pouzolzia mixta]]''||Soap nettle||71
|-
|[[Sekhukhunedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune thorn ||184.5
|-
|[[Sekelblaarrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia recurvata]]'' ||Sickle-leaved ricebush ||145.14
|-
|[[Sekelbos]]||''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''||Sickle-bush||190
|-
|[[Sekhukhuneboesmanstee]] ||''[[Lydenburgia cassinoides]]''||Sekhukhuni bushman's tea ||406
|-
|[[Sekhukhunebobbejaanstert]] ||''[[Xerophyta retinervis var. multiramosa]]'' ||Sekhukhune baboon's tail ||770
|-
|[[Sekhukhunekaree]] ||''[[Searsia sekhukhuniensis]]'' ||Sekhukhune karee ||393.3
|-
|[[Septeeboom]]||''[[Cordia caffra]]''||Septee tree||652
|-
|[[Septemberbossie]]||''[[Polygala myrtifolia]]''||September bush||302.1
|-
|[[Septemberklokkies]]||''[[Rothmannia globosa]]''||Bell gardenia||695
|-
|[[Serpentyndoring]] ||''[[Senegalia loetteri]]'' ||Serpentine thorn ||755
|-
|[[Serpentynsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea curvata]]'' ||Serpentine sugarbush ||88.1
|-
|[[Sigsagkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis fascicularis var. fascicularis]]'' ||Zigzag caperbush ||129.7
|-
|[[Silwerblaarmelkpruim]]||''[[Englerophytum natalense]]''||Natal milkplum||582
|-
|[[Silwerboom]]||''[[Leucadendron argenteum]]''||Silver tree||77
|-
|[[Silwerbos]] ||[[Silwerbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''uliginosum'']] ||Outeniqua conebush ||82.6
|-
|[[Silwerhoekstamrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia gracillima]]''||Silver square-stemmed raisin||459.4
|-
|[[Silwerwilger]] ||[[''Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''hirsuta'']] ||Silver willow ||35.1
|-
|[[Skeweblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa]]'' ||Skew-leaved elephantroot||193.1
|-
|[[Skilferbasdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia exuvialis]]'' ||Flaky-barked thorn ||164.1
|-
|[[Skoensoolpeul]]||''[[Brachystegia boehmii]]''||Mufuti msasa&lt;br /&gt;Prince-of-Wales msasa||198.2
|-
||[[Skotseratel]] ||''[[Amblygonocarpus andongensis]]'' ||Scotsman's rattle||190.2
|-
|[[Skraalrysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia denticulata]]'' ||Slender ricebush ||145.6
|-
|[[Skurweblaarbos]]||''[[Ehretia amoena]]''||Sandpaper bush||656
|-
|[[Skurweblaarkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora edulis]]''||Rough-leaved corkwood||275
|-
|[[Skurweblaarrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia flavescens]]''||Velvet raisin||459.2
|-
|[[Skurwevyeboom]] ||''[[Ficus capreifolia]]'' || Rough-leaved fig tree ||50.1
|-
|[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos]] ||[[Silwerblaarsuikerbos|''Protea roupelliae'' subsp. ''roupelliae'']] ||Silver sugarbush  ||96
|-
|[[Silwerblompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya pulchra]]'' ||Silver wildpear ||470.1
|-
|[[Skraalkaree]] ||''[[Searsia keetii]]'' ||Slender karee ||384.5
|-
|[[Skurweblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia angustifolia var. corymbosa]]'' ||Rough-leaved shepherd tree ||123
|-
|[[Slaaibos]] ||''[[Didelta spinosa]]'' ||Thorny salad bush ||736.2
|-
|[[Slapbergsoetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia theronii]]'' ||Slender mountain sweet thorn ||172.3
|-
|[[Slapdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia permixta]]'' ||Slender thorn ||179.1
|-
|[[Slapfonteinbos]] ||''[[Psoralea affinis]]'' ||Slender fountainbush ||226.14
|-
|[[Slaphoringaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe speciosa]]'' ||Tilt-head aloe ||30.5
|-
|[[Slapkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora virgata]]'' ||Slender corkwood ||290
|-
|[[Slapkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium bosciifolium]]'' ||Limpopo honey-thorn ||669.8
|-
|[[Slaploot]] ||''[[Senegalia senegal var. leiorhachis]]'' ||Slender three-hooked thorn||185
|-
|[[Slymappel]]||''[[Azanza garckeana]]''||Snot apple||466
|-
||[[Smalblaarbasboontjie]] ||''[[Elephantorrhiza goetzei]]'' ||Narrow-pod elephantroot||192.1
|-
||[[Smalblaarghwarrie]] ||''[[Euclea linearis]]'' ||Lance-leaved guarri ||596
|-
|[[Smalblaarharpuisbos]]||''[[Ozoroa paniculosa var. salicina]]''||Narrow-leaved resin tree||375.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarkapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis brassii]]'' ||Narrow-leaved caperbush ||129.6
|-
|[[Smalblaarmosterdboom]] ||''[[Salvadora australis]]'' ||Narrow-leaved mustard-tree ||621
|-
|[[Smalblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lanceolata]]'' ||Lance-leaved sugarbush  ||90.1
|-
|[[Smalblaarwasbessie]]||''[[Morella serrata]]''||Lance-leaved waxberry||38
|-
|[[Smalblad]]||''[[Metrosideros angustifolia]]''||Lance-leaved myrtle||559
|-
|[[Snuifkalbassie]]||''[[Oncoba spinosa]]''||Snuff-box tree||492
|-
|[[Soetdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia karroo]]''||Sweet thorn||172
|- 
|[[Soutpansbergdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia montis-salinarum]]'' ||Soutpansberg thorn ||753
|-
|[[Soutpansbergroosappel]] ||''[[Memecylon soutpansbergense]]'' ||Soutpansberg rose-apple ||763
|-
|[[Soutpansbergwildemispel]] ||''[[Vangueria soutpansbergensis]]'' ||Soutpansberg wild-medlar ||703.1
|-
|[[Spalkpendoring]] ||''[[Gloveria integrifolia]]'' ||Splint spike-thorn ||403.9
|-
|[[Spekboom]]||''[[Portulacaria afra]]''||Porkbush||104
|-
|[[Spitsblaarspeldekussing]] ||''[[Leucospermum saxosum]] ''||Escarpment pincushion ||85.3
|-
|[[Spoegboom]] ||''[[Commiphora cervifolia]]''|| Antler-leaved corkwood || 273.5
|-
|[[Springsaadboom]] ||''[[Shirakiopsis elliptica]]'' || Jumping-seed tree ||342
|-
|[[Sprokiesboom]] ||''[[Moringa ovalifolia]]'' || Phantomtree ||137
|-
|[[Stamlose broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos villosus]]'' ||Ground cycad ||14.20
|-
|[[Stamvrug]]||''[[Englerophytum magalismontanum]]''||Transvaal milkplum||581
|-
|[[Stamvrugklimop]] ||''[[Tiliacora funifera]]'' ||Elbow leaf || 104.7
|-
|[[Stamvrugysterpruim]]||''[[Drypetes natalensis]]''||Natal ironplum||316
|-
|[[Stekelblaarklapper]]||''[[Strychnos pungens]]''||Spine-leaved monkey||628
|-
||[[Stekelsplinterboontjie]] ||''[[Adenopodia spicata]]'' ||Spiny splinterbean ||193.5
|-
|[[Sterkastaiing]]||''[[Sterculia rogersii]]''||Large-leaved star-chestnut||477
|-
|[[Sterboom]] ||''[[Cliffortia arborea]]'' ||Startree ||145.1
|-
|[[Sterkbos]]||''[[Terminalia prunioides]]''||Lowveld cluster-leaf||550
|-
|[[Sterretjierosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia sulcata]]''||Stellar raisin||463.9
|-
|[[Sterretjierysbos]]||''[[Cliffortia nitidula]]''||Starry rice-bush||145.2
|-
|[[Stinkbessievingerblaar]]||''[[Vitex mombassae]]''||Poora-berry||660.1
|-
|[[Stinkblaarsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea susannae]]'' ||Stink-leaf sugarbush ||98.1
|-
|[[Stinkbos]] ||''[[Boscia foetida]]''||Stinkbush||124
|-
|[[Stinkebbehout]] ||''[[Heywoodia lucens]]''||Stink ebony ||306
|-
|[[Stinkhout]] ||''[[Ocotea bullata]]''||Stinkwood||118
|-
|[[Stinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana]]'' ||Stink shepherd's tree ||125
|-
|[[Stompblaartaaibos]]||''[[Searsia rehmanniana]]''||Blunt-leaved currant||393.4
|-
|[[Stormbos]] ||''[[Cadaba aphylla]]'' ||Leafless worm bush ||129
|-
|[[Strandaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' ||Strand aloe ||30.7
|-
|[[Suidelike skulpblombos]]||''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]''||Southern Shell-flower||673
|-
|[[Suidkuskiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia nicholsonii]]''||Natal coast cabbage tree||565.1
|-
|[[Suurbergbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos longifolius]]''||Suurberg cycad||9
|-
|[[Suurbergkussingbos]]||''[[Oldenburgia grandis]]''||Suurberg cushion bush||737
|-
|[[Suurbessie]]||''[[Dovyalis rhamnoides]]''||Common sourberry||509
|-
|[[Suurkaree]]||''[[Searsia ciliata]]''||Sour karee||380.2
|-
|[[Suurlat]] ||''[[Freylinia visseri]]'' ||Sandveld honey-bells ||670.4
|-
|[[Suurpruim]] ||[[Suurpruim|''Ximenia afra'' var. ''afra'']] ||Large sour plum||103
|-
|[[Suurtaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia krebsiana]]'' ||Mountain currant ||385.1
|-
|[[Swakopmundkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora oblanceolata]]'' || Hyaena corkwood ||284.1
|-
|[[Swartapiesdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia burkei]]''||Black monkey thorn||161
|-
|[[Swartbaardsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea lepidocarpodendron]]'' ||Black-bearded sugarbush ||90.5
|-
|[[Swartbas]]||''[[Diospyros whyteana]]''||Bladder-nut||611
|-
|[[Swartbitterbessie]] ||''[[Strychnos potatorum]]'' ||Black bitterberry ||630
|-
|[[Swarthaak]] ||''[[Senegalia mellifera subsp. detinens]]'' ||Spike-flowered black-thorn ||176
|-
|[[Swartvalstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus africanus]]''||African false currant||425
|-
|[[Swartwortelboom]]||''[[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza]]''||Black mangrove||527
|-
|[[Swazibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos aplanatus]]'' ||Swazi north-east forest cycad ||14.10
|-
|[[Swazidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia swazica]]'' ||Swazi thorn ||187.2
|-
|[[Swazigeelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia glabrata]]'' ||Swazi laburnum ||219.2
|-
|[[Swazipendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia swazica]]'' ||Swazi spike-thorn ||749
|-
|[[Swazi-uiehout]] ||''[[Cassipourea swaziensis]]'' ||Swazi onionwood ||531.1
|-
|[[Sweepstokknoppiesboontjie]] ||''[[Maerua kaokoensis]]'' ||Kaoko beadbean ||133.8
|-
|[[Sybas]]||''[[Maytenus acuminata]]''||Rock silky bark||398
|-
|[[Sydoring]]||''[[Vachellia rehmanniana]]''||Silky thorn||182
|-
|[[Syhaartolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron pubescens]]'' ||Grey conebush ||81.3
|-
|[[Syhaarveselbos]]||''[[Englerodaphne pilosa]]''||Silky fibre-bush||518
|-
|[[Taaijakkalsbessie]] ||''[[Diospyros glandulifera]]'' ||Sticky star-apple ||603.2
|-
|[[Tambotie]] ||''[[Spirostachys africana]]''||Tamboti||341
|-
|[[Teerhout]] ||''[[Loxostylis alata]]''||Tarwood||365
|-
|[[Teerysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia paucistaminea]]'' ||Tea ricebush ||145.12
|-
|[[Terblanzboom]] ||''[[Faurea macnaughtonii]]'' ||Terblanz beech||74
|-
|[[Tolbalie]] ||''[[Empogona lanceolata]]''||Jackal-coffee ||699
|-
|[[Tolvruglukwart]] ||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus]]'' ||Spindle-fruited loquat ||696.3
|-
|[[Tongabergaalwyn]] ||[[Tongabergaalwyn|''Aloe marlothii'' subsp. ''orientalis'']] ||Tonga mountain aloe ||29.7
|-
|[[Tongaboomaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloidendron tongaense]]'' ||Tonga tree aloe ||29.9
|-
|[[Tongadoringkatjiepiering]] ||''[[Hyperacanthus microphyllus]]''  ||Tonga spiny gardenia ||689.7
|-
|[[Tongakatjiepiering]] ||''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' || Tonga gardenia ||690.1
|-
|[[Tongakierie]] ||''[[Crateva kirkii]]'' ||Tonga kierie ||131
|-
|[[Tongakwar]] ||''[[Psydrax fragrantissima]]'' ||Tonga quar ||712.1
|-
|[[Tongalandbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos ferox]]'' || Tongaland cycad ||3.4
|-
|[[Towerghwarrie]]||''[[Euclea divinorum]]''||Magic guarri||595
|-
|[[Transvaalbergsuikerbos]] of [[Transvaalbergsuikerbos|platorandsuikerbos]] ||''[[Protea rubropilosa]]'' ||Transvaal sugarbush ||97
|-
|[[Transvaalsesambos]] ||''[[Sesamothamnus lugardii]]'' ||Sesame-bush ||680
|-
|[[Trassiedoring]] ||''[[Vachellia hebeclada]]'' ||Candle-pod thorn ||170
|-
|[[Treurbruidsbos]]||''[[Pavetta lanceolata]]''||Weeping bride's bush||718.1
|-
|[[Treurharpuisboom]]||''[[Ozoroa engleri]]''||White resin tree||371
|-
|[[Treurkersielemoen]]||''[[Teclea natalensis]]''||Natal cherry-orange||264
|-
|[[Treurtrassiedoring]]||''[[Vachellia hebeclada subsp. tristis]]'' ||Weeping candle-pod thorn ||170.2
|-
|[[Trilblaarvy]] ||[[Trilblaarvy|''Ficus tremula'' subsp. ''tremula'']] ||Trembling-leaf fig ||67
|-
|[[Tropiese blompeer]] ||''[[Dombeya quinqueseta]]'' ||Tropical wildpear ||470.5
|-
|[[Tropiese kweper]] ||''[[Cryptocarya liebertiana]]'' ||Tropical wild quince ||113.1
|-
|[[Tropiese pendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia maranguensis]]'' ||Tropical spike thorn ||399.9
|-
|[[Troshofiesuikerbos]] ||''[[Troshofiesuikerbos|Protea welwitschii]]'' ||Cluster-head sugarbush ||98.2
|-
|[[Trosvy]]||[[Trosvy|''Ficus sycomorus'' subsp. ''sycomorus'']]||Common cluster fig||66
|-
|[[Tsitsikammatolbos]] ||[[Tsitsikammatolbos|''Leucadendron uliginosum'' subsp. ''glabratum'']] ||Tsitsikamma conebush ||82.5
|-
|[[Tugelapendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia macrocarpa]]'' ||Tugela spike-thorn ||401.8
|-
|[[Tugelastinkwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata]]'' ||Tugela stinkbush ||124.1
|-
|[[Tuitpeulpronkstert]] ||''[[Gelrebia rostrata]]'' ||Beaked-pod plumeflower ||214.6
|-
|[[Tweeblaarkanniedood]] ||''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' ||Welwitschia ||21.1
|-
|[[Tweelingrooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca trichogyne]]''||Twin red-berry||332.4
|-
|[[Uiehout]]||''[[Cassipourea malosana]]''||Common onionwood||529
|-
|[[Uitenhaagaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe africana]]'' ||Uitenhage aloe ||28.2
|-
|[[Umbeluzibroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos umbeluziensis]]'' ||Umbeluzi cycad ||14.19
|-
|[[Umtiza]]||''[[Umtiza listeriana]]''||Umtiza||205
|-
|[[Uniondaletolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron rourkei]]'' ||Uniondale conebush ||81.6
|-
|[[Vaalalbasterboom]] ||''[[Guilandina bonduc]]'' ||Grey nickar||214.4
|-
|[[Vaalblaarwurmbos]] ||''[[Cadaba termitaria]]'' ||Grey-leaved worm bush||129.3
|-
|[[Vaalboom]]||''[[Terminalia sericea]]''||Silver cluster-leaf||551
|-
|[[Vaalkameeldoring]] ||''[[Vachellia haematoxylon]]'' ||Grey camel thorn ||169
|-
|[[Vaalkiepersol]]||''[[Cussonia transvaalensis]]''||Transvaal cabbage tree||564.3
|-
|[[Vaalkreupelhout]]|| [[Vaalkreupelhout|''Leucospermum conocarpdendron'' subsp. ''conocarpdendron'']] ||Grey pincushion||84
|-
|[[Vaalpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia capitata]]'' ||Ashen spike-thorn ||401.4
|-
|[[Vaalpypsteelboom]]||''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''||Silver pipe-stem tree||666
|-
|[[Vaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia monticola]]''||Silver raisin||462
|-
|[[Vaalstompie]] ||''[[Mimetes argenteus]]'' ||Silver pagoda ||72.7
|-
|[[Vaaltolbos]] ||''[[Leucadendron conicum]]'' ||Garden Route conebush||78.1
|-
|[[Valleibosnaboom]]||''[[Euphorbia grandidens]]''||Valley-bush euphorbia||350
|-
|[[Valleiboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum stylesii]]'' ||Valley bushwillow ||545.5
|-
|[[Valleirooibessie]]||''[[Erythrococca natalensis]]'' ||Valley redberry||332.5
|-
|[[Valsassegaai]]||''[[Maesa lanceolata]]''||False assegai||577
|-
|[[Valsbliksembos]]||''[[Pseudophyllanthus ovalis]]||False-lightningbush||305
|-
|[[Valsblinkblaar]] ||''[[Itea rhamnoides]]'' || False shinyleaf ||138
|-
|[[Valsbruidsbos]]||''[[Tarenna pavettoides]]''||False bride's bush||686
|-
|[[Valsdoringklipels]] ||''[[Canthium armatum]]'' ||False turkeyberry ||715
|-
|[[Valskatjiepiering]] ||''[[Rothmannia capensis]]''||Cape gardenia||693
|-
|[[Valskiepersol]] ||''[[Neocussonia umbellifera]]''||False cabbage tree||566
|-
|[[Valskralesnoer]] ||''[[Micrococca capensis]]'' ||False bead-string||332.2
|-
|[[Valslekkerbreek]] ||''[[Brackenridgea zanguebarica]]'' ||Yellow false-plane ||483.1
|-
|[[Valsmaroela]] ||''[[Lannea schweinfurthii]]''||False marula||363
|-
|[[Valsmispel]] ||''[[Vangueriopsis lanciflora]]''||False medlar||704
|-
|[[Valspendoring]] ||''[[Putterlickia pyracantha]]'' ||False spikethorn ||403.1
|-
|[[Valspapierblom]] ||''[[Pisonia aculeata]]'' ||Mock bougainvillea ||103.8
|-
|[[Valsperdebos]]||''[[Hippobromus pauciflorus]]''||False horsewood||438
|-
|[[Valsrooipeer]]||''[[Pseudoscolopia polyantha]]''||False-redpear||499
|-
|[[Valssilwerrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia inaequilatera]]''||False-silver raisin||460.1
|-
|[[Valssybas]]||''[[Robsonodendron eucleiforme]]''||False silky-bark||413
|-
|[[Valstaaibos]]||''[[Allophylus decipiens]]''||Small-leaf false currant&lt;br /&gt;Bastard currant||423
|-
|[[Valsvaalrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia subspathulata]]''||Hybrid raisin||463.8
|-
|[[Vals-wag-'n-bietjie]]||''[[Ziziphus rivularis]]''||False buffalo-thorn||448
|-
|[[Valswaterbessie]] ||''[[Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides]]'' ||False-waterberry ||523.1
|-
|[[Valswitessenhout]] ||''[[Pseudobersama mossambicensis]]'' ||False white ash ||302
|-
|[[Vanstadensbergheuningbostee]] ||''[[Cyclopia longifolia]]'' ||Van Stadensberg honeybush tea ||224.2
|-
|[[Vanstadensepterboom]] ||''[[Paranomus reflexus]]'' ||Van Staden's sceptre ||72.4
|-
|[[Vanwykshout]]||''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]''||Tree wisteria||222
|-
|[[Veldwildevy]] ||''[[Ficus burtt-davyi]]'' || Burtt Davy's fig ||49
|-
|[[Vendabroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos hirsutus]]'' ||Venda cycad ||14.6
|-
|[[Vendaboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum vendae]]'' ||Venda bushwillow ||540.3
|-
|[[Vendasyhaarkoffie]] ||''[[Sericanthe andongensis subsp. legatti]]'' ||Venda silky-coffee ||697
|-
|[[Vierblaarboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum adenogonium]]'' ||Four-leaved bushwillow ||531.4
|-
|[[Viervingerbos]] ||''[[Bachmannia woodii]]'' ||Four-finger bush ||121
|-
|[[Vlamdoring]]||''[[Senegalia ataxacantha]]''||Flame thorn||160
|-
|[[Vlam-van-die-vlakte]]||''[[Bauhinia galpinii]]''||Pride-of-De Kaap||208.2
|-
|[[Vlamklimop]] ||''[[Combretum microphyllum]]'' ||Flamecreeper ||545
|-
|[[Vleidoring]] ||''[[Vachellia stuhlmannii]]'' ||Vlei thorn ||187.1
|-
|[[Vleiknoppiesbos]] ||''[[Berzelia lanuginosa]]'' ||Marsh buttonbush ||141.2
|-
|[[Vleirysbos]] ||''[[Cliffortia strobilifera]]'' ||Bog ricebush ||145.3
|-
|[[Vleisneeubos]] ||''[[Berzelia albiflora]]'' ||Marsh snowbush ||141.3
|-
|[[Vleitee]] ||''[[Cyclopia subternata]]'' ||Honeybush-tea ||224.4
|-
|[[Vlerkboon]]||''[[Xeroderris stuhlmannii]]''||Wing bean||240
|-
|[[Vlerkvrugpendoring]] ||''[[Gymnosporia hemipterocarpa]]'' ||Winged-fruit spike-thorn ||399.8
|-
|[[Vlerkwortel]] ||''[[Polemanniopsis marlothii]]'' ||Winged-carrot ||746
|-
|[[Vloedvlaktedoring]] || ''[[Vachellia kirkii subsp. kirkii var. kirkii]]'' ||Floodplain thorn ||173
|-
|[[Voëlsitboom]]||''[[Antidesma venosum]]''||Tassel berry||318
|-
|[[Vratjievrugbliksembos]]||''[[Clutia pulchella]]''||Warty-fruit lightning-bush||336.2
|-
|[[Vratjiewitbessiebos]] ||''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' ||Warty white-berry bush ||309.1
|-
|[[Vrystaatse geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia reflexa]]'' || Free State golden-pea&lt;br /&gt;Sotho laburnum ||220.1
|-
|[[Waaieraalwyn]] ||''[[Kumara plicatilis]]'' ||Franschhoek aloe  ||29.6
|-
|[[Waboom]]||''[[Protea nitida]]''||Wagon tree||86
|-
|[[Wakkerstroomrooipeer]]||''[[Scolopia oreophila]]''||Wakkerstroom red-pear||496.1
|-
|[[Wasagtige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos cerinus]]'' ||Waxen cycad ||14.12
|-
|[[Waterbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii]]'' ||Waterberg cycad ||3.1
|-
|[[Waterbergrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia rogersii]]''||Waterberg raisin||463.7
|-
|[[Waterbessie]]||''[[Syzygium cordatum]]''||Water berry||555
|-
|[[Waterboomheide]]||''[[Erica caffra]]''||Water tree heath&lt;br /&gt;Sweet scented heath||572
|-
|[[Waterdoring]] ||''[[Vachellia nebrownii]]'' ||Water thorn ||177.1
|-
|[[Waterkeurtjie]]||''[[Podalyria calyptrata]]''||Water blossom pea||225
|-
|[[Waterpeer]]||''[[Syzygium guineense]]''||Water pear&lt;br /&gt;Water berry||557
|-
|[[Waterpokysterhout]] ||''[[Chionanthus battiscombei]]'' ||Water pock-ironwood ||614
|-
|[[Watersybas]] ||''[[Maytenus cordata]]'' ||Water silkybark||398.3
|-
|[[Watertaaibos]] ||''[[Searsia gerrardii]]'' ||River karee ||378
|-
|[[Watervaalbos]]||''[[Brachylaena neriifolia]]''||Cape silveroak&lt;br /&gt;Water white alder||729
|-
|[[Watervlier]]||''[[Nuxia oppositifolia]]''||Water elder||635
|-
|[[Watervy]] ||''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'' ||Water fig ||67.1
|-
|[[Waterwitsuikerbos]]||[[Waterwitsuikerbos|Protea punctata]]|| Water white sugarbush || 94.1
|-
|[[Westelike geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia intrusa]]'' ||Western wild laburnum ||219.3
|-
|[[Westelike koolhout]]||''[[Lachnostylis hanekomii]]''||Western coalwood||307.2
|-
|[[Westelike smalblaarwasbessie]] ||''[[Morella integra]]'' ||Western lance-leaved wax-berry ||38.1
|-
|[[Wilde-amandel]]||''[[Brabejum stellatifolium]]''||Wild almond||72
|-
|[[Wilde-appelkoos]]||''[[Dovyalis zeyheri]]''||Wild apricot||511
|-
|[[Wildedadelboom]]||''[[Phoenix reclinata]]''||Wild date palm||22
|-
|[[Wildefrangipani]]||''[[Voacanga thouarsii]]''||Wild frangipani||646
|-
|[[Wildegranaat]]||''[[Burchellia bubalina]]''||Wild pomegranate||688
|-
|[[Wildegroenhaarboom]]||''[[Parkinsonia africana]]''||Wild green-hair tree||214
|-
|[[Wildejasmyn]]||''[[Schrebera alata]]''||Wild jasmine||612
|-
|[[Wildekanferboom]] ||''[[Cryptocarya myrtifolia]]'' ||Myrtle wild quince ||115
|-
|[[Wildekastaiing]] ||''[[Calodendrum capense]]'' ||Cape chestnut ||256
|-
|[[Wildelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus speciosus]]''||Wild loquat||696
|-
|[[Wildemango]]||''[[Cordyla africana]]''||Wild mango||216
|-
|[[Wildemispel]]||''[[Vangueria infausta]]''||Wild medlar||702
|-
|[[Wildemoerbei]]||''[[Trimeria grandifolia]]''||Wild mulberry||503
|-
|[[Wildenaeltjiebos]] ||''[[Montinia caryophyllacea]]'' ||Wild-clovebush ||137.5
|-
|[[Wildenartjie]]||''[[Toddaliopsis bremekampii]]''||Wild mandarin||262
|-
|[[Wildepatat]] ||''[[Maerua racemulosa]]'' ||Forest bush-cherry ||134
|-
|[[Wildeperske]]||''[[Kiggelaria africana]]''||Wild peach||494
|-
|[[Wildepiesang]]||''[[Ensete ventricosum]]''||Wild banana||31
|-
|[[Wildepopulier]]||''[[Macaranga capensis]]''||Wild poplar&lt;br /&gt;River macaranga||335
|-
|[[Wildepruim]]||''[[Harpephyllum caffrum]]''||Wild plum||361
|-
|[[Wildesalie]]||''[[Buddleja salviifolia]]''||Sagewood||637
|-
|[[Wildesering]]||''[[Burkea africana]]''||Wild-seringa||197
|-
|[[Wildesuikerappel]] ||''[[Annona senegalensis]]''||Wild custard-apple||105
|-
|[[Wildevlier]] ||''[[Nuxia congesta]]''||Common wild elder||633
|-
|[[Wilgerblaarwitgat]] ||''[[Boscia salicifolia]]''||Willow-leaved shepherd's tree||128.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkorentebos]] ||''[[Searsia angustifolia]]''||Willow karee||377.1
|-
|[[Wilgerkriedoring]] ||''[[Lycium arenicola]]'' ||Willow honeythorn ||669.7
|-
|[[Wilgerpendoring‎]] ||''[[Gymnosporia bachmannii]]''||Willow spike-thorn||398.2
|-
|[[Witbessiebos]]||''[[Flueggea virosa]]''||White-berry bush||309
|-
|[[Witblombos]] ||''[[Metalasia muricata]]''||White bristle bush||736
|-
|[[Witblomtontelhout]]||''[[Volkameria glabra]]''||Tinderwood||667
|-
|[[Witbos]]||''[[Maerua cafra]]''||Spider bush||133
|-
|[[Witels]]||''[[Platylophus trifoliatus]]''||White alder||141
|-
|[[Witessenhout]]||''[[Bersama tysoniana]]''||Coastal white ash||443
|-
|[[Witfluweelboomheide]] ||''[[Erica simii]]''||White-velvet tree erica||576
|-
|[[Withaarbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi]]''||White-haired cycad||4
|-
|[[Without]]||''[[Ilex mitis]]''||Cape holly||397
|-
|[[Witkaree]]||''[[Searsia pendulina]]''||White karree||396
|-
|[[Witkershout]]||''[[Pterocelastrus echinatus]]''||White candlewood||405
|-
|[[Witmelkhout]]||''[[Sideroxylon inerme]]''||White milkwood||579
|-
|[[Witolienhout]]||''[[Buddleja saligna]]''||False olive||636
|-
|[[Witonderbos]]||''[[Trichocladus ellipticus]]''||White hazel&lt;br /&gt;Natal hazel||143
|-
|[[Witpeer]]||''[[Apodytes dimidiata]]''||White pear||422
|-
|[[Witrosyntjie]]||''[[Grewia bicolor]]''||Bastard raisin||458
|-
|[[Witseebasboom]]||''[[Avicennia marina]]''||White mangrove||669
|-
|[[Witsering]] ||''[[Kirkia acuminata]]''||White seringa||267
|-
|[[Witstam]] ||''[[Euclea schimperi]]'' ||Glossy guarri||600
|-
|[[Witdoring]] ||''[[Senegalia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha]]'' ||White-stemmed thorn||180
|-
|[[Witstamkanniedood]]||''[[Commiphora tenuipetiolata]]''||White-stem corkwood||289
|-
|[[Witstinkhout]]||''[[Celtis africana]]''||White stinkwood||39
|-
|[[Witstippelbospendoring]]||''[[Gymnosporia nemorosa]]''||White forest spike-thorn||399.3
|-
|[[Witsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea lacticolor]]''||Hottentot sugarbush||90
|-
|[[Witysterhout]]||''[[Vepris lanceolata]]''||White ironwood||261
|-
|[[Wolbaardsuikerbos]]||''[[Protea magnifica]]''||Queen sugarbush||86.1
|-
|[[Wolftoon]]||''[[Wolftoon|Ceraria namaquensis]]''||Namaqua porkbush||104.1
|-
|[[Wolkbergbroodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos dolomiticus]]''||Wolkberg cycad||14.4
|-
|[[Wolkbergdrakeboom]] ||''[[Dracaena transvaalensis]]''||Wolkberg dragon tree||30.10
|-
|[[Wollerige baakhout]]||''[[Greyia radlkoferi]]''||Transvaal bottlebrush||445
|-
|[[Wollerige broodboom]] ||''[[Encephalartos heenanii]]''||Woolly cycad||14.1
|-
|[[Wollerige geelkeurboom]] ||''[[Calpurnia woodii]]'' ||Woolly wild laburnum ||219.5
|-
|[[Wollerige kapperbos]] ||''[[Capparis tomentosa]]''||Woolly caperbush||130.1
|-
|[[Wolwedoring]] ||''[[Lycium oxycarpum]]''||Karoo honey-thorn||669.1
|-
|[[Wolwegifboom]] ||''[[Hyaenanche globosa]]''||Hyaena poison||319
|-
|[[Wonderboomvy]]||''[[Ficus salicifolia]]''||Wild rubber fig||60
|-
|[[Wonderkanniedood]] ||''[[Commiphora buruxa]]''||Wonder corkwoord||272.5
|-
|[[Wonderplant]] ||''[[Tinospora fragosa]]''||Marvel creeper||104.9
|-
|[[Wonderstok]] ||''[[Tinospora tenera]]''||Marvel-creeper||104.10
|-
|[[Woodbroodboom]]||''[[Encephalartos woodii]]''||Wood's giant-cycad||14
|-
|[[Worsboom]]||''[[Kigelia africana]]''||Sausage tree||678
|-
|[[Wortelboommahonie]] ||''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'' ||Mangrove mahogany ||294.5
|-
|[[Wurmbasvalsdoring]]||''[[Albizia anthelmintica]]''||Worm-bark false-thorn||150
|-
|[[Wyliespoortaalwyn]] ||''[[Aloe angelica]]''||Wyliespoort aloe||28.4
|-
|[[Ysterhout]]||''[[Olea capensis]]''||Black ironwood||618
|-
|[[Ystermartiens]] ||''[[Laurophyllus capensis]]''||Iron martin||366
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikanferfoelieboom]] ||''[[Turraea zambesica]]'' ||Zambezi honeysuckletree ||297.1
|-
|[[Zambezikiaat]]||''[[Baikiaea plurijuga]]''||Zambezi-teak||206
|-
|[[Zambeziboswilg]] ||''[[Combretum celastroides]]'' ||Zambezi bushwillow ||533.8
|-
|[[Zambezikaree]] ||''[[Searsia lucens]]''||Zambezi karee||388.2
|-
|[[Zambezivalsnetel]] ||''[[Acalypha ornata]]'' ||Zambezi false-nettle ||335.6
|-
|[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn]]||[[Zimbabwe-aalwyn|''Aloe excelsa'' var. ''excelsa'']]||Zimbabwe aloe||28.8
|-
|[[Zoeloekersielemoen]]||''[[Vepris trichocarpa]]''||Zulu cherry-orange||263
|-
|[[Zoeloekiepersol]] ||''[[Cussonia zuluensis]]'' ||Zulu cabbage-tree ||561
|-
|[[Zoeloelukwart]]||''[[Oxyanthus latifolius]]''||Zulu loquat||696.1
|-
|[[Zoeloemelkbessie]]||''[[Manilkara concolor]]''||Zulu milkberry||586
|-
|[[Zoeloepeulbessie]]||''[[Dialium schlechteri]]'' ||Zulu podberry ||211
|-
|[[Zoeloevalsdoring]] ||''[[Albizia suluensis]]''||Zulu false-thorn||156
|}

{{clear}}

== Bronne ==
* [http://www.treetags.co.za/indigenous-south-african-trees/numbered-FSA-tree-species-list-19-april-2010.pdf Treetags.co.za: Numbered Tree Species List in South Africa, April 2010]
* [http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA iSpot: South African Tree Common Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621164532/http://www.ispotnature.org/TreesSA |date=21 Junie 2017 }}
* [http://pza.sanbi.org/ SANBI: PlantZAfrica]
* [http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ iScanTree: Tree List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706150132/http://iscantree.co.za/catalogue/ |date= 6 Julie 2017 }}
* [https://books.google.co.za/books?id=RFNcAgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=editions:ISBN1770078320 Watter Boom Is Dit?, Eugene Moll, Penguin Random House South Africa, 2013]{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php SANBI: Rooilys van Suid-Afrikaanse Plante]
* [https://www.wits.ac.za/media/migration/files/cs-38933-fix/migrated-pdf/pdfs-1/trcflist.pdf Recommended English names for South African Trees, Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]
* [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9781868259229 Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Braam Van Wyk en Piet Van Wyk, 1997]
* [https://pilanesbergsafaris.com/useful_info_tree.php Trees of the Pilanesberg National Park]
* [https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/saprotectedtrees2011.pdf List of Protected Tree Species under the National Forests Act (Wet nr 84 van 1998)]

== Sien ook ==
* [[Bas]]
* [[Blaar]]
* [[Boom]]
* [[Lys van indringerplante in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van uitheemse bome wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom]]

[[Kategorie:Bome van Afrika| ]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse lyste|Bome, alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste van plantspesies]]</text>
      <sha1>7rky96i3s7yo7pu1ac1gpc23efvyb4i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mongolië</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889631</id>
      <parentid>2887674</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpesBona</username>
        <id>2720</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Statistieke hersien</comment>
      <origin>2889631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19486" sha1="tin8cdsz557awvb70wpwgruuazast5z" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Land
|noem_naam               = Mongoolse Staat
|volle_naam              = &lt;small&gt;Монгол улс ([[Mongools]])&lt;br /&gt;{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}&lt;/small&gt;
|algemene_naam           = Mongolië
|beeld_vlag              = Flag of Mongolia.svg
|beeld_wapen             = State emblem of Mongolia.svg
|simbool_tipe            = Embleem
|beeld_kaart             = Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg
|leuse                   = 
|volkslied               = [[Volkslied van Mongolië|Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[Transliterasie|tr.]]: ''Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal'')&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[Mongools]] vir: &quot;Volkslied van Mongolië&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;
|amptelike_tale          = [[Mongools]]
|hoofstad                = [[Ulaanbaatar]] (Oelan Bator)
{{Koördinate|47|55|N|106|53|O}}
|latd                    = 47
|latm                    = 55
|latNS                   = N
|longd                   = 106
|longm                   = 53
|longEW                  = O
|grootste_stad           = [[Ulaanbaatar]] (Oelan Bator)
|regeringsvorm           = Unitêre semi-&lt;br /&gt;presidensiële [[republiek]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=Verenigde State |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archivedate=19 Augustus 2008 |pages= |accessdate=21 Februarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |date=Desember 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Journals |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |accessdate=21 Februarie 2016 |archive-date= 4 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053112/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |title=Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy |last=Odonkhuu |first=Munkhsaikhan |date=12 Februarie 2016 |website=ConstitutionNet |publisher=International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance |accessdate=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192253/http://constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |archive-date=18 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leiertitels             = &lt;br /&gt;• [[President]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Eerste minister]]
|leiername               = [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nyam-Osoryn Uchral]]
|oppervlak_rang          = 20&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|oppervlak_grootte       = 
|oppervlak               = 1&amp;nbsp;564&amp;nbsp;116&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/|title=Mongolia|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=18 Januarie 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118142802/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/|archive-date=18 Januarie 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|oppervlakmi²            = 603&amp;nbsp;909
|persent_water           = 0,67
|bevolking_skatting      = 3&amp;nbsp;281&amp;nbsp;676&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;
|bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2024
|bevolking_rang          = 134&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|bevolking_sensus        = 3&amp;nbsp;057&amp;nbsp;778&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=2015_Population_and_housing_by-census_of_Mongolia_en.pdf&amp;ln=En |title=2015 population and housing by census of mongolia |publisher=Mongoolse Diens vir Statistiese Inligting |date=1 Januarie 2016 |accessdate=28 Mei 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bevolking_sensus_jaar   = 2015
|bevolkingsdigtheid      = 2,09
|bevolkingsdigtheidmi²   = 5,4
|bevolkingsdigtheidrang  = 194&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP                 = $79,298&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=948&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&amp;sy=2025&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;scc=1&amp;ssc=1&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=0 |title=Mongolia |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|BBP_PPP_rang            = 115&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP_jaar            = 2026
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita      = $21&amp;nbsp;889&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 93&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP                     = $27,981&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_rang                = 133&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_jaar                = 2026
|BBP_per_kapita          = $7&amp;nbsp;723&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_per_kapita_rang     = 116&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|onafhanklikheidstipe    = Vorming
|onafhanklikheidsgebeure = • Xianbei-ryk&lt;br /&gt;• Khaganaat Rouran&lt;br /&gt;• [[Khamag-Mongole]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Mongoolse Ryk]]&lt;br /&gt;• Noordelike Yuan&lt;br /&gt;• Dsjoengarye-Khaganaat&lt;br /&gt;• Qing-verowering&lt;br /&gt;• Onafhanklikheid verklaar&lt;br /&gt;van die [[Qing-dinastie|Mantsjoe-Qing-ryk]]&lt;br /&gt;• Mongoolse Volksrepubliek&lt;br /&gt;• Huidige grondwet
|onafhanklikheidsdatums  = &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[209 v.C.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[330]] n.C.&lt;br /&gt;[[1125]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1206]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1368]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1634]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1691]]–[[1758]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[29 Desember]] [[1911]]&lt;br /&gt;[[26 November]] [[1924]]&lt;br /&gt;[[12 Februarie]] [[1992]]
|MOI                     = {{wins}} 0,747&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 Mei 2025 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|MOI_rang                = 104&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|MOI_jaar                = 2023
|MOI_kategorie           = {{kleur|#090|hoog}}
|Gini                    = 31,4&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN |title=Gini index – Mongolia |publisher=[[Wêreldbank]] |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Gini_rang               = 
|Gini_jaar               = 2022
|Gini_kategorie          = {{kleur|#ffcc00|medium}}
|geldeenheid             = [[Mongoolse tögrög|Tögrög]]
|geldeenheid_kode        = MNT
|land_kode               = MN
|tydsone                 = 
|utc_afwyking            = [[UTC+07:00|+7]]/[[UTC+08:00|+8]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7 |publisher=Time Temperature.com |url=http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |accessdate=4 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192317/https://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |archive-date=18 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|tydsone_somer           = nie toegepas nie
|utc_afwyking_DST        = [[UTC+08:00|+8]]/[[UTC+09:00|+9]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |publisher=timeanddate.com |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |accessdate=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518192321/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |archive-date=18 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|internet_domein         = [[.mn]], .мон
|skakelkode              = 976
|voetskrif               = 
}}

'''Mongolië''', amptelik die '''Mongoolse Staat''' ([[Mongools]]: Монгол улс in [[Mongoolse Cyrilliese skrif|Mongoolse Cyrillies]]; {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}} [mɔŋˈɢɔɮ ʊɮs] in [[Mongoolse skrif]]; [[Latynse alfabet]]: ''Mongol uls''), is 'n [[landingeslote land]] in [[Sentraal-Asië]] en lê tussen [[Rusland]] in die noorde en die [[Volksrepubliek China]] in die suide. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Ulaanbaatar]] (ook bekend as Oelan Bator, [[Russies]]: Улан-Батор), waar sowat 45% van dié land se bevolking woon.

[[Lêer:Mongolia 103.88219E 46.91703N.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van Mongolië]]
Mongolië het in 2024 'n bevolking van 3&amp;nbsp;281&amp;nbsp;676 gehad en beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 1&amp;nbsp;564&amp;nbsp;116&amp;nbsp;km².&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt; Volgens oppervlakte is Mongolië naas [[Kasakstan]] die grootste land wat deur land omring word. Albei lande lê net sowat 37&amp;nbsp;km uitmekaar. Daarbenewens is Mongolië die ylbevolkste land ter wêreld.

Mongolië se gebied is ongeveer gelyk aan dié van die historiese gebied [[Buite-Mongolië]] en die term word soms gebruik om die onafhanklike land van die aangrensende Chinese outonome gewes [[Binne-Mongolië]] te onderskei. Die land se noorde word oorwegend gekenmerk deur [[steppe]], terwyl die suide deur die [[Gobi]]woestyn oorheers word.

Mongolië se geskiedenis is veral bekend vir die [[Mongoolse Ryk]] wat in 1206 deur [[Djengis Khan]] gestig is nadat hy die [[Mongoolse tale|Mongoolse]] en [[Turkse volke]] in die gebied van die huidige Mongolië verenig het. Daarna het hy en sy opvolgers groot dele van Sentraal- en [[Wes-Asië]], China, [[Korea]] en [[Oos-Europa]] verower.

== Ligging en klimaat ==
[[Lêer:Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|duimnael|links|Klimaatsones in Mongolië volgens die [[Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie]]]]
[[Lêer:Mongolia CIA map.png|duimnael|links|Kaart van Mongolië]]
[[Lêer:Map of Mongolia topographic de.jpg|duimnael|links|Topografiese kaart van Mongolië]]
Die gebied van Mongolië beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 1&amp;nbsp;564&amp;nbsp;116&amp;nbsp;km² en die gemiddelde hoogte bo seespieël is 1&amp;nbsp;580&amp;nbsp;m. Die land is in die oostelike deel van [[Sentraal-Asië]] geleë, en grens in die noorde aan [[Siberië]] en in die suide aan die Volksrepubliek China.

'n Groot gedeelte van die westelike en noordelike bergagtige gebiede is altyd met [[sneeu]] bedek. Die oostelike deel van Mongolië bestaan uit heuwelagtige vlaktes, terwyl die suide – wat ongeveer ’n derde van die land se oppervlakte beslaan – uit die Gobiwoestyn bestaan.

Die grootste gedeelte van hierdie woestyn is eintlik halfwoestyngebied, met heelwat grasvelde (steppes) en oases. Die Gobi verdeel die streek in twee gebiede: die noordelike deel (vroeër bekend as Buite-Mongolië) en nou 'n onafhanklike staat, die Mongoolse Staat (1&amp;nbsp;564&amp;nbsp;116&amp;nbsp;km²); en die suidelike deel, Binne-Mongolië (1&amp;nbsp;778&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;km²), 'n outonome gebied binne die Volksrepubliek China.

Mongolië het 'n kontinentale klimaat met koue [[winter]]s en warm [[somer]]s. Die gemiddelde temperatuur is 4&amp;nbsp;°C, met temperature van tot -34&amp;nbsp;°C in Januarie in die noorde, en somertemperature van tot 23&amp;nbsp;°C in die suide. Die weer is dikwels onvoorspelbaar, sodat temperature binne een dag met 30&amp;nbsp;°C kan wissel.

Sand- en haelstorms kan onverwags voorkom, en in die somermaande kan skielike [[reën]]buie oorstromings veroorsaak. Hoewel die swaar sneeuneerslae slegs in die bergagtige gebiede voorkom, word die steppes ook soms deur hewige sneeustorms getref.

== Bevolking ==
[[Lêer:Chinggis Square.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Ulaanbaatar]] is die hoofstad en grootste stad van Mongolië]]
Die meeste inwoners woon in die akkerbougebied in die weste, terwyl die Gobiwoestyn baie yl bewoon is. Ongeveer 25% van die bevolking woon in die hoofstad, Ulaanbaatar, en 25% in ander stedelike nedersettings. As gevolg van 'n dalende sterftesyfer en 'n stygende geboortesyfer is die bevolkingsaanwas hoog. Die bevolking is taamlik homogeen, met 'n meerderheid [[Mongole]].

Die belangrikste subgroep is die [[Khalkha-Mongole]] (75% van die bevolking). Ander Mongoolse subgroepe is onder andere die [[Boerjate]] en die [[Dariganga]]. Die grootste nie-Mongoolse groep is die [[Kasakke]] (ongeveer 4% van die bevolking), 'n groep wat verwant is aan die Mongole maar 'n [[Turkse taal]] praat. Daar woon ook Mongole in Binne-Mongolië en Rusland.

Alle Mongole toon geneties dieselfde fisieke eienskappe. Hulle is kort (selde langer as 1,68&amp;nbsp;m), stewig gebou, met 'n ivoorkleurige tot bruin vel en swart hare. Kenmerkend is die kort skedels en ovaal of ronde gesigte, waardeur die hoë wangbene, skuins oë en neusstruktuur die indruk van platheid wek. Khalkha-Mongools, 'n subfamilie van die [[Altaïese tale]], is die spreektaal van Mongolië, terwyl die geskrewe taal 'n [[Cyrilliese alfabet]] is waarvan die lettertekens aan [[Russies]], [[Bulgaars]] en [[Serwies]] ontleen is.

Tradisioneel het die oorgrote meerderheid van die bevolking Lamaïsme as godsdiens aangehang. Dit is 'n vorm van [[Tibettaanse Boeddhisme]]. Godsdiens speel in Mongolië 'n baie geringe rol en die land het dan ook geen staatsgodsdiens nie. Formeel bestaan daar nog godsdiensvryheid, maar die geestelike en wêreldlike mag van die lamas (priesters) is beperk en godsdiensbeoefening word nie aangemoedig nie. In die hoofstad Ulaanbaatar bestaan daar wel nog 'n Lamaïstiese [[klooster]] wat funksioneer.

== Sosiale maatreëls ==
Hoewel die sterftesyfer in Mongolië in die laaste paar dekades baie gedaal het, veroorsaak swak higiëniese toestande en wanvoeding, onder meer vitamiengebreke, nog heelwat probleme.

Siektes soos [[tuberkulose]], [[Seksueel oordraagbare infeksie|geslagsiektes]], [[geelsug]] en [[tifus]] kom algemeen voer, want ten spyte van 'n groot toename in die getal medici, is mediese toerusting skaars en word hospitale nog slegs in die stedelike sentra aangetref. Behandeling is egter byna altyd gratis. Op die gebied van die onderwys het Mongolië groot vordering gemaak.

Die Mongoolse leiers beskou die onderwys, wat vroeër in die hande van die lamas was, as ’n geskikte instrument vir die opbouing van 'n nuwe gemeenskap. Voor die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] was feitlik die hele bevolking analfabete en is daar klem gelê op die bevordering van die elementêre lees- en skryfkuns. Ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog is meer aandag aan middelbare en hoër onderwys gegee.

Onderwys is gratis en verpligtend vir alle 8- tot 14-jariges, en as gevolg daarvan behoort analfabetisme nou tot die verlede en is die skolingsgraad in Mongolië hoog. Die regering skep ook geriewe om die kinders van nomadiese veetelers van leermateriaal, klere en huisvesting te voorsien. In die praktyk beteken dit dat baie kinders van hulle ouers geskei word. Kleuterskole word ook opgerig om vroue die geleentheid te gee om tot die arbeidsmark toe te tree.

In Ulaanbaatar is die Staatsuniversiteit van Mongolië, asook party hoërskole en inrigtings vir die opleiding van mediese personeel, [[landbou]]kundiges en onderwysers. Baie studente studeer in Rusland of in een van die Oos-Europese lande. Daar was in die laaste paar dekades 'n groot verbetering in behuising. Saam met die industrialisasie en die gevolglike verstedeliking, verruil 'n steeds groter aantal Mongole die tradisionele [[joert]] (of gher), 'n tentagtige, semipermanente nomadewoning, vir ’n woonstel in baksteenwoonstelkomplekse wat deur die regering opgerig word. Op die platteland is die joert egter steeds belangrik, veral in vaste nedersettings.

== Ekonomie ==
[[Lêer:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|duimnael|links|Oyu Tolgoi het sowat 18&amp;nbsp;000 werkers in diens]]
[[Lêer:UB downtown.jpg|duimnael|Ulaanbaatar-uitsig met die Blue Sky Tower aan die linkerkant]]
Op ekonomiese gebied was Mongolië eeue lank van nomadiese veetelers afhanklik. Tot met die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] het die Mongole hulle op veeteelt toegespits en was hulle vir voedsel, klere en behuising volkome daarvan afhanklik. Ongeveer die helfte van die bevolking is steeds van veeteelt afhanklik, maar die omstandighede waaronder dit bedryf word, het baie verander. In die begin van die twintigerjare (met die ontstaan van die Volksrepubliek Mongolië) is daar begin met ’n sosialiseringsproses wat veral ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog op dreef gekom het.

Die Mongole het begin wegbeweeg van 'n suiwer agrariese veeteeltekonomie na 'n agraries-industriële ekonomie. Die groot veekuddes behoort nie meer aan die lamas of wêreldlike vorste, tot wie die arat of veewagter vroeër in ’n feodale verhouding gestaan het nie. Die kuddes is nou in die gemeenskaplike besit van 'n agrariese koöperasie. Slegs 'n klein aantal veewagters trek deesdae met die vee rond, sodat mannekrag bespaar en op ander plekke (soos in die nywerhede) benut kan word.

Mongolië se belangrikste uitvoerprodukte is lewende hawe, [[vleis]], [[wol]], [[klere]] en [[Leer (stof)|leer]], en daar word hoofsaaklik na Rusland, die Volksrepubliek China en die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] uitgevoer. Sowat 33% van die land se invoere kom uit die Volksrepubliek China, Rusland, [[Japan]], [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]] en [[Suid-Korea]], en sluit landboumasjinerie, [[Voertuig|voertuie]], [[petroleum]] en petroleumprodukte, [[suiker]] en suikerprodukte, asook [[koring]] in. In 1921 was kameelkaravane Mongolië se hoofvervoermiddel.

== Geskiedenis ==
[[Lêer:Mongol Empire map 2.gif|duimnael|Die uitbreiding van die [[Mongoolse Ryk]] van 1206 tot 1297]]
Die Mongole se voorouers was die [[Hunne]] (of Hsiungnu), wat van ongeveer die 4de tot die 1ste eeu v.C. in Asië gewoon het. Ná eeue se oorlog met die [[Han-Chinese]], wat deur onderlinge burgeroorloë vererger is, het die Hsiung-nu-konfederasie ontbind. Party stamme het hulle in China gevestig, terwyl ander weswaarts tot in [[Europa]] getrek het.

In 1206 het nomadiese stamme onder leiding van [[Djengis Khan]] 'n enkele Mongoolse feodale staat gevorm. Djengis Khan en sy opvolgers het ’n groot gedeelte van [[Eurasië]] geplunder en verower. In 1691 is Mongolië, wat verswak is deur twiste tussen die khans (vorste) en invalle van buite, deur die invallers uit [[Mantsjoerye]] verower. Eers in 1911 het Mongolië 'n onafhanklike feodale monargie geword.

Aangevuur deur die [[Oktoberrewolusie]] van 1917 in Rusland het [[Damdini Sühbaatar]] ('n nasionale held) militante ondergrondse groepe georganiseer en die Russe en Chinese uit Mongolië begin verdryf. Sühbaatar se magte het op 11 Junie 1921 die oorhand gekry, en op 26 November 1924 is die Volksrepubliek Mongolië amptelik uitgeroep met Ulaanbaatar as hoofstad. (Ulaanbaatar beteken &quot;rooi held&quot;.) Ná die Sowjetunie het die Volksrepubliek Mongolië die tweede kommunistiese staat in die wêreld geword en die Sowjetunie het van die begin af meegehelp dat die bewind gehandhaaf word.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
----
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia|title=Mongolia|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2 April 2026}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/|title=Mongolia|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=18 Januarie 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118142802/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/|archive-date=18 Januarie 2026|url-status=dead}}
* ''[[Wêreldspektrum]]'', 1982, {{ISBN|0-908409-60-5}}, volume 19, bl. 154

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Mongolia|Mongolië}}
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|Mongolia|Mongolië}}
* {{mn}} [https://www.gov.mn/ Amptelike webwerf van die Mongoolse regering]

{{Lande van Asië}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Mongolië| ]]</text>
      <sha1>tin8cdsz557awvb70wpwgruuazast5z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bakboord</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889671</id>
      <parentid>2447665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>1161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Administrateur [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] vervang &quot;Queen_Mary_II_Einlaufen_Hamburg_Hafengeburtstag_2006_-2.jpg&quot; met &quot;Queen_Mary_2_Einlaufen_Hamburg_Hafengeburtstag_6_May_2006.jpg&quot; omrede: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criteri</comment>
      <origin>2889671</origin>
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      <text bytes="1499" sha1="fcwdqc3vdzr96nyz2n165twglf97p8o" xml:space="preserve">[[Beeld:Queen Mary 2 Einlaufen Hamburg Hafengeburtstag 6 May 2006.jpg|duimnael|350px|Bakboord van die ''Queen Mary II'']]
'''Bakboord''' is die linkerkant van 'n skip gesien in die normale vaarrigting (d.w.s. as daar in die rigting van die [[boeg]] gekyk word).  Volgens internasionale konvensie moet seevaartuie 'n rooi lig aan die bakboordkant hê.

== Etimologie ==
Die woord bakboord vind waarskynlik sy oorsprong in oudnoors, die taal van die [[Wikings]]. ''Bak'' het verwys na die rugkant (let op die Engelse woord ''back'', ook die woord agterbaks in [[Afrikaans]]). Die ou Wiking stuurmanne sou na bewering die roer met hulle regterhand vasgehou het, maar sou dikwels dan hulle linkerhande ook moes inspan as meer krag vereis sou word wat dan sou meebring dat hulle met hulle rûe na die linkerkant van die skip sou staan.  ''Boord'' sou dan afkomstig wees van borða wat plank beteken.

== Sien ook ==
*[[Boeg]]
*[[Dek]]
*[[Kiel]]
*[[Stuurboord]]

== Verwysings ==
[http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa001taal05/_taa001taal05_009.htm 'n Nederlandstalige literatuurwerf wat die etimologie van die woord bakboord bespreek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110123/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa001taal05/_taa001taal05_009.htm |date= 9 Desember 2007 }}

== Eksterne skakels ==
[http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jasen01/texts/longship.htm 'n Webwerf deur John Hale] met 'n illustrasie van die posisie van die roer en stuurman op 'n [[Wikings|Wiking]] skip

[[Kategorie:Skeepsbou]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>San Marino</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889633</id>
      <parentid>2881328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T20:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpesBona</username>
        <id>2720</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Statistieke hersien</comment>
      <origin>2889633</origin>
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      <text bytes="14812" sha1="94zvizx2khmjbktgc19tsttb86dzfpn" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Land
|noem_naam               = Republiek San Marino
|volle_naam              = &lt;small&gt;''Repubblica di San Marino'' ([[Italiaans]])&lt;/small&gt;
|algemene_naam           = San Marino
|beeld_vlag              = Flag of San Marino.svg
|beeld_wapen             = Coat of arms of San Marino.svg
|simbool_tipe            = Wapen
|beeld_kaart             = Location San Marino Europe.svg
|leuse                   = ''Libertas''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[Latyn]] vir: &quot;Vryheid&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;
|volkslied               = ''[[Inno Nazionale della Repubblica]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''([[Italiaans]] vir: &quot;Nasionale volkslied van die republiek&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Lêer:Inno Nazionale della Repubblica.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|amptelike_tale          = [[Italiaans]]&lt;ref&gt;{{it}} {{cite web |url=https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |title=San Marino è |publisher=Republiek San Marino |accessdate=7 Mei 2021 |archive-date=7 Mei 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507231603/https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|hoofstad                = [[San Marino (stad)|San Marino-stad]]
{{Koördinate|43|56|N|12|26|O}}
|latd                    = 43
|latm                    = 56
|latNS                   = N
|longd                   = 12
|longm                   = 26
|longEW                  = O
|grootste_stad           = [[Dogana]]
{{Koördinate|43|59|N|12|29|O}}
|regeringsvorm           = Unitêre parlementêre&lt;br /&gt;grondwetlike [[republiek]]
|leiertitels             = &lt;br /&gt;• ''Capitani Reggenti''&lt;br /&gt;(Staatshoofde)
|leiername               = [[Alice Mina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vladimiro Selva]]
|oppervlak_rang          = 227&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|oppervlak_grootte       = 
|oppervlak               = 61&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/|title=San Marino|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=21 Januarie 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121100258/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/|archive-date=21 Januarie 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|oppervlakmi²            = 23,6
|persent_water           = 0
|bevolking_skatting      = 35&amp;nbsp;095&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;
|bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2024
|bevolking_rang          = 214&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|bevolking_sensus        = 
|bevolking_sensus_jaar   = 
|bevolkingsdigtheid      = 575,3
|bevolkingsdigtheidmi²   = 1487,1
|bevolkingsdigtheidrang  = 24&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP                 = $2,951&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=135&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&amp;sy=2025&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;scc=1&amp;ssc=1&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=0 |title=San Marino |publisher=[[Internasionale Monetêre Fonds]] |date=April 2025 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|BBP_PPP_rang            = 176&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP_jaar            = 2026
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita      = $85&amp;nbsp;692&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 12&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP                     = $2,114&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_rang                = 171&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_jaar                = 2026
|BBP_per_kapita          = $61&amp;nbsp;374&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_per_kapita_rang     = 12&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|onafhanklikheidstipe    = • Volgens tradisie&lt;br /&gt;• Van die pouslike staat&lt;br /&gt;• Huidige grondwet
|onafhanklikheidsgebeure = 
|onafhanklikheidsdatums  = van die [[Romeinse Ryk]]&lt;br /&gt;[[3 September]] [[301]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1291]]&lt;br /&gt;[[8 Oktober]] [[1600]] (Statuut)&lt;br /&gt;[[12 Julie]] [[1978]] (Burgerregte)
|MOI                     = 0,915&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=6 Mei 2025 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|MOI_rang                = 29&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|MOI_jaar                = 2023
|MOI_kategorie           = {{kleur|#090|baie hoog}}
|Gini                    = 
|Gini_rang               = 
|Gini_jaar               = 
|Gini_kategorie          = 
|geldeenheid             = [[Euro]] (€)
|geldeenheid_kode        = EUR
|land_kode               = SM
|tydsone                 = MET
|utc_afwyking            = [[UTC+01:00|+1]]
|tydsone_somer           = MEST
|utc_afwyking_DST        = [[UTC+02:00|+2]]
|internet_domein         = [[.sm]]
|skakelkode              = 378 (+39 0549 via Italië)
|voetskrif               = 
}}

'''San Marino''' ([[Italiaans]]: [sam maˈriːno]), amptelik die '''Republiek San Marino'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe |title=San Marino |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Repubblica di San Marino''), ook bekend as die '''Mees Deurlugtige Republiek San Marino'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; (''Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino''), is 'n [[landingeslote land]] in suidelike [[Sentraal-Europa]] met 'n oppervlakte van 61 vierkante kilometer en 'n bevolking van 35&amp;nbsp;095 soos in 2024. Die grootste deel van die staatsgebied word beslaan deur die [[kalksteen]]massief van Monte Titano (met drie bergpieke waarvan die hoogste op 739&amp;nbsp;m bo seevlak geleë is) waarop die hoofstad San Marino-stad ontstaan het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Dr Bernard Stonehouse (red.): ''Philips' Illustrated Atlas of the World''. London: Guild Publishing 1985, bl. 66&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:View of Mount Titano - San Marino.jpg|duimnael|links|Guaita, een van drie bergvestings op Monte Titano wat deur [[Unesco]] in 2008 saam met die historiese kernstad van San Marino tot [[Wêrelderfenisgebied|wêrelderfenis]] verklaar is]]
[[Lêer:Kaart San Marino.png|duimnael|links|Kaart van San Marino]]
Volgens historiese oorlewering is San Marino op 3 September 301 deur Marinus, 'n Christelike klipmesselaar, as toevlugsoord vir Romeinse [[Christene]] gestig. Hierdie stigtingsdag word steeds as nasionale dag van San Marino gevier, terwyl Marinus later deur die [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk]] [[Heilige|heilig]] verklaar is. As ''San Marino'' het hy die naamgewer vir die [[republiek]] en sy [[hoofstad]] geword. San Marino vorm 'n [[enklawe]] in [[Italië|Noord-Italië]] wat sowat 20&amp;nbsp;km (12&amp;nbsp;myl) suidwes van die [[Adriatiese See|Adriatiese]] hawestad [[Rimini]] en 10&amp;nbsp;km van die seekus af geleë is. Van hier kom baie van die jaarliks sowat 1,9 miljoen toeriste wat merendeels daguitstappies na San Marino onderneem.

Die oorspronge van San Marino se selfregering strek terug tot in die antieke tydperk. Sedert die 13de eeu bestaan San Marino as 'n onafhanklike republiek met vaste staatsregtelike strukture (die eerste twee regeringsrade of ''Capitani Reggenti'', wat volgens die antieke Romeinse konsulêre stelsel vir 'n ampstermyn van ses maande gemeenskaplik geregeer het, is in 1243 benoem&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [https://www.welt.de/reise/nah/article9308881/Zu-Gast-in-der-aeltesten-Republik-der-Welt.html ''Die Welt, 31 Augustus 2010: Zu Gast in der ältesten Republik der Welt. Besoek op 7 Augustus 2018'']&lt;/ref&gt;). San Marino se [[onafhanklikheid]] is formeel in 1631 deur [[pous Urbanus VIII]] en nog eens tydens die [[Kongres van Wene]] in 1815 bevestig. In 1862 is 'n vriendskapsverdrag met Italië gesluit.

San Marino is een van die oudste republieke ter wêreld en die vyfde kleinste land volgens oppervlakte. Dit is – naas die [[Vatikaanstad]] en [[Monaco]] – een van die drie kleinste state in Europa. Die hoofstad is [[San Marino (stad)|San Marino-stad]] met 'n bevolking van 4&amp;nbsp;500, die grootste nedersetting is Dogana in die ''castello'' of munisipaliteit Serravalle met meer as 10&amp;nbsp;000 inwoners.

San Marino is lid van die [[Verenigde Nasies]], die [[Raad van Europa]] en die Latynse Unie (van [[Romaanse tale|Romaanssprekende]] lande), maar dit het nie by die [[Europese Unie]] aangesluit nie. Weens die hegte ekonomiese bande met Italië maak die republiek nogtans deel uit van beide die [[Euro]]sone en die [[Schengen-ooreenkoms]].

== Geskiedenis ==
[[Lêer:San marino NASA.png|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van San Marino]]
[[Lêer:Marino als steinhauer.png|duimnael|links|Illustrasie van Sint Marinus, die stigter van die Republiek San Marino en bekende kulturele figuur]]
[[Lêer:SAN MARINO-en.png|duimnael|links|Vir administratiewe doeleindes word San Marino in nege ''castelli'' of munisipaliteite verdeel wat – soos die benaming reeds aandui – hul oorsprong in historiese kasteeldistrikte het]]
Die geskiedenis van die land is nou verbind met dié van sy hoofstad. Die Città di San Marino, soos dit in Italiaans genoem word, is in 301 – twee jaar voor die groot Christenvervolgings onder die die Romeinse keiser [[Diocletianus]] – deur Sint Marinus en verskeie ander aanhangers van die Christelike geloof op Monte Titano gevestig. Dit het vervolgens as veilige toevlugsoord vir Christenvlugtelinge uit die [[Romeinse Ryk]] gedien.

Die historiese kernstad van San Marino is gedurende die Middeleeue deur verskeie geskiedkundige versterkings beveilig wat van die stad 'n ondeurdringbare bergvesting gemaak het. As gevolg hiervan was daar geen groot aanvalle op die stad geloods nie. Verskeie torings en mure, wat opgerig is om die stad te beskerm, is steeds te siene.

== Klimaat ==
San Marino het 'n gematigde Mediterreense [[klimaat]]. Temperature in die heuwelagtige land is ietwat laer as in die nabygeleë Adriatiese kusgebied, met tussen 20&amp;nbsp;°C en 30&amp;nbsp;°C gedurende die [[somer]]maande en tussen 10&amp;nbsp;°C en -2&amp;nbsp;°C in die [[winter]]. In koue winters is die bergpiek Monte Titano soms met 'n ligte [[sneeu]]laag bedek.

== Flora en fauna ==
Die steil hellings van Monte Titano is net soos die heuwellandskap in sy omgewing sterk bebos. Boomspesies, wat hier aangetref word, is hoofsaaklik Mediterreens met esdoring-, denne- en iepebome asook steeneike (''Quercus ilex''). In die ''macchia'', die Mediterreense standhoudende bossieveld, oorheers olyf- en aarbeibome (''Arbutus''), mirte-, lavendel- en lourierstruike.

Naas uitgesproke kultuurvoolgers soos Europese hase, vosse, krimpvarkies en wesels, wat digby of in menslike nedersettings aangetref word, is San Marino se fauna ryk aan voëlspesies. Hoë bome en rotsklowe is gewilde nesplekke vir sowel valke as verskeie sangvoëlspesies.

== Geografie ==
Die staatsgebied van San Marino, wat op 'n onreëlmatige vierhoek lyk en waarvan die grense sedert 1463 feitlik onveranderd gebly het, is tussen die Italiaanse administratiewe geweste [[Emilia-Romagna]] en [[Marche]] geleë. Die grens met Italië het 'n lengte van 39&amp;nbsp;km.

Die terrein is heuwelagtig. Die hoofstad San Marino is teen die suidwestelike helling van die hoogste bergpiek Monte Titano (739 meter bo seevlak) geleë. Alle ander nedersettings is in laer geleë gebied rondom Monte Titano geleë. Daar is geen groot mere nie.

== Ekonomie ==
Die [[toerisme]]- en die finansiële bedryf (veral San Marino se bankwese) genereer die grootste inkomste. San Marino se per capita-inkomste vergelyk gunstig met dié van Noord-Italië se welvarendste streke.

Die [[landbou]]sektor, voor 1945 die primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteit, het algaande van sy belangrikheid ingeboet. Ander noemenswaardige sektore is die ontginning van kalksteen, [[meubel]]-, [[tekstiel]]- en keramiekvervaardiging, die [[mode]]bedryf en [[wyn]]bou. San Marino voer voedsel, elektrisiteit en die meeste ander basiese benodigdhede vanaf Italië in. Invoere uit en uitvoere na Italië verteenwoordig byna 80 persent van San Marino se totale buitelandse handel.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/Maerkte/suche,t=san-marino-laesst-die-lange-krise-hinter-sich,did=1737156.html ''GTAI Germany Trade and Invest, 23 Junie 2017: San Marino lässt die lange Krise hinter sich. Besoek op 7 Augustus 2018'']{{Dooie skakel|date=Augustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoewel San Marino nie 'n lid van die [[Europese Unie]] is nie, verkeer die republiek in 'n monetêre en doeane-unie met Italië. So is die Italiaanse lira en later die Euro as wettige betaalmiddel ingevoer.

San Marino reik egter sedert 1877 sy eie [[posseël]]s uit. Tot en met 2018 is meer as 2&amp;nbsp;700 gedenkseëls en seëls in vaste reekse uitgebring.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://www.stampworld.com/en/stamps/San-Marino/ ''stampworld.com: San Marino. Besoek op 7 Augustus 2018'']&lt;/ref&gt; San Marinese posseëls is gewild by versamelaars en was tradisioneel 'n belangrike bron van inkomste vir die klein republiek wat in die verlede tot 'n tiende van die totale staatsinkomste verteenwoordig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{de}} [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44418621.html ''Der Spiegel, 24 Julie 1948: Briefmarken statt Marshall-Plan. Besoek op 7 Augustus 2018'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://www.apfelbauminc.com/collecting-san-marino-stamps ''Apfelbaum Inc.: Collecting San Marino Stamps. Besoek op 7 Augustus 2018'']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografie ==
[[Lêer:San Marino 010.jpg|duimnael|Die laer geleë moderne buurte van San Marino aan die voet van Monte Titano word per kabelspoor met die Middeleeuse bergstad verbind]]
Van die totale bevolking van meer as 33&amp;nbsp;000 in Mei 2018 was sowat 28&amp;nbsp;000 Italiaanssprekende San Marinese en meer as 5&amp;nbsp;000 buitelanders (waarvan sowat 4&amp;nbsp;600 [[Italianers]]). 17&amp;nbsp;000 San Marinese het hulle in die buiteland gevestig, veral in Italië.

=== Tale ===
Italiaans is die [[amptelike taal]] in San Marino.

=== Godsdiens ===
Meer as 89 persent van die bevolking is Rooms-Katolieke.

== Vervoer ==
'n Snelweg, ''Strada Statale 72'', verbind San Marino met Rimini in Italië. Meeste huishoudings in San Marino besit 'n motor. Daar was 'n spoorlyn voor 1945, maar dit is nie meer in werking nie. Die spoorlyn is gedurende die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebombardeer.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
----
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe|title=San Marino|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=1 April 2026}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/|title=San Marino|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=21 Januarie 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121100258/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/|archive-date=21 Januarie 2026|url-status=dead}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{it}} [https://www.gov.sm/ Amptelike webwerf van die San Marinese regering]

; Toerisme
----
* {{en}} {{it}} [https://www.visitsanmarino.com/ ''San Marino Tourism Board – Visit San Marino'']
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage|San_Marino|San Marino}}

{{Lande van Europa}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:San Marino| ]]
[[Kategorie:Enklawes]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>YouTube</title>
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        <username>~2026-20669-92</username>
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      <text bytes="32825" sha1="e0gjmdgk8ezmdowtd2ja822jxl19v51" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Maatskappy
|naam               = YouTube
|kenteken           = [[Lêer:YouTube 2024.svg|250px]]
|tipe               = Filiaalmaatskappy
|stigting           = [[14 Februarie]] [[2005]]
|ligging_stad       = [[San Bruno, Kalifornië|San Bruno]], [[Kalifornië]]
|ligging_land       = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
|ligging            = 
|liggings           = 
|sleutelpersone     = Susan Wojcicki (hoofuitvoerendebeampte)&lt;br /&gt;Chad Hurley (raadgewer)
|gebied_bedien      = Wêreldwyd, behalwe vir afkeurende lande
|industrie          = [[Internet]]
|produkte           = Videooplaaidiens
|dienste            = 
|inkomste           = 
|bedryfsinkomste    = 
|netto_inkomste     = 
|getal_werknemers   = 
|ouer               = [[Alphabet Inc.]]
|afdelings          = 
|dogtermaatskappye  = 
|slagspreuk         = ''Broadcast Yourself'' (2005–2012)
|tuisblad           = [http://www.youtube.com/ ''youtube.com'']
|ontbind            = 
|voetnotas          = 
|intl               = yes
}}
[[Lêer:Youtube founders.jpg|duimnael|links|Van links na regs: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen en Jawed Karim.]]
[[Lêer:901 Cherry Avenue.jpg|duimnael|links|YouTube se hoofkantoor in [[San Bruno]], Kalifornië]]
{{Infoboks webwerf
| naam = YouTube
| logo = 
| skermkiekie = 
| tipe = 
| taal = Veeltalig, onder andere [[Afrikaans]], [[Engels]], [[Frans]], [[Duits]], [[Pools]], [[Russies]], [[Spaans]], [[Italiaans]], [[Portugees]], [[Koreaans]], [[Chinees]] en [[Nederlands]].
| registrasie = Opsioneel
| eienaar = Google
| outeur = 
| opgerig = 15 Februarie 2005
| status = Aktief
| url =[http://www.youtube.com/ www.youtube.com]
}}
111147474747474

* '''YouTube''' is 'n [[webwerf]] wat gebruikers in staat stel om video's op te laai, koers, kommentaar, deel, en na ander opgelaaide video's te kyk. Die webwerf behels 446464films, musiek videos, nuus, opvoedkundige programme, sowel as video blogs, skyfievertonings, humoristiese video's, en nog baie meer te kyk. YouTube is tans die grootste video webwerf op die [[Internet]].

YouTube is in Februarie 2005 opgerig deur drie voormalige [[PayPal]] medewerkers. 'n Groot verskil met ander video webwerwe in die tyd was dat alle video's outomaties omgeskakel word na een formaat wat vir baie mense toeganklik is, Flash video (.flv). Dit, gekombineerd daarmee dat die hele webwerf gratis vir gebruik is, het daarvoor gesorg dat YouTube nou die grootste videowebwerf op die internet geword het, en één van die grootste webwerwe op die internet in sy geheel.

Die meerderheid van die video's op YouTube word deur indiwiduë uit die publiek uit opgelaai, alhoewel sommige mediamaatskappye soos CBS, [[BBC]], VEVO, Hulu en andere ook van hulle eie materiaal beskikbaar stel. Ongeregistreerde YouTube gebruikers kan gratis na video's kyk, terwyl geregistreerde gebruikers video's kan oplaai. Sommige video's wat as moontlik beledigend of aanstootlik beskou word, kan slegs deur geregistreerde gebruikers van ouer as 18 jaar gekyk word. In November 2006 is YouTube deur [[Google]] oorgeneem, teen 'n bedrag van 1.65 miljard Amerikaanse dollar. YouTube is dus tans as 'n onderafdeling van Google.

Daar word nie baie statistieke uitgegee nie, maar in Julie 2006 het YouTube 'n berig uitgegee dat daar elke dag meer as 100&amp;nbsp;miljoen video's gekyk word, en in die hele maand was uiteindelik 2,5&amp;nbsp;miljard video's afgelaai. Net in Januarie 2008 is daar al 3&amp;nbsp;miljard video's deur slegs 79&amp;nbsp;miljoen mense afgelaai.

== Gevolg van die sukses van YouTube ==
Voor die loods van hierdie webwerf, was daar baie min geleenthede gewees om video's op die Internet te laai. Ná YouTube begin is, het daar 'n hele aantal ander webwerwe opgespring wat ook gebruikers in staat gestel het om video's op die Internet te laai.

== Kopiereg ==
In ruil vir die stoor van die video's moet die oplaaier van alle outeursregte afstand doen. Dit beteken dat jy nie iemand anders se werk mag oplaai indien dit onder kopiereg beskerm word nie. In sommige gevalle bevat opgelaaide video's wel materiaal wat onder kopiereg staan, en kan hulle soms deur YouTube geblokkeer word.

Die skending van kopiereg deur YouTube gebruikers het al tot verskeie regsgedinge gelei. In Maart 2007 het ''Viacom'' in 'n saak teen Google, die YouTube eienaar, 'n bedrag van 1 miljard dollar geëis omdat daar 160&amp;nbsp;000 van sy video's op YouTube beskikbaar was. In September 2007 is YouTube deur 20th Century Fox gedwing om honderde video's te verwyder. Verskeie mediagroepe, waaronder Sony BMG, BBC en Samsung het egter al ooreenkomste met YouTube bereik waarvolgens hulle video- en klankmateriaal wel in sommige gevalle gebruik mag word.

== Hoe dit werk ==
Op YouTube mag gebruikers video's oplaai met 'n maksimum grootte van 1&amp;nbsp;024&amp;nbsp;MB, maar elke video mag slegs 10&amp;nbsp;minute lank wees. Formate soos .avi ([[XviD]] met [[MP3]]), .mp4 (H.264 met AAC+,) .mov, .mpeg word aanvaar. Die video's word omgeskakel na .flv, met daarin die H.263 videoenkodering en 64kbit/s MP3 monogeluid. Die datastroom het 'n totale bitrate van +/- 330 kbit/s, die resolusie is 320x240. Sedert Maart 2008 gee YouTube ook die keuse om die video's in hoër gehalte af te laai. Die resolusie is verhoog van 320x240 na 480x360.

Daar is twee moontlikhede: tik jy '''&amp;fmt=6''' agter die adres van die video in jou [[webblaaier]], dan kry jy 'n H.263 stroom van +/- 600kbit/s met 96kbit/s MP3 mono. Met '''&amp;fmt=18''' kan jy luister na 'n stereostroom, die formaat is dan nie .flv nie, maar .mp4. Die .mp4 bestaan uit 'n H.264-beeldstroom van 300-400kbit/s en +/- 128kbit/s AAC-geluid.

== Lokalisasie ==
[[Lêer:YouTube Localisation.svg|duimnael|400px|Lande met YouTube-lokalisering]]
[[File:YouTube world map April 2020.svg|duimnael|400px|YouTube se status volgens lande:
{{legend|#2B5C2A|Plaaslike YouTube-weergawe}}
{{legend|#ED1C24|Geblokkeer}}
{{legend|#FF92AA|Voorheen geblokkeer}}
{{legend|#B2B2B2|Toeganklik}}]]
Op [[19 Junie]] [[2007]] was [[Eric E. Schmidt]] in [[Parys]] om die nuwe lokaliseringstelsel van stapel te stuur. In die volgende lande is die stelsel al in werking gestel:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Land
! Tale
! Oprigtingsdatum
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} (en wêreldwyde bekendstelling)
| [[Engels]]
| 15 Februarie 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Sayer |url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772 |title=Google launches YouTube France News |publisher=PC Advisor |date=19 Junie 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325161722/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772 |archive-date=25 Maart 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Brasilië}}
| [[Portugees]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Baskies]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| [[Hiberno-Engels]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Italië}}
| [[Italiaans]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| [[Japannees]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| [[Nederlands]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| [[Pools]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Spanje}}
| [[Spaans]], [[Galicies]], [[Katalaans]] en [[Baskies]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| [[Engels]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 11 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |title=Presentan hoy YouTube México |publisher=El Universal |date=11 Oktober 2007 |access-date=9 September 2008 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |archive-date=16 Mei 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Hongkong}}
| [[Tradisionele Chinese karakters|Chinees]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |title=中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場！ |publisher=Stanley5 |date=17 Oktober 2007 |access-date=2 Januarie 2012 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429052053/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |archive-date=29 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Taiwan}}
| [[Tradisionele Chinese karakters|Chinees]]
| 18 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0,2000085678,20125299,00.htm |title=YouTube台灣網站上線 手機版再等等 |publisher=ZDNet |date=18 Oktober 2007 |access-date=2 Januarie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706154250/http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0,2000085678,20125299,00.htm |archive-date=6 Julie 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Australië}}
| [[Engels]]
| 22 Oktober 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Kristen |last=Nicole |url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/ |title=YouTube Launches in Australia &amp; New Zealand |publisher=Mashable |date=22 Oktober 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020324/https://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}}
| [[Engels]]
| 22 Oktober 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
| [[Kanadese Frans]] en [[Kanadese Engels]]
| 6 November 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Duitsland}}
| [[Duits]]
| 8 November 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Ostrow |url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/ |title=YouTube Germany Launches |publisher=Mashable |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020334/https://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
| [[Russies]]
| 13 November 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/ |title=YouTube перевелся на русский |publisher=Kommersant Moscow |date=14 November 2007 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110948/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| [[Koreaans]]
| 23 Januarie 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Martyn |last=Williams |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html |publisher=PC World |date=23 Januarie 2008 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |title=YouTube Launches Korean Site |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055629/http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html |archive-date= 9 Julie 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Bengaals]], [[Engels]], [[Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi]], [[Tamil]], [[Telugu]] en [[Oerdoe]]
| 7 Mei 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation |work=The Hindu |date=8 Mei 2008 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |location=Chennai, India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128004152/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |archive-date=28 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
| [[Hebreeus]]
| 16 September 2008
|-
| {{vlagland|Tsjeggië}}
| [[Tsjeggies]]
| 9 Oktober 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Petr |last=Bokuvka |url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/ |title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks |work=The Czech Daily Word |publisher=Wordpress.com |date=12 Oktober 2008 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331051002/https://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| [[Sweeds]]
| 22 Oktober 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ |title=Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden |date=23 Oktober 2008 |access-date=7 Desember 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112502/https://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}
| [[Afrikaans]], [[Zoeloe]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Mei 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 8 September 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;countries&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |title=YouTube launches in Argentina |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=9 September 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A?url=http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |archive-date= 9 September 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Algerië}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |publisher=ArabCrunch |access-date=13 Maart 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111002/https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Jordanië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Marokko}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| [[Swahili]] en [[Engels]]
| 1 September 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Nmachi |last=Jidenma |url=http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/ |title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya |publisher=The Next Web |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020358/http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| [[Filippyns]] en [[Engels]]
| 13 Oktober 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;philippines&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&amp;publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=13 Oktober 2011|accessdate=13 Oktober 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Singapoer}}
| [[Engels]], [[Maleis]], [[Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters|Chinees]] en [[Tamil]]
| 20 Oktober 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;singapore&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=YouTube Launches Singapore Site |url=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |access-date=23 September 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |archive-date=21 Oktober 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|België}}
| [[Frans]], [[Nederlands]], en [[Duits]]
| 16 November 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 30 November 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ |title=YouTube launches localized website for Colombia |date=1 Desember 2011 |access-date=1 Desember 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Uganda}}
| [[Engels]]
| 2 Desember 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=162|title=Google Launches YouTube Uganda|date=2 Desember 2011|accessdate=15 Januarie 2012|archive-date= 4 Januarie 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=162|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nigerië}}
| [[Engels]]
| 7 Desember 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/|title=Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today|date=7 Desember 2011|accessdate=15 Januarie 2012|archive-date= 8 Januarie 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Chili}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 20 Januarie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |title=Google launches YouTube Chile |date=19 Maart 2012 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |archive-date=25 Maart 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Hongarye}}
| [[Hongaars]]
| 29 Februarie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11|title=Google Launches Hungarian YouTube|date=12 Maart 2012|accessdate=22 Maart 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 |archivedate=17 Januarie 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Maleisië}}
| [[Maleis]] en [[Engels]]
| 22 Maart 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 |title=YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia |date=22 Maart 2012 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094750/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03/ |archive-date=10 Oktober 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Peru}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 25 Maart 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 |title=YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues |date=27 Maart 2012 |access-date=1 April 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095458/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03/ |archive-date=10 Oktober 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Arabiese Emirate}}
| [[Arabies]] en [[Engels]]
| 1 April 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |title=UAE version of YouTube launched |publisher=Emirates 247 |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=14 Februarie 2014 |author=Bindu Suresh Rai |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Griekeland}}
| [[Grieks]]
| 1 Mei 2012
|-
| {{vlagland|Indonesië}}
| [[Indonesies]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Mei 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443|title=YouTube Launches Indonesian Version|date=15 Junie 2012|accessdate=8 Julie 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
| [[Engels]]
| 5 Junie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |title=Google launches YouTube in Ghana |date=22 Junie 2012 |access-date=8 Julie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192124/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |archive-date=12 Februarie 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Senegal}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Engels]]
| 4 Julie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal |title=YouTube launches local portal in Senegal&quot; |date=16 Julie 2012 |access-date=25 Julie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027111355/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal |archive-date=27 Oktober 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Turkye}}
| [[Turks]]
| 1 Oktober 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g|title=YouTube's Turkish version goes into service|date=1 Oktober 2012|accessdate=1 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| [[Oekraïens]]
| 13 Desember 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Maryna |last=Tarasova |url=http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html |publisher=Google Ukraine Blog |title=YouTube приходить в Україну! |date=13 Desember 2012 |location=Oekraïne |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804014222/http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=23 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| [[Deens]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |publisher=iProspect |title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Denemarke |language=da |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |archive-date=7 Mei 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| [[Fins]] en [[Sweeds]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Vilja |last=Sormunen |url=http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |publisher=KLOK |title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics |date=6 Februarie 2013 |access-date=11 Februarie 2013 |location=Nordies |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110928/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| [[Noors]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{no}} {{cite web|url=http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=TONO|title=YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY|accessdate=17 April 2013|location=Noorweë|archive-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| [[Duits]], [[Frans]] en [[Italiaans]]
| 29 Maart 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210 |publisher=swissinfo |title=YouTube goes Swiss |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Switserland |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070051/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210 |archive-date=3 Desember 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk}}
| [[Duits]]
| 29 Maart 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html |publisher=Wiener Zeitung |title=YouTube.at seit Donnerstag online |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Oostenryk |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910234302/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Roemenië}}
| [[Roemeens]]
| 18 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820 |publisher=ZF.ro |title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână |access-date=14 Mei 2013 |location=Roemenië |language=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702030834/http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820 |archive-date=2 Julie 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Portugal}}
| [[Portugees]]
| 25 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{pt}} {{cite web|url=http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|accessdate=14 Mei 2013|location=Portugal|archive-date= 3 Desember 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Slowakye}}
| [[Slowaaks]]
| 25 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube |publisher=Vat Pravda |date=21 Mei 2013 |access-date=24 Februarie 2014 |author=Tomáš Švec |language=sk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020455/http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Bahrein}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC |publisher=tbreak Media |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=14 Februarie 2014 |author=Nick Rego |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910234238/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Koeweit}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oman}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Katar}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Bosnië-Herzegowina}}
| [[Bosnies]], [[Kroaties]] en [[Serwies]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Bulgarye}}
| [[Bulgaars]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България |publisher=New Trend |date=18 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=Ивелина Атанасова |language=bg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221030650/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |archive-date=21 Desember 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kroasië}}
| [[Kroaties]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj |publisher=Lider |date=19 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423132339/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Estland}}
| [[Estnies]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{et}} {{cite web|url=http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|title=Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!|publisher=Meedium|date=19 Maart 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014|author=Siiri Oden|archive-date= 7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Letland}}
| [[Lets]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā |publisher=Marketing |date=19 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=Marta |language=lt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702021332/http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |archive-date=2 Julie 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Litaue}}
| [[Litaus]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Montenegro}}
| [[Serwies]] en [[Kroaties]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Noord-Masedonië}}
| [[Macedonies]], [[Serwies]] en [[Turks]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Serwië}}
| [[Serwies]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Slowenië}}
| [[Sloweens]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;(sl) {{cite web |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi |publisher=Dnevnik |date=18 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=STA |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114153/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |archive-date=4 Maart 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Thailand}}
| [[Thai]]
| 1 April 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|publisher=The Nation|date=3 April 2014|accessdate=4 April 2014|author=Asina Pornwasin|archive-date=11 Januarie 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111081909/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Libanon}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 1 Mei 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Puerto Rico}}
| [[Spaans]] en [[Engels]]
| 23 Augustus 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Ysland}}
| [[Yslands]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Luxemburg}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Duits]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Viëtnam}}
| [[Viëtnamees]]
| 1 Oktober 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Libië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 1 Februarie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Tanzanië}}
| [[Swahili]] en [[Engels]]
| 2 Junie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Zimbabwe}}
| [[Engels]]
| 2 Junie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Azerbeidjan}}
| [[Azerbeidjans]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |title=YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales |author=Stephen Hall |publisher=9to5 Google |date=22 Oktober 2015 |access-date=18 Maart 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110950/https://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Wit-Rusland}}
| [[Russies]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Georgië}}
| [[Georgies]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kasakstan}}
| [[Kasaks]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nepal}}
| [[Nepalees]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;himalayan&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/youtube-launches-specific-homepages-for-nepal-pakistan-sri-lanka/|title=YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages|publisher=The Himalayan Times|date=13 Januarie 2016|accessdate=31 Januarie 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
| [[Oerdoe]] en [[Engels]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1026164/youtube-launches-country-specific-homepages-for-pakistan/|title=YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=12 Januarie 2016|accessdate=31 Januarie 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Singalees]] en [[Tamil]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;himalayan&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
| [[Arabies]]
| ?, 2016
|-
| {{vlagland|Jamaika}}
| [[Engels]]
| ?, 2016
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Vimeo]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{en}} [http://www.youtube.com/ Amptelike webwerf]
* {{en}} Sensuur by Youtube: [http://www.ibtimes.com/prnews/20081211/youtube-adl-safety.htm ''YouTube Taps ADL as Partner in Fight Against Hate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216005800/http://www.ibtimes.com/prnews/20081211/youtube-adl-safety.htm |date=16 Desember 2008 }}, deur die International Business Times

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:YouTube| ]]</text>
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        <id>183924</id>
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      <comment>Wysiging deur [[Special:Contributions/~2026-20669-92|~2026-20669-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-20669-92|bespreking]]) teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="32801" sha1="dr66pr3jb5q8jixwqm2oc8856qh5vpj" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Maatskappy
|naam               = YouTube
|kenteken           = [[Lêer:YouTube 2024.svg|250px]]
|tipe               = Filiaalmaatskappy
|stigting           = [[14 Februarie]] [[2005]]
|ligging_stad       = [[San Bruno, Kalifornië|San Bruno]], [[Kalifornië]]
|ligging_land       = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
|ligging            = 
|liggings           = 
|sleutelpersone     = Susan Wojcicki (hoofuitvoerendebeampte)&lt;br /&gt;Chad Hurley (raadgewer)
|gebied_bedien      = Wêreldwyd, behalwe vir afkeurende lande
|industrie          = [[Internet]]
|produkte           = Videooplaaidiens
|dienste            = 
|inkomste           = 
|bedryfsinkomste    = 
|netto_inkomste     = 
|getal_werknemers   = 
|ouer               = [[Alphabet Inc.]]
|afdelings          = 
|dogtermaatskappye  = 
|slagspreuk         = ''Broadcast Yourself'' (2005–2012)
|tuisblad           = [http://www.youtube.com/ ''youtube.com'']
|ontbind            = 
|voetnotas          = 
|intl               = yes
}}
[[Lêer:Youtube founders.jpg|duimnael|links|Van links na regs: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen en Jawed Karim.]]
[[Lêer:901 Cherry Avenue.jpg|duimnael|links|YouTube se hoofkantoor in [[San Bruno]], Kalifornië]]
{{Infoboks webwerf
| naam = YouTube
| logo = 
| skermkiekie = 
| tipe = 
| taal = Veeltalig, onder andere [[Afrikaans]], [[Engels]], [[Frans]], [[Duits]], [[Pools]], [[Russies]], [[Spaans]], [[Italiaans]], [[Portugees]], [[Koreaans]], [[Chinees]] en [[Nederlands]].
| registrasie = Opsioneel
| eienaar = Google
| outeur = 
| opgerig = 15 Februarie 2005
| status = Aktief
| url =[http://www.youtube.com/ www.youtube.com]
}}

'''YouTube''' is 'n [[webwerf]] wat gebruikers in staat stel om video's op te laai, koers, kommentaar, deel, en na ander opgelaaide video's te kyk. Die webwerf behels films, musiek videos, nuus, opvoedkundige programme, sowel as video blogs, skyfievertonings, humoristiese video's, en nog baie meer te kyk. YouTube is tans die grootste video webwerf op die [[Internet]].

YouTube is in Februarie 2005 opgerig deur drie voormalige [[PayPal]] medewerkers. 'n Groot verskil met ander video webwerwe in die tyd was dat alle video's outomaties omgeskakel word na een formaat wat vir baie mense toeganklik is, Flash video (.flv). Dit, gekombineerd daarmee dat die hele webwerf gratis vir gebruik is, het daarvoor gesorg dat YouTube nou die grootste videowebwerf op die internet geword het, en één van die grootste webwerwe op die internet in sy geheel.

Die meerderheid van die video's op YouTube word deur indiwiduë uit die publiek uit opgelaai, alhoewel sommige mediamaatskappye soos CBS, [[BBC]], VEVO, Hulu en andere ook van hulle eie materiaal beskikbaar stel. Ongeregistreerde YouTube gebruikers kan gratis na video's kyk, terwyl geregistreerde gebruikers video's kan oplaai. Sommige video's wat as moontlik beledigend of aanstootlik beskou word, kan slegs deur geregistreerde gebruikers van ouer as 18 jaar gekyk word. In November 2006 is YouTube deur [[Google]] oorgeneem, teen 'n bedrag van 1.65 miljard Amerikaanse dollar. YouTube is dus tans as 'n onderafdeling van Google.

Daar word nie baie statistieke uitgegee nie, maar in Julie 2006 het YouTube 'n berig uitgegee dat daar elke dag meer as 100&amp;nbsp;miljoen video's gekyk word, en in die hele maand was uiteindelik 2,5&amp;nbsp;miljard video's afgelaai. Net in Januarie 2008 is daar al 3&amp;nbsp;miljard video's deur slegs 79&amp;nbsp;miljoen mense afgelaai.

== Gevolg van die sukses van YouTube ==
Voor die loods van hierdie webwerf, was daar baie min geleenthede gewees om video's op die Internet te laai. Ná YouTube begin is, het daar 'n hele aantal ander webwerwe opgespring wat ook gebruikers in staat gestel het om video's op die Internet te laai.

== Kopiereg ==
In ruil vir die stoor van die video's moet die oplaaier van alle outeursregte afstand doen. Dit beteken dat jy nie iemand anders se werk mag oplaai indien dit onder kopiereg beskerm word nie. In sommige gevalle bevat opgelaaide video's wel materiaal wat onder kopiereg staan, en kan hulle soms deur YouTube geblokkeer word.

Die skending van kopiereg deur YouTube gebruikers het al tot verskeie regsgedinge gelei. In Maart 2007 het ''Viacom'' in 'n saak teen Google, die YouTube eienaar, 'n bedrag van 1 miljard dollar geëis omdat daar 160&amp;nbsp;000 van sy video's op YouTube beskikbaar was. In September 2007 is YouTube deur 20th Century Fox gedwing om honderde video's te verwyder. Verskeie mediagroepe, waaronder Sony BMG, BBC en Samsung het egter al ooreenkomste met YouTube bereik waarvolgens hulle video- en klankmateriaal wel in sommige gevalle gebruik mag word.

== Hoe dit werk ==
Op YouTube mag gebruikers video's oplaai met 'n maksimum grootte van 1&amp;nbsp;024&amp;nbsp;MB, maar elke video mag slegs 10&amp;nbsp;minute lank wees. Formate soos .avi ([[XviD]] met [[MP3]]), .mp4 (H.264 met AAC+,) .mov, .mpeg word aanvaar. Die video's word omgeskakel na .flv, met daarin die H.263 videoenkodering en 64kbit/s MP3 monogeluid. Die datastroom het 'n totale bitrate van +/- 330 kbit/s, die resolusie is 320x240. Sedert Maart 2008 gee YouTube ook die keuse om die video's in hoër gehalte af te laai. Die resolusie is verhoog van 320x240 na 480x360.

Daar is twee moontlikhede: tik jy '''&amp;fmt=6''' agter die adres van die video in jou [[webblaaier]], dan kry jy 'n H.263 stroom van +/- 600kbit/s met 96kbit/s MP3 mono. Met '''&amp;fmt=18''' kan jy luister na 'n stereostroom, die formaat is dan nie .flv nie, maar .mp4. Die .mp4 bestaan uit 'n H.264-beeldstroom van 300-400kbit/s en +/- 128kbit/s AAC-geluid.

== Lokalisasie ==
[[Lêer:YouTube Localisation.svg|duimnael|400px|Lande met YouTube-lokalisering]]
[[File:YouTube world map April 2020.svg|duimnael|400px|YouTube se status volgens lande:
{{legend|#2B5C2A|Plaaslike YouTube-weergawe}}
{{legend|#ED1C24|Geblokkeer}}
{{legend|#FF92AA|Voorheen geblokkeer}}
{{legend|#B2B2B2|Toeganklik}}]]
Op [[19 Junie]] [[2007]] was [[Eric E. Schmidt]] in [[Parys]] om die nuwe lokaliseringstelsel van stapel te stuur. In die volgende lande is die stelsel al in werking gestel:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Land
! Tale
! Oprigtingsdatum
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} (en wêreldwyde bekendstelling)
| [[Engels]]
| 15 Februarie 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Sayer |url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772 |title=Google launches YouTube France News |publisher=PC Advisor |date=19 Junie 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325161722/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772 |archive-date=25 Maart 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Brasilië}}
| [[Portugees]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Frankryk}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Baskies]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Ierland}}
| [[Hiberno-Engels]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Italië}}
| [[Italiaans]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Japan}}
| [[Japannees]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nederland}}
| [[Nederlands]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Pole}}
| [[Pools]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Spanje}}
| [[Spaans]], [[Galicies]], [[Katalaans]] en [[Baskies]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}}
| [[Engels]]
| 19 Junie 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Meksiko}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 11 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |title=Presentan hoy YouTube México |publisher=El Universal |date=11 Oktober 2007 |access-date=9 September 2008 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516063924/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulos/43235.html |archive-date=16 Mei 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Hongkong}}
| [[Tradisionele Chinese karakters|Chinees]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |title=中文上線 – YouTube 香港中文版登場！ |publisher=Stanley5 |date=17 Oktober 2007 |access-date=2 Januarie 2012 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429052053/http://stanley5.blogspot.com/2007/10/youtube.html |archive-date=29 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Taiwan}}
| [[Tradisionele Chinese karakters|Chinees]]
| 18 Oktober 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0,2000085678,20125299,00.htm |title=YouTube台灣網站上線 手機版再等等 |publisher=ZDNet |date=18 Oktober 2007 |access-date=2 Januarie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706154250/http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0,2000085678,20125299,00.htm |archive-date=6 Julie 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Australië}}
| [[Engels]]
| 22 Oktober 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Kristen |last=Nicole |url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/ |title=YouTube Launches in Australia &amp; New Zealand |publisher=Mashable |date=22 Oktober 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020324/https://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}}
| [[Engels]]
| 22 Oktober 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kanada}}
| [[Kanadese Frans]] en [[Kanadese Engels]]
| 6 November 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-NZ&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Duitsland}}
| [[Duits]]
| 8 November 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Ostrow |url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/ |title=YouTube Germany Launches |publisher=Mashable |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020334/https://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Rusland}}
| [[Russies]]
| 13 November 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940/ |title=YouTube перевелся на русский |publisher=Kommersant Moscow |date=14 November 2007 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110948/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824940 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}}
| [[Koreaans]]
| 23 Januarie 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Martyn |last=Williams |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html |publisher=PC World |date=23 Januarie 2008 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |title=YouTube Launches Korean Site |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055629/http://www.pcworld.com/article/141684/youtube_launches_korean_site.html |archive-date= 9 Julie 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Indië}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Bengaals]], [[Engels]], [[Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi]], [[Tamil]], [[Telugu]] en [[Oerdoe]]
| 7 Mei 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation |work=The Hindu |date=8 Mei 2008 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |location=Chennai, India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128004152/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm |archive-date=28 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Israel}}
| [[Hebreeus]]
| 16 September 2008
|-
| {{vlagland|Tsjeggië}}
| [[Tsjeggies]]
| 9 Oktober 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Petr |last=Bokuvka |url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/ |title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it's crap. It sucks |work=The Czech Daily Word |publisher=Wordpress.com |date=12 Oktober 2008 |access-date=3 Augustus 2009 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331051002/https://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/ |archive-date=31 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Swede}}
| [[Sweeds]]
| 22 Oktober 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ |title=Launch video unavailable when YouTube opens up in Sweden |date=23 Oktober 2008 |access-date=7 Desember 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112502/https://www.kullin.net/2008/10/launch-video-unavailable-when-youtube-opens-up-in-sweden/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}}
| [[Afrikaans]], [[Zoeloe]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Mei 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Argentinië}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 8 September 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;countries&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |title=YouTube launches in Argentina |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=9 September 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5sbofbU9A?url=http://www.typeboard.com/2010/09/youtube-launches-in-argentina/ |archive-date= 9 September 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Algerië}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |title=YouTube Launches Local Version For Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Yemen |publisher=ArabCrunch |access-date=13 Maart 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111002/https://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco-saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Egipte}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Jordanië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Marokko}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Tunisië}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Jemen}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 9 Maart 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;arabcrunch1&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kenia}}
| [[Swahili]] en [[Engels]]
| 1 September 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Nmachi |last=Jidenma |url=http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/ |title=Google launches YouTube in Kenya |publisher=The Next Web |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020358/http://thenextweb.com/africa/2011/10/05/google-launches-youtube-in-kenya/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Filippyne}}
| [[Filippyns]] en [[Engels]]
| 13 Oktober 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;philippines&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|first=Tam|last=Nod|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=737018&amp;publicationSubCategoryId=200|title=YouTube launches 'The Philippines'|publisher=The Philippine Star|date=13 Oktober 2011|accessdate=13 Oktober 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Singapoer}}
| [[Engels]], [[Maleis]], [[Vereenvoudigde Chinese karakters|Chinees]] en [[Tamil]]
| 20 Oktober 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;singapore&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=YouTube Launches Singapore Site |url=http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |access-date=23 September 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021221603/http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC111020-0000359/YouTube-launches-Singapore-site |archive-date=21 Oktober 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|België}}
| [[Frans]], [[Nederlands]], en [[Duits]]
| 16 November 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Colombia}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 30 November 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ |title=YouTube launches localized website for Colombia |date=1 Desember 2011 |access-date=1 Desember 2011 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://thenextweb.com/la/2011/12/01/youtube-launches-localized-website-for-columbia/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Uganda}}
| [[Engels]]
| 2 Desember 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069:google-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=162|title=Google Launches YouTube Uganda|date=2 Desember 2011|accessdate=15 Januarie 2012|archive-date= 4 Januarie 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104043549/http://pctechmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1069%3Agoogle-launches-youtube-uganda&amp;catid=1%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=162|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nigerië}}
| [[Engels]]
| 7 Desember 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today/|title=Google to Launch YouTube Nigeria Today|date=7 Desember 2011|accessdate=15 Januarie 2012|archive-date= 8 Januarie 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108001623/http://www.techmtaa.com/2011/12/07/google-to-launch-youtube-nigeria-today|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Chili}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 20 Januarie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |title=Google launches YouTube Chile |date=19 Maart 2012 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325080121/http://nextvlatam.com/index.php/5-otts/google-launches-youtube-chile/ |archive-date=25 Maart 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Hongarye}}
| [[Hongaars]]
| 29 Februarie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11|title=Google Launches Hungarian YouTube|date=12 Maart 2012|accessdate=22 Maart 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060628/http://kultura.hu/main.php?folderID=1094&amp;articleID=323455&amp;ctag=&amp;iid=11 |archivedate=17 Januarie 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Maleisië}}
| [[Maleis]] en [[Engels]]
| 22 Maart 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03 |title=YouTube Launches Local Domain For Malaysia |date=22 Maart 2012 |access-date=22 Maart 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094750/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-launches-local-domain-for-malaysia-2012-03/ |archive-date=10 Oktober 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Peru}}
| [[Spaans]]
| 25 Maart 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 |title=YouTube Peru Launched, Expansion continues |date=27 Maart 2012 |access-date=1 April 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095458/https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03/ |archive-date=10 Oktober 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Verenigde Arabiese Emirate}}
| [[Arabies]] en [[Engels]]
| 1 April 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |title=UAE version of YouTube launched |publisher=Emirates 247 |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=14 Februarie 2014 |author=Bindu Suresh Rai |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110938/https://www.emirates247.com/business/technology/uae-version-of-youtube-launched-2012-04-02-1.451741 |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Griekeland}}
| [[Grieks]]
| 1 Mei 2012
|-
| {{vlagland|Indonesië}}
| [[Indonesies]] en [[Engels]]
| 17 Mei 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/youtube-launches-indonesian-version/524443|title=YouTube Launches Indonesian Version|date=15 Junie 2012|accessdate=8 Julie 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Ghana}}
| [[Engels]]
| 5 Junie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |title=Google launches YouTube in Ghana |date=22 Junie 2012 |access-date=8 Julie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192124/http://www.humanipo.com/blog/713/Google-launches-YouTube-in-Ghana |archive-date=12 Februarie 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Senegal}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Engels]]
| 4 Julie 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal |title=YouTube launches local portal in Senegal&quot; |date=16 Julie 2012 |access-date=25 Julie 2012 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027111355/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/youtube-launches-local-portal-in-senegal |archive-date=27 Oktober 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Turkye}}
| [[Turks]]
| 1 Oktober 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g|title=YouTube's Turkish version goes into service|date=1 Oktober 2012|accessdate=1 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oekraïne}}
| [[Oekraïens]]
| 13 Desember 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Maryna |last=Tarasova |url=http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html |publisher=Google Ukraine Blog |title=YouTube приходить в Україну! |date=13 Desember 2012 |location=Oekraïne |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804014222/http://google-ukraine-blog.blogspot.com/2012/12/youtube.html |archive-date= 4 Augustus 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=23 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Denemarke}}
| [[Deens]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |publisher=iProspect |title=YouTube lanceres i Danmark |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Denemarke |language=da |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094859/http://www.iprospect.dk/youtube-lanceres-i-danmark |archive-date=7 Mei 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Finland}}
| [[Fins]] en [[Sweeds]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Vilja |last=Sormunen |url=http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |publisher=KLOK |title=YouTube Launches in the Nordics |date=6 Februarie 2013 |access-date=11 Februarie 2013 |location=Nordies |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110928/http://www.klok.fi/blog/youtube-launches-in-the-nordics/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Noorweë}}
| [[Noors]]
| 1 Februarie 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{no}} {{cite web|url=http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|publisher=TONO|title=YOUTUBE LAUNCHED IN NORWAY|accessdate=17 April 2013|location=Noorweë|archive-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420134320/http://www.tono.no/YouTube+lansert+i+Norge.12888.cms|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Switserland}}
| [[Duits]], [[Frans]] en [[Italiaans]]
| 29 Maart 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210 |publisher=swissinfo |title=YouTube goes Swiss |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Switserland |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070051/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/YouTube_goes_Swiss.html?cid=35450210 |archive-date=3 Desember 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oostenryk}}
| [[Duits]]
| 29 Maart 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html |publisher=Wiener Zeitung |title=YouTube.at seit Donnerstag online |access-date=17 April 2013 |location=Oostenryk |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910234302/https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_digital/digital_news/538498_YouTube.at-seit-Donnerstag-online.html |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Roemenië}}
| [[Roemeens]]
| 18 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820 |publisher=ZF.ro |title=Youtube România se lansează într-o săptămână |access-date=14 Mei 2013 |location=Roemenië |language=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702030834/http://www.zf.ro/zf-24/youtube-romania-se-lanseaza-intr-o-saptamana-10764820 |archive-date=2 Julie 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Portugal}}
| [[Portugees]]
| 25 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{pt}} {{cite web|url=http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|publisher=Luso Noticias|title=Google lança versão lusa do YouTube|accessdate=14 Mei 2013|location=Portugal|archive-date= 3 Desember 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.lusonoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=27764:google-lanca-versao-lusa-do-youtube&amp;catid=343&amp;Itemid=159|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Slowakye}}
| [[Slowaaks]]
| 25 April 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |title=Slováci už môžu oficiálne zarábať na tvorbe videí pre YouTube |publisher=Vat Pravda |date=21 Mei 2013 |access-date=24 Februarie 2014 |author=Tomáš Švec |language=sk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611020455/http://vat.pravda.sk/obraz-a-zvuk/clanok/281254-slovaci-uz-mozu-oficialne-zarabat-na-tvorbe-videi-pre-youtube/ |archive-date=11 Junie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Bahrein}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |title=YouTube expands monetization and partnership in GCC |publisher=tbreak Media |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=14 Februarie 2014 |author=Nick Rego |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910234238/http://www.tbreak.ae/news/youtube-expands-monetization-partnership-gcc |archive-date=10 September 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Koeweit}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Oman}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Katar}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 16 Augustus 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Bosnië-Herzegowina}}
| [[Bosnies]], [[Kroaties]] en [[Serwies]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Bulgarye}}
| [[Bulgaars]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |title=YouTube рекламата става достъпна и за България |publisher=New Trend |date=18 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=Ивелина Атанасова |language=bg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221030650/https://newtrend.bg/digital-company/youtube/youtube-reklama-bulgaria |archive-date=21 Desember 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kroasië}}
| [[Kroaties]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |title=Oglašavanje na video platformi YouTube od sad dostupno i u Hrvatskoj |publisher=Lider |date=19 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423132339/http://liderpress.hr/poslovna-znanja/oglasavanje-na-video-platformi-youtube-od-sad-dostupno-i-u-hrvatskoj/ |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Estland}}
| [[Estnies]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{et}} {{cite web|url=http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|title=Youtube reklaamid – uued võimalused nüüd ka Eestis!|publisher=Meedium|date=19 Maart 2014|accessdate=5 April 2014|author=Siiri Oden|archive-date= 7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094928/http://www.meedium.ee/blog/youtube-reklaamid-eestis|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Letland}}
| [[Lets]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |title=Tagad reklāmas iespējas Youtube kanālā iespējams izmantot arī Latvijā |publisher=Marketing |date=19 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=Marta |language=lt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702021332/http://marketing.lv/tagad-reklamas-iespejas-youtube-kanala-iespejams-izmantot-ari-latvija/ |archive-date=2 Julie 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Litaue}}
| [[Litaus]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Montenegro}}
| [[Serwies]] en [[Kroaties]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Noord-Masedonië}}
| [[Macedonies]], [[Serwies]] en [[Turks]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Serwië}}
| [[Serwies]]
| 17 Maart 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Slowenië}}
| [[Sloweens]]
| 17 Maart 2014&lt;ref&gt;(sl) {{cite web |url=http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |title=Na Youtube prihajajo tudi slovenski video oglasi |publisher=Dnevnik |date=18 Maart 2014 |access-date=5 April 2014 |author=STA |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114153/http://www.dnevnik.si/magazin/znanost-in-tehnologija/na-youtube-prihajajo-tudi-slovenski-video-oglasi |archive-date=4 Maart 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Thailand}}
| [[Thai]]
| 1 April 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|title=YouTube introduces homepage especially|publisher=The Nation|date=3 April 2014|accessdate=4 April 2014|author=Asina Pornwasin|archive-date=11 Januarie 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111081909/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/YouTube-introduces-homepage-especially-30230795.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Libanon}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 1 Mei 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Puerto Rico}}
| [[Spaans]] en [[Engels]]
| 23 Augustus 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Ysland}}
| [[Yslands]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Luxemburg}}
| [[Frans]] en [[Duits]]
| ?, 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Viëtnam}}
| [[Viëtnamees]]
| 1 Oktober 2014
|-
| {{vlagland|Libië}}
| [[Arabies]]
| 1 Februarie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Tanzanië}}
| [[Swahili]] en [[Engels]]
| 2 Junie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Zimbabwe}}
| [[Engels]]
| 2 Junie 2015
|-
| {{vlagland|Azerbeidjan}}
| [[Azerbeidjans]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |title=YouTube continues global expansion w/ versions of its site in 7 new locales |author=Stephen Hall |publisher=9to5 Google |date=22 Oktober 2015 |access-date=18 Maart 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110950/https://9to5google.com/2015/10/12/youtube-global-7-new-countries/ |archive-date=9 Oktober 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Wit-Rusland}}
| [[Russies]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Georgië}}
| [[Georgies]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Kasakstan}}
| [[Kasaks]]
| 12 Oktober 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;adriatics baltics&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Nepal}}
| [[Nepalees]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;himalayan&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/youtube-launches-specific-homepages-for-nepal-pakistan-sri-lanka/|title=YouTube launches Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka-specific homepages|publisher=The Himalayan Times|date=13 Januarie 2016|accessdate=31 Januarie 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Pakistan}}
| [[Oerdoe]] en [[Engels]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1026164/youtube-launches-country-specific-homepages-for-pakistan/|title=YouTube launches country-specific homepage for Pakistan|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=12 Januarie 2016|accessdate=31 Januarie 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Singalees]] en [[Tamil]]
| 12 Januarie 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;himalayan&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{vlagland|Irak}}
| [[Arabies]]
| ?, 2016
|-
| {{vlagland|Jamaika}}
| [[Engels]]
| ?, 2016
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Vimeo]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{en}} [http://www.youtube.com/ Amptelike webwerf]
* {{en}} Sensuur by Youtube: [http://www.ibtimes.com/prnews/20081211/youtube-adl-safety.htm ''YouTube Taps ADL as Partner in Fight Against Hate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216005800/http://www.ibtimes.com/prnews/20081211/youtube-adl-safety.htm |date=16 Desember 2008 }}, deur die International Business Times

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:YouTube| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magaliesberg</title>
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[[Beeld:Magaliesberg00.png|duimnael|250px|&lt;center&gt;Topografie van die Magaliesberg en Pilanesberg&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Beeld:Magaliesberg01.jpg|duimnael|250px|&lt;center&gt;Hamerkopkloof in die Magaliesberg&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Beeld:Tonquani Kloof00.jpg|duimnael|250px|&lt;center&gt;Tonquanikloof in die Magaliesberg&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Beeld:Hamerkop Kloof00b.jpg|duimnael|250px|&lt;center&gt;Hamerkopkloof&lt;/center&gt;]]

Die '''Magaliesberg''' is 'n [[berg]]reeks wat van [[Pretoria]] in die noorde van [[Gauteng]] tot suid van [[Pilanesberg]], in die [[Noordwes]]provinsie, strek. Die bergreeks is ongeveer 120 km lank. Die hoogste punt van die bergreeks is by Nooitgedacht, 1&amp;nbsp;852 meter bo [[seevlak|seespieël]], maar slegs 300 m bo die omliggende vlakte. Die [[Hartbeespoortdam]], [[Buffelspoortdam]] en [[Olifantsnekdam]] is in die Magaliesberg geleë. Byna die hele berg is tot 'n [[natuurreservaat]] verklaar. 

== Naam ==
Die Magaliesberge was in die verlede bekend as die ''Macalisberg'' of as die ''Kashanberge''.&lt;ref name=&quot;stow&quot; /&gt; Die berge is glo vernoem na die [[Tswanas|Tswana-hoofman]] Magali (Mohale), wat 'n stam in die noorde van die berge regeer het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bristow-Ward&quot; /&gt;

== Flora ==
Daar is meer as 130 [[spesie]]s van bome in die Magaliesberg.&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-flora&quot; /&gt;
Die [[Olyfgroen vingertjie]] (''Frithia pulchra'') is 'n dwergplantjie uit die vygiefamilie wat [[endemies]] aan die gebied is. Die [[vuurpylaalwyn]] ''Aloe peglerae'' groei net in die Magaliesberg en aangrensende berge.&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-flora&quot; /&gt;

Aan die suidelike hange van die bergreeks is die [[klimaat]] droeër en die meeste van die plantegroei in valleie aan die voet van die kranse gekonsentreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-flora&quot; /&gt; Aan die noordelike hange kom wilgebome voor en laer teen die hange kan [[maroela]]bome gevind word.&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-flora&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna ==
Die Magaliesberge was eens die tuiste van olifante, renosters, buffels, kameelperde, groot katte en verskeie spesies van bokke. Hoewel baie van die groot dierespesies oor die jare uit die gebied verdwyn het is sommige privaat wildskampe besig om 'n paar spesies in die streek te hervestig. Van besondere betekenis is die hervestiging van die [[swartwitpens]] wildsbok. Dit was in die Magaliesberge teenwoordig waar [[William Cornwallis Harris]] dié spesies ontdek het in 1836.&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-wildlife&quot; /&gt;

== Klimaat ==
Die bergreeks vorm 'n natuurlike versperring tussen die laagliggende [[Bosveld]] in die noorde en die koeler [[Hoëveld]] in die suide. Die reeks ontvang reënval in die somer in die vorm van donderbuie met 'n gemiddelde reënval van 650&amp;nbsp;mm per jaar. In die winter kom ryp dikwels voor in die valleie aan die suidekant van die berg, maar amper nooit op die noordelike hange nie.

Die Magaliesberge het 'n gemiddelde [[temperatuur]] van 22°C, en 'n tipiese humiditeit van 67%.&lt;ref name=&quot;timeanddate&quot; /&gt; Wind kom meestal van die noorde af.&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoblue&quot; /&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Breedsnekpas]]
* [[Lys van Bergpieke in Suid-Afrika]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|verwysings=
&lt;ref name=&quot;stow&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Stow|first=George William|title=The native races of South Africa; a history of the intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu into the hunting grounds of the Bushmen, the aborigines of the country|year=1905|publisher=The Macmillan Co.|page=546|url=https://archive.org/stream/nativeracessout00stowgoog#page/n605/mode/1up/search/magalies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Bristow-Ward&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Bristow| first = David| last2 = Ward| first2 = Clive | title = Mountains of Southern Africa | origyear = 1985| publisher = C. Struik Publishers | location = [[Cape Town]]&lt;!-- dis korrek so in Engels --&gt;, [[Johannesburg]] | language = [[Engels]] | isbn = 0-8697-7227-9  | pages = 26 | chapter = The North-Western Transvaal }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;timeanddate&quot;&gt;https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/south-africa/magaliesburg/climate&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoblue&quot;&gt;https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/magaliesburg_south-africa_980557&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-flora&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.magaliesberg.co.za/flora.html |title=argiefkopie |access-date=28 Januarie 2019 |archive-date= 9 Februarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209144832/http://www.magaliesberg.co.za/flora.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;magalies-wildlife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.magaliesberg.co.za/wildlife.html |title=argiefkopie |access-date=28 Januarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Februarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211234104/http://www.magaliesberg.co.za/wildlife.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
*{{en}} [http://www.jhb.mcsa.org.za Mountain Club of South Africa]
*{{en}} [http://magaliesberg.org.za/cms/index.php Magaliesberg Protection Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926140746/http://magaliesberg.org.za/cms/index.php |date=26 September 2006 }}
*{{en}} [http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/kgaswane/index.html Kgaswane Mountain Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104233754/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/kgaswane/index.html |date= 4 November 2004 }}
*{{en}} [http://jhbhiking.org.za/cms/index.php?_so7 Johannesburg Hiking Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111014904/http://jhbhiking.org.za/cms/index.php?_so7 |date=11 November 2009 }}
*{{en}} [http://www.magaliesinfo.co.za/index.html Magaliesburg Accommodation and Reservations - Tourism Info Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421075928/http://www.magaliesinfo.co.za/index.html |date=21 April 2020 }}

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[[Kategorie:Bergreekse in Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Gauteng]]
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  <page>
    <title>Astana</title>
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    <id>34175</id>
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        <username>Milenioscuro</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Kazakhstan-Astana.png]] → [[File:Astana in Kazakhstan.svg]] updated svg</comment>
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      <text bytes="7649" sha1="8ysz42fpze2gc3sh959c871bsnud9es" xml:space="preserve">{| align=&quot;right&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;&quot; |
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16pt&quot;&gt;'''Astana'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Астана&lt;br /&gt;
[[Lêer:Central Downtown Astana 4.jpg|280px]]
|- style=&quot;background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999&quot;
| '''Kaart'''
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999&quot;| '''Wapen'''
|- style=&quot;background:white&quot;
|rowspan=6| [[Lêer:Astana in Kazakhstan.svg|180px|senter]]
|- style=&quot;background: white&quot;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999&quot;| [[Lêer:Emblem of Astana (latin).svg|75px|senter]]
|- style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;&quot;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;&quot;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999&quot;| '''Vlag'''
|- style=&quot;background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999&quot;| [[Lêer:Flag of Astana, Kazakhstan (latin).svg|90px|senter]]
|- style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;&quot;
|style=&quot;border-left:1px solid #999&quot;|
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|&amp;nbsp;'''Land'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | {{vlagland|Kasakstan}}
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|&amp;nbsp;'''Koördinate'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | {{Koördinate|51|10|N|71|26|O}}
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|&amp;nbsp;'''Stigting'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | 1830
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|&amp;nbsp;'''Oppervlakte:'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| &amp;nbsp;- Totaal
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | 810,2 [[vierkante kilometer|vk km]]
|-
| &amp;nbsp;'''Hoogte bo seevlak'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | 347&amp;nbsp;m
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;'''Bevolking:'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| &amp;nbsp;- Totaal (2020)
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;136&amp;nbsp;008
|-
| &amp;nbsp;- Bevolkingsdigtheid
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;300/vk km
|-
|&amp;nbsp;'''Tydsone'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | [[UTC]] +6 (ALMT)
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;'''Burgemeester'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | Altai Kölgınof
|-  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999;&quot;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;'''Amptelike webwerf'''
| style=&quot;background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;&quot; | [http://astana.gov.kz/ ''astana.gov.kz'']
|}

'''Astana''' ([[Kasaks]]: Астана, [ɑstɑnɑ], {{Audio|Kk-astana.ogg|luister}}, letterlik: &quot;hoofstad&quot;; [[Russies]]: Астана), tot 2022 onderskeidelik bekend as '''Akmola''', '''Tselinograd''', '''Akmolinsk''' of '''Noer-Soeltan''', is sedert 1997 die [[hoofstad]] en tweede grootste stad van [[Kasakstan]] naas [[Almati]] met 'n oppervlakte van 710,2&amp;nbsp;km² en 'n bevolking van meer as een miljoen in 2020. Die stad is langs die [[Isjim]]rivier, in Kasakstan ''Esil'' genoem, geleë.

[[Lêer:Astana (Kazakhstan), satellite image 2017-07-24.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-Satellietbeeld van Astana in 2017]]
Voor 1997 was Astana 'n onbeduidende stad in die sentrum van Kasakstan met sy tipiese steppeklimaat. Nadat dit deur president [[Noersoeltan Nazarbajef]] tot die nuwe hoofstad van die land en 'n simbool van nasionale eenheid verklaar is, is internasionaal bekende argitekte soos [[Norman Foster]] uitgenooi om nuwe geboue te ontwerp. Na die aftrede van president Noersoeltan Nazarbajef op 20 Maart 2019 is Astana na Noer-Soeltan herdoop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47638619 |title=Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=20 Maart 2019 |accessdate=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022 het die Kasakse parlement egter besluit om die stad se naam in Astana terug te verander.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/kazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana |title=Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 September 2022 |accessdate=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geskiedenis ==
Die stad is in 1824 deur Siberiese [[Kosakke]] gestig as 'n vesting aan die bopunt van die Isjimrivier. Die stad het die naam Akmolinsk. In 1961 word die stad herdoop tot Tselinograd en tot die hoofstad van die Sowjet-gebied van die &quot;Maagdeland&quot; (in Russies: &quot;''tselina''&quot;) verklaar. Dit is gedoen in die konteks van 'n veldtog van [[Nikita Chroesjtsjof]] om [[steppe]] grond op groot skaal in [[landbou]]grond te bewerk.

Nadat Kasakstan onafhanklik geword het, is die stad en die omliggende gebied herdoop in Akmola (&quot;Wit grafsteen&quot;, 1991). In 1994 is die stad aangewys as die toekomstige hoofstad van die nuwe onafhanklike land. Die stad het sy nuwe naam Astana gekry nadat dit in 1997 die hoofstad geword het in plaas van [[Almati]]. Verskeie redes word gegee vir die verskuiwing van die hoofstad na 'n stad in die middel van die Kasakse steppe. Sommige mense meen dat die doel was om 'n beter beheer oor die noordelike deel van die land, wat hoofsaaklik deur [[Russe]] bewoon is, te bekom ten einde moontlike pogings tot afskeiding te voorkom. Ander beweer dat dit 'n strategiese doel is: om die hoofstad te skuif na 'n plek verder weg van die grens met die mees bevolkte land ter wêreld; Almati is in werklikheid slegs 250&amp;nbsp;km van die grens met die [[Volksrepubliek China]] af. Die besluit om die hoofstad te hervestig kan ook 'n simboliese betekenis hê, aangesien die stigter van die nasie (president Nazarbajef) in die voetspore van [[Atatürk]] wou volg, wat die hoofstad van [[Turkye]] na [[Ankara]] verskuif het.

Sedert die verhuising het groot bouprojekte in die nuwe hoofstad begin, omdat daar 'n  olie-inkomste was. Geboue vir die ministeries, 'n groot presidensiële paleis, baie parke en monumente is vinnig opgerig. President Nazarbajef wou die stad nie net die sentrum van Kasakstan maak nie, maar ook die sentrum van [[Sentraal-Asië]] as geheel. Die oorheersende styl van die nuwe geboue is 'n etno-postmodernisme na die voorbeeld van [[Albert Speer]]. Internasionale bekende [[argitek]]te soos [[Norman Foster]] en Kisho Kurokawa is ook opdrag gegee vir groot projekte.

Op 22 Maart 2019 is die stad herdoop na Noer-Sultan, ter ere van president Noersoeltan Nazarbajef wat op dieselfde dag bedank het. Die nuwe president [[Almati]] het die plan op 21 Maart bedink, 'n dag later is dit deur die parlement goedgekeur. Sedertdien is die stad Noer-Sultan genoem. In die eerste paar dae was daar 'n hele paar betogings, sommige inwoners het gedink die naam van die stad is 'n verheerliking vir die oudpresident. Die stad het op daardie stadium al byna 21 jaar Astana geheet. In 2022 is dié naamverandering teruggerol en die ou naam Astana heringestel.

[[Lêer:New Astana Skyline (9587635437).jpg|duimnael|senter|800px|Panorama van die moderne regeringsdistrik en sakesentrum van Astana met die wyer [[Isjim]] op die voorgrond]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage}}
* {{kk}} {{ru}} [http://astana.gov.kz/ Amptelike webwerf]
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Astana|title=Astana|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=18 September 2022}}

{{Hoofstede in Asië}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Kasakstan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Natuurramp</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889593</id>
      <parentid>2743517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:32:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2889593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="38659" sha1="lbtai500q80y7t390vabvqlg0i83vv0" xml:space="preserve">[[Beeld:Global Multihazard Proportional Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457317101).jpg|thumb|320px|Die risiko vir ekonomiese verlies van ses natuurrampe: tropiese siklone, droogtes, aardbewings, vloede, grondverskuiwings en vulkane.]]

'n '''Natuurramp''' is die skadelike uitwerking van 'n gevaarlike voorval in die natuur op 'n [[samelewing]] of [[gemeenskap]]. Sommige voorbeelde van natuurlike gevare sluit in [[droogte]]s, [[aardbewing]]s, [[vloed]]e, hittegolwe, [[Sikloon|siklone]], [[Vulkaan|vulkaniese aktiwiteit]], veldbrande en grondverskuiwings – insluitende onderwater grondverskuiwings. Ander natuurlike gevare sluit in [[sneeu]]storms, [[stofstorm]]s, [[brand]]storms, [[hael]]storms, [[ysreën]]storms, sinkgate, [[donderstorm]]s, [[tornado|tornado's]] en [[Tsoenami|tsoenami's]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Natural Hazards {{!}} National Risk Index |url=https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards |publisher=FEMA |website=hazards.fema.gov |access-date=2022-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'n Natuurramp kan lewensverlies of skade aan eiendom veroorsaak. Gewoonlik is daar groot ekonomiese skade. Hoe erg die skade is, hang af van hoe goed mense op rampe voorberei is en hoe sterk die geboue, paaie en ander [[infrastruktuur]] is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor=G. Bankoff |editor2=G. Frerks |editor3=D. Hilhorst |year=2003 |title=Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-85383-964-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wetenskaplikes meen al lank dat die term &quot;natuurramp&quot; nie akkuraat is nie en laat vaar behoort te word.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In plaas daarvan kan die eenvoudiger term &quot;ramp&quot; gebruik word, terwyl die soort gevaar gespesifiseer word.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cannon, Terry. (1994). [https://researchgate.net/publication/248360551_Vulnerability_Analysis_and_The_Explanation_Of_'Natural'_Disasters Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters]. Disasters, Development and Environment.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'n Ramp vind plaas wanneer 'n natuurlike of mensgemaakte gevaar 'n kwesbare gemeenskap tref. Dit spruit uit die kombinasie van die gevaar en die blootstelling van 'n kwesbare samelewing.

Deesdae is dit moeilik om tussen &quot;natuurlike&quot; en &quot;mensgemaakte&quot; rampe te onderskei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |website=openDemocracy |date=2020-11-26 |url=https://opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gould|first1=Kevin A. |last2=Garcia|first2=M. Magdalena |last3=Remes|first3=Jacob A.C. |title=Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile |journal=Journal of Political Ecology |date=1 December 2016 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=93 |doi=10.2458/v23i1.20181 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Smith|first=Neil | title=There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster |website=Items |date=2006-06-11 |url=https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die term &quot;natuurramp&quot; is reeds in 1976 bevraagteken.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Menslike keuses in argitektuur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Coburn |first1=Andrew W. |last2=Spence |first2=Robin JS |last3=Pomonis |first3=Antonios |chapter=Factors determining human casualty levels in earthquakes: mortality prediction in building collapse |pages=5989–5994 |chapter-url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol10_5989.pdf |title=Proceedings of the tenth world conference on earthquake engineering |volume=10 |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-5410-060-7 |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013312/http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol10_5989.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; brandrisiko&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Wildfire Causes and Evaluations | publisher=National Park Service | date=2018-11-27 | url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/wildfire-causes-and-evaluation.htm | access-date=2020-12-29 | archive-date=2021-01-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101030717/https://www.nps.gov/articles/wildfire-causes-and-evaluation.htm | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=DeWeerdt | first=Sarah | title=Humans cause 96% of wildfires that threaten homes in the U.S. | website=Anthropocene | date=2020-09-15 | url=https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2020/09/humans-cause-most-wildfires-that-threaten-homes-in-the-united-states/ | access-date=2020-12-29 | archive-date=2020-12-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210055715/https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2020/09/humans-cause-most-wildfires-that-threaten-homes-in-the-united-states/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; en hulpbronbestuur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smil |first1=Vaclav |title=China se groot hongersnood: 40 jaar later |journal=The BMJ |date=18 December 1999 |volume=319 |issue=7225 |pages=1619–1621 |doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619 |pmid=10600969 |pmc=1127087 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kan natuurrampe veroorsaak of vererger. [[Klimaatsverandering]] beïnvloed ook hoe gereeld rampe as gevolg van uiterse weergevare. Hierdie &quot;klimaatsgevare&quot; sluit in vloede, hittegolwe, veldbrande en tropiese siklone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McGuire |first1=Bill |url=https://1lib.eu/book/2583950/77162a |title=Waking the Giant: How a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-959226-5 |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418223658/http://ww25.1lib.eu/book/2583950/77162a?subid1=20220419-0836-58aa-a5d2-62fa1ec4a512 |archive-date=2022-04-18 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sekere faktore kan natuurrampe vererger, soos swak boustandaarde, die marginalisering van mense en swak grondgebruikbeplanning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Baie [[ontwikkelende land]]e het nie behoorlike ramprisiko-verminderingstelsels nie,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; en dit maak hulle kwesbaarder as lande waar mense 'n hoë inkomste het. 'n Ongunstige gebeurtenis word slegs 'n ramp as dit 'n kwesbare bevolking raak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=D. Alexander |title=Principles of Emergency planning and Management |publisher=Harpended: Terra publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-903544-10-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Terminologie==
'n &quot;Natuurramp&quot; is die hoogs skadelike impak op 'n samelewing of gemeenskap ná 'n natuurlike gevaarvoorval. Die term &quot;ramp&quot; self word soos volg gedefinieer: &quot;Rampe is ernstige ontwrigtings van die funksionering van 'n gemeenskap wat sy vermoë oorskry om dit met eie hulpbronne te hanteer. Rampe kan veroorsaak word deur natuurlike, mensgemaakte en tegnologiese gevare, sowel as verskeie faktore wat die blootstelling en kwesbaarheid van 'n gemeenskap beïnvloed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a disaster? |url=https://www.ifrc.org/our-work/disasters-climate-and-crises/what-disaster |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=ifrc.org – IFRC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Amerikaanse Federale Noodbestuursagentskap (FEMA) verduidelik die verband tussen natuurrampe en natuurlike gevare soos volg: &quot;Natuurlike gevare en natuurrampe is verwant, maar nie dieselfde nie. 'n Natuurlike gevaar is die bedreiging van 'n gebeurtenis wat waarskynlik 'n negatiewe impak sal hê. 'n Natuurramp is die negatiewe impak wat volg op die werklike voorkoms van 'n natuurlike gevaar, indien dit 'n gemeenskap aansienlik skade berokken.

'n Voorbeeld van die onderskeid is dat 'n [[aardbewing]] die gevaar is wat die [[San Francisco]]-aardbewingramp van 1906 veroorsaak het.

Natuurlike gevare kan in twee breë kategorieë geklassifiseer word: [[geofisika|geofisiese]] en [[biologie]]se gevare.

Natuurlike gevare kan deur die menslike impak op die omgewing veroorsaak of beïnvloed word, byvoorbeeld grondgebruikverandering, dreinering en konstruksie.

Daar is 18 natuurlike gevare wat in FEMA se risiko-indeks ingesluit is: sneeustortings, kusvloede, kouegolwe, droogtes, aardbewings, hael, hittegolfwe, tropiese siklone, ysstorms, grondverskuiwings, [[weerlig]], rivieroorstromings, sterk [[wind]]e, tornado's, tsoenami's, vulkaniese aktiwiteit, veldbrande en winterweer. Daarbenewens is daar stofstorms.

===Kritiek===
Die term &quot;natuurramp&quot; is reeds in 1976 'n verkeerde benaming genoem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rampe kan voorkom word. Aardbewings, droogtes, vloede, storms en ander gebeure lei tot rampe as gevolg van menslike optrede en versuim. Swak grond- en beleidsbeplanning en deregulering kan slegter toestande skep. Dit behels dikwels ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite wat rampvermindering ignoreer of versuim om risiko’s te verminder. Die natuur alleen word vir rampe blameer, selfs wanneer dit die gevolg is van mislukkings in ontwikkeling. Rampe ontstaan ook as gemeenskappe versuim om voor te berei. Voorbeelde sluit in onvoldoende bouregulasies, marginalisering van mense, ongelykhede, oorbenutting van hulpbronne, uiterse stedelike uitbreiding en klimaatsverandering.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-natural |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=preventionweb.net |date=14 September 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die definiëring van rampe as slegs natuurlike gebeure het ernstige implikasies vir begrip van die oorsake van 'n ramp en die verdeling van politieke en finansiële verantwoordelikheid in rampbestuur, vergoeding, versekering en rampvoorkoming.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Time to say goodbye to &quot;natural&quot; disasters |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/blog/time-say-goodbye-natural-disasters |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=preventionweb.net |date=16 July 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die gebruik van die term &quot;natuurramp&quot;  mislei mense om te dink dat die verwoestende gevolge onvermydelik, buite ons beheer en bloot deel van 'n natuurlike proses is. Gevare (aardbewings, orkane, pandemies, droogtes, ensovoorts) is onvermydelik, maar die impak daarvan op die samelewing is nie.

Daarom is die term volgens sommige kenners onvanpas en moet dit vervang word met die eenvoudiger term &quot;ramp&quot;, terwyl die spesifieke kategorie (of soort) gevaar aangedui word.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Kevin Blanchard [https://www.preventionweb.net/blog/nonaturaldisasters-changing-discourse-disaster-reporting #NoNaturalDisasters – Changing the discourse of natural disaster reporting] (16 November 2018)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Skaal==
Tussen 1995 en 2015 het die meeste natuurrampe in [[Amerika]], [[China]] en [[Indië]] plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;vecono&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=29 Aug 2017 |title=Weer-verwante rampe neem toe |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/08/daily-chart-19 |url-status=live |access-date=30 Augustus 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830021140/https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/08/daily-chart-19 |archive-date=30 Augustus 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 was daar wêreldwyd 905 natuurrampe, waarvan 93% weerverwant was. Van die rampe was 45% meteorologies (storms), 36% was hidrologies (oorstromings), 12% was klimatologies (hittegolwe, kouegolwe, droogtes, veldbrande) en 7% was geofisiese gebeure (aardbewings en vulkaniese uitbarstings). Tussen 1980 en 2011 was geofisiese gebeure verantwoordelik vir 14% van alle natuurrampe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwatch.org/natural-catastrophes-2012-dominated-us-weather-extremes-0 Natuurrampe in 2012 oorheers deur VSA se weer-uiterstes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702190117/http://www.worldwatch.org/natural-catastrophes-2012-dominated-us-weather-extremes-0|date=2013-07-02}} Worldwatch Institute 29 Mei 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ontwikkelende land]]e het dikwels onvoldoende kommunikasiestelsels en ondersteuning vir ramprisikovermindering en noodbestuur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Zorn |first=Matija |title=Natural Disasters and Less Developed Countries |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_4 |work=Nature, Tourism and Ethnicity as Drivers of (De)Marginalization: Insights to Marginality from Perspective of Sustainability and Development |series=Perspectives on Geographical Marginality |volume=3 |pages=59–78 |editor-last=Pelc |editor-first=Stanko |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_4 |isbn=978-3-319-59002-8 |access-date=2022-06-08 |editor2-last=Koderman |editor2-first=Miha}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit maak hulle kwesbaarder vir natuurrampe as [[ontwikkelde land]]e.

==Invloed==
'n Natuurramp kan lewensverlies, beserings en ander gesondheidsgevare veroorsaak, asook die beskadiging van eiendom, inkomsteverlies, sosiale en ekonomiese ontwrigting of omgewingskade.

===Sterftes===
[[Beeld:Number-of-deaths-from-natural-disasters.png|thumb|250px|Wêreldwye sterftes weens natuurrampe (1900-2022).]]

Wêreldwyd is die totale aantal sterftes as gevolg van natuurrampe oor die afgelope 100 jaar met 75% verminder, danksy die verhoogde ontwikkeling van lande, beter voorbereiding, beter onderwys en hulp van internasionale organisasies. Aangesien die wêreldbevolking gedurende dieselfde tydperk gegroei het, is die afname in die aantal sterftes per capita selfs groter en het dit tot 6% van die oorspronklike hoeveelheid gedaal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosling2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=Rosling | first1=H. | last2=Rosling | first2=O. | last3=Rönnlund | first3=A.R. | title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think | publisher=Flatiron Books | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-250-10781-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpZNDwAAQBAJ | pages=107–109, 299–325}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die sterftesyfer weens natuurrampe is die hoogste in ontwikkelende lande as gevolg van die laer gehalte van boukonstruksies, infrastruktuur en mediese geriewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosling2018&quot; /&gt;

===Op die ekonomie===
[[Beeld:Damage-costs-from-natural-disasters.png|thumb|250px|Wêreldwye skadekoste weens natuurrampte (1980-2022).]]

Wêreldywe ekonomiese verliese as gevolg van uiterste weer-, klimaats- en watergebeure neem toe. Koste het van die 1970's tot die 2010's sewevoudig toegeneem.&lt;ref&gt;World Meteorological Society (WMO) (2021). [https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/57564 WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019)]. https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/57564&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16}} Sosiaal-ekonomiese faktore het bygedra tot hierdie tendens, soos bevolkingsgroei en verhoogde welvaart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Bouwer |first=Laurens M. |title=Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage |date=2019 |work=Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options |pages=63–82 |editor-last=Mechler |editor-first=Reinhard |series=Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_3 |isbn=978-3-319-72026-5 |editor2-last=Bouwer |editor2-first=Laurens M. |editor3-last=Schinko |editor3-first=Thomas |editor4-last=Surminski |editor4-first=Swenja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dit dui daarop dat verhoogde blootstelling die belangrikste faktor in ekonomiese verliese is. 'n Deel hiervan is egter ook te wyte aan klimaatsveranderings wat deur die mens veroorsaak word.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013|Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, {{doi|10.1017/9781009157896.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1611}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Newman, R., Noy, I. [[doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1|The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change]]. ''Nat Commun'' 14, 6103 (2023). {{doi|10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Op die omgewing===
Tydens noodgevalle soos natuurrampe en gewapende konflikte kan meer afval geproduseer word, terwyl afvalbestuur 'n laer prioriteit geniet in vergelyking met ander dienste. Bestaande afvalbestuursdienste en infrastruktuur kan ontwrig word, wat gemeenskappe met onbeheerde afval en verhoogde rommel laat. Onder dié omstandighede word menslike gesondheid en die omgewing dikwels negatief beïnvloed.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122658/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |archive-date=2022-03-21 |access-date=2022-03-23 |publisher=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natuurrampe (soos aardbewings, tsoenami’s en orkane) het die potensiaal om binne 'n kort tydperk 'n beduidende hoeveelheid afval te genereer. Afvalbestuurstelsels kan buite werking of beperk wees, wat dikwels aansienlike tyd en finansiering verg om te herstel. Die tsoenami in 2011 in [[Japan]] het byvoorbeeld enorme hoeveelhede puin veroorsaak: die Japanese departement van omgewingsake het beraam 5&amp;nbsp;miljoen ton afval is geproduseer. 'n Deel van dié afval, meestal plastiek en skuimrubber, het teen laat 2011 aan die kuslyne van [[Kanada]] en die VSA uitgespoel. Aan die weskus van die VSA het dit die hoeveelheid rommel met ’n faktor van 10 verhoog en moontlik uitheemse [[spesie]]s daarheen vervoer. Storms veroorsaak ook baie plastiekafval. ’n Studie deur Lo et al. (2020) het ’n toename van 100% in die hoeveelheid mikroplastiek gerapporteer op strande wat in 2018 ná ’n [[tifoon]] in [[Hongkong]] ondersoek is.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP&quot; /&gt;

’n Beduidende hoeveelheid plastiekafval kan tydens rampverligtingsoperasies geproduseer word. Ná die aardbewing van 2010 in [[Haïti]] is die afval wat deur verligtingsoperasies gegenereer is, as ’n &quot;tweede ramp&quot; beskryf. Die Amerikaanse weermag het berig miljoene waterbottels en voedselhouers van skuimrubber is versprei, alhoewel daar geen operasionele afvalbestuurstelsel was nie. Meer as 700&amp;nbsp;000 plastiekseile en 100&amp;nbsp;000 tente is benodig vir noodskuilings. Die toename in plastiekafval, gekombineer met swak wegdoeningspraktyke, het daartoe gelei dat oop dreineringskanale verstop geraak het, wat die risiko van [[siekte]]s verhoog het.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP&quot; /&gt;

Konflikte kan grootskaalse verplasings van gemeenskappe tot gevolg hê. Mense wat onder dié omstandighede leef, word dikwels van minimale afvalbestuursgeriewe voorsien. Brandputte word algemeen gebruik om gemengde afval, insluitend plastiek, te vernietig. Lugbesoedeling kan tot respiratoriese en ander siektes lei. Sahrawi-vlugtelinge woon byvoorbeeld al byna 45 jaar lank in vyf kampe naby Tindouf, [[Algerië]]. Omdat afvalinsamelingsdienste onderbefonds is en daar geen herwinningsgeriewe is nie, het plastiek die strate en omgewing van die kampe oorstroom. Daarteenoor het die Azraq-kamp in Jordanië, wat vlugtelinge uit Sirië huisves, afvalbestuurstelsels; van die 20,7&amp;nbsp;ton afval wat per dag geproduseer word, is 15% herwinbaar.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP&quot; /&gt;

===Op vroue en kwesbare bevolkings===
As gevolg van die sosiale, politieke en kulturele konteks van baie plekke oor die wêreld heen word vroue dikwels buitensporig deur rampe geraak.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21629495&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nour |first1=Nawal N |date=2011 |title=Maternal Health Considerations During Disaster Relief |journal=Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=22–27 |pmc=3100103 |pmid=21629495}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die [[Indiese Oseaan]]-tsoenami van 2004 het meer vroue as mans gesterf, deels omdat minder vroue kon swem.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21629495&quot; /&gt; Tydens en ná ’n natuurramp loop vroue ’n groter risiko om deur geslagsgebaseerde geweld geraak te word en is hulle kwesbaarder vir seksuele geweld. Ontwrigte wetstoepassing en swak regulasies dra almal by tot ’n verhoogde risiko van geslagsgebaseerde geweld en seksuele aanranding.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21629495&quot; /&gt;

Benewens [[LGBT]]-mense en immigrante word vroue buitensporig geviktimiseer deur mense wat godsdiensgebaseerde sondebokke vir natuurrampe soek: Fanatiese godsdiensleiers of volgelinge kan byvoorbeeld beweer ’n [[godheid|god of gode]] is kwaad vir vroue se onafhanklike, vrydenkende gedrag, soos om &quot;onbeskeie&quot; aan te trek, seks te hê of aborsies te ondergaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Lord |first=Leighann |date=1 Oktober 2019 |title=The easiest way to respond to a natural disaster? Blame God or global warming |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2015/sep/01/easiest-way-respond-natural-disaster-blame-god-global-warming |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928143012/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2015/sep/01/easiest-way-respond-natural-disaster-blame-god-global-warming |archive-date=28 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Hindoeparty Hindu Makkal Katchi en ander het vroue in [[Indië]] se stryd om toegang tot die Sabarimala-tempel te kry geblameer vir die vloed van Augustus 2018 in die suidelike staat Kerala wat glo deur die woedende god Ajjappan veroorsaak is.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 Augustus 2018 |title=Kerala flood blamed on women's entry into Sabarimala by Hindu Makkal Katchi |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/15/kerala-flood-blamed-on-womens-entry-into-sabarimala-by-hindu-makkal-katchi-1858022.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928144328/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/15/kerala-flood-blamed-on-womens-entry-into-sabarimala-by-hindu-makkal-katchi-1858022.html |archive-date=28 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Asmita Nandy |date=20 Augustus 2018 |title=Hate Mongers on Twitter Blamed Women, Beef, Muslims, Christians and Communism for Causing the Kerala Floods |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/kerala-floods-women-in-sabarimala-beef-muslims-christians |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928145554/https://www.thequint.com/videos/kerala-floods-women-in-sabarimala-beef-muslims-christians |archive-date=28 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Swanger vroue is een van die groepe wat buitensporig deur natuurrampe geraak word. Onvoldoende voeding, min toegang tot skoon water, ’n gebrek aan gesondheidsorgdienste en sielkundige stres ná die ramp kan lei tot ’n beduidende toename in moederlike siektes en sterftes. Verder kan die tekort aan gesondheidsorgbronne in dié tyd selfs roetine- mediese komplikasies in noodgevalle omskep.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyers |first=Talya |date=23 Desember 2019 |title=Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to disasters. |work=Direct Relief |url=https://www.directrelief.org/2019/12/pregnant-women-are-particularly-vulnerable-to-disasters/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001050314/https://www.directrelief.org/2019/12/pregnant-women-are-particularly-vulnerable-to-disasters/ |archive-date=1 Oktober 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Toegang tot voorbehoedmiddels kan ook beperk wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21629495&quot; /&gt; Onbeskermde omgang in dié tyd kan lei tot verhoogde geboortesyfers, onbeplande [[swangerskap]]pe en [[seksueel oordraagbare infeksie]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21629495&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21375788&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harville |first1=Emily |last2=Xiong |first2=Xu |last3=Buekens |first3=Pierre |date=November 2010 |title=Disasters and Perinatal Health: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrical &amp; Gynecological Survey |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=713–728 |doi=10.1097/OGX.0b013e31820eddbe |pmc=3472448 |pmid=21375788}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Op regerings en stemprosesse===
Rampe plaas stres op die regering se kapasiteit, aangesien die regering probeer om sowel roetine- as nooddienste uit te voer. Sommige teoretici van stemgedrag stel voor dat burgers inligting oor die regering se doeltreffendheid opdateer op grond van hulle reaksie op rampe, wat die kiesers se stemkeuse in die volgende verkiesing beïnvloed. Trouens, daar is bewyse dat regerende partye stemme kan verloor as burgers hulle beskou as verantwoordelik vir 'n swak reaksie op rampe,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Daniel J. |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32368 |title=Dull Disasters? How planning ahead will make a difference |last2=Dercon |first2=Stefan |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |hdl=20.500.12657/32368 |isbn=978-0-19-878557-6 |language=English |access-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004224335/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32368 |archive-date=2021-10-04 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; of stemme kan wen as gevolg van waarnemings dat hulle hulle goed van hulle taak gekwyt het.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Healy |first1=Andrew |last2=Malhotra |first2=Neil |date=August 2009 |title=Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/myopic-voters-and-natural-disaster-policy/039708A3223EC114365ADF56F1D26423 |url-status=live |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=387–406 |doi=10.1017/S0003055409990104 |issn=1537-5943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004224325/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/myopic-voters-and-natural-disaster-policy/039708A3223EC114365ADF56F1D26423 |archive-date=2021-10-04 |access-date=2021-10-04 |s2cid=32422707}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Vloede ==
[[Lêer:Flood Destruction.jpg|duimnael|240px|Vloedskade]]
{{Hoofartikel|Vloed}} {{Sienook|Oorstroming}}

Vloede kom voor wanneer daar 'n oormatige hoeveelheid water op land wat gewoonlik droog is, voorkom. Daar is verskeie oorsake vir vloede: Oormatige of langdurige [[reën]]val, riviere wat oorstroom, damwalle wat meegee en ys wat vinniger as gewoonlik smelt, kan alles veroorsaak dat daar 'n vloed in 'n gebied voorkom.&lt;ref name=&quot;FloodsNG&quot;&gt;[http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/ Floods]. ''National Geographic.'' Verkry op 31 Mei 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vloede kan geleidelik opbou soos in die geval van verlengde reënval wat oorstromings veroorsaak. Dikwels is die massas water meer as wat die infraskruktuur in bewoonde gebiede kan hanteer en dan gee die dreine en pype mee wat die water moet wegvoer. Inwoners het dan gewoonlik kans om voor te berei vir die ramp wat kom.&lt;ref name=&quot;FloodsR&quot;&gt;[http://www.ready.gov/floods Floods]. ''Ready.gov'' 2011. Verkry op 1 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ander vloede ontwikkel skielik, sonder waarskuwing en word as blitsvloede geklasifiseer. 'n Baie harde reënbui of storm, of 'n damwal wat skielik meegee kan 'n blitsvloed veroorsaak. Blitsvloede is baie gevaarlik omdat dit 'n groot massa water is wat met groot krag vloei en allerhande klippe, stompe en ander voorwerpe saamsleur terwyl dit alles in sy pad vernietig.&lt;ref name=&quot;FloodsNG&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FloodsR&quot; /&gt;

Vloede op die kuslyn kan deur tsoenami’s of groot seestorms veroorsaak word wat groot golwe seewater oor die binneland laat spoel.&lt;ref name=&quot;FloodsNG&quot; /&gt; (sien Tsoenami’s hieronder)

== Tornado's ==
[[Lêer:F5 tornado Elie Manitoba 2007.jpg|duimnael|240px|Tornado]]{{Hoofartikel|Tornado}}
'n Tornado is 'n [[roteer|roterende]] lugkolom aangeheg aan 'n [[cumulonimbuswolk]], wat baie vinnig roteer en aan die aarde se oppervlak raak.&lt;ref name=&quot;naturalDisasters&quot;&gt;[http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/natural-disasters/ Natural Disasters]. ''The Earth Times Encyclopaedia'' 2011. Verkry op 1 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tornado’s ontstaan gewoonlik uit 'n [[donderstorm]]. Hulle is baie kragtig en kan in uiterse gevalle tot so vinnig as 480&amp;nbsp;km/uur draai en kan streke van 1,6&amp;nbsp;km wyd en 80&amp;nbsp;km lank verwoes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ready.gov/tornadoes Tornadoes]. ''Ready.gov'' 2011. Verkry op 1 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[wind]] binne tornado’s is baie sterk en kan selfs swaar voorwerpe soos voertuie, bome en dakplate in die lug opsuig. Ligte voorwerpe soos papiere kan tot 160&amp;nbsp;km saamgewaai word.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Damage Tornado Damage]. ''The Online Tornado FAQ'' by Roger Edwards, SPC. Verkry op 5 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aardbewings ==
[[Lêer:Haiti Earthquake building damage.jpg|duimnael|240px|Aardbewingskade aan 'n gebou in Haiti]]
{{Hoofartikel|Aardbewing}} {{sienook|Aarde}}

Aardbewings is 'n [[geologie]]se gebeurtenis in die aardkors wat hewige skudding op die aarde se oppervlak veroorsaak. Hierdie skudding kan groot skade aanrig aan die natuur, mense en mensegemaakte strukture.&lt;ref name=&quot;earthquakeEncyclopedia&quot;&gt;[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/earthquake.aspx Earthquake]. ''World of Earth Science.'' 2003. Encyclopedia.com. Verkry op 5 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die geologiese gebeurtenis behels [[Plaattektoniek|tektoniese plate]] wat teen mekaar skuur. Die aarde bestaan uit 4 hoof lae. Die buitenste laag is die [[aardkors]], dan is daar die aardmantel, die vloeibare buitekern en die soliede binnekern. Die aardkors en boonste laag van die aardmantel vorm die tektoniese plate. Die plate is los van mekaar, amper soos legkaartstukke wat die aarde se oppervlak bedek. Omdat die plate los van mekaar is, beweeg hulle afsonderlik rond en wanneer die plate se growwe kante teen mekaar skuur, kan dit gebeur dat 'n kant aan 'n ander plaat vashak. Die sy van die plaat wat vashak sit dan vas terwyl die res van die plaat aanhou beweeg wat veroorsaak dat spanning ([[energie]]) opbou. Uiteindelik skuif die sy wat vasgehak het verby die ander plaat en al die energie wat opgebou het word dan vrygestel in die vorm van [[seismiese golwe]] wat dan die aardoppervlak laat skud.&lt;ref&gt;[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php The Science of Earthquakes]. ''Earthquake Hazards Program – USGS.'' 2009. Verkry op 1 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

'n Aardbewing op die kuslyn kan [[tsoenami|tsoenami’s]] veroorsaak.&lt;ref&gt;[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php Cool Earthquake Facts]. ''Earthquake Hazards Program – USGS'' 2009. Verkry op 1 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;naturalDisasters&quot; /&gt;(sien ook tsoenami’s hieronder)

Aardbewings kan ook gepaard gaan met vulkaniese uitbarstings.&lt;ref name=&quot;earthquakeEncyclopedia&quot; /&gt; (sien vulkaniese uitbarstings hieronder)

== Vulkaniese uitbarstings ==
[[Lêer:30424305-045 large.JPG|duimnael|200px|'n Vulkaan]]
{{Hoofartikel|Vulkaan}}

'n Vulkaan is 'n opening in die aarde se oppervlak waardeur [[magma]], gasse en ander ondergrondse puin uitbars.&lt;ref&gt;[http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/volcano-profile/ Volcanoes]. ''National Geographic.'' 2010. Verkry op 31 Mei 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Uitbarsting vind plaas wanneer die druk van die gasse in die magma te hoog word en dan veroorsaak dat die magma uitbars.&lt;ref name=&quot;volcanoR&quot;&gt;[http://www.ready.gov/volcanoes Volcanoes]. ''Ready.gov'' 2011. Verkry op 3 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vulkane is gewoonlik [[berg]]agtige strukture, omdat die magma wat uitbars om die opening verhard. Uitbarstings kan groot verwoesting saai, en selfs hele nedersettings bedek in lava wat dan verhard.&lt;ref name=&quot;volcanoR&quot; /&gt;

Vloeiende lawa wat uitgebars het kan so warm as 1250°C word en dus alles waaroor dit vloei verbrand en vernietig.&lt;ref name=&quot;volcanoR&quot; /&gt;
Stukke rots, as en gevaarlike gasse bars ook uit. Die vlieënde stukke rots kan geboue verwoes en mense doodmaak. Die gasse wat vrygestel word is skadelik vir mense en diere se longe. Mense wat [[versmoor]] as gevolg van hoë [[Konsentrasie (chemie)|konsentrasies]] van skadelike gasse in die lug is die mees algemene oorsaak van dood na afloop van 'n vulkaniese uitbarsting.&lt;ref name=&quot;naturalDisasters&quot; /&gt;
Na die uitbarsting hang die as in die lug en val af aarde toe, om 'n kombers van as te vorm. Hierdie as is baie dig en kan plante, diere en mense versmoor.

== Droogtes ==
[[Lêer:Clay cracked.jpg|duimnael|240px|Uitgedroogde grond]]

Daar is 'n droogte in 'n gebied wanneer dit besonder droog is (minder as gewoonlik reën) vir 'n buitengewone lang tydperk. Lae reënval is nie dieselfde as droogte nie. Daar is net 'n droogte wanneer dit nóg minder reën as gewoonlik, hoe laag die gewone reënval ookal is, sodat daar nie genoeg water is om aan die normale [[verbruiker]]sbehoefte te voldoen nie.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living with Drought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml |date=18 Februarie 2007 }}. ''Bureau of Meteorology.'' Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Droogtes veroorsaak direkte skade soos boere se oeste wat uitdroog en doodgaan, maar ook indirekte skade soos die [[ekonomie]] wat lei. (As die boere byvoorbeeld nie hulle oeste kan verkoop nie, maak hulle nie wins nie ek kan dan ook nie ander handelaars ondersteun deur aankope te maak nie, dus maak die handelaars ook nie wins nie.)&lt;ref&gt;[http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtforKids/HowDoesDroughtAffectOurLives.aspx How Does Drought Affect Our Lives?]. 2011. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
Die skade (direk of indirek) kan die ekonomie, die omgewing en die sosiale welstand van mense affekteer.&lt;ref&gt;[http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtforKids/HowDoesDroughtAffectOurLives/TypesofDroughtImpacts.aspx Types of Drought Impacts]. ''National Drought Mitigation Center.'' 2011. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsoenami's ==
[[Lêer:2004 Indonesia Tsunami Complete.gif|duimnael|240px|'n Animasie van die 2004-tsoenami.]]
{{Hoofartikel|Tsoenami}}

'n Tsoenami is 'n reeks baie lang [[seegolf|golwe]] in die see wat groot verwoesting saai wanneer dit die land tref en oorstroom. Meestal word 'n tsoenami deur 'n aardbewing veroorsaak, maar kan ook as gevolg van grondverskuiwings onder [[seevlak]], of vulkaniese uitbarstings onder seevlak ontwikkel.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsoenamiGolwe&quot;&gt;[http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/awareness_and_education/great_waves/great_waves_en_small.pdf Tsunami, The Great Waves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423231200/http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/awareness_and_education/great_waves/great_waves_en_small.pdf |date=23 April 2014 }}. ''UNESCO International Tsunami Information Center.'' Verkry op 3 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsoenami-golwe is verder as uit mekaar versprei as gewone see golwe. In die diepsee is die tsoenami golwe dikwels verder as 100&amp;nbsp;km uit mekaar  versprei en daar kan tussen 10 minute en 'n uur verbygaan voor die volgende golf. Die golwe is klein in die diepsee, maar beweeg baie vinnig. Wanneer die tsoenami golwe dan die vlak see bereik, beweeg hulle stadiger en hoop die golwe op om 'n reuse muur van water te vorm van 10&amp;nbsp;m of hoër.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsoenamiGolwe&quot; /&gt;

Hierdie reuse, kragtige golwe spoel dan oor die binneland en saai groot verwoesting. Die kragtige golwe beweeg baie vinniger as wat 'n mens kan hardloop en kan voorwerpe soos rotse, en selfs bote honderde meters in die binneland in meesleur, geboue vernietig en mense doodmaak. Tsoenami’s kan 'n paar ure na die eerste golf nogsteeds gevaar inhou met na-golwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;tsoenamiGolwe&quot; /&gt;

== Veldbrande ==
[[Lêer:High Park Wildfire Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests June 10, 2012.jpg|duimnael|240px|Veldbrand]]

Veldbrande is onbeheersde [[Vuur|vure]] wat in die natuur brand en groot verwoesting saai. Daar is drie vereistes vir 'n veldbrand om te ontstaan: [[Brandstof]], [[suurstof]] en 'n bron van hitte. Enige materiaal wat vlambaar is kan dien as brandstof. Gras, bome, bosse en selfs huise kan brandstof vir 'n veldbrand wees. Die bron van hitte steek die vuur aan die brand. [[Weerlig]], kampvure, sigarette, warm wind, en selfs die son kan die bron van hitte wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;wildFires&quot;&gt;[http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/wildfires/ Wildfires]. ''National Geographic.'' 2010. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Droë weer en droogtes kan velde en groen plantegroei omskep in die ideale brandstof vir veldbrande. Die wind vererger ook veldbrande deur die vlamme vinnig te versprei.&lt;ref name=&quot;wildFires&quot; /&gt;

Vier uit vyf veldbrande word deur mense gestig,&lt;ref name=&quot;wildFires&quot; /&gt; daarom is veldbrand bewustheid baie belangrik.

Veldbrande versprei baie vinnig en kan tot so vinnig as 23&amp;nbsp;km/uur beweeg, wat dit moeilik maak om te beheer en te blus. Sommige veldbrande kan vir weke aanmekaar brand as mense dit nie onder beheer kry nie en sal aanhou brand tot een van die drie vereistes nie meer beskikbaar is nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;wildFires&quot; /&gt;

== Haelstorms ==
[[Lêer:Hailstorm in San Jose, California (13153912).jpg|duimnael|240px|Haelstorm]]
{{Hoofartikel|Hael}}

Haelstorms is weerstorms wat haelkorrels laat neerslaan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hailstorm Hailstorm]. ''AMS Glossary.'' 2013. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Die haelkorrels is balle wat uit [[ys]] bestaan en kan so klein soos 'n ertjie (5&amp;nbsp;mm) of so groot soos 'n pomelo (15&amp;nbsp;cm) in deursnee wees.&lt;ref&gt;[http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hailstone Hailstone]. ''AMS Glossary.'' 2013. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Reëndruppels in die lug vries, en trek dan ander reëndruppels aan wat dan ook aan die gevriesde druppel vasvries en so word die haelkorrel al hoe groter.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aviationweather.ws/063_Hazards.php Hazards]. ''Aviation Weather.'' 2007. Verkry op 4 Jun 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Haelstorms kan groot skade aanrig aan landboubedrywighede, geboue, voertuie, en mense.&lt;ref&gt;Doesken, Nolan J. &quot;Hail, hail, hail! The summertime hazard of eastern Colorado.&quot; ''Colorado Climate Publication''. Volume 17, Number 7. April 1994. Besoek op 4 Junie 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Natuur]]
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    <title>Nuwe Wêreld</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:CartedAmerique.jpeg]] → [[File:Carte d'Amérique dressée pour l'usage du Roy - par Guillaume Delisle... - btv1b8469815q.jpg]] res</comment>
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      <text bytes="2170" sha1="eraop71eqafa2aa60q3uhvzvo79rxi9" xml:space="preserve">{{Geen bronnelys}}[[Beeld:Carte d'Amérique dressée pour l'usage du Roy - par Guillaume Delisle... - btv1b8469815q.jpg|regs|250px|duimnael|Die Nuwe Wêreld in die [[18de eeu]].]]

Die begrip '''Nuwe Wêreld''' verwys na die kontinente wat deur die Europeërs vanaf 1492 ontdek is. Die woorde ''Nuovo Mundo'' is deur die ontdekkingsreisiger [[Amerigo Vespucci]] vir die eerste keer gebruik om aan te dui dat sy voorganger, [[Christophorus Columbus]], in teenstelling tot wat hy self dog, nie [[Asië]] via die westelike roete bereik het nie, maar 'n gehele &quot;Nuwe Wêreld&quot;.

== Klassifikasie ==
Oor die algemeen word [[Noord-Amerika|Noord-]] en [[Suid-Amerika]] hiermee aangedui. Die [[Ou Wêreld]] is [[Europa]], [[Afrika]] en [[Asië]], uit die perspektief van die Europeërs.

Hoewel [[Australië]] en [[Antarktika]] ook na 1492 ontdek is, word hulle nie tot die Nuwe Wêreld gereken nie. Hulle kan egter ook nie in die Ou Wêreld ingedeel word nie. Hul indeling is gewoonlik 'n struikelblok in die wêreld se geografie. Die mees gangbare is die term ''Terra Australis'' wat &quot;suidelike land&quot; beteken en meestal gedurende die [[18de eeu]] gebruik is.

Verder word die eilandjies wat na 1492 ontdek is ook nie tot die nuwe wêreld gereken nie.

== Biologie ==
Die begrip word gewoonlik in die biologie gebruik; veral omdat byvoorbeeld baie groepe diere geïsoleerd geraak het op die Amerikaanse kontinent. As gevolg hiervan is daar gewoonlik [[orde (biologie)|diereordes]] of [[familie (biologie)|dierefamilies]] met &quot;Nuwe Wêreld&quot; as agtervoegsel, soos die ape van die Nuwe Wêreld, die muise en rotte van die Nuwe Wêreld, en die giere van die Nuwe Wêreld.

== Kultuur en politiek ==
Ook om verskille in kultuur en politiek aan te dui, word hierdie begrippe nog steeds gebruik.

== Wyne ==
In die [[wyn|wynwêreld]] word 'n ander onderskeid in die Nuwe en Ou Wêrelde gemaak. [[Europa|Europese]] wyne word ''ou-wêreldwyne'' genoem, en wyne uit die res van die wêreld, soos uit [[Suid-Amerika]], [[Australië]], [[Kalifornië]], [[Libanon]] en [[Suid-Afrika]] word ''nuwe-wêreldwyne'' genoem.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuwe Wereld}}
[[Kategorie:Amerika]]
[[Kategorie:Wêreld]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Essex</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Essex numbered districts.svg]] → [[File:Essex numbered districts (1974-2028).svg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename in the language versions was not changed ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3072" sha1="s5oiax0p0ty18pkpb3pwmyelsr694ni" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; border=1 cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=300
|-
!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=&quot;#ff9999&quot;|Essex
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Lêer:Flag of Essex.svg|120px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vlag van Essex|Vlag]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lêer:Arms of Essex.svg|120px]]&lt;br /&gt;Wapen
|align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Lêer:Essex UK locator map 2010.svg|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;Ligging in Engeland
|-
!width=&quot;45%&quot; colspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#ff9999&quot;|Seremoniële graafskap Essex
|-
|Hoofstad|| [[Chelmsford]]
|-
|Oppervlakte||3&amp;nbsp;670&amp;nbsp;km²
|-
|Bevolking||1&amp;nbsp;729&amp;nbsp;200 (2011)
|-
|Bevolkingsdigtheid||471 inw./km²
|-
!width=&quot;45%&quot; colspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#ff9999&quot;|Administratiewe (nie-metropolitaanse) graafskap
|-
|Streek||Essex
|-
|Administratiewe setel|| Chelmsford
|-
|[[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]]:||GB-ESS
|-
|Oppervlakte||3&amp;nbsp;465&amp;nbsp;km²
|-
|Bevolking||1&amp;nbsp;396&amp;nbsp;600 (2011)
|-
|Bevolkingsdigtheid||403 inw./km²
|-
|Webtuiste||[https://www.essex.gov.uk/ www.essex.gov.uk]
|-
!colspan=2 bgcolor=&quot;#ff9999&quot;|Distrikte en Unitêre owerhede
|-
|colspan=2 | [[Lêer:Essex numbered districts (1974-2028).svg|250px|center]]
# Uttlesford
# Braintree
# [[Colchester]]
# Tendring
# [[Harlow]]
# Epping Forest
# [[Chelmsford]]
# Maldon
# Brentwood
# [[Basildon]]
# [[Rochford]]
# Castle Point
# [[Southend-on-Sea]] (Unitêre owerheid)
# Thurrock (Unitêre owerheid)
|}

'''Essex''' (uitgespreek /ˈɛsɨks/) is 'n [[graafskap]] in die suidooste van [[Engeland]], in die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]]. Die graafskap het 'n bevolking van 1&amp;nbsp;729&amp;nbsp;200 in 2011 gehad, en sy hoofstad, [[Chelmsford]], het 'n bevolking van sowat 120&amp;nbsp;000. Die naam beteken ''Oos-Sakse'' en is soortgelyk aan [[Sussex]] (Suid-Sakse) en die voormalige graafskappe van [[Wessex]] (Wes-Sakse) en [[Middlesex]] (Middel-Sakse).

== Belangrike stede en dorpe ==
* [[Chelmsford]], hoofstad en een van die grootste stede.
* [[Southend-on-Sea]], grootste stad.
* [[Basildon]], 'n nuwe dorp wat in 1948 gestig is.
* [[Colchester]], die oudste nedersetting in Engeland en die Verenigde Koninkryk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitcolchester.com/britains-oldest.asp |title=Britains Oldest |access-date=14 November 2009 |archive-date= 5 Julie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705023732/http://www.visitcolchester.com/britains-oldest.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/7ff8f/4ce85/ |title=Virtual Tourist |access-date=14 November 2009 |archive-date=25 Julie 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725200219/http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/7ff8f/4ce85/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.igougo.com/journal-j12475-Colchester-Colchester_-_Britains_oldest_recorded_town.html http://www.igougo.com/journal-j12475-Colchester-Colchester_-_Britains_oldest_recorded_town.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Billericay]], 'n dorp in die suide van die graafskap.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{Commons-kategorie inlyn}}
* {{en}} [https://www.essex.gov.uk/ Amptelike webwerf]

{{Saadjie}}
{{Graafskappe van Engeland}}

[[Kategorie:Essex| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Almati</title>
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      <text bytes="1563" sha1="bvq7p6sssv9mkn4bck3p6aif9sfgodw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks stad
 |plaaslike naam=Алматы
 |Afrikaanse naam=Almati
 |beeld =Almaty, Kok-tobe exposition 3.jpg
 |border
 |beeldteks=
 |beeldgrootte=265px
 |kaart =Almaty (city) in Kazakhstan.svg
 |kaartgrootte=180px
 |wapen =Coat of arms of Almaty.svg
 |wapengrootte=75px
 |vlag =Flag of Almaty.svg
 |vlaggrootte=110px
 |land =Kasakstan
 |administratiewe gewes =Almati
 |oppervlakte =324,8
 |hbs =500-1700
 |bevolking =1 420 747
 |bevolkingsjaar =2009
 |bevolkingsdigtheid =4,152
 |tydsone =UTC +6
 |somertyd =Geen
 |burgermeester =Akmetsan Jesimof
 |webwerf =[http://www.almaty.kz www.almaty.kz]
 |koördinate ={{Koördinate|43|17|N|76|54|E}}
 |stigting =1854
 |etniese groep 1 =Kasakke
 |etniese groep 1 % =51,5
 |etniese groep 2 =Russe
 |etniese groep 2 % =30,0
 |etniese groep 3 =Tatare
 |etniese groep 3 % =2,0
 |etniese groep ander % =&lt;17
 |keuse1 =
 |inhoud keuse1 =
 |keuse2 = 
 |inhoud keuse2=
 |bevolkingkeuse1 =
 |inhoud bevolkingkeuse1 =
 |bevolkingkeuse2 =
 |inhoud bevolkingkeuse2 =
 }}

'''Almati''' ([[Kasaks]]: Алматы) is die grootste stad en tot 1997 die hoofstad van [[Kasakstan]]. Voor 1992 was die stad bekend as '''Alma-Ata''' ([[Russies]]: Алма-Ата). Met 'n bevolking van 1&amp;nbsp;348&amp;nbsp;500 (2008) is die stad die grootste in die land, en sy bewoners maak nege persent van die totale bevolking uit. Almati, wat in die suidooste van Kasakstan naby die grens met [[Kirgisië]] geleë is, is die ekonomiese, kulturele en wetenskaplike sentrum van Kasakstan.

{{Saadjie}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Kasakstan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niue</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11213" sha1="k2x84bswz1j0q1jvaz51b83k6ttygvq" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Land
|noem_naam               = Niue
|volle_naam              = &lt;small&gt;''Niue'' ([[Engels]])&lt;br /&gt;''Niuē'' ([[Niuies]])&lt;/small&gt;
|algemene_naam           = Niue
|beeld_vlag              = Flag of Niue.svg
|beeld_wapen             = Public Seal of Niue.svg
|simbool_tipe            = Seël
|beeld_kaart             = Niue on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg
|leuse                   = ''Atua, Niue Tukulagi''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''(Niuies vir: &quot;God, Niue, in Ewigheid&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;
|volkslied               = ''Ko e Iki he Lagi''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''(Niuies vir: &quot;Die Heer in die Hemel&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Lêer:Ko e Iki he Lagi - Anthem of Niue (Instrumental).ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Koninklike volkslied: [[God Save the King]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''(Engels vir: &quot;God beskerm die koning&quot;)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Lêer:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]&lt;/center&gt;
|amptelike_tale          = [[Engels]] en [[Niuies]]
|hoofstad                = [[Alofi]]
{{Koördinate|19|3|S|169|52|W}}
|latd                    = 19
|latm                    = 3
|latNS                   = S
|longd                   = 169
|longm                   = 52
|longEW                  = W
|grootste_stad           = [[Alofi]]
|regeringsvorm           = Unitêre parlementêre&lt;br /&gt;[[grondwetlike monargie]]
|leiertitels             = &lt;br /&gt;• [[Monarg]]&lt;br /&gt;• Goewerneur-generaal&lt;br /&gt; • [[Eerste Minister]]
|leiername               = [[Charles III van die Verenigde Koninkryk|Charles III]]&lt;br /&gt;Dame [[Cindy Kiro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dalton Tagelagi]]
|oppervlak_rang          = 212&lt;sup&gt;de&lt;/sup&gt;
|oppervlak_grootte       = 
|oppervlak               = 260&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niue/|title=Niue|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=9 Januarie 2026|archive-date= 9 Januarie 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093608/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niue|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|oppervlakmi²            = 100
|persent_water           = feitlik geen
|bevolking_skatting      = 1&amp;nbsp;815&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;
|bevolking_skatting_jaar = 2024
|bevolking_rang          = 232&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|bevolking_sensus        = 1&amp;nbsp;681&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://niuestatistics.nu/population/niue-census-of-population-and-housing-2022/ |title=2022 Niue Census of Population and Housing Report |publisher=Niue se Statistiekkantoor |authors=Matt Flanagan, Fanuma Sioneholo |accessdate=9 Januarie 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bevolking_sensus_jaar   = 2022
|bevolkingsdigtheid      = 7,0
|bevolkingsdigtheidmi²   = 18,2
|bevolkingsdigtheidrang  = 
|BBP_PPP                 = $18,7&amp;nbsp;miljoen&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_PPP_rang            = 220&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP_PPP_jaar            = 2003
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita      = $11&amp;nbsp;100&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt;
|BBP_PPP_per_kapita_rang = 140&lt;sup&gt;ste&lt;/sup&gt;
|BBP                     = NZ$43&amp;nbsp;miljoen&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://niuestatistics.nu |title=Fakaalofa Lahi Atu and Welcome to the Official Statistics Niue Website |publisher=Niue se Statistiekkantoor |accessdate=9 Januarie 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|BBP_rang                = 
|BBP_jaar                = 2024
|BBP_per_kapita          = 
|BBP_per_kapita_rang     = 
|onafhanklikheidstipe    = Geassosieerde staat
|onafhanklikheidsgebeure = • Selfregering&lt;br /&gt;in vrye assosiasie&lt;br /&gt;met [[Nieu-Seeland]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Verenigde Nasies|VN]]-erkenning&lt;br /&gt;van onafhanklikheid in&lt;br /&gt;[[buitelandse betrekkinge]]
|onafhanklikheidsdatums  = &lt;br /&gt;[[Koninkryk van Nieu-Seeland]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[19 Oktober]] [[1974]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[1994]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world00.pdf |publisher=[[Verenigde Nasies]] |title=The World today |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |format=PDF |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |title=Repertory of Practice |publisher=UN |work=Organs Supplement |page=10 |issue=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|MOI                     = 
|MOI_rang                = 
|MOI_jaar                = 
|MOI_kategorie           = 
|Gini                    = 
|Gini_rang               = 
|Gini_jaar               = 
|Gini_kategorie          = 
|geldeenheid             = [[Nieu-Seelandse dollar]]
|geldeenheid_kode        = NZD
|land_kode               = NU
|tydsone                 = NUT
|utc_afwyking            = [[UTC-11:00|-11]]
|tydsone_somer           = nie toegepas nie
|utc_afwyking_DST        = [[UTC-11:00|-11]]
|internet_domein         = [[.nu]]
|skakelkode              = 683
|voetskrif               = 
}}

'''Niue''' ([[Niuies]]: ''Niuē'') is 'n [[eilandstaat]] in die suidelike deel van die [[Stille Oseaan]] en lê in [[Polinesië]]. Dit is 'n selfregerende eilandstaat in vrye assosiasie met [[Nieu-Seeland]] en word deur 31 lande erken. Saam met die [[Cookeilande]], Nieu-Seeland, die [[Ross-Afhanklikheid]] en [[Tokelau]] vorm dit die [[Koninkryk van Nieu-Seeland]].

[[Lêer:Niue ISS004.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Nasa]]-satellietbeeld van Niue]]
Die eiland beslaan 'n oppervlakte van 260 vierkante kilometer en het in 2024 'n bevolking van 1&amp;nbsp;815 gehad, meestal Polinesiërs.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot; /&gt; Niue lê in die weste van die Cookeilande, in die suide van [[Amerikaans-Samoa]] en in die ooste van [[Tonga]]. Die [[hoofstad]] en grootste stad is [[Alofi]].

== Geografie ==
[[Lêer:Niue carte administrative-fr.svg|duimnael|links|Kaart van Niue]]
[[Lêer:Niue Verwaltungsgliederung.png|duimnael|links|Onderafdelings van Niue]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-style=&quot;background: #CCC;&quot;
! align =&quot;right&quot;| No. || align =&quot;left&quot;| Dorp ||  align=&quot;right&quot;| Bevolking&lt;br /&gt;([[Sensus]]&lt;br /&gt;2001) || align=&quot;right&quot;| Oppervlakte&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.spc.int/prism/country/NU/stats/Nu_Environment/NU_Land/Land.htm ''The Total Land Area of Niue'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;km² || align=&quot;right&quot;| Bevolkingsdigtheid&lt;br /&gt;Bevolking/km²
|-
|style=&quot;background: #EEE;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Motu''' (historiese stamgebied in die noorde)
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 1|| [[Makefu]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|  87 || align=&quot;right&quot;|17,13 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  5,1
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 2|| [[Tuapa]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 129 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 12,54 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  10,3
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 3|| [[Namukulu]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 14|| align=&quot;right&quot;|   1,48 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  9,5
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 4|| [[Hikutavake]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 65 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 10,17 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  6,4
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 5|| [[Toi]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 31 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  4,77 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  6,5
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 6|| [[Mutalau]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 133 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 26,31 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  5,1
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 7|| [[Lakepa]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 88|| align=&quot;right&quot;|  21,58 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  4,1
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 8|| [[Liku]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 73 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 41,64 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  1,8
|-
|style=&quot;background: #EEE;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|  '''Tafiti''' (historiese stamgebied in die suide)
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 9|| [[Hakupu]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 227 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 48,04 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  4,7
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 10|| [[Vaiea]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 62 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  5,40 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  11,5
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 11|| [[Avatele]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 150 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 13,99 || align=&quot;right&quot;|  8,9
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 12|| [[Tamakautoga]]|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 140 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,93 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 11,7
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 13|| [[Suid-Alofi]] || align=&quot;right&quot;| 358||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| 46,48 ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| 13,2
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 14|| [[Noord-Alofi]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|256
|-style=&quot;background: #DDD;&quot;
| align=&quot;right&quot;| ||'''Niue'''|| align=&quot;right&quot;| 1&amp;nbsp;788 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 261,46 || align=&quot;right&quot;| 6,8
|}

== Politiek ==
=== Internasionale erkenning ===
[[Lêer:Diplomatic relations of Niue.svg|duimnael|400px|Buitelandse betrekkinge van Niue]]
Die volgende lande het formele diplomatieke betrekkinge met Niue gevestig.
{|width=70% style=&quot;background:transparent&quot;
|-width=35% valign=top
|
'''[[Oseanië]] (9 lande)'''
* {{vlagland|Australië}} (2013)
* {{vlagland|Cookeilande}} (2013)
* {{vlagland|Fidji}} (2023)
* {{vlagland|Marshalleilande}} (2024)
* {{vlagland|Nauru}} (2004)
* {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} (1993)
* {{vlagland|Papoea-Nieu-Guinee}} (2014)
* {{vlagland|Samoa}} (2014)
* {{vlagland|Tuvalu}} (2022)
&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Europa]] (6 lande)'''
* {{vlagland|Duitsland}} (2026)
* {{vlagland|Frankryk}} (2012)
* {{vlagland|Italië}} (2015)
* {{vlagland|Kosovo}} (2015)
* {{vlagland|Switserland}} (2023)
* {{vlagland|Turkye}} (2014)
|&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Asië]] (10 lande)'''
* {{vlagland|Indië}} (2012)
* {{vlagland|Indonesië}} (2019)
* {{vlagland|Israel}} (2023)
* {{vlagland|Japan}} (2015)
* {{vlagland|Filippyne}} (2022)
* {{vlagland|Maleisië}} (1996)
* {{vlagland|Singapoer}} (2012)
* {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} (2023)
* {{vlagland|Thailand}} (2013)
* {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} (2007)
&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Amerikas]] (6 lande)'''
* {{vlagland|Brasilië}} (2016)
* {{vlagland|Chili}} (2021)
* {{vlagland|Kanada}} (2023)
* {{vlagland|Kuba}} (2014)
* {{vlagland|Peru}} (2020)
* {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} (2023)
|}

== Sport ==
[[Lêer:Niuean haka.jpg|duimnael|links|Niue se nasionale sewesrugbyspan voer die Takalo op, 2006]]
Die sokkerbeheerliggaam ''Niue Island Soccer Association'' is nie 'n lid van die wêreldbeheeliggaam [[FIFA]] nie en slegs 'n geassosieerde lid van die kontinentale beheerliggaam [[OFC]]. Vervolgens kan die land nóg vir die [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker]] nóg vir Oseanië-sokkerkampioenskappe kwalifiseer. Tot dusver het 'n nasionale sokkerspan net in twee wedstryde tydens die Suid-Pasifiese spele 1983 verskyn. Hulle het beide wedstryde verloor, teen [[Papoea-Nieu-Guinee]] (met 0–19) en [[Tahiti]] (met 0–14).

[[Rugby]] is die gewildste [[sport]]soort op Niue&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |title=South Pacific and Micronesia |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |page=53 |isbn=1-74104-304-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetsout00geer/page/53/mode/2up }}&lt;/ref&gt; en hulle beskik oor 'n taamlik suksesvolle nasionale rugbyspan wat aan die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2007]]-kwalifisering deelgeneem het. Tydens die kwalifisering het hulle op 23 Julie 2005 'n oorwinning oor Tahiti (met 55–8) aangeteken, maar hulle is twee weke later deur die Cookeilande verslaan (met 5–24), waardeur hulle die toernooi misgeloop het.

In [[sewesrugby]] het Niue tydens die Wêreldrugby-sewesreeks ook suksesse aangeteken. Veral twee oorwinnings teen die hoër geplaaste [[Japan]] tydens die Wellington Sewes 2003 het opskudding veroorsaak.

== Kaart ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Lêer:Niue.jpg|Niue tydens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Bronnelys ==
; Algemeen
----
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niue|title=Niue|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=9 Januarie 2026}}
* {{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niue/|title=Niue|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=9 Januarie 2026}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie}}
* {{en}} {{Wikivoyage}}
* {{en}} [http://www.gov.nu/ Amptelike webwerf van Niue se regering]

{{Navigasie indeling Nieu-Seeland}}
{{Lande van Oseanië}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Niue| ]]
[[Kategorie:Voormalige Britse kolonies]]</text>
      <sha1>k2x84bswz1j0q1jvaz51b83k6ttygvq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Harding</title>
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      <text bytes="2667" sha1="suf6a4bxvvefh1br1r4sekj4wm23x6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Suid-Afrikaanse dorp
| naam                    = Harding
| inheemse_naam           = 
| ander_naam              = 
| nedersetting_tipe       = [[Dorp]]
| beeld_stadsilhoeët      = Harding, Kwazulu Natal.jpg
| beeldbyskrif            = 
| latd  = 30 |latm  = 35 |lats  = 
| longd = 29 |longm = 53 |longs = 
| provinsie               = KwaZulu-Natal
| distrik                 = Ugu
| munisipaliteit          = uMuziwabantu
| stigtingsdatum          = [[1874]]
| regeringstipe           = 
| leier_party             = 
| leiertitel              = 
| leiernaam               = 
| oppervlakvoetnotas      = 
| oppervlak_totaal_km2    = 
| hoogte_m                = 
| bevolking_totaal        = 
| bevolking_soos_op       = 2011
| bevolkingvoetnotas      = 
&lt;!-- demografie (deel 1) --&gt;
| demografie1_voetnotas   = 
| persent_swart           = 87.3%
| persent_kleurling       = 8.5%
| persent_asiër           = 2.3%
| persent_wit             = 1.1%
| persent_ander           = 0.8%
&lt;!-- demografie (deel 2) --&gt;
| demografie2_voetnotas   = 
| demografie2_titel1      = [[Zoeloe]]
| demografie2_info1       = 49.1%
| demografie2_titel2      = [[Xhosa]]
| demografie2_info2       = 28.8%
| demografie2_titel3      = [[Engels]]
| demografie2_info3       = 14.6%
| demografie2_titel4      = [[Afrikaans]]
| demografie2_info4       = 2.8%
| demografie2_titel5      = Ander
| demografie2_info5       = 4.7%
| poskode                 = 4680
| poskode2                = 
| skakelkode              = 039
| sensuskode              = 504016
| webwerf                 = 
}}
:''Hierdie artikel handel oor die dorp in Suid-Afrika. Vir ander gebruike, sien [[Harding (dubbelsinnig)]].''

'''Harding''' is 'n dorp in die suidooste van [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Suid-Afrika]]. Die dorp het 'n bevolking van 9&amp;nbsp;544 in 2011 gehad&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt; en is 55&amp;nbsp;km oos van [[Kokstad]].

== Geskiedenis ==
Die dorp het ontstaan as 'n militêre buitepos wat in [[1874]] gestig is nadat [[Griekwaland-Oos]] tot die [[Kaapkolonie]] geannekseer is deur Brittanje en is na sir [[Walter Harding]] vernoem. Harding het in [[1911]] munisipale status verkry en is vandag die kommersiële sentrum vir die bosbou- en [[suiwelproduk|suiwel]]distrik. 'n Smal spoorlyn het die dorp in [[1917]] bereik.

== Sien ook ==
* [[Lys van dorpe in Suid-Afrika]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
*{{cite book |last=Erasmus |first= B.P.J.|authorlink=B.P.J. Erasmus |title=[[Op Pad in Suid-Afrika]]|year= 1995|publisher=Jonathan Ball Uitgewers |isbn= 1-86842-026-4}}

{{Suid-Afrikaanse distriksmunisipaliteit navbox|DC21}}
{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Nedersettings in KwaZulu-Natal]]</text>
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    <title>RT</title>
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      <text bytes="16484" sha1="pvc9z8i0bwx26lc5zkf89x3smrjv4i4" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Televisiekanaal
| naam               = RT
| kenteken           = Russia-today-logo.svg
| kentekengrootte    =
| onderskrif         = RT se kenteken
| gestig             = 10 Desember 2005&lt;br /&gt;(geregistreer op 6 April 2005)
| gesluit            = Aktief
| beeldformaat       = 1080i (HDTV)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(afgegradeer tot 480i/576i breedbeeld vir SDTV-toevoer)&lt;/small&gt;
| netwerk            = 
| eienaar            = Russiese regering, via ANO &quot;TV-Novosti&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rt.com/about-us/contact-info/ |title=Contact info |publisher=RT |access-date=9 Junie 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523105531/https://www.rt.com/about-us/contact-info/ |archive-date=23 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| slagspreuk         = Question More
| land               = {{vlagland|Rusland}}
| taal               = [[Engels]], [[Arabies]], [[Spaans]], [[Frans]] &lt;small&gt;(nuuskanaal)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Engels]], [[Russies]] &lt;small&gt;(dokumentêre kanaal)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Duits]] &lt;small&gt;(aanlyn platforms)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [http://www.rt.com/about-us/ RT &quot;About us&quot; (formerly corporate profile) page] op rt.com, besoek op 20 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
| uitsaaiarea        = Wêreldwyd
| hoofkantoor        = [[Moskou]], [[Rusland]]
| vorige naam        = Russia Today (2005–2009)
| vervang            =
| vervang deur       =
| susterkanale       = RT Arabic&lt;br /&gt;RT en español&lt;br /&gt;RT America&lt;br /&gt;RT UK&lt;br /&gt;RT Documentary&lt;br /&gt;RT Deutsch
| webtuiste          = [https://www.rt.com/ www.rt.com]
| bediener1          = 
| kanaal1            = 
| bediener2          = 
| kanaal2            = 
| bediener3          =
| kanaal3            =
| bediener4          =
| kanaal4            =
| bediener5          =
| kanaal5            =
}}

'''RT''', voorheen bekend as '''Russia Today''', is 'n wêreldwye [[Rusland|Russiese]] televisienetwerk wat sy hoofkwartier in [[Moskou]] het en programme vir internasionale gehore in [[Engels]], [[Spaans]], [[Frans]], [[Duits]] en [[Arabies]] uitsaai.

RT word deur die Russiese staat befonds en dek gebeure op Russiese en internasionale vlak vanuit 'n Russiese perspektief. Daarnaas bied die kanaal ook kort dokumentêre programme en 'n daaglikse geselsprogram, ''Spotlight with Al Gurnov'', aan. RT, wat net soos sy Westerse eweknieë [[CNN]], [[BBC]], France 24, Deutsche Welle, BVN, TRT en NHK World asook die Chinese CCTV-4 in oorsese lande per [[satelliet]], kabeltelevisie of op die [[internet]] ontvang kan word, was die eerste volledig digitale televisienetwerk in Rusland.

RT, wat teen 'n koste van VS$ 30 miljoen gestig is, het op [[15 September]] [[2005]] begin uitsaai. Sedertdien saai die netwerk, wat sowat 500 Russiese en nie-Russiese medewerkers en kantore met korrespondente in [[Londen]], [[Washington, DC]], [[Parys]], [[Kaïro]] en [[Jerusalem]] het, sy Engelse program die hele dag uit. Parallele programme in Spaans en Arabies word sedert 2007 aangebied.

RT word gereeld beskryf as 'n  [[propaganda]]-uitsaaier vir die Russiese regering en sy [[buitelandse beleid]].{{refn|name=propaganda|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Langdon |first1=Kate C. |last2=Tismaneanu |first2=Vladimir |title=Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Springer International |isbn=978-3-030-20579-9 |pages=189–224 |date=9 Julie 2019 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Putin_s_Totalitarian_Democracy/FG-hDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |via=Google Books |access-date=21 Maart 2021 |language=en |chapter=Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What? |quote= Die Sowjet-gebore Britse joernalis Peter Pomerantsev het die tipiese nuuskamermanewales in een van Rusland se grootste propaganda-afsetpunte, RT News (voorheen bekend as Russia Today) gedokumenteer. Toe 'n kennis 'n artikel opgestel het wat verwys na die Sowjetunie se besetting van Estland in 1945, is die skrywer uitgetrap deur sy baas, wat die oortuiging behou het dat Russe Estland gered het. Enige ander beskrywings van die gebeure van 1945 was blykbaar onaanvaarbare beledigings van Rusland se integriteit, en het die baas het geëis dat hy sy teks wysig.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reire |first1=Gunda |title=Euro-Atlantic values and Russia's propaganda in the Euro-Atlantic space |journal=[[:pl:Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej W Lublinie|Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej]] |date=2015 |volume=13 |issue=4 |url=http://www.spcentrs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Reire-2015-Yearbook-IESW.pdf |access-date=21 Maart 2021 |via=Center for International Studies |quote=Deesdae val Rusland die Westerse waarde van rasionaliteit aan en gebruik die argument van “die tweede mening” of pluraliteit van menings. Die frase &quot;die tweede mening&quot; het selfs die slagspreuk van RT geword. Hierdie propagandakanaal het byvoorbeeld die openbare mening se bewering oor die aard van die oorlog in Irak gebruik om homself as 'n onpartydige, objektiewe media-entiteit in die VSA te bemark. In die algemeen behels Russiese propaganda 'n botsing van politieke stelsels, wat gevaarliker is as die ou-skool Sowjet-propaganda. |archive-date= 4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213449/http://www.spcentrs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Reire-2015-Yearbook-IESW.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Network Propaganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Benkler|first1=Yochai|author-link1=Yochai Benkler|last2=Faris|first2=Rob|last3=Roberts|first3=Hal|chapter=Epistemic Crisis|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001/oso-9780190923624-chapter-1|title=Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001/oso-9780190923624|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=October 2018|access-date=21 March 2021|isbn=978-0-19-092362-4|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001|doi-access=free|pages=358|oclc=1045162158|quote=Die klem op disoriëntasie kom voor in die literatuur oor moderne Russiese propaganda, beide in opwaarts-gefokusde toepassings en in sy internasionale propaganda-afsetpunte, Spoetnik en RT (voorheen, ''Russia Today''). Hier is die doel nie om die gehoor van enige spesifieke waarheid te oortuig nie, maar eerder om dit onmoontlik te maak vir mense in die samelewing wat onderworpe is aan die propagandis se ingryping om waarheid van nie-waarheid te onderskei.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Karlsen |first1=Geir Hågen |editor1-last=Matláry |editor1-first=Janne Haaland |editor2-last=Heier |editor2-first=Tormod |title=Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe |date=5 Augustus 2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-32530-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9 |page=199 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9 |chapter-url-access=subscription |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ukraine_and_Beyond/BNHMDAAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=en |chapter=Tools of Russian Influence: Information and Propaganda |via=[[Google Books]] |quote=Die propaganda-apparaat bestaan uit vier middele: media, sosiale media, politieke kommunikasie en diplomasie, en koverte aktiewe maatreëls, alles op 'n gekoördineerde wyse saamgebind. Die belangrikste internasionale mediakanaal is die RT-uitsaaier en webwerf, voorheen bekend as ''Russia Today''. Dit word aangevul deur ''Sputnik'' radio- en webwerf-, nuus- en video-agentskappe, en die ''Russia Beyond the Headlines'' nuusbylaag, wat 'n nuuskonglomeraat vorm wat in byna 40 tale werksaam is.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Akademici, feitekontroleerders en nuusverslaggewers (insluitend sommige huidige en voormalige RT-verslaggewers) het RT geïdentifiseer as 'n verskaffer van [[disinformasie]] en [[samesweringsteorie]]ë.{{refn|name=conspiracy theories|&lt;ref name=&quot;Yablokov 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yablokov |first1=Ilya |title=Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of ''Russia Today'' (''RT'') |journal=Politics |date=November 2015 |volume=35 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1111/1467-9256.12097 |url=https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_10134/objava_20166/fajlovi/Russia%20Today.pdf |via=Universiteit van Montenegro |access-date=21 Maart 2021 |publisher=SAGE Publishing |s2cid=142728966 |quote= Onder die sameswerende idees wat in ''RT''{{'}} se uitsendings voorkom, is twee tipes van besondere belang: die eerste sluit eg Amerikaanse samesweringsteorieë in; en die tweede sluit idees van sameswering in verhoudings tussen die VSA en Rusland in. Die ontleding van hierdie twee soorte samesweringsteorieë bied 'n geleentheid om te ondersoek hoe hulle aangewend word om Amerikaanse binnelandse en buitelandse beleid te ondermyn.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Elswah |first1=Mona |last2=Howard |first2=Philip N |title=&quot;Anything that Causes Chaos&quot;: The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT) |journal=Journal of Communication |date=1 Oktober 2020 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=623–645 |doi=10.1093/joc/jqaa027 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/70/5/623/5912109 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote= Oor ons onderhoude het ons respondente saamgestem dat die doelwitte van die kanaal sedert 2008 soos volg was en steeds is. Eerstens, om die idee te bevorder dat Westerse lande soveel probleme het as Rusland. Tweedens, om samesweringsteorieë oor media-instellings in die Weste aan te moedig om dit te diskrediteer en te delegitimeer. Dit is duidelik in ooreenstemming met die kanaal se &quot;Questions More&quot; slagspreuk. Derdens, om kontroversie te skep en om mense die kanaal te laat kritiseer, want dit suggereer dat die kanaal belangrik is, 'n benadering wat veral RT-bestuurders sal help om meer befondsing van die regering af te kry.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Britse mediareguleerder Ofcom het herhaaldelik bevind dat RT sy reëls oor onpartydigheid oortree het, insluitend verskeie gevalle waarin RT &quot;wesenlik misleidende&quot; inhoud uitgesaai het.{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=William Turvill |title=Ofcom rules against Russia Today over Syria conflict report |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/ofcom-rules-against-russia-today-over-syria-conflict-report |date=15 November 2012 |work=Press Gazette |publisher=Progressive Media International |access-date=23 Januarie 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://tol.org/client/article/26401-british-bank-closes-russian-broadcaster-rt-accounts.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020080937/http://www.tol.org/client/article/26401-rt-simonyan-natwest-galloway-zakharova.html|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live|title=British Bank Closes Russian Broadcaster RT Accounts|date=18 Oktober 2016|author=Alevtina Kuzmenkova|publisher=Transitions Online|quote=OFCOM, die Britse uitsaaireguleerder, het RT herhaaldelik uitgesonder vir sy gebrek aan onpartydigheid}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Waterson |first1=Jim |title=Alex Salmond's RT show breached Ofcom broadcasting rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jul/16/alex-salmond-rt-show-breached-ofcom-broadcasting-rules |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=21 Maart 2021 |language=en |date=16 Julie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pomerantsev 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pomerantsev|first=Peter|date=4 Januarie 2015|title=Inside Putin's Information War|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/putin-russia-tv-113960_Page3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105223740/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/putin-russia-tv-113960_Page3.html#.VKsSaZ37RPY|archive-date=5 Januarie 2015|access-date=11 Maart 2021|website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

RT is in 2014 in [[Oekraïne]] verbied ná Rusland se anneksasie van die [[Krim]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ukraine ban&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Zinets|first1=Natalia|last2=Prentice|first2=Alessandra|others=Robin Pomeroy (ed.)|date=19 Augustus 2014|title=Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda'|work=[[Reuters]]|editor-last=Balmforth|editor-first=Richard|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-television-idUSKBN0GJ1QM20140819|access-date=12 Desember 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Letland]] en [[Litaue]] het 'n soortgelyke verbod in 2020 geïmplementeer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.neplpadome.lv/en/home/news/news1/neplp-restricts-most-influential-kremlins-propaganda-channel-in-latvia.html|title=NEPLP restricts most influential Kremlin's propaganda channel in Latvia|publisher=The National Electronic Mass Media Council|date=30 Junie 2020|access-date=30 Junie 2020|archive-date= 1 Julie 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701155301/https://www.neplpadome.lv/en/home/news/news1/neplp-restricts-most-influential-kremlins-propaganda-channel-in-latvia.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lithuania ban&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 Julie 2020|title=Radijo ir televizijos komisija uždraudė Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas|url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/1195699/radijo-ir-televizijos-komisija-uzdraude-lietuvoje-retransliuoti-rt-programas|access-date=8 Julie 2020|website=lrt.lt|language=lt}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Duitsland]] het RT DE in Februarie 2022 verbied.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Russia's RT channel blocked by German regulators |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-rt-channel-blocked-by-german-regulators/a-60635397 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=2 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na die [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne, 2022|Russiese inval in die Oekraïne]] in 2022, het [[Pole]] en toe die hele [[Europese Unie]] aangekondig dat hulle RT ook formeel verbied, terwyl onafhanklike diensverskaffers in meer as 10 lande uitsendings van RT opgeskort het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chmielewski 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn |title=Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe - source |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/roku-is-removing-rt-roku-channel-store-europe-source-2022-03-01/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en |date=1 Maart 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Russian-backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/mar/01/russian-backed-rt-channel-to-lose-sky-tv-slot-in-uk-within-24-hours |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sosiale media]]-webwerwe gevolg deur eksterne skakels na RT se webwerf is blokkeer en toegang tot RT se inhoud is beperk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters20220301&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/|title=YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 Maart 2022|access-date=1 Maart 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |last3=De Vynck |first3=Gerrit |title=Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/youtube-tiktok-facebook-state-media-ban/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=1 March 2022 |date=1 Maart 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Microsoft]] het RT uit hul toepassingswinkel verwyder en hul soekresultate op [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]] afwaarts aangepas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Jared |date=2022-03-01 |title=Here's which tech companies have—and haven't—banned Russia's state-sponsored RT media app |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90726527/tech-companies-banned-rt-news-app-russia-microsoft-google |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-02-28 |title=Microsoft to remove RT apps, ban Russian state-owned media ads |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/microsoft-remove-rt-apps-ban-russian-state-owned-media-ads-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2022-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; terwyl [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] die RT-toepassing uit alle lande behalwe Rusland verwyder het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emerson |first=Sarah |title=Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/sarahemerson/apple-responds-ukraine-russia-rt-sputnik-maps |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Russia Today}}
* [https://www.rt.com/ Amptelike webwerf]

[[Kategorie:Russiese televisiekanale]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aviation Traders Carvair</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889596</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>opruim, klaar!</comment>
      <origin>2889596</origin>
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      <text bytes="6978" sha1="8nj03l55hy16iborjw96rkedbfswk0p" xml:space="preserve">{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; border:3px solid #87CEEB;width:20%; font-size:small;&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#87CEEB&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:3px solid&quot;| [[Lêer:Carvair in Christchurch (New Zealand) 1977.jpg|280px]]
|-
|Tipe||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Passasiers- en vragvliegtuig
|-
|Bemanning||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2 vlieëniers
|-
|Eerste vlug||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[21 Junie]] [[1961]]
|-
|Vervaardigers||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Aviation Traders Ltd.
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#87CEEB&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Afmetings
|-
|Lengte|| 31,27 m
|-
|Vlerkspan|| 35,82 m
|-
|Hoogte|| 9,09 m
|-
|Vlerkoppervlak|| 135,8 m²
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#87CEEB&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Massa en kapasiteit
|-
|Leë massa|| 18 762 kg
|-
|Maksimum opstygmassa || 33 475 kg
|-
|Passasiers||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 85 passasiers ''of'' 5 motors en 22 passasiers
|-
|Bagasies||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 8 770&amp;nbsp;kg maksimum
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#87CEEB&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Kragbron
|-
|Enjins||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 4 Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000-7M2-Twin Wasp-radiaal-enjins
|-
|Werkverrigting|| 4 X 1 081 kW
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#87CEEB&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Snelheid
|-
|Kruissnelheid|| 342&amp;nbsp;km/h
|-
|Maksimum snelheid|| 402&amp;nbsp;km/h
|-
|Afstand|| 5 560&amp;nbsp;km / 3 700&amp;nbsp;km met volle vrag
|-
|Vlieghoogte|| 5 700 m
|-
|Opstygsnelheid|| 198&amp;nbsp;m/min
|}
Die '''Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair''' is 'n spesiale vragvliegtuig waarvan tussen 1961 en 1969 21 eksemplare deur die [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britse]] vliegtuigvervaardiger ''Aviation Traders Ltd.'' gebou is. Die ''ATL-98 Corvair'' kon 25 passasiers en vyf motors op 'n slag vervoer.

''Aviation Traders'', 'n handelsonderneming vir vliegtuigonderdele, het die [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] passasiersvliegtuig ''[[Douglas DC-4]]'' as basis vir die ''Carvair'' gebruik en omgebou, waarby die bagasiedek verleng en die vliegtuigkajuit tot bo-op dié dek verskuif is.

== Geskiedenis ==

In die laat 1950's het daar by Sir Freddie Laker se lugredery ''Air Charter'' (later ''Channel Air Bridge'') 'n behoefte ontstaan om motors saam met hul welvarende eienaars per vliegtuig na hul bestemmings anderkant van die [[Engelse Kanaal]] tussen [[Groot-Brittanje]], [[Ierland]] en [[Frankryk]] te vervoer. Weens 'n styging in vragvolume het vliegtuie soos die ''Bristol 170 Freighter'' en ''Superfreighter'', wat destyds op dié lugvlugroetes ingespan is, onvoldoende geraak.

Aangesien talle [[lugredery]]e hul DC-4-vliegtuie uitgefaseer en verkoop het, het ''Aviation Traders Ltd.'' begin om hierdie masjiene aan te koop en om te bou. Die vliegtuigkajuit is met 2,08&amp;nbsp;m na bo verskuif en bo-op die bagasiedek geplaas wat nou met 'n lengte van 24,74&amp;nbsp;m en 'n maksimale hoogte van 2,03&amp;nbsp;m oor die hele vliegtuig gestrek het. Die vliegtuigromp is eweneens verleng.
[[Lêer:Carvair.arp.750pix.jpg|duimnael|links|'n ''Aer Lingus-Carvair'' word op Bristol-lughawe belaai]]
Die omgeboude vliegtuig was 900&amp;nbsp;kg swaarder, maar hierdie massatoename is maklik met massabesparings in die binneruimte gekompenseer. Die boeg kon met 'n hidrouliese klap geopen word om die vliegtuig te be- en ontlaai. Nadat met die ombouwerk vir die eerste vliegtuig teen 'n koste van aanvanklik sowat £105&amp;nbsp;000 in Oktober 1960 begin is, het toetsvlieënier D.B. Cartridge op 21 Junie 1961 die nooiensvlug van die ''Carvair'' voltooi. Dié benaming was 'n afkorting van ''Car via Air''.

Die eerste masjien (G-ANYB) is op 31 Maart 1962 amptelik toegelaat en deur die lugredery ''British United Air Ferries'' in diens geneem. Dit is hierna vir byna vyftien jaar op vragroetes ingespan voordat die laaste vliegtuig op 1 Januarie 1977 uitgefaseer is.

Die ''Carvair'' het in 1964 sy verskyning in die [[James Bond]]-rolprent ''Goldfinger'' gemaak en is vanweë sy kenmerkende ontwerp hier later soms met die [[Boeing 747]]-makrostraler verwar. Die laasgenoemde vliegtuig is egter eers vanaf 1969 in diens geneem.

Tussen 1961 en 1969 is altesaam 21 ''DC-4'' vir lugrederye soos ''Aer Lingus'', ''Aviaco'', ''Ansett-ANA'', ''British United Airways'', ''British Air Ferries'', ''Channel Air Bridge'' en ''Inter-Ocean Airways'' omgebou. Die vervoer van motors oor die Engelse Kanaal is in 1973 gestaak, en die meeste lugrederye het hul ''Carvairs'' aan ander lugvragvervoerders dwarsoor die wêreld verkoop. Sewe masjiene het tussen 1962 en 2007 verongeluk, en in Januarie 2007 was nog drie ''Carvairs'' in diens, waarvan een elk by ''Phoebus Apollo Aviation'' in [[Germiston]], [[Suid-Afrika]], ''Brooks Fuel'' (N898AT) in [[Alaska]] en ''Gator Global Flying Services'' in [[Texas]]. 'n Verdere drie of vier masjiene is nie meer geskik om te vlieg nie.

=== Die Phoebus Apollo Aviation Carvair ===
Die Aviation Traders Carvair met die konstruksienommer 27314 is oorspronklik as ’n Douglas C-54E in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou. Hierdie C-54 het met die reeksnommer 44-9088 in die USAAF diens gedoen en het daarna die burgerlike registrasie N88881 verkry. Toe is dit as JA6015 in Japan bedryf en het vervolgens VH-INM in Australië geword. Die skroefvliegtuig het op 12 Julie 1968 sy eerste vlug as ’n ATL-98 gehad. Hierdie vliegtuig was die laaste (21ste) ombouing wat gedoen is. Rondom Maart 1978 het die Carvair die registrasie N54596 verwerf. Daarna is hy as ZK-NWB in Nieu-Seeland geregistreer. Die registrasie N5459M is in 1990 aan hom toegeken en daarna het hy 9J-PAA geword.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Eastwood |last2=Roach |first1=Tony |first2=John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=8, 257 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Phoebus Apollo het Carvair N5459M in Maart 2002 by sy vloot bygevoeg. Die naam “Phoebus Apollo Exclusive” is in Maart by die Randse Lughawe op die vliegtuig aangebring. Hy is in die volle Phoebus-kleure geverf. Die skroefvliegtuig het ook ’n gesig op die massiewe neus. Die amptelike registrasiedatum van die Phoebus Apollo Aviation Carvair met die registrasienommer 9J-PAA is 20 Mei 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zaayman |first=Karel |title=South Africa, Phoebus Apollo Aviation|journal=ASA News Journal of the Aviation Society of Africa |issue=2/2002 |pages=14, 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fotogalery ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot;&gt;
Lêer:N5459m 1998-02-07 FALA 364 kolle LR herstel file 800x486.jpg|Carvair N5459M 7 Februarie 1998 Lanseria
Lêer:9jpaa 2003-05-04 FAGM P5045528 600x400.jpg|Carvair 9J-PAA 4 Mei 2003 Randse lughawe
Lêer:9jpaa 2003-05-04 FAGM P5045523 crop 600x450.jpg|Carvair 9J-PAA 4 Mei 2003
Lêer:9jpaa 2014-09-17 FAGM 4716 elements 600x400.jpg|Carvair 9J-PAA 17 September 2014
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{clear}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{Commons|Aviation Traders ATL-98}}

'''Media'''
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAztVfGc2BA ''youtube.com: 'n Aviation Traders Carvair tydens 'n lugvaartskou op Rand-lughawe, Germiston,  Suid-Afrika'']

{{Normdata}}
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    <title>Sjimkent</title>
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        <username>Milenioscuro</username>
        <id>42112</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Chimkent p.svg]] → [[File:Shymkent in Kazakhstan.svg]] updated svg</comment>
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'''Sjimkent''' ([[Kasaks]]: Шымкент; [[Russies]]: Чимкент, ''Tsjimkent'') is 'n stad in [[Kasakstan]]. Dit is bekend vir sy kultuur. Die stad het ook 'n internasionale [[lughawe]].

{{Saadjie}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Nedersettings in Kasakstan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Boot</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889662</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T03:16:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ROCKY</username>
        <id>93879</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Hinckley Daysailor 42 by D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:Hinckley 42 Daysailor by Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4029" sha1="nsmzxrapsb1nopwq60jupzh7jsoc86j" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Hinckley 42 Daysailor by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|duimnael|'n Boot met seile]]
[[Lêer:Polizia di Stato.jpg|duimnael|'n Polisieboot in [[Venesië]]]]

'n '''Boot''' is enige tipe watervaartuig, gewoonlik groter as 'n skuit, maar heelwat kleiner as 'n [[skip]] wat meestal op die oop [[oseaan]] vaar. Ook sal kragbote, insluitend duikbote, na binne oorhel wanneer hulle 'n draai op die water maak, terwyl skepe na buite oorhel. Bote kan op [[rivier]]e, damme, mere en aan die kus van die oseaan gebruik word. Dit word veral benut vir ontspanning, noodsaaklike vervoer (bv. op 'n lang rivier), as [[hengel]]platform, of vir maritieme patrolliewerk.

Passasierskepe, vragskepe, tenkskepe, sleepbote, treilers, ligters, barkasse, motorbote en jolle hierdie en baie ander soorte vaartuie kan in groot getalle in die hawens van die wêreld gesien word. Sommige  is groot en ander is klein, sommige is mooi en vinnig en ander is onooglik en stadig. Maar elkeen is spesiaal ontwerp en gebou om die taak waarvoor dit bedoel is, so doeltreffend as moontlik uit te voer.

== Motorbootmasjiene ==
Motorbootmasjiene kan buiteboords of binneboords aangebring word, eg. word binne-in die vaartuig ingebou. Die krag word op die skroef oorgedra met 'n dryfas wat deur die agterstewe loop. Lg. is minder ingewikkeld omdat die motor, skag en skroef in 'n enkele eenheid gebou is, wat oor die hek van die vaartuig hang.

==== Barge ====
[[lêer:Ohio River Parkersburg.jpg|duimnael|regs|Steenkoolbarge op die Ohiorivier, VSA]]
Veral in Europese hawens word vaartuie soos hierdie dikwels gebruik om stortladingvrag, veral steenkool, te vervoer. Hierdie barg word met sy eie dieselmasjien aangedryf, en hy is ontwerp om 'n groot vrag te dra. Snelheid is van mindere belang. Barge soos hierdie kan net in beskutte waters aangewend word en vermy die oop see.

== Riviertenkskip ==
Hierdie vaartuie word veral op die riviere van [[Europa]] gebruik om groot hoeveelhede vloeistowwe te vervoer. In hawens word hulle dikwels gebruik om brandstof of vars water na skepe te neem. Hierdie skepe word opsetlik smal gebou sodat hulle by nou plekke kan deurvaar.

==== Onderlosser ====
Hierdie baggerskuit word gebruik om die sand en modder wat in die hawe [[Baggerwerk|uitgebagger]] is, diep in die see uit te gooi. Groot deure in die bodem val oop om die vrag uit te stort.

== Jagte ==
[[lêer:0104RajaAmpatS - 101 she is pretty (5556217628).jpg|duimnael|regs|'n Skoener aan die Indonesiese kus]]
Baie soorte vaartuie word jagte genoem. Die bekendste is die seiljagte wat in binnelandse en kus­waters aangetref word. Die grootte wissel van jolle tot vaartuie so groot soos hierdie prag­tige skoener.

Groot plesiervaartuie word ook jagte genoem. Vandag word die tuie met dieselmotore aangedryf.

==== Sleepligters ====
[[lêer:Ellerholzdamm, WPAhoi, Hamburg (P1080332).jpg|duimnael|regs|'n Ligter in [[Hamburg]] se hawe]]
Wanneer 'n groot vragskip vasmeer, is dit nie altyd moontlik om die hele vrag op die kaai af te laai nie. Dikwels word 'n gedeelte van die vrag dan op ligters gelaai wat langs die skip vasmaak. Die ligters word dan na plekke geneem waar die vrag verder hanteer kan word.

==== Veerbote ====
Tussen [[Robbeneiland]] en [[Kaapstad]] loop 'n veerboot wat mense vervoer. Maar in sommige wêrelddele bestaan gereelde pontdienste vir motors, busse en selfs treine. Veerbote vir treine en motors vaar gereeld tussen die [[Britse Eilande]] en die vasteland van Europa, en tussen [[Duitsland]] en die [[Skandinawië|Skandinawiese lande]].

== Drywende hyskrane ==
Hierdie mobiele hyskrane word in menige groot hawens, ook dié van Suid-Afrika, aangetref. Hulle word veral gebruik om swaar dekvragte op en af van skepe te laai, en om swaar hawewerktuie soos droogdok-hekke te hanteer.

== Bronverwysing ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''Kennis'', Volume 1, 1980, bl. 57-59, {{ISBN|0-7981-0823-1}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{Commonskat-inlyn|Boat}}
* {{Wikt-inlyn|boot}}
{{Saadjie}}

{{Normdata}}

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  <page>
    <title>Rubens Barrichello</title>
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      <text bytes="94485" sha1="e4i5vzrar72qeqckzgqi8crugqdbqd6" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas renjaer
| name         = Rubens Barrichello
| image        = Rubens Barrichello 2010 Malaysia.jpg
| caption      = Barrichello by die [[2010 Maleisiese Grand Prix]]
| nationality  = {{vlagikoon|Brasilië}} Brasilianer
| birth_name   = Rubens Gonçalves Barrichello
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1972|05|23|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[São Paulo]], [[Brasilië]]
| Years        = [[1993 Formule Een-seisoen|1993]] tot [[2011 Formule Een-seisoen|2011]]
| Old Team     = [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]], Stewart, [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]], [[Honda Racing F1|Honda]], [[Mercedes-Benz|Brawn]], [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]
| Races        = 326 (322 begin)
| Championships= 0
| Wins         = 11
| Podiums      = 68
| Points       = 658
| Poles        = 14
| Fastest laps = 17
| First race   = [[1993 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|1993 Suid-Afrikaanse GP]]
| First win    = [[2000 Duitse Grand Prix]]
| Last win     = [[2009 Italiaanse Grand Prix]]
| Last race    = [[2011 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]]
| Last season  = 
| Last position = 
}}

'''Rubens Barrichello''' (gebore 23 Mei 1972 in [[São Paulo]]) is 'n [[Brasilië|Brasiliaanse]] renjaer wat van [[1993 Formule Een-seisoen|1993]] tot [[2011 Formule Een-seisoen|2011]] aan [[Formule Een]] Grands Prix-wedrenne deelgeneem het.

Barrichello hou die rekord vir die vierde meeste wedrenne in Formule Een (322), na [[Fernando Alonso]] (425*), sir [[Lewis Hamilton]] (380*) en [[Kimi Räikkönen]] (349). Hy het vir [[Scuderia Ferrari]] gejaag van 2000-2005, met [[Michael Schumacher]] as sy spanmaat, en het groot sukses behaal insluitende kampioenskapsnaaswenner in [[2002 Formule Een-seisoen|2002]] en [[2004 Formule Een-seisoen|2004]]. Hy was ook derde in 2001 en 2009. Gedurende sy ses jaar by Ferrari het Barrichello vyf vervaardigerskampioenskaptitels saam met Schumacher verower, wat op sy beurt vyf bestuurderskampioenskaptitels namekaar gewen het tussen 2000 en 2004. 

Aan die einde van 2005 verlaat Barrichello Ferrari om 'n kontrak met [[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] te teken. Ná Schumacher se [[aftrede]] aan die einde van 2006 was Barrichello die mees ervare bestuurder op die rooster, en by die [[2008 Turkse Grand Prix]] het hy die mees ervare bestuurder in F1-geskiedenis geword.

Hy was die eerste bestuurder om 300 Grands Prix-inskrywings met 300 wegspronge te bereik, in 2010. Hy was ook die voorsitter van die Vereniging van Grand Prix-renjaers in 2010. Barrichello het elf Formule Een Grands Prix gewen.

== Vroeë lewe ==
Die vaderskant van sy familie kom van [[Veneto]], Italië (van die dorp Riese, in die [[Treviso (provinsie)|provinsie Treviso]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teleresponde.com.br/rubens.htm|title=Entrevistado|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206075605/http://www.teleresponde.com.br/rubens.htm|archive-date=6 February 2012|access-date=8 February 2016}} Interview: Rubens Barrichello (grandfather)&lt;/ref&gt; Sy moederskant van die familie is van Portugese oorsprong. Beide sy vader en oupa word ook Rubens genoem,&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt; en Barrichello deel sy vader se verjaarsdag: 23 Mei.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.barrichello.com.br/historia.php?l=2|title=My story, from ''Rubens Barrichello Official site''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406080921/http://www.barrichello.com.br/historia.php?l=2|archive-date=6 April 2007|access-date=2 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daarom staan Rubens Barrichello bekend as ''Rubinho'' ([[Portugees]] vir ''klein Rubens''), wat ook sy bynaam geword het.

Barrichello het vyf knortjortitels in [[Brasilië]] gewen voordat hy na Europa vertrek het om in 1990 in die Formule Vauxhall Lotus-reeks te jaag. In sy eerste jaar het hy die kampioenskap gewen, 'n prestasie wat hy die volgende jaar in die Britse Formule 3-kampioenskap herhaal het deur [[David Coulthard]] te klop. Hy het in 1992 derde in die Formule 3000- kampioenskap geëindig en by die [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan Formule Een-span]] aangesluit vir die [[1993 Formule Een-seisoen]]. Gedurende hierdie tyd het Barrichello in [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]], [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] gewoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.barrichello.com.br/historia.php?l=2|title=My story, from ''Rubens Barrichello Official site''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406080921/http://www.barrichello.com.br/historia.php?l=2|archive-date=6 April 2007|access-date=2 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formule Een-loopbaan ==
=== Jordan (1993–1996) ===
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_-_Jordan_193_at_the_1993_British_Grand_Prix_(32873446423).jpg|links|duimnael| Barrichello jaag vir [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] tydens die [[1993 Britse Grand Prix]].]]
In Barrichello se derde wedren, die [[1993 Europese Grand Prix]], het hy vanuit die 12de plek in baie nat toestande weggespring, maar was aan die einde van die eerste rondte reeds vierde. Hy was so hoog as tweede geplaas, nadat hy die Williams van [[Damon Hill]] en [[Alain Prost]] verbygesteek het voordat hy 'n brandstofdrukprobleem ondervind het. Sy Jordan se betroubaarheid in 1993 was swak, en hy het min wedrenne voltooi. Barrichello het gereeld beter presteer as sy ervare spanmaats, Ivan Capelli en [[Thierry Boutsen]]. In die [[1993 Franse Grand Prix|Franse Grand Prix]] het hy amper sy eerste Grand Prix-punt (en die span se eerste daardie jaar) aangeteken, maar Michael Andretti het hom op die laaste rondte verbygesteek vir die sesde en laaste punteplek. Sy enigste punte van die seisoen was by die [[1993 Japannese Grand Prix|Japannese Grand Prix]] met 'n vyfde plek, voor sy nuwe spanmaat [[Eddie Irvine]]. Hierdie 2 punte plaas hom in die 18de plek op die ranglys.

Barrichello het [[1994 Formule Een-seisoen|1994]] met 'n vierde plek in [[1994 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasilië]] begin en 'n derde plek by die [[1994 Pasifiese Grand Prix]] in Aida, wat sy eerste podiumplek was. Hierdie resultate plaas Barrichello in die tweede plek op die bestuurdersranglys, agter [[Michael Schumacher]], wat die twee wedrenne gewen het. By die [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino Grand Prix]] het hy egter 'n swaar ongeluk gemaak tydens Vrydag se oefening, toe hy teen die muur by die Variante Bassa gebots het en die motor omgeslaan het. Die ongeluk het hom bewusteloos gelaat en sy lewe bedreig, met sy tong wat sy lugweg blokkeer het.&lt;ref&gt;Benson, Andrew. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3605579.stm A death that shocked the world]. BBC Sport. 21 April 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello het die werk op die baan van Sid Watkins geprys wat sy lewe gered het.&lt;ref&gt;AP. [https://www.espn.com/racing/story/_/id/8372798 &quot;F1 medic Sid Walker dies at 84&quot;]. ESPN Sports. 13 September 2012. Besoek op 8 Junie 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Die rennaweek het 'n paar ernstige ongelukke beleef, waarvan twee noodlottig was: Roland Ratzenberger is tydens Saterdag se kwalifiseersessie dood toe hy in sy Simtek by die Villeneuve-draai gebots het, terwyl Barrichello se mentor, [[Ayrton Senna]], Sondag tydens die ren met sy [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] by Tamburello gebots het en ook gesterf het. Barrichello was diep geskok deur die sterftes.

Later in die seisoen het hy die voorste wegspringplek by die [[1994 Belgiese Grand Prix|Belgiese Grand Prix]] ingeneem en 'n paar rondtes by [[1994 Portugese Grand Prix|Estoril]] gelei. Sy voorste wegspringposisie by Spa-Francorchamps het die rekord opgestel vir die jongste jaer om destyds 'n voorste wegspringplek te verseker. Hy het die seisoen met 'n vierde plek in [[1994 Australiese Grand Prix|Adelaide]] afgesluit. Hy het die seisoen algeheel sesde in die Bestuurderskampioenskap met 19 punte afgesluit.

Gedurende die 1995 seisoen het Barrichello 'n tweede plek in [[1995 Kanadese Grand Prix|Montreal]] behaal, maar die Jordan-motors was minder betroubaar as in 1994, hoofsaaklik omdat Jordan die fabriekskontrak vir die Peugeot-enjin van die [[McLaren]]span oorgeneem het. In drie wedrenne het hy sewe punte in die laaste rondte verloor — ’n hoëspoedbotsing met Mark Blundell by [[1995 Britse Grand Prix|Silverstone]], en meganiese foute by [[1995 Spaanse Grand Prix|Barcelona]] en in [[1995 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Hongarye]]. Barrichello het die seisoen in die 11de plek afgesluit met 11 punte, een voor Irvine.

Daar was hoë verwagtinge vir 1996. Die sigarethandelsmerk Benson &amp; Hedges het groter borgskap na die span gebring. Barrichello was onder die voorlopers in [[1996 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasilië]], die tweede wedren van die seisoen, voordat hy afgetol het nadat sy remme oorverhit het.&lt;ref&gt;Henry, Alan (red.) (1996) ''Autocourse'' Haymarket Publishing p. 110 {{ISBN|1-874557-91-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soos die seisoen gevorder het, het Jordan egter minder mededingend geword. Barrichello se verhouding met spaneienaar Eddie Jordan het gedurende 1996 versuur, en aan die einde van die jaar, nadat hy gekoppel is aan sterk spanne, insluitend [[Benetton Formula-span|Benetton]] (die sitplek is later deur [[Gerhard Berger]] gevul weens die Oostenryker wat meer borgskap ingebring het), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.rubens-barrichello-on-being-pranked-by-senna-and-almost-signing-for-mclaren.YHBcPDs17cJyyUP68OcZO.html|title=F1 PODCAST: Rubens Barrichello on being pranked by Senna and almost signing for McLaren {{!}} Formula 1®|website=formula1.com|language=en|access-date=16 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; het hy vertrek na die nuutgestigte Stewart Grand Prix. Sy laaste seisoen by Jordan het 14 punte opgelewer.

=== Stewart (1997–1999) ===

[[Lêer:Stewart gp barrichello 1997.jpg|duimnael|links|260px|Barrichello by die [[1997 Kanadese Grand Prix]]]]
Stewart se debuutseisoen in 1997 het gereelde betroubaarheidsprobleme opgelewer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thejudge13.com/2016/02/25/f1-history-1997-stewart-ford-sf01-daring-to-dare/|title=#F1 History: 1997 STEWART-FORD SF01 – Daring to dare|publisher=The Judge 13|date=25 February 2016|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  en Barrichello kon slegs drie wedrenne voltooi. Die hoogtepunt was 'n tweede plek in Monaco, wat hom 13de op die punteleer geplaas het. Sy spanmaat Jan Magnussen het geen punte aangeteken nie. In dieselfde jaar is Barrichello op 24 Februarie met Silvana Giaffone getroud. Sy is 'n niggie van die Brasiliaanse Indy Car -bestuurder Felipe Giaffone en 'n niggie van die Stock Car Brasil- kampioene, Affonso Giaffone Filho en Zeca Giaffone.

1998 was nie veel beter vir Stewart nie, met twee vyfde plekke as die span se beste resultate. Ten spyte van die swak betroubaarheid van die motor, het Barrichello konsekwent sy spanmaat Magnussen geklop, wat daartoe gelei het dat laasgenoemde by die [[1998 Franse Grand Prix|Franse Grand Prix]] weggelaat is, en vervang is deur [[Jos Verstappen]], nog 'n spanmaat wat deur Barrichello geklop is.

1999 was 'n baie beter jaar vir die Stewart-span. Barrichello het derde gekwalifiseer by sy [[1999 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|tuiswedren in Brasilië]], waar hy [[Michael Schumacher]] se Ferrari geklop het, en selfs 'n paar rondtes gelei het totdat sy enjin naby 'Subida dos Boxes' opgeblaas het. Hy het ook die voorste wegspringplek in die nat kwalifiseringsessie in Frankryk behaal, en drie podiumplekke by die [[1999 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino]], [[1999 Franse Grand Prix|Franse]] en [[1999 Europese Grand Prix|Europese]] Grands Prix behaal. Laasgenoemde wedren is deur sy spanmaat [[Johnny Herbert]] gewen. Ten spyte hiervan het Barrichello weer oor die algemeen sy spanmaat geklop. Gedurende die jaar het hy die aandag van Ferrari-baas Jean Todt getrek, en hy is vir die 2000-seisoen gekontrakteer.

=== Ferrari (2000–2005) ===
[[Lêer:Barrichello_2003.jpg|links|duimnael|290px|Barrichello in sy Ferrari tydens die [[2002 Verenigde State Grand Prix]]]]
In 2000 het Barrichello sy eerste Grand Prix-oorwinning behaal by die [[2000 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitse Grand Prix]] by [[Hockenheimring|Hockenheim]], toe hy en die span gekies het om op droëweerbande te bly toe dit op 'n deel van die baan gereën het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://formula1.ferrari.com/en/happened-today-07-30/|title=Rubens Barrichello's first win|date=30 July 2000|publisher=Formula One Ferrari|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hierdie riskante besluit het hom by die McLarens laat verbyglip (hulle het gekies om vir natweerbande by die kuipe aan te doen) om die wedren te wen, nadat hy van 18de af op die rooster weggespring het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/german-gp-barrichello-storms-to-first-career-victory/48758/|title=German GP Barrichello storms to first career victory|date=31 July 2000|publisher=Motorsport.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508124124/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/german-gp-barrichello-storms-to-first-career-victory/48758/|archive-date=8 May 2019|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit was die langste wat enige bestuurder in Formule Een se geskiedenis destyds vir 'n eerste Grand Prix-oorwinning gewag het..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/0/f1-drivers-longest-wait-first-grand-prix-race-win/rubens-barrichello/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/0/f1-drivers-longest-wait-first-grand-prix-race-win/rubens-barrichello/|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=F1 drivers with longest wait for first Grand Prix win: Who took more races to reach the top than Valtteri Bottas?|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=1 May 2007|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello het 'n bestendige debuutseisoen vir Ferrari gehad en die meeste wedrenne op die podium voltooi, maar is deur [[Michael Schumacher]], [[Mika Häkkinen]] en [[David Coulthard]] oortref. Barrichello het die seisoen vierde geëindig nadat hy Schumacher ondersteun het in sy stryd teen Häkkinen om die Bestuurderskampioenskap, en het [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] gehelp om die vervaardigerskampioenskap te wen.
[[Lêer:Barrichello_(Ferrari)_qualifying_at_USGP_2005.jpg|duimnael| Barrichello kwalifiseer vir die [[2005 Verenigde State Grand Prix]]]]
Barrichello het die 2001 seisoen in die derde plek afgesluit, met 'n totaal van 10 podiumplekke en 'n totaal van 56 kampioenskapspunte. Hy het amper 'n oorwinning in Monza behaal, maar dis verspeel deur die Ferrari-kuipespan wat swak gevaar het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2001/sep/17/formulaone.formulaone20011|title=Montoya's first win mature but muted|date=17 September 2001|website=The Guardian|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het die seisoen sonder 'n oorwinning afgesluit, en weer eens het hy 'n belangrike ondersteunende rol vir Schumacher gespeel, hom gehelp om sy tweede bestuurderskampioenskap met Ferrari te wen en die span gehelp om die vervaardigerskampioenskap vir die derde agtereenvolgende jaar te wen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://autoweek.com/article/formula-one/rubens-barrichello-michael-schumacher-benefitted-team-orders-win-formula-one|title=RUBENS BARRICHELLO: MICHAEL SCHUMACHER BENEFITED FROM TEAM ORDERS TO WIN FORMULA ONE TITLES|date=20 March 2015|publisher=Autoweek.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barrichello se sukses by Ferrari het in 2002 voortgeduur, toe hy vier wedrenne vir die span gewen het en 'n loopbaanbeste tweede plek in die Bestuurderskampioenskap behaal het, met 77 kampioenskapspunte. Die jaar is egter gekenmerk deur kontroversie toe Ferrari-spanbevele vereis het dat Barrichello die agtervolgende Schumacher moes toelaat om hom op die laaste pylvak van die [[2002 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|Oostenrykse Grand Prix]] verby te steek om die oorwinning te behaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/3027644/Formula-One-Ferrari-team-mate-hands-Schumacher-controversial-victory.html|title=Formula One: Ferrari team-mate hands Schumacher controversial victory|date=12 May 2002|website=The Telegraph|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/3027644/Formula-One-Ferrari-team-mate-hands-Schumacher-controversial-victory.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Schumacher het podiumplekke met Barrichello tydens die podiumseremonie omgeruil en Barrichello die wennerstrofee gegee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/The_FIA/2002/260602-01.html|title=Official FIA Press Release – The 2002 Austrian Grand Prix|date=26 June 2002|publisher=fia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017081855/http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/The_FIA/2002/260602-01.html|archive-date=17 October 2006|access-date=26 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die jaers is beboet vir die ontwrigting van die podiumprotokol en Ferrari se blatante spanbevele het daartoe gelei dat die FIA spanbevele vanaf 2003 verbied het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/13/austria.ferrari/index.html|title=F1 summons Schumacher, Barrichello|date=13 May 2002|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2002/may/13/formulaone.formulaone20021|title=FIA summon Ferrari to explain themselves|date=13 May 2002|website=The Guardian|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:2002_Austrian_GP.jpg|regs|duimnael|260px|Barrichello se nommer 2-status by Ferrari is duidelik gemaak nadat hy [[Michael Schumacher]] laat verbysteek het om die [[2002 Oostenrykse Grand Prix]] te wen.]]
Barrichello het die [[2003 Formule Een-seisoen|2003-seisoen]] in die vierde plek afgesluit, met 65 punte, insluitend oorwinnings by [[2003 Britse Grand Prix|Silverstone]] en [[2003 Japannese Grand Prix|Suzuka]], en het weer 'n deurslaggewende rol gespeel om Schumacher en Ferrari te help om die bestuurders- en vervaardigerskampioenskappe te wen. In die [[2004 Formule Een-seisoen|2004-seisoen]] het Barrichello in slegs sewe van die eerste dertien wedrenne tweede agter Schumacher geëindig, maar hy het beide die [[2004 Italiaanse Grand Prix]] en die [[2004 Chinese Grand Prix]] gewen om die tweede plek in die kampioenskap in te neem, en die jaar met 114 punte en 14 podiumplekke afgesluit. Alhoewel Barrichello goeie renmotors gehad het gedurende sy Ferrari-era, was sy beste resultaat by sy tuiswedren slegs 'n derde plek in [[2004 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|2004]]. Hy kon nie daarin slaag om elf van die negentien [[Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasiliaanse Grands Prix]] waaraan hy deelgeneem het, te voltooi nie.

In die [[2005 Formule Een-seisoen|2005-seisoen]] het Ferrari nie die pas van vorige jare gehad nie as gevolg van die verandering van bandreëls.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph053&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2366844/Ferrari-and-BAR-leave-their-dismal-2005-in-rear-mirror.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2366844/Ferrari-and-BAR-leave-their-dismal-2005-in-rear-mirror.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Ferrari and BAR leave their dismal 2005 in rear mirror|author=Kevin Garside|date=18 October 2005|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=4 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ferrari het [[Bridgestone|Bridgestone-]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;bande gebruik, wat minder effektief was as dié van hul mededingers op [[Michelin|Michelins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph052&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2366844/Ferrari-and-BAR-leave-their-dismal-2005-in-rear-mirror.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2366844/Ferrari-and-BAR-leave-their-dismal-2005-in-rear-mirror.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Ferrari and BAR leave their dismal 2005 in rear mirror|author=Kevin Garside|date=18 October 2005|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=4 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/schumacher-in-limbo-as-wheels-drop-off-ferrari-490134.html|title=Schumacher in limbo as wheels drop off Ferrari|author=David Tremayne|work=[[The Independent]]|date=10 May 2005|access-date=4 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello se beste resultate hierdie seisoen was twee tweede plekke in [[2005 Australiese Grand Prix|Melbourne]] en toe by die [[2005 Verenigde State Grand Prix|Verenigde State Grand Prix]] in [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway|Indianapolis]], toe al die Michelin-renmotors ná die formasierondte onttrek het, met slegs ses motors wat in die wedren oorgebly het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-blame-game-2005-united-states-gp-at-indianapolis/611836/|title=The blame game – 2005 United States GP at Indianapolis|date=19 June 2005|publisher=Motorsport|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het die seisoen in die agtste plek in die bestuurdersranglys afgesluit met 38 punte, sy swakste seisoen met Ferrari.

In 'n onderhoud met [[Felipe Massa]] in Augustus 2022, het Massa gesê dat Barrichello 'n kontrak met Ferrari gehad het tot in 2006, waarna hy vir die [[2007 Formule Een-seisoen|2007-seisoen]] deur [[Kimi Räikkönen]] vervang sou word. Maar vroeg in 2005 het [[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] hom genader om vir hulle te ry, en ontevrede met die behandeling wat Ferrari hom gegee het, het hulle besluit om die span te vra om sy kontrak in 2005 te beëindig. Hy is dus deur Massa vir die [[2006 Formule Een-seisoen|2006-seisoen vervang.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Verwysing|title=FELIPE MASSA - Flow #94 🤝 @Flow Sport Club|date=17 August 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3lq537XXAo|language=en|access-date=2022-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Honda (2006–2008) ===
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_Canada_2006.jpg|links|duimnael|282x282px| Barrichello by die [[2006 Kanadese Grand Prix|Kanadese Grand Prix van 2006]]]]
In Augustus 2005 is aangekondig dat hy Ferrari aan die einde van die jaar sou verlaat om by [[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] aan te sluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=BAR Confirm Barrichello for 2006|publisher=Autosport|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/bar-confirm-barrichello-for-2006-5327718/5327718/|date=16 August 2005|access-date=3 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello se gelukkige nommer is &quot;11&quot;, die nommer wat hy op sy kart gehad het toe hy sy eerste wedren gewen het. In 2006 het sy nuwe spanmaat [[Jenson Button]] aan Barrichello die nommer vir sy motor uit welwillendheid gegee. Barrichello is aanvanklik deur Button oortref en het beweer dat die motor nie by sy bestuurstyl pas nie, veral nie tydens remming nie. Na wysigings aan die motor was hy meer mededingend gewees. In [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] het hy amper sy eerste podiumplek saam met die span behaal, maar toe is hy 'n deurrystraf opgele vir 'n spoedoortreding in die kuipelaan en het hy vierde geëindig. Alhoewel hy 'n podiumplek verloor het, was dit die beste resultaat by die Monaco Grand Prix vir Honda (as span) of enige Japannese span. Met die doel om liefdadigheidsfondse vir die Brasiliaanse kinders in te samel, het Barrichello vir die wedren helmkleure uitgeruil met Tony Kanaan, 'n Brasiliaanse Indy Car- bestuurder en een van sy beste vriende; en in dieselfde naweek het Kanaan in die 2006 Indianapolis 500- wedren gejaag met Barrichello se helmkleur. Barrichello het derde gekwalifiseer vir die [[2006 Chinese Grand Prix|Chinese Grand Prix]], voor Schumacher en Räikkönen. Hy het die seisoen sewende in die bestuurdersranglys afgesluit met 30 punte, 26 agter Button.
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2007_Britain_2.jpg|regs|duimnael|220x220px| Barrichello ry vir Honda tydens die [[2007 Britse Grand Prix]]]]
Barrichello het geen punte gedurende die [[2007 Formule Een-seisoen|2007-seisoen]] aangeteken nie ('n ongekende feit in sy loopbaan), as gevolg van die Honda RA107 se gebrek aan spoed. Ten spyte daarvan dat hy slegs twee keer uitgeval het, was 'n negende plek in die [[2007 Britse Grand Prix|Britse Grand Prix]] sy beste resultaat van die seisoen en hy het slegs een keer in die top 10 gekwalifiseer.

Ten spyte hiervan het Honda op 19 Julie 2007 bevestig dat Barrichello vir die [[2008 Formule Een-seisoen|2008-seisoen]] as 'n renjaer by die span sou aanbly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Honda keep Button &amp; Barrichello|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6906943.stm|date=19 July 2007|access-date=20 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het hom die geleentheid gegee om aan die vyf wedrenne deel te neem wat hy nodig gehad het om [[Riccardo Patrese]] se rekord te breek vir die bestuurder wat in die meeste Grands Prix-wedrenne weggespring het, 'n rekord wat vir 14 jaar gestaan het.

In die eerste wedren van die 2008-seisoen het Barrichello tiende gekwalifiseer, voor Button. Hy het sesde geëindig, maar is gediskwalifiseer omdat hy 'n rooi lig by die kuipeuitgang geïgnoreer het. Hy het ook 'n stop-en-ry-straf tydens die wedren ontvang omdat hy die kuipe binnegegaan het terwyl dit tydens 'n veiligheidsmotorperiode gesluit was. In [[2008 Maleisiese Grand Prix|Maleisië]] het ratkasprobleme sy prestasie belemmer en hy het 13de geëindig. In [[2008 Bahreinse Grand Prix|Bahrein]] het hy weer buite die punte geëindig.

Die [[2008 Turkse Grand Prix|Turkse Grand Prix]] was Barrichello se 257ste Grand Prix, wat Patrese se rekord van 256 Grand Prix-wedrenne verbeter het en hy die mees ervare jaer in F1-geskiedenis geword het. Die spesifieke Grand Prix waar hy hierdie rekord gebreek het, is betwis, aangesien hy tegnies nie sommige wedrenne, soos die [[2002 Spaanse Grand Prix|Spaanse Grand Prix van 2002]], begin het nie, maar Barrichello en Honda het Turkye gekies as die plek van die amptelike vieringe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Barrichello chooses Turkey for record|work=Autosport|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/66759|date=21 April 2008|access-date=23 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2008_Monaco.jpg|links|duimnael|250x250px| Barrichello ry vir Honda tydens die [[2008 Monaco Grand Prix]]]]
In [[2008 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] het hy sy eerste punte sedert 2006 aangeteken en in [[2008 Kanadese Grand Prix|Kanada]] het hy agtereenvolgende punte aangeteken en 7de geëindig nadat hy in die 9de posisie weggespring het. Hy het in sommige rondtes voorgeloop as gevolg van die ontplooiing van die veiligheidsmotor, maar teen die einde van die wedren teruggeval in die orde. By [[2008 Franse Grand Prix|Magny-Cours]] in Frankryk het Barrichello nie sy vertoning van die vorige twee wedrenne herhaal nie en in die 17de plek gekwalifiseer. Na 'n ratkasverandering het hy tot 20ste geval. In die wedren het hy 14de geëindig.

By [[2008 Britse Grand Prix|Silverstone]], wat hy as sy tweede tuiste beskou, het hy 16de gekwalifiseer en Button verbygesteek. Met swaar reën op die wedrendag, deur goeie gebruik van 'n uiters nat bande, het hy 3de geëindig en sy eerste podiumplek sedert 2005 behaal. In [[2008 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitsland]] het 'n botsing met [[David Coulthard]] egter sy hoop op punte beëindig. In [[2008 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Hongarye]] is hy deur die leier oorgeslaan en het hy dieselfde vertoning in [[2008 Europese Grand Prix|Valencia]] herhaal. In [[2008 Belgiese Grand Prix|België]] het hy 16de gekwalifiseer, maar moes weens 'n ratkasfout onttrek. Op 'n nat [[2008 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Monza]] was hy tweede vinnigste in Vrydag se oefening en het hy vanaf 16de op die rooster weggespring. Hy het daarin geslaag om tot 9de te vorder, maar as gevolg van die gebruik van die verkeerde tipe bande in sy tweede kuipestop het hy 17de geëindig. By die heel eerste nagren in [[2008 Singapoerse Grand Prix|Singapoer]] was hy in 'n goeie posisie om punte aan te teken nadat hy die kuipe binnegegaan het net voordat die kuipelaan vir die veiligheidsmotor-periode gesluit het, maar kort daarna het sy enjin onklaar geraak en hy moes onttrek. In [[2008 Japannese Grand Prix|Japan]] het hy vanaf 17de op die wegspringrooster begin, maar het daarin geslaag om teen die einde van die wedren tot 13de te vorder. In [[2008 Chinese Grand Prix|China]] het hy daarin geslaag om vir die eerste keer in tien wedrenne tot K2 te vorder, en sou 14de weggespring het. Maar nadat Mark Webber sy tienplek-straf vir 'n enjinverandering bygevoeg is, is hy na die 13de plek opgeskuif. Op die wedrendag het hy 'n goeie begin gehad en vroeg in die wedren tot 10de opgeskuif en 'n sterk middelposisie deur die hele wedren beklee en 11de geëindig, vyf plekke voor Button, wat die hele naweek gesukkel het.

Op 5 Desember 2008 het Honda aangekondig dat hulle F1 verlaat weens die ekonomiese krisis. Dit het gelei tot maande van onsekerheid oor of 'n koper gevind kon word, en of hulle Barrichello as renjaer sou behou.

=== Brawn GP (2009) ===
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2009_China.jpg|regs|duimnael|280px|Barrichello by die [[2009 Chinese Grand Prix]]]]
Slegs 'n paar weke voor die seisoenopening in [[2009 Australiese Grand Prix|Melbourne]] het spanbestuurder Ross Brawn die Honda-span gekoop, dit hernoem na Brawn GP en die bedreiging van moontlike sluiting afgeweer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello was die onderwerp van volgehoue gerugte dat hy sy sitplek aan die jong [[Bruno Senna]], neef van sy vriend en mentor [[Ayrton Senna]], sou verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uiteindelik het Brawn in 2009 verkies om Barrichello as spanmaat vir [[Jenson Button]] te behou. By [[Barcelona-Catalunya-renbaan|Barcelona]] tydens die laaste voorseisoentoets het beide Barrichello en Button die kuipe verras met uiters mededingende rondtetye, ander jaers met soveel as twee sekondes oortref, en die prestasie wat die span in die vroeë wedrenne sou toon, voorspel.

In Melbourne het Barrichello die rondtetye in die eerste twee elemente van kwalifisering gelei, maar tweede op die rooster agter spanmaat Button gekwalifiseer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten spyte van 'n swak wegspring wat veroorsaak is deur sy enjin wat in anti-stol-modus gegly het, het hy goed herstel en slegs 'n paar plekke aan die begin verloor. Hy het egter skade aan die voorvlerk en agterste diffuser in die eerste draai-voorval opgedoen toe hy van agter deur [[Heikki Kovalainen]] in sy [[McLaren]] gestamp is, wat hom [[Mark Webber]] in die [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]] laat tref het, wat Webber se motor sowel as sy hoop op 'n goeie einde verongeluk het. Ten spyte hiervan het Barrichello uiteindelik die wedren in die tweede plek voltooi nadat [[Sebastian Vettel]] en [[Robert Kubica]] met net twee rondtes oor gebots het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het agtste in [[2009 Maleisiese Grand Prix|Maleisië]] begin nadat hy 'n roosterstraf gekry het vir 'n ratkasverandering en die wedren in die vyfde plek voltooi nadat die wedren by [[Sepang Internasionale Renbaan|Sepang]] weens swaar reën gestaak is.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/brawn-gp-barcelona-test-notes-2009-03-11/320689/|title=Brawn GP Barcelona test notes 2009-03-11|publisher=Motorsport.com|access-date=21 May 2009}}{{Dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2009_Turkey.jpg|links|duimnael|260px|Barrichello by die [[2009 Turkse Grand Prix]]]]

In [[2009 Chinese Grand Prix|Shanghai]] het Barrichello Button in die kwalifisering oortref, maar met sy motor se remme gesukkel toe een gefaal het, en hy in die vierde plek geëindig het. Hy het egter die vinnigste rondte van die wedren aangeteken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2009 Bahreinse Grand Prix|Bahrein]] het sy voorvlerkversteller tydens sy kwalifiseringslopie gefaal, wat sy aggressiewe 3-kuipestop-renstrategie in die gedrang gebring het, en hy dus slegs die vyfde plek behaal het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het derde op die rooster vir die [[2009 Spaanse Grand Prix|Spaanse Grand Prix]] gekwalifiseer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/brawn-gp-barcelona-test-notes-2009-03-11/320689/|title=Brawn GP Barcelona test notes 2009-03-11|publisher=Motorsport.com|access-date=21 May 2009}}{{Dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt; maar het Button en die tweede geplaasde Vettel op die eerste pylvak ingehaal om die wedren reeds in die eerste draai te lei. Hy kon nie sy driestop-strategie benut nie as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan spoed wat veroorsaak is deur massiewe onderstuur op sy derde stel bande in sy derde lopie, en het agter Button geëindig, wat tydens die wedren na 'n tweestop-strategie oorgeskakel het.

By [[2009 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] is Barrichello laat deur Button en [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] se [[Kimi Räikkönen]] vir die voorste wegspringplek geklop. Met 'n goeie wegspring het hy egter die Fin in Sainte Devote verbygesteek. Barrichello se supersagte bande het nie so goed soos Button s'n in die eerste lopie gehou nie en hy het vroeër as beplan in die kuipe gestop, en Button het 'n beduidende voorsprong geneem. Die top drie het onveranderd gebly vir die duur van die wedren, behalwe vir 'n paar skommelings tydens die kuipestopvensters. Aan die einde van rondte 47 het Barrichello die jaer geword wat die meeste rondtes in Formule Een-geskiedenis voltooi het, en Michael Schumacher se totaal van 13 909 rondtes oortref.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/brawn-gp-barcelona-test-notes-2009-03-11/320689/|title=Brawn GP Barcelona test notes 2009-03-11|publisher=Motorsport.com|access-date=21 May 2009}}{{Dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2009 Turkse Grand Prix|Turkye]] het hy weer ratkasprobleme gehad en vir die eerste keer in die seisoen onttrek,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; wat Button sy puntevoordeel laat vergroot het, terwyl Barrichello in [[2009 Britse Grand Prix|Brittanje]] tweede agter Vettel gekwalifiseer het, voordat hy Button vir die eerste keer in 2009 geklop het op pad na die derde plek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2009_Germany.jpg|regs|duimnael|270x270px|Barrichello tydens die [[2009 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitse Grand Prix van 2009]]]]
In [[2009 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitsland]] het Barrichello die voortou by die eerste draai geneem, maar na sy eerste stop het hy agter [[Felipe Massa]] uitgekom wat hom opgehou het. 'n Brandstofprobleem tydens sy tweede stop het beteken dat hy die wedren in die sesde plek voltooi het, 'n plek agter spanmaat [[Jenson Button]]. Na die wedren het hy Brawn GP in die openbaar blameer en gesê: &quot;Dit was 'n goeie vertoning van die span oor hoe om 'n wedren te verloor&quot; en &quot;Hulle het my die wedren laat verloor&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blah&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|accessdate=13 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spanhoof Ross Brawn het oor die voorval gesê: &quot;Hy het die 11de vinnigste tyd van die wedren aangeteken. Jy kan nie 'n wedren met daardie spoed wen nie&quot;. Hy het egter geweier om Barrichello vir sy uitbarsting te kritiseer.&lt;ref name=&quot;blah&quot; /&gt; Barrichello het sedertdien erken dat hy oorreageer het, en hy sou nie gewen het nie, aangesien die Red Bull-motors 'n halwe sekonde per rondte vinniger as hy was.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[2009 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Hongarye]] het die Brawn-motors gesukkel en spoed verloor weens probleme met hul bande en aërodinamika. Barrichello het tiende geëindig, sy eerste keer punteloos in 2009, en drie plekke agter Button.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2009 Europese Grand Prix|Valencia]] het Barrichello sy tiende Grand Prix-oorwinning behaal, sy eerste in vyf jaar en die honderdste oorwinning deur 'n Brasiliaanse jaer in Formule Een, wat hom na tweede in die Kampioenskap laat vorder het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het hulde gebring aan sy beseerde landgenoot [[Felipe Massa]] met 'n gedenkstrook bo-op sy valhelm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/brawn-gp-barcelona-test-notes-2009-03-11/320689/|title=Brawn GP Barcelona test notes 2009-03-11|publisher=Motorsport.com|access-date=21 May 2009}}{{Dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2009_Italy_2.jpg|links|duimnael|270x270px|Barrichello het sy tweede Grand Prix van die seisoen in [[2009 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Monza]] gewen.]]

By [[2009 Belgiese Grand Prix|Spa]] het Barrichello vierde gekwalifiseer, maar vir die derde keer in 2009 aan anti-stol gely en het homself laaste bevind, maar die eerste rondte-ongeluk gemis wat vier jaers, insluitend spanmaat Button, uitgeskakel het. Terwyl die veiligheidsmotor uit was, het hy in die kuipe geduik en van strategie verander wat hom in staat gestel het om terug te klim na sewende. Gedurende die laaste drie rondtes het die motor 'n enjinolielek opgedoen, maar het steeds daarin geslaag om die ren te voltooi voordat sy motor na die wedren in die kuipebaan aan die brand geslaan het. By [[2009 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Monza]] het hy vyfde gekwalifiseer, ten spyte daarvan dat hy meer brandstof saamgedra het om 'n ander strategie met slegs een stop te probeer. Nadat hy Kovalainen by die wegspring verbygesteek het, het Barrichello daarin geslaag om nie te veel tyd te verloor nie, aangesien hy die voordeel van net een stop teen Hamilton, Räikkönen en Sutil se twee-stop-strategie gehad het. Teen Hamilton se tweede kuipestop was Button en Barrichello eerste en tweede. Hamilton het probeer om Button onder druk te plaas deur sy motor te forseer, maar in die laaste rondte het hy gebots, wat die derde plek aan Räikkönen en die vierde plek aan Sutil besorg het. Barrichello het die 11de wedren in sy Formule Een-loopbaan gewen en meer punte as Button versamel in hul stryd om die wêreldtitel. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[2009 Singapoerse Grand Prix|Singapoer]] moes Barrichello sy ratkas verander en het 'n vyfplek-roosterstraf gekry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tydens kwalifisering het hy met sy motor gebots terwyl hy in die vyfde plek was. As gevolg van [[Nick Heidfeld]] wat van die kuipebaan af weggespring het, sou Barrichello negende wegspring en sesde eindig, terwyl Button vyfde geëindig het. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2009 Japannese Grand Prix|Japan]] het hy oorspronklik vyfde gekwalifiseer, maar het 'n vyfplek-roosterstraf gekry omdat hy nie sy spoed verminder het tydens 'n geel vlag-situasie naby die einde van K2 toe [[Sébastien Buemi]] gebots het nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/brawn-gp-barcelona-test-notes-2009-03-11/320689/|title=Brawn GP Barcelona test notes 2009-03-11|publisher=Motorsport.com|access-date=21 May 2009}}{{Dooie skakel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy was op koers om vyfde te eindig met Button agter hom, wat genoeg sou gewees het vir Brawn GP om die Vervaardigerskampioenskap te beklink, maar 'n veiligheidsmotorperiode in die laaste strekke van die wedren weens Jaime Alguersuari se ongeluk het beteken dat [[Nico Rosberg]] en Heidfeld voor kon bly en brandstof kon spaar, wat Barrichello na sewende laat val het. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Met Button wat agtste geëindig het, het Barrichello die punte-agterstand tot veertien verminder en Brawn amper buite bereik van die Vervaardigerstitel geplaas.

In [[2009 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasilië]] het Barrichello die voorste wegspringplek in 'n reëndeurdrenkte kwalifiserende sessie aangeteken, met titelmededingers Button en Vettel agter in die wedren, onderskeidelik veertiende en sestiende.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Pap band het Barrichello 'n kans gekos om die titelpoging na die laaste wedren te neem, aangesien hy nie 'n groot genoeg voorsprong bo Button kon behaal nie. Button het vyfde geëindig om as kampioen gekroon te word. In [[2009 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Aboe Dhabi]] het hy vierde gekwalifiseer en vierde geëindig. Met Vettel wat die wedren gewen het, het hy die tweede plek op die punteleer verseker, met Barrichello wat derde in die kampioenskap geëindig het met 77 punte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Williams (2010–2011) ===
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2010_Malaysia_3rd_Free_Practice.jpg|regs|duimnael|270px|Barrichello jaag vir [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] tydens die [[2010 Maleisiese Grand Prix]]]]
In 2010 het McLaren Barrichello 'n kontrak aangebied. Hy het dit egter nie aanvaar nie, omdat hy reeds 'n kontrak met Williams geteken het en nie sy belofte aan daardie span wou breek nie. Die McLaren-renplek is uiteindelik gevul deur Barrichello se 2009-spanmaat, Jenson Button.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.rubens-barrichello-on-being-pranked-by-senna-and-almost-signing-for-mclaren.YHBcPDs17cJyyUP68OcZO.html|title=F1 PODCAST: Rubens Barrichello on being pranked by Senna and almost signing for McLaren {{!}} Formula 1®|website=formula1.com|language=en|access-date=16 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Op 2 November 2009 het [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] Barrichello en [[Nico Hülkenberg]] as hul amptelike renjaers vir die 2010 seisoen bevestig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het beteken dat Barrichello vir ten minste nog 'n seisoen aan Formule Een sou deelneem en die eerste jaer in Formule Een-geskiedenis sou word wat aan meer as driehonderd Grands Prix deelgeneem het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In voorseisoen-toetse het Barrichello een keer bo-aan die tydlyste geëindig, weens reën. In sommige sessies is hy deur sy nuweling-spanmaat Hülkenberg oortref. Williams was die tweede span in terme van kilometers afgelê en het 'n mate van betroubaarheid getoon, maar was van pas af teen die voorlopers Red Bull, Ferrari en McLaren.

Tydens die eerste wedren van die seisoen in [[2010 Bahreinse Grand Prix|Bahrein]] het Barrichello elfde op die rooster gekwalifiseer en tiende in die wedren geëindig. In [[2010 Australiese Grand Prix|Australië]] het hy agtste geëindig, wat hom tot binne twee punte van Senna se merk geskuif het. Hy het gestol op die rooster in [[2010 Maleisiese Grand Prix|Maleisië]] weens 'n oorverhitte koppelaar, maar het tot twaalfde plek by die eindstreep herstel. In [[2010 Chinese Grand Prix|China]] het hy weer twaalfde geëindig. In [[2010 Spaanse Grand Prix|Spanje]] het hy voordeel getrek uit [[Lewis Hamilton]] se laat ongeluk om twee punte aan te teken en negende te eindig, ten spyte daarvan dat hy agtiende op die rooster weggespring het en Senna se rekord geëwenaar het.

In [[2010 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] het Barrichello negende gekwalifiseer en deur die eerste draai tot sesde posisie opgeskuif. Later het hy 'n gebreekte vering opgedoen wat veroorsaak is deur 'n los dreindeksel en hy het 'n hewige ongeluk gehad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadat hy gebots het, het hy die motor se stuurwiel uitgegooi terwyl hy in die middel van 'n 120&amp;nbsp;mph-draai gesit het met sy motor aan die brand. Die stuurwiel het toe onder Karun Chandhok se Hispania beland.

By die [[2010 Turkse Grand Prix|Turkse Grand Prix]] het Barrichello vyftiende gekwalifiseer. As gevolg van 'n oorverhitte koppelaar aan die begin, het hy tot die twintigste plek teruggeval. 'n Stadige kuipestop het dinge vererger en hy het in die veertiende plek geëindig. Dit was soortgelyk by die [[2010 Kanadese Grand Prix|Kanadese Grand Prix]], toe Barrichello weer in die veertiende posisie geëindig het. Hy het elfde gekwalifiseer en K3 net-net gemis, maar sy teenstolstelsel het aan die begin van die wedren ingeskop. Nadat hy goed herstel het, het hy later met Jaime Alguersuari gebots toe Alguersuari te laat oorgekom het om sy lyn te dek, en die skade het Barrichello se linker remlugweg geblokkeer.

In [[2010 Europese Grand Prix|Valencia]] het die Williams-span groot opgraderings aangebring en hul weergawe van die F-kanaal gebruik. Barrichello het negende gekwalifiseer met dieselfde tyd as sy spanmaat Hülkenberg. Hy was sewende toe die veiligheidsmotor aan die einde van rondte nege ontplooi is en direk in die kuipe ingetrek is. Toe die veiligheidsmotor in die kuipe ingegaan het, kon hy Kubica afweer om vierde te eindig, sy hoogste klaarmaak van die seisoen. Na die wedren is nege motors ondersoek vir spoedoortredings onder die veiligheidsmotor en is later 'n straf van vyf sekondes gegee. Dit het geen verskil aan Barrichello se plek gemaak nie, en hy het die hoogste puntetelling vir Brasiliaanse renjaers in Formule Een-geskiedenis geword, wat [[Ayrton Senna]] se loopbaantelling van 614 punte oortref het. Hy het verdere punte by sy totaal gevoeg met 'n vyfde plek by [[2010 Britse Grand Prix|Silverstone]], 'n twaalfde plek by [[2010 Duitse Grand Prix|Hockenheim]] en tiende in [[2010 Hongaarse Grand Prix|Hongarye]].
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello_2011_Malaysia_FP1.jpg|regs|duimnael|259x259px|Barrichello tydens die [[2011 Maleisiese Grand Prix]].]]
Barrichello het sy 300ste Grand Prix by die [[2010 Belgiese Grand Prix|Belgiese Grand Prix]] gevier, maar het in nat toestande onttrek nadat hy in die eerste rondte met [[Fernando Alonso]] se Ferrari gebots het. Voor die wedren is hy verkies as voorsitter van die Grand Prix-bestuurdersvereniging om die uitgaande [[Nick Heidfeld]] te vervang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By [[2010 Italiaanse Grand Prix|Monza]] het Barrichello in die tiende plek gekwalifiseer en 'n redelik stil lopie in die wedren gehad om op dieselfde plek te eindig en het nog 'n punt aangeteken. In [[2010 Singapoerse Grand Prix|Singapoer]] het die FW32 'n nuwe voorvlerk gehad,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; en Barrichello het dit goed benut om die sesde vinnigste tyd in kwalifisering op te stel, hoewel Williams se tegniese direkteur, Sam Michael, gereken het die motor was vinnig genoeg om 'n paar plekke hoër te wees. In die wedren, ten spyte daarvan dat hy met die wegspring plekke aan [[Robert Kubica]] en [[Nico Rosberg]] verloor het, het Barrichello 'n stewige lopie tot sesde by die eindpunt gehad. In [[2010 Japannese Grand Prix|Japan]] het hy in die sewende plek gekwalifiseer en sterk gejaag voordat hy tot negende teruggeval het toe hy deur die twee [[Sauber Motorsport|Saubers]] teen die einde van die wedren verbygesteek is.

In [[2010 Koreaanse Grand Prix|Korea]] het Barrichello tiende gekwalifiseer, ten spyte daarvan dat hy deur [[Michael Schumacher]] geblokkeer is. In 'n nat wedren het hy swaar bandslytasie op die tussen-in bande waarop hy gery het opgedoen, en in die laaste stadiums van die wedren is hy verbygesteek deur [[Robert Kubica]] en [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]], wat hom tot sewende plek by die eindstreep laat val het. By [[2010 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Interlagos]] het hy 'n sterk sesde plek in wisselende toestande gekwalifiseer met spanmaat Hülkenberg wat van die voorste wegspringplek af weggespring het. Na 'n vertraagde kuipestop het sy tradisionele slegte geluk op tuisbodem teruggekeer toe hy 'n pap band opgedoen het nadat hy kortliks met Jaime Alguersuari gebots het, wat hom enige kans gekos het om punte aan te teken. In [[2010 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Aboe Dhabi]] het hy weer sterk in die sewende plek gekwalifiseer en daardie plek kort na die wegspring behou. Toe die veiligheidsmotor egter ontplooi is na [[Michael Schumacher]] en [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] se ongeluk, het baie jaers soos [[Robert Kubica]], [[Vitaly Petrov]] en [[Nico Rosberg]] hieruit voordeel getrek deur vroeg in die kuipe in te trek. Dit het 'n negatiewe uitwerking op Barrichello gehad, aangesien hulle nie weer 'n kuipestop hoef te gemaak het nie, en Barrichello het buite die punte geëindig.

Op 15 November 2010 het Williams Barrichello as een van die span se bestuurders vir die 2011 seisoen bevestig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sy spanmaat in 2011 was [[Pastor Maldonado]].

In [[2011 Australiese Grand Prix|Australië]] het Barrichello uitgeval weens 'n ratkasprobleem. Hy moes weer in [[2011 Maleisiese Grand Prix|Maleisië]] onttrek weens lekkende hidroulika. Hy het in die volgende drie wedrenne sonder enige punte geëindig voor twee negende plekke in [[2011 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]] en [[2011 Kanadese Grand Prix|Kanada]]. Hy het twaalfde in [[2011 Europese Grand Prix|Valencia]] en dertiende in [[2011 Britse Grand Prix|Brittanje]] gekom, maar in [[2011 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitsland]] weens 'n olielek onttrek. Sy laaste wedren by die [[2011 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]] was 'n stil afskeid waar hy veertiende geëindig het, voor voormalige spanmaat [[Michael Schumacher]].

In 'n onderhoud in 2022 het Barrichello onthul dat hy deur Frank Williams afgedank is deur middel van 'n telefoonoproep vroeg in Januarie 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2009/03/06/ross-brawn-buys-honda-racing-f1-team.html|title=Ross Brawn buys Honda Racing F1 Team|date=6 March 2009|publisher=AUSmotive.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; en op 17 Januarie 2012 het Williams bevestig dat [[Bruno Senna]] Barrichello by Williams vir die 2012-seisoen sou vervang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21178.html|title=Senna signs for Honda?|date=12 February 2009|website=GrandPrix.com|publisher=Inside F1|access-date=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Senna is gekies weens sy finansiële steun.

== Loopbaan in IndyCar-renne ==
Op 25 Januarie 2012 is berig dat Barrichello 'n IndyCar vir KV Racing Technology saam met 'n vriend Tony Kanaan sou toets. Die toets is van 30-31 Januarie en 1 Februarie by [[Sebring Internasionale Renbaan|Sebring]] gehou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://formula-one.speedtv.com/article/f1-rubens-barrichello-sets-indycar-test-in-florida |title=Barrichello Sets IndyCar Test in Florida |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=25 January 2012 |first=Robin |last=Miller |website=SpeedTV.com |publisher=Speed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128040800/http://formula-one.speedtv.com/article/f1-rubens-barrichello-sets-indycar-test-in-florida/ |archive-date=28 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het ook laat in Februarie vir die span by Infineon Raceway getoets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/indycar/news/177117/1/barrichello_enjoying_sonoma_test.html|title=Barrichello enjoying Sonoma test|publisher=Crash.net|date=26 February 2012|access-date=1 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Op 1 Maart 2012 het Barrichello by KV Racing Technology aangesluit vir die 2012-seisoen om die span se nommer agt-inskrywing saam met Kanaan en EJ Viso te bestuur,&lt;ref name=&quot;Autosport010312&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/97762|title=Rubens Barrichello commits to full IndyCar season with KV Racing|first=Glenn|last=Freeman|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=Haymarket Media Group|date=1 March 2012|access-date=1 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ho0XiGfM-GcNfT6Oa1B-tdHWb1Mw?docId=eb43be027a8c447483bde7e015568653|title=F1 veteran Barrichello to race in IndyCar in 2012|first=Tales|last=Azzoni|agency=Associated Press|date=1 March 2012|access-date=1 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indycar.com/news/show/55-izod-indycar-series/51208-barrichello-starts-new-chapter-in-indycar/ |title=Barrichello starts new chapter in INDYCAR |first=Dave |last=Lewandowski |work=IndyCar Series |publisher=IndyCar |date=1 March 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303211917/http://www.indycar.com/news/show/55-izod-indycar-series/51208-barrichello-starts-new-chapter-in-indycar/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; geborg deur die Brasiliaanse konstruksiemaatskappy, Embrase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://formula-one.speedtv.com/article/indycar-barrichello-looking-forward-to-indy-debut/ |title=Barrichello Looking Forward To Indy Debut |last=Miller |first=Robin |date=1 March 2012 |work=SPEED Channel |publisher=Fox Sports |access-date=2 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302104434/http://formula-one.speedtv.com/article/indycar-barrichello-looking-forward-to-indy-debut/ |archive-date=2 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Barrichello het op 27 Mei 2012 in sy eerste Indianapolis 500 gejaag. Hy het altesaam twee rondtes gelei en elfde geëindig, en sodoende die 2012 Indianapolis 500 &quot;Nuweling van die jaar&quot;-titel gewen. Gedurende die res van die seisoen het hy twee top ses-voltooings behaal en die jaar in die twaalfde plek in die kampioenskap afgesluit.

== Stock Car Pro Series ==
[[Lêer:Rubens_Barrichello,_2014.jpg|duimnael|270x270px|Barrichello se motor in Stock Car Brasil in 2014.]]
Barrichello het by 'n Peugeot-span van die Brasiliaanse renreeks Stock Car Brasil (nou genoem ''Stock Car Pro Series'') aangesluit vir die laaste drie renne van die 2012-seisoen as gasbestuurder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/104940|title=Rubens Barrichello leaves IndyCar for Brazil's Stock Car V8 series|last=Beer|first=Matt|date=27 December 2012|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=Haymarket Media Group|access-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedert 2013 bestuur hy 'n [[Chevrolet]] as 'n gereelde lid van die Full Time Sports-span. In die 2013-seisoen het hy die seisoen in die 8ste plek algeheel afgesluit, met 'n beste renresultaat wat 'n tweede plek was.

Barrichello het in 2014 voortgegaan om 'n Chevrolet vir Full Time Sports te bestuur en is as die 2014-kampioen gekroon, nadat hy twee wedrenne gewen het en nog vier podiumplekke behaal het. Dit was Barrichello se eerste kampioenskap in 23 jaar, wat terugdateer na sy Britse Formule 3-titel in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;StockCarchampion&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/186397.html|title=Barrichello wins first title in 23 years|first=ESPN|last=Staff|work=[[ESPN]]|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|date=30 November 2014|access-date=18 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 het Barrichello algeheel vierde geëindig. In 2016 het hy drie oorwinnings en nege podiumplekke behaal, en algeheel tweede agter Felipe Fraga geëindig. Hy het vyfde in 2017, vierde in 2018, vyfde in 2019, sesde in 2020 en 2021 geëindig, en elke jaar ten minste een individuele oorwinning behaal. In 2022 het hy die reeks vir die tweede keer gewen met drie oorwinnings in die individuele wedrenne.

In 2020 het Toyota Barrichello na Argentinië gestuur om aan die Super TC 2000 en Top Race V6- kampioenskappe deel te neem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 February 2020|title=Rubens Barrichello joins Toyota for 2020 Super TC 2000 season|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2020/02/03/rubens-barrichello-joins-toyota-2020-super-tc-2000-season/|access-date=8 December 2020|website=TouringCarTimes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Australiese S5000 ==
In September 2019 het Barrichello 'n eenmalige terugkeer na oopwielmotors gemaak toe hy by die Sandown-renbaan in [[Melbourne]], [[Australië]], verskyn het vir die openingsrondte van Australië se nuwe S5000-klas. Die S5000, wat as 'n moderne weergawe van die ou Formule 5000 beskou is, het 'n Australiese gewysigde weergawe van die Ligier JS F3 gebruik, maar aangedryf deur 'n 5.2L Ford Coyote [[V8-enjin]] wat 560 pk (420 kW) ontwikkel.

Nadat hy 'n proefrit gehad het om die JS F3-S5000 te leer ken tydens die amptelike S5000-toetsdag by die Phillip Island Grand Prix-renbaan, waar hy vir Australië se Team BRM gejaag het met sy rooi geverfde motor wat herinner het aan sy ou F1 Ferrari's, het Barrichello derde by Sandown gekwalifiseer, maar probleme in beide wedrenne het hom sewende in Uitdun 1 en vyfde in Uitdun 2 laat eindig vir die algehele vierde plek by die byeenkoms.

== Helmontwerp ==
[[Lêer:Rubens Barrichello 2008 Turkish GP helmet 2014 Honda Collection Hall.jpg|duimnael|280px|Barrichello se spesiale helmontwerp wat hy tydens die [[2008 Turkse Grand Prix]] gedra het waar hy sy rekord van 257 Formule Een-wedrenne gevier het.]]
Barrichello se helm is wit met 'n oranje-rooi ovaalvorm aan die agterkant, 'n oranje-rooi vorm om die visier, 'n oranje-rooi lyn onder die helm en 'n blou sirkel bo-op met asuurblou en hemelsblou silinders – soortgelyk aan dié op die helm van voormalige wêreldkampioen [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] – met 'n goue ster in die middel (gewoonlik vyfpuntig, hoewel onlangse ontwerpe sespuntig was). Die wit deel van die helm het vir sommige wedrenne gedurende die [[1999 Formule Een-seisoen|1999-seisoen]] na silwer verander. Nadat hy in [[2000 Formule Een-seisoen|2000]] by [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] geteken het, het spanmaat [[Michael Schumacher]] die kleure van sy helm by die [[2000 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco Grand Prix]] verander om verwarring te voorkom, aangesien die twee jaers se oorspronklike helmkleure identies was.

By die [[2001 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]] is die ovaalvorm en die vorm rondom die visier geverf om soos die [[Vlag van Brasilië|Brasiliaanse vlag]] te lyk, en by sy [[2010 Belgiese Grand Prix|300ste Grand Prix]] het sy helm weereens die Brasiliaanse vlagkleure gedra. By die [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix]] het hy die helmkleure van sy mede-Brasiliaan en goeie vriend Tony Kanaan gehad, wat op sy beurt Barrichello se helmkleure gehad het terwyl hy in die 2006 Indianapolis 500 gejaag het, wat op dieselfde dag gehou is, omdat hulle gesê het dit sou die naaste wees wat enigeen van hulle sou kom aan deelname aan die grootste wedren van die jaar van die kategorie waarin die ander een gejaag het. By die [[2008 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]] het Barrichello 'n helm gedra ter ere van Ingo Hoffmann, voormalige F1-bestuurder en veelvuldige Stock Car Brasil- kampioen wat daardie jaar afgetree het. By die [[1995 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|1995]] en [[2011 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]] het hy 'n helm gedra wat geverf is om elemente van sy eie helmontwerp en die klassieke ontwerp van [[Ayrton Senna]] se helm in te sluit.

Gedurende die [[2009 Formule Een-seisoen|2009-seisoen]] het Barrichello die Brawn GP fluoresserende kleure op sy helm gebruik.

== Persoonlike lewe ==
[[Lêer:Racing_Team_Nederland's_Dallara_P217_Gibson_Driven_by_Rubens_Barrichello,_Jan_Lammers_and_Frits_van_Eerd_(35368724794).jpg|regs|duimnael|Barrichello maak sy Le Mans- debuut in 2017.]]
Barrichello woon in São Paulo. Vir pendel tussen wedrenne het Barrichello 'n Embraer Legacy 600 besit.

Barrichello het voorheen die vinnigste tyd deur 'n Formule Een-bestuurder op die ''Top Gear'' -toetsbaan gehou tydens die program se Star in a Reasonably Priced Car- segment. Sy rondtetyd van 1:44.3 het hom 0.1 sekondes voor die Stig geplaas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeremy&quot;&gt;{{Cite OV|title=Top Gear: Series 15 – Episode 3|date=11 July 2010|last=Barrichello, Rubens (Bestuurder); [[Jeremy Clarkson|Clarkson, Jeremy]] (Aanbieder)|type=Television production|publisher=[[BBC]]|place=Top Gear test track, Dunsfold Park, [[Surrey]]|time=00:25:10–00:26:10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/85250|work=Autosport|publisher=Haymarket Media Group|title=Paddock Life: Silverstone edition|date=12 July 2010|access-date=12 July 2010|quote=His best lap of 1m44.3s was one tenth quicker than The Stig, and three tenths ahead of former world champion Mansell. Who now can topple Barrichello?|first=Jonathan|last=Noble}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het daartoe gelei dat [[Jeremy Clarkson]] gereeld na die Stig verwys het wat 'n diepgewortelde haat vir Barrichello ontwikkel het.
In Februarie 2018 is Barrichello na die hospitaal gehaas nadat hy erge hoofpyn gehad het, waar ontdek is dat hy 'n goedaardige kankergewas het, wat later verwyder is.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeremy&quot;/&gt; 

Barrichello se seuns Eduardo en Fernando is ook renjaers, met Eduardo wat tans aan die 2025 FIA Wêrelduithouvermoëkampioenskap deelneem en Fernando wat aan die 2025 Euroformula Ope Kampioenskap deelneem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeremy&quot;/&gt;

== Volledige Formule Een-uitslae ==
(Renne in '''vetdruk''' dui voorste wegspringplek aan) (Renne in ''skuinsdruk'' is vinnigste rondte)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:80%&quot;
! Jaar
! Inskrywer
! Onderstel
! Enjin
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!Plek
!Punte
|-
| [[1993 Formule Een-seisoen|1993]]
!nowrap| [[Sasol]] [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]
!nowrap| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan 193]]
!nowrap| Hart 1035 3.5 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Suid-Afrikaanse Grand Prix|RSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10{{sup|†}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1993 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1993 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|colspan=3|
!18de
!2
|-
| [[1994 Formule Een-seisoen|1994]]
!nowrap| [[Sasol]] [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]
!nowrap| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan 194]]
!nowrap| Hart 1035 3.5 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1994 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#ffdf9f;&quot;| [[1994 Pasifiese Grand Prix|PAC]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#ffcfcf;&quot;| [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DNQ}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1994 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| '''[[1994 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1994 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1994 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1994 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#dfffdf;&quot;| [[1994 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|colspan=3|
!6de
!19
|-
| [[1995 Formule Een-seisoen|1995]]
!nowrap| [[Total]] [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] [[Peugeot]]
!nowrap| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan 195]]
!nowrap| [[Peugeot]] A10 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1995 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[1995 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1995 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1995 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11{{sup|†}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1995 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1995 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1995 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1995 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Pasifiese Grand Prix|PAC]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[1995 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=2|
!11de
!11
|-
| [[1996 Formule Een-seisoen|1996]]
!nowrap| [[Total]] [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] [[Peugeot]]
!nowrap| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan 196]]
!nowrap| [[Peugeot]] A12 EV5 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Spaanse Grand Prix|ESP]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1996 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1996 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|colspan=3|
!8ste
!14
|-
| [[1997 Formule Een-seisoen|1997]]
!nowrap| [[Ford Motor Company|Stewart Ford]]
!nowrap| Stewart SF01
!nowrap| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] VJ Zetec-R 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[1997 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14{{sup|†}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Luxemburgse Grand Prix|LUX]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1997 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=2|
!13de
!6
|-
| [[1998 Formule Een-seisoen|1998]]
!nowrap| [[HSBC]] [[Ford Motor Company|Stewart Ford]]
!nowrap| Stewart SF02
!nowrap| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] VJ Zetec-R 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Argentynse Grand Prix|ARG]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1998 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1998 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DNS}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Luxemburgse Grand Prix|LUX]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1998 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=3|
!12de
!4
|-
| [[1999 Formule Een-seisoen|1999]]
!nowrap| [[HSBC]] [[Ford Motor Company|Stewart Ford]]
!nowrap| Stewart SF3
!nowrap| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] CR-1 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1999 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[1999 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9{{sup|†}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot;| [[1999 Spaanse Grand Prix|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;SPA&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DSQ}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''[[1999 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1999 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1999 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[1999 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[1999 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[1999 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|colspan=3|
!7de
!21
|-
| [[2000 Formule Een-seisoen|2000]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F1-2000]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 049 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| ''[[2000 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2000 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2000 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| '''[[2000 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2000 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2000 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2000 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| ''[[2000 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| ''[[2000 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2000 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2000 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2000 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|colspan=2|
!4de
!62
|-
| [[2001 Formule Een-seisoen|2001]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2001]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 050 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2001 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2001 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2001 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2001 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2001 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2001 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2001 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2001 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2001 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15{{sup|†}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2001 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|colspan=2|
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''3de'''
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''56'''
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2002 Formule Een-seisoen|2002]]
!rowspan=2|[[Scuderia Ferrari]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2001B]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 050 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| '''[[2002 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2002 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2002 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=16|
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''2de'''
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''77'''
|-
![[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2002]]
![[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 051 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|colspan=3|
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| ''[[2002 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFFF;&quot;| [[2002 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DNS}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''[[2002 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#cfcfff;&quot;| ''[[2002 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2002 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| [[2002 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| ''[[2002 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFFF;&quot;| [[2002 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DNS}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2002 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| '''[[2002 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2002 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| ''[[2002 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| ''[[2002 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2002 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|colspan=2|
|-
|rowspan=2| [[2003 Formule Een-seisoen|2003]]
!rowspan=2| [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
! [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2002]]
! [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 051 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2003 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2003 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| '''''[[2003 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]'''''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2003 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|colspan=15|
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|4de
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|65
|-
! [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2003-GA]]
! [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 052 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|colspan=4|
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| ''[[2003 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2003 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2003 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2003 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2003 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2003 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| '''''[[2003 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2003 German Grand Prix|GER]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2003 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2003 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2003 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| '''[[2003 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|colspan=3|
|-
| [[2004 Formule Een-seisoen|2004]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2004]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 053 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2004 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2004 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2004 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2004 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2004 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2004 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2004 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| ''[[2004 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''''[[2004 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]'''''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2004 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2004 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2004 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2004 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| '''''[[2004 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| '''[[2004 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| ''[[2004 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''[[2004 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''2de'''
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| '''114'''
|-
|rowspan=2| [[2005 Formule Een-seisoen|2005]]
!rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2004M]]
!nowrap| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 054 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=17|
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|8ste
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|38
|-
!nowrap|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari F2005]]
!nowrap|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] 055 3.0 [[V-enjin|V10]]
|colspan=2|
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2005 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2005 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2005 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2005 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|-
| [[2006 Formule Een-seisoen|2006]]
![[Lucky Strike]] [[Honda Racing F1]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda RA106]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] RA806E 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2006 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2006 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|
! 7de
! 30
|-
| [[2007 Formule Een-seisoen|2007]]
![[Lucky Strike]] [[Honda Racing F1]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda RA107]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] RA807E 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|18}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|17}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2007 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|colspan=2|
! 20ste
! 0
|-
| [[2008 Formule Een-seisoen|2008]]
![[Lucky Strike]] [[Honda Racing F1]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda RA108]]
![[Honda Racing F1|Honda]] RA808E 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot;| [[2008 Australian Grand Prix|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;AUS&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|DSQ}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2008 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2008 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2008 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|16}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|16}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|17}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|11}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2008 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15}}
|
! 14de
! 11
|-
| [[2009 Formule Een-seisoen|2009]]
!Brawn GP F1-span
!Brawn BGP 001
![[Mercedes-AMG|Mercedes]] FO 108W 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5{{smallsup|‡}}}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| ''[[2009 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| ''[[2009 Spaanse Grand Prix|ESP]]''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|2}}
|style=&quot;background:#efcfff;&quot;| [[2009 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| [[2009 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|3}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2009 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| [[2009 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF;&quot;| [[2009 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|1}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| '''[[2009 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]'''&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2009 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|colspan=2|
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''3de'''
|style=&quot;background:#FFDF9F;&quot;| '''77'''
|-
| [[2010 Formule Een-seisoen|2010]]
![[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|AT&amp;T Williams]]
!nowrap| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]] FW32
!nowrap| [[Cosworth]] CA2010 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|8}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|4}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|5}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|10}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|6}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2010 Koreaanse Grand Prix|KOR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|7}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2010 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
! 10de
! 47
|-
| [[2011 Formule Een-seisoen|2011]]
!nowrap| [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|AT&amp;T Williams]]
!nowrap| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]] FW33
!nowrap| [[Cosworth]] CA2011 2.4 [[V8-enjin|V8]]
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|17}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2011 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#DFFFDF;&quot;| [[2011 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|9}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Europese Grand Prix|EUR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#EFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|Ret}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|16}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|13}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|17}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Koreaanse Grand Prix|KOR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Indiese Grand Prix|IND]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|15}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|12}}
|style=&quot;background:#CFCFFF;&quot;| [[2011 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|14}}
! 17de
! 4
|-
|}
{{sup|†}} Barrichello kon nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omrede hy meer as 90% van die renafstand afgelê het.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrichello, Rubens}}
[[Kategorie:Brasiliaanse renjaers]]
[[Kategorie:Formule Een-renjaers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1972]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
      <sha1>e4i5vzrar72qeqckzgqi8crugqdbqd6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Switserse kantons</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889653</id>
      <parentid>2849729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpinnerLaserzthe2nd</username>
        <id>133814</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Wappen Tessin matt.svg]] → [[File:CHE Ticino COA.svg]]</comment>
      <origin>2889653</origin>
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      <text bytes="20312" sha1="5ebgp7hjblpywcpswze7pujh08oeclf" xml:space="preserve">[[Beeld:Switzerland, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg|duimnael|550px|'n [[Duits]]e kaart van Switserland wat die kantons aandui]]
Die grondgebied van Switserland is sedert 1979 in 26 '''kantons''' (enkelvoud: '''kanton'''; [[Frans]]: ''cantons'', [[Italiaans]]: ''cantoni'', [[Romansch]]: ''chantuns'') verdeel. Hulle is deelstate van die [[Switserland|Switserse Konfederasie]].

Elkeen van die kantons beskik oor sy eie grondwet, wetgewende mag, regering en howe. Die meeste kantonale parlemente is eenkamerstelsels met tussen 58 en 200 setels. 'n Klein aantal van parlemente word deur sogenaamde ''Landsgemeinden'' gevorm, dit wil sê 'n vergadering van alle burgers wat oor wetsake besluit neem. Vroue het in enkele kantons eers in 1971 stemreg by die vergaderings gekry.

Alle aangeleenthede wat volgens die Switserse grondwet nie uitdruklik onder die gesag van die konfederasie val nie, word deur die kantons gereël. Ook die graad van selfregering wat die munisipaliteite geniet, word deur die kantons bepaal en verskil dus grootliks. Daar is ook groot verskille wat die oppervlakke en bevolkingsyfers van die kantons betref: Oppervlakke variëer tussen 37 en 7&amp;nbsp;105 vierkante kilometer, terwyl die bevolkings tussen 14&amp;nbsp;900 en 1&amp;nbsp;244&amp;nbsp;400 beloop.

Direkte demokrasie in die vorm van algemene vergaderings word ten opsigte van kantonale sake tans nog slegs in die kantons Appenzell-Innerrhoden en Glarus toegepas. In alle ander kantons gaan burgers nou stembus toe om hulle demokratiese reg uit te oefen.

[[Lêer:Landsgemeinde Glarus, 2009.jpg|duimnael|250px|links|Stemgeregtigdes tydens die Landsgemeinde (Algemene Vergadering) van die kanton Glarus in 2009]]
Sedert die stigting van die Franssprekende kanton Jura in 1978 is daar geen nuwe kantons meer geskep nie. Volgens die grondwet van 1999 is daar amptelik 26 kantons. Die getal state wat 'n rol speel by die verkiesing van die Eerste Kamer (Duits: ''Ständerat'', Frans: ''Conseil des États'') van die Switserse Konfederasie en die stemming by federale wetsontwerpe, beloop egter 23: Die kantons Unterwalden, Appenzell en Basel bestaan elkeen uit twee halfkantons. Unterwalden word verdeel in Obwalden en Nidwalden, Appenzell in Appenzell-Innerrhoden en Appenzell-Ausserrhoden en Basel in Basel-Stad en Basel-Landschaft.

== Lys van kantons ==

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wapen
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Datakode
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kanton
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sedertdien
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Hoofstad
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bevolking
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Oppervlakte (km²)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Bevolkingsdigtheid&lt;br /&gt;(per km²)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aantal&lt;br /&gt;munisipaliteite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[Amptelike&lt;br /&gt;tale]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Zürich matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Zürich]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ZH
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Zürich|Zürich]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1351
| [[Zürich]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;443&amp;nbsp;436
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;729
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 701
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 171
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:CHE Bern COA.svg|25px|Wapen van Bern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | BE
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Bern|Bern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1353
| [[Bern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;009&amp;nbsp;418
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 5&amp;nbsp;959
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 158
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 383
| [[Duits]], [[Frans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Luzern matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Luzern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | LU
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Luzern|Luzern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1332
| [[Luzern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 394&amp;nbsp;604
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;493
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 233
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 87
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Uri matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Uri]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | UR
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Uri|Uri]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1291&lt;ref name=&quot;founding&quot;&gt;founding Forest-canton, foundation date traditionally given as either 1307, 1304 or 1291 (see Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy).&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Altdorf, Uri|Altdorf]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 36&amp;nbsp;008
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;077
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 33
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 20
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Schwyz]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | SZ
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Schwyz|Schwyz]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1291&lt;ref name=&quot;founding&quot; /&gt;
| [[Schwyz]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 152&amp;nbsp;759
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 908
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 143
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 30
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Obwalden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | OW
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Obwalden|Obwalden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1291&lt;ref name=&quot;founding&quot; /&gt; or 1315 (as deel van [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Sarnen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 36&amp;nbsp;834
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 491
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 66
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 7
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Nidwalden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | NW
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Nidwalden|Nidwalden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1291&lt;ref name=&quot;founding&quot; /&gt; (as [[Unterwalden]])
| [[Stans]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 42&amp;nbsp;080
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 276
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 138
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 11
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Glarus matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Glarus]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | GL
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Glarus|Glarus]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1352
| [[Glarus]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 39&amp;nbsp;794
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 685
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 51
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 3
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Zug matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Zug]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ZG
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Zug|Zug]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1352
| [[Zug]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 120&amp;nbsp;089
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 239
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 416
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 11
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Fribourg]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | FR
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Fribourg|Fribourg]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1481
| [[Fribourg]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 303&amp;nbsp;377
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;671
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 141
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 167
| [[Frans]], [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Solothurn matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Solothurn]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | SO
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Solothurn|Solothurn]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1481
| [[Solothurn]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 263&amp;nbsp;719
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 790
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 308
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 122
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Basel-Stad]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | BS
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Basel-Stadt
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1501 (as Basel tot en met 1833)
| [[Basel]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 196&amp;nbsp;850
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 37
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 5&amp;nbsp;072
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 3
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg|25px|Wapen van Basel-Land]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | BL
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Basel-Land|Basel-Landschaft]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1501/1833&lt;ref&gt;deel van Kanton Basel tot en met 1833/1999&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Liestal]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 283&amp;nbsp;421
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 518
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 502
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 86
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Schaffhausen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | SH
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1501
| [[Schaffhausen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 79&amp;nbsp;417
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 298
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 246
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 27
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Appenzell-Ausserrhoden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | AR
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden|Appenzell-Ausserrhoden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1513 &lt;ref name=&quot;Appenzell&quot;&gt;part of Appenzell until 1597/1999&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Herisau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 54&amp;nbsp;064
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 243
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 220
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 20
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Appenzell-Innerrhoden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | AI
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Appenzell Innerrhoden|Appenzell-Innerrhoden]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1513&lt;ref name=&quot;Appenzell&quot; /&gt;
| [[Appenzell (town)|Appenzell]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 15&amp;nbsp;854
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 173
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 87
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 6
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg|25px|Wapen van St. Gallen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | SG
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton St. Gallen|St. Gallen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803&lt;ref&gt;Act of Mediation, formed out of the Canton of Säntis and the northern half of the Canton of Linth.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[St. Gallen]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 495&amp;nbsp;824
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 2&amp;nbsp;026
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 222
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 85
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:CHE Graubünden COA.svg|25px|Wapen van Groubunderland]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | GR
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Graubünden|Groubunderland]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803&lt;ref&gt;Act of Mediation; voorheen die Canton of Raetia, comprising the earlier Three Leagues.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Chur]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 195&amp;nbsp;886
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 7&amp;nbsp;105
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 26
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 180
| [[Duits]], [[Romansch]], [[Italiaans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:CHE Aargau COA.svg|25px|Wapen van Aargau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | AG
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Aargau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803
| [[Aarau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 645&amp;nbsp;277
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;404
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 388
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 220
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Thurgau matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Thurgau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | TG
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Thurgau|Thurgau]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803&lt;ref&gt;coterminous with the canton of Thurgau of the Helvetic Republic (1798), formerly a condominium.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Frauenfeld]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 263&amp;nbsp;733
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 991
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 229
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 80
| [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:CHE Ticino COA.svg|25px|Wapen van Ticino]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | TI
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Ticino|Ticino]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803&lt;ref&gt;combining the former cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Bellinzona]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 350&amp;nbsp;363
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 2&amp;nbsp;812
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 110
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 157
| [[Italiaans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Waadt matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Vaud]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | VD
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Vaud|Vaud]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1803&lt;ref&gt;Act of Mediation, formerly Canton of Léman.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lausanne]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 761&amp;nbsp;446
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 3&amp;nbsp;212
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 188
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 339
| [[Frans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Wallis matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Valais]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | VS
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Valais|Valais]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1815&lt;ref&gt;Restoration, formerly the Simplon ''département''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 331&amp;nbsp;763
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 5&amp;nbsp;224
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 53
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 143
| [[Frans]], [[Duits]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Neuchâtel]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | NE
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1815/1857&lt;ref&gt;claimed by Frederick William III of Prussia until the Neuchâtel Crisis of 1856–1857.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Neuchâtel]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 177&amp;nbsp;327
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 803
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 206
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 53
| [[Frans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Genf matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Genève]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | GE
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [[Kanton Genève|Genève]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1815
| [[Geneva]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 482&amp;nbsp;545
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 282
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 1&amp;nbsp;442
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 45
| [[Frans]]
|-
! [[Beeld:Wappen Jura matt.svg|25px|Wapen van Jura]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | JU
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Kanton Jura|Jura]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | 1979&lt;ref&gt;seceded from Berne&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Delémont]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 72&amp;nbsp;410
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 839
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 82
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 64
| [[Frans]]
|- style=&quot;background: #dcdcdc&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! [[Beeld:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|25px|Wapen van Switserland]]
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | CH
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc;&quot; | Switserland
|
| [[Bern]]
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 8&amp;nbsp;237&amp;nbsp;666
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 41&amp;nbsp;285
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 174
| style=&quot;text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 2&amp;nbsp;596
| &lt;small&gt;[[Duits]], [[Frans]], [[Italiaans]], [[Romansch]]&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Die tweeletterafkortings vir Switserse kantons word dikwels gebruik, byvoorbeeld op voertuignommerplate.

== Name in ander tale ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Afkorting
! [[Engels]]
! [[Frans]]
! [[Italiaans (taal)|Italiaans]]
! [[Duits]]
! [[Romansch|Reto-Romaans]]
! [[Spaans]]
! [[Esperanto]]
|-
| AG
| [[Aargau|Argovia]] || Argovie || Argovia
| Aargau || Argovia || Argovia || Argovio
|-
| AI
| Appenze Inner Rhodes
| Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures || Appenzello Interno
| Appenzell Innerhoden
| Appenzell dadens || Appenzell Rodas Interiores || Apencelo Interna
|-
| AR
| Appenzell Outer Rhodes
| Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures || Appenzello Esterno
| Appenzell Ausserrhoden
| Appenzell dador || Appenzell Rodas Exteriores || Apencelo Ekstera
|-
| BS
| Basle-City || Bâle-Ville
| Basilea Città || Basel-Stadt || Basilea-Citad
| Basilea-Ciudad || Bazelo-Urbo
|-
| BL
| Basle-Country || Bâle-Campagne
| Basilea Campagna
| Basel-Landschaft || Basilea-Champagna
| Basilea-Campaña || Bazelo-Kamparo
|-
| BE
| Bern || Berne || Berna
| Bern || Berna || Berna || Berno
|-
| FR
| Fribourg || Fribourg
| Friburgo || Freiburg ''of'' Fribourg || Friburg
| Friburgo || Friburgo
|-
| GE
| Geneva || Genève
| Ginevra || Genf || Genevra || Ginebra
| Ĝenevo
|-
| GL
| Glarus || Glaris
| Glarona || Glarus || Glaruna || Glaris || Glaruso
|-
| GR
| Grisons || Grisons || Grigioni
| Graubünden || Grischun || Grisones || Grizono
|-
| JU
| Jura || Jura || Giura
| Jura || Giura || Jura || Ĵuraso
|-
| LU
| Lucerne || Lucerne
| Lucerna || Luzern || Lucerna || Lucerna
| Lucerno
|-
| NE
| Neuchâtel || Neuchâtel
| Neuchâtel || Neuenburg || Neuchâtel || Neuchatel || Neŭŝatelo
|-
| NW
| Nidwald || Nidwald || Nidvaldo
| Nidwalden || Sutsilvania || Unterwalden bajo ||
|-
| OW
| Obwald || Obwald || Obvaldo
| Obwalden || Sursilvania || Unterwalden alto ||
|-
| SH
| Schaffhausen
| Schaffhouse || Sciaffusa || Schaffhausen
| Schaffusa || Schaffhausen || Ŝafhaŭzo
|-
| SZ
| Schwyz || Schwyz ''of'' Schwytz
| Svitto || Schwyz || Sviz || Schwyz || Ŝvico
|-
| SO
| Solothurn || Soleure
| Soletta || Solothurn || Soloturn || Soleura || Soloturno
|-
| SG
| St. Gall || Saint-Gall
| San Gallo || St. Gallen || Son Gagl || Sankt Gallen || Sankt-Galo
|-
| TG
| Thurgovia || Thurgovie || Turgovia
| Thurgau || Turgovia || Turgovia || Turgovio
|-
| TI
| Ticino || Tessin || Ticino
| Tessin || Tessin || Tesino || Tiĉino
|-
| UR
| Uri || Uri || Uri || Uri || Uri
| Uri || Urio
|-
| VS
| Valais || Valais
| Vallese || Wallis || Vallais || Valais
| Valezo
|-
| VD
| Vaud || Vaud || Vaud || Waadt || Vad
| Vaud || Vaŭdo
|-
| ZG
| Zug|| Zoug || Zugo
| Zug || Zug || Zug || Zugo
|-
| ZH
| Zürich || Zurich
| Zurigo || Zürich || Turitg || Zürich
| Zuriko
|}

== Geskiedenis ==
Die term ''kanton'' is vir die eerste keer in 1475  in 'n dokument van die stad Freiburg gebruik. Oorspronklik het elke kanton van die Switserse Federasie 'n selfregerende en onafhanklike politieke eenheid gevorm, wat oor sy eie geldeenheid en leër beskik het. Die huidige federale struktuur dateer uit die jaar 1848.

In die 16de eeu het die Switserse Konfederasie uit dertien selfregerende kantons bestaan: Ses sogenaamde woudkantons en sewe sogenaamde stedelike kantons. Hulle het formeel deel uitgemaak van die Heilige Romeinse Ryk van die Duitse Nasie, tog was hulle ná hul oorwinning oor die Duitse keiser [[Maksimiliaan I|Maksimiliaan]] in 1499 feitlik onafhanklik.

Die ses woudkantons was demokratiese republieke, terwyl die sewe stedelike kantons, waaronder Zürich, Bern en Basel, deur stadsrade geregeer is. Hierdie stadsrade is egter deur klein oligargieë van patrisiërs (welvarende burgers) en die guldes oorheers.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

[[Kategorie:Switserse kantons| ]]
[[Kategorie:Lyste]]</text>
      <sha1>5ebgp7hjblpywcpswze7pujh08oeclf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lys van kastele en ruïnes in Switserland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889654</id>
      <parentid>2738894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpinnerLaserzthe2nd</username>
        <id>133814</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Wappen Tessin matt.svg]] → [[File:CHE Ticino COA.svg]]</comment>
      <origin>2889654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27705" sha1="j2nytx1kyz1j68rxfwzib2usd1h59k1" xml:space="preserve">Hierdie is 'n verwysingslys na die bekendste [[kasteel|kastele]] en vestings – of die ruïnes daarvan – in die verskillende [[Switserse kantons]].&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:CHE Aargau COA.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Aargau]]

== [[Kanton Aargau|Aargau]] ==

* [[Kasteel Aarau]], [[Aarau]]
* [[Vesting Aarburg]], [[Aarburg]]
* [[Kasteel Altenburg]], Altenburg bei Brugg
* [[Kasteel Alt-Wartburg]], Oftringen
* [[Kasteel Auenstein]], Auenstein
* [[Ruïne Baldingen]], Baldingen
* [[Kasteel Bellikon]], Bellikon
* [[Kasteel Bernau]], Leibstadt
* [[Ruïne Besserstein]], Villigen
* Kasteel Biberstein, Biberstein
* [[Ruïne Böbikon]], Böbikon
* Kasteel Böttstein, Böttstein
* [[Kasteel Bremgarten]], Bremgarten
* Kasteel Brestenberg, Seengen
* [[Kasteel Brunegg]], Brunegg
* [[Ruïne Freudenau]], Untersiggenthal
* Kasteel Habsburg, Habsburg
* Kasteel Hallwyl, Seengen
* [[Ruïne Hasenburg]], Bergdietikon
* Kasteel Hilfikon, Hilfikon
* Kasteel Horben, Beinwil (Freiamt)
* [[Ruïne Horen]], Küttigen
* Ruïne Iberg, Riniken
* Kasteel Kasteln, Oberflachs
* [[Kasteel Kindhausen]], Bergdietikon
* [[Kasteel Klingnau]], Klingnau
* [[Ruïne Königstein]], Küttigen
* Landvogteikasteel, Baden
* [[Ruïne Laufenburg]], Laufenburg
* [[Kasteel Lenzburg]], Lenzburg
* [[Kasteel Liebegg]], Gränichen
* [[Kasteel Mandach]], Zurzach
* Kasteel Rosenberg, Küttigen
* Kasteel Rued, Schlossrued
* Kasteel Schafisheim, Schafisheim
* [[Ruïne Schenkenberg]], Thalheim
* [[Ruïne Scherenberg]], Safenwil
* [[Kasteel Schöftland]], Schöftland
* [[Die Swart Toring]], Brugg
* [[Kasteel Schwarzwasserstelz]], Fisibach
* [[Kasteel Stein]], Rheinfelden
* [[Ruïne Stein]], Baden
* [[Ruïne Tegerfelden]], [[Tegerfelden]]
* [[Kasteel Trostburg]], [[Teufenthal]]
* [[Ruïne Urgiz]], [[Densbüren]]
* [[Ruïne Waldhausen]], [[Fisibach]]
* [[Kasteel Wessenberg]], [[Unterkulm]]
* [[Kasteel Wildenstein]], [[Veltheim]]
* [[Kasteel Wildegg]], [[Wildegg]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]

== Appenzell Ausserrhoden ==

* [[Ruïne Ramsenburg]], [[Herisau]]
* [[Ruïne Rosenberg]], Herisau
* [[Kasteel Steinegg]], Herisau
* [[Ruïne Urstein]], Herisau

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Appenzell Innerrhoden]]

== Appenzell Innerrhoden ==

* Kasteel Appenzell, Appenzell
* [[Ruïne Clanx]], Appenzell
* Ruïne Hoch-Altstätten, Oberegg

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg|29x29px|Wappen des Kantons Basel-Landschaft]]

== Basel-Landskap ==
[[Lêer:Karte Burgen und Schlösser BL.png|duimnael|400x400px|Kastele en Ruïnes van Kanton Basel-Landskap]]

* Kasteel Aesch, Aesch BL
* Ruïne Alt-Biederthal, Burg im Leimental
* Ruïne Alt-Schauenburg, Frenkendorf
* Ruïne Altenberg, Füllinsdorf
* Kasteel Angenstein, Duggingen
* Ruïne Bärenfels, Duggingen
* Kasteel Burg, Burg im Leimental
* Ruïne Burghalden, Liestal
* Kasteel Binningen, Binningen
* Kasteel Birseck, Arlesheim
* Ruïne Bischofstein, Sissach
* Kasteel Bottmingen, Bottmingen
* Kasteel Ebenrain, Sissach
* Ruïne Engenstein, Pfeffingen
* Ruïne Farnsburg, Ormalingen
* Ruïne Frohberg, Aesch
* Ruïne Fürstenstein, Ettingen
* Ruïne Gutenfels, Bubendorf
* Ruïne Hintere Birseck, Arlesheim
* Ruïne Hintere Wartenberg, Muttenz
* Kasteel Holeeschlösschen, Binningen
* Ruïne Homburg, Läufelfingen
* Ruïne Itkon, Sissach und Böckten
* Ruïne Madeln, Pratteln
* Ruïne Mittlere Birseck, Arlesheim
* Ruïne Mittlere Wartenberg, Muttenz
* Ruïne Münchenstein, Münchenstein
* Ruïne Münchsberg, Pfeffingen
* Ruïne Neu-Schauenburg, Frenkendorf
* Ruïne Ödenburg, Wenslingen
* Ruïne Pfeffingen, Pfeffingen
* Kasteel Pratteln, Pratteln
* Ruïne Ränggen, Diegten
* Ruïne Ramstein, Bretzwil
* Kasteel Reichenstein, Arlesheim
* Grotruïne Riedfluh, Eptingen
* Ruïne Rifenstein, Reigoldswil
* Ruïne Schalberg, Pfeffingen
* Ruïne Scheidegg, Gelterkinden
* Ruïne Schönenberg, Burg im Leimental
* Ruïne Sissacherfluh, Sissach
* Ruïne Spitzburg, Ramlinsburg
* Kasteelkerk St. Arbogast, Muttenz
* Kasteel Vordere Birseck, Arlesheim
* Ruïne Vordere Wartenberg, Muttenz
* Ruïne Waldenburg, Waldenburg
* Ruïne Witwald, Eptingen
* Kasteel Wildenstein, Bubendorf
* Kasteel Zwingen, Zwingen
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:CHE Bern COA.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Bern]]

== Bern ==

* Kasteel Aarberg, Aarberg
* Kasteel Aarwangen, Aarwangen
* Kasteel Allmendingen, Allmendingen bei Bern
* Kasteel Alt-Bubenberg, Frauenkappelen
* Kasteel Blankenburg op Schönegg, Burgistein
* Kasteel Alt-Oberhofen, Oberhofen am Thunersee
* Ruïne Alt-Signau, Bowil
* Kasteel Aris ob Kien, Reichenbach im Kandertal
* Kasteel Amsoldingen, Amsoldingen
* Kasteel Belp, Belp
* Nuwe Kasteel Belp, Belp
* Kasteel Bipp, Oberbipp
* Kasteel Blankenburg, Zweisimmen
* Kasteel Brandis, Lützelflüh
* Kasteel Bremgarten, Bremgarten bei Bern
* Ou Kasteel Bümpliz, Bümpliz
* Nuwe Kasteel Bümpliz, Bümpliz
* Kasteel Büren, Büren an der Aare
* Kasteel Burgdorf, Burgdorf
* Kasteel Burgistein, Burgistein
* Ruïne Bürg, Frutigen
* Ruïne Châtillon, Péry
* Kasteel Courtelary, Courtelary
* Kasteel Diessenberg, Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach
* Ruïne Eichstalden, Boltigen
* Ruïne Erguel (Courtelary), Courtelary
* Ruïne Erguel (Sonvilier), Sonvilier
* Kasteel Erlach, Erlach
* Ruïne Erlenbach, Erlenbach im Simmental
* Ruïne Faulensee, Spiez
* Kasteel Felsenburg (Kandergrund), Kandergrund
* Kasteel Fenis (Hasenburg), Ins
* Ruïne Festi (Bennewil), Gurzelen
* Ruïne Festi (Ligerz),Ligerz
* Kasteel Friesenberg, Wynigen
* Ruïne Gaffer Tschinge, Erlenbach im Simmental
* Kasteel Gampelen, Gampelen
* Kasteel Geristein, Bolligen
* Kasteel Gerzensee, Gerzensee
* Ou Kasteel Gerzensee, Gerzensee
* Nuwe Kasteel Gerzensee, Gerzensee
* Ruïne Goldhubel, Aegerten
* Ruïne Grafenstein, Diemtigen
* Kasteel Grasburg (Wahlern), Wahlern
* Ruïne Grimmenstein, Wynigen
* Ruïne Grünenberg, Melchnau
* Kasteel Gutenburg (Gutenburg BE), Gutenburg BE
* Kasteel Gümligen, Gümligen
* Ruïne Gümmenen, Gümmenen
* Kasteel Habstetten, Bolligen
* Ruïne Hasenburg (Grimmenstein), Diemtigen
* Ruïne Hattingen, Längenbühl
* Ruïne Heidenmauer, Oberwil im Simmental
* Ruïne Helfenstein (Festihubel), Wahlern
* Kasteel Herbligen, Herbligen
* Ruïne Hohburg, Belp
* Kasteel Hindelbank, Hindelbank
* Kasteel Holligen, Bern
* Ruïne Humberg, Hermiswil
* Kasteel Hünegg, Hilterfingen
* Kasteel Hünigen, Konolfingen
* Ruïne Ieschberg, Alchenstorf
* Kasteel Interlaken, Interlaken
* Ruïne Jagdburg, Höfen bei Thun
* Kasteel Jegerlehn, Lützelflüh
* Kasteel Jegenstorf, Jegenstorf
* Kasteel Kehrsatz, Kehrsatz
* Kasteel Kiesen, Kiesen
* Kasteel Köniz, Köniz
* Ruïne Kramburg, Gelterfingen
* Kasteel Landshut, Utzenstorf
* Kasteel Laubegg (BE), Boltigen
* Kasteel Laupen, Laupen
* Kasteel Hof Ligerz, Ligerz
* Kasteel Langenstein, Melchnau
* Kasteel Villa Mettlen, Muri bei Bern
* Kasteel Moutier, Moutier
* Ruïne Burg Mülenen und Letzi, Reichenbach im Kandertal
* Kasteel Münchenwiler, Münchenwiler
* Kasteel Münsingen, Münsingen
* Kasteel Muri, Muri bei Bern
* Kasteel Neu-Bubenberg, Köniz
* Kasteel Neu-Signau, Bowil
* Kasteel Nidau, Nidau
* Kasteel Nydegg, Bern
* Ruïne Obere Erlinsburg, Niederbipp
* Ruïne Oberer Mannenberg, Zweisimmen
* Ruïne Unterer Mannenberg, Zweisimmen
* Kasteel Münnenberg, Lützelflüh
* Kasteel Oberdiessbach, Oberdiessbach
* Ruïne Obergurzelen, Gurzelen
* Kasteel Oberhofen, Oberhofen am Thunersee
* Kasteel Campagne Oberried, Belp
* Ruïne Oberwangen, Köniz
* Kasteel Oltigen, Radelfingen
* Ruïne Pieterlen, Pieterlen
* Kasteel Gut Ralligen, Merligen
* Ruïne Ramisburg, Rüeggisberg
* Kasteel Reichenbach, Zollikofen
* Restitoring, Meiringen
* Ruïne Riedburg, Köniz
* Kasteel Ried (Hünibach), Hünibach
* Kasteel Riggisberg, Riggisberg
* Ruïne Ringgenberg, Ringgenberg
* Ruïne Rohrberg, Auswil
* Ruïne Rothenfluh (Balm), Wahlern
* Kasteel Rothöchi, Oberburg BE
* Ruïne Rondchâtel, Péry
* Kasteel Rümligen, Gürbetal
* Ruïne Schattenburg (Festi), Oberwil im Simmental
* Kasteel Schadau, Thun
* Ruïne Schadburg, Ringgenberg
* Kasteel Schlossberg, La Neuveville
* Kasteel Schnabelburg (Melchnau), Melchnau
* Ruïne Schwandiburg, Stettlen
* Kasteel Schwarzenburg, Schwarzenburg
* Kasteel Seeburg, Iseltwald
* Ruïne Simmenegg, Boltigen
* Kasteel Spiez, Spiez
* Kasteel Spittel, Sumiswald
* Kasteel Spitzenberg (BE), Langnau im Emmental
* Kasteel Strassberg (Büren an der Aare), Büren an der Aare
* Ruïne Strättligen, Thun
* Ruïne Schwabenried, Saanen
* Ruïne Schwandiholz, Deisswil
* Kasteel Tannenberg (BE), Boltigen
* Kasteel Tellenburg, Frutigen
* Kasteel Teufelsburg (Schweiz), Rüti bei Büren
* Kasteel Thielle, Thielle
* Kasteel Thorberg, Krauchthal
* Kasteel Thun, Thun
* Kasteel Thunstetten, Thunstetten
* Kasteel Toffen, Toffen
* Kasteel Trachselwald, Trachselwald
* Ruïne Uttigen, Uttigen
* Kasteel Unspunnen, Wilderswil
* Kasteel Unterseen, Unterseen
* Kasteel Ursellen, Rüeggisberg
* Ruïne Vesti (Zwergilöcher), Unterseen
* Kasteel Waldau, Bern
* Kasteel Wangen an der Aare, Wangen an der Aare
* Ruïne Wartenstein, Lauperswil
* Kasteel Wasserburg, Kernenried
* Ruïne Weissenau, Unterseen
* Ruïne Weissenburg, Därstetten
* Ruïne Wiedlisbach, Wiedlisbach
* Kasteel Wil, Schlosswil
* Kasteel Wimmis, Wimmis
* Kasteel Wittigkofen, Bern
* Kasteel Worb, Worb
* Nuwe Kasteel Worb, Worb
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg|32x32px|Wappen des Kantons Freiburg]]

== Freiburg ==

* Kasteel Attalens, Attalens
* Kasteel Bulle, Bulle
* Kasteel Chenaux, Estavayer-le-Lac
* Kasteel La Grande Riedera, Le Mouret
* Kasteel Greyerz, Greyerz
* Ruïne Illens, Rossens
* Kasteel Löwenberg, [[Murten]]
* Kasteel Montagny, Montagny
* Kasteel Murten, [[Murten]]
* Kasteel Obermaggenberg, Alterswil
* Kasteel Romont, Romont
* Kasteel Rue, Rue
* Kasteel Surpierre, Surpierre
* Ruïne de la Tour de Pont-en-Ogoz , Pont-en-Ogoz
* Ruïne Vaulruz, Vaulruz

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Genf matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Genf]]

== Genf ==

* Ruine Bâtie-Beauregard, Collex-Bossy
*Kasteel Le Crest, Jussy
* Kasteel Compesières, Bardonnex
* Kasteel Hermance, Hermance
*Ruine Rouelbeau, Meinier
* Kasteel Tournay, Pregny-Chambésy

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Glarus matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Glarus]]

== Glarus ==

* Ruïne Sola, Sool
* Kasteel Vorburg, Oberurnen

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:CHE Graubünden COA.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Graubünden]]
[[Lêer:Kanton Graubünden Burgen und Schlösser.png|duimnael|400x400px|Burgen und Schlösser des Kanton Graubünden]]

== Graubünden ==

* Biskopskasteel Fürstenau
* Kasteel Alt-Aspermont, Trimmis
* Kasteel Alt-Süns, Paspels
* Kasteel Balcun At, Müstair
* Kasteel Baldenstein, Sils im Domleschg
* Kasteel Bärenburg, Andeer
* Kasteel Belfort, Brienz/Brinzauls
* Kasteel Belmont, Flims
* Kasteel Bernegg, Calfreisen
* Kasteel Brandis, Maienfeld
* Kasteel Cagliatscha, Clugin
* Toring van Sta. Maria in Calanca, Santa Maria in Calanca
* Ruïne Campell, Sils im Domleschg
* Kasteel Canaschal, Trin
* Kasteel Cartatscha, Trun
* Kasteel Castelberg, Luven
* Kasteel Castels, Luzein
* Kasteel Castrisch, Castrisch
* Kasteel Castelmur, Bondo GR
* Kasteel Crap Sogn Parcazi, Trin
* Kasteel Ehrenfels, Sils im Domleschg
* Kasteel Fracstein, Seewis im Prättigau
* Kasteel Falkenstein (Igis), Igis
* Kasteel Frauenberg (Ruschein), Ruschein
* Kasteel Friberg (Siat), Siat
* Kasteel Friberg (Trun), Trun
* Kasteel Friedau, Zizers
* Kasteel Grafenberg, Fläsch
* Kasteel Greifenstein, Filisur
* Kasteel Grottenstein, Haldenstein
* Kasteel Grüneck, Ilanz
* Kasteel Grünenfels, Waltensburg
* Kasteel Guardaval, Madulain
* Kasteel Haldenstein, Haldenstein
* Kasteel Haldenstein, Haldenstein
* Kasteel Haselstein, Zillis-Reischen
* Kasteel Hasensprung, Pratval
* Kasteel Heidenberg, Obersaxen
* Kasteel Heinzenberg, Präz
* Kasteel Hochjuvalt, Rothenbrunnen
* Kasteel Hohenbalken, Sumvitg
* Kasteel Innerjuvalt, Rothenbrunnen
* Kasteel Hohenrätien, Sils im Domleschg
* Ruïne Jörgenberg, Waltensburg
* Kasteel Kapfenstein, Küblis
* Kasteel Klingenhorn, [[Malans]]
* Kasteel Kropfenstein, Waltensburg
* Kasteel Lagenberg, Laax
* Kasteel La Tur, Zillis-Reischen
* VestingLa Serra, Zernez
* Kasteel Lichtenstein (Haldenstein), Haldenstein
* Kasteel Löwenberg, Schluein
* Kasteel Löwenstein, Ilanz
* Kasteel Marmels, Marmorera
* Kasteel Marschlins, Igis
* Kasteel Mesocco, Mesocco
* Kasteel Moregg, Obersaxen
* Kasteel Neu-Aspermont, [[Jenins]]
* Kasteel Neu-Süns, Paspels
* Ruïne Neuburg, Untervaz
* Kasteel Nivagl, Vaz/Obervaz
* Kasteel Obertagstein, [[Thusis]]
* Kasteel Ober-Ruchenberg, Trimmis
* Kasteel Ortenstein, Tumegl/Tomils
* Kasteel Paspels, Paspels
* Kasteel Pontaningen, Tujetsch
* Kasteel Rappenstein, Untervaz
* Kasteel Rhäzüns, Rhäzüns
* Kasteel Rietberg, Pratval
* Kasteel Fortezza Rohan, Susch
* Kasteel Saxenstein, Obersaxen
* Kasteel Salons, Schlans
* Kasteel Schauenstein
* Ruïne Schiedberg, Sagogn
* Toring van Schlans, Schlans
* Kasteel Schwarzenstein, Obersaxen
* Ruïne Serviezel, Tschlin
* Kasteel Solavers, Seewis im Prättigau
* Kasteeltoring Spaniola, Pontresina
* Kasteel Spliatsch, Sur
* Kasteel Splügen, Splügen
* Ruïne Steinsberg, Ardez
* Kasteel Strahlegg, Fideris
* Kasteel Strassberg, Malix
* Kasteel Surcasti, Surcasti
* Kasteel Tarasp, Tarasp
* Kasteel Torre Palas, San Vittore GR
* Kasteel Tuor, Sumvitg
* Toring la Praschun, Susch
* Ruïne Turraccia, Casaccia
* Kasteel Tschanüff, Ramosch
* Kasteel Valendas, Valendas
* Kasteel Vogelberg, Waltensburg
* Kasteel Wackenau, Bonaduz
* Kasteel Wildenberg, Falera
* Kasteel Wildenberg, Zernez
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Jura matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Jura]]

== Jura ==

* Kasteel Delémont, Delémont
* Kasteel Löwenburg, Ederswiler
* Kasteel Pleujouse, Pleujouse
* Kasteel Pruntrut, Porrentruy
* Kasteel Raymontpierre, Vermes

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(191, 191, 191); border-image: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255);&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Luzern matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Luzern]]

== Luzern ==

* Kasteel Alt Eschenbach, Inwil
* Kasteel Beromünster, [[Beromünster]]
* Ruïne Grünenberg, Hitzkirch
* Ruïne Hasenburg, [[Willisau]]
* Kasteel Heidegg, Gelfingen
* Johanniterkommende Hohenrain, Hohenrain
* Ruïne Kastelen, Alberswil
* Ruïne Lieli, Lieli
* Kasteel Mauensee, Mauensee
# Kasteel Meggenhorn, Meggen
* Kasteel Neu-Habsburg, Meggen
* Johanniterkommende Reiden, Reiden
* Toring van Richensee, Richensee
* Kasteel Schauensee, Kriens
* Kasteel Wikon, Wikon
* Kasteel Wyher, Ettiswil
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Neuenburg]]

== Neuenburg ==

* Kasteel Boudry, Boudry
* Kasteel Colombier, Colombier
* Kasteel Le Landeron, Le Landeron
* Kasteel Neuenburg, [[Neuenburg]]
* Kasteel Valangin, Valangin
* Kasteel Vaumarcus, Vaumarcus

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Nidwalden]]

== Nidwalden ==

* Ruïne Dörfli, Wolfenschiessen
* Kasteel Isenringen, Beckenried
* Ruïne Rotzberg, Ennetmoos
* Schnitztoring, Stansstad

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg|31x31px]]

== Obwalden ==

* Heksetoring, Sarnen
* Kasteel Landenberg, Sarnen
* Kasteel Van Rosenberg, Giswil
* Ruïne Rudenz, Giswil
* Kasteel Zwingel, Giswil&lt;ref&gt;''www.burgenwelt.de''&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Schaffhausen]]

== Schaffhausen ==

* Kasteel Beringen, Beringen
* Bibermühle (Bibernhofgut), Ramsen
* Ruïne Hartenkirch, Siblingen
* Kasteel Herblingen, Schaffhausen
* Kasteel Hohenklingen, Stein am Rhein
* Vesting Munot, [[Schaffhausen]]
* Ruïne Neuburg, Neuhausen
* Kasteel Neunkirch (Oberhof), Neunkirch
* Ruïne Radegg, Wilchingen
* Kasteel Randenburg, Schleitheim
* Sonnenburggut, Schaffhausen
* Kasteel Thayngen (Oberhof), Thayngen
* Ruïne Wolkenstein, Hemishofen
* Kasteel Wörth, Neuhausen
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(191, 191, 191); border-image: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255);&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Schwyz]]

== Schwyz ==

* Ruïne Gesslerburg, Küssnacht
* Kasteel Grynau, Tuggen
* Letzitoring Morgarten, Sattel (siehe ''Schlacht am Morgarten'')
* Kasteel Pfäffikon, [[Pfäffikon]]
* Kasteel Alt-Rapperswil, Altendorf
* Letzitoring Rothenthurm, Rothenthurm
* Kasteel Schwanau, Lauerz
* Argieftoring Schwyz, [[Schwyz]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(191, 191, 191); border-image: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255);&quot;&gt;
[[Lêer:Wappen Solothurn matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Solothurn]]

== Solothurn ==

* Kasteel Alt-Falkenstein, Balsthal (Klus)
* Ruïne Alt-Bechburg, Holderbank
* Ruïne Balm, Balm bei Günsberg
* Kasteel Buchegg, Kyburg-Buchegg
* Ruïne Dorneck, [[Dornach]]
* Kasteel Falkenstein, Niedergösgen (huidige  &quot;Schlosskirche&quot;)
* Kasteel Frohburg, Trimbach
* Ruïne Gilgenberg, Zullwil
* Ruïne Göskon, Obergösgen
* Ruïne Hilsenstein, Dornach
* Kasteel Neu-Bechburg, Oensingen
* Ruïne Neu-Falkenstein, Balsthal
* Kasteel Neu-Thierstein, Büsserach
* Kasteel Rotberg, Mariastein
* Ruïne Sternenberg, Hofstetten-Flüh
* Kasteel Waldegg, Feldbrunnen
* Kasteel Wartenfels (Lostorf), Lostorf
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg|31x31px|Wappen des Kantons St. Gallen]]

== St. Gallen ==

* Kasteel Bibiton, [[Kaltbrunn]]
* Kasteel Dottenwil, Wittenbach
* Kasteel Forstegg, Sennwald
* [[Ruïne Freudenberg]], [[Bad Ragaz]]
* Kasteel Gräpplang, Flums
* Kasteel Heerbrugg, Heerbrugg
* Kasteel Hohensax, Sennwald
* Kasteel Iberg, Wattwil
* Kasteel Lütisburg, Lütisburg
* Kasteel Oberberg, Gossau
* Kasteel Rapperswil, [[Rapperswil]]
* Ruïne Rosenberg, Berneck
* Kasteel Sargans, [[Sargans]]
* Kasteel Schwarzenbach, Jonschwil
* Kasteel Sulzberg, Untereggen
* Ruïne Uznaberg, Schlans
* [[Ruïne Wartau]], [[Wartau]]
* Kasteel Wartegg, Rorschacherberg
* Kasteel Wartensee, Rorschacherberg
* Ruïne Wartenstein, [[Pfäfers]]
* Kasteel Werdenberg, Grabs
* Grotkasteel Wichenstein, Oberriet
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:CHE Ticino COA.svg|30x30px]]

== Ticino ==

* Toring Attone, Giornico
* Kasteel Grande, Bellinzona
* Kasteel Cortauro, Claro
* Kasteel Griglioni, Ascona
* Kasteel Magoria, Claro
* Kasteel Montebello, Bellinzona
* Huis Pagani, Chiggiogna
* Kasteel Pagani, Dongio
* Kasteel Pagani, Malvaglia
* Kasteel Paleari, Morcote
* Toring Pedrini, Chironico
* Kasteel Pontegana, Balerna
* Toring van Redde, Capriasca
* Kasteel S. Giorgio, Magliaso
* Kasteel Santa Maria (Giornico), Giornico
* Kasteel Sasso Corbaro, Bellinzona
* Kasteel Serravalle, Semione
* KasteelVisconteo, Locarno
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Thurgau matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Thurgau]]

== Thurgau ==

* Ruïne Alt-Bichelsee, Bichelsee
* Kasteel Altenburg, Märstetten
* Kasteel Altenklingen
* Ruïne Anwil, Kradolf-Schönenberg
* Kasteel Arbon, Arbon
* Kasteel Arenenberg, Salenstein
* Kasteel Bachtobel, Weinfelden
* Kasteel Bernegg, Kreuzlingen
* Kasteel Bettwiesen, Bettwiesen
* Kasteel Bischofszell, Bischofszell
* Kasteel Brunegg (Unterer Girsberg)
* Kasteel Bürglen, Bürglen
* Kasteel Castell, Tägerwilen
* Kasteel Ebersberg, Kreuzlingen
* Kasteel Eppishausen, Erlen
* Kasteel Eugensberg, Salenstein
* Kasteel Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld
* Kasteel Girsberg (Kreuzlingen)
* Kasteel Glarisegg, Steckborn
* Kasteel Gottlieben, Gottlieben
* Kasteel Hagenwil, Hagenwil
* Kasteel Heitnau, Braunau
* Kasteel Helfenberg, Hüttwilen
* Kasteel Heidelberg, Hohentannen
* Ruïne Heuberg, Schweizersholz
* Kasteel Horn, Horn
* Kasteel Hubberg, Salenstein
* Kasteel Kefikon, Gachnang
* Kasteel Klingenberg (Homburg), Homburg TG
* Ruïne Last, Schönenberg
* Kasteel Liebburg, Lengwil
* Kasteel Liebenfels, Herdern
* Kasteel Louisenberg, Salenstein
* Kasteel Mammertshofen, Roggwil
* Kasteel Neuburg, Mammern
* Kasteel Öttlishausen, Hohentannen
* Kasteel Roggwil, Roggwil
* Kasteel Sandegg, Salenstein
* Kasteel Schleifenrain, Hugelshofen
* Kasteel Seeburg, Kreuzlingen
* Kasteel Salenstein, Salenstein
* Kasteel Sonnenberg, Stettfurt
* Kasteel Steinegg, Hüttwilen
* Kasteel Tannegg, Fischingen TG
* Ruïne Tuttwilerberg, Wängi
* Kasteel Unterhof, Diessenhofen
* Kasteel Weinfelden, Weinfelden
* Kasteel Wellenberg, Wellhausen
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(191, 191, 191); border-image: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255);&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Uri matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Uri]]

== Uri ==

* Kasteel A Pro, Seedorf
* Ruïne Attinghausen, Attinghausen
* Kasteel Beroldingen, Seelisberg
* Toring van die Here van Hospental, Hospental
* Toring van Bürglen, Bürglen
* Toring van Silenen, Silenen
* Toring Pfarrhaus, Bürglen
* Kasteel Rudenz, Flüelen
* Toring Hotel Tell, Bürglen
* Toring van Wattigwil, Bürglen
* Zwing-Uri, Silenen

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(191, 191, 191); border-image: none; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255);&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Waadt matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Waadt]]

== Waadt ==

* Kasteel Aigle, [[Aigle]]
* Kasteel Allaman, Allaman
* Kasteel Blonay, Blonay
* Kasteel Carrouge, Moudon
* Kasteel Champvent, Champvent
* Kasteel Chillon, Veytaux
* Kasteel Glérolles, Rivaz
* Kasteel Grandson, Grandson
* Kasteel Lucens, Lucens
* Kasteel Morges, Morges
* Kasteel Nyon, Nyon
* Ruïne Orbe, Orbe
* Kasteel Oron, Oron-le-Châtel
* Kasteel Ouchy, [[Lausanne]]-Ouchy
* Kasteel Prangins, Prangins
* Kasteel Rolle, Rolle
* Kasteel Saint-Maire, [[Lausanne]]
* Kasteel Saint-Saphorin, Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges
* Kasteel Saint-Triphon, Ollon
* Kasteel La Sarraz, La Sarraz
* Kasteel Vufflens, Vufflens-le-Château
* Kasteel Yverdon, Yverdon-les-Bains

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Wallis matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Wallis]]

== Wallis ==

* Kasteel Anchettes, Venthône
* Toring Bayard, Saillon
* Kasteel La Bâtiaz, [[Martigny]]
* Toring van Chalais, Chalais VS
* Kasteel de la Cour, (''Château Bellevue''), Sierre
* Kasteel de Villa, Sierre
* Ruïne Gestelnburg, Niedergesteln
* Toring van Goubing, Sierre
* Kasteel Grimisuat (heute Pfarrhaus), Grimisuat
* Biskopskasteel Leuk, Leuk
* Kasteel Leuk, Leuk
* Kasteel Mageran (''de Werra'', huidige ''Altersheim St. Josef''), Leuk
* Kasteel Majorie, Sion
* Kasteel Mercier, Sierre
* Kasteel de Montorge, Sion
* Kasteel Porte-du-Scex, Vouvry
* Kasteel Saillon, Saillon
* Kasteel Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice VS
* Kasteel Saxon, Saxon VS
* Heksetoring (Tour des Sorciers), Sion
* Ruïne La Soie, Safiesch (Granois)
* Ruïne Schlosshügel (Colline des Châteaux), Sierre
* Stockalperkasteel, Brig
* KasteelTourbillon, Sion
* Kasteel de Valère, Sion
* Kasteel Vidôme, Sierre
* Kasteel Zen-Ruffinen (''Loretan ook'' ''de Werra'')

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Zug matt.svg|30x30px|Wappen des Kantons Zug]]

== Zug ==

* Kasteel Gut Aabach, Risch
* Kasteel Buonas, Risch
* Kasteel Freudenberg, Rotkreuz
* Kasteel Hünenberg, Hünenberg
* Kasteel St. Andreas, Cham
* Kasteel Wildenburg (Zug), Baar
* Kasteel Zug, Zug

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #bfbfbf; padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color: #F8F8FF; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;

[[Lêer:Wappen Zürich matt.svg|29x29px|Wappen des Kantons Zürich]]

== Zürich ==
[[Lêer:Kanton Zürich Burgen und Schlösser.png|duimnael|521x521px|Kastele en ruïnes van Kanton Zürich]]

* Ruïne Alt-Landenberg, Bauma
* Ruïne Alt-Lägern, Boppelsen
* Ruïne Alt-Regensberg, Regensdorf
* Ruïne Alt-Wildberg, Wildberg
* Kasteel Baldern
* Ruïne Bernegg, Hinwil
* Ruïne Breitenlandenberg, Turbenthal
* Kasteel Hoh-Wülflingen, [[Winterthur]]
* Ridderhuis Bubikon, Bubikon
* Ruïne Dübelstein, Dübendorf
* Kasteel Eglisau, Eglisau
* Kasteel Elgg, Elgg
* Ruïne Freienstein, Freienstein-Teufen
* Ruïne Friedberg, Meilen
* Ruïne Friesenberg, [[Zürich]]
* Ruïne Glanzenberg, Unterengstringen
* Kasteel Greifensee, Greifensee
* Kasteel Grüningen, Grüningen
* Kasteel Hegi, [[Winterthur]]-Hegi
* Ruïne Hohenlandenberg, Wila
* Kasteel Kyburg, Kyburg
* Kasteel Laufen, Laufen-Uhwiesen
* Ruïne Liebenberg, Zell
* Kasteel Manegg, [[Zürich]]
* Ruïne Moosburg, Effretikon
* Kasteel Mörsburg, Stadel ([[Winterthur]])
* Ruïne Oberes Baliken, Wald
* Kasteel Regensberg, Regensberg
* Kasteel Rossberg, Rossberg ([[Winterthur]])
* Ruïne Schauenberg, Turbenthal
* Ruïne Schnabelburg, Hausen am Albis
* Ruïne Schönenwerd, Dietikon
* Kasteel Schwandegg, Waltalingen
* Kasteel Sellenbüren, Sellenbüren
* Ruïne Sünikon, Steinmaur
* Ruïne Tössegg, Wildberg und Turbenthal
* Ruïne Uetliburg, Stallikon (Uetliberg)
* Kasteel Uster, Uster
* Kasteel Wädenswil, Wädenswil
* Ruïne Alt-Wädenswil, Wädenswil und Richterswil
* Kasteel Wiesendangen, Wiesendangen
* Ruïne Alt-Wülflingen, [[Winterthur]]-Wülflingen
* Kasteel Wülflingen, [[Winterthur]]-Wülflingen
* Ruïne Wulp, Küsnacht
* Kasteel Wyden, Ossingen
&lt;/div&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

[[Kategorie:Kastele in Switserland| ]]</text>
      <sha1>j2nytx1kyz1j68rxfwzib2usd1h59k1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olimpiese Winterspele 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889684</id>
      <parentid>2886528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:49:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scip.</username>
        <id>69748</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Toewysing */ +</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33342" sha1="56qtszdqha733ly2dfp6z84dgexayy2" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Olimpiese spele
| spele           = 25
| soort           = Winter
| beeld           = Olimpiese Winterspele 2026.png
| jaar            = 2026
| plek            = [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italië]]
| lande           = 92
| atlete          = 2&amp;nbsp;871
| items           = 116 in 8 sporte (16 dissipline)
| opening         = [[6 Februarie]] [[2026]]
| sluiting        = [[22 Februarie]] [[2026]]
| opener          = President [[Sergio Mattarella]]
| eed             = Stefania Constantini&lt;br /&gt;Dominik Fischnaller
| beampte         = Raffaella Locatelli&lt;br /&gt;Gabriele Toldo
| vlam            = Deborah Compagnoni (Milaan)&lt;br /&gt;Alberto Tomba (Milaan)&lt;br /&gt;Sofia Goggia (Cortina)
| vorige          = 2022
| vorige_plek     = Beijing (China)
| volgende        = 2030
| volgende_plek   = Franse Alpe en Nice (Frankryk)
}}

Die '''Olimpiese Winterspele 2026''' ([[Italiaans]]: ''Olimpiadi invernali del 2026''), amptelik bekend as die '''XXVste Olimpiese Winterspele''', is tussen 6 en 22 Februarie 2026 in [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italië]], aangebied.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=‘Italia! Italia!’ IOC awards 2026 Winter Olympics to Milan-Cortina d’Ampezzo |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/breaking-milan-cortina-wins-2022-olympic-and-paralympic-winter-games-bid/ |publisher=[[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] |date=24 Junie 2019 |accessdate=21 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214111/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/breaking-milan-cortina-wins-2022-olympic-and-paralympic-winter-games-bid/ |archive-date=21 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|title=Milan-Cortina Wins 2026 Olympic And Paralympic Winter Games Bid|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/06/24/ioc-will-vote-monday-site-winter-olympics-choosing-between-sweden-italy/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.d77c3f0db380&amp;wpisrc=al_news__alert-sports--alert-national&amp;wpmk=1|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|date=24 Junie 2019|accessdate=30 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:Piazza del Duomo - kuhnmi.jpg|duimnael|links|Olimpiese medaljes is op die Piazza del Duomo van Milaan oorhandig]]
Dit was ná die [[Olimpiese Winterspele 1956|Olimpiese Winterspele van 1956]] in [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] en die [[Olimpiese Winterspele 2006|Olimpiese Winterspele van 2006]] in [[Turyn]] die derde wat in Italië gehou is. In die Italiaanse hoofstad [[Rome]] is ook die [[Olimpiese Somerspele 1960|Olimpiese Somerspele van 1960]] beslis. Dit was die eerste Olimpiese Winterspele met twee amptelike gasheerstede.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/olympics/italy-will-pull-olympics-two-cities-250-miles-apart-rcna240534 |title=How Italy will pull off the Olympics in two cities more than 250 miles apart |publisher=NBC News |authors=Molly Hunter, Laura Saravia en Rohan Nadkarni |date=29 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=19 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die openingseremonie het in [[San Siro]] van [[Milaan]] plaasgevind, terwyl die sluitingseremonie op die [[Verona Arena]] van [[Verona]] gehou is. Soos gebruiklik het die lande in alfabetiese volgorde die stadion ingestap met Griekeland die eerste en die gasheer Italië die laaste, maar aangesien die plaaslike taal Italiaans is, is dié taal se alfabet gebruik om die volgorde te bepaal. Die spanne van [[Benin]], [[Guinee-Bissau]] en die [[Verenigde Arabiese Emirate]] het vir die eerste keer aan Olimpiese Winterspele deelgeneem. Suid-Afrika het met vyf atlete aan hierdie Olimpiese Winterspele deelgeneem, die grootste Suid-Afrikaanse span ooit; beide [[Matthew Smith]] ([[heg-en-steg-ski]]) en [[Nicole Burger]] ([[skeleton]]) het die [[Vlag van Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrikaanse vlag]] tydens die opening- en sluitingseremonies ingedra.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.teamsa.co.za/smith-burger-to-carry-flag-at-opening-ceremony/ |title=Smith, Burger to carry flag at opening ceremony |publisher=TeamSA |date=4 Februarie 2026 |accessdate=19 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit was die eerste openingseremonie wat op vier plekke gehou en waartydens twee [[Olimpiese vlam]]me aangesteek is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-opening-ceremony-milan-cortina-e98f512c4dd8328bff2da166224740fa |title=The Milan Cortina Olympics officially open with a multi-site ceremony for a spread-out Winter Games |publisher=Associated Press |author=Howard Fendrich |date=6 Februarie 2026 |accessdate=19 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026]] is tussen 6 en 15 Maart in Milaan en Cortina d'Ampezzo gehou.

== Toewysing ==
[[Lêer:2020-01-11 Alpine Skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's Combined – Medal ceremony (Martin Rulsch) 11 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|links|upright|Giovanni Malagò, hoof van Italië se bod-komitee]]
[[Lêer:Milan-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics bid wordmark with tagline.svg|duimnael|Logo van die Italiaanse bod vir die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026]]
Milaan en Cortina d'Ampezzo is op 24 Junie 2019 in [[Lausanne]] deur die [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] gekies as die gasheer vir die Olimpiese Winterspele in 2026. Die enigste ander kandidaat was [[Stockholm]], [[Swede]].

Die gasheerstad sou oorspronklik in Oktober 2019 deur die [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] (IOK) in [[Milaan]], [[Italië]], aangekondig word. Die IOK het die stemming egter na 'n ander plek – en datum – verskuif, nadat Italië 'n bod vir die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026 ingedien het wat die stad Milaan insluit. Die stemming is op 24 Junie 2019 in die hoofkantoor van die IOK in [[Lausanne]], [[Switserland]], gehou.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/lausanne-to-host-vote-for-winning-2026-winter-olympic-bid-instead-of-milan-after-italy-enters-race/ |title=Lausanne To Host Vote For Winning 2026 Winter Olympic Bid Instead of Milan After Italy Enters Race |publisher=GamesBids |date=20 September 2018 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424084754/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/lausanne-to-host-vote-for-winning-2026-winter-olympic-bid-instead-of-milan-after-italy-enters-race/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/ioc-to-move-up-2026-olympic-bid-vote-three-months-now-june-2019/ |title=IOC To Move Up 2026 Olympic Bid Vote Three Months, Now June 2019 |publisher=GamesBids |date=9 Oktober 2018 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424084759/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/ioc-to-move-up-2026-olympic-bid-vote-three-months-now-june-2019/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die eerste aansoekfase vir die Spele het in September 2017 begin.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-new-candidature-process-for-olympic-winter-games-2026 |title=IOC Approves New Candidature Process for Olympic Winter Games 2026 |publisher=[[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] |date=11 Julie 2017 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424195024/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-new-candidature-process-for-olympic-winter-games-2026 |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die stemming het as volg verloop:
{|class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Stemming vir gasheer van die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/ |title=Past Olympic Host City Election Results |publisher=GamesBids |accessdate=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430050511/https://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Stad
! Land
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot; | '''Rondte 1'''
|-
| [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] || {{vlagland|Italië}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''47'''
|-
| [[Stockholm]] || {{vlagland|Swede}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 34
|}

== Sportplekke ==
[[Lêer:Stadio Meazza 2021 3.jpg|duimnael|Die openingseremonie het in die San Siro van Milaan plaasgevind]]
[[Lêer:Cortina Stadio Olimpico 2013 2.JPG|duimnael|Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio]]
[[Lêer:Forum Assago Parquet 2.jpg|duimnael|Forum di Milano]]
[[Lêer:Italy - Verona - Arena.jpg|duimnael|Die sluitingseremonie is op die Verona Arena gehou]]

=== Milaan-gebied ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Plek
!Sporte
!Kapasiteit
!Status
|-
|San Siro
|Openingseremonie
|75&amp;nbsp;817
|Klaar
|-
|Milano Santa Giulia Yshokkie-arena
|Yshokkie (groep- en uitklopfase)
|12&amp;nbsp;000
|Nuut
|-
|FieraMilano
|Yshokkie (groepfase), langbaanskaats
|6&amp;nbsp;000, 7&amp;nbsp;500
|Klaar
|-
|Forum di Milano
|Kunsskaats, kortbaanskaats
|11&amp;nbsp;500
|Klaar
|}

=== Cortina d'Ampezzo-gebied ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Plek
!Sporte
!Kapasiteit
!Status
|-
|Olimpia delle Tofane
|Alpeski
|7&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|-
|Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio
|Ysbal
|3&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|-
|Cortina Glybaansentrum
|bobslee, skeleton, rodel
|5&amp;nbsp;500
|Nuut
|-
|Suid-Tirol-Arena
|Tweekamp
|19&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|}

=== Valtellina-gebied ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Plek
!Sporte
!Kapasiteit
!Status
|-
|Stelvio
|Alpeski, skibergklim
|7&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|-
|Livingo-sneeupark
|Sneeuplankry, vryski
|2&amp;nbsp;000, 8&amp;nbsp;400
|Klaar
|-
|Livingo Aerials &amp; Moguls Park
|Vryski
|3&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|}

=== Val di Fiemme-gebied ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Plek
!Sporte
!Kapasiteit
!Status
|-
|Predazzo
|Skansspring, Noorse kombinasie
|5&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|-
|Tesero
|Heg-en-steg-ski, Noorse kombinasie
|15&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|}

=== Verona ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Plek
!Olimpiese seremonie
!Kapasiteit
!Status
|-
|Arena di Verona
|Olimpiese sluitingseremonie
|15&amp;nbsp;000
|Klaar
|}

== Sporte ==
Agt Olimpiese sporte in 16 dissiplines is tydens die Spele beoefen. Tydens die Spele is 116 medaljes oorhandig.

{{columns-list|4|
* [[Lêer:Alpine skiing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Alpeski]] &lt;small&gt;(10)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Bobsleigh pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Bobslee]] &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Cross country skiing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Heg-en-steg-ski]] &lt;small&gt;(12)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Short track speed skating pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Kortbaanskaats]] &lt;small&gt;(9)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Figure skating pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Kunsskaats]] &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Speed skating pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Langbaanskaats]] &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Nordic combined pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Noorse kombinasie]] &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Luge pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Rodel]] &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Ski jumping pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Skansspring]] &lt;small&gt;(6)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Skeleton pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Skeleton]] &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Ski mountaineering pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Skibergklim]] &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Snowboarding pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Sneeuplankry]] &lt;small&gt;(11)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Biathlon pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Tweekamp]] &lt;small&gt;(11)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Vryski]] &lt;small&gt;(15)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Curling pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Ysbal]] &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Ice hockey pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Yshokkie]] &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

== Kalender ==
Die volgende tabel dui die Spele se daaglikse program aan. 'n Blou blokkie beteken dat wedstryde plaasgevind het, maar dat geen medaljes op die spel was nie. 'n Geel blokkie dui aan dat medaljes toegeken is, die getal dui op die aantal medaljeparades wat die dag gehou is.

&lt;div align=center&gt;
{| class=wikitable style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;width:75%;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#0c3;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''OS'''&amp;nbsp;||Openingseremonie
| style=&quot;background:#39f;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;●&amp;nbsp;||Wedstryde
| style=&quot;background:#fc0;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''1'''&amp;nbsp;||Wedstryde met medaljes
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''UG'''&amp;nbsp;||Uitstallingsgala
| style=&quot;background:#e33;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''SS'''&amp;nbsp;||Sluitingseremonie
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.9em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;&quot;
! colspan=2|Februarie
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|4&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|5&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|6&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|7&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|8&lt;br /&gt;So
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|9&lt;br /&gt;Ma
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|10&lt;br /&gt;Di
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|11&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|12&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|13&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|14&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|15&lt;br /&gt;So
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|16&lt;br /&gt;Ma
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|17&lt;br /&gt;Di
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|18&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|19&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|20&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|21&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|22&lt;br /&gt;So
!Wedstryde
|-
| colspan=2|[[Lêer:Olympic Rings Icon.svg|20px]] Seremonies || || || style=&quot;background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;&quot; |'''OS'''|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || style=&quot;background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;&quot; |'''SS'''||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Alpine skiing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Alpeski]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''10'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Bobsleigh pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bobslee]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''4'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Cross country skiing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Heg-en-steg-ski]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''12'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Short track speed skating pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Kortbaanskaats]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''9'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Figure skating pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Kunsskaats]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;| style=&quot;background-color:#ffdead;&quot; |'''EG'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''5'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Speed skating pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Langbaanskaats]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''9'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Nordic combined pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Noorse kombinasie]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''3'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Luge pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Rodel]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
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&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''5'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Ski jumping pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Skansspring]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''6'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Skeleton pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Skeleton]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''3'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Ski mountaineering pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Skibergklim]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
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&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''3'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Snowboarding pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Sneeuplankry]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''11'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Biathlon pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Tweekamp]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''11'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Vryski]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''3'''
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''2'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''15'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Curling pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Ysbal]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
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&lt;!-- 16 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 17 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''3'''
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
| colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[Lêer:Ice hockey pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Yshokkie]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
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&lt;!-- 18 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 19 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- 20 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 21 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot; | ●
&lt;!-- 22 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot; | '''1'''
&lt;!-- T --&gt;|'''2'''
|-
!colspan=2| Totaal !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 5 !! 8 !! 5 !! 9 !! 8 !! 9 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 6 !! 6 !! 9 !! 6 !! 7 !! 9 !! 5 !! rowspan=2| 116
|-
!colspan=2| Kumulatief !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 5 !! 13 !! 18 !! 27 !! 35 !! 44 !! 51 !! 59 !! 68 !! 74 !! 80 !! 89 !! 95 !! 102 !! 111 !! 116
|-
! colspan=2|Februarie
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|4&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|5&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|6&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|7&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|8&lt;br /&gt;So
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|9&lt;br /&gt;Ma
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|10&lt;br /&gt;Di
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|11&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|12&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|13&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|14&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|15&lt;br /&gt;So
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|16&lt;br /&gt;Ma
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|17&lt;br /&gt;Di
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|18&lt;br /&gt;Wo
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|19&lt;br /&gt;Do
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|20&lt;br /&gt;Vr
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|21&lt;br /&gt;Sa
!style=&quot;width:2.5em&quot;|22&lt;br /&gt;So
!Wedstryde
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Deelnemende nasies ==
Hier volg 'n alfabetiese lys van al die [[Nasionale Olimpiese Komitee]]s wat deelgeneem het. Waar beskikbaar word die aantal atlete per land in hakies aangedui:
{{columns-list|4|
* {{vlagland|Albanië}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Andorra}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Argentinië}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Armenië}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Australië}} &lt;small&gt;(54)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Azerbeidjan}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|België}} &lt;small&gt;(30)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Benin}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Bolivië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Brasilië}} &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Bulgarye}} &lt;small&gt;(20)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Chili}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Sjinees Taipei}} &lt;small&gt;(9)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Colombia}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Denemarke}} &lt;small&gt;(39)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Duitsland}} &lt;small&gt;(185)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Ecuador}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Eritrea}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Estland}} &lt;small&gt;(31)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Filippyne}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Finland}} &lt;small&gt;(103)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Frankryk}} &lt;small&gt;(162)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Georgië}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Griekeland}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Guinee-Bissau}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Haïti}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Hongarye}} &lt;small&gt;(16)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Hongkong}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Ierland}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Indië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Flag of the Individual Neutral Athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics.svg|23px|raam]] [[Individuele Neutrale Atlete|INA]] &lt;small&gt;(Belarussiese en Russiese atlete; 20)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Iran}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Israel}} &lt;small&gt;(10)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Italië}} &lt;small&gt;(196)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Jamaika}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Japan}} &lt;small&gt;(121)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kanada}} &lt;small&gt;(205)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kasakstan}} &lt;small&gt;(36)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kenia}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kirgisië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kosovo}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kroasië}} &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Letland}} &lt;small&gt;(68)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Libanon}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Liechtenstein}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Litaue}} &lt;small&gt;(17)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Luxemburg}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Madagaskar}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Maleisië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Malta}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Marokko}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Meksiko}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Moldowa}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Monaco}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Mongolië}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Montenegro}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Nederland}} &lt;small&gt;(38)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} &lt;small&gt;(17)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Nigerië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Noord-Masedonië}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Noorweë}} &lt;small&gt;(80)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oekraïne}} &lt;small&gt;(46)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oesbekistan}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oostenryk}} &lt;small&gt;(117)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Pakistan}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Pole}} &lt;small&gt;(60)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Portugal}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Puerto Rico}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Roemenië}} &lt;small&gt;(29)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|San Marino}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Saoedi-Arabië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Serwië}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Singapoer}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Siprus}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Slowakye}} &lt;small&gt;(53)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Slowenië}} &lt;small&gt;(37)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Spanje}} &lt;small&gt;(20)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Suid-Afrika}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} &lt;small&gt;(71)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Swede}} &lt;small&gt;(110)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Switserland}} &lt;small&gt;(175)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Thailand}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Trinidad en Tobago}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Tsjeggië}} &lt;small&gt;(115)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Turkye}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Uruguay}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Venezuela}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}} &lt;small&gt;(55)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Verenigde Arabiese Emirate}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} &lt;small&gt;(232)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} &lt;small&gt;(126)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Ysland}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

=== Suid-Afrikaanse deelname ===
{{Hoofartikel|Suid-Afrika op die Olimpiese Spele}}
[[Suid-Afrika]] het aan hierdie Winterspele met vyf atlete deelgeneem, die grootste Suid-Afrikaanse span ooit, maar kon geen medaljes verower nie.

== Aantal medaljes ==
[[Lêer:2026 Winter Olympics medal map.svg|duimnael|400px|Kaart van medaljes volgens lande:
{{sleutel|#F3D710|Lande wat ten minste een goue medalje gewen het}}
{{sleutel|#AAAAAA|Lande wat ten minste een silwermedalje gewen het}}
{{sleutel|#B97855|Lande wat ten minste een bronsmedalje gewen het}}
{{sleutel|#ADD8E6|Lande wat geen medaljes gewen het nie}}
{{sleutel|#E0E0E0|Lande wat nie aan die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026 deelgeneem het nie}}]]
Hier is die top tien lande wat medaljes by die Spele verower het:
{| {{Medaljetabel}}
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 1 || align=left | {{vlagland|Noorweë}} (NOR) || 80 || 18 || 12 || 11 || 41
|-
| 2 || align=left | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} (USA) || 232 || 12 || 12 || 9 || 33
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 3 || align=left | {{vlagland|Nederland}} (NED) || 38 || 10 || 7 || 3 || 20
|-bgcolor=ccccff
| 4 || align=left | {{vlagland|Italië}} (ITA) || 196 || 10 || 6 || 14 || 30
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 5 || align=left | {{vlagland|Duitsland}} (GER) || 185 || 8 || 10 || 8 || 26
|-
| 6 || align=left | {{vlagland|Frankryk}} (FRA) || 162 || 8 || 9 || 6 || 23
|- bgcolor=efefef
| 7 || align=left | {{vlagland|Swede}} (SWE) || 110 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 18
|-
| 8 || align=left | {{vlagland|Switserland}} (SUI) || 175 || 6 || 9 || 8 || 23
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 9 || align=left | {{vlagland|Oostenryk}} (AUT) || 117 || 5 || 8 || 5 || 18
|-
| 10 || align=left | {{vlagland|Japan}} (JPN) || 121 || 5 || 7 || 12 || 24
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Olimpiese Winterspele 1944]] in Cortina d'Ampezzo beplan, maar weens die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gestaak
* [[Olimpiese Winterspele 1956]] in Cortina d'Ampezzo
* [[Olimpiese Somerspele 1960]] in [[Rome]]
* [[Olimpiese Winterspele 2006]] in [[Turyn]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|2026 Winter Olympics|Olimpiese Winterspele 2026}}
* {{en}} [https://www.olympic.org/milan-cortina-2026 Milan-Cortina 2026] ''Olympic.org''. [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]].
* {{en}} [https://www.olympic.org/olympic-results Resultate en medaljewenners] ''Olympic.org''. [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]].

{{Navigasie Olimpiese Spele}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Cortina d'Ampezzo]]
[[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Italië]]
[[Kategorie:Milaan]]
[[Kategorie:Olimpiese Winterspele|2026]]
[[Kategorie:Olimpiese Spele in Italië|2026]]
[[Kategorie:Sport in 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>56qtszdqha733ly2dfp6z84dgexayy2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889685</id>
      <parentid>2886527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scip.</username>
        <id>69748</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Toewysing */ +</comment>
      <origin>2889685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18597" sha1="alvc7nup9sbrdh4xmyx66mjkt3tzgfk" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Olimpiese spele
| spele           = 14
| soort           = Winter
| paralimpiade    = ja
| beeld           = Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026.png
| jaar            = 2026
| plek            = [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italië]]
| lande           = 55
| atlete          = 612
| items           = 79 in 6 sporte
| opening         = [[6 Maart]] [[2026]]
| sluiting        = [[15 Maart]] [[2026]]
| opener          = President [[Sergio Mattarella]]
| eed             = –
| beampte         = –
| vlam            = Gianmaria Dal Maistro (Milaan)&lt;br /&gt;Francesca Porcellato (Cortina)
| vorige          = 2022
| vorige_plek     = Beijing (China)
| volgende        = 2030
| volgende_plek   = Franse Alpe en Nice (Frankryk)
}}

Die '''Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026''' ([[Italiaans]]: ''XIV Giochi paralimpici invernali'') is tussen 6 en 15 Maart 2026 in [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italië]], aangebied.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Milan-Cortina Wins 2026 Olympic And Paralympic Winter Games Bid |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/breaking-milan-cortina-wins-2022-olympic-and-paralympic-winter-games-bid/ |publisher=[[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] |date=24 Junie 2019 |accessdate=21 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214111/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/breaking-milan-cortina-wins-2022-olympic-and-paralympic-winter-games-bid/ |archive-date=21 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit was die 14de [[Paralimpiese Spele|Paralimpiese Winterspele]] wat aangebied is en ná die [[Paralimpiese Somerspele 1960]] in [[Rome]] en die [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 2006]] in [[Turyn]] die derde Paralimpiese Spele in Italië.

[[Lêer:Piazza del Duomo - kuhnmi.jpg|duimnael|links|Olimpiese medaljes is op die Piazza del Duomo van Milaan oorhandig]]
Ná die [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 1992]] in Tignes-Albertville was dit die tweede Paralimpiese Winterspele met twee amptelike gasheerstede en ná die [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 2010]] in Vancouver die tweede waar die openings- en sluitingseremonies op verskillende plekke gehou is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics-and-paralympics/from-milan-to-cortina-a-glance-at-the-2026-winter-olympics-venues/article_6d4834f5-464d-5088-91de-da85844d1211.html |title=From Milan to Cortina, a glance at the 2026 Winter Olympics venues |publisher=Toronto Star |author=Daniella Matar |date=29 Oktober 2025 |accessdate=2 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102032428/https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics-and-paralympics/from-milan-to-cortina-a-glance-at-the-2026-winter-olympics-venues/article_6d4834f5-464d-5088-91de-da85844d1211.html |archive-date=2 November 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die openingseremonie het op die Verona Arena in [[Verona]] plaasgevind, terwyl die sluitingseremonie in die Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio in Cortina gehou is. Soos gebruiklik het die lande in alfabetiese volgorde die stadion ingestap met Griekeland eerste en die gasheer Italië laaste, maar aangesien die plaaslike taal Italiaans is, is dié taal se alfabet gebruik om die volgorde te bepaal. [[El Salvador]], [[Haïti]], [[Montenegro]], [[Noord-Masedonië]] en [[Portugal]] het vir die eerste keer aan Paralimpiese Winterspele deelgeneem. [[Suid-Afrika]] het nie aan hierdie Paralimpiese Winterspele deelgeneem nie. Beide [[Rusland|Russiese]] en [[Belarus]]siese atlete is vir die eerste keer sedert die begin van die [[Russiese inval in Oekraïne sedert 2022|Russiese inval in Oekraïne]] weer toegelaat om deel te neem, wat groot kritiek ontlok het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cpv84xy9ydro |title=Winter Paralympics 2026: Six Russians and four Belarusians to compete under national flags |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2 Maart 2026 |accessdate=19 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iran]] kon weens die [[Aanvalle op Iran in 2026|Aanvalle deur Israel en die Verenigde State]] nie aan die Paralimpiese Winterspele deelneem nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c1d6909vvpwo |title=Winter Paralympics 2026: Iran's sole athlete will not take part in Milan-Cortina Games |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=6 Maart 2026 |accessdate=19 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[Olimpiese Winterspele 2026]] is tussen 6 en 22 Februarie (in die maand net voor die Paralimpiese Winterspele) ook in Milaan en Cortina d'Ampezzo gehou.

== Toewysing ==
[[Lêer:2020-01-11 Alpine Skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's Combined – Medal ceremony (Martin Rulsch) 11 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|links|upright|Giovanni Malagò, hoof van Italië se bod-komitee]]
[[Lêer:Milan-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics bid wordmark with tagline.svg|duimnael|Logo van die Italiaanse bod vir die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026]]
As deel van 'n formele ooreenkoms tussen die [[Internasionale Paralimpiese Komitee]] en die [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] uit 2001 is die wenner van die bod vir die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026 ook die gasheer vir die Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games' |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/18143145 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415181532/https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/18143145 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Milaan en Cortina d'Ampezzo is op 24 Junie 2019 in [[Lausanne]] deur die [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] gekies as die gasheer vir die Olimpiese Winterspele in 2026. Die enigste ander kandidaat was [[Stockholm]], [[Swede]].

Die gasheerstad sou oorspronklik in Oktober 2019 deur die [[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] (IOK) in [[Milaan]], [[Italië]], aangekondig word. Die IOK het die stemming egter na 'n ander plek – en datum – verskuif, nadat Italië 'n bod vir die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026 ingedien het wat die stad Milaan insluit. Die stemming is op 24 Junie 2019 in die hoofkantoor van die IOK in [[Lausanne]], [[Switserland]], gehou.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/lausanne-to-host-vote-for-winning-2026-winter-olympic-bid-instead-of-milan-after-italy-enters-race/ |title=Lausanne To Host Vote For Winning 2026 Winter Olympic Bid Instead of Milan After Italy Enters Race |publisher=GamesBids |date=20 September 2018 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424084754/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/lausanne-to-host-vote-for-winning-2026-winter-olympic-bid-instead-of-milan-after-italy-enters-race/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/ioc-to-move-up-2026-olympic-bid-vote-three-months-now-june-2019/ |title=IOC To Move Up 2026 Olympic Bid Vote Three Months, Now June 2019 |publisher=GamesBids |date=9 Oktober 2018 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424084759/https://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/2026-olympic-bid-news/ioc-to-move-up-2026-olympic-bid-vote-three-months-now-june-2019/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die eerste aansoekfase vir die Spele het in September 2017 begin.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-new-candidature-process-for-olympic-winter-games-2026 |title=IOC Approves New Candidature Process for Olympic Winter Games 2026 |publisher=[[Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee]] |date=11 Julie 2017 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424195024/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-new-candidature-process-for-olympic-winter-games-2026 |archive-date=24 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die stemming het as volg verloop:
{|class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Stemming vir gasheer van die Olimpiese Winterspele 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/ |title=Past Olympic Host City Election Results |publisher=GamesBids |accessdate=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430050511/https://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Stad
! Land
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot; | '''Rondte 1'''
|-
| [[Milaan]] en [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] || {{vlagland|Italië}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''47'''
|-
| [[Stockholm]] || {{vlagland|Swede}} || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 34
|}

== Sportplekke ==
=== Milaan-gebied ===
[[Lêer:Cortina Stadio Olimpico 2013 2.JPG|duimnael|Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio]]
* PalaItalia – sleehokkie

=== Valtellina-gebied ===
* Fabio Canal – paratweekamp, Heg-en-steg-ski

=== Cortina d'Ampezzo-gebied ===
* Olimpia delle Tofane – alpeski
* Cortina Para Snowboard Park – sneeuplankry
* Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio – rolstolysbal, sluitingseremonie

=== Verona-gebied ===
* Verona Arena – openingseremonie

== Sporte ==
[[Lêer:Paralympic Curling.jpg|duimnael|Rolstolysbal tydens die Paralimpiese Winterspele 2006]]
6 Paralimpiese sporte is tydens die Spele beoefen. Tydens die Spele is 79 medaljes oorhandig.
* [[Lêer:Alpine skiing (paralympics) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Alpeski]] &lt;small&gt;(30)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Cross-country skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Heg-en-steg-ski]] &lt;small&gt;(20)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Biathlon - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Tweekamp|Paratweekamp]] &lt;small&gt;(18)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Wheelchair curling pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px]] Rolstolysbal &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Ice sledge hockey - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] Sleehokkie &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lêer:Snowboarding (paralympics) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Sneeuplankry]] &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;

== Kalender ==
Die volgende tabel dui die Spele se daaglikse program aan. 'n Blou blokkie beteken dat wedstryde plaasgevind het, maar dat geen medaljes op die spel was nie. 'n Geel blokkie dui aan dat medaljes toegeken is, die aantal dui op die aantal medaljeparades wat die dag gehou is.

&lt;div align=center&gt;
{| class=wikitable style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;width:75%;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#0c3;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''OS'''&amp;nbsp;||Openingseremonie
| style=&quot;background:#39f;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;●&amp;nbsp;||Wedstryde
| style=&quot;background:#fc0;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''1'''&amp;nbsp;||Wedstryde met medaljes
| style=&quot;background:#e33;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;'''SS'''&amp;nbsp;||Sluitingseremonie
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.9em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;&quot;
!Maart 2026!!&amp;nbsp;4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!Goue&lt;br /&gt;medaljes
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|Seremonies || || ||bgcolor=#00cc33|'''OS'''|| || || || || || || || ||bgcolor=#ee3333|'''SS'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Alpine skiing (paralympics) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Alpeski]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''3'''
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''30'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Cross-country skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Heg-en-steg-ski]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''2'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''20'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Biathlon - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Tweekamp|Paratweekamp]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''6'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''18'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Wheelchair curling pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px]] Rolstoelysbal
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''2'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Ice sledge hockey - Paralympic pictogram.svg|20px]] Sleehokkie
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''1'''
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''1'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Lêer:Snowboarding (paralympics) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Sneeuplankry]]
&lt;!-- 4 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 5 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 6 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 7 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#3399ff;&quot;|●
&lt;!-- 8 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!-- 9 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 10 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 11 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 12 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 13 --&gt;|style=&quot;background-color:#ffcc00;&quot;|'''4'''
&lt;!-- 14 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- 15 --&gt;|
&lt;!-- Goue medaljes --&gt;|'''8'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Totaal || 0 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 10 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 3 || 13 || 6 || 10 || rowspan=2| 79
|-
!Kumulatief || 0 || 0 || 0 || 12 || 22 || 28 || 40 || 47 || 50 || 63 || 69 || 79
|-
!Maart 2026!!&amp;nbsp;4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!Goue&lt;br /&gt;medaljes
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Deelnemende nasies ==
Hier volg 'n alfabetiese lys van [[Nasionale Paralimpiese Komitee]]s wat deelgeneem het. Waar beskikbaar word die aantal atlete per land in hakies aangedui:
{{columns-list|4|
* {{vlagland|Andorra}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Argentinië}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Armenië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Australië}} &lt;small&gt;(12)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Belarus}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|België}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Bosnië en Herzegowina}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Brasilië}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Bulgarye}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Chili}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Denemarke}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Duitsland}} &lt;small&gt;(40)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|El Salvador}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Estland}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Finland}} &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Frankryk}} &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Georgië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Griekeland}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Haïti}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Israel}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Italië}} &lt;small&gt;(42)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Japan}} &lt;small&gt;(44)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kanada}} &lt;small&gt;(46)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kasakstan}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Kroasië}} &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Letland}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Liechtenstein}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Litaue}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Meksiko}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Mongolië}} &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Montenegro}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Nederland}} &lt;small&gt;(8)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Nieu-Seeland}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Noorweë}} &lt;small&gt;(15)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Noord-Masedonië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oekraïne}} &lt;small&gt;(25)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oesbekistan}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Oostenryk}} &lt;small&gt;(15)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Pole}} &lt;small&gt;(9)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Portugal}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Puerto Rico}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Roemenië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Rusland}} &lt;small&gt;(6)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Serwië}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Slowakye}} &lt;small&gt;(28)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Slowenië}} &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Spanje}} &lt;small&gt;(7)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Suid-Korea}} &lt;small&gt;(20)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Swede}} &lt;small&gt;(14)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Switserland}} &lt;small&gt;(9)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Tsjeggië}} &lt;small&gt;(24)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Verenigde Koninkryk}} &lt;small&gt;(19)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} &lt;small&gt;(68)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} &lt;small&gt;(70)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{vlagland|Ysland}} &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
}}

== Aantal medaljes ==
Hier is die top tien lande wat medaljes by die Spele verower het:
{| {{medaljetabel}}
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 1 || align=left | {{vlagland|Volksrepubliek China}} (CHN) || 70 || 15 || 13 || 16 || 44
|-
| 2 || align=left | {{vlagland|Verenigde State}} (USA) || 68 || 13 || 15 || 6 || 24
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 3 || align=left | {{vlagland|Rusland}} (RUS) || 6 || 8 || 1 || 3 || 12
|-bgcolor=ccccff
| 4 || align=left | {{vlagland|Italië}} (ITA) || 42 || 7 || 7 || 2 || 16
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 5 || align=left | {{vlagland|Oostenryk}} (AUS) || 15 || 7 || 2 || 4 || 13
|-
| 6 || align=left | {{vlagland|Frankryk}} (FRA) || 14 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 12
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 7 || align=left | {{vlagland|Oekraïne}} (UKR) || 25 || 3 || 8 || 8 || 19
|-
| 8 || align=left | {{vlagland|Kanada}} (CAN) || 46 || 3 || 4 || 8 || 15
|-bgcolor=efefef
| 9 || align=left | {{vlagland|Nederland}} (NED) || 8 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 7
|-
| 10 || align=left | {{vlagland|Swede}} (SWE) || 14 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 7
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=2 | Totaal (27 NPKs) || 612 || 79 || 79 || 80 || 238
|}

== Sien ook ==
* [[Paralimpiese Somerspele 1960]] in [[Rome]]
* [[Paralimpiese Winterspele 2006]] in Turyn

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|2026 Winter Paralympics|Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026}}
* {{en}} {{it}} [https://www.milanocortina2026.org/ Amptelike webwerf van die Olimpiese en Paralimpiese Winterspele 2026]
* {{en}} [https://www.olympics.com/en/milano-cortina-2026/paralympic-games Milano Cortina 2026] ''Paralympic.org''. [[Internasionale Paralimpiese Komitee]].

{{Navigasie Paralimpiese Spele}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Cortina d'Ampezzo]]
[[Kategorie:Geskiedenis van Italië]]
[[Kategorie:Milaan]]
[[Kategorie:Paralimpiese Spele in Italië|2026]]
[[Kategorie:Sport in 2026]]</text>
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See [[Italian phonology]] for a more thorough overview of the sounds of Italian. There is also an [[wikt:Appendix:Italian pronunciation|Italian pronunciation guide at Wiktionary]].

To learn more about the correspondence between spelling and sounds, see [[Italian orthography]].

&lt;!---------- Consonants ----------&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Konsonant]]e&lt;ref&gt;If consonants are doubled after a vowel, they are [[gemination|geminated]]: all consonants may be geminated except for {{IPAslink|z}}. In IPA, gemination is represented by doubling the consonant (''fatto'' {{IPA|/ˈfatto/}}, ''mezzo'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛddzo/}}) or by using the length marker {{angbr|{{IPA link|ː}}}}. There is also the [[sandhi]] of [[syntactic gemination]]: ''va '''v'''ia'' {{IPA|/ˌva vˈviːa/}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''b'''anca, ci'''b'''o
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''b'''ike
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''d'''ove, i'''d'''ra
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''d'''one
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''z'''aino, a'''z'''alea, me'''zz'''o&lt;ref name=&quot;z&quot;&gt;{{angbr|z}} represents both {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/dz/}}. The article on [[Italian orthography#S and Z|Italian orthography]] explains how they are used.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | da'''ds'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d͡ʒ|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''g'''elo, '''gi'''ù, ma'''g'''ia, '''j'''udo, ga'''dg'''et&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''j'''ob
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''f'''atto, ci'''f'''ra, '''ph'''on
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''f'''ast
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''g'''atto, a'''g'''ro, '''g'''lifo, '''gh'''etto
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''g'''as
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''c'''osa, a'''c'''uto, fin'''ch'''é, '''q'''uei, '''k'''iwi&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;&gt;In [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscany]] {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɸ}}, {{IPAblink|θ}} and {{IPAblink|ʒ}} are the common allophones of vowel-following single {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''c'''ar
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''l'''ato, te'''l'''a
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''l'''ip
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʎ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | fi'''gl'''i, '''gli'''elo, ma'''gli'''a&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/dz/}}, {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are always [[gemination|geminated]] after a vowel.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | bi'''lli'''on
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''m'''ano, a'''m'''are, i'''n'''put, a'''n'''fibio&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;&gt;The [[nasal consonant|nasals]] always [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilate]] their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Thus, the ''n'' in {{IPA|/nɡ/}} ~ {{IPA|/nk/}} is a velar {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, and the one in {{IPA|/nf/}} ~ {{IPA|/nv/}} is the labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}}, but for simplicity, {{angbr|m}} is used here. A nasal before {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/m/}} is always the labial {{IPAblink|m}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''m'''other
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''n'''a'''n'''o, pu'''n'''to, pe'''n'''sare&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''n'''est
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | u'''n'''ghia, a'''n'''che, du'''n'''que&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | si'''ng'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''gn'''occo, o'''gn'''i&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ca'''ny'''on
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''p'''rimo, am'''p'''io, a'''p'''ertura&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''p'''in
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''R'''oma, quatt'''r'''o, mo'''r'''te
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ''[[alveolar trill|trilled r]]''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s̪|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''s'''ano, '''s'''cusa, pre'''s'''entire, pa'''s'''to
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''s'''orry
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''sc'''ena, '''sci'''à, pe'''sc'''i, fla'''sh''', '''ch'''ic&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''sh'''oe
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''t'''ranne, mi'''t'''o, al'''t'''ro, '''th'''ai&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''t'''ar
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''z'''io, so'''zz'''o, mar'''z'''o&lt;ref name=&quot;z&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ca'''ts'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t͡ʃ|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''c'''erto, '''ci'''ao, farma'''c'''ia, '''ch'''ip
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''ch'''eck
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''v'''ado, po'''v'''ero, '''w'''att
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''v'''ent
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z̪|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''s'''birro, pre'''s'''entare, a'''s'''ma
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''z'''ipper
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Non-native consonants
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''h'''obby, '''h'''ertz&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/h/}} is usually dropped.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''h'''ouse
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''Th'''atcher, Pére'''z'''&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/θ/}} is usually pronounced as {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} in [[English language|English]] loanwords, and {{IPAblink|d̪͡z̪|dz}}, {{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪|ts}} (if spelled {{angbr|z}}) or {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (if spelled {{angbr|c}} or {{angbr|z}}) in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ones.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''th'''ing
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''kh'''amsin, Ba'''ch''', '''j'''ota&lt;ref&gt;In Spanish loanwords, {{IPA|/x/}} is usually pronounced as {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|k}} or dropped. In [[German language|German]], [[Arabic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] ones, it is usually pronounced {{IPAblink|k}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Fu'''j'''i, abat-'''j'''our, gara'''ge''', ca'''s'''ual&lt;ref name=&quot;gorgia&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | vi'''si'''on
|}
&lt;!---------- Vowels ----------&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=3| [[Vokaal|Vokale]]&lt;ref&gt;Italian contrasts seven [[monophthong]]s in stressed syllables. Open-mid vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} can appear only if the syllable is stressed (''cop'''e'''rto'' {{IPA|/koˈpɛrto/}}, ''qu'''o'''ta'' {{IPA|/ˈkwɔːta/}}), close-mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are found elsewhere (''B'''o'''ccacci'''o''''' {{IPA|/bokˈkattʃo/}}, ''am'''o'''r'''e''''' {{IPA|/aˈmoːre/}}). Close and open vowels {{IPA|/i, u, a/}} are unchanged in unstressed syllables, but word-final unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} may become approximant {{IPAblink|j}} before vowels, which is known as [[synalepha]] (''par'''i''' età'' {{IPA|/ˌparj eˈta/}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''a'''lto, s'''a'''r'''à''', m'''u'''st, cl'''o'''wn
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | f'''a'''ther
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | v'''e'''ro, p'''e'''rch'''é''', li'''ai'''son
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | h'''e'''y
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''e'''lica, cio'''è''', c'''a'''sh, pl'''a'''y, spr'''ea'''d
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | b'''e'''d
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | v'''i'''so, s'''ì''', z'''i'''a, f'''ee'''d, t'''ea'''m, sex'''y'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | sk'''i'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''o'''mbra, ott'''o''', sh'''ow''', c'''oa'''ch
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | t'''o'''w (''[[American English]]''), l'''o'''rd (''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'')
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''o'''tto, sar'''ò''', S'''ea'''n
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''o'''ff (''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'')
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''u'''si, rag'''ù''', t'''u'''o, l'''oo'''k, t'''ou'''r
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | r'''u'''le
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Non-native vowels
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | viv'''eu'''r, g'''oe'''thiano, Ch'''u'''rchill&lt;ref&gt;Open-mid {{IPAblink|œ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is stressed but usually {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is unstressed. May be replaced by {{IPAblink|ɛ}} (stressed) or {{IPAblink|e}} (stressed or unstressed).&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | m'''ur'''der (''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'')
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | par'''u'''re, br'''û'''lé, F'''üh'''rer&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/y/}} is often pronounced as {{IPAblink|u}} or [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|u}}].&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | f'''u'''ture (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''i'''eri, sa'''i'''o, p'''i'''ù, '''J'''esi, '''y'''acht, n'''e'''ws
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''y'''ou
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''u'''ova, g'''u'''ado, q'''u'''i, '''w'''eek-end
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''w'''ine
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[IPA#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Explanation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cen'''ni'''ni {{IPA|[tʃenˈniːni]}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[primary stress]]
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''al'''tamente {{IPA|[ˌaltaˈmente]}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[secondary stress]]&lt;ref&gt;Since Italian has no distinction between heavier or lighter vowels (like the English ''o'' in ''c'''o'''nclusion'' vs ''o'' in ''n'''o'''mination''), a defined secondary stress, even in long words, is extremely rare.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | contin'''uo''' {{IPA|[konˈtiːnu.o]}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[syllabification|syllable break]]
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | pr'''i'''mo {{IPA|[ˈpriːmo]}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | [[long vowel]]&lt;ref&gt;Stressed vowels are [[vowel length|long]] in non-final open syllables: ''f'''a'''to'' {{IPA|[ˈfaːto]}} ~ ''fatto'' {{IPA|[ˈfatto]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{it}} ''[http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online]'' deur [[Luciano Canepari]] (op IPA gebaseer)
* {{it}} ''[http://www.dizionario.rai.it/ Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia]'' (nie op IFA gebaseer nie)

{{IPA keys horizontal}}

[[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help|Italian]]</text>
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        <id>2720</id>
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      <comment>+ [[Sjabloon:Landdata Tanganjika]]</comment>
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| alias = Zanzibar
| vlag alias = Flag of Zanzibar.svg
| vlag alias-Sultanaat = Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg
| vlag alias-1963 = Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg
| vlag alias-1964 = Flag of Zanzibar (January 1964).svg
| vlag alias-1964a = Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg
| grootte = {{{grootte|}}}
| naam = {{{naam|}}}
| altskakel = {{{altskakel|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = Sultanaat
| var2 = 1963
| var3 = 1964
| var4 = 1964a
| verwant1 = Tanzanië
| verwant2 = Tanganjika
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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        <id>70858</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Wysiging deur [[Special:Contributions/~2026-20371-69|~2026-20371-69]] teruggerol na laaste weergawe deur [[User:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
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    <title>Simoné Nortmann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>262918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889649</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
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      <origin>2889649</origin>
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      <text bytes="8436" sha1="9cumvp04ml3g18ltfpwkq3f5y4u5m21" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Akteur
| Naam                      = Simoné Nortmann
| Beeld                     = 
| Beeldbeskrywing           = &lt;!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --&gt;
| Beeldonderskrif           = 
| Geboortenaam              = 
| Alias                     = 
| Geboortedatum             = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|1990|5|18}}
| Geboorteplek              = Pretoria
| Nasionaliteit             = {{RSA}}
| Sterfdatum                = 
| Sterfplek                 = 
| Ouers                     = 
| Lewensmaat                = Andries Levi Pretorius
| Kinders                   = 
| Skool                     = Hoërskool Centurion
| Universiteit              = [[Universiteit Stellenbosch]]
| Beroep                    = Aktrise
| Aktiewe jare              = 2012 tot hede
| Noemenswaardige rolprente = Vir die Voëls&lt;br/&gt;Vuil Wasgoed&lt;br/&gt;Wonderlus
| Webwerf                   = 
| IMDb                      = 7453006
| Toekennings               = &lt;!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --&gt;
}}
'''Simoné Pretorius''' (neé Nortmann, gebore op [[18 Mei]] [[1990]]), is 'n film-, televisie- en teateraktrise, wat bekendheid verwerf het vir haar rol van Irma Humpel in die Afrikaanse rolprent, ''Vir die Voëls'', in [[2016]]. Met hierdie rol het sy haar gevestig as professionele [[aktrise]] en het ook internasionale erkenning ontvang.

Sy is ook bekend as Jony in die [[kykNET]]-komedie, ''[[Hotel (TV-reeks)|Hotel]]'', waarvoor sy genomineer is as beste aktrise in 'n komediereeks, 2018 – deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Film- en Televisietoekennings. Sy het haar debuut gemaak op televisie as Nadia Croukamp in die sepie [[7de Laan]] vanaf 2013–2015, waarvoor sy ook die toekenning &quot;Beste Nuweling&quot; by die Royalty Soapy Awards in [[2014]] gekry het.

== Vroeë lewe ==
Simoné is in Pretoria gebore en kom uit 'n Afrikaanse omgewing en woon tans in Johannesburg saam met haar man, Andries Levi Pretorius, 'n entrepreneur en boekhouer. Albei haar ouers het diens gedoen in die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag]].

Haar pa, Hannes Nortmann, het aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Grensoorlog]] deelgeneem en is vereer met die Honoris Crux-medalje vir dapperheid in [[1988]]. Nortmann is die enigste kind van haar ouers, wat geskei is toe sy vier jaar oud was.

Haar ma, Tinkie Nortmann, het haar dogter se potensiaal raakgesien toe sy eendag op 'n toonbank van 'n [[KFC]]-kitskosrestaurant klim om die ander klante te vermaak. Nortann is 'n gebore leier en was die hoofmeisie van haar laerskool asook by [[Hoërskool Centurion]] waar sy gematrikuleer het met sewe onderskeidings. Sy het haar BA Drama en Teaterstudie-graad aan die [[Universiteit Stellenbosch|Universiteit van Stellenbosch]] behaal in 2012.

== Loopbaan ==

=== Film ===
Toe haar kontrak by ''[[7de Laan]]'' verstryk het in 2015, het Nortmann 'n drieweeklange toneelwerkswinkel bygewoon by Diane Venora in [[Kalifornië]]. Kort nadat sy terug is in [[Suid-Afrika]] het sy haar eerste filmrol gekry as die hoofrol, Irma Humpel, in [[Huisgenoot]] se bekroonde film, ''Vir die Voëls'', 2016. Vir hierdie rol het sy internasionale erkenning ontvang by die ''Tallgrass International Film Festival'' waar sy die toekenning vir Beste Aktrise in [[2017]] gewen het – uit hierdie geleentheid spruit ook nog 'n geleentheid, waar sy genooi is om deel te wees van 'n paneelbespreking deur vroulike filmmakers.

Nortmann het ook by die [[Tempo-toekennings|Huisgenoot Tempo-toekennings]] die toekenning vir Beste Aktrise gewen vir haar rol in Vir die Voëls. Geleidelik het al hoe meer geleenthede oor haar pad gekom om in nog films te speel, onder andere: ''Vuil Wasgoed'' (2017), ''Stroomop'' (2018) en ''Wonderlus'' (2018).

=== Televisie ===
Nortmann het haar debuut op televisie gemaak in die gewilde Afrikaanse sepie, 7de Laan, in 2013. Sy het die rol van Nadia Croukamp vertolk waarvoor sy die toekenning as Beste Nuweling ontvang het by die Royalty Soapy Awards in 2014. Ander televisierolle sluit ook kykNET se komedie, ''Hotel'', in en tans is sy te sien as Suster René Spies in die kykNET-sepie, ''[[Binnelanders]]''.

=== Teater ===
Nortmann was deel van ''[[The Sound of Music]]'' as Liesl von Trapp by die Welling-teater in 2011. Sy het ook aan verskeie ander produksies deelgeneem, waarvan een ook 'n solovertoning was, ''Please Leave a Message'', wat regoor Suid-Afrika getoer het in 2017 en 2018.

== Toekennings en nominasies ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar
!Toekenning
!Kategorie
!Produksie
!Uitslag
|-
|2014
|Royalty Soapie Awards
|Beste Nuweling
|''7de Laan''
|Nominasie
|-
|2015
|Huisgenoot Tempo-toekennings
|Beste Nuweling
|''7de Laan''
|Nominasie
|-
|2017
|Tallgrass International Film Fees
|Beste Aktrisie
|''[[Vir die voëls|Vir die Voëls]]''
|Wenner
|-
|2017
|Huisgenoot Tempo-toekennings
|Aktrise van die jaar
|''[[Vir die voëls|Vir die Voëls]]''
|Wenner
|-
|2018
|South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTAS)
|Beste Aktrise in 'n televisie-komedie
|''Hotel''
|Nominasie
|}

== Afrigting ==
Nortmann het haar eie toneelwerkswinkel in 2017 begin, met die naam: ''Art of Acting South Africa''.

== Persoonlike lewe ==
Op 20 Oktober 2018 het sy verloof geraak aan Andries Levi Pretorius, wie sy sedert 2011 ken. Die paartjie is op 23 Februarie 2019 getroud.

== Filmografie ==
=== Rolprente ===
* 2016: ''Vir die Voëls''
* 2016: ''Vuil Wasgoed''
* 2017: ''Stroomop''
* 2018: ''Wonderlus''

=== Televisiereekse ===
* 2016: ''Hotel''

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=SIMONÉ NORTMANN IS VERLOOF|url=https://www.rooirose.co.za/simone-nortmann-is-verloof/|work= [[Rooi Rose]]|date=23 October 2018|language=Afrikaans}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jacarandafm&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Former 7de Laan star, Simoné Nortmann gets engaged at romantic resort near Sabie! |url=https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/entertainment/former-7de-laan-star-simon%C3%A9-nortmann-engaged/ |work=[[Jacaranda FM]] |date=20 Oktober 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111162615/https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/entertainment/former-7de-laan-star-simon%C3%A9-nortmann-engaged/ |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=She said yes! ‘7de Laan’ actress Simone Nortmann is engaged |url=https://www.all4women.co.za/1615312/entertainment/sa-celebs/she-said-yes-7de-laan-actress-simone-nortmann-is-engaged |work=All4women |date=24 Oktober 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602110137/https://www.all4women.co.za/1615312/entertainment/sa-celebs/she-said-yes-7de-laan-actress-simone-nortmann-is-engaged |archive-date=2 Junie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; whom she has known since 2011. The two got engaged on 20 October 2018 and got married the following year on 23 February 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PICS: Actress Simone Nortmann's dreamy wedding snaps |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/pics-actress-simone-nortmanns-dreamy-wedding-snaps-20190226 |work=Channel24 |date=26 Februarie 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714040825/https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/pics-actress-simone-nortmanns-dreamy-wedding-snaps-20190226 |archive-date=14 Julie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maroelamedia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Simoné Nortmann en rekenmeester trou |url=https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/bekendes/simone-nortmann-en-rekenmeester-trou/ |work=Maroelamedia |date=2 Februarie 2019 |language=af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602110137/https://maroelamedia.co.za/vermaak/bekendes/simone-nortmann-en-rekenmeester-trou/ |archive-date=2 Junie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=She said yes! ‘7de Laan’ actress Simone Nortmann is engaged |url=https://eyethunews.co.za/all4women/494601/she-said-yes-7de-laan-actress-simone-nortmann-is-engaged/ |work=Eyethunews |date=22 Mei 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602110137/https://eyethunews.co.za/all4women/494601/she-said-yes-7de-laan-actress-simone-nortmann-is-engaged/ |archive-date=2 Junie 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{IMDb|7453006|Simoné Nortmann}}

{{Normdata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nortmann, Simone}}
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1990]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]]
[[Kategorie:Alumni van die Universiteit Stellenbosch]]
[[Kategorie:Afrikaners]]</text>
      <sha1>9cumvp04ml3g18ltfpwkq3f5y4u5m21</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George Russell</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>264523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889604</id>
      <parentid>2889432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Williams (2019–2021) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="53358" sha1="co5ys1ec2stjnefb6oqldd1e38kyofk" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas renjaer
| name             = George Russell
| image            = George Russell, Silverstone 2021 (51350033659) (cropped).jpg
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = Russell in 2021
| birth_date       = {{GDEO|1998|02|15|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[King's Lynn]], [[Norfolk]], Engeland
| death_date       =
| death_place      =
| nationality      = {{vlagikoon|GBR}} Brit
| Years            = 
| Old Team         = [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]
| 2026 Team        = [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG Petronas]]
| Car number       = 63
| Races            = {{F1stat|RUS|entries}} ({{F1stat|RUS|starts}} begin)
| Championships    = 0
| Wins             = {{F1stat|RUS|wins}}
| Podiums          = {{F1stat|RUS|podiums}}
| Points           = {{F1stat|RUS|careerpoints}}
| Poles            = {{F1stat|RUS|poles}}
| Fastest laps     = {{F1stat|RUS|fastestlaps}}
| First race       = [[2019 Australiese Grand Prix]]
| First win        = [[2022 São Paulo Grand Prix]]
| Last win         = [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix]]
| Last race        = {{laaste F1GP}}
| Last season      = 2025
| Last position    = 4de (319 punte)
}}

'''George Russell''' (gebore [[15 Februarie]] [[1998]]) is 'n [[VK|Britse]] professionele [[Motorsport|motorrenjaer]] wat aan [[Formule Een]] Grands Prix deelneem. Hy het tot 2021 vir die [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedesspan]] deelgeneem, en in 2022 by die [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes AMG fabriekspan]] aangesluit in die plek van die Finse renjaer [[Valtteri Bottas]], wat na [[Alfa Romeo (Formule 1)|Alfa Romeo]] vertrek het.

== Renloopbaan: Karting ==
Russell het sy motorsportloopbaan in karting in 2006 begin en in 2009 na die Cadet-klas gevorder. Daardie jaar het hy Britse Kampioen in beide die MSA- en Ope Kampioenskappe geword. In 2010 het hy na die Rotax Mini Max-klas opgeskuif, waar hy Britse Kampioen in die Super One en Formula Kart Stars geword het, terwyl hy ook die Kartmasters Britse Grand Prix gewen het. In 2011 het hy na die KF3-klas opgeskuif, waar hy die SKUSA Supernationals gewen het en kampioen van die CIK-FIA Europese Kampioenskap geword het, 'n titel wat hy in 2012 suksesvol verdedig het. In 2013 het hy 19de in die KF1 CIK-FIA Wêreldkampioenskap geëindig.

== Formule Renault ==
In 2014 het Russell sy debuut in formule-wedrenne gemaak deur in die Formule Renault 2.0 Alpe te ry. Hy was oorspronklik van plan om vir die Prema Powerteam te ry, maar het 'n paar dae voor die begin van die seisoen na Koiranen GP oorgeskakel. Ten spyte daarvan dat hy 'n rennaweek weens siekte gemis het, het hy vierde in die kampioenskap geëindig, met 'n beste resultaat van tweede plek by die Red Bull Ring.

Russell het ook in 2014 as gasbestuurder aan twee Eurocup Formule Renault 2.0-rennaweke deelgeneem. By die Moscow Raceway het hy vir Koiranen tot 15de en 22ste plek in die renne gery. Gedurende die laaste rennaweek van die seisoen by Circuito Permanente de Jerez het hy na Tech 1 Racing oorgeskakel en die laaste ren van die seisoen gewen nadat hy vyfde in die eerste ren van die naweek geëindig het.

== Formule 4 ==
In 2014 het Russell ook aan die BRDC Formule 4-kampioenskap deelgeneem, waar hy vir die heersende kampioen Lanan Racing gery het. Hy het twee oorwinnings in die openingsnaweek by Silverstone behaal, en nog twee by Brands Hatch en Oulton Park bygevoeg. By die laaste wedren van die seisoen by die Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit was hy in die stryd om die kampioenskap saam met spanmaat Arjun Maini en HHC Motorsport-jaers Sennan Fielding en Raoul Hyman. Hy het die wedren vanaf die voorste wegspringplek begin en die wedren gewen, met slegs drie punte voor Maini. As prys vir die titel is hy die geleentheid gegee om 'n GP3-motor vir Arden Motorsport by die [[Yas Marina-renbaan]] na die seisoen te toets. In Desember het Russell die jongste wenner ooit van die McLaren Autosport BRDC-toekenning geword, en £100 000 ontvang en die kans om 'n [[McLaren]] Formule 1-motor te toets.

== Formule 3 ==
Russell het sy Formule 3-debuut in 2015 in die Europese Formule 3-kampioenskap vir die Carlin-span gemaak. In die tweede wedren van die eerste wedrennaweek by Silverstone het hy onmiddellik sy eerste wedren in die kampioenskap gewen. Dit was sy enigste oorwinning van die jaar en hy het slegs op die podium by Spa-Francorchamps en die Norisring gestaan. Hy het uiteindelik sesde in die kampioenskap geëindig met 203 punte. Daarbenewens het hy daardie jaar aan die Masters of Formula 3 deelgeneem, waar hy tweede agter [[Antonio Giovinazzi]] geëindig het.

In 2016 het Russell teruggekeer na die Europese Formule 3 met die terugkerende HitechGP-span. Hy het twee wedrenne by die Circuit de Pau-Ville en [[Spa-Francorchamps]] gewen en in agt ander wedrenne op die podium geëindig. Dit het hom derde op die puntelys geplaas agter [[Lance Stroll]] en Maximilian Günther met 264 punte. Aan die einde van die seisoen het hy sy debuut in die Macau Grand Prix gemaak, waar hy sewende geëindig het, ook vir Hitech.

== Formule 2 ==
In 2018 het Russell oorbeweeg na Formule 2, waar hy, soos Jack Aitken, sy vennootskap met ART Grand Prix voortgesit het. Hy het altesaam sewe wedrenne gewen by die [[Bakoe-straatrenbaan]], die [[Barcelona-Catalunya-renbaan]], die [[Paul Ricard-renbaan]], die Red Bull Ring, die Autodromo Nazionale Monza, die [[Sochi Autodrom]] en die [[Yas Marina-renbaan]]. Hy was ook in vier ander wedrenne op die podium en is as die klaskampioen in die voorlaaste wedren by Yas Marina gekroon. Met 287 punte was hy 68 punte voor [[Lando Norris]], die nommer twee op die finale ranglys.

== Formule 1-loopbaan ==
In Oktober 2015 het Russell vir die eerste keer 'n Formule Een-motor bestuur toe hy die McLaren MP4-26 by [[Silverstone-renbaan|Silverstone]] getoets het as 'n prys vir die wen van die 2014 Autosport BRDC-toekenning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Kevin |date=22 October 2015 |title=McLaren Autosport BRDC Award winner Russell completes prize F1 test |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren-autosport-brdc-award-winner-russell-completes-prize-f1-test-4998645/4998645/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201150/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren-autosport-brdc-award-winner-russell-completes-prize-f1-test-4998645/4998645/ |archive-date=14 November 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2022 |website=autosport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadat hy by die Mercedes Junior-span aangesluit het, het Mercedes hom meer toetsgeleenthede aangebied. Hy het in April 2017 vir die eerste keer 'n Mercedes bestuur en die 2015 Mercedes W06 by Portimão getoets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2017 |title=Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport – George Russell to test W08 in Budapest |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/mercedes-amg-f1/george-russell-to-test-w08-in-budapest/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523211052/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/mercedes-amg-f1/george-russell-to-test-w08-in-budapest/ |archive-date=23 May 2019 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Mercedes AMG F1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het toe formele toetsritte vir Mercedes (2017 en 2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Edmondson |first=Laurence |date=1 August 2018 |title=George Russell puts Mercedes on top on final day of Hungaroring test |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/24255335/george-russell-puts-mercedes-top-final-day-hungaroring-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201148/https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/24255335/george-russell-puts-mercedes-top-final-day-hungaroring-test |archive-date=14 November 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2022 |website=espn.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; en [[Force India]]-Mercedes (2018) onderneem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=James |date=11 December 2018 |title=F1 Testing: Max Verstappen sets Barcelona pace for Red Bull |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11372420/f1-testing-max-verstappen-sets-pace-mercedes-light-up-barcelona |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Force Indiaspan ===
Russell het sy Grand Prix-naweekdebuut aan die einde van die 2017-seisoen gemaak, waar hy vir Force India bestuur het tydens vrye oefening by die [[2017 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasiliaanse]] en die [[2017 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Aboe Dhabi Grands Prix]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gpupdate.net/nl/f1-nieuws/360714/russell-krijgt-kans-bij-force-india-in-brazilie-en-abu-dhabi/ Russell rijdt in 2017 bij Force India tijdens vrije trainingen van de GP van Brazilië en Abu Dhabi]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 November 2017 |title=British driver George Russell to debut for Force India in Brazilian Grand Prix practice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/41907080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405042636/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/41907080 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=8 November 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mercedes het hom in 2018 tot eerstespan-reserwebestuurder bevorder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Larkam |first=Lewis |date=22 February 2018 |title=Wehrlein, Russell to split Mercedes F1 reserve duties in 2018 |url=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/889928/1/wehrlein-russell-split-mercedes-f1-reserve-duties-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201149/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/889928/1/wehrlein-russell-split-mercedes-f1-reserve-duties-2018 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2022 |website=crash.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Williams (2019–2021) ===
In Oktober 2018 het Mercedes gereël dat Russell sy Formule Een-debuut met enjinkliënt [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams-Mercedes]] sou maak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Williams sign Mercedes junior Russell on multi-year deal |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.williams-sign-mercedes-junior-russell-on-multi-year-deal.20FsNkLv60MCmc0IGUkEc4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718133634/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.williams-sign-mercedes-junior-russell-on-multi-year-deal.20FsNkLv60MCmc0IGUkEc4.html |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Formula1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russell het voorheen aansoek gedoen as 'n Williams-bestuurder nadat hy die 2017 GP3-titel gewen het, maar Williams se Paddy Lowe was onaangeraak deur sy nuwe PowerPoint-aanbieding en Russell het na Formule 2 gevorder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Henry |date=10 August 2023 |title=Leclerc, Norris and Russell: rise of F1's 'golden generation' profiled in new bios |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/leclerc-norris-and-russell-rise-of-f1s-golden-generation-profiled-in-new-bios/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Motor Sport Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russell het 'n driejaarkontrak by Williams geteken,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Russell admits that three years with Williams was 'too long' – but says there was 'no way out' {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/russell-admits-that-three-years-with-williams-was-too-long-there-was-no-way.784NYfK7ijIOTap4tvZ4Yu |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; maar het 'n Mercedes-toetsbestuurder gebly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Galloway |first=James |date=4 December 2019 |title=F1 Testing: George Russell fastest for Mercedes on 2019's final day |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11877971/f1-testing-george-russell-fastest-for-mercedes-on-2019s-final-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114222625/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11877971/f1-testing-george-russell-fastest-for-mercedes-on-2019s-final-day |archive-date=14 November 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2022 |website=skysports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Russell to drive for Mercedes in this week's 2022 tyre test in Hungary |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.russell-to-drive-for-mercedes-in-this-weeks-2022-tyre-test-in-hungary.20GgIeVh7gtJT5JJhcUkUR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117191950/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.russell-to-drive-for-mercedes-in-this-weeks-2022-tyre-test-in-hungary.20GgIeVh7gtJT5JJhcUkUR.html |archive-date=17 November 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Formula1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Hy was vir die [[2019 Formule Een-seisoen|2019-seisoen]] gepaar met [[Robert Kubica]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 November 2018 |title=Robert Kubica: Polish driver to make F1 comeback with Williams in 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/46300009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122094105/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/46300009 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; en toe met [[Nicholas Latifi]] in 2020 en 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russell and Latifi to stay on at Williams in unchanged 2021 driver line-up |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.russell-and-latifi-to-stay-on-at-williams-in-unchanged-2021-driver-line-up.2buMT250BE0Ef8Q2bUBDFE.html |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=formula1.com |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919002445/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.russell-and-latifi-to-stay-on-at-williams-in-unchanged-2021-driver-line-up.2buMT250BE0Ef8Q2bUBDFE.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sy eerste verskyning vir Williams was by die 2018 na-seisoentoets by Yas Marina-renbaan, waar hy die FW41 bestuur het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Luke |date=27 November 2018 |title=George Russell pleased with 'very positive' first Williams F1 test |url=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/911329/1/russell-pleased-very-positive-first-williams-f1-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127161037/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/911329/1/russell-pleased-very-positive-first-williams-f1-test |archive-date=27 November 2018 |accessdate=14 November 2018 |website=crash.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Russell se jare by Williams was moeilik. Mercedes het gehoop dat Williams 'n mededingende motor sou inspan; soos Russell later opgemerk het, het Williams van 2015 tot 2017 niks swakker as vyfde op die vervaardigersrangleer geëindig nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Toe Russell egter by Williams aangesluit het, was die span ver agter die res van die veld&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Russell accepts Williams slowest despite 'big step' |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-williams-slowest/4345758/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132131/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-williams-slowest/4345758/ |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Motorsport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; en hulle kon nie 'n motor vervaardig wat betroubaar om punte kon meeding tot 2021, Russell se laaste jaar by die span nie. Die span was in so 'n geldnood dat hulle oorweeg het om Russell na die [[2020 Formule Een-seisoen|2020-seisoen]] met [[Kevin Magnussen]] te vervang as Magnussen genoeg borggeld kon vind om die span aan die gang te hou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gamble |first=Andrew |date=6 November 2021 |title=Williams held talks over axing George Russell before Mercedes move |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/f1-autosport/1517363/Williams-George-Russell-Mercedes |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Express.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As gevolg van Russell se lang lopie by Williams, is hy derde op die lys van meeste wedrenne in 'n loopbaan voordat hy punte aangeteken het, met 37. Die Formule Een-spanhoofde het egter sy vertonings gunstiger beskou. In 2020, 'n jaar waarin Russell slegs drie punte kon aanteken en 18de op die punteleer geëindig het,&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Driver Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2020/drivers |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the team principals ranked him that year's sixth-best driver.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=REVEALED: F1's team bosses choose their Top 10 drivers of 2020 {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/revealed-f1s-team-bosses-choose-their-top-10-drivers-of-2020.2z5yo7av41tQC3MrzeFNa3 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; het die spanhoofde hom as daardie jaar se sesde beste bestuurder aangewys. Daarbenewens het Russell Williams in 2021 terug na respek gelei, met 16 punte en 'n seldsame podiumplek vir Williams.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Driver Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2021/drivers |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018 was Russell die amptelike reserwebestuurder van [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]. In 2019 het hy sy Formule 1-rendebuut as jaer by [[Williams F1|Williams]] gemaak.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nl.motorsport.com/f1/news/george-russell-williams-mercedes-2019/3193708/ Russell maakte in 2019 zijn Formule 1-debuut bij Williams]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2019-'20 Nuwelingseisoen en eerste punte ===
[[Lêer:George Russell Mugello 2020, race day.jpg|duimnael|Russell by die [[2020 Toskaanse Grand Prix]], waar hy 11de geëindig het.]]
In 2019 het Williams gesukkel om goeie vorm te bereik. By Russell se Formule Een-debuut, die [[2019 Australiese Grand Prix|Australiese Grand Prix]], het Russell 19de gekwalifiseer en 16de geëindig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title=Australian Grand Prix |url=https://www.williamsf1.com/racing/news/2019/03/australian-grand-prix |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323111815/https://www.williamsf1.com/racing/news/2019/03/australian-grand-prix |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=[[WilliamsF1| Williams Racing]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het erken dat sy ervaring moeilik was en opgemerk dat die motor &quot;vier sekondes van die pas af was&quot; en dat hy verskeie kere verbygesteek is.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBqSXuAl3CI |title=Top Drivers on Their First Formula 1 Race {{!}} Lando Norris, George Russell, Ollie Bearman &amp; Alex Albon |date=27 February 2025 |last=High Performance |access-date=5 March 2025 |via=YouTube}} (22:05-25:39)&lt;/ref&gt; Williams se stadige pas het in die seisoen voortgeduur, en in die meeste wedrenne was [[Robert Kubica|Kubica]] Russell se enigste kompetisie op die baan: Russell het eers in rondte ses, die [[2019 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco Grand Prix]], voor 'n motor van 'n ander span geëindig. Hy het Kubica ook by al een-en-twintig wedrenne getroef.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Galloway |first=James |date=30 November 2019 |title=F1 2019 qualifying match-ups: Lando Norris finishes ahead at McLaren |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11874648/f1-2019-qualifying-match-ups-lando-norris-finishes-ahead-at-mclaren |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114221440/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11874648/f1-2019-qualifying-match-ups-lando-norris-finishes-ahead-at-mclaren |archive-date=14 November 2022 |accessdate=14 November 2022 |website=skysports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Russell se beste plek was 11de by die reëngeteisterde [[2019 Duitse Grand Prix|Duitse Grand Prix]], waar Williams 'n opgradering uitgerol het,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2019 |title=Kubica had 'mixed feelings' after scoring point as he predicts tough weekend in Hungary |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/kubica-had-mixed-feelings-after-scoring-hockenheim-point-as-he-predicts.5uY9VwdUMAYO5aPUYRApgN |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ses motors het sonder klassifikasie onttrek,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Russell hails 'best weekend of the year' in Hungary after 'absolute disaster' in Germany {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/russell-hails-hungary-best-weekend-of-the-year-after-disaster-of-germany.XTIJ2pBeqo8PKnpX6bzU5 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; en nog twee motors het elk 'n tydstraf na die wedren ontvang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What the teams said - Race day in Germany {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/what-the-teams-said-race-day-in-germany-2019.6HeoWvqoqsKvmPTD6tv9ss |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het amper 10de geëindig, maar het onsuksesvol gevra om tydens 'n veiligheidsmotorperiode vir gladde bande by die kuipe aan te doen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |date=30 July 2019 |title=&quot;I think it's slicks, mate&quot;: How Russell missed his first chance for points |url=https://www.racefans.net/2019/07/30/i-think-its-slicks-mate-how-russell-missed-his-first-chance-for-points/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=RaceFans |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023 het Russell opgemerk dat dit die teleurstellendste oomblik van sy loopbaan was. Hy het ook 12de geëindig by die [[2019 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|Brasiliaanse Grand Prix]] nadat 'n laat veiligheidsmotor hom toegelaat het om homself te ontrond, en het helaas punte met 1.668 sekondes misgeloop. Hy het 20ste in die Bestuurderskampioenskap geëindig en geen punte teenoor Kubica se een aangeteken. Russell het later opgemerk dat dit as 'n mededinger vir hom moeilik was om te sien hoe mede-nuwelinge [[Alexander Albon]] en [[Lando Norris]] om punte en podiumplekke meeding nadat hy hulle die vorige jaar in F2 geklop het.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;

Williams was meer mededingend op die baan in 2020, maar dit het nie op die puntetabel gewys nie, aangesien Williams die hele jaar geen punte aangeteken het nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Phillip |date=28 December 2020 |title=Williams' year-on-year gains 'remarkable' – Latifi |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2020/12/28/williams-year-on-year-gains-remarkable-latifi/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Motorsport Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russell het egter by verskeie geleenthede byna punte aangeteken, soos die [[2020 Stiermarkse Grand Prix]] (hy het 11de begin, maar na 16de geval nadat hy tydens 'n herbeginrondte in die gruis vasgery het)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2020 |title=Styrian Grand Prix 2020 race report and highlights: Lewis Hamilton eases to Styrian Grand Prix victory over Bottas as Ferraris collide |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/hamilton-eases-to-styrian-grand-prix-victory-over-bottas-as-ferraris-collide.5PfZ0DxltY7qOrbeVXMLa3 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title='I messed up' admits George Russell after Lap 4 off in Styrian GP – but says 'slow' Williams was bigger problem {{!}} Formula 1®' |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.i-messed-up-admits-russell-after-lap-4-off-in-styrian-gp-but-says-slow-car.629eTPbqmQWg0ynbcFjbEk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132130/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.i-messed-up-admits-russell-after-lap-4-off-in-styrian-gp-but-says-slow-car.629eTPbqmQWg0ynbcFjbEk.html |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Formula1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; die [[2020 Britse Grand Prix|Britse Grand Prix]] (het 12de geëindig), die [[2020 Toskaanse Grand Prix|Toskaanse Grand Prix]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=Tuscan GP: George Russell denied first Formula 1 points in cruel finish |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/36305/12071330/tuscan-gp-george-russell-denied-first-formula-1-points-in-cruel-finish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918015258/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/36305/12071330/tuscan-gp-george-russell-denied-first-formula-1-points-in-cruel-finish |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=skysports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; en die [[2020 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix]] (het onder veiligheidsmotortoestande gebots).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Russell: Imola F1 safety car crash the biggest mistake of my career|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/russell-imola-f1-safety-car-crash-the-biggest-mistake-of-my-career-4977629/4977629/|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Autosport.com|date=2 November 2020|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132136/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/russell-imola-f1-safety-car-crash-the-biggest-mistake-of-my-career-4977629/4977629/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Russell het sy eerste punte by die [[2020 Sakhir Grand Prix|Sakhir Grand Prix]] aangeteken, na 'n verrassende bevordering na die Mercedes fabriekspan toe Lewis Hamilton positief getoets het vir COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/news/2020/2020-sakhir-grand-prix/2020-sakhir-grand-prix-reserve-driver-announcement/|title=Mercedes Confirms George Russell for Sakhir GP|website=Mercedesamgf1.com|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202074256/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/news/2020/2020-sakhir-grand-prix/2020-sakhir-grand-prix-reserve-driver-announcement/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sy vertoning by Sakhir is wyd geprys deur beide Mercedes en die media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brundle |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Brundle |date=8 December 2020 |title=Martin Brundle: Sergio Perez, George Russell and the story of a dramatic Sakhir GP |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24096/12154973/martin-brundle-sergio-perez-george-russell-and-the-story-of-a-dramatic-sakhir-gp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208224618/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/24096/12154973/martin-brundle-sergio-perez-george-russell-and-the-story-of-a-dramatic-sakhir-gp |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=8 December 2020 |title=Mercedes impressed by how Russell handled F1 pressure |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mercedes-impressed-by-how-attacking-russell-handled-pressure/4923546/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615153151/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mercedes-impressed-by-how-attacking-russell-handled-pressure/4923546/ |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Motorsport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het die voorste wegspringplek net-net misgeloop,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=F1 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix - Full Qualifying Results |url=https://www.crash.net/f1/results/949884/1/f1-2020-sakhir-grand-prix-full-qualifying-results |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132131/https://www.crash.net/f1/results/949884/1/f1-2020-sakhir-grand-prix-full-qualifying-results |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Crash}}&lt;/ref&gt; spanmaat Valtteri Bottas by die eerste draai verbygesteek en die grootste deel van die wedren voorgeloop. Hy was egter gedwing om twee keer agtereenvolgens in die kuipe te stop nadat die Mercedes-kuipespan per ongeluk Bottas se voorbande op sy motor gemonteer het na 'n radiofout.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mercedes handed €20,000 fine for Russell tyre mix-up in Sakhir Grand Prix |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.mercedes-handed-eur20-000-fine-for-russell-tyre-mix-up-in-sakhir-grand-prix.3PwKTGxftR3C8ACA5DcDKj.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Formula1.com|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525200351/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.mercedes-handed-eur20-000-fine-for-russell-tyre-mix-up-in-sakhir-grand-prix.3PwKTGxftR3C8ACA5DcDKj.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 December 2020 |title=George Russell 'gutted' as Mercedes debut Sakhir GP win is 'taken away' |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/36305/12153661/george-russell-gutted-as-mercedes-sakhir-gp-win-is-taken-away |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het Bottas 'n tweede keer verbygesteek, na die tweede plek herstel en was op pad na die wedrenleier Sergio Pérez toe 'n pap wiel hom weer kuipe toe gedwing met tien rondtes oor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2020 Sakhir Grand Prix: Late puncture costs Russell podium place|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/video.2020-sakhir-grand-prix-late-puncture-costs-russell-podium-place.1687521520283184367.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Formula1.com|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718133637/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/video.2020-sakhir-grand-prix-late-puncture-costs-russell-podium-place.1687521520283184367.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het negende geëindig en twee punte vir die eindstreep en een punt vir die vinnigste rondte behaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-losing-victory-twice-in-bahrain-really-bloody-hurts/4922790/|title=George Russell: Losing Bahrain F1 victory twice really hurts|website=Motorsport.com|date=6 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207020454/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-losing-victory-twice-in-bahrain-really-bloody-hurts/4922790/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2020 |title=Sergio Perez takes sensational maiden win in Sakhir GP as tyre mix-up ruins Russell's charge |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.sergio-perez-takes-sensational-maiden-win-in-sakhir-gp-as-tyre-issues-ruin.2TBf7rg5wpgELNALXJLRHV.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207063434/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.sergio-perez-takes-sensational-maiden-win-in-sakhir-gp-as-tyre-issues-ruin.2TBf7rg5wpgELNALXJLRHV.html |archive-date=7 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Formula1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het later opgemerk dat terwyl &quot;ek dieselfde bestuurder [in Sakhir] was as wat ek voorheen was...ek presies dieselfde bestuurder 'n week later was [toe ek vir Williams gery het tydens die seisoen-einde [[2020 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix]] ] toe ek reeds in K1 uitgeval het.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hamilton to make Mercedes return in Abu Dhabi after testing Covid-negative, with Russell heading back to Williams |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.hamilton-to-make-mercedes-return-in-abu-dhabi-after-testing-covid-negative.6crMz5aWmfElFkpMdTpLwL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210174506/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.hamilton-to-make-mercedes-return-in-abu-dhabi-after-testing-covid-negative.6crMz5aWmfElFkpMdTpLwL.html |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Formula1.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Whyman |first=Matt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1koSEQAAQBAJ |title=Inside Mercedes F1: Life in the Fast Lane |date=12 November 2024 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-593-73564-0 |pages=32 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aboe Dhabi het hy 'n spesiale helm gedra om die Williams-familie te vereer, wat die span in Oktober verkoop het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Russell to wear Williams tribute helmet for Abu Dhabi GP. |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2020/12/11/russell-to-wear-williams-tribute-helmet-for-abu-dhabi-gp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211085234/https://www.motorsportweek.com/2020/12/11/russell-to-wear-williams-tribute-helmet-for-abu-dhabi-gp/ |archive-date=11 December 2020 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Motorsportweek.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Kunal |date=30 October 2020 |title=Sir Frank &amp; Claire Williams Both Leave Roles At Legendary F1 Team |url=https://www.kunalsf1blog.com/frank-claire-williams-leave-team/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718132133/https://www.kunalsf1blog.com/frank-claire-williams-leave-team/ |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Kunal's F1 Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het 18de in die Bestuurderskampioenskap geëindig en drie punte aangeteken, alles vir Mercedes.

=== Mercedesspan ===
Van 4 tot 6 Desember het Russell vir [[Lewis Hamilton]] tydens die [[2020 Sakhir Grand Prix]] in die Mercedesfabriekspan vervang, aangesien Hamilton positief getoets het vir die [[Covid-19-virus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{nl}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.f1head.nl/nieuws/george-russell-vervangt-hamilton-voor-sahkir-gp/|title=George Russell vervangt Hamilton voor Sahkir GP|date=2 Desember 2020|author=Niek Vleugels}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dié wedren het Russell sy eerste punte in Formule 1 aangeteken.

Op 7 September 2021 is aangekondig dat Russell die tweede jaer in die Mercedes-span sou wees, vanaf die 2022-seisoen, en dus Hamilton se spanmaat.

=== 2021: Nooienspodium ===
Na Russell se sterk vertonings in [[2020 Formule Een-seisoen|2020]], het Mercedes gekyk na nuwe spanlede vir die 2021-seisoen, maar Williams het geweier om hom van sy kontrak vry te stel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Daarbenewens het die media gespekuleer dat hy [[Valtteri Bottas]] by Mercedes in 2022 sou vervang sodra hul onderskeie kontrakte verstryk het. Die twee aspirante het by die [[2021 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix]] gebots, toe Russell homself langs Bottas in rondte 30 bevind het. Hy het probeer om Bottas verby te steek, maar het oor 'n nat kol gery en beheer oor sy motor verloor, wat teen Bottas gebots het en 'n dubbele uitval veroorsaak het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herbert |first=Danny |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russell and Bottas crash analysis |url=https://drivetribe.com/p/russell-and-bottas-crash-analysis-DUpm07EeT7C8THxciAzozQ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122153611/https://drivetribe.com/p/russell-and-bottas-crash-analysis-DUpm07EeT7C8THxciAzozQ |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=DriveTribe}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russell het aanvanklik die voorval op Bottas blameer, na die ongeluk na Bottas geloop en sy helm geklap (Bottas het met 'n middelvinger gereageer), en hom daarvan beskuldig dat hy &quot;probeer het om hulle albei te verongeluk&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=George Russell and Valtteri Bottas crash: Drivers blame each other for causing 'dangerous' Imola collision |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12279561/george-russell-and-valtteri-bottas-crash-drivers-blame-each-other-for-causing-dangerous-imola-collision |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235403/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12279561/george-russell-and-valtteri-bottas-crash-drivers-blame-each-other-for-causing-dangerous-imola-collision |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russell het egter later sy bewerings teruggetrek en aan Bottas en Williams om verskoning gevra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Jonathan |date=19 April 2021 |title=Russell apologises to Bottas after Imola incident |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-apologises-to-bottas-imola-incident/6350886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423065857/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russell-apologises-to-bottas-imola-incident/6350886/ |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=motorsport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mercedes-baas Toto Wolff het erken dat Bottas in die eerste plek nie langs 'n Williams moes gewees het nie, maar het die grootste deel van sy kritiek vir Russell, 'n Mercedes-junior wat pas 'n Mercedes uitgeneem het, gereserveer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Richards |first=Giles |date=19 April 2021 |title=Toto Wolff rebukes George Russell over Imola F1 crash with Valtteri Bottas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/apr/19/toto-wolff-george-russell-imola-crash-valtteri-bottas-mercedes-williams-f1 |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Beide bestuurders het probeer om die dispuut, ten minste in die openbaar, af te speel nadat Bottas in 2025 weer by Mercedes aangesluit het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medland |first=Chris |date=31 January 2025 |title=Russell sees 2025 as the start of a new career chapter as Mercedes' experienced driver |url=https://racer.com/2025/01/31/russell-sees-2025-as-the-start-of-a-new-career-chapter-as-mercedes-experienced-driver/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=RACER |language=en |archive-date=16 Februarie 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216081015/https://racer.com/2025/01/31/russell-sees-2025-as-the-start-of-a-new-career-chapter-as-mercedes-experienced-driver/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAw_G3SF6Fk |title=Valtteri Bottas opens up on his role at Mercedes this season |date=10 February 2025 |last=((Sky Sports F1)) |access-date=17 February 2025 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formule 1-uitslae ==
{{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:80%&quot;
!Jaar
!Inskrywer
!Onderstel
!Enjin
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!Plek
!Punte
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2017 Formule Een-seisoen|2017]]
| [[Force India|Sahara Force India]]
| Force India VJM10
| [[Mercedes-AMG]] M08 EQ Power+ [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|[[2017 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Maleisiese Grand Prix|MAL]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|[[2017 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=&quot;#f0f8ff&quot;| [[2017 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]] &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Toets&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#f0f8ff&quot;| [[2017 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Toets&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
| 
|
|style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''–'''
|style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''–'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2019 Formule Een-seisoen|2019]]
| [[Williams F1|ROKiT Williams Racing]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams FW42]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]] F1 M10 EQ Power+ [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;19&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Duitse Grand Prix|DUI]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;11&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| [[2019 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| [[2019 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Meksikaanse Grand Prix|MEX]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Brasiliaanse Grand Prix|BRA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| [[2019 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|
|style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''20'''
|style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''0'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=2|[[2020 Formule Een-seisoen|2020]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams Racing]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams FW43]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mercedes-AMG]] F1 M11 EQ Performance [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2020 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br /&gt;DNF
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Stiermarkse Grand Prix|STI]]&lt;br /&gt;16
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br /&gt;18
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br /&gt;12
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[70ste Herdenking Grand Prix|70J]]&lt;br /&gt;18
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br /&gt;17
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2020 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;DNF
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br /&gt;14
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Toskaanse Grand Prix|TOS]]&lt;br /&gt;11
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]]&lt;br /&gt;18
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2020 Eifelse Grand Prix|EIF]]&lt;br /&gt;DNF
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br /&gt;14
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2020 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br /&gt;DNF
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]]&lt;br /&gt;16
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br /&gt;12
|
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2020 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br /&gt;15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''18'''
|rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:#efefef&quot;| '''3'''
|-
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| &lt;small&gt;Mercedes-AMG F1 W11 EQ Performance&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2020 Sakhir Grand Prix|SAK]]&lt;br /&gt;9{{Pictogram snelste ronde}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2021 Formule Een-seisoen|2021]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams Racing]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams FW43B]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]] F1 M12 E Performance [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2021 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2021 Stiermarkse Grand Prix|STI]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;11&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2021 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2021 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;‡
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2021 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;9&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2021 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2021 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2021 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2021 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|bgcolor=efefef|'''15'''
|bgcolor=efefef|'''16'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2022 Formule Een-seisoen|2022]]
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 W13
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 M13 E Performance [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2022 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;4
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2022 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;2
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2022 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt;2
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2022 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2022 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;14{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;8
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;5{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt;4{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2022 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''1'''&lt;/sup&gt;1{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2022 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|
|
|bgcolor=efefef| '''4'''
|bgcolor=efefef| '''275'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2023 Formule Een-seisoen|2023]]
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 W14
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 M14 E Performance [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br /&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br /&gt;4
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2023 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;8{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br /&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br /&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2023 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br /&gt;3
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2023 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br /&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br /&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br /&gt;6
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''8'''&lt;/sup&gt;6
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2023 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br /&gt;17
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt;5
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2023 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br /&gt;16†
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''8'''&lt;/sup&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br /&gt;6
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2023 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br /&gt;8
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2023 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br /&gt;3
|
|
|bgcolor=efefef|'''8'''
|bgcolor=efefef|'''175'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2024 Formule Een-seisoen|2024]]
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 W15
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 M15 E Performance 1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt;6
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2024 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;17&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''8'''&lt;/sup&gt;6
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt;8
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt;7{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2024 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;3{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2024 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;1
|bgcolor=efcfff| [[2024 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;8{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=000000 style=&quot;color:white&quot;| [[2024 Belgiese Grand Prix|&lt;span style=&quot;color: #fff;&quot;&gt;BEL&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;DSQ&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;7
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2024 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''5'''&lt;/sup&gt;6
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''6'''&lt;/sup&gt;4
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt;1{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2024 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;3{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2024 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=efefef|'''6'''
|bgcolor=efefef|'''245'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
! [[2025 Formule Een-seisoen|2025]]
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 W16
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 M16 E Performance 1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6 t]]
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2025 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;3
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2025 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2025 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt;2
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2025 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''4'''&lt;/sup&gt;3
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt;7
|bgcolor=cfcfff| [[2025 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;11
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2025 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;1{{Pictogram poleposition|p=1|v=1}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;10
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[2025 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;3{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2025 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt;2
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2025 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;1{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''2'''&lt;/sup&gt;6
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt;7
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''3'''&lt;/sup&gt;4
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2025 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt;2
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''2'''&lt;/sup&gt;6
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2025 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;5
|bgcolor=efefef|'''4'''
|bgcolor=efefef|'''319'''

|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
![[2026 Formule Een-seisoen|2026]]*
| [[Mercedes AMG Petronas F1-span|Mercedes]]
| [[Mercedes-AMG]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 W17
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]&lt;br/&gt;F1 M17 E Performance 1.6  [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]] h
|bgcolor=ffffbf| [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;1{{Pictogram poleposition}}
|bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''1'''&lt;/sup&gt;2
|bgcolor=dfffdf| [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt;4
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt;{{0}}
|
|
|bgcolor=efefef|'''{{F1stat|RUS|seasonposition}}*'''
|bgcolor=efefef|'''{{F1stat|RUS|seasonpoints}}*'''
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!Jaar
!Inskrywer
!Onderstel
!Enjin
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!Plek
!Punte
|}
* '''*'''&lt;sup&gt;'''1'''&lt;/sup&gt; Wenner van die snelwedren.&lt;br /&gt;
* &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Uitgeval, maar wel geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die wedrenafstand afgelê het.&lt;br /&gt;
* ‡ Halwe punte is toegeken in België in 2021 na 'n verkorte wedren weens swaar reën.&lt;br /&gt;
'''*''' Seisoen is nog aan die gang.&lt;!--Seisoen het nog nie begin nie.--&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russell, George}}
[[Kategorie:Britse renjaers]]
[[Kategorie:Engelse sportlui]]
[[Kategorie:Formule Een-renjaers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1998]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
      <sha1>co5ys1ec2stjnefb6oqldd1e38kyofk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahathir Mohamad</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>282448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889639</id>
      <parentid>2883116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T20:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>131157</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="9152" sha1="96umltcwj3gqrp9m2if0yv8lqabgb5j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Yang Amat Berhormat, Tun
| name = Mahathir Mohamad
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Order of the Defender of the Realm|SMN]] [[Royal Family Order of Johor|DKI (Johor)]] [[Royal Family Order of Kedah|DK (Kedah)]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Negeri Sembilan|DKNS]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Perlis|DK (Perlis)]] [[Kedah Supreme Order of Merit|DUK]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Malaysian states and federal territories#Federal Territories|SUMW]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)|DUNM]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Penang)|DUPN]] [[Order of Kinabalu|SPDK]] [[Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak|SBS]] [[Order of the Crown of Johor|SPMJ]] [[Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak|DP]] [[Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah|SSDK]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Negeri Sembilan)|SPNS]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Pahang)|SSAP]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Perak)|SPCM]] [[Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu|SSMT]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Johor)|PIS]] [[Member of parliament|MP]]}}
| image = File:Mahathir Mohamad in 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mahathir Mohamad in 2019
| alt = 
| office = 4de en 7de Premier van Maleisië
| monarch = {{ubl|[[Muhammad V van Kelantan|Muhammad V]]|[[Abdullah van Pahang|Abdullah]]}}
| deputy = Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
| term_start = 10 Mei 2018
| term_end = 24 Februarie 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/tun-mahathir-letak-jawatan-sebagai-perdana-menteri-231527|title=Tun Mahathir letak jawatan sebagai Perdana Menteri|trans-title=Tun Mahathir resigned as Prime Minister|work=Astro Awani|date=24 February 2020|language=ms|access-date=24 Februarie 2020|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120170710/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/tun-mahathir-letak-jawatan-sebagai-perdana-menteri-231527|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=grauniad /&gt;
| predecessor = [[Najib Razak]]
| successor =[[Muhyiddin Yassin]] 
| deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Musa Hitam]]|[[Ghafar Baba]]|[[Anwar Ibrahim]]|[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]}}
| monarch1 = {{ubl|[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]|[[Iskandar of Johor|Iskandar]]|[[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]|[[Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan|Ja'afar]]|[[Salahuddin of Selangor|Salahuddin]]|[[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Sirajuddin]]}}
| term_start1 = 16 Julie 1981
| term_end1 = 31 Oktober 2003
| predecessor1 = [[Hussein Onn]]
| successor1 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
| office3 = Voorsitter van Pakatan Harapan
| leader3 = Anwar Ibrahim
| term_start3 = 14 Julie 2017
| term_end3 = 
| predecessor3 = ''Amp geskep''
| successor3 = 
| office4 = Voorsitter van die Maleisiese Verenigde Inheemse Party
| president4 = [[Muhyiddin Yassin]]
| term_start4 = 7 September 2016
| term_end4 = 
| predecessor4 = ''Amp geskep''
| successor4 = 
| office5 = 21ste Sekretaris-generaal van die&lt;br/&gt;Onverbonde Lande-beweging
| term_start5 = 20 Februarie 2003
| term_end5 = 31 Oktober 2003
| predecessor5 = [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| successor5 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
| office6 = 4de [[Visepremier van Maleisië]]
| monarch6 = {{ubl|[[Yahya Petra of Kelantan|Yahya Petra]]|Ahmad Shah}}
| primeminister6 = Hussein Onn
| term_start6 = 5 Maart 1976
| term_end6 = 16 Julie 1981
| predecessor6 = Hussein Onn
| successor6 = Musa Hitam
| office7 = Minister van Finansies
| monarch7 = {{ubl|Salahuddin|Sirajuddin}}
| term_start7 = 5 Junie 2001
| term_end7 = 31 Oktober 2003
| predecessor7 = [[Daim Zainuddin]]
| successor7 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
| monarch8 = Ja'afar van Negeri Sembilan
| term_start8 = 7 September 1998
| term_end8 = 7 Januarie 1999
| predecessor8 = Anwar Ibrahim
| successor8 = Daim Zainuddin
| office9 = Minister van Binnelandse Sake
| monarch9 = {{ubl|Iskandar|Azlan Shah|Ja'afar}}
| term_start9 = 8 Mei 1986
| term_end9 = 8 Januarie 1999
| predecessor9 = Musa Hitam
| successor9 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
| office10 = Minister van Verdediging
| monarch10 = {{ubl|Ahmad Shah|Iskandar}}
| term_start10 = 18 Julie 1981
| term_end10 = 6 Mei 1986
| predecessor10 = [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]]
| successor10 = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
| office11 = Minister van Internasionale Handel en Nywerheid
| monarch11 = {{ubl|Yahya Petra|Ahmad Shah}}
| primeminister11 = Hussein Onn
| term_start11 = 1 Januarie 1978
| term_end11 = 16 Julie 1981
| predecessor11 = Hamzah Abu Samah
| successor11 = Ahmad Rithaudden Tengku Ismail
| office12 = Minister van Onderwys
| monarch12 = {{ubl|[[Abdullah van Pahang|Abdullah]]}}
| primeminister12 = {{ubl|self}}
| term_start12 = 3 Januarie 2020&lt;br /&gt;Waarnemend
| term_end12 = 
| predecessor12 = [[Maszlee Malik]]
| successor12 = 
| monarch13 = {{ubl|[[Abdul Halim van Kedah|Abdul Halim]]|Yahya Petra}}
| primeminister13 = {{ubl|[[Abdul Razak Hussein]]|Hussein Onn}}
| term_start13 = 5 September 1974
| term_end13 = 31 Desember 1977
| predecessor13 = [[Mohamed Yaacob]]
| successor13 = Musa Hitam
| constituency_MP14 = Langkawi
| parliament14 = Maleisiese
| term_start14 = 10 Mei 2018
| term_end14 = 
| majority14 = 8 893 ([[Maleisiese algemene verkiesing van 2018|2018]])
| predecessor14 = [[Nawawi Ahmad]]
| successor14 = 
| constituency_MP15 = Kubang Pasu
| parliament15 = Maleisiese
| term_start15 = 24 Augustus 1974
| term_end15 = 21 Maart 2004
| predecessor15 = ''Kiesafdeling geskep''
| successor15 = [[Mohd Johari Baharum]]
| office16 = Lid van die [[Dewan Negara]]&lt;br/&gt;vir [[Kedah]]
| term_start16 = 30 Desember 1972
| term_end16 = 23 Augustus 1974
| constituency_MP17 = Kota Setar Selatan
| parliament17 = Maleise
| term_start17 = 25 April 1964
| term_end17 = 10 Mei 1969
| predecessor17 = Wan Sulaiman Wan Tam
| successor17 = [[Yusof Rawa]]
| birth_name = Mahathir bin Mohamad
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1925|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]], [[Britse Maleisië]] (nou [[Maleisië]])
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = {{ubl|[[Verenigde Maleiers Nasionale Organisasie|UMNO]] (1946–1969, 1972–2008, 2009–2016)|[[Maleise Verenigde Inheemse Party|PPBM]] (2016–nou)}}
| otherparty = 
| spouse = [[Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali]]
| children = 7 (insl. Marina, Mokhzani en Mukhriz)
| relatives = 
| alma_mater = [[King Edward VII College of Medicine]]
| website = {{Amptelike webwerf|chedet.cc}}
| awards = 
| signature =
| footnotes = {{pom|3517}}
| height = {{height|m=1.70|precision=0}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad Bio Height Wife Wiki &amp; Family |url=https://biographybd.com/mahathir-mohamad/ |access-date=9 Desember 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114082353/https://biographybd.com/mahathir-mohamad/ |archive-date=14 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Lêer:Putin in Malaysia - August 5 2003 - 9.jpg|duimnael|Mahathir en president van [[Rusland]] [[Wladimir Poetin]] (5 Augustus 2003)]]
[[Lêer:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on May 31, 2018.JPG|thumb|Mahathir en Eerste Minister van [[Indië]] [[Narendra Modi]] (31 Mei 2018) ]] 
[[Lêer:Secretary Pompeo and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (42910851015).jpg|duimnael|Mahathir en [[Amerikaanse]] minister van buitelandse sake [[Mike Pompeo]] (3 Augustus 2018)]]
 
[[File:Joko Widodo and Mahathir Mohamad in Putrajaya, 2019.jpg|thumb|Mahathir en [[president van Indonesië]] [[Joko Widodo]] (9 Augustus 2019) ]] 
'''Mahathir bin Mohamad'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~teh20y/classweb/worldpolitics/Bio.html|title=Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad|website=www.mtholyoke.edu|accessdate=2017-08-01|archive-date=2016-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805093729/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~teh20y/classweb/worldpolitics/Bio.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&lt;small&gt;IFA:&lt;/small&gt; [maˈhaðɪr bɪn moˈhamad]; gebore op 10 Julie 1925) is 'n Maleisiese politikus en voormalige premier van [[Maleisië]]. Hy word in 1981 as premier aangestel, tree in 2003 af, keer in 2018 na die amp terug,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-sworn-in-as-7th-malaysian-pm|title=Mahathir sworn in as Malaysia's 7th Prime Minister|date=2018-05-10|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; en tree uit in 2020.&lt;ref name=grauniad&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/24/anwar-ibrahim-decries-traitors-amid-cracks-in-deal-to-make-him-malaysias-next-pm |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir Mohamad offers resignation amid political turmoil |date=24 Februarie 2020 |access-date=24 Februarie 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Rebecca |last=Ratcliffe |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329183514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/24/anwar-ibrahim-decries-traitors-amid-cracks-in-deal-to-make-him-malaysias-next-pm |archive-date=29 Maart 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{Commons-kategorie inlyn}}

{{Saadjie}}
{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahathir Mohamad}}
[[Kategorie:Eerste Ministers van Maleisië]]
[[Kategorie:Diktators]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1925]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luna Blaise</title>
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      <text bytes="1780" sha1="im701a1d3of9stw32v4y5d0obsgmidv" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Akteur
| Naam                      = Luna Blaise
| Beeld                     = Luna Blaise 2016 02.png
| Beeldbeskrywing           = &lt;!-- Vir oormuis-info/ vir siggestremdes; sonder wiki-sintaks --&gt;
| Beeldonderskrif           = Luna Blaise in 2016
| Geboortenaam              = Luna Blaise Boyd
| Alias                     = 
| Geboortedatum             = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|2001|10|1}}
| Geboorteplek              = 
| Nasionaliteit             = [[Verenigde State|Amerikaans]]
| Sterfdatum                = 
| Sterfplek                 = 
| Ouers                     = 
| Lewensmaat                = 
| Kinders                   = 
| Skool                     = 
| Universiteit              = 
| Beroep                    = Aktrise
| Aktiewe jare              = 
| Noemenswaardige rolprente = 
| Webwerf                   = 
| IMDb                      = 2399046
| Toekennings               = &lt;!-- slegs noemenswaardiges --&gt;
}}

'''Luna Blaise''' (gebore 1 Oktober 2001) is 'n [[Verenigde State|Amerikaanse]] aktrise. Sy is bekend vir haar rolle in die rolprente ''Vicious Circle'' (2009) en ''Memoria'' (2015), en in die televisiereeks ''Fresh Off the Boat'' (2015).

== Filmografie ==
=== Rolprente ===
* 2009: ''Vicious Circle''
* 2015: ''Memoria''
* 2018: ''Concrete Kids''

=== Televisiereekse ===
* 2012: ''E.W.C. - Express Written Consent''
* 2015: ''Fresh Off the Boat''
* 2018: ''[[Manifest (TV-reeks)|Manifest]]''

=== Televisierolprente ===
* 2013: ''The Breakdown''

=== Video's ===
* 2016: ''Jacob Sartorius: Sweatshirt''

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{IMDb|2399046|Luna Blaise}}

{{Normdata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blaise, Luna}}
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]
[[Kategorie:Amerikaanse aktrises van die 21ste eeu]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in die 2000's]]</text>
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    <title>Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan</title>
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      <text bytes="48800" sha1="rfjwyxf4126r0l1g54nvf8wtu9w1ps7" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Rugbyspan
| land                   = Kenia
| beeld                  = Kenteken van die Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan.png
| unie                   = [[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] (KRU)
| bynaam                 = ''Simbas'' (“die leeus”)
| embleem                = die [[leeu]]
| stadion                = [[RFUEA-veld]], [[Nairobi]]
| kapasiteit             = 6&amp;nbsp;000
| kaptein                = [[Daniel Sikuta]]
| afrigter               = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Jerome Paarwater]] &lt;small&gt;(sedert 2023)&lt;/small&gt;
| patroon_la1            = _Kenyaleft
| patroon_b1             = _Kenyakitb
| patroon_ra1            = _Kenyaright
| patroon_sh1            = 
| patroon_so1            = _Kenyasocks16
| linkerarm1             = 3c7c7c
| liggaam1               = dd2222
| regterarm1             = 3c7c7c
| broek1                 = 000000
| kouse1                 = 000000
| patroon_la2            = _Kenyaleft
| patroon_b2             = _Kenyakit
| patroon_ra2            = _Kenyaright
| patroon_sh2            = 
| patroon_so2            = _Kenyasocks16
| linkerarm2             = dd2222
| liggaam2               = 3c7c7c
| regterarm2             = dd2222
| broek2                 = 000000
| kouse2                 = 000000
| statistiek             = Statistiek
| toetse                 = [[Darwin Mukidza]] (30)&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;orderby=matches;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Most matches |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| toptoetspuntebehaler   = [[Darwin Kinyangi]] (302)&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;orderby=points;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Most points |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| meestedrieë            = [[Darwin Kinyangi]] (13)&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;orderby=tries;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Most tries |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| jongstespeler          = 
| eerste                 = {{vlagikoon|Kenia|koloniaal}} '''Kenia''' ''wen teen'' [[Tanganjika]] {{vlagikoon|Tanganjika|1923}}&lt;ref name=&quot;East Africa&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author1=M. Campbell |author2=E.J. Cohen |title=Rugby Football in East Africa 1909–1959 |year=1960 |publisher=Rugby Football Union of East Africa |pages=41}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;([[Arusha]], [[Tanganjika]], 1954)
| grootwen               = {{KENru}} 96–3 {{NIGru-r}}&lt;br /&gt;(Nairobi, Kenia; 10 Augustus 1987)
| grootverloor           = {{PORru}} 85–0 {{KENru-r}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Doebai (stad)|Doebai]], [[Verenigde Arabiese Emirate]]; 12 November 2022)
| Wêreldbekerverskynings = 
| jaar                   = 
| beste                  = 
| url                    = www.kru.co.ke
| unieurl                = 
}}

Die '''Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan''' ([[Engels]]: ''Kenya national rugby union team''; [[Swahili]]: ''Timu ya raga ya Kenya'') is die nasionale [[rugby]]span wat [[Kenia]] in internasionale wedstryde (toetswedstryde) verteenwoordig. Hulle dra die bynaam ''Simbas'' (“die leeus”), genoem na die [[leeu]] (''Panthera leo''), Kenia se wapendier. Rugby word in Kenia geadministreer deur die [[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] (''Kenya Rugby Union'', KRU; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Raga Kenya'') wat in 1970 gestig is. Kenia word deur [[Wêreldrugby]] as ’n vlak drie-span erken. Die Keniaanse rugbyspan is tans (November 2025) 36ste op Wêreldrugby se wêreldranglys gelys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.world.rugby/rankings |title=Women’s and Men’s Rankings |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saam met [[Ivoriaanse nasionale rugbyspan|Ivoorkus]] en [[Zimbabwiese nasionale rugbyspan|Zimbabwe]] is Kenia tradisioneel een van die sterker nasionale [[Afrika]]rugbyspanne na die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Springbokke]] en die [[Namibië|Namibiese]] [[Namibiese nasionale rugbyspan|''Welwitschias'']].

Rugby in Kenia dateer uit die [[Britse Ryk|Britse koloniale tydperk]] en word sedertdien sterk deur die voormalige koloniale mag beïnvloed. Kenia het in 1954 sy eerste toetswedstryd teen [[Tanganjika]] (nou [[Tanzanië]]) gespeel. Hulle tuisveld is die RFUEA-veld in [[Nairobi]] wat in 1955 vir ’n Oos-Afrika-span teen die [[Britse en Ierse Leeus]] voorberei is. Die span het tydens die Afrikabeker twee titels ingepalm, vier keer in die derde en vier keer in die vierde plek geëindig. Hulle kon nog nie vir ’n [[rugbywêreldbeker]]toernooi kwalifiseer nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.kenyarfu.com/index.php/about-us |title=About Us – Kenya Rugby Union |publisher=[[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] |accessdate=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215808/http://www.kenyarfu.com/index.php/about-us |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Keniaanse span speel tradisioneel in rooi truie met swart broeke en groen sokkies – wat aan die kleure van die [[vlag van Kenia]] ontleen is. Een voormalige Keniaanse rugbyspeler is in Wêreldrugby se Heldesaal opgeneem.

== Beheerliggaam ==
{{Hoofartikel|Keniaanse Rugbyunie}}
Die beheerliggaam vir rugby in Kenia is die Keniaanse Rugbyunie (Engels: ''Kenya Rugby Union'', KRU; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Raga Kenya''). Die KRU is in 1970 gestig en het in 1990 ’n volle lid van die Internasionale Rugbyvoetbalraad (IRVR; nou [[Wêreldrugby]]) geword.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.world.rugby/organisation/membership/africa/kenya |title=Kenya |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daarbenewens was die Keniaanse Rugbyunie ’n stigtingslid van die kontinentale beheerliggaam Konfederasie van Afrikarugby (Engels: ''Confederation of African Rugby''; Frans: ''Confédération Africaine de Rugby''; nou [[Rugby Afrika]]) wat in 1986 in [[Tunis]] deur agt beheerliggame gestig is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyafrique.com/unions/ |title=Rugby Africa Unions |publisher=[[Rugby Afrika]] |date=2020 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die hoogste rugbyliga in Kenia is die Keniaanse Beker met elf spanne. Spelers met groter ambisies draf uit vir die keurspan ''Simbas'' wat aan die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Curriebeker]] deelneem. Sedertdien is die meeste spelers van die Keniaanse nasionale span uit dié keurspan afkomstig of speel vir ander Suid-Afrikaanse spanne.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/sports/full-kenya-rugby-15s-squad-unveiled-ahead-of-currie-cup/crje1k1 |title=Kenya's rugby 15s squad unveiled ahead of Currie Cup |publisher=Pulselive Kenya |date=6 April 2022 |accessdate=8 Januarie 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108201535/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/sports/full-kenya-rugby-15s-squad-unveiled-ahead-of-currie-cup/crje1k1 |archive-date=8 Januarie 2023 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van die ander spelers is veral in [[Europa]] aktief.

Naas die amptelike nasionale span roep die Keniaanse Rugbyunie ook ander keurspanne byeen. Net soos ander rugbylande beskik Kenia oor ’n o/20-nasionale span wat aan die [[Wêreldrugby o/20-kampioenskap]] deelneem.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/u20/championship |title=World Rugby U20 Championship |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die ''Kenia Sevens'' is die Keniaanse [[sewesrugby]]span. Kinders en jongmense word reeds op skool aan rugby bekend gestel en na gelang van hul belangstelling en talent begin hulle met hul afrigting.

== Geskiedenis ==
=== Invoering en vestiging van rugby ===
Aan die begin van die 20ste eeu het [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britse]] setlaars rugby na die destydse kolonie [[Brits-Oos-Afrika]] saamgebring; in 1909 is die eerste gedokumenteerde wedstryd gespeel.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.kenyarfu.com/KRFU%20DOCS/Kenya%20Rugby%20History%20Highlights.pdf |title=Kenya Rugby Historical Highlights |publisher=[[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] |accessdate=4 Februarie 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204162006/http://www.kenyarfu.com/KRFU%20DOCS/Kenya%20Rugby%20History%20Highlights.pdf |archive-date=4 Februarie 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aan die begin is slegs “wit” setlaars toegelaat om rugby te speel, terwyl inheemses verbied is om dié sport te beoefen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://wesclark.com/rrr/kenya_rugby.html |title=A Review of Kenyan Rugby |publisher=Wesclark |author=Michael Mundia Kamau |accessdate=22 Februarie 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222001453/http://wesclark.com/rrr/kenya_rugby.html |archive-date=22 Februarie 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Rugbyvoetbalunie van Kenia (Engels: ''Rugby Football Union of Kenia'', “RFUK”) is in Augustus 1921 gestig en het teen 1923 operasioneel geword, nadat die eerste klub in Kenia, Nairobi-distrik, weens sy oorvleuelende sterkte in Nondescripts RFC en Harlequins verdeel is (moenie verwar word met die Kenia Harlequin FC nie).&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; Van die vroeë toernooie sluit in die Nairobi-distrikkampioenskap van 1925 af, die Enterprise-beker sedert 1930 en ’n Koninklike Gewapende Magte-toernooi sedert 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

Van die 1920’s tot die 1950’s het verskeie noemenswaardige spanne toere na Kenia onderneem, waaronder keurspanne van die [[Universiteit van Kaapstad]], [[Universiteit Stellenbosch]] en in 1951 ’n saamgestelde Universiteitspan ([[Universiteit van Oxford|Oxford]] en [[Universiteit van Cambridge|Cambridge]]). Hierdie wedstryde is op die Mitchell Park-stadion gehuisves, voordat een jaar later die RFUEA-veld in [[Nairobi]] opgerig is.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; In 1950 is die [[Oos-Afrikaanse nasionale rugbyspan]] gestig as keurspan vir die beste spelers uit die kolonies Kenia, [[Tanganjika]] (nou [[Tanzanië]]) en [[Uganda]] na aanleiding van die [[Britse en Ierse Leeus]]. Dié span is ook ''Tuskers'' genoem, ’n term wat na [[Savanne-olifant]]e met baie groot [[slagtand]]e verwys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://kenyapage.net/rugby/history/early.html |title=The Early Days of Kenya Rugby |website=KenyaPage.Net |accessdate=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912165317/https://kenyapage.net/rugby/history/early.html |archive-date=12 September 2024 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die ''Tuskers'' het gedurende die drie daaropvolgende dekades verskeie toere onderneem, onder andere na [[Engeland]] (in 1966) en [[Ierland]] (in 1972). Net só het hulle ook in Nairobi teen besoekende spanne te staan gekom, waaronder die Britse Leeus (in 1955 en 1962), die [[Britse Barbarians|Barbarians]] (in 1958), die Suid-Afrikaanse [[Springbokke]] (in 1961) en die [[Walliese nasionale rugbyspan|Walliese span]] (in 1964).

In 1953 het Tanganjika en Uganda as subunies by die RFUK aangesluit om die ''Rugbyvoetbalunie van Oos-Afrika'' (Engels: ''Rugby Football Union of East Africa'', “RFUEA”) te vorm.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|author=John Nauright|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice &amp;#91;4 volumes&amp;#93;: History, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYBtMajLAaAC&amp;pg=PA146|date=6 April 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-301-9|pages=146–}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1954 het ’n Keniaanse span in [[Arusha]] vir die eerste keer teen ’n Tanganjikaanse span gespeel en hierdie ontmoeting gewen. Dit het gedien as ’n seleksieproef vir die ''Tuskers'' se toer na die [[Koperstreek]] in [[Noord-Rhodesië]] later dieselfde jaar.&lt;ref name=&quot;East Africa&quot; /&gt; In 1955 is die wedstryd weer gespeel en dié keer het Tanganjika met 11–3 geseëvier. In 1956 is in Arusha die derde wedstryd tussen albei spanne gereël wat Kenia met 13–0 gewen het.&lt;ref name=&quot;East Africa&quot; /&gt; In 1956 is die RFUK, wat nog slegs formeel bestaan het, ontbind, aangesien die subunies reeds op hul eie lede van die RFUEA was. In 1958 het ’n Keniaanse span die Ugandese s’n met 21–11 geklop.&lt;ref name=&quot;East Africa&quot; /&gt; Vir beide die Keniaanse span en die ''Tuskers'' is dikwels spelers van ander Oos-Afrikaanse lande gekeur en ook spelers met ’n Europese afkoms opgeroep. Hoewel die uitslae soms eensydig was, het hierdie wedstryde rugby in Kenia gewild gemaak.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

=== Onafhanklikheid en integrasie ===
In 1963 het Kenia sy [[onafhanklikheid]] verkry. Ná die gepaardgaande einde van die rassesegregasie in die skoolstelsel is die inheemse bevolking (of ten minste die hoër klas) toegelaat om eliteskole soos ''Duke of York'' en ''Prince of Wales'' te besoek wat tradisionele rugbyvestings was. Spelers soos Chris Onsotti, John Gichinga, Dennis Awori, George Kariuki, Jackson “Jacko” Omaido en Jim Owino was deel die eerste generasie van inheemse Keniaanse rugbyspelers. Hierdie eerste spelergenerasie het ’n belangrike grondslag geleë vir die daaropvolgende spelergenerasie wat die Keniaanse rugby verder laat opbloei het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot; /&gt; In 1970 is daar besluit om die bestaande plaaslike subunies in die [[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] (Engels: ''Kenya Rugby Union'', KRU; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Raga Kenya'') met sy setel in Nairobi te verenig. In dieselfde jaar is die Keniaanse Beker vir die eerste keer beslis.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; In 1972 het Ted Kabetu die eerste inheemse speler geword wat vir die ''Tuskers'' uitgedraf het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.paukwa.or.ke/story-series/kewachezaji/watembezi-rfc/ |title=Watembezi RFC |publisher=paukwa.or.ke |date=2024 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

’n Toestroom van Tanzaniese spelers het aan die Keniaanse span ’n hupstoot besorg. Gedurende die vroeë 1970’s het verskeie Engelse klubs na Kenia begin toer vir nieamptelike toetse teen die Oos-Afrikaners. Dit sluit ’n byna-oorwinning oor [[Harlequins]] in, nadat hulle naelskraap met 15–20 geklop is. Ná uitnodigings in plaaslike dagblaaie aan Afrikarugbyspelers is Miro RFC as ’n uitnodigingspan soortgelyk aan die [[Britse Barbarians]], of meer plaaslik, die Scorpions RFC, gestig. Miro was ’n span vir “swart” spelers en het twee “wit” spelers (Doug Hamilton en Pat Orr) ingesluit; dié span het ’n belangrike rol gespeel om rugby onder Afrikane in Kenia te vestig. In 1976 het die span teen Rugby Roma Olimpic gespeel en met 20–12 gewen. Die span is egter ontbind oor vrae rakende die rasseseleksie van spelers. Die Oos-Afrikaanse keurspan, wat teen die middel-1970’s uit beide “swart” en “wit” spelers bestaan het, het teen Zambië te staan gekom; hulle kon vier van hul vyf toetswedstryde wen. Teen dié tyd het sommige klubs begin vou weens die migrasie van “wit” spelers. Ondanks die vordering het daar konflik ontstaan tussen die Keniaanse spelers en die talle klubs wat steeds deur uitgewekenes bestuur is; in 1979 het die Miro RFC weer begin speel en kon teen Blackheath FC met 32–19 seëvier wat aan die “swart” rugbyspelers nuwe hoop besorg het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://johnkagagi.com/those-magnificent-flying-minds/ |title=Miro RFC: Those magnificent flying minds |publisher=johnkagagi.com |author=John Kagagi |date=30 Junie 2021 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1977 is beide Mean Machine RFC en Mwamba RFC as aparte spanne vir inheemse spelers gestig.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; Mean Machine, ’n verteenwoordigende span van die Nairobi-universiteit bestaande uit spelers soos Absalom “Bimbo” Mutere, Tom Oketch en Joe “JJ” Masiga, het die Keniaanse beker in die eerste seisoen ingepalm. Dit was veral ’n noemenswaardige prestasie omdat rugby in Kenia destyds steeds ’n “wit” oorheersde sport was met klubs soos Kenya Harlequins, Nondescripts, Impala en Western Kenya/Oribis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot; /&gt; Volgens die historikus Michael Mundia Kamau het met die stigting van Mean Machine by die [[Universiteit van Nairobi]] die transformasie in Keniaanse rugby afgeskop. Sedertdien beoefen in Kenia veral inheemse studente rugby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Huw Richards |title=A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union |publisher=Mainstream |location=Edinburgh |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84596-255-5 |pages=278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Black Blad RFC van die Kenyatta Universiteitskollege het in die volgende jaar die beker ingepalm. Dit was veral spelers van die tweede generasie wat ’n leidende rol gespeel het by die stigtings van albei klubs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot; /&gt; As gevolg van die mislukte [[staatsgreep]]poging teen president [[Daniel arap Moi]] in Augustus 1982 en die daaropvolgende sluiting van die Nairobi-universiteit moes die Mean Machine RFC sy speelprogram vir een jaar staak.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://meanmachine.co.ke/history/the-political-era/ |title=The Political Era 1983 – 1987 |publisher=Mean Machine FC |date=2009 |accessdate=8 Junie 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608030517/http://meanmachine.co.ke/history/the-political-era/ |archive-date=8 Junie 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die beheerliggame van Kenia, Uganda en Tanzanië het toenemend uitmekaar gespat en hul belangstelling in die Oos-Afrikaanse keurspan het aansienlik verdwyn. In 1982 het die ''Tuskers'' hul laaste toer onderneem. Aan die ander kant het die Keniaanse Rugbyunie van 1979 af aktief daarop gefokus dat die voorheen verwaarloosde nasionale span elke jaar minstens een toetswedstryd teen ander Afrikaspanne speel. Gedurende die 1980’s het hulle veral teen [[Zimbabwiese nasionale rugbyspan|Zimbabwe]], Zambië, Madagaskar en Nigerië te staan gekom. Veral Zimbabwe en ná 1990 se onafhanklikwording het [[Namibiese nasionale rugbyspan|Namibië]] groot mededingers vir Kenia in die Afrikabeker en die [[rugbywêreldbeker]]kwalifiserings geword. In Januarie 1986 was Kenia in [[Tunis]] een van die stigtingslede van die Konfederasie van Afrikarugby (Engels: ''Confederation of African Rugby''; Frans: ''Confédération Africaine de Rugby''; nou [[Rugby Afrika]]). Die ander stigtingslede was die beheerliggame van [[Ivoriaanse Rugbyfederasie|Ivoorkus]], Madagaskar, Marokko, Senegal, Seychelle, Tanzanië en Tunisië.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://carugby.com/history/ |title=History of the CAR |publisher=[[Rugby Afrika]] |accessdate=7 Januarie 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107011344/http://carugby.com/history/ |archive-date=7 Januarie 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1985 het die Internasionale Rugbyvoetbalraad (IRVR; nou [[Wêreldrugby]]), wat destyds baie eksklusief was en slegs agt lede gehad het, op die invoering van die [[rugbywêreldbeker]]toernooi besluit. Vir die eerste [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1987]] het die IRVR nege spanne vir deelname genooi, maar Kenia het geen uitnodiging ontvang nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/1987-rugby-world-cup/the-world-cup-is-born |title=1987 Rugby World Cup: The long road to the cup |publisher=New Zealand History |date=2021 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Langdurige krisis ===
In 1990 het die Keniaanse Rugbyunie by die Internasionale Rugbyvoetbalraad aangesluit en in dieselfde jaar is rugby as ’n skoolsport by [[Hoërskool|hoërskole]] ingevoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt; Die Keniane het egter nie aan die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1991]]-kwalifisering deelgeneem nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/171?Stagione=1991 |title=1991 Rugby World Cup – African qualifiers |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oor die algemeen het die Keniaanse rugbysport gedurende die 1990’s in ’n krisis verkeer. Een van die redes was die tragiese dood van Ken Kanyi in 1992, wie as een van die land se beste spelers beskou is. Hy is tydens ’n toernooi van die Impala RFC onder ongelukkige omstandighede dood, waarna byna ’n hele spelergenerasie die sport laat vaar het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/sunday-magazine/article/2000199365/kenyan-rugby-has-mauled-and-rucked-its-way-to-the-top |title=Oyunga Pala |publisher=The Standard |date=18 April 2016 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die nasionale span moes opnuut opgebou word en kon slegs op ’n sporadiese vlak toetswedstryde speel. Daarbenewens het die variant [[sewesrugby]] ’n toenemende mededinger geword, wat veral danksy internasionale suksesse in gewildheid gegroei het. Tydens die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1995]]-kwalifisering is Kenia deur beide Zimbabwe en Namibië geklop, terwyl hulle teen Arabië ’n naelskraapse oorwinning kon behaal, waarmee hulle die hooftoernooi misgeloop het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/171?Stagione=1995 |title=1995 Rugby World Cup – African qualifiers |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tydens die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1999]]-kwalifisering kon die Keniane Arabië verslaan, terwyl hulle teen Tunisië verloor het, waarmee hulle met ’n swakker punteverskil weer uitgeskakel is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/171?Stagione=1999 |title=1999 Rugby World Cup – African qualifiers |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:National Guard sponsorship of USA Rugby (3309784330).jpg|duimnael|Kenia teen die Weermag se nasionale wag in 2009]]
Daarna het die Keniaanse rugby ’n stewige vordering beleef, nadat die spel se gewildheid onder die bevolking gegroei het. Nuwe toernooie het met meer geleenthede vir toetswedstryde gepaard gegaan wat die voorheen jarelange pouses beëindig het. Nadat die eerste Afrikabeker in 2000 nog sonder Kenia beslis is,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2000 |title=2000 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; het die ''Simbas'' een jaar later die tweede afdeling se finale rondte in die tweede plek agter Madagaskar afgesluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/36?Stagione=2001 |title=2001 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die tweede afdeling van die Afrikabeker 2002, wat ook as [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2003]]-kwalifisering gedien het, het op die naelskraapse oorwinning oor Kameroen ’n ewe naelskraapse nederlaag teen Uganda gevolg, waarmee hulle die daaropvolgende rondte misgeloop het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/37?Stagione=2002 |title=2002 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Van die Afrikabeker 2003 af het die span in die eerste afdeling gespeel, waar hulle tweede agter Namibië geëindig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2003 |title=2003 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Een jaar later het hulle dieselfde uitslag behaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2004 |title=2004 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ook in 2004 het die Keniane die eerste jaarlikse wedstryd om die nuwe Elgonbeker teen Uganda met 18–8 beklink. Tydens die Afrikabeker 2005 het hulle hul groep weer in die tweede plek afgesluit, dié keer agter die Marokkane.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2005 |title=2005 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Een jaar later was die Afrikabeker 2006 gelyktydig deel van die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2007]]-kwalifisering. Die span kon beide Tunisië en Namibië tuis klop, terwyl hulle twee wegnederlae gely het; as gevolg van hul swakker punteverskil is hulle weer uitgeskakel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2006 |title=2006 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tydens die Afrikabeker 2007 het die Keniane hul groepwedstryde teen Marokko en Kameroen gewen. In die halfeindstryd het hulle teen Uganda vasgeval, terwyl hulle in die uitspeelwedstryd om die derde plek oor Ivoorkus met 20–17 geseëvier het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2007 |title=2007 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Afrikabeker 2008/09 het oor twee jaar gestrek en as die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2011]]-Afrikakwalifisering gedien. Ná ’n oorwinning oor Kameroen en ’n nederlaag teen Tunisië het die Keniane hul groep tweede afgesluit en die halfeindrondte misgeloop, waarmee hulle ook versuim het om vir die toernooi te kwalifiseer.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2008%2F09 |title=2008/09 Rugby Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Geleidelike vestiging ===
Marokko en Namibië het weens finansiële beperkings hulself onttrek aan die Afrikabeker 2011. Die gasheer Kenia het die afwesigheid van albei gunstelinge benut, Tunisië in die eindstryd met 16–7 verslaan en daarmee vir die eerste keer die vastelandse toernooi beklink.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2011 |title=2011 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tydens die Afrikabeker 2012 het die Keniane in die halfeindstryd teen hul buurland Uganda vasgeval, maar in die uitspeelwedstryd om die derde plek Tunisië geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2012 |title=2012 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Afrikabeker 2013 is in Madagaskar beslis en dit was deurslaggewend vir die Keniaanse rugby. In die halfeindstryd het die nasionale span Uganda getroef en in die eindstryd Zimbabwe, waarmee hulle hul tweede vastelandse titel ingepalm het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2013 |title=2013 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014 het die Keniane onder die naam “Simba XV” aan die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Vodacombeker]] deelgeneem. Hulle het hul tuiswedstryde in [[Kaapstad]] gespeel en hul openingswedstryd teen die [[Oostelike Provinsie]] met 17–10 gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=2349414&amp;leagueid=1734 |title=Simba off to a winning start |publisher=[[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie]] |date=8 Maart 2014 |accessdate=1 Julie 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701195941/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=2349414&amp;leagueid=1734 |archive-date=1 Julie 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Keniane is egter in hul oorblywende ses wedstryde verslaan en het die suidelike afdeling in die sewende plek afgesluit. Die toernooideelname was vir die Keniaanse span ’n goeie voorbereiding op die daaropvolgende Afrikabeker 2014, wat saam met die 2013-toernooi getel het as die vastelandse [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2015]]-kwalifisering. Die Keniane kon in die eerste wedstryd Namibië klop en Madagaskar afransel. Nadat hulle egter deur Zimbabwe verslaan is, is hulle gelyk aan punte met Namibië en Zimbabwe uit die kwalifisering geskakel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2014 |title=2014 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:Canada vs. Kenya, Qualifier in Marseille, November 2018.jpg|duimnael|Kenia teen Kanada tydens die rugbywêreldbekerkwalifisering in [[Marseille]] in 2018]]
In Mei 2015 het Kenia vir die eerste keer sedert die Oos-Afrikaanse keurspan se wedstryde in die 1970’s en 1980’s weer teen Europese spanne te staan gekom en [[Portugese nasionale rugbyspan|Portugal]] in ’n toetswedstryd op die RFUEA-veld met 41–15 geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/Kenya-Simbas-go-on-the-rampage-against-Portugal/-/1106/2734944/-/e703u6/-/index.html |title=Kenya Simbas go on the rampage against Portugal |publisher=Daily Nation |date=30 Mei 2015 |accessdate=29 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229213225/https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/Kenya-Simbas-go-on-the-rampage-against-Portugal/-/1106/2734944/-/e703u6/-/index.html |archive-date=29 Desember 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die daaropvolgende Afrikabeker 2015 het die span ná nederlae teen Zimbabwe en Namibië, asook ’n oorwinning oor Tunisië in die derde plek afgesluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2015 |title=2015 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Een jaar later het Kenia tydens die Afrikabeker 2016 as naaswenner agter Namibië geëindig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2016 |title=2016 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ook in 2016 het die [[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] ’n borgskapstransaksie met Sportpesa ter waarde van KES&amp;nbsp;607 miljoen onderteken. Dit is die winsgewendste borgskapstransaksie in die Keniaanse rugbygeskiedenis. Die inkomste sal nie net die sewes- en mansspanne se ontwikkeling steun nie, maar ook die vroue- en jeugspanne s’n.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/Betting-firm-SportPesa-KRU-sign-Sh600m-deal/1106-3303754-6kxx5u/index.html |title=Betting firm SportPesa, KRU sign Sh600m deal |author=Isaac Swila |publisher=Daily Nation |date=20 Julie 2016 |accessdate=29 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229210008/https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/Betting-firm-SportPesa-KRU-sign-Sh600m-deal/1106-3303754-6kxx5u/index.html |archive-date=29 Desember 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016 het die Keniaanse Rugbyunie formeel aansoek gedoen om aan die Suid-Afrikaanse [[Curriebeker]] deel te neem,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2016-09-06-kenya-eye-currie-cup/ |title=Kenya eye Currie Cup |publisher=The Star |author=William Nuguna |date=6 September 2016 |accessdate=29 Desember 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229210007/https://www.the-star.co.ke/sports/2016-09-06-kenya-eye-currie-cup/ |archive-date=29 Desember 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; maar hulle kon geen ooreenkoms met die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie]] bereik nie. Die Afrikabekertoernooie in 2017 en 2018 het gesamentlik as [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2019]]-Afrikakwalifisering gedien en Kenia het albei toernooie tweede agter Namibië geëindig.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2017 |title=2017 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/47?Stagione=2018 |title=2018 Africa Cup |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gevolglik het die span die uitspeelrondte om die laaste plek vir die hooftoernooi gehaal. Tydens die in November 2018 in [[Marseille]] besliste uitspeelrondte is die Keniane egter deur [[Kanadese nasionale rugbyspan|Kanada]], [[Hongkongse nasionale rugbyspan|Hongkong]] en [[Duitse nasionale rugbyspan|Duitsland]] verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/176?Stagione=2019 |title=2019 Rugby World Cup – Qualifiers repechage |publisher=rugbyarchive.net |date=2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nadat die toernooi twee keer vanweë die wêreldwye [[Covid-19-pandemie]] gekanselleer is, het die Keniane wel deelgeneem aan die Afrikabeker 2021/22, wat by uitsteek oor twee jaar gestrek het. Die eerste rondte, wat in 2021 in Nairobi beslis is, het met ’n naelskraapse nederlaag teen Senegal en ’n maklike oorwinning oor Zambië afgeskop, waarmee die Keniane die uitklopfase gehaal het. Om epidemiologiese redes is dit in Julie 2022 in die Franse stede [[Marseille]] en [[Aix-en-Provence]] beslis. Ná hul kwarteindstrydoorwinning oor Uganda en hul naelskraapse halfeindstrydoorwinning oor Algerië is die span egter in die eindstryd deur die Namibiërs verneder.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/731445/qualifier-africa-one-rugby-world-cup-france-2023 |title=Namibia win Rugby Africa Cup to secure place at Rugby World Cup 2023 |publisher=rugbyworldcup.com |date=10 Julie 2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daarmee het die Keniane weer die interkontinentale kwalifisering vir die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2023]] gehaal, wat in [[Doebai (stad)|Doebai]] beslis is. Hulle het dié keer egter teen die [[Verenigde State se nasionale rugbyspan|Verenigde State]], Portugal en Hongkong vasgeval.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/777606/rugby-world-cup-2023-final-qualification-tournament-match-day-three-recap |title=Samuel Marques kicks Portugal to Rugby World Cup 2023 |publisher=rugbyworldcup.com |date=18 November 2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tydens die Afrikabeker 2024 het die Keniane in die halfeindstryd teen Algerië ’n verrassende 12–20-nederlaag gely, waarna hulle in die bronseindstryd teen Namibië met 27–38 vasgeval het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://scrummage.co.ke/2024/07/28/4th-for-kenya-simbas-in-rugby-africa/ |title=4th place for Kenya Simbas in 2024 Rugby Africa Cup after Namibia loss |publisher=[[Rugby Afrika]] |date=28 Julie 2024 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Afrikabeker 2025 was deel van die [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2027]]-kwalifisering, maar Kenia het in die halfeindstryd naelskraap teen die Zimbabwiërs met 23–29 vasgeval en hulle is ook in die bronseindstryd deur die Algeryne met 15–5 geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.world.rugby/news/1001963/zimbabwe-namibia-rugby-africa-cup-final-2025 |title=Zimbabwe hold on to book first Rugby World Cup spot since 1991 |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |date=19 Julie 2025 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kleure, embleem en bynaam ==
[[Lêer:Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg|duimnael|Die [[leeu]], embleem van die Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan]]
Kenia speel tradisioneel in ’n rooi trui met swart-rooi-groen moue, swart broeke en groen-rooi sokkies, die kleure van die [[Vlag van Kenia|nasionale vlag]]. Hul alternatiewe trui is groen met swart-rooi-groen moue, swart broeke en groen-rooi sokkies.

Die huidige truiverskaffer is die Britse sportuitruster [[Umbro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.co.ke/rugby/story/new-era-as-kenya-rugby-union-secure-deal-with-international-kit-makers-2024010509023331673 |title=RUGBY New era as Kenya Rugby Union secure deal with international kit makers |publisher=Pulse Sports |author=Festus Chuma |date=5 Januarie 2024 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; en die truiborg is die Keniaanse dobbelmaatskappy SportPesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/rugby/sportpesa-make-timely-return-to-rugby-sponsorship-4049288 |title=SportPesa make timely return to rugby sponsorship |publisher=[[Daily Nation]] |author=Ayumba Ayodi |date=9 Desember 2022 |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die beheerliggaam se kenteken verskyn op die regterbors, die truiverskaffer se kenteken links en die borgkenteken in die middel.

Die Keniaanse Rugbyunie se kenteken toon ’n Leeu, Kenia se wapendier, en die belettering ''KENYA RUGBY''. Die nasionale span se bynaam is ''Simbas'' ([[Swahili]] vir: “die leeus”).

== Tuisstadion ==
[[Lêer:RFUEA looking SouthWest.png|duimnael|Die [[RFUEA-veld]] in [[Nairobi]], tuiste van Keniaanse rugby]]
Kenia se tuisstadion is die [[RFUEA-veld]] in [[Nairobi]] met ’n kapasiteit van sowat 6&amp;nbsp;000. Dit is in besit van die [[Keniaanse Rugbyunie]] en word vir amper al die tuiswedstryde gebruik. Die Keniaanse regering het intussen grond vir die oprigting van ’n nuwe stadion beskikbaar gestel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rugby-in-africa-much-more-than-the-springboks/a-66042836 |title=Rugby in Africa: Much more than the Springboks |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |author=Jonathan Harding |date=28 Junie 2023 |accessdate=18 Februarie 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toetswedstryde ==
Kenia het 84 van sy 149 toetswedstryde gewen, ’n wenrekord van 56,38%. Kenia se statistieke in toetswedstryde teen alle lande, in alfabetiese volgorde, is soos volg (korrek teen November 2025):&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;orderby=team;team=35;template=results;type=team;view=opposition |title=International Rugby Union Statistics – Kenya |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! Teenstander
! Gespeel
! Gewen
! Verloor
! Gelykop
! % Gewen
|- bgcolor=&quot;#d0ffd0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| {{ALGru}} || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 33,33
|-
| [[Lêer:GCC Flag.svg|20px]] Arabië || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{BOTru}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{BRAru}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{CHIru}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0,00
|-
| {{GERru}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0,00
|-
| {{HKGru}} || 7 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 14,29
|-
| {{CIVru}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{CMRru}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{CANru}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0,00
|-
| {{MADru}} || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 25,00
|-
| {{MARru}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 50,00
|-
| {{MAUru}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{NAMru}} || 15 || 3 || 12 || 0 || 20,00
|-
| {{NIGru}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0,00
|-
| {{PORru}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 50,00
|-
| {{RUSru}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0,00
|-
| {{SENru}} || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 66,67
|-
| {{ESPru}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{vlagland|Tanganjika|1923}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{TUNru}} || 10 || 8 || 2 || 0 || 80,00
|-
| {{UGAru}} || 44 || 30 || 12 || 2 || 68,18
|-
| {{UAEru}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 100,00
|-
| {{ZAMru}} || 8 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 87,50
|-
| {{ZIMru}} || 24 || 9 || 15 || 0 || 37,50
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Algeheel''' || '''149''' || '''84''' || '''61''' || '''4''' || '''56,38'''
|}

== Rekords ==
=== Wêreldbekerrekord ===
Kenia kon tot dusver nog nie vir ’n [[rugbywêreldbeker]]toernooi kwalifiseer nie.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Jaar !! Uitslag
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1987|1987]] || Nie genooi nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1991|1991]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1995|1995]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 1999|1999]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2003|2003]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2007|2007]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2011|2011]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2015|2015]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2019|2019]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2023|2023]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2027|2027]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
| align=center | [[Rugbywêreldbeker 2031|2031]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|}

=== Afrikabeker ===
Kenia neem sedert 2001 aan die jaarlikse Afrikabeker deel. Hulle het sedertdien twee toernooie gewen.
* Titeloorwinnings (2): 2011, 2013

=== Ander toetswedstryde ===
[[Lêer:Elgon Cup 2007.png|duimnael|upright|Die Elgonbeker]]
Vanweë sy laat vestiging in 1981 het Kenia gedurende die amateurtydperk min toere volgens die ou tradisie onderneem, aangesien dit teen die jaar 2000 tot ’n einde gekom het. Deesdae is toetswedstryde teen die spanne van die Noordelike Halfrond tweekeer per jaar moontlik. Gedurende Juniemaand se [[midjaarrugbytoetsreeks]] vertrek Europese spanne na Kenia en gedurende Novembermaand se [[eindjaarrugbytoetsreeks]] reis die Keniane na Europa. As deel daarvan ding Kenia sedert 2004 met Uganda om die Elgonbeker mee (genoem na [[Elgon]], ’n [[berg]] op die grens tussen Kenia en Uganda).&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/news/newsid%3D2033337.html?att=&amp;cid=rssfeed |title=Helen Buteme: A breakthrough year |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |author=Helen Buteme |date=4 September 2009 |accessdate=12 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012033540/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/news/newsid%3D2033337.html?att=&amp;cid=rssfeed |archive-date=12 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buite die Afrikabeker neem die span ook aan die sporadiese Victoriabeker deel, saam met die Oos-Afrikaanse lande Uganda, Zambië en Zimbabwe. Wedstryde teen nie-Afrikaspanne is skaars.

== Spelers ==
=== Huidige span ===
Die volgende spelers het die Keniaanse span gevorm tydens die Rugbywêreldbeker 2023-uitspeelrondte:

{|
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Agterspelers ''(backs)''
|-
! Speler !! Posisie !! Klub
|-
| [[Samuel Asati]] || [[Skrumskakel]] || Kenya Commercial Bank SC
|-
| [[Brian Tanga]] || Skrumskakel || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Samson Onsumu]] || Skrumskakel || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Amon Wamalwa]] || [[Losskakel]] || Homeboyz RC
|-
| [[Geoffrey Ominde]] || Losskakel || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Bryceson Adaka]] || [[Senter]] || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[John Okoth]] || Senter || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Peter Kilonzo]] || Senter || Kenya Commercial Bank SC
|-
| [[Timothy Omela]] || [[Vleuel]] || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Beldad Peter Ogeta Obia]] || Vleuel || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Jacob Ojee]] || Vleuel || Kenya Commercial Bank SC
|-
| [[Geoffrey Okwach]] || Vleuel || Kenya Commercial Bank SC
|-
| [[Darwin Mukidza]] || [[Heelagter]] || Kenya Commercial Bank SC
|}
|
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Voorspelers ''(forwards)''
|-
! Speler !! Posisie !! Klub
|-
| [[Teddy Akala]] || [[Haker]] || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Eugene Sifuna]] || Haker || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Brian Waraba]] || Haker || Kenya Harlequins
|-
| [[Edward Mwaura]] || [[Stut]] || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Joseph Odero]] || Stut || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Ephraim Oduor]] || Stut || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Patrick Ouko]] || Stut || Kenya Commercial Bank RFC
|-
| [[Andrew Simiyu]] || Stut || [[Universiteit van Johannesburg]]
|-
| [[Ian Masheti]] || Stut || Impala Saracens
|-
| [[Brian Juma Otieno]] || [[Slot (rugby)|Slot]] || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Thomas Okeyo Ongera]] || Slot || Universiteit van Johannesburg
|-
| [[Malcolm Onsando]] || Slot || CS Dinamo București
|-
| [[Clinton Odhiambo]] || Slot || Menengai Oilers RC
|-
| [[Daniel Sikuta]] [[Lêer:Captain sports.svg|15px|Kaptein]] || [[Losvoorspeler]] || Kabras Sugar RC
|-
| [[Joshua Weru]] || Losvoorspeler || Northampton Saints
|-
| [[Martin Owilah]] || Losvoorspeler || Kenya Commercial Bank RFC
|-
| [[Bethwel Anami]] || [[Agsteman]] || Strathmore University RFC
|}
|}

=== Bekende spelers ===
Een voormalige Keniaanse speler is vir sy uitstekende prestasie in Wêreldrugby se Heldesaal opgeneem:&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.world.rugby/halloffame/inductees |title=Inductees |publisher=[[Wêreldrugby]] |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Speler !! Posisie !! Inskrywing
|-
| [[Humphrey Kayange]] || [[Senter]] || 2011
|}

=== Spelerstatistieke ===
Vervolgens die belangrikste statistieke van Kenia se spelers. Die spelers wat met &lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; gekenmerk is, is nog aktief en kan hul statistieke verbeter.

&lt;small&gt;(Korrek teen November 2025)&lt;/small&gt;

{|
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Meeste toetswedstryde&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Total matches played (descending) |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot;| Rang !! style=&quot;width:175px&quot;| Naam !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Tydperk !! style=&quot;width:75px&quot;| Toetswedstryde
|-
| {{0}}1 || [[Darwin Mukidza]] || 2015–2021 || 30
|-
| {{0}}2 || [[Moses Amusala]] || 2014–2018 || 27
|-
| {{0}}3 || [[Samson Onsomu]] || 2016–2021 || 25
|-
| {{0}}4 || [[Peter Karia]] || 2015–2018 || 24
|-
| {{0}}5 || [[Oliver Kizito]] || 2014–2018 || 24
|-
| {{0}}6 || [[Tony Opondo]] || 2014–2018 || 24
|-
| {{0}}7 || [[Isaac Adimo]] || 2011–2018 || 21
|-
| {{0}}8 || [[Davis Chenge]] || 2014–2021 || 21
|-
| {{0}}9 || [[Curtis Lilako]] || 2011–2018 || 20
|-
| 10 || [[Martin Owilah]] || 2014–2018 || 19
|}
&lt;!-- |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Meeste toetswedstryde as kaptein&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?captain=1;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Total matches played as captain (descending) |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot;| Rang !! style=&quot;width:175px&quot;| Naam !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Tydperk !! style=&quot;width:75px&quot;| Toetswedstryde
|-
| {{0}}1 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}2 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}3 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}4 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}5 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}6 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}7 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}8 ||  ||  || 
|-
| {{0}}9 ||  ||  || 
|-
| 10 ||  ||  || 
|} --&gt;
|}

{|
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Meeste punte aangeteken&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=points;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Total points scored (descending) |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot;| Rang !! style=&quot;width:175px&quot;| Naam !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Tydperk !! style=&quot;width:75px&quot;| Punte
|-
| {{0}}1 || [[Darwin Kinyangi]] || 2015–2021 || 302
|-
| {{0}}2 || [[Tony Opondo]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}55
|-
| {{0}}3 || [[Davis Chenge]] || 2014–2021 || {{0}}50
|-
| {{0}}4 || [[Jacob Ojee]] || 2015–2018 || {{0}}42
|-
| {{0}}5 || [[Samson Onsomu]] || 2016–2021 || {{0}}35
|-
| {{0}}6 || [[David Ambunya]] || 2011–2017 || {{0}}32
|-
| {{0}}7 || [[Fabian Ogutu]] || 2015–2016 || {{0}}28
|-
| {{0}}8 || [[Samuel Oliech]] || 2015–2018 || {{0}}25
|-
| {{0}}9 || [[Martin Owilah]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}25
|-
| 10 || [[Oliver Kizito]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}22
|}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Meeste drieë gedruk&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=tries;team=35;template=results;type=player |title=Total tries scored (descending) |publisher=ESPNscrum |accessdate=16 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot;| Rang !! style=&quot;width:175px&quot;| Naam !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Tydperk !! style=&quot;width:75px&quot;| Drieë
|-
| {{0}}1 || [[Darwin Kinyangi]] || 2015–2021 || 13
|-
| {{0}}2 || [[Tony Opondo]] || 2014–2018 || 11
|-
| {{0}}3 || [[Davis Chenge]] || 2014–2021 || 10
|-
| {{0}}4 || [[Jacob Ojee]] || 2015–2018 || {{0}}8
|-
| {{0}}5 || [[Samson Onsomu]] || 2016–2021 || {{0}}7
|-
| {{0}}6 || [[David Ambunya]] || 2011–2017 || {{0}}6
|-
| {{0}}7 || [[Martin Owilah]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}5
|-
| {{0}}8 || [[William Ndayara]] || 2018–2018 || {{0}}4
|-
| {{0}}9 || [[Moses Amusala]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}4
|-
| 10 || [[Oliver Kizito]] || 2014–2018 || {{0}}4
|}
|}

== Afrigters ==
Die volgende persone het al as hoofafrigters van die Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan gedien:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Naam !! Tydperk
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Ken Thimba || 2001–2003
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Benjamin Ayimba (tussentyds) || 2003
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Thomas Odundo || 2004–2006
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Manuel Okoth || 2006
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Michael Otieno || 2007–2012
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} Jerome Paarwater || 2013–2017
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Nieu-Seeland}} Ian Snook || 2018–2019
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Kenia}} Paul Odera || 2019–2022
|-
| {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} Jerome Paarwater || sedert 2023
|}

== Sien ook ==
{{Portaal|Rugby|Ru ball.svg}}
* [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Bronnelys ==
* {{en}} {{cite book |author=Huw Richards |title=A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburg |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84596-255-5}}
* {{en}} {{cite book |author=Richard Bath |title=The Complete Book of Rugby |publisher=Seven Oaks |year=1997 |isbn=1-86200-013-1}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Kenya national rugby union team|Keniaanse nasionale rugbyspan}}
* {{en}} [https://www.kru.co.ke/ Amptelike webwerf van die Keniaanse Rugbyunie]
* {{en}} [https://www.world.rugby/organisation/membership/africa/kenya Kenia by Wêreldrugby]

{{Nasionale rugbyspanne}}
{{Normdata}}
{{Voorbladster}}

[[Kategorie:Rugby in Kenia]]
[[Kategorie:Nasionale rugbyspanne van Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>rfjwyxf4126r0l1g54nvf8wtu9w1ps7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Gielen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889592</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
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      <text bytes="13223" sha1="pgdw9tnoqx3ww3t0aio6s9btwg1umr2" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Persoon
| naam                    = Michael Gielen
| beeld                   = Uraufführung der Oper &quot;Ein Traumspiel&quot; von Komponist Aribert Reimann (Kiel 35.663) (cropped to Michael Gielen).jpg
| image_upright           = 1.2
| alt                     = 
| beeldonderskrif         = Gielen in 1965
| geboortenaam            = Michael Andreas Gielen
| geboortedatum           = {{geboortedatum|1927|07|20|df=y}}
| geboorteplek            = [[Dresden]], [[Weimar Republiek|Duitsland]]
| sterfdatum              = {{Geboortedatum en ouderdom|mf=yes|2019|3|08|1927|7|20|df=y}}
| sterfplek               = Mondsee, Oostenryk
| beroep                  = {{Plainlist|
* Dirigent
* Komponis
}}
| opvoeding           = 
| organisasie        = {{plainlist|
* Koninklike Sweedse Opera
* Oper Frankfurt
* Suidwestelike Duitse Radio-simfonieorkes
}}}}
'''Michael Andreas Gielen''' ([[20 Julie]] [[1927]]{{snd}}[[8 Maart]] [[2019]]) was 'n [[Oostenryk]]se [[dirigent]] en [[komponis]] wat 'n voorstander was van kontemporêre musiek in opera en konsertstukke.

Hy het in [[Argentinië]] grootgeword, en aanvanklik in Wene gewerk waarna hy Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) van die Koninklike Sweedse Opera was. Hy het noemenswaardige wêreldpremiéres opgevoer soos György Ligeti se ''Requièm'', Karlheinz Stockhausen se ''Carré'', en Bernd Alois Zimmermann se opera ''Die Soldaten'' en sy ''Requiem für einen jungen Dichter''. Hy het vanaf 1977 tot 1987 aan die hoof gestaan van die Oper Frankfurt, waar hy kontemporêre operas opgevoer het en operas soos Schreker se ''Die Gezeichneten'' laat herleef het. Gedurende die tydperk het die operageselskap een van die voorste operageselskappe geword.

Gielen was ook hoofdirigent van die Belgiese Nasionale Simfonieorkes (1969–1973), die [[Cincinnati Simfonieorkes]] (1980–1986) en die Suidwestelike Duitse Radio-simfonieorkes gewees (1986–1999). As komponis het hy gewerk in die tradisie van die Tweede Weense Skool, en dikwels moderne literatuur getoonset. Baie van sy werke is die eerste keer uitgevoer saam met kunstenaars soos [[Joan Carroll]], Siegfried Palm, Aloys Kontarsky en die [[LaSalle Kwartet]].

== Komposisies ==
Gielen het in 1946 begin komponeer, en het voortgegaan om regdeur sy loopbaan as dirigent te bly komponeer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brachmann&quot; /&gt; Hy was beïnvloed deur die tradisie van die Tweede Weense Skool, en sy klein oeuvre sluit toonsettings van gedigte deur Hans Arp, Paul Claudel, [[Stefan George]], en [[Pablo Neruda]] in.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot; /&gt; Sy ''Die Glocken sind auf falscher Spur'' ná Hans Arp is die eerste keer in 1970 opgevoer, met die sopraan [[Joan Carroll]], die tjellis Siegfried Palm, die pianiste Aloys Kontarsky, Wilhelm Bruck, Christoph Caskel, met die komponis as dirigent tydens die Saarländischer Rundfunk-fees, &quot;Musik im 20.Jahrhundert&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Breitkopf&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot; /&gt; Sy strykkwartet, ''Un vieux souvenir'', ná [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] se ''Les Fleurs du mal'', in 1983 gekomponeer, is die eerste keer in 1985 in [[Cincinnati]] deur die [[LaSalle Kwartet]] opgevoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot; /&gt;

Sy komposisie word gelys deur die Akademie der Künste:&lt;ref name=&quot;Akademie&quot; /&gt;
* 1946 Vioolsonate
* 1948 ''Der Einsame'' vir bas en klavier, na [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* 1949 ''Variations'' vir strykkwartet
* 1950 Korale variasies op &quot;Christus der uns selig macht&quot;
* 1954 ''Musik 1954'' vir baritoon, strykinstrumente, klavier, piano, [[keteltrom]] en tromboon
* 1959 ''Variationen für 40 Instrumente'', vier gedigte deur [[Stefan George]] vir koor en orkes
* 1960–1963 ''Pentaphonie &quot;Un dia sobresale&quot; – &quot;Ein Tag tritt hervor&quot;'' ná [[Pablo Neruda]]
* 1967–1969 ''die Glocken sind auf falscher Spur, Melodramen und Zwischenspiele nach Gedichten von Hans Arp''
* 1971–1974 ''Mitbestimmungsmodell,'' vir orkes en dirigent
* 1976 ''Einige Schwierigkeiten bei der Überwindung der Angst,'' vir orkes
* 1983 ''Un vieux souvenir,'' strykkwartet
* 1988 ''Pflicht und Neigung'' vir blaasinstrumente, perkussie en klawerbordinstrumente
* 1989 ''Rückblick'' vir drie tjellos
* 1991 Sonate vir solotjello
* 2001 ''Klavierstück in sieben Sätzen'' 

== Pryse ==
* 1985: Hessiese Kulturele Prys&lt;ref name=&quot;Musiklexikon&quot; /&gt;
* 1986: Theodor W. Adorno-prys&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot; /&gt;
* 1999: Frankfurter Musikpreis&lt;ref name=&quot;Musiklexikon&quot; /&gt;
* 2006: Duisburger Musikpreis&lt;ref name=&quot;Musiklexikon&quot; /&gt;
* 2010: Ernst von Siemens Musiekprys&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot; /&gt;
* Junie 2010: Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern&lt;ref name=&quot;Akademie&quot; /&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings
| refs =
&lt;ref name=&quot;Brachmann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Brachmann |first=Jan |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buehne-und-konzert/zum-tod-von-michael-gielen-der-vision-eines-elysiums-verweigerte-er-sich-16080055.html |title=Zum Tod von Michael Gielen / Der Vision eines Elysiums verweigerte er sich |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |date=9 Maart 2019 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327023739/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buehne-und-konzert/zum-tod-von-michael-gielen-der-vision-eines-elysiums-verweigerte-er-sich-16080055.html |archive-date=27 Maart 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cite web |last=Hillebrand |url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,2144,2634764,00.html |title=Michael Gielen – &quot;Ich ziehe mich zurück&quot; |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=15 Julie 2007 |access-date=13 Augustus 2015 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930115619/http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,2144,2634764,00.html |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

{{cite web |last=Hutton |first=Mary Ellyn |url=http://www.musicincincinnati.com/site/news_2010/Michael_Gielen_in_Good_Company.html |title=Michael Gielen in Good Company |website=musicincincinnati.com |date=23 Maart 2010 |access-date=13 Augustus 2015 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164622/http://www.musicincincinnati.com/site/news_2010/Michael_Gielen_in_Good_Company.html |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

{{cite news |last=Jacobi |first=Johannes |url=https://www.zeit.de/1965/26/theater |title=Ein Traumspiel / Oper (nach Strindberg) von Aribert Reimann Stadttheater in Kiel |newspaper=Die Zeit |date=25 Junie 1965 |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517202825/http://www.zeit.de/1965/26/theater |archive-date=17 Mei 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

{{cite news |last=Neuhoff |first=Bernhard |url=https://www.br-klassik.de/aktuell/news-kritik/michael-gielen-dirigent-komponist-gestorben-nachruf-100.html |title=Dirigent und Komponist / Zum Tod von Michael Gielen |publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]] |date=8 Maart 2019 |access-date=8 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126183223/https://www.br-klassik.de/aktuell/news-kritik/michael-gielen-dirigent-komponist-gestorben-nachruf-100.html |archive-date=26 Januarie 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;Peters&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Peters |first=Rainer |url=https://www.evs-musikstiftung.ch/en/prize/prize/archive/prize-winner-archive/michael-gielen.html |title=The Ernst von Siemens Music Prize-Winner Michael Gielen |publisher=Ernst von Siemens Musikstiftung |year=2010 |access-date=12 Augustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924173504/http://www.evs-musikstiftung.ch/en/prize/prize/archive/prize-winner-archive/michael-gielen.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cite news |last=Rockwell |first=John |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/28/arts/opera-wagner-s-ring-des-nibelungen-in-nigeria.html |title=Opera: Wagner's 'Ring des Nibelungen' in Nigeria |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 April 1987 |access-date=17 Augustus 2010 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319121309/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/28/arts/opera-wagner-s-ring-des-nibelungen-in-nigeria.html |archive-date=19 Maart 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

{{cite news
| last = Roth
| first = Wilhelm
| url = http://www.fnp.de/nachrichten/kultur/Unermuedlich-trieb-Michael-Gielen-die-Moderne-voran;art679,2715228
| title = Dirigent, der in Frankfurt einst eine Ära begründete, wird 90 Jahre alt: Unermüdlich trieb Michael Gielen die Moderne voran
| newspaper = Frankfurter Neue Presse
| date = 20 Julie 2017
| language = de
| accessdate = 20 Julie 2017
}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2019}}

{{cite news |last=Schreiber |first=Wolfgang |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/dirigent-michael-gielen-komponist-tot-1.4361033 |title=Tod von Michael Gielen / Die Wahrheitsliebe der Musik |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=8 Maart 2019 |access-date=8 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615040001/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/dirigent-michael-gielen-komponist-tot-1.4361033 |archive-date=15 Junie 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;Akademie&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Michael Gielen |url=https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/sektionen/musik/mitglieder.htm?we_objectID=52797 |work=Akademie der Künste |location=Berlin |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422083548/https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/sektionen/musik/mitglieder.htm?we_objectID=52797 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Breitkopf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2019 |title=die glocken sind auf falscher spur |url=https://www.breitkopf.com/work/2655/die-glocken-sind-auf-falscher-spur |work=Breitkopf &amp; Härtel |location=Wiesbaden |access-date=9 Maart 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023044958/https://www.breitkopf.com/work/2655/die-glocken-sind-auf-falscher-spur |archive-date=23 Oktober 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LexM&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Maurer Zenck
|first=Claudia
|editor1-last=Maurer Zenck
|editor1-first=Claudia
|editor2-last=Petersen
|editor2-first=Peter
|editor3-last=Fetthauer
|editor3-first=Sophie
|date=2014
|title=Michael Gielen
|encyclopedia=Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit
|url=https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00003456
|location=Hamburg
|publisher=Universität Hamburg
|access-date=9 Maart 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cite web
| url = https://en.schott-music.com/shop/requiem-fur-einen-jungen-dichter-1.html
| title = Requiem für einen jungen Dichter
| publisher = Schott Music
| year = 15 Desember 1969
| language = German
| accessdate = 26 April 2017
}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;Musiklexikon&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Boisits
|first=Barbara
|date=2019
|title=Gielen, Michael Andreas
|encyclopedia=Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon aanlyn
|url=https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_G/Gielen_Michael.xml
|location=
|publisher=
|access-date=9 Maart 2019
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Bronne ==
* {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=q2339|label=Michael Gielen}}
* [http://www.composers21.com/compdocs/gielenm.htm Michael Gielen] composers21.com
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Gielen-Michael.htm Michael Gielen (Dirigent)] Bach Kantates Webwerf

== Literatuur ==
* Michael Gielen: ''Unbedingt Musik. Erinnerungen.'' Insel, Frankfurt am Main 2005; {{ISBN|3-458-17272-6}}.
* Michael Gielen, Paul Fiebig: ''Mahler im Gespräch. Die zehn Sinfonien.'' Metzler, Stuttgart 2002; {{ISBN|3-476-01933-0}}.

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00003456?wcmsID=0003 Michael Gielen] Universiteit van Hamburg
* [http://db.musicaustria.at/node/54468 Michael Andreas Gielen], Musiekinligtingsentrum, Oostenryk
* {{cite news |last=Eckle |first=Georg Albrecht |date=19 Julie 2007 |title=Der Leuchturm |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/pop/klassik-der-leuchturm/990848.html |work=Der Tagesspiegel |location=Berlyn |language=Duits |access-date=9 Maart 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Koch |first=Gerhard R. |date=Julie 2007 |title=Anti-Schamane / Michael Gielen zum achtzigsten Geburtstag |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084109/http://www.nmz.de/nmz/2007/07/bericht-gielen.shtml |work=neue musikzeitung |location=Regensburg |language=Duits |access-date=9 Maart 2019}}
* {{cite news |last=Weber |first=M. |date=12 Julie 2007 |title=Ein Vermittler, ein Missionar |url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/29/D-Aufmacher |work=Die Zeit |location=Hamburg |language=Duits |access-date=9 Maart 2019}}
* [http://magazin.klassik.com/news/teaser.cfm?ID=11264&amp;nachricht=Michael%20Gielen%20beendet%20Dirigierkarriere &quot;Ehrendirigent des SWR-Sinfonieorchesters legt Taktstock aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nieder&quot;], magazin.klassik.com 30 Oktober 2014
* [http://www.bruceduffie.com/gielen.html Dirigent/Komponis Michael Gielen / Gesprek met Bruce Duffie], 22 Maart 1996

{{start box}}
{{s-culture}}
{{succession box|title=Musiekdirekteur, Belgiese Nasionale Simfonieorkes|before=[[André Cluytens]]|years=1969–1971|after=André Vandernoot}}
{{succession box|title=Hoofdirigent,
Suidwestelike Duitse Radio-simfonieorkes|before=Kazimierz Kord|years=1986–1999|after=Sylvain Cambreling}}
{{end box}}

{{Normdata}}

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  <page>
    <title>Westerse filosofie</title>
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      <text bytes="51120" sha1="gbc6qgoqpad3mw4p2uybqm7qm29y5qr" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:&quot;The School of Athens&quot; by Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino.jpg|duimnael|regs|300px|&quot;Die Skool van Athene&quot; deur [[Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino]].]]

'''Westerse filosofie''' verwys na die [[filosofie]]se denke en werk van die [[Westerse wêreld]]. Histories verwys die term na die filosofiese denke van die Westerse kultuur, beginnend met die Griekse filosofie van die pre-Sokratici soos [[Thales van Milete]] (ca. 624 – ca. 546 vC) en [[Pythagoras]] (ca. 570 – ca. 495 vC), en wat uiteindelik 'n groot deel van die wêreld dek.&lt;ref&gt;Kenny, Anthony, ''A New History of Western Philosophy'', Hoofstuk 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gottlieb, Anthony, ''The Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance'', 1ste Uitgawe, Hoofstukke 1 en 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Die woord filosofie self is afkomstig van die Antieke Griekse filosofie (φιλοσοφία), letterlik, &quot;die liefde van wysheid&quot; (φιλεῖν ''phileîn'', &quot;om lief te hê&quot; en σοφία ''sophía'', &quot;wysheid&quot;).

Westerse filosofie, wat dikwels bloot as &quot;filosofie&quot; verwys word, staan as 'n hoeksteen van menslike intellektuele geskiedenis, wat die ontwikkeling van idees, samelewings en kulture oor millennia heen beïnvloed. Dit is gewortel in [[antieke Griekeland]] en het voortgegaan om te ontwikkel in verskeie vorme. Vandag verteenwoordig dit 'n diepgaande soeke om die fundamentele vrae oor bestaan, [[kennis]], [[etiek]] en om die aard van die [[werklikheid]] te verstaan. Dit sluit 'n uitgebreide korpus van gedagtes oor die maniere waarop ons dink, redeneer en die wêreld om ons waarneem in.

Die omvang van die filosofie in sy antieke betekenis, en die geskrifte van (ten minste sommige van) die antieke filosowe, was almal intellektuele pogings. Dit sluit die probleme van die filosofie in soos dit vandag verstaan word; maar dit bevat ook baie ander dissiplines, soos suiwer [[wiskunde]] en [[natuurwetenskap]]pe soos [[fisika]], [[sterrekunde]] en [[biologie]] ([[Aristoteles]], byvoorbeeld, het oor al hierdie onderwerpe geskryf). Hierdie artikel spoor sy oorsprong, groot bewegings, invloedryke denkers en blywende bydraes tot menslike denke na. Van die grondliggende ondersoeke van die pre-Sokratiese filosowe tot die kompleksiteit van kontemporêre debatte, het Westerse filosofie 'n deurlopende dialoog aangebied wat die dieptes van menslike [[bewussyn]] en die verwikkeldheid van ons plek in die [[heelal]] ondersoek. Dit verteenwoordig 'n intellektuele reis wat die sleuteltemas, figure en ontwikkelings ondersoek wat Westerse filosofie deur die eeue gedefinieer het.

== Antiek ==
=== Pre-Sokratiese periode ===
[[Lêer:Turkey ancient region map ionia.JPG|duimnael|Ionië, bron van vroeë Griekse filosofie, in Klein Wes-Asië]]
In die pre-Sokratiese periode het antieke filosowe vrae oor die ''archḗ'' (oorsaak of eerste beginsel) van die [[heelal]] geartikuleer. Die Westerse filosofie begin gewoonlik in die Griekse stede van [[Klein-Asië]] in Ionië, met [[Thales van Miletus]], wat aktief was van ongeveer 585 vC en was verantwoordelik vir die ''opaque dictum'' &quot;alles is water.&quot; Sy bekendste studente was onderskeidelik [[Anaximander]] (&quot;alles is ''apeiron''&quot;, wat ongeveer &quot;die onbeperkte&quot; beteken) en [[Anaximenes]] van Miletus (&quot;alles is lug&quot;).

[[Pythagoras]], van die eiland Samos aan die kus van [[Ionië]], het later in Croton in die suide van Italië ([[Magna Graecia]]) gewoon. Pythagoreërs glo dat 'alles getal' is en formele verhale word vertel in teenstelling met die vorige [[materialisme]] van die Ioniërs. Hulle glo ook in metempsigose, die oordrag van siele of [[reïnkarnasie]].

=== Klassieke periode ===
==== Sokrates ====
[[Lêer:P philosophy1.png|links|duimnael|[[Borsbeeld]] van Sokrates, Romeinse kopie van 'n Griekse oorspronklike uit die 4de eeu v.C.]]
[[Sokrates]] is 'n sleutelfiguur in die Griekse filosofie. Sokrates het onder verskillende sofiste gestudeer, maar het die Griekse filosofie omskep in 'n tak van filosofie wat vandag nog gevolg word. Daar word gesê dat hy na 'n besoek aan die [[Orakel van Delphi]] 'n groot deel van sy lewe deurgebring het om enige iemand in [[Athene]] te ondervra wat met hom gesprek sou voer, om die orakel profesie te weerlê dat daar geen wyser mens as Sokrates sou wees nie.&lt;ref&gt;West, Thomas G., and Platon. ''Plato's Apology of Socrates: an interpretation, with a new translation''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979.&lt;/ref&gt; Sokrates het 'n kritiese benadering genaamd die ''elenchus'' of Sokratiese metode gebruik om mense se siening te ondersoek. Hy het daarop gemik om menslike aangeleenthede te bestudeer: die goeie lewe, [[geregtigheid]], [[skoonheid]] en deug. Alhoewel Sokrates niks self geskryf het nie, het sommige van sy vele dissipels sy gesprekke neergeskryf. Hy is deur die demokratiese Griekse stadstaat verhoor omdat hy na bewering die jeug gekorrupteer het en is ook van onbehoorlikheid beskuldig. Hy is skuldig bevind en ter dood veroordeel. Alhoewel sy vriende aangebied het om hom uit die gevangenis te laat ontsnap, het hy verkies om in Athene te bly en by sy beginsels te hou. Sy teregstelling het bestaan uit die drink van die gif en hy is in 399 vC oorlede.

==== Plato ====
[[Plato]] was 'n student van Sokrates. Plato stig die Akademie van Athene en skryf 'n aantal dialoë wat die Sokratiese metode van ondersoek toegepas het om filosofiese probleme te ondersoek. Sommige sentrale idees in die dialoë van Plato is die onsterflikheid van die [[siel]], die voordele daarvan om regverdig te wees, dat boosheid onkunde is en die teorie van vorms. Vorms is universele eienskappe wat ware werklikheid uitmaak en kontrasteer met die veranderlike materiële dinge wat hy &quot;wording&quot; genoem het.

==== Aristoteles ====
[[Lêer:Aristotle-Raphael.JPG|duimnael|Aristoteles in die skool van Athene, geskilder deur [[Raphael]]]]
[[Aristoteles]] was 'n leerling van Plato. Aristoteles was miskien die eerste werklik sistematiese filosoof en [[wetenskaplike]]. Hy het geskryf oor [[fisika]], [[biologie]], [[dierkunde]], [[metafisika]], [[estetika]], [[poësie]], [[teater]], [[musiek]], [[retoriek]], [[politiek]] en [[logika]]. Aristoteliese logika was die eerste soort logika wat probeer het om elke geldige silogisme te kategoriseer. Aristoteles het [[Alexander die Grote]] opgevoed, wat op sy beurt vinnig 'n groot deel van die antieke wêreld verower het. Hellenisering en Aristoteliaanse filosofie het groot invloed op byna alle daaropvolgende Westerse en Midde-Oosterse filosowe uitgeoefen, waaronder Hellenistiese, Romeinse, Bisantynse, Westerse Middeleeuse, Joodse en Islamitiese denkers.

=== Helleniestiese periode ===
Na Sokrates het 'n verskeidenheid denkrigtings ontstaan. Benewens Plato se Akademie en Aristoteles se [[Peripatetiese skool]], het ander denkrigtings afgelei van die Sokratiese filosofie ook die Akademiese Skeptici, die Sinici, die Sireneïese, die [[Stoïsisme]] en die Neoplatoniste ingesluit. Daarbenewens het twee nie-Sokratiese skole afgelei van die leer van die hedendaagse [[Demokritus]] van Sokrates gefloreer, [[Pyrrho van Elis| Pyrrhonisme]] en [[Epikurus|Epikureanisme]].

=== Romeinse periode ===
Die Romeinse filosofie is sterk beïnvloed deur die tradisies van die Griekse filosofie. 'n Deeglike studie van die Griekse filosofie is die eerste keer deur [[Cicero]] bekendgestel. In die keisertye was Epikureanisme en Stoïsisme veral gewild, veral laasgenoemde, soos voorgestel deur die werke van [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca|Seneca die jongere]] en [[Marcus Aurelius]].

== Middeleeue ==
[[Lêer:Champaigne, Philippe de - Saint Augustin - 1645-1650.jpg|links|duimnael|Sint Augustinus was die grootste filosoof van die vroeë Middeleeue]]
[[Lêer:Anselm of Canterbury, seal.svg|duimnael|Sint [[Anselmus van Kantelberg]] word beskou as die stigter van [[skolastiek]].]]
Middeleeuse filosofie strek ongeveer van die kerstening van die [[Romeinse Ryk]] tot die [[Renaissance]].&lt;ref&gt;Frederick Copleston, ''A History of Philosophy'', ''Volume II: From Augustine to Scotus'' (Burns &amp; Oates, 1950), bl. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Middeleeuse filosofie word deels gedefinieer deur die herontdekking en verdere ontwikkeling van die klassieke Griekse en Hellenistiese filosofie, en deels deur die behoefte om [[teologie]]se probleme aan te spreek en die destyds wydverspreide heilige leerstellings van die Abrahamitiese godsdientes ([[Islam]], [[Judaïsme]] en [[Christendom]]) te integreer met die sekulêre leerstellings. Vroeë-Middeleeuse filosofie is beïnvloed deur die aard van Stoïsme, Neoplatonisme, maar veral die filosofie van Plato self.

Die Karolingiese Renaissance van die 8ste en 9de eeu is gevoed deur kerklike sendelinge wat uit [[Ierland]] gereis het, veral Johannes Scotus Eriugena, 'n neoplatoniese filosoof.

Die moderne universiteitstelsel het oorsprong in die Europese Middeleeuse universiteit, wat in [[Italië]] geskep is en ontwikkel het uit die Katolieke katedraal skole vir die geestelikes gedurende die laat Middeleeue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Haskins | first1 = Charles H. | year = 1898 | title = The Life of Medieval Students as Illustrated by their Letters | url = | journal = The American Historical Review | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 203–229 | doi=10.2307/1832500| jstor = 1832500 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Thomas Aquinas]], 'n akademiese filosoof en die vader van Thomisme, was uiters invloedryk in die Katolieke Europa. Hy plaas 'n groot klem op rede en beredenering, en was een van die eerstes wat die nuwe vertalings van Aristoteles se metafisiese en epistemologiese werke gebruik het.

Filosowe uit die [[Middeleeue]] sluit die Christelike filosowe [[Augustinus van Hippo]], Boethius, Anselm, Gilbert de la Porrée, [[Petrus Abaelardus]], Roger Bacon, [[Bonaventura (Giovanni di Fidanza)]], Thomas Aquinas, [[Johannes Duns Scotus]],[[Willem van Ockham]] en Jean Buridan in; die Joodse filosowe [[Maimonides]] en Gersonides; en die Moslem-filosowe Alkindus, Alfarabi, Alhazen, [[Avicenna]], Algazel, Avempace, Abubacer, [[Ibn Khaldun]] en [[Averroes]]. Die middeleeuse tradisie van [[skolastiek]] het steeds laat in die 17de eeu gefloreer, deur figure soos Francisco Suárez en Johannes van St. Thomas.

== Renaissance ==
[[Lêer:Holbein-erasmus.jpg|links|duimnael|[[Desiderius Erasmus]] word beskou as die &quot;Prins van die Humaniste&quot;]]
Die [[Renaissance]] ('wedergeboorte') was 'n periode van oorgang tussen die Middeleeue en moderne denke,&lt;ref&gt;Schmitt &amp; Skinner , 1988 ''The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy'', bl. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; waarin die herstel van klassieke tekste gehelp het om die filosofiese belangstellings weg te skuif van tegniese studies in logika, metafisika en teologie na eklektiese ondersoeke na moraliteit, [[filologie]] en die mistieke.&lt;ref name=&quot;philosophies&quot;&gt;Frederick Copleston, ''A History of Philosophy, Volume III: From Ockham to Suarez'' (The Newman Press, 1953), bl. 18: &quot;When one looks at Renaissance philosophy … one is faced at first sight with a rather bewildering assortment of philosophies.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;renaissance3&quot;&gt;Brian Copenhaver and Charles Schmitt, ''Renaissance Philosophy'' (Oxford University Press, 1992), bl. 4: &quot;one may identify the hallmark of Renaissance philosophy as an accelerated and enlarged interest, stimulated by newly available texts, in primary sources of Greek and Roman thought that were previously unknown or partially known or little read.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Die bestudering van die klassieke en menslike kunste, soos [[geskiedenis]] en [[letterkunde]], geniet 'n wetenskaplike belangstelling wat tot dusver onbekend was in die Christendom, 'n neiging waarna verwys word as die [[humanisme]]. Die humaniste het die middeleeuse belangstelling in metafisika en logika verdring deur die skyfstyl van [[Francesco Petrarca]] te volg en die [[mens]] en sy deugde die fokus van filosofie te maak.&lt;ref&gt;Cassirer; Kristeller; Randall, eds. (1948). &quot;Introduction&quot;. ''The Renaissance Philosophy of Man''. University of Chicago Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Op die punt na die beweging van die Renaissance na die vroeë / klassieke moderne filosofie, is dialoog gebruik as 'n primêre skryfstyl deur Renaissance-filosowe, soos [[Giordano Bruno]].&lt;ref&gt;James Daniel Collins, ''Interpreting Modern Philosophy'', Princeton University Press, 2015, bl. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die mate waartoe die Renaissance-intellektuele geskiedenis deel uitmaak van die moderne filosofie word betwis.&lt;ref&gt;Brian Leiter (ed.), ''The Future for Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 2006, bl. 44&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moderne filosofie ==
[[Lêer:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes (cropped).jpg|duimnael|René Descartes]]
Die term &quot;moderne filosofie&quot; het veelvuldige gebruike. [[Thomas Hobbes]] word byvoorbeeld soms beskou as die eerste moderne filosoof omdat hy 'n sistematiese metode op [[politieke filosofie]] toegepas het.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy''&quot;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.&lt;/ref&gt; In teenstelling hiermee word [[René Descartes]] dikwels beskou as die eerste moderne filosoof omdat hy sy filosofie gegrond het in probleme van kennis, eerder as metafisika.&lt;ref&gt;Diane Collinson (1987). ''Fifty Major Philosophers, A Reference Guide.'' bl. 125.&lt;/ref&gt;

Moderne filosofie en veral die [[Verligting]]filosofie,&lt;ref&gt;Donald Rutherford, ''The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) bl. xiii&lt;/ref&gt; word onderskei deur die toenemende onafhanklikheid van tradisionele owerhede soos die Kerk, Akademie en AristotelianismeSteven Nadler, &lt;ref&gt;''A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy'', 2008, bl. 1–2&lt;/ref&gt;; 'n nuwe fokus op die grondslae van kennis en metafisiese stelselbou en die ontstaan van moderne [[fisika]] uit die [[natuurfilosofie]].&lt;ref&gt;Kenny, A. ''New History of Western Philosophy,'' vol. 3, bl. 211&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vroeë moderne periode (17de en 18de eeue) ===
[[Lêer:John Locke Crop.png|links|duimnael|John Locke]]
Sommige sentrale onderwerpe van die Westerse filosofie in die vroeë moderne (ook klassieke moderne)&lt;ref&gt;Jeffrey Tlumak, ''Classical Modern Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction'', Routledge, 2006, bl. xi&lt;/ref&gt; periode sluit die aard van die [[gees (mens)|gees]] en die verhouding daarvan tot die [[liggaam]] in, die implikasies van die nuwe natuurwetenskappe vir tradisionele teologiese onderwerpe soos [[vrye wil]] en God, en die opkoms van 'n sekulêre basis vir morele en politieke filosofie.&lt;ref&gt;Kenny, ''A New History of Western Philosophy'', vol. 3, bl. 212–331.&lt;/ref&gt; Hierdie tendense val eerstens opvallend in die oproep van [[Francis Bacon (wetenskaplike, 1561)|Francis Bacon]] vir 'n nuwe, [[Empirisme|empiriese]] program vir die uitbreiding van kennis, en het spoedig 'n groot invloed gehad op die meganiese fisika en die rasionalistiese metafisika van René Descartes.&lt;ref&gt;Nadler, ''A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy'' bl. 2–3&lt;/ref&gt;

Ander noemenswaardige moderne filosowe sluit [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[John Locke]], [[George Berkeley]], [[David Hume]] en [[Immanuel Kant]] in.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Schacht, ''Classical Modern Philosophers: Descartes to Kant'', Routledge, 2013, bl. 1&lt;/ref&gt; Baie ander bydraers was filosowe, wetenskaplikes, mediese dokters en politici. 'n Kort lys bevat [[Galileo Galilei]], Pierre Gassendi, [[Blaise Pascal]], Nicolas Malebranche, [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], [[Christiaan Huygens]], [[Isaac Newton]], Christian Wolff, [[Charles Montesquieu]], Pierre Bayle, [[Thomas Reid]], Jean le Rond d'Alembert, [[Adam Smith]], en [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].

Die benaderde einde van die vroeë moderne periode word meestal geïdentifiseer met die sistematiese poging van Kant om metafisika te beperk, wetenskaplike kennis te regverdig en beide met moraliteit en [[vryheid]] te versoen.&lt;ref&gt;Kenny, A. ''New History of Western Philosophy,'' vol. 3, bl. xiii&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Laat moderne periode (19de eeu) ===
[[Lêer:Nietzsche187a.jpg|duimnael|Friedrich Nietzsche in 1875]]
Laat-moderne filosofie word gewoonlik geag die begin van die kernjaar van 1781, toe Gotthold Ephraim Lessing te sterwe kom en Immanuel Kant se [[Kritiek van Reine Beredening]] verskyn het.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Ameriks, ''Kant's Elliptical Path'', Oxford University Press, 2012, bl. 307&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Duitse filosofie het in hierdie eeu 'n groot invloed uitgeoefen, deels te danke aan die oorheersing van die Duitse universiteitsstelsel.&lt;ref&gt;Baldwin, 2003, ''Western philosophy'', bl. 4&lt;/ref&gt; Duitse idealiste, soos [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], en die lede van die Jena-romantiek ([[Friedrich Hölderlin]], [[Novalis]], en [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]]), het die werk van Kant getransformeer deur te beweer dat die wêreld saamgestel is deur 'n rasionele of geestegenoot prosesse, en as sodanig geheel en al kenbaar is.&lt;ref&gt;Beiser, Frederick C., ''The Cambridge Companion to Hegel'' (Cambridge, 1993), bl.2&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] se identifisering van hierdie wêreldkonstituerende proses as 'n irrasionele wil om te leef, het die latere denke van die 19de en vroeë 20ste eeu beïnvloed, soos die werk van [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].

Die 19de eeu het die radikale opvattinge van selforganisasie en intrinsieke orde vanuit die Goethese wetenskap en die Kantiaanse metafisika geneem, en het voortgegaan om 'n lang uitbreiding te ontwikkel oor die spanning tussen sistematisering en organiese ontwikkeling. Die belangrikste was die werk van Hegel, wie se ''Phenomenology of Spirit'' (1807) en ''Science of Logic'' (1813–16) 'n &quot;[[Dialektiek|dialektiese]]&quot; raamwerk vir die ordening van kennis opgelewer het.

[[Lêer:Arthur Schopenhauer colorized.jpg|links|duimnael|Arthur Schopenhauer]]
Soos met die 18de eeu, het wetenskaplike ontwikkelings ontstaan uit filosofie en ook die filosofie uitgedaag: die belangrikste was die werk van [[Charles Darwin]], wat gebaseer was op die idee van organiese selfregulering wat by filosowe soos Smith gevind is, maar gevestigde opvattings fundamenteel uitgedaag het.

Na die dood van Hegel in 1831 draai die 19de-eeuse filosofie grotendeels teen [[idealisme]] ten gunste van verskillende vorme van filosofiese [[Naturalisme (filosofie)|naturalisme]], soos die positivisme van [[Auguste Comte]], die empirisme van [[John Stuart Mill]] en die [[historiese materialisme]] van [[Karl Marx]]. [[Logika]] het sedert die ontstaan van die dissipline 'n periode van die belangrikste verbeterings begin, aangesien toenemende wiskundige presisie die hele veld van afleidings tot formalisering in die werk van [[George Boole]] en [[Gottlob Frege]] geopen het.&lt;ref&gt;Baldwin, 2003, ''Western philosophy,'' bl. 119&lt;/ref&gt; Ander filosowe wat gedagtes begin het om die filosofie in die 20ste eeu te vorm, is:

* Gottlob Frege en Henry Sidgwick, wie se onderskeie werk in logika en etiek, die instrumente verskaf het vir vroeë [[analitiese filosofie]].
* Charles Sanders Peirce en William James, wat pragmatisme gestig het.
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]] en [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], wat die grondslag gelê het vir [[eksistensialisme]] en post-strukturalisme.

== Hedendaagse periode (20ste en 21ste eeu) ==
[[Lêer:Heidegger color picture.jpg|links|duimnael|Martin Heidegger]]
Die drie belangrikste kontemporêre benaderings tot akademiese filosofie is [[analitiese filosofie]], [[kontinentale filosofie]] en pragmatisme.&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Joll, [http://www.iep.utm.edu/con-meta/ &quot;Contemporary Metaphilosophy&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Hulle is nie ten volle verteenwoordig nie of onderling uitsluitend nie.

Die 20ste eeu hanteer die omwentelinge wat geproduseer word deur 'n reeks konflikte binne die filosofiese diskoers oor die basis van kennis, met die omverwerping van klassieke sekerhede, en nuwe sosiale, ekonomiese, wetenskaplike en logiese probleme. Die filosofie van die 20ste eeu was opgestel vir 'n reeks pogings om ouer kennisstelsels te hervorm en te bewaar, en dit te verander of af te skaf. Seminale figure sluit [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger]] en [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] in. Die publikasie van Husserl se ''Logical Investigations'' (1900–1) en Russell se ''The Principles of Mathematics'' (1903) word beskou as die begin van die 20ste-eeuse filosofie.&lt;ref&gt;''Spindel Conference 2002 – 100 Years of Metaethics. The Legacy of G.E. Moore'', University of Memphis, 2003, bl. 165.&lt;/ref&gt; In die 20ste eeu was daar ook toenemende professionalisering van die dissipline en die begin van die huidige (kontemporêre) era van filosofie.&lt;ref&gt;M.E. Waithe (ed.), ''A History of Women Philosophers: Volume IV: Contemporary Women Philosophers, 1900-Today'', Springer, 1995.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sedert die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] is kontemporêre filosofie meestal verdeel in analitiese en kontinentale tradisies; eersgenoemde word in die Engelssprekende wêreld geskep en laasgenoemde op die kontinent van [[Europa]]. Die waargenome konflik tussen kontinentale en analitiese filosofiese skole is steeds prominent, ondanks toenemende skeptisisme oor die bruikbaarheid van die onderskeid.

=== Analitiese filosofie ===
{{Hoofartikel|Analitiese filosofie}}
[[Lêer:Bertrand Russell 1954.jpg|duimnael|Bertrand Russel in 1954]]
In die Engelssprekende wêreld het analitiese filosofie die dominante skool geword vir 'n groot deel van die 20ste eeu. Die term &quot;analitiese filosofie&quot; wys rofweg na 'n groep filosofiese metodes wat gedetailleerde beredenering, aandag aan [[semantiek]], gebruik van klassieke logika en nie-klassieke logika en duidelike betekenis bo alle ander kriteria benadruk. Alhoewel die beweging uitgebrei het, was dit in die eerste helfte van die eeu 'n samehangende skool. Analitiese filosowe is sterk gevorm deur die [[logiese positivisme]], verenig deur die idee dat filosofiese probleme deur die aandag aan logika en [[taal]] opgelos moet en moes word.

[[Bertrand Russell]] en [[George Edward Moore]] word ook gereeld gereken as die stigters van die analitiese filosofie, beginnend met hul verwerping van die Britse idealisme, hul verdediging van realisme en die klem wat hulle op die wettigheid van analise gelê het. Russell se klassieke werke ''The Principles of Mathematics'',&lt;ref&gt;Spindel Conference 2002 – 100 Years of Metaethics. ''The Legacy of G.E. Moore'', University of Memphis, 2003, bl. 165&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;''On Denoting''&quot; en ''Principia Mathematica'' (met [[Alfred North Whitehead]]), het behalwe om die gebruik van wiskundige logika in filosofie sterk te bevorder, die grondslag gelê vir 'n groot deel van die navorsingsprogram in die vroeë stadiums van die analitiese tradisie, met die klem op probleme soos: die verwysing van eiename, of 'bestaan' 'n eienskap is, die aard van stellings, die ontleding van definitiewe beskrywings en besprekings oor die grondslag van wiskunde. Hierdie werke ondersoek ook kwessies van ontologiese toewyding en metafisiese probleme rakende tyd, die aard van [[materie]], verstand, volharding en verandering, wat Russell dikwels met behulp van wiskundige logika aangepak het.

[[Lêer:Gottlob Frege (Emil Tesch).png|links|duimnael|Gottlob Frege]]
[[Gottlob Frege]] se ''The Foundations of Arithmetic'' (1884) was volgens Michael Dummett (''Origins of Analytical Philosophy'', 1993) die eerste analitiese werk. Frege het 'die taalkundige weg' geneem en filosofiese probleme deur middel van taal ontleed. Sommige analitiese filosowe huldig die mening dat filosofiese probleme ontstaan as gevolg van misbruik van taal of as gevolg van misverstande van die logika van menslike taal.

In 1921 publiseer [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], wat onder Russell aan [[Cambridge]] studeer het, sy ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'', wat 'n rigiede &quot;logiese&quot; weergawe van taalkundige en filosofiese kwessies gee. Jare later het hy 'n aantal posisies verander wat hy in die ''Tractatus'' uiteengesit het, byvoorbeeld sy tweede groot werk, ''Philosophical Investigations'' (1953). Ondersoeke was van invloed op die ontwikkeling van 'gewone taalfilosofie', wat hoofsaaklik deur [[Gilbert Ryle]] en J. L. Austin bevorder is.

In die [[Verenigde State]] het die filosofie van [[Willard Van Orman Quine]] intussen 'n groot invloed gehad, met die artikel &quot;''Two Dogmas of Empiricism''&quot;. In daardie artikel kritiseer Quine die onderskeid tussen analitiese en sintetiese stellings en voer aan dat 'n duidelike opvatting van analitiesheid nie haalbaar is nie.

[[Lêer:Patricia Churchland at STEP 2005 a.jpg|duimnael|Patricia Churchland in 2005]]
Bekende studente van Quine sluit in Donald Davidson en [[Daniel Dennett]]. Die latere werk van Russell en die filosofie van Willard Van Orman Quine is invloedryke voorbeelde van die naturalistiese benadering wat oorheersend was in die tweede helfte van die 20ste eeu. Die uiteenlopende aard van analitiese filosofie vanaf die 1970's negeer maklike veralgemening: die naturalisme van Quine en sy ''epigoni'' word in sommige gebiede vervang deur 'n &quot;nuwe metafisika&quot; van moontlike wêrelde, soos in die invloedryke werk van David Lewis. Onlangs het die eksperimentele filosofiebeweging probeer om filosofiese probleme deur middel van sosiale wetenskaplike navorsingstegnieke te beoordeel.

Enkele invloedryke figure in die hedendaagse analitiese filosofie is: Timothy Williamson, David Lewis, [[John Searle]], Thomas Nagel, [[Hilary Putnam]], Michael Dummett, John McDowell, Saul Kripke, Peter van Inwagen en Patricia Churchland.

Analitiese filosofie word soms daarvan beskuldig dat dit nie tot die politieke debat of tradisionele vrae in [[estetika]] bygedra het nie. Met die verskyning van ''A Theory of Justice'' deur [[John Rawls]] en ''Anarchy, State and Utopia'' deur [[Robert Nozick]], het analitiese politieke filosofie egter respek bekom. Analitiese filosowe het ook diepte getoon in hul ondersoeke na estetika, met [[Roger Scruton]], Nelson Goodman, Arthur Danto en ander wat die onderwerp tot sy huidige vorm ontwikkel het.

=== Kontinentale filosofie ===
{{Hoofartikel|Kontinentale filosofie}}
[[Lêer:Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt (cropped).jpg|links|duimnael|Sigmund Freud]]
Kontinentale filosofie is 'n reeks filosofiese tradisies uit die 19de en 20ste eeu uit die vasteland van Europa. Die 20ste-eeuse bewegings soos [[Duitse idealisme]], [[fenomenologie]], [[eksistensialisme]], moderne [[hermeneutiek]] (die teorie en metodologie van interpretasie), kritiese teorie, [[strukturalisme]], post-strukturalisme en andere is onder hierdie los kategorie. Alhoewel die identifisering van 'n nie-triviale gemeenskaplike faktor in al hierdie denkrigtings waarskynlik kontroversieel is, het Michael E. Rosen 'n paar algemene kontinentale temas veronderstel: dat die [[natuurwetenskap]]pe nie die menslike wetenskappe kan vervang nie; dat die denker beïnvloed word deur die ervaringsomstandighede ('n mens se plek en tyd in die geskiedenis); dat filosofie teoreties en prakties is; dat metafilosofie of besinning oor die metodes en aard van die filosofie self 'n belangrike deel van die filosofie is.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Rosen, &quot;''Continental Philosophy from Hegel''&quot;, in A. C. Grayling (ed.), ''Philosophy 2: Further through the Subject'', Oxford University Press (1998), bl. 665.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die stigter van fenomenologie, [[Edmund Husserl]], het probeer om [[bewussyn]] te bestudeer soos ervaar van 'n eerste persoon perspektief, terwyl [[Martin Heidegger]] op die idees van Kierkegaard, Nietzsche en Husserl voortgebou het om 'n onkonvensionele eksistensiële benadering tot [[ontologie]] voor te stel.

Fenomenologiese georiënteerde metafisika onderlê Eksistensialisme — Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], [[Albert Camus]] – en uiteindelik post-strukturalisme – [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Jean-François Lyotard]] (veral bekend vir sy artikulasie van [[postmodernisme]]), [[Michel Foucault]], [[Jacques Derrida]] (bekendste vir die ontwikkeling van 'n vorm van semiotiek analise bekend as [[dekonstruksie]]). Die psigoanalitiese werk van [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Jacques Lacan]], [[Julia Kristeva]], en ander is ook invloedryk in kontemporêre kontinentale denke. Aan die ander kant het filosowe probeer om ouer tradisies van filosofie te definieer en te rehabiliteer. Die meeste, [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]] en Alasdair MacIntyre het beide, al is dit op verskillende maniere, herleef die tradisie van Aristotelisme.

==== Eksistentialisme ====
{{Hoofartikel|Eksistensialisme}}
[[Lêer:Kierkegaard.jpg|duimnael|Søren Kierkegaard]]
Eksistensialisme is 'n term wat toegepas word op die werk van 'n aantal laat 19de-en 20ste-eeuse filosowe wat, ten spyte van diepgaande leerstellige verskille,&lt;ref&gt;John Macquarrie, ''Existentialism'', New York (1972), bl. 18–21.&lt;/ref&gt; die siening deel dat filosofiese denke begin met menslike onderwerpe en nie net denke onderwerpe nie. Die waarnemende, gevoel en die lewende menslike individu is sentraal.In eksistensialisme, word die individu se beginpunt gekenmerk deur wat genoem word &quot;die eksistensiële houding &quot;, of 'n gevoel van disoriëntasie en verwarring in die gesig staar van 'n skynbaar betekenislose of absurde wêreld.&lt;ref&gt;Robert C. Solomon, ''Existentialism'' (McGraw-Hill, 1974), bl 1–2.&lt;/ref&gt; Baie eksistensialiste het ook tradisionele sistematiese of akademiese filosofie, in beide styl en inhoud, as te abstrak en afgeleë van tasbare menslike ervaring beskou.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst Breisach, ''Introduction to Modern Existentialism'', New York (1962), bl. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alhoewel hulle nie die term gebruik het nie, is die 19de-eeuse filosowe [[Søren Kierkegaard]] en [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] wyd beskou as die &quot;Vaders van Eksistensialisme&quot;. Hul invloed het egter uitgebrei na meer as die eksistensialistiese denke.&lt;ref&gt;Matustik, Martin J. (1995). ''Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity''. Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-253-20967-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Duitse idealisme ====
{{Hoofartikel|Duitse idealisme}}
[[Lêer:Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg|links|duimnael|Immanuel Kant]]
Duitse idealisme het na vore gekom in [[Duitsland]] in die laat 18de en vroeë 19de eeue. Dit het ontwikkel uit die werk van [[Immanuel Kant]] in die 1780s en 1790s.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick C. Beiser, ''German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801,'' Harvard University Press, 2002, Deel I.&lt;/ref&gt; Kant het sy Kritiek van Reine Beredening (1781) geskryf in 'n poging om die teenstrydige benaderings van [[rasionalisme]] en [[empirisme]] te versoen, en om 'n nuwe grondslag te vestig vir die bestudering van die [[metafisika]].

Hoewel Kant glo dat objektiewe [[kennis]] van die wêreld vereis dat die verstand 'n konsepsuele of kategoriese raamwerk op die stroom van suiwer sensoriese data toe te pas, ingesluit van ruimte en [[tyd]] ditself, het hy volgehou dat “dinge-in-hulself” bestaan, onafhanklik van menslike persepsies en uitsprake. Hy was dus nie 'n idealis in 'n eenvoudige sin nie. Kant se siening van “dinge-in-hulself” is beide omstrede en hoogs kompleks. In die voortsetting van sy werk het [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] en [[Friedrich Schelling]] weggedoen met geloof in die onafhanklike bestaan van die wêreld, en het 'n grondige idealistiese filosofie.

Die opvallendste werk van absolute idealisme was [[G.W.F. Hegel]] se ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', van 1807. Hegel erken dat sy idees nie nuut was nie, maar dat al die vorige filosofieë onvolledig was. Sy doel was om hul werk korrek te voltooi. Hegel voer aan dat die tweeledige doelstellings van die filosofie is om rekenskap te gee van die teenstrydighede wat blyk uit die menslike ervaring (wat byvoorbeeld ontstaan uit die veronderstelde teenstrydighede tussen &quot;wees&quot; en &quot;nie te wees&quot;), en om terselfdertyd hierdie teenstrydighede op te los en te bewaar deur hul verenigbaarheid op 'n hoër vlak van ondersoek aan te toon (&quot;word&quot; en &quot;nie wees nie&quot; word opgelos met &quot;word&quot;). Hierdie program vir die aanvaarding en versoening van teenstrydighede staan bekend as die &quot;Hegeliaanse dialektiek&quot;.

Filosowe wat deur Hegel beïnvloed is, is onder andere [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], wat die term &quot;projeksie&quot; bedoel het met betrekking tot die onvermoë van die mens om iets in die eksterne wêreld te erken sonder om die eienskappe van onsself op hierdie dinge uit te beeld; [[Karl Marx]]; [[Friedrich Engels]]; en die Britse idealiste, veral T. H. Green, J. M. E. McTaggart, F. H. Bradley, en R. G. Collingwood.

Min filosowe uit die 20ste eeu onderskryf die kern van die Duitse idealisme na die ondergang van die Britse idealisme. Daar is egter heelwat wat Hegeliaanse [[dialektiek]] gebruik, veral kritiese teoretici van die [[Frankfurt Skool]], [[Alexandre Kojève]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (in sy ''Critique of Dialectical Reason''), en [[Slavoj Žižek]]. 'n Sentrale tema van die Duitse idealisme, die legitimiteit van Kant se &quot;Kopernikaanse rewolusie&quot;, bly 'n belangrike twispunt in die 21ste-eeuse post-kontinentale filosofie.

==== Marxisme en kritieke teorie ====
{{Hoofartikel|Marxisme}}
[[Lêer:Karl Marx 001 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|Karl Marx]]
Marxisme is 'n metode van sosio-ekonomiese analise, afkomstig van Karl Marx en Friedrich Engels. Dit ontleed klasverhoudinge en samelewingskonflik met behulp van 'n materialistiese interpretasie van historiese ontwikkeling en 'n dialektiese siening van sosiale transformasie. Marxistiese ontledings en metodologieë het politieke ideologieë en sosiale bewegings beïnvloed. Die marxistiese verstaan van geskiedenis en samelewing is deur akademici in [[argeologie]], [[antropologie]], mediastudies, [[politieke wetenskap]], [[teater]], [[geskiedenis]], [[sosiologie]], [[kunsgeskiedenis]] en teorie, kultuurstudies, [[onderwys]], [[ekonomie]], [[geografie]], literêre kritiek, [[estetika]], kritiese sielkunde en [[filosofie]] aangeneem.

In die hedendaagse filosofie word die kritieke teorie in die [[Westerse Marxisme|Westerse Marxistiese]] filosofie van die [[Frankfurt Skool]] beskryf, wat in die 1930's in Duitsland ontwikkel is. Kritiese teorie hou vol dat [[ideologie]] die grootste struikelblok vir menslike emansipasie is.&lt;ref&gt;Geuss, R. ''The Idea of a Critical Theory'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, hfs. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fenomenologie en hermeneutiek ====
{{Hoofartikel|Fenomenologie|Hermeneutiek}}
Edmund Husserl se fenomenologie was 'n ambisieuse poging om die fondamente te skep vir 'n verduideliking van die struktuur van bewuste ervaring in die algemeen.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Woodruff D. (2007). ''Husserl''. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Belangrike deel van Husserl se fenomenologiese-projek was om te wys dat alle bewuste dade gerig is op / of oor objektiewe inhoud, 'n funksie wat Husserl intensionaliteit genoem het.&lt;ref&gt;Dreyfus, Hubert L.; Wrathall, Mark A. (2011). ''A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism.'' John Wiley &amp; Sons. {{ISBN|978-1-4443-5656-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Husserl het in sy leeftyd slegs enkele werke gepubliseer, wat fenomenologie hoofsaaklik in abstrakte metodologiese terme behandel het; maar hy het 'n enorme hoeveelheid ongepubliseerde diepgaande analises nagelaat. Husserl se werk was onmiddellik invloedryk in Duitsland, met die stigting van fenomenologiese skole in [[München]] (München-fenomenologie) en [[Göttingen]] (Göttingen-fenomenologie). Fenomenologie het later internasionale bekendheid verwerf deur die werk van filosowe soos Martin Heidegger (voorheen Husserl se navorsingsassistent en 'n voorstander van hermeneutiese fenomenologie, 'n teoretiese sintese van moderne hermeneutiek en fenomenologie), Maurice Merleau-Ponty, en Jean-Paul Sartre. Deur die werk van Heidegger en Sartre het Husserl se fokus op subjektiewe ervaring aspekte van eksistensialisme beïnvloed.

==== Strukturalisme en poststrukturalisme ====
{{Hoofartikel|Strukturalisme|Poststrukturalisme}}
Strukturalisme, wat deur die taalkundige [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] bekendgestel is, het probeer om stelsels van tekens uit te klaar deur die gesprekke te ontleed wat dit beide beperk en moontlik maak. Saussure het die teken voorgestel as afgebaken deur al die ander tekens in die stelsel, en idees as onvoldoende om voor die taalstruktuur te bestaan, wat denke artikuleer. Dit het kontinentale denke weggevoer van humanisme en na wat die mens se ontknoping genoem word: taal word nie meer deur die mens gepraat om 'n ware innerlike self uit te druk nie, maar die taal spreek die mens.

Strukturalisme soek na posisionering as 'n eksakte wetenskap, maar die positivisme het spoedig onder skoot gekom deur poststrukturalisme, 'n wye veld denkers, waarvan sommige eens strukturaliste was, maar dit later gekritiseer het. Strukturaliste het geglo dat hulle stelsels vanuit 'n eksterne, objektiewe standpunt sou kon analiseer. Maar die poststrukturaliste het aangevoer dat dit verkeerd is, dat 'n mens nie strukture kan oortref nie en dat analise self bepaal word deur wat dit ondersoek. Terwyl die struktuurkundiges die onderskeid tussen die betekenis en die betekenaar as 'n kristallyn behandel het, het die poststrukturaliste aangevoer dat elke poging om die aangeduide betekenis te verstaan, beteken dat dit altyd in 'n staat van uitstel is, wat 'n uiteindelike interpretasie onmoontlik maak.

Strukturalisme het die kontinentale filosofie gedurende die 1960's en vroeë 1970's oorheers en sluit in denkers so uiteenlopend soos [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], [[Roland Barthes]] en [[Jacques Lacan]]. Vanaf die 1970's het poststrukturalisme oorheers, insluitende denkers soos [[Michel Foucault]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Gilles Deleuze]] en selfs Roland Barthes; dit sluit in kritiek op die beperkings van strukturalisme.

=== Pragmatisme ===
{{Hoofartikel|Pragmatisme}}
Pragmatisme is 'n filosofiese tradisie wat in die [[Verenigde State]] omstreeks 1870 begin het.&lt;ref&gt;''Pragmatism'' (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). 13 September 2013. Besoek op 13 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Dit beweer dat die [[waarheid]] van oortuigings bestaan in die bruikbaarheid en effektiwiteit daarvan eerder as in ooreenstemming met die [[werklikheid]].&lt;ref&gt;Rorty, Richard (1982). ''The Consequences of Pragmatism.'' Minnesota: Minnesota University Press. bl. xvi.&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Sanders Peirce en William James was die medestigters daarvan en dit is later deur [[John Dewey]] as instrumentalisme aangepas. Aangesien die bruikbaarheid van enige opvatting op enige tydstip van omstandighede afhanklik kan wees, het Peirce en James die finale waarheid gekonseptualiseer as iets wat vasgestel is deur die toekomstige, finale beslissing van alle opinies.&lt;ref&gt;Putnam, Hilary (1995). ''Pragmatism: An Open Question''. Oxford: Blackwell. bl. 8–12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pragmatisme het probeer om 'n wetenskaplike konsep van waarheid te vind wat nie afhang van persoonlike insig (openbaring) of verwysing na die een of ander metafisiese sfeer nie. Dit het die betekenis van 'n stelling geïnterpreteer deur die effek wat die aanvaarding daarvan op die praktyk het. Ondersoek wat ver genoeg geneem word, is dus die enigste weg na die waarheid.&lt;ref&gt;Peirce, C.S. (1878), &quot;''How to Make Our Ideas Clear''&quot;, ''Popular Science Monthly'', v. 12, 286–302.&lt;/ref&gt;

Volgens Peirce was toewyding aan ondersoek noodsaaklik vir die vind van die waarheid, geïmpliseer deur die idee en hoop dat die ondersoek nie vrugteloos is nie. Die interpretasie van hierdie beginsels is sedertdien onder bespreking. Peirce se aksioom vir pragmatisme is: &quot;Oorweeg watter effekte, wat moontlik praktiese verwysings kan hê, ons beskou as die voorwerp van ons opvatting. Dan is ons opvatting van hierdie gevolge die geheel van ons opvatting van die voorwerp.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Peirce, C.S. (1878), &quot;''How to Make Our Ideas Clear''&quot;, ''Popular Science Monthly'', v. 12, 286–302.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kritici beskuldig pragmatisme daarvan dat dit die slagoffer van 'n eenvoudige dwaling is: dat omdat iets waar is, dit nuttig blyk te wees, daardie nut 'n gepaste basis is vir die waarheid daarvan kan wees.&lt;ref&gt;Pratt, J.B. (1909). ''What is Pragmatism''?. New York: Macmillan. bl. 89.&lt;/ref&gt; Pragmatiste-denkers sluit Dewey, [[George Santayana]] en C. I. Lewis in.

Pragmatisme is later bewerk deur neopragmatis [[Richard Rorty]] (wat die eerste was om neopragmatistiese filosofie te ontwikkel in sy ''Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature'' (1979),&lt;ref&gt;''Pragmatism'' – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy&lt;/ref&gt; Hilary Putnam, [[W. V. O. Quine]], en Donald Davidson. Neopragmatisme is beskryf as 'n brug tussen analitiese en kontinentale filosofie.&lt;ref&gt;William Egginton/Mike Sandbothe (eds.). ''The Pragmatic Turn in Philosophy. Contemporary Engagement between Analytic and Continental Thought''. SUNY Press. 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Prosesfilosofie ===
{{Hoofartikel|Prosesfilosofie}}
[[Lêer:Alfred North Whitehead. Photograph. Wellcome V0027330 (cropped).jpg|links|duimnael|[[Alfred North Whitehead]]]]
Prosesfilosofie is 'n tradisie wat begin met [[Alfred North Whitehead]], wat begin met onderrig en skryf oor proses- en metafisika toe hy in 1924 by die [[Harvard-universiteit]] aangesluit het.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alfred North Whitehead (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Hierdie tradisie identifiseer die metafisiese werklikheid met verandering.

Prosesfilosofie word soms geklassifiseer as nader aan kontinentale filosofie as analitiese filosofie, omdat dit gewoonlik slegs in kontinentale departemente aangebied word.&lt;ref&gt;William Blattner, &quot;''Some Thoughts About &quot;Continental&quot; and &quot;Analytic&quot; Philosophy''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ander bronne noem egter dat prosesfilosofie êrens in die middel tussen die pole van analitiese teenoor kontinentale metodes in die hedendaagse filosofie geplaas moet word.&lt;ref&gt;Seibt, Johanna. &quot;''Process Philosophy''&quot;. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Gaskill, A.J. Nocek, ''The Lure of Whitehead,'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014, bl. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thomisme ===
Thomisme, in 'n groot mate Aristoteliaans in benadering en inhoud, is 'n filosofiese tradisie wat die geskrifte van [[Thomas Aquinas]] volg. Sy werk word sedert die 13de eeu gelees, bestudeer en betwis, veral deur [[Rooms-Katolieke]]. Aquinas geniet 'n herleefde hoofstroombelang in die hedendaagse filosofie, onder beide ateïste (Philippa Foot) en teiste (Elizabeth Anscombe).&lt;ref&gt;Kerr, Fergu (2008). ''After Aquinas: Versions of Thomism''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-3714-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thomistiese filosowe is geneig om rasionaliste te wees in die epistemologie, sowel as metafisiese realiste en deugde-etici. Hulle beweer dat mense rasionele diere is waarvan die goeie geken kan word deur die rede wat deur die [[Wil (filosofie)|wil]] bereik kan word. Thomiste argumenteer dat [[siel]] of psige werklik en onmateriaal is, maar onlosmaaklik van materie in organismes is. Siel is die vorm van die liggaam. Thomiste aanvaar Aristoteles se oorsake as natuurlik, insluitend teleologiese of finale oorsake. Op hierdie manier, hoewel Aquinas aangevoer het dat alles wat in die intellek is, in die sintuie begin, kan natuurlike [[teleologie]] met die sintuie onderskei word en deur induksie uit die [[natuur]] onttrek word.&lt;ref&gt;Aquinas, ''De veritate'', Q. 2, art. 3, antwoord 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kontemporêre Thomisme omvat verskeie variante, van neo-skolastiek tot eksistensiële thomisme.&lt;ref&gt;Feser, Edward (2009). ''Aquinas: A Beginner's Guide.'' Oneworld Publications. bl. 216. {{ISBN|978-1-85168-690-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Die sogenaamde nuwe natuurregslui soos Germain Grisez en Robert P. George het thomistiese regsbeginsels toegepas op kontemporêre etiese debatte, terwyl Freeman voorgestel het dat thomisme se [[kognisie]] die beste versoenbaar was met neurodinamika. Analitiese thomisme (John Joseph Haldane) moedig dialoog aan tussen analitiese filosofie en in die breë Aristoteliaanse geestesfilosofie, sielkunde en hylomorfe metafisika.&lt;ref&gt;Paterson, Craig; Pugh, Matthew S. (2006). ''Analytical Thomism: Traditions in Dialogue''. Ashgate. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3438-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ander kontemporêre Thomiste is Eleonore Stump, Alasdair MacIntyre en John Finnis.

== Invloede uit die [[Oosterse filosofie]] ==
[[Lêer:Philosopher, marble head, Roman copy, AM Corfu, Krfm22.jpg|duimnael|Pyrrho van Elis, marmerkop, Romeinse kopie, Argeologiese Museum van Corfu.]]
Die Antieke Griekse filosoof [[Pyrrho van Elis|Pyrrho]] het [[Alexander die Grote]] vergesel in sy oostelike veldtogte en het sowat 18 maande in [[Indië]] deurgebring. Pyrrho het daarna na [[Griekeland]] teruggekeer en Pyrrhonisme gestig, 'n filosofie met wesenlike ooreenkomste met [[Boeddhisme]]. Die Griekse biograaf [[Diogenes Laërtios]] het verduidelik dat Pyrrho se gelykmoedigheid en losmaking van die wêreld in Indië verkry is,&lt;ref&gt;&quot; Hy sou hom van die wêreld onttrek en in eensaamheid lewe, en homself selde aan sy familielede wys; dit is omdat hy 'n Indiese verwyt Anaxarchus gehoor het wat vir hom sê dat hy nooit ander sal kan leer wat goed is terwyl hy self bywoning van konings in hul hof gedans het nie. Hy sou te alle tye dieselfde kalmte handhaaf.&quot; (Diogenes Laertius, IX.63 on Pyrrhon)&lt;/ref&gt; Pyrrho is direk deur Boeddhisme beïnvloed in die ontwikkeling van sy filosofie, wat gebaseer is op Pyrrho se interpretasie van die Boeddhistiese [[Drie kenmerke van die bestaan|drie kenmerke van bestaan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4008-6632-8|page=28|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150905/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Volgens Edward Conze kan Pyrrhonisme met Boeddhistiese filosofie vergelyk word, veral die Indiese Madhyamika-skool.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conze&quot;&gt;Conze, Edward. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/conze2.htm Buddhist Philosophy and Its European Parallels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207161259/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/conze2.htm |date=2019-02-07 }}. Philosophy East and West 13, p.9-23, no.1, Januarie 1963. University Press of Hawaii.&lt;/ref&gt; Die Pyrrhoniste se doelwit van ataraxia (die toestand van ongestoord wees) is 'n [[Soteriologie|soteriologiese doelwit]] soortgelyk aan [[Nirwana]]. Die Pyrrhoniste het die opskorting van oordeel (epoché) oor [[dogma]] (oortuigings oor nie-voor die hand liggend sake) bevorder as die manier om ataraxia te bereik. Dit is soortgelyk aan die Boeddha se weiering om sekere metafisiese vrae te beantwoord wat hy gesien het as nie-geleidend vir die pad van Boeddhistiese praktyk en [[Nagarjuna]] se &quot;afstaan van alle sienings (drsti)&quot;. Adrian Kuzminski argumenteer vir direkte invloed tussen hierdie twee denksisteme. In ''Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Reinvented&quot;&gt;Adrian Kuzminski (2008), ''Pyrrhonism How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism''; for a recent study see Georgios T . Halkias, [https://www.academia.edu/12679460/The_Self-immolation_of_Kalanos_and_other_Luminous_Encounters_Among_Greeks_and_Indian_Buddhists_in_the_Hellenistic_World &quot;The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic World&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208221329/https://www.academia.edu/12679460/The_Self-immolation_of_Kalanos_and_other_Luminous_Encounters_Among_Greeks_and_Indian_Buddhists_in_the_Hellenistic_World |date=2022-12-08 }}, 2015, ''Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies'' '''8''', 163–186.&lt;/ref&gt; argumenteer Kuzminski dat beide filosofieë teen die aanvaarding van enige dogmatiese bewerings oor 'n uiteindelike metafisiese werklikheid agter ons sinsindrukke as 'n taktiek om rustigheid te bereik en beide maak ook gebruik van logiese argumente teen ander filosofieë om hul teenstrydighede bloot te lê.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reinvented&quot; /&gt;

Sommige mense dink dat die Sirenese filosoof Hegesias van Cirene beïnvloed is deur die leerstellings van [[Ashoka die Grote|Ashoka]] se Boeddhistiese sendelinge.&lt;ref&gt;&quot; Die filosoof Hegesias van Cirene (met die bynaam ''Peisithanatos'', &quot;Die voorstander van die dood&quot;) was 'n tydgenoot van Magas en is waarskynlik beïnvloed deur die leerstellings van die Boeddhistiese sendelinge na Cirene en Alexandrië. Sy invloed was sodanig dat hy uiteindelik verbied is om onderrig te gee.&quot; Jean-Marie Lafont, Inalco in &quot;Les Dossiers d'Archéologie&quot;, No. 254, bl. 78&lt;/ref&gt;

Empiristiese filosowe, soos [[David Hume]] en [[George Berkeley]], het die bondelteorie van persoonlike identiteit bevoordeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dicker|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnGGAgAAQBAJ|title=Hume's Epistemology and Metaphysics: An Introduction|date=2002-01-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-71425-4|pages=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In hierdie teorie is die verstand bloot 'n bondel van persepsies sonder eenheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Western philosophy {{!}} History, Figures, Schools, Movements, Books, Beliefs, &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513135159/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Een interpretasie van Hume se siening van die self, waarvoor die filosoof en sielkundige James Giles aangevoer het, is dat Hume nie argumenteer vir 'n bondelteorie, wat 'n vorm van reduksionisme is nie, maar eerder vir 'n eliminatiewe siening van die self. Eerder as om die self tot 'n bondel persepsies te reduseer, verwerp Hume die idee van die self geheel en al. Op hierdie interpretasie stel Hume 'n &quot;geen-self-teorie&quot; voor en het dus baie gemeen met Boeddhistiese denke (sien anattā). Sielkundige Alison Gopnik het aangevoer dat Hume in 'n posisie was om van Boeddhistiese denke te leer tydens sy tyd in [[Frankryk]] in die 1730's.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Garfield |first=Jay L. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884817774 |title=Engaging Buddhism : why it matters to philosophy |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-020434-1 |location=Oxford |pages=45, 107 |oclc=884817774}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Lys van filosowe]]
* [[Filosofie van tegnologie]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{Commonskat-inlyn|Western philosophy}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081123072019/http://www.rep.routledge.com/views/home.html The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/philos/links.htm Philosophy Sites on the Internet – Tel Aviv University list]
* [http://www.sqapo.com/index.htm Glyn Hughes' Squashed Philosophers] – verkorte weergawes van klassieke filosofiese tekste.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413090205/http://www.lutterworth.com/lp/titles/shwphil.htm Short History of Western Philosophy, A], deur Johannes Hirschberger; geredigeer deur Clare Hay; {{ISBN|978-0-7188-3092-2}}
* [http://forums.philosophyforums.com/ Philosophy Forums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329152553/http://forums.philosophyforums.com/ |date=29 Maart 2016 }}
* [http://sophiasdialectic.com/ Philosophy Wiki]
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| name                   = Repubblica e Cantone Ticino
| settlement_type        = [[Kantons van Switserland|Kanton]]
| image_shield           = CHE Ticino COA.svg
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| p1                     = [[Munisipaliteite van die kanton Ticino|115 munisipaliteite]]
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| leader_title           = [[Lys van kantonale uitvoerendes van Switserland|Uitvoerende]]
| leader_name            = [[Staatsraad van Ticino|Staatsraad]] (5)
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'''Ticino''' is 'n [[Switserse kantons|kanton]] in [[Switserland]] met sowat 350 duisend inwoners. 8,3% van die inwoners praat [[Duits]] as moedertaal. Die hoofstad is [[Bellinzona]].

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
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        <username>Sobaka</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nuwe artikels */ skakel</comment>
      <origin>2889668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7487" sha1="kasyt4l121z1n096jrrjr98sudff3e3" xml:space="preserve">[[Beeld: Flag map of South Africa.svg |raamloos|200px|regs]]
Welkom by '''Wikiprojek Suid-Afrika'''!  Dit is 'n samewerkingsgebied vir Wikipediane wat belangstel in die verbetering van die dekking van Suid-Afrikaanse artikels. As u weet van aktiewe redakteurs wat bygedra het tot Suid-Afrika-verwante artikels of verwante Wikiprojekte, verwys hulle dan na hierdie projek. Nuwe deelnemers is welkom; voel asseblief vry om hier aan te sluit! Kyk ook vir ons [[Portaal:Suid-Afrika]].

==Deelnemers==
Om deel te word van Wikiprojek Suid-Afrika, wysig hierdie afdeling en plaas &lt;b&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/b&gt; hieronder in '''alfabetiese volgorde'''. 
#-- [[Lêer:Wapen van die Oos-Kaap.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Aliwal2012|kontak]]) 10:06, 1 Junie 2020 (UTC)
#-- [[Gebruiker:Pynappel|Pynappel]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Pynappel|skil 'n appeltjie]]) 19:44, 31 Mei 2020 (UTC)
#-- [[Gebruiker:Lefcentreright|Lefcentreright]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Lefcentreright|kontak]]) 17:10, 29 Mei 2020 (UTC)
#-- [[Gebruiker:Sobaka|Sobaka]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Sobaka|kontak]]) 13:14, 25 Junie 2020 (UTC)
#-- [[Lêer:Flag of South Africa.svg|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:SpesBona|SpesBona]] 21:59, 31 Mei 2020 (UTC)
#-- [[Gebruiker:TapticInfo|TapticInfo]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:TapticInfo|kontak]]) [[Gebruiker:TapticInfo|TapticInfo]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:TapticInfo|kontak]]) 09:02, 15 Augustus 2021 (UTC)


==Sjablone==

=== Sjablone om te voltooi / verbeter ===
{{Artikels oor Suid-Afrika|state=uncollapsed}}

{{Suid-Afrikaanse kookkuns|state=uncollapsed}}

=== Sjablone om te gebruik ===
Plaas die &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Wikiprojek Suid-Afrika artikel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; op die besprekingsbladsy van alle artikels wat deel is wan WIkiprojek Suid-Afrika.


Sien die volgende lys van Suid-Afrikaanse saadjie sjablone. Ontkiem sommer 'n saadjie.

===Saadjie===
*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrika-saadjie|Suid-Afrika-saadjie]]}} – verwante kategorie – [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrika-saadjies]]
:*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrika-geo-saadjie|Suid-Afrika-geo-saadjie]]}} – verwante kategorie: [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse geografiesaadjies]]
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Gauteng saadjie|Gauteng saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:KwaZulu-Natal saadjie|KwaZulu-Natal saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Limpopo saadjie|Limpopo saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Mpumalanga saadjie|Mpumalanga saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Noord-Kaap saadjie|Noord-Kaap saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Noordwes saadjie|Noordwes saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Oos-Kaap saadjie|Oos-Kaap saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Wes-Kaap saadjie|Wes-Kaap saadjie]]}}
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Vrystaat saadjie|Vrystaat saadjie]]}}
:*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrikaanse-bio-saadjie|Suid-Afrikaanse-bio-saadjie]]}} – [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse biografiesaadjies]] 
::*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrikaanse-politikus-saadjie|Suid-Afrikaanse-politikus-saadjie]]}} – [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse politikus saadjies]]
:*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrika-geskiedenis-saadjie|Suid-Afrika-geskiedenis-saadjie]]}} – [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenissaadjies]]
:*{{[[Sjabloon:Suid-Afrika-struktuur-saadjie|Suid-Afrika-struktuur-saadjie]]}} – [[:Kategorie:Suid-Afrikaanse struktuur saadjies]]

== Nuwe artikels ==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* [[Inboekstelsel]]
* [[Departement van Internasionale Betrekkinge en Samewerking]] 
* [[Buitelandse betrekkinge van Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van diplomatieke missies van Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Lys van diplomatieke missies in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Wet op die Erkenning van die Onafhanklikheid van Namibië, 1990]]
* [[Jürgen Schadeberg]]
* [[Sjebeen]]
* [[Umqombothi]]
* [[Nigel Morgan]]
* [[George Bizos]]
* [[Danny Titus]]
* [[Tsotsi]] ‎
* [[Sarafina! (1992 film)]] 
* [[District 9]] 
* [[Suid-Afrikaanse filmbedryf]]
* [[U-Carmen eKhayelitsha]] 
* [[Slag van Soutrivier]]
* [[Jonas Gwangwa]]
* [[Amathole- beskermde seegebied]]
* [[Rubicon-toespraak]]
* [[Carl von Hirschberg]]
* [[Dawid Stuurman]]
* [[Xiaomei Havard]]
* [[Karima Brown]]
* [[Jimmy Abbott]]
* [[Aubrey Kruger]]
* [[Graeme Bloch]]
* [[National Union of South African Students]]
* [[Suid-Afrikaanse militêre geskiedenis]]
* [[Koevoet (polisie-eenheid)|Koevoet]]
* [[Goue renoster van Mapungubwe]]
* [[Suid-Afrikaanse onrus van 2021]]
* [[Parlementsgebou (Kaapstad)]]
* [[Simonstad-ooreenkoms]]
* [[David Benatar]]
* [[Carl Walter Meyer]]
* [[André Walters]]
* [[Dana Snyman]]
* [[Yu Chi Chan-klub]]
* [[Dana Niehaus]]
* [[Satanskoraal]]
* [[Mike Schüssler]]
* [[John Berks]]
* [[John Weston]]
* [[Barry Ronge]]
* [[Lionel Peterson]]
* [[Don Mattera]] 
* [[Aggrey Klaaste]]
* [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]]
* [[Len Taunyane]]
* [[David Christiaan de Waal]]
* [[William Duncan Baxter]]
* [[Glenda Kemp]]
* [[Dennis East]]
* [[Dawid van Lill]]
* [[Mpho Phalatse]]
* [[Franci Swanepoel]]
* [[Leopold Scholtz]]
* [[Klimaatsverandering in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Omgewingskwessies in Suider-Afrika]]
* [[Alois Hugo Nellmapius]]
* [[Drum (tydskrif)]]
* [[Mark Pilgrim]]
* [[Murunwa Makwarela]]
* [[Kgosientso Ramokgopa]]
* [[Stephanie Kemp]]
* [[Thapelo Amad]]
* [[Kirsten Neuschäfer]]
* [[Thabo Bester]]
* [[James Alexander]]
* [[Rob Hersov]]
* [[Guillaume Chenu de Chalezac]]
* [[WESSA]]
* [[Eusebius McKaiser]]
* [[Erik Holm]]
* [[Dricus du Plessis]]
* [[Michael Lapsley]]
* ''[[Scope]]''
* [[Nthato Motlana]]
* [[Hans van Heerden]]
* [[RISE Mzansi]]
* [[Eeben Barlow]]
*[[Televisie in Suid-Afrika]]
* [[Piet Meyer]]
* [[Klaas de Jonge]]
* [[Beurtkrag]]
* [[Suid-Afrikaanse energiekrisis]]
* [[Overvaal Stereo]]
* [[Change Starts Now]]
* [[Mbongeni Ngema]]
* [[Umkhonto we Sizwe (politieke party)]]
* [[Peter Magubane]]
* [[Edwill van Aarde]]
* [[Kholeka Gcaleka]]
* [[Pip Freedman]]
* [[Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 2024]]
* [[African Congress for Transformation]]
* [[Nasionale Vervolgingsgesag]]
* [[Build One South Africa]]
* [[Mapsixteen Civic Movement]]
* [[Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa]]
* [[Afrikaans 100-projek]]
* [[Suid-Afrika se regverdige energieoorganginvesteringsplan]]
* [[Veelpartyhandves]]
* [[Pan Africanist Movement]]
* [[Africa Restoration Alliance]]
* [[Dire Tladi]]
* [[Tyla]] 
* [[Operation Dudula]]
* [[Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep]]
* [[People's Movement for Change]]
* [[Team Sugar South Africa]]
* [[Mike Procter]]
* [[John Hlophe]]
* [[Ian Cameron]]
* [[Hans Heese]]
* [[Valke (SAPD)]]
* [[Dingaan Thobela]]
* [[David de Lange]]
* [[Odile Harington]]
* [[Louis van Schoor]]
* [[Annelise de Vries]]
* [[Operasie Vula]]
* [[Koos van der Merwe]]
* [[Hylton Nel]]
* [[Danie Odendaal]]
* [[End Conscription Campaign]]
* [[Shifty Records]]
* [[Douw Steyn]]
* [[R.W. Johnson]] 
* [[Ebrahim Rasool]]
* [[Barbara Masekela]]
* [[Brand Fourie]]
* [[Tshepisong]]
* [[Neil de Beer]]
* [[Tshidi Madia]]
* [[Jan Boland Coetzee]]
* [[Deon Fourie (generaal)|Deon Fourie]]
* [[Maxi Schoeman]]
* [[Kenny Kunene]]
* [[Lis Lange]] 
* [[Katiso Molefe]]
* [[DJ Sumbody]]
* [[Brett Herron (politikus)]]
* [[Marianne Thamm]]
* [[Benjamin Mauerberger]]
* [[Madlanga-kommissie]]
* [[Groot Vyf-kartel]]
* [[G20-spitsberaad in Johannesburg 2025]]
* [[Mary de Haas]]
* [[Leonora van den Heever]]
* [[Lichtenstein-kasteel (Suid-Afrika)]]
* [[Brown Mogotsi]]
* [[William H. Andrews]]
* [[The Continent (digitale koerant)]]
* [[Gerald Olitzki]]
* [[DJ Warras]]
* [[Marius van der Merwe]]
* [[Paul O’Sullivan]]
* [[Francis Guthrie]]
* [[Clem Sunter]]
* [[Susan Lombaard]]
* [[Nicholas Haysom]]
* [[Percy Sieff]]
* [[Nathan Kirsh]]

{{div col end}}

[[Kategorie:Wikipedia]]
[[Kategorie:Suid-Afrika|*]]</text>
      <sha1>kasyt4l121z1n096jrrjr98sudff3e3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sisi Ntombela</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>367372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889650</id>
      <parentid>2620367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2889650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7102" sha1="3ucdvjodghg6iqkinnez4som481bbqv" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër
| naam            = Sisi Ntombela
| beeld           = Sisi Ntombela.jpg
| beeldonderskrif = 
| beeldgrootte    = 200px
| geboortenaam    = Sefora Hixsonia Ntombela
| geboortedatum   = &lt;!-- vul slegs in indien onderstaande drie velde onbekend is (geboortejaar, geboortemaand en geboortedag --&gt;
| geboortejaar    = 1957
| geboortemaand   = 4
| geboortedag     = 16
| geboorteplek    = [[Tweeling]], [[Vrystaat]], [[Suid-Afrika]]
| sterfdatum      = 
| sterfplek       = 
| party           = [[African National Congress]] (ANC)
| orde            = Premier van die [[Vrystaat]]
| termynaanvang   = 27 Maart 2018
| termyneinde     = 21 Februarie 2023
| vise            = 
| president       =
| eersteminister  = 
| voorganger      = [[Ace Magashule]]
| opvolger        = [[Mxolisi Dukwana]]
| orde2           = Lid van die [[Vrystaatse provinsiale wetgewer]]
| termynaanvang2  = 
| termyneinde2    = 
| nasionaliteit   = [[Suid-Afrika]]ner
| beroep          = Politikus
| eggenoot        = Louis Ntombela
| kinders         = 
| alma_mater      = 
| religie         = 
| handtekening    = 
| toekennings     = 
}}
'''Sefora Hixsonia &quot;Sisi&quot; Ntombela''' (gebore op 16 April 1957 te [[Tweeling, Vrystaat|Tweeling]], [[Vrystaat]], [[Suid-Afrika]]) is 'n [[Suid-Afrikaanse]] politikus, die voormalige premier van die Vrystaat en 'n voormalige lid van die [[Vrystaatse provinsiale wetgewer]]. Sy was voorheen die Vrystaatse LUR vir samewerkende regering en tradisionele sake asook menslike nedersettings. Sy was ook die Vrystaatse LUR vir maatskaplike ontwikkeling. Ntombela is die adjunkpresident van die African National Congress Women's League en die tesourier van die Vrystaatse ANC. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pa.org.za/person/sefora-hixsonia-ntombela/ Sefora Hixsonia Ntombela]. URL besoek op 29 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vroeë lewe en loopbaan ==
Sefora Hixsonia Ntombela is as een van ses kinders in die klein boerderygemeenskap Tweeling in die Vrystaat gebore. Sy het op 'n jong ouderdom die bynaam &quot;Sisi&quot; gekry. Sy was op skool in die Tweeling Combined School en het later by die Kganyeng Sekondêre Skool gematrikuleer. Sy het hierna aan die Bonamelo Training College studeer en as onderwyseres teruggekeer na die Tweeling Combine School.

== Politieke loopbaan ==
Ntombela het as gesinsbeplanner en jeugkonsultant vir die Departement van Gesondheid gewerk. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dumelangnews.co.za/articles/couch-withsisi-ntombela|title=On the couch with...Sisi Ntombela {{!}} Dumelang News|website=www.dumelangnews.co.za|language=en|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-date=2018-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033415/http://www.dumelangnews.co.za/articles/couch-withsisi-ntombela|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later word Ntombela lid van die [[African National Congress]] en word verkies tot voorsitter van die Tweeling African National Congress Vroueligatak. Sy word gou streeksvoorsitter. Na die verkiesing in 1994 word Ntombela as burgemeester van die Tweeling-munisipaliteit verkies en dien hier tot haar verkiesing tot die [[Vrystaatse provinsiale wetgewer]] in 1999. Sy was 'n lid van die wetgewer tot sy in 2001 in die Nasionale Vergadering aangestel is. Sy keer in 2004 terug na die provinsiale wetgewer en word aangewys as voorsitter van beide die komitees vir maatskaplike ontwikkeling en gesondheidsportefeuljes. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Express-News/premier-takes-over-20180327 Premier takes over] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108132727/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Express-News/premier-takes-over-20180327 |date= 8 November 2019 }}. URL besoek op 29 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Mei 2009 het die nuutverkose Vrystaatse premier, [[Ace Magashule]], aangekondig dat Ntombela die pos as LUR vir maatskaplike ontwikkeling sal inneem.  Ntombela is in Augustus 2015 tot adjunkpresident van die African National Congress Women's League verkies. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ANCWL-nominates-candidates-for-its-top-five-positions-20150807 ANCWL nominates candidates for its top five positions]. URL besoek op 29 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Magashule het sy Uitvoerende Raad in Oktober 2016 geskommel en Ntombela aangestel in die portefeulje Samewerkende Regering en Tradisionele Sake en Menslike Nedersettings van die Uitvoerende Raad.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/magashule-chooses-four-women-for-council-442940 Magashule chooses four women for council]. URL besoek op 29 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.businesslive.co.za/politics/2016-10-04-ace-magashule-reshuffles-the-free-states-cabinet/ Ace Magashule reshuffles the Free State's cabinet], BusinessLIVE. URL besoek op 29 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Maart 2018 is Ntombela deur die African National Congress gekies om Ace Magashule op te volg as premier van die Vrystaat. Sy neem op 27 Maart 2018 haar amp op en word die vierde vroulike premier van die provinsie. Sy is in Mei 2018 as tesourier van die Vrystaatse ANC-tak verkies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofm.co.za/article/local-news/259092/-breakingnews-sisi-ntombela-announced-as-new-fs-premier|title=#BreakingNews: Sisi Ntombela announced as new FS Premier|last=OFM|website=OFM|access-date=2018-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-05-20-new-leadership-elected-for-anc-in-the-free-state New leadership elected for ANC in the Free State]. Retrieved on 21 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Na die verkiesing in Mei 2019 het die African National Congress aangekondig dat hy Ntombela in haar posisie as premier van die Vrystaat behou het.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.enca.com/news/anc-announces-premier-candidates ANC announces premier candidates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712081131/https://www.enca.com/news/anc-announces-premier-candidates |date=12 Julie 2021 }}. Retrieved on 13 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.enca.com/news/meet-sas-newly-elected-premiers Meet SA's newly elected premiers]{{Dooie skakel|date=Oktober 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved on 22 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Express-News/ntombela-remains-in-the-hot-seat-20190514|title=Ntombela remains in the hot seat|last=Setena, Teboho|date=2019-05-15|website=News24|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-date=2019-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141309/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Express-News/ntombela-remains-in-the-hot-seat-20190514|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Op 21 Februarie 2023 kondig sy haar bedanking as premier aan nadat sy deur die nuutverkose ANC Provinsiale Uitvoerende Komitee herroep is.

== Persoonlike lewe ==
Ntombela is getroud met die ANC-parlementslid, Madala Louis David Ntombela. Sy het positief getoets vir [[Koronavirussiekte-2019|COVID-19]] in Oktober 2020, maar het ten volle herstel.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|30em}}

{{Premiers van Suid-Afrika}}
{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ntombela, Sisi}}
[[Kategorie:Lede van die Nasionale Vergadering van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Politici van die African National Congress]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1957]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
      <sha1>3ucdvjodghg6iqkinnez4som481bbqv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gebruikerbespreking:Gladiosa epoch</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>379582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889663</id>
      <parentid>2420579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T03:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>200923</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mfield het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:D. Rakhu Ramai]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Gladiosa epoch]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/D. Rakhu Ramai|D. Rakhu Ramai]]&quot; na &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Gladiosa epoch|Gladiosa epoch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2420579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4943" sha1="24c6fg3268tmdqf34d7gvm137l5l22n" xml:space="preserve">== Welkom ==

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; margin-bottom:0.5em;&quot;
|
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; line-height:125%; background-color:#faf6ed; border:1px solid #faecc8;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#faecc8;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;'''{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | Hallo,&amp;nbsp;gebruiker vanaf [[IP-adres]] {{BASEPAGENAME}} | Hallo&amp;nbsp;{{PAGENAME}}}},''' [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge|hartelik welkom]] op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia!&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Dankie vir jou belangstelling in [[Wikipedia]]. Ons werk hier aan die ideaal van ’n gratis en vrylik beskikbare, vrylik bewerkbare, neutrale en volledige ensiklopedie.
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] bestaan al sedert Desember 2001 en bevat reeds ''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'' artikels. Vanaf die begin van die projek het die gebruikers ’n aantal riglyne en uitgangspunte vir artikelbewerking en onderlinge samewerking opgestel. Nuwelinge kan hieruit voordeel trek. Jy mag dit behulpsaam vind om van die skakels in hierdie raampie te volg en met die projek vertroud te raak voordat jy begin bydra. Indien jou vingers jeuk om te eksperimenteer, kan jy gerus ons [[Wikipedia:Sandput|Sandput]] besoek: dit is juis vir die rede daar. Uiteindelik wil ons dat al ons gebruikers [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vry voel om hulle gang te gaan]], maar dit doen natuurlik geen kwaad om ’n bietjie houvas te kry voor 'n mens in die diep kant in spring nie! Besoek gerus ook ons [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|Geselshoekie]], ons gebruikers staan gereed om hand by te sit, of bloot net hand te skud.
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid}}
| [[Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid|'''Verifieerbaarheid''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die eerste van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Konversation.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie}}
| [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|'''Geselshoekie''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die gewilde bymekaarkomplek
|-
| width=&quot;8%&quot;  align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=OrgChem Nomen pictograph.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing}}
| width=&quot;38%&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing|'''Geen oorspronklike navorsing''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die tweede van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Bucket in the sand.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Sandput}}
| width=&quot;38%&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Sandput|'''Sandput''']]&lt;br /&gt;Eksperimenteer na hartelus
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{Klik|Afbeelding=Unbalanced scales.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt}}
| [[Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt| '''Neutrale standpunt''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die derde van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| width=&quot;8%&quot;  align=&quot;right&quot; |  {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon tools.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies}}
| [[Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies|'''Redigeringsinstruksies''']]&lt;br /&gt;Hoe maak ek: teks wat skuinsgedruk is? ’n opskrif? tabelle?
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie}}
| [[Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie|'''Wat Wikipedia nie is nie''']]&lt;br /&gt;Daar is ook ’n paar dinge wat ons nié hier doen nie
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon - upload photo 2.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beelde}}
| [[Wikipedia:Beelde|'''Beelde''']]&lt;br /&gt;As jy beelde wil oplaai
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beleefdheid}}
| [[Wikipedia:Beleefdheid|'''Beleefdheid''']]&lt;br /&gt;Ken jou maniere
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app kedit.svg||Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel}}
| [[Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel|'''Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel''']]&lt;br /&gt;Soms sê die naam alles
{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} |
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #faecc8;&quot; {{!}}Jou bydrae word nou geregistreer onder jou IP-adres. Daar is verskeie voordele gebonde aan die skep van ’n rekening – sluit gerus by ons aan!| }}
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #faecc8;&quot; |
Hierdie bladsy, wat nou op jou skerm staan, is trouens jou persoonlike besprekingsbladsy. Die plek waar ander Wikipediane jou in die toekoms kan kontak en jy hulle dan kan beantwoord. Elke gebruiker het so ’n bladsy. Jy kan dus ook boodskappe op ander gebruikers se besprekingsbladsye los. Sluit boodskappe en besprekings altyd af met &lt;big&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/big&gt; of deur op die handtekeningknop in die wysigingsvenster te kliek: sodoende word jou boodskap onderteken met jou gebruikersnaam en die datum en tyd waarop die boodskap voltooi is. Kliek dan as laaste op &quot;Stoor bladsy&quot; om enige bewerkings te stoor.
|}
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— [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:KabouterBot|kontak]]) 20:52, 29 Julie 2021 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gebruikerbespreking:Renamed user 49f272ea7255378813e0b1725ed02b8e</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Malarz pl</username>
        <id>1178</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Malarz pl het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:Pius]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Renamed user 49f272ea7255378813e0b1725ed02b8e]] geskuif sonder om 'n aanstuur agter te laat: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Pius|Pius]]&quot; na &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Renamed user 49f272ea7255378813e0b1725ed02b8e|Renamed user 49f272ea7255378813e0b1725ed02b8e]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4943" sha1="frr74vzk5mx7eao3icx77zrc1a9m1dh" xml:space="preserve">== Welkom ==

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; margin-bottom:0.5em;&quot;
|
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; line-height:125%; background-color:#faf6ed; border:1px solid #faecc8;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#faecc8;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;'''{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | Hallo,&amp;nbsp;gebruiker vanaf [[IP-adres]] {{BASEPAGENAME}} | Hallo&amp;nbsp;{{PAGENAME}}}},''' [[Wikipedia:Welkom nuwelinge|hartelik welkom]] op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia!&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Dankie vir jou belangstelling in [[Wikipedia]]. Ons werk hier aan die ideaal van ’n gratis en vrylik beskikbare, vrylik bewerkbare, neutrale en volledige ensiklopedie.
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Die [[Afrikaanse Wikipedia]] bestaan al sedert Desember 2001 en bevat reeds ''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'' artikels. Vanaf die begin van die projek het die gebruikers ’n aantal riglyne en uitgangspunte vir artikelbewerking en onderlinge samewerking opgestel. Nuwelinge kan hieruit voordeel trek. Jy mag dit behulpsaam vind om van die skakels in hierdie raampie te volg en met die projek vertroud te raak voordat jy begin bydra. Indien jou vingers jeuk om te eksperimenteer, kan jy gerus ons [[Wikipedia:Sandput|Sandput]] besoek: dit is juis vir die rede daar. Uiteindelik wil ons dat al ons gebruikers [[Wikipedia:Voel vry en gaan jou gang|vry voel om hulle gang te gaan]], maar dit doen natuurlik geen kwaad om ’n bietjie houvas te kry voor 'n mens in die diep kant in spring nie! Besoek gerus ook ons [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|Geselshoekie]], ons gebruikers staan gereed om hand by te sit, of bloot net hand te skud.
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid}}
| [[Wikipedia:Verifieerbaarheid|'''Verifieerbaarheid''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die eerste van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Konversation.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geselshoekie}}
| [[Wikipedia:Geselshoekie|'''Geselshoekie''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die gewilde bymekaarkomplek
|-
| width=&quot;8%&quot;  align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=OrgChem Nomen pictograph.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing}}
| width=&quot;38%&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing|'''Geen oorspronklike navorsing''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die tweede van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Bucket in the sand.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Sandput}}
| width=&quot;38%&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Sandput|'''Sandput''']]&lt;br /&gt;Eksperimenteer na hartelus
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{Klik|Afbeelding=Unbalanced scales.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt}}
| [[Wikipedia:Neutrale standpunt| '''Neutrale standpunt''']]&lt;br /&gt;Die derde van Wikipedia se drie kernbeleide
| width=&quot;8%&quot;  align=&quot;right&quot; |  {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon tools.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies}}
| [[Wikipedia:Redigeringsinstruksies|'''Redigeringsinstruksies''']]&lt;br /&gt;Hoe maak ek: teks wat skuinsgedruk is? ’n opskrif? tabelle?
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie}}
| [[Wikipedia:Wat Wikipedia nie is nie|'''Wat Wikipedia nie is nie''']]&lt;br /&gt;Daar is ook ’n paar dinge wat ons nié hier doen nie
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Icon - upload photo 2.svg|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beelde}}
| [[Wikipedia:Beelde|'''Beelde''']]&lt;br /&gt;As jy beelde wil oplaai
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app ksmiletris.png|Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Beleefdheid}}
| [[Wikipedia:Beleefdheid|'''Beleefdheid''']]&lt;br /&gt;Ken jou maniere
| align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Klik|Afbeelding=Crystal Clear app kedit.svg||Grootte=30px|Link=Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel}}
| [[Wikipedia:Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel|'''Wenke vir die skryf van ’n goeie artikel''']]&lt;br /&gt;Soms sê die naam alles
{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | {{uc:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} |
{{!}}-
{{!}} colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #faecc8;&quot; {{!}}Jou bydrae word nou geregistreer onder jou IP-adres. Daar is verskeie voordele gebonde aan die skep van ’n rekening – sluit gerus by ons aan!| }}
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #faecc8;&quot; |
Hierdie bladsy, wat nou op jou skerm staan, is trouens jou persoonlike besprekingsbladsy. Die plek waar ander Wikipediane jou in die toekoms kan kontak en jy hulle dan kan beantwoord. Elke gebruiker het so ’n bladsy. Jy kan dus ook boodskappe op ander gebruikers se besprekingsbladsye los. Sluit boodskappe en besprekings altyd af met &lt;big&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/big&gt; of deur op die handtekeningknop in die wysigingsvenster te kliek: sodoende word jou boodskap onderteken met jou gebruikersnaam en die datum en tyd waarop die boodskap voltooi is. Kliek dan as laaste op &quot;Stoor bladsy&quot; om enige bewerkings te stoor.
|}
|}

— [[Gebruiker:KabouterBot|KabouterBot]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:KabouterBot|kontak]]) 09:17, 30 Julie 2021 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leflunomied</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Red 1 verwysing(s) en merk 0 as dood.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="15780" sha1="52qqzjzevd32yicwpyw4mhao2xqczl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Mediese vrywaringsnota|datum=November 2021}}
{| align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;&quot;
! {{chemboks opskrif}} | Leflunomied
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Beeld:Leflunomide.svg|200px|Leflunomied se chemiese struktuur]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Beeld:Leflunomide ball-and-stick model.png|200px|Leflunomied se 3D-struktuur]]
|-
|CAS nommer
|75706-12-6
|-
! {{chemboks opskrif}} |Kliniese data
|-
|Handelsnaam 
|Arava, Lefumide, Rhuemalef, ander
|-
|Toedieningsroetes 
|Orale toediening (tablette)
|-
|Swangerskap gebruik
|Nie toegelaat nie
|-
! {{chemboks opskrif}} | Farmakokinetika
|-
|[[Biobeskikbaarheid]] 
|80%{{R|MSR}}
|-
|Proteïenbinding
|&gt;99%{{R|MSR}}
|-
|[[Metabolisme]]
|Gastrointestinale mukosa en lewer{{R|MSR}}
|-
|Eliminasie halfleeftyd
|14-18 dae{{R|MSR}}
|-
|Uitskeiding
|Ontlasting (48%) en urine (43%){{R|MSR}}
|-
! {{chemboks opskrif}} |Chemiese data
|-
|[[IUSTC|IUSTC-naam]]
|5-metiel-''N''-[4-(trifluorometiel)feniel]
-isoksasool-4-karboksamied
|}
[[Lêer:Rheumalef verpakking.png|duimnael|160px|Verpakking van Rheumalef-tablette]]
'''Leflunomied''' is 'n [[Immuunstelsel|immuunonderdrukkende]] siekte-modifiserende [[Rumatiek|antirumatiese]] middel,{{R|pmid15271770}} wat gebruik word in aktiewe matige tot ernstige [[rumatoïede artritis]] en [[psoriatiese artritis]]. Dit is 'n pirimidiensintese-inhibeerder wat werk deur dihidrorotaatdehidrogenase{{refn|group=Nota|name=A}} te inhibeer.{{R|pmid17094333}}

== Newe-effekte ==
Die dosisbeperkende newe-effekte is [[lewer]]skade, [[long]]siekte en [[Immuunstelsel|immuunonderdrukking]].{{R|rh2010}} Die mees algemene newe-effekte (kom voor by &gt;1% van diegene wat daarmee behandel word) is, in ongeveer dalende volgorde van frekwensie:{{R|MSR|AMH|TGA|EMA|MS|DM|EMC}} [[diarree]], respiratoriese kanaalinfeksies, haarverlies, [[Hipertensie|hoë bloeddruk]], veluitslag, naarheid, [[brongitis]], [[hoofpyn]], buikpyn, abnormale lewerfunksietoetse, rugpyn, swak spysvertering, urienweginfeksie, duiseligheid, infeksie, gewrigsversteuring, jeuk, gewigsverlies, verlies aan eetlus, hoes, gastro-enteritis, faringitis, stomatitis, tenosinovitis, braking, swakheid, allergiese reaksie, borspyn, droë vel, ekseem, parestesie, [[longontsteking]], rinitis, sinovitis, kolelitiasis en kortasem. 

Ongewone newe-effekte (wat voorkom by 0,1-1% van diegene wat met die middel behandel word) sluit in:{{R|AMH}} hardlywigheid, stomatitis, smaakversteuring, trombositopenie en veluitslag. Selde (by 0,1% van diegene wat daarmee behandel word) kom die volgende voor:{{R|AMH}} anafilakse, angioedeem, [[anemie]], agranulositose, eosinofilie, leukopenie, pansitopenie, vaskulitis, toksiese epidermale nekrolise, Stevens-Johnson-sindroom, lupus-infeksie van die vel, ernstige infeksie, interstisiële longsiekte, sirrose en lewerversaking.

=== Teenaanduidings ===
Gebruik van Leflunomied is teenaangedui vir:{{R|MSR}}
* Swangerskap, vroue van vrugbare potensiaal (tensy 'n voorbehoedmiddel gebruik word)
* Lewersiekte, hepatitis B/C seropositief
* Aktiewe ernstige infeksies
* Hipersensitiwiteit

== Mediese gebruike==
Leflunomied is deur ''Sanofi Aventis'' ontwikkel. Kliniese studies met betrekking tot die volgende siektes is uitgevoer:{{R|Trials}} 
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Polyoma BK-virus-nefropatie{{R|PBK}}
* Kimura se siekte{{R|Kimura}}
* Sistemiese lupus-eritematosus{{R|lupus}}
* Felty se sindroom{{R|pmid12003373}}
* Takayasu-arterietis{{R|Takayasu}}
* Granulomatose met poliangiitis{{R|pmid12003373}}
* Ankiloserende spondilitis{{R|spondilitis}}
* [[Crohn se siekte]]{{R|Prajapati|Holtmann}}
* Sarkoïdose{{R|Sarkoïdose}}
* Uveïtis{{R|Uveïtis}}
* Still se siekte{{R|Still}}
* [[Prostaatkanker]]{{R|Prostate}}
* Pemfigoïed{{R|Pemphigoid}}
* Voorkoming van verwerping van oorgeplante organe{{R|rh2010}}
{{div col end}}

== Interaksies ==
Ander immunomodulerende behandelings moet vermy word weens die potensiaal vir bykomende immuunonderdrukkende effekte, of in die geval van immunostimulante soos echinacea of astragalus, verminderde terapeutiese effekte.{{R|MSR}} Net so moet lewende [[entstof|entstowwe]] (soos [[griep|haemophilus influenzae tipe b]]-entstof en [[geelkoors]]-entstowwe) vermy word weens die potensiaal vir ernstige infeksie as gevolg van die immuunonderdrukkende aard van die behandeling.{{R|MSR}}

Veral die gelyktydige gebruik van metotreksaat kan tot ernstige of selfs dodelike lewerskade of hepatotoksisiteit lei. Sommige studies het egter getoon dat die kombinasie van metotreksaat en leflunomied by pasiënte met [[rumatoïede artritis]] beter resultate gegee het as enige enkele middel.{{R|Lee}}

== Werkingsmeganisme ==
Leflunomied is 'n immunomodulerende middel wat sy effekte bereik deur die [[Mitochondrium|mitochondriale]] ensiem dihidrorotaatdehidrogenase (DHODH) te inhibeer, wat 'n sleutelrol speel in die ''de novo''-sintese van uridienmonofosfaat (rUMP), wat benodig word vir die sintese van [[DNS]] en [[RNS]]. Leflunomied inhibeer dus die voortplanting van selle wat vinnig deel, veral limfosiete.{{R|rh2010}}

Die inhibisie van menslike DHODH deur teriflunomied, die aktiewe metaboliet van leflunomied, vind plaas op vlakke (ongeveer 600 nM) wat bereik word tydens behandeling van rumatoïede artritis.{{R|mech99}} Teriflunomied inhibeer ook verskeie tirosienkinase.{{R|rh2010}} Teriflunomied verhoed die uitbreiding van geaktiveerde en outo-immuun limfosiete deur met hul selsiklusprogressie in te meng, terwyl nie-limfoïede selle in staat is om 'n ander pad te gebruik om hul ribonukleotiede te maak deur die gebruik van 'n reddingspirimidien-weg, wat hulle minder afhanklik maak van die ''de novo''-sintese.{{R|mech99}} Teriflunomied het ook antivirale effekte teen talle virusse, insluitend sitomegalovirus, [[Herpes simplex|herpes simpleks virus 1]] en die BK-virus,{{refn|group=Nota|name=B}} ook deur virale replikasie te inhibeer deur inmenging met nukleokapsied-tegumentasie en dus virionsamestelling.{{R|rh2010}}

== Aantekeninge ==
{{verwysings|group=Nota|verwysings=
{{refn|group=Nota|name=A| '''Dihidrorotaatdehidrogenase''' (DHODH) is 'n [[ensiem]] wat by mense deur die ''DHODH''-[[Geen (genetika)|geen]] op [[chromosoom]]-16 gekodeer word.}}
{{refn|group=Nota|name=B| Die '''BK-virus''' is 'n lid van die poliomavirusfamilie en hoewel beduidende gevolge van infeksie ongewoon is, is infeksie in die immuunonderdrukte 'n uitsondering. BK-virus is 'n afkorting van die naam van die eerste pasiënt, van wie die virus in 1971 geïsoleer is.}}
}}

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings|30em|verwysings=
&lt;ref name=&quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Rossi |first=S | isbn = 978-0-9805790-9-3 | title = Australian Medicines Handbook | place = Adelaide | publisher = The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust | year = 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = &quot;DM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ARAVA (leflunomide) tablet, film coated [sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC]|work=DailyMed|publisher=sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC|date=November 2012|access-date=2 November 2021|url=http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=320f63f2-fac3-4aee-aff8-85724e00ef52 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = &quot;EMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Arava : EPAR - Product Information|work=European Medicines Agency|publisher=Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH|date=21 November 2013|access-date=2 November 2021|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000235/WC500026289.pdf|language=en|archive-date=11 Maart 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311033136/http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000235/WC500026289.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = &quot;EMC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Arava 10mg Tablets|work=electronic Medicines Compendium|publisher=SANOFI|date=21 Februarie 2014|access-date=2 November 2021|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4056/smpc|language=en|archive-date= 2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102155850/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4056/smpc|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Holtmann&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Holtmann MH, Gerts AL, Weinman A, Galle PR, Neurath MF | title = Treatment of Crohn's disease with leflunomide as second-line immunosuppression : a phase 1 open-label trial on efficacy, tolerability and safety | journal = Digestive Diseases and Sciences | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 1025–32 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 17934840 | doi = 10.1007/s10620-007-9953-7 | s2cid = 29918308 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Kimura&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dai L, Wei XN, Zheng DH, Mo YQ, Pessler F, Zhang BY | title = Effective treatment of Kimura's disease with leflunomide in combination with glucocorticoids | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 859–65 | date = Junie 2011 | pmid = 21286771 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-011-1689-2 | s2cid = 1914281 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = &quot;Lee&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee SS, Park YW, Park JJ, Kang YM, Nam EJ, Kim SI, Lee JH, Yoo WH, Lee SI  | title = Combination treatment with leflunomide and methotrexate for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–4 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19191187 | doi = 10.1080/03009740802360632 | s2cid = 205543918 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;lupus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu GC, Xu XD, Huang Q, Wu H | title = Leflunomide: friend or foe for systemic lupus erythematosus? | journal = Rheumatology International | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–6 | date = Februarie 2013 | pmid = 22961090 | doi = 10.1007/s00296-012-2508-z | s2cid = 7202069 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = mech99&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox RI, Herrmann ML, Frangou CG, Wahl GM, Morris RE, Strand V, Kirschbaum BJ | title = Mechanism of action for leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Clinical Immunology | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 198–208 | date = Desember 1999 | pmid = 10600330 | doi = 10.1006/clim.1999.4777 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name =&quot;MS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Data Sheet Arava|work=Medsafe|publisher=sanofi-aventis new zealand limited|date=29 Junie 2012|access-date=2 November 2021|url=http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/a/aravatab.pdf |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;MSR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Arava (leflunomide) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more |work=Medscape Reference |publisher=WebMD |access-date=2 November 2021 |url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/arava-leflunomide-343203#showall |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;PBK&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanckaert K, De Vriese AS | title = Current recommendations for diagnosis and management of polyoma BK virus nephropathy in renal transplant recipients | journal = Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation | volume = 21 | issue = 12 | pages = 3364–7 | date = Desember 2006 | pmid = 16998219 | doi = 10.1093/ndt/gfl404 | doi-access = free |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Pemphigoid&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Leflunomide Associated With Topical Corticosteroids for Bullous Pemphigoid - Full Text View | website=ClinicalTrials.gov | date=4 Desember 2008 | url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00802243 | access-date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15271770&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dougados M, Emery P, Lemmel EM, Zerbini CA, Brin S, van Riel P | title = When a DMARD fails, should patients switch to sulfasalazine or add sulfasalazine to continuing leflunomide? | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–51 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15271770 | pmc = 1755199 | doi = 10.1136/ard.2003.016709 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17094333&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Pinto |first1=P |last2=Dougados |first2=M | title = Leflunomide in clinical practice | journal = Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–24 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17094333 | url = http://www.actareumatologica.pt/oldsite/conteudo/pdfs/ARP_2006_4_216_AR_-_Leflunomide.pdf |language=en |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12003373&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders S, Harisdangkul V | title = Leflunomide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmunity | journal = The American Journal of the Medical Sciences | volume = 323 | issue = 4 | pages = 190–3 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12003373 | doi = 10.1097/00000441-200204000-00004 | s2cid = 28479334 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Prajapati&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Prajapati DN, Knox JF, Emmons J, Saeian K, Csuka ME, Binion DG | title = Leflunomide treatment of Crohn's disease patients intolerant to standard immunomodulator therapy | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–8 | date = Augustus 2003 | pmid = 12869881 | doi = 10.1097/00004836-200308000-00006 | s2cid = 21212960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Prostate&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Mitoxantrone and Prednisone With or Without Leflunomide in Treating Patients With Stage IV Prostate Cancer | website=ClinicalTrials.gov | url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004071 | access-date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = &quot;rh2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Teschner S, Burst V | title = Leflunomide: a drug with a potential beyond rheumatology | journal = Immunotherapy | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–50 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20874647 | doi = 10.2217/imt.10.52 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarkoïdose&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Panselinas E, Judson MA | title = Acute pulmonary exacerbations of sarcoidosis | journal = Chest | volume = 142 | issue = 4 | pages = 827–836 | date = Oktober 2012 | pmid = 23032450 | doi = 10.1378/chest.12-1060 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;spondilitis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, Sieper J | title = Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active ankylosing spondylitis | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 124–6 | date = Januarie 2005 | pmid = 15608310 | pmc = 1755172 | doi = 10.1136/ard.2003.019174 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Still&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Pirildar T | title = Treatment of adult-onset Still's disease with leflunomide and chloroquine combination in two patients | journal = Clinical Rheumatology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 157 | date = Mei 2003 | pmid = 12740686 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-002-0667-0 | s2cid = 41656726 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Takayasu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Unizony S, Stone JH, Stone JR | title = New treatment strategies in large-vessel vasculitis | journal = Current Opinion in Rheumatology | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–9 | date = Januarie 2013 | pmid = 23114585 | doi = 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835b133a | s2cid = 21101525 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name =&quot;TGA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=PRODUCT INFORMATION ARAVA|work=TGA eBusiness Services|publisher=sanofi-aventis australia pty ltd|date=7 Augustus 2012|access-date=1 November 2021|url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;id=CP-2010-PI-05926-3|format=PDF|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Trials&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Leflunomide Search | url = http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Leflunomide | work = ClinicalTrials.gov | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Uveïtis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy M | title = Early clinical experience with leflunomide in uveitis | journal = Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 634 | date = Augustus 2007 | pmid = 17641721 | doi = 10.3129/can.j.ophthalmol.i07-085 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

[[Kategorie:Geneesmiddels]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sjabloon:Koronaviruspandemie van 2019-2020/data</title>
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		&quot;cases&quot;: 48015,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 159,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1994.4307,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53501,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Andorra&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.10946,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.643684,
		&quot;population&quot;: 79722,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 57913,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 157072
	},
	&quot;AE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1067030,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2349,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 229.34784,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9792266,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Verenigde Arabiese Emirate&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 95.60813,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 97.54937,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10242085,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9991089,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 24922054
	},
	&quot;AF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 235214,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7998,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 197.09776,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18370386,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Afghanistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.270844,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.19545,
		&quot;population&quot;: 40578847,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19151368,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22964750
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	&quot;AG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9106,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 146,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1572.4286,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62384,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Antigua en Barbuda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.187935,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.24071,
		&quot;population&quot;: 92850,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 64290,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 136512
	},
	&quot;AI&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 844.9514,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10382,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Anguilla (eiland)&quot;,
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		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.45402,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14202,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10858,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 24864
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	&quot;AL&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3608,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1275.9874,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1279333,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Albanië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.24426,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.717087,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2827614,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1349255,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3088966
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	&quot;AM&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8785,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3049.4155,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1030758,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Armenië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.779274,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.95012,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2880880,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1150915,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2256919
	},
	&quot;AO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 107487,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1937,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 54.35663,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9609080,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Angola&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.965265,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.44487,
		&quot;population&quot;: 35635028,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 16550642,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 27819132
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	&quot;AQ&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Antarktika&quot;
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	&quot;AR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 10118953,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 130839,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2881.4146,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 34900612,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Argentinië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 76.860214,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.45777,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45407904,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41529056,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 116978520
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	&quot;AS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8359,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 702.9877,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Amerikaans-Samoa&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 48365
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	&quot;AT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6083769,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22534,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2485.9128,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6683263,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oostenryk&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.72863,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.11823,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9064678,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6899873,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20468732
	},
	&quot;AU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11861161,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 25236,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 963.1698,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21647524,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Australië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.62102,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.85075,
		&quot;population&quot;: 26200987,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22231734,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 69686750
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	&quot;AW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 44224,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 292,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2708.921,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 84368,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Aruba&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.26926,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.00067,
		&quot;population&quot;: 107792,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 90546,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 174914
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	&quot;AX&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Åland&quot;
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	&quot;AZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 836510,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10353,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1005.6038,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4862494,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Azerbeidjan&quot;,
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		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.191284,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10295307,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5373253,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13857111
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		&quot;cases&quot;: 404289,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5123.2495,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 846080,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bosnië en Herzegowina&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.400383,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 29.43689,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3204802,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 943394,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1924950
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	&quot;BB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 109141,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 593,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2100.4236,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 155047,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Barbados&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.91811,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.03722,
		&quot;population&quot;: 282324,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 163853,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 384049
	},
	&quot;BD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2052275,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29531,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 174.34259,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 142201680,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bangladesj&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.95181,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.4455,
		&quot;population&quot;: 169384891,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 151507170,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 361742560
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	&quot;BE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4907118,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34339,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2949.6262,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9170945,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;België&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.77591,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.55496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11641814,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9261641,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 31469388
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	&quot;BF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 22217,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 400,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 17.77064,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5232347,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Burkina Faso&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23.245539,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.051752,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22509038,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6089089,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7893609
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	&quot;BG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1341065,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 38778,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5681.0405,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2078006,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bulgarye&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.443129,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 31.583748,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6825862,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2155863,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4726614
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	&quot;BH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 696614,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1536,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1001.6564,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1226796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bahrein&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 80.00182,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.939445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1533460,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1241174,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3476633
	},
	&quot;BI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 54569,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 15,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1.126033,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 36321,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Burundi&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 0.27265763,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 0.27707168,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13321102,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 36909,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 42252
	},
	&quot;BJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 28036,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 163,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 11.8463545,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2742837,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Benin&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.934122,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.870075,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13759507,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3697190,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4232541
	},
	&quot;BL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5507,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 456.7044,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sint Bartholomeus&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10948
	},
	&quot;BM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 18860,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 165,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2547.397,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47657,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bermuda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.576546,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.9614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 64772,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 48554,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 136759
	},
	&quot;BN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 350550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 182,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 399.67148,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 446714,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Broenei&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 98.09827,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 99.07219,
		&quot;population&quot;: 455374,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 451149,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1293100
	},
	&quot;BO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1212180,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22389,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1853.8304,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6160585,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bolivië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.01023,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 60.949844,
		&quot;population&quot;: 12077156,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7361008,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 14690530
	},
	&quot;BQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11922,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1430.8647,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 16736,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Karibiese Nederland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58.407204,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.68877,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28654,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19109,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 35845
	},
	&quot;BR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 37978000,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 703774,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3346.422,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 176164200,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Brasilië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.76549,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.17482,
		&quot;population&quot;: 210306411,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 189643420,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 516237120
	},
	&quot;BS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39127,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 849,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2135.6233,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 166972,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bahamas&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.0011,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.972713,
		&quot;population&quot;: 397542,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 174810,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 366359
	},
	&quot;BT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 63193,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 26.891325,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 677669,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bhoetan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 86.778175,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.52455,
		&quot;population&quot;: 780921,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 699116,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2011426
	},
	&quot;BW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 330699,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2801,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1148.0002,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1663490,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Botswana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.17876,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.96467,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2439895,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1951054,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3171667
	},
	&quot;BY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 994085,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7118,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 775.95264,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6414996,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Belarus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.931625,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.255,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9173240,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6536392,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22765402
	},
	&quot;BZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 71493,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 688,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1708.294,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 221478,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Belize&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.992664,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.17847,
		&quot;population&quot;: 402741,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 258473,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 511106
	},
	&quot;CA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4819055,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 55282,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1424.0135,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31758252,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kanada&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81.80634,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.49461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38821259,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 34742936,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 102877160
	},
	&quot;CC&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kokoseilande&quot;
	},
	&quot;CD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 101010,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1474,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 14.394957,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14399520,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14.062447,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 16.646704,
		&quot;population&quot;: 102396974,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 17045720,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18808672
	},
	&quot;CF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 15492,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 113,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 22.16539,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2484985,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sentraal-Afrikaanse Republiek&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.74395,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 51.00764,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5098038,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2600389,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3342248
	},
	&quot;CG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25234,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 389,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 64.45622,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 654119,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Republiek die Kongo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.838571,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 11.52855,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6035104,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 695760,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 833210
	},
	&quot;CH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4491534,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14170,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1611.6594,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6013254,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Switserland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.8,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.3447,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8792180,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6096911,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16940716
	},
	&quot;CI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 88434,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 835,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 27.472,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 12164304,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ivoorkus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40.020737,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.64014,
		&quot;population&quot;: 30395004,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13568372,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 25263932
	},
	&quot;CK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7375,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 135.6208,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14728,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Cookeilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 99.87116,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 102.47508,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14747,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15112,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 40854
	},
	&quot;CL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5410454,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 64497,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3298.5676,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 17700116,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Chili&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.523636,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.51003,
		&quot;population&quot;: 19553033,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 18088516,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 66864900
	},
	&quot;CM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 125320,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1974,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 71.43692,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3197286,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kameroen&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11.570632,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 13.5843525,
		&quot;population&quot;: 27632770,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3753733,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4880572
	},
	&quot;CN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 99381761,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 122398,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 85.882515,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1284479600,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Volksrepubliek China&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Sluit nie spesiale administratiewe streke ([[Hong Kong]] en [[Macau]]) of [[Taiwan]] in nie.&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.12756,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.48145,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1425179562,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1318026800,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3516880600
	},
	&quot;CO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6402780,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 142805,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2760.16,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37204130,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Colombia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 71.90879,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.13468,
		&quot;population&quot;: 51737944,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 43012176,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 90931190
	},
	&quot;CR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1242731,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9397,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1849.161,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4369784,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Costa Rica&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.98951,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.516174,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5081764,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4650636,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13576935
	},
	&quot;CU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1113834,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8530,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 771.26013,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10053658,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kuba&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 90.90253,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 97.70112,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11059822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10805570,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 45995748
	},
	&quot;CV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 64550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 417,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 802.3088,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 308720,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kaap Verde&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.39779,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.63569,
		&quot;population&quot;: 519750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 356734,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 859940
	},
	&quot;CW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 45883,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 305,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1645.5355,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 100885,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Curaçao&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.42946,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.592392,
		&quot;population&quot;: 185350,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 108601,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 260324
	},
	&quot;CX&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kerseiland&quot;
	},
	&quot;CY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 718652,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1364,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1450.4836,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 656138,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Siprus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.774,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.37496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1331376,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 671193,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1891597
	},
	&quot;CZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4886177,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 43927,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4115.6294,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6895763,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tsjeggië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.60811,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 65.41614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10673216,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6982006,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 19047108
	},
	&quot;DE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38437952,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 174979,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2080.9473,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63566136,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Duitsland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 75.596375,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.15449,
		&quot;population&quot;: 84086227,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 64876300,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 193241460
	},
	&quot;DJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 15690,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 189,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 166.21214,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 401208,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Djiboeti&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.28341,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.074368,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1137101,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 421573,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 723789
	},
	&quot;DK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3453415,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10012,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1696.1152,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4712002,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Denemarke&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.82519,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.40999,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5902901,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4746522,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 14961517
	},
	&quot;DM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16047,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 74,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1107.0055,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30659,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Dominica&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.864437,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 49.358982,
		&quot;population&quot;: 66847,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 32995,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 67647
	},
	&quot;DO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 661103,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4384,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 390.3574,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6130483,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Dominikaanse Republiek&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.586662,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 65.5985,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11230734,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7367193,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16431089
	},
	&quot;DZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 272435,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 6881,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 151.30595,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6481186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Algerië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14.251447,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 17.239624,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45477391,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7840131,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15267442
	},
	&quot;EC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1081993,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 36064,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2023.3507,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14249559,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ecuador&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.94636,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.09671,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17823900,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15345791,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39585084
	},
	&quot;EE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 617344,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3417,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2530.9368,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 862739,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Estland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.90219,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.45496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1350093,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 870202,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2171520
	},
	&quot;EG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 516023,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 24830,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 220.47935,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42337176,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Egipte&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37.59353,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.53117,
		&quot;population&quot;: 112618252,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 56907320,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 112673540
	},
	&quot;EH&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Wes-Sahara&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 568746
	},
	&quot;ER&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 10189,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 103,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 30.210152,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Eritrea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3409450,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;ES&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 13980340,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 121880,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2548.2776,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40739124,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Spanje&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.17771,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.45751,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47828386,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41351230,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 119228504
	},
	&quot;ET&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 501324,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7574,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 60.406296,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43653010,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ethiopië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 34.815372,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 41.86291,
		&quot;population&quot;: 125384285,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 52489510,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68856790
	},
	&quot;EU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 186970603,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1270487,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2831.3425,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 329857900,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Europese Unie&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Data vir lidlande van die [[Europese Unie]] word individueel gelys, maar word ook gerieflikheidshalwe hier bygetel. Hulle word nie dubbel getel vir die wêreldtotaal nie.&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.510445,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.43216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 449113463,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 338481060,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 977141100
	},
	&quot;FI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1517778,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 11466,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2058.7866,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4347113,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Finland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.054924,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.236206,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5569300,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4524288,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13327120
	},
	&quot;FJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 69047,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 885,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 962.555,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 641194,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Fidji&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.73836,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.44217,
		&quot;population&quot;: 919428,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 712025,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1555182
	},
	&quot;FK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1923,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1775,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Falkland-eilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50.497868,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.87909,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3515,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2632,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4407
	},
	&quot;FM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 31765,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 65,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 579.72565,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gefedereerde State van Mikronesië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 112122,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;FO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 34658,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 28,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 518.1443,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40895,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Faroëreilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 75.67683,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.19425,
		&quot;population&quot;: 54039,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41715,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 103894
	},
	&quot;FR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39058710,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 168202,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2616.8135,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53192480,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Frankryk&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 80.257324,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 82.49821,
		&quot;population&quot;: 66277412,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 54677680,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 158060080
	},
	&quot;GA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 49069,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 307,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 126.29847,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 257471,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gaboen&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.592245,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 12.804443,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2430750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 311244,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 572672
	},
	&quot;GB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25112865,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 232112,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3404.4343,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50745900,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Verenigde Koninkryk&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.43005,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.91978,
		&quot;population&quot;: 68179315,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 53806964,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 151248820
	},
	&quot;GD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 19693,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 238,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2035.4407,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 39034,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Grenada&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.38294,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.836105,
		&quot;population&quot;: 116928,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 44241,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 90686
	},
	&quot;GE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1864337,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17151,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4519.6274,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1276173,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Georgië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.62968,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.59945,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3794782,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1654504,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2930677
	},
	&quot;GF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 98041,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 413,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1384.4241,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Frans-Guyana&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 298319
	},
	&quot;GG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 35326,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 67,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1050.9803,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guernsey&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.68235,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.05569,
		&quot;population&quot;: 63750,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 54223,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 178525
	},
	&quot;GH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172779,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1463,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 44.133858,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10780003,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ghana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32.519695,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 41.82365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 33149152,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13864186,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 25624828
	},
	&quot;GI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 20550,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 113,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3002.8435,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41465,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gibraltar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 110.18841,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 112.07515,
		&quot;population&quot;: 37631,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 42175,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 132810
	},
	&quot;GL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11971,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 374.90628,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38511,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Groenland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.75246,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.60124,
		&quot;population&quot;: 56014,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41227,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 79738
	},
	&quot;GM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12627,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 372,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 141.09766,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 539186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Gambië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.451042,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 25.576376,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2636472,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 674314,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1444492
	},
	&quot;GN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38593,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 468,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 33.297436,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5853990,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guinee&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41.650185,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 62.010365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 14055136,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8715641,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 12049511
	},
	&quot;GP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 203235,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1021,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2654.0022,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guadeloupe&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 384702
	},
	&quot;GQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17130,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 183,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 101.466606,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 214032,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ekwatoriaal-Guinee&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11.867269,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 14.976527,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1803549,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 270109,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 488738
	},
	&quot;GR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5860196,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 40239,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3864.4968,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7647076,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Griekeland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.44144,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.23573,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10412481,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7938031,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 22467978
	},
	&quot;GS&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suid-Georgië en die Suidelike Sandwicheilande&quot;
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	&quot;GT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1255261,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 20205,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1132.0674,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7130895,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guatemala&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 39.953743,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.078354,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17847877,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8937923,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20383476
	},
	&quot;GU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 52287,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2536.427,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guam&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 165193
	},
	&quot;GW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9614,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 177,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 84.06415,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 547637,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guinee-Bissau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.0094,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 35.480625,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2105535,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 747057,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 920752
	},
	&quot;GY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 75520,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1312,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1596.8103,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 384507,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Guyana&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 46.797615,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 60.555866,
		&quot;population&quot;: 821638,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 497550,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 967861
	},
	&quot;HK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2876106,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 13466,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1798.137,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6803288,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Hongkong&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.124664,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 92.68869,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7465913,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6920057,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 21012392
	},
	&quot;HN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 473041,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 11114,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1062.1299,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5853689,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Honduras&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 55.94186,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.037926,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10463880,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6596213,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 17074860
	},
	&quot;HR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1371473,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 18805,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4813.1177,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2251809,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kroasië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.63479,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.457554,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3907031,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2323025,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5435966
	},
	&quot;HT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 35027,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 860,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 74.759186,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 366339,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Haïti&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3.1845589,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 4.5324583,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11503603,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 521396,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 680104
	},
	&quot;HU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2240737,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 49124,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5072.536,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6206710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Hongarye&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.090385,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.29646,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9684308,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6420354,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16701238
	},
	&quot;ID&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6830274,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 162059,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 581.20966,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 174965140,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Indonesië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62.749634,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.31313,
		&quot;population&quot;: 278830527,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 204419400,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 448199870
	},
	&quot;IE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1766266,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9773,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1912.5188,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4065584,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Republiek Ierland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.5611,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 80.47407,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5110015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4112237,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11148281
	},
	&quot;IL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4841701,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12707,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1395.8915,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6385731,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Israel&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 70.14864,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.50582,
		&quot;population&quot;: 9103143,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7055466,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18852564
	},
	&quot;IM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 38008,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 116,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1378.5236,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67106,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Man (eiland)&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.74759,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 82.66388,
		&quot;population&quot;: 84148,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 69560,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 189994
	},
	&quot;IN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 45056126,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 533847,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 374.51825,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 951990500,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Indië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.78652,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.07957,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1425423209,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1027438900,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2206868000
	},
	&quot;IO&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Britse Indiese Oseaangebied&quot;
	},
	&quot;IQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2465545,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 25375,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 575.78125,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7944775,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Irak&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18.0274,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 25.715412,
		&quot;population&quot;: 44070556,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 11332925,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 19557364
	},
	&quot;IR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7627863,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 146837,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1640.1925,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58585264,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Iran&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.44067,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.82924,
		&quot;population&quot;: 89524247,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 65199830,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 155461760
	},
	&quot;IS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 211246,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 186,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 489.00012,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 297934,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Ysland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78.32783,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.43955,
		&quot;population&quot;: 380368,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 309770,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 903424
	},
	&quot;IT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 26969856,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 198523,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3329.8555,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49484584,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Italië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.00122,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.436905,
		&quot;population&quot;: 59619106,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 50936720,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 150321540
	},
	&quot;JE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 66391,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 161,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1555.6608,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81882,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jersey&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.11839,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.51759,
		&quot;population&quot;: 103493,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 84365,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 266953
	},
	&quot;JM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 157666,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3634,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1279.9606,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 760800,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jamaika&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26.796753,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 30.28276,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2839150,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 859773,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1529113
	},
	&quot;JO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1746997,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14122,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1254.5897,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4558313,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jordanië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 40.495773,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.83461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11256269,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4821579,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 10057975
	},
	&quot;JP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 33803572,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 74694,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 597.56354,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 103455224,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Japan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.76578,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.79367,
		&quot;population&quot;: 124997585,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 104740060,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 433356600
	},
	&quot;KE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 344140,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5689,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 104.86161,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11090440,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kenia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.442282,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.716526,
		&quot;population&quot;: 54252458,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 14494372,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 23750432
	},
	&quot;KG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 88953,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1024,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 147.21544,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1406016,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kirgisië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.2136,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 24.965395,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6955792,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1736541,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3661335
	},
	&quot;KH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 139326,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3056,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 177.65665,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14693274,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kambodja&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.417465,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 89.0415,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17201721,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15316670,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 47826644
	},
	&quot;KI&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 24,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 183.932,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81474,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kiribati&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 62.44032,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.32808,
		&quot;population&quot;: 130483,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 100900,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 219980
	},
	&quot;KM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9109,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 161,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 193.00136,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 397080,
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		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47.60061,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.60486,
		&quot;population&quot;: 834191,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 438825,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 835021
	},
	&quot;KN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6607,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 46,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 984.33624,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27000,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;St. Kitts en Nevis&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.776257,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.314476,
		&quot;population&quot;: 46732,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 33794,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 64297
	},
	&quot;KP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Noord-Korea&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 26328843
	},
	&quot;KR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 34571873,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 35934,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 693.9408,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 44347430,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suid-Korea&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.64171,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.44801,
		&quot;population&quot;: 51782515,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 44764956,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 129647784
	},
	&quot;KW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 667290,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2570,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 559.97217,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3346176,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Koeweit&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.90916,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.33473,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4589514,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3457498,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8261221
	},
	&quot;KY&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 37,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 516.6876,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 60696,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kaaimanseilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 84.75911,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 86.737885,
		&quot;population&quot;: 71610,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 62113,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 152148
	},
	&quot;KZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1504370,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19072,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 951.9526,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10629063,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kasakstan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53.0535,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 54.196712,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20034612,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10858101,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 38355604
	},
	&quot;LA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 219060,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 671,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 88.768265,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5222417,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Laos&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.08865,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.902405,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7559008,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5888649,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11111066
	},
	&quot;LB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1239904,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10947,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1905.6515,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2414223,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Libanon&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.026745,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.701817,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5744492,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2740227,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5814699
	},
	&quot;LC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 30254,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 410,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2293.1418,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54971,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;St. Lucia&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.74544,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 33.636475,
		&quot;population&quot;: 178794,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 60140,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 122977
	},
	&quot;LI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 21649,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 89,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2262.4434,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26466,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Liechtenstein&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.25,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.05379,
		&quot;population&quot;: 39338,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 26771,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 74337
	},
	&quot;LK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 672812,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16907,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 740.39966,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14752827,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sri Lanka&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.60631,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.0768,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22834965,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 17143760,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 40116590
	},
	&quot;LR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8090,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 294,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 54.71501,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3730967,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Liberië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.43534,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.65189,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5373297,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3903802,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4460668
	},
	&quot;LS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 36140,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 709,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 310.13354,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 938088,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Lesotho&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 41.03421,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.357975,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2286112,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1014073,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1339097
	},
	&quot;LT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1448050,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9923,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3522.638,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1881106,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Litaue&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.77875,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.51908,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2816923,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1958299,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4604858
	},
	&quot;LU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 401517,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1000,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1530.6552,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 37868,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Luxemburg&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5.796285,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.770996,
		&quot;population&quot;: 653315,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 481957,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1374547
	},
	&quot;LV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 977798,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7720,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4104.0713,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1305976,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Letland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.4277,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.565216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1881059,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1346184,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2979624
	},
	&quot;LY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 507269,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 6437,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 891.0818,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1236102,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Libië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 17.111511,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 32.065197,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7223804,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2316327,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3739158
	},
	&quot;MA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1279115,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 16305,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 436.791,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23521988,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Marokko&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.012527,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.02596,
		&quot;population&quot;: 37329068,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 25020168,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 55389600
	},
	&quot;MC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17181,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 67,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1720.154,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 25667,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Monaco&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.8973,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.13351,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38950,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 28875,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 71929
	},
	&quot;MD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 656455,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4042.7817,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1078961,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Moldowa&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.492302,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 36.49767,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3039986,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1109524,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2293086
	},
	&quot;ME&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 251280,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2654,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4317.9116,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 284869,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Montenegro&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 46.346615,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.63418,
		&quot;population&quot;: 614649,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 292783,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 679171
	},
	&quot;MF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12324,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 46,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1591.7506,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saint-Martin&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28899
	},
	&quot;MG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 68733,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1428,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 46.91618,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2628849,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Madagaskar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8.636944,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 8.904759,
		&quot;population&quot;: 30437261,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2710365,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3092063
	},
	&quot;MH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16297,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 424.0036,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Marshalleilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 40094,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;MK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 352093,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9991,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 5429.195,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 838181,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Noord-Masedonië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.547474,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.438065,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1840236,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 854570,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1862987
	},
	&quot;ML&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 33199,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 743,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 32.20264,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3633589,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mali&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 15.748474,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 18.8721,
		&quot;population&quot;: 23072641,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4354292,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5922585
	},
	&quot;MM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 643401,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19494,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 362.63324,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35937796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mianmar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.85257,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.29614,
		&quot;population&quot;: 53756791,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 41551930,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 93477100
	},
	&quot;MN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1011489,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2136,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 630.83,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2185282,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mongolië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.53846,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.45445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3386015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2284018,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5668144
	},
	&quot;MO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3514,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 121,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 174.056,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 642266,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Macau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.18433,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 96.499374,
		&quot;population&quot;: 704360,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 679703,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1802985
	},
	&quot;MP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 14985,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 889.3516,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Noordelike Mariana-eilande&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 46101
	},
	&quot;MQ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 230354,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1104,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3159.1418,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Martinique&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 349462
	},
	&quot;MR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 63891,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 997,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 204.48581,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1540597,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mauritanië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31.597816,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.148228,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4875644,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2103754,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4075874
	},
	&quot;MS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1403,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1787.31,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1952,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Montserrat&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43.610367,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 47.006256,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4476,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2104,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4619
	},
	&quot;MT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 125286,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1119,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2118.5398,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 471565,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Malta&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 89.27875,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.677475,
		&quot;population&quot;: 528194,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 478953,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1408793
	},
	&quot;MU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 332105,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1074,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 841.60443,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1088142,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mauritius&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.26863,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.06074,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1276134,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1123773,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2616012
	},
	&quot;MV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 186694,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 316,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 602.92,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 385167,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Maledive&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.488884,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 76.18695,
		&quot;population&quot;: 524116,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 399308,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 951764
	},
	&quot;MW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 89168,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2686,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 130.58656,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4288014,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Malawi&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20.847246,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 26.416496,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20568731,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5433538,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8503954
	},
	&quot;MX&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7629928,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 335098,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2605.473,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81849960,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Meksiko&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.640446,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 75.55955,
		&quot;population&quot;: 128613116,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 97179496,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 223158990
	},
	&quot;MY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5329836,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 37351,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1076.5375,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27551144,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Maleisië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.40842,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.101494,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34695494,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 28138564,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 72657256
	},
	&quot;MZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 233927,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2252,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 68.960785,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21329744,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mosambiek&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.31598,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.03147,
		&quot;population&quot;: 32656242,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22869646,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 34950856
	},
	&quot;NA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172557,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4110,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1422.3087,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 550978,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Namibië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.067173,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 21.793749,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2889668,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 629767,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1005937
	},
	&quot;NC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 80203,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 314,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1093.5813,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 184816,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nieu-Kaledonië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.36666,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.99927,
		&quot;population&quot;: 287130,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 192375,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 480702
	},
	&quot;NE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9573,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 315,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 12.444701,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5483001,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Niger&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21.661686,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 24.685875,
		&quot;population&quot;: 25311978,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6248483,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7372208
	},
	&quot;NF&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Norfolkeiland&quot;
	},
	&quot;NG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 267229,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3155,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 14.138414,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81297810,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nigerië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 36.431763,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.047527,
		&quot;population&quot;: 223150906,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 93829430,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 133048024
	},
	&quot;NI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16805,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 245,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 36.40058,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6126708,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nicaragua&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 91.026825,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 95.15444,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6730662,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 6404524,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15507763
	},
	&quot;NL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 8648106,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 22986,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1283.817,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11768644,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nederland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.73038,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.2736,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17904421,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 12582081,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39764184
	},
	&quot;NO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1551217,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5732,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1050.4332,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4061312,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Noorweë&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.42668,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.66204,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5456796,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4346995,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13020641
	},
	&quot;NP&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1003946,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 12034,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 404.97473,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 24471044,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nepal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.35129,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.83405,
		&quot;population&quot;: 29715435,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 27883196,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 62627628
	},
	&quot;NR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5393,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 84.58806,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 11346,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nauru&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 95.97361,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 110.86111,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 13106,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 32157
	},
	&quot;NU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1092,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1635,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Niue&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 88.66595,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.828636,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1844,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1638,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4923
	},
	&quot;NZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2668236,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4538,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 884.302,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4291717,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Nieu-Seeland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83.63098,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.83779,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5131731,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4302330,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13382576
	},
	&quot;OM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 399449,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4628,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 978.3881,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3048826,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oman&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 64.45409,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 69.33347,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4730229,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3279632,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7108547
	},
	&quot;PA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1045662,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 8830,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2006.4647,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3178700,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Panama&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.23046,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 85.1223,
		&quot;population&quot;: 4400775,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3746041,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9201276
	},
	&quot;PE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4533436,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 221067,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 6603.8574,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 28709644,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Peru&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.76331,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 91.301895,
		&quot;population&quot;: 33475436,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 30563708,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 91412580
	},
	&quot;PF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 79451,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 650,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2318.216,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 186803,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Frans-Polinesië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.62304,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.08708,
		&quot;population&quot;: 280388,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 190908,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 502952
	},
	&quot;PG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 46864,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 670,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 65.665825,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 321192,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Papoea-Nieu-Guinee&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3.1479607,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 3.744128,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10203177,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 382020,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 737695
	},
	&quot;PH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4173631,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 66864,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 586.70984,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 78443970,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Filippyne&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 68.83203,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 72.5532,
		&quot;population&quot;: 113964343,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 82684776,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 189317150
	},
	&quot;PK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1580631,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 30656,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 125.79366,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 140475870,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Pakistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.64279,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 67.93904,
		&quot;population&quot;: 243700667,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 165567890,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 340974140
	},
	&quot;PL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6841336,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 120979,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3151.6658,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 22705868,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Pole&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.15184,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.877827,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38385734,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22984544,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 58634590
	},
	&quot;PM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3426,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 347.22223,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sint Pierre en Miquelon&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5760
	},
	&quot;PN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Pitcairneilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 100,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 100,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 47,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 117
	},
	&quot;PR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1252713,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5938,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1832.1664,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Puerto Rico&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3240972
	},
	&quot;PS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 703228,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5708,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1075.9105,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1776973,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Staat Palestina&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.49446,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 37.938984,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5305274,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2012767,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3748571
	},
	&quot;PT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5671586,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29643,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2845.6167,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8909769,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Portugal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.53044,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 94.28189,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10417074,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9821414,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28314796
	},
	&quot;PW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6372,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 10,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 562.3032,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Palau&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17784
	},
	&quot;PY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 735759,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 19880,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2940.6284,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3550673,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Paraguay&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.521175,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.107147,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6760460,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3995915,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9954852
	},
	&quot;QA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 514524,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 690,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 238.55077,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2852178,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Katar&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 98.60714,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 98.60714,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2892466,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2852178,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7609178
	},
	&quot;RE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 494595,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 921,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1056.7465,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Réunion&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 871543
	},
	&quot;RO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3603852,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 69095,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3604.936,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8114769,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Roemenië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 42.337685,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 28.562483,
		&quot;population&quot;: 19166776,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5474507,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16827486
	},
	&quot;RS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2568005,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 18057,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2658.8762,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3278198,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Serwië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.271156,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 49.38844,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6791215,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3354075,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 8534688
	},
	&quot;RU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 24901467,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 404290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2777.1006,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79702400,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Rusland&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 54.74822,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 61.19087,
		&quot;population&quot;: 145579889,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 89081600,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 187374510
	},
	&quot;RW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 133274,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1468,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 107.53771,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10399665,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Rwanda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 76.182304,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.735504,
		&quot;population&quot;: 13651025,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 10884714,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 27322060
	},
	&quot;SA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 841469,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9646,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 299.7947,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 25433940,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Saoedi-Arabië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 79.047905,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 84.043724,
		&quot;population&quot;: 32175351,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 27041364,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68534630
	},
	&quot;SB&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25954,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 199,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 254.77707,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 254352,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Salomonseilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32.56435,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 44.018948,
		&quot;population&quot;: 781075,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 343821,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 625956
	},
	&quot;SC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 51899,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 172,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1370.1576,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 83565,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Seychelle&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.56815,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.51532,
		&quot;population&quot;: 125533,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 88520,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 224558
	},
	&quot;SD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 63993,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5046,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 102.1802,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 13416394,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Soedan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.167852,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 30.794699,
		&quot;population&quot;: 49383344,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 15207452,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28662108
	},
	&quot;SE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2785768,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29351,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2798.7092,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7593676,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Swede&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 72.40806,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.14397,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10487335,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7775726,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 28312816
	},
	&quot;SG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3006155,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2024,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 358.23718,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5248693,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Singapoer&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 92.89906,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.57716,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5649888,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5287005,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 15302530
	},
	&quot;SH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2166,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 3531,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sint Helena, Ascension en Tristan da Cunha&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.76643,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 81.225555,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5369,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4361,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7892
	},
	&quot;SI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1366814,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9914,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 4686.9585,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1222225,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Slowenië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 57.782104,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 59.84226,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2115231,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1265802,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3028400
	},
	&quot;SJ&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Svalbard en Jan Mayen&quot;
	},
	&quot;SK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1889642,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 21395,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3909.0513,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2791711,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Slowakye&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.00697,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 51.889565,
		&quot;population&quot;: 5473195,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2840017,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 7222380
	},
	&quot;SL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7985,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 126,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 15.223258,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4961886,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sierra Leone&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.949265,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 68.578636,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8276809,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5676123,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9155936
	},
	&quot;SM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25292,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 126,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3693.6064,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 23633,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;San Marino&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 69.27857,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 77.2638,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34113,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 26357,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 69338
	},
	&quot;SN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 89437,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1972,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 111.72109,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1548665,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Senegal&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 8.77376,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 15.209795,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17651099,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2684696,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3182308
	},
	&quot;SO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 27334,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1361,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 76.45254,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 7666835,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Somalië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 43.06752,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.400066,
		&quot;population&quot;: 17801895,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8972167,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 10555834
	},
	&quot;SR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 82516,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1406,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2256.199,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 237879,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suriname&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.172287,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.9769,
		&quot;population&quot;: 623172,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 267820,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 554588
	},
	&quot;SS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 18873,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 147,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 13.337961,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4273253,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suid-Soedan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.773117,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.153057,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11021175,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4315127,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 4365547
	},
	&quot;ST&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6771,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 80,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 353.49274,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 111986,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;São Tomé en Príncipe&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49.482796,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 61.974346,
		&quot;population&quot;: 226313,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 140256,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 263863
	},
	&quot;SV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 202066,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4230,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 673.53296,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4397817,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;El Salvador&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 70.025406,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 74.19961,
		&quot;population&quot;: 6280316,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4659970,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 11459448
	},
	&quot;SX&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11051,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 92,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2182.0078,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 26773,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sint Maarten&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.498802,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.64962,
		&quot;population&quot;: 42163,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 29788,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 66829
	},
	&quot;SY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 57423,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3163,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 140.81453,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2358365,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sirië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 10.499275,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 14.671913,
		&quot;population&quot;: 22462170,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3295630,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5090630
	},
	&quot;SZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 75356,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1427,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1170.7075,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 427335,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Eswatini&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.058464,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 43.15702,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1218921,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 526050,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 870205
	},
	&quot;TC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 6933,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 41,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 893.84985,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30710,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turks- en Caicoseilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 66.95154,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 71.540695,
		&quot;population&quot;: 45869,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 32815,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 73907
	},
	&quot;TD&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7702,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 194,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 10.511874,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5020360,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tsjad&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.202782,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.892593,
		&quot;population&quot;: 18455319,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5147667,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9151765
	},
	&quot;TF&quot;: {
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Franse Suidelike en Antarktiese Gebiede&quot;
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	&quot;TG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 39553,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 290,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 35.941727,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 1554066,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Togo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 19.260626,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 27.954967,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8068616,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2255579,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 3423181
	},
	&quot;TH&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5419906,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 34993,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 487.80713,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53486090,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Thailand&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 74.56032,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.46643,
		&quot;population&quot;: 71735321,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 57005496,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 142635000
	},
	&quot;TJ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17786,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 125,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 12.276292,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5191919,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tadjikistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 50.99001,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.329185,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10182228,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5328277,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 20568164
	},
	&quot;TK&quot;: {
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		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2203,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tokelau&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 95.28547,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 95.28547,
		&quot;population&quot;: 2312,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 2203,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 5374
	},
	&quot;TL&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 23460,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 138,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 100.781494,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 801759,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oos-Timor&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 58.552513,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 64.76584,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1369299,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 886838,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 2028798
	},
	&quot;TM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 4568901,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turkmenistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 63.19193,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.82771,
		&quot;population&quot;: 7230197,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 4614869,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16775970
	},
	&quot;TN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1153361,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 29423,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2427.773,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6401841,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tunisië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.823357,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 73.41035,
		&quot;population&quot;: 12119338,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 8896848,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 16553338
	},
	&quot;TO&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 16992,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 13,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 123.74706,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 77390,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tonga&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 73.66758,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 83.1723,
		&quot;population&quot;: 105053,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 87375,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 204737
	},
	&quot;TR&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17004725,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 101419,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1164.9528,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53176960,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turkye&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 61.081894,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 66.554184,
		&quot;population&quot;: 87058469,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 57941052,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 152543340
	},
	&quot;TT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 191496,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4390,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2934.643,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 718969,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Trinidad en Tobago&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.061897,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.430336,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1495923,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 754399,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1592148
	},
	&quot;TV&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 2943,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 99.88014,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9505,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tuvalu&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 94.93607,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 97.512985,
		&quot;population&quot;: 10012,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 9763,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 26783
	},
	&quot;TW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9970937,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 17672,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 739.619,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 20793088,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Republiek China&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 88.783066,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 93.50615,
		&quot;population&quot;: 23420107,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 21899240,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 68158990
	},
	&quot;TZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 43606,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 846,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 13.073345,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 32165792,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Tanzanië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 49.706203,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 53.212738,
		&quot;population&quot;: 64711822,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 34434932,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 39392420
	},
	&quot;UA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 5555243,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 109937,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2678.2046,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 15741036,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oekraïne&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 38.347157,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 39.628956,
		&quot;population&quot;: 41048768,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 16267198,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 35735490
	},
	&quot;UG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 172222,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3632,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 76.76583,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 13061126,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Uganda&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 27.605951,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 42.34208,
		&quot;population&quot;: 47312718,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 20033188,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 26406936
	},
	&quot;US&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 103436829,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1235885,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 3618.6292,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 230637340,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Verenigde State van Amerika&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 67.52983,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 79.1216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 341534041,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 270227170,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 676728770
	},
	&quot;UY&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 1043230,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7696,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 2269.5952,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2903186,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Uruguay&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85.616646,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.780334,
		&quot;population&quot;: 3390913,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 3010464,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 9037498
	},
	&quot;UZ&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 175158,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 1016,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 29.079292,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18451780,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Oesbekistan&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 52.81149,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 63.237354,
		&quot;population&quot;: 34938953,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22094470,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 83937950
	},
	&quot;VA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 26,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 0,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 0,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Vatikaanstad&quot;,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;population&quot;: 513,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: null,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: null
	},
	&quot;VC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 9674,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 124,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1214.9359,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 31632,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;St. Vincent en die Grenadine&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 30.992622,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 36.773365,
		&quot;population&quot;: 102063,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 37532,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 73443
	},
	&quot;VE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 552743,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5856,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 207.56378,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 14966671,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Venezuela&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 53.048817,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.5355,
		&quot;population&quot;: 28213015,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 22157232,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 37860990
	},
	&quot;VG&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 7661,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 64,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1669.0137,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 18261,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Britse Maagde-eilande&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 47.621655,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 50.764095,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38346,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 19466,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 41453
	},
	&quot;VI&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 25389,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 132,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1525.6411,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Amerikaanse Maagde-eilande&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 86521
	},
	&quot;VN&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11624000,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 43206,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 433.44418,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 85961570,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Viëtnam&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 86.23695,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 90.7876,
		&quot;population&quot;: 99680656,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 90497670,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 266492140
	},
	&quot;VU&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 12019,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 14,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 44.71972,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 162250,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Vanuatu&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 51.82696,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 56.418396,
		&quot;population&quot;: 313061,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 176624,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 366638
	},
	&quot;WF&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 3760,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 9,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 782.54065,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 6803,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Wallis en Futuna&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 59.15138,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 62.168507,
		&quot;population&quot;: 11501,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7150,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 18058
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	&quot;WS&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 17057,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 31,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 144.0052,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 177954,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Samoa&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 82.66549,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 88.912994,
		&quot;population&quot;: 215270,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 191403,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 453083
	},
	&quot;XC&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: null,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: null,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 313067,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 81.78,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 78.8,
		&quot;population&quot;: 382836,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 301673,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 861519
	},
	&quot;XK&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 274279,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 3212,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1869.6703,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 825082,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Kosovo&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 48.027126,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 52.787216,
		&quot;population&quot;: 1717950,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 906858,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1837446
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	&quot;XT&quot;: {},
	&quot;XW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 779056637,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 7111504,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 893.6922,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5197972500,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Wêreld&quot;,
		&quot;note&quot;: &quot;Lande wat nie data rapporteer vir 'n spesifieke kolom nie se data is nie ingesluit by die wêreldtotaal vir dié kolom nie.&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 65.10431,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 70.706406,
		&quot;population&quot;: 8021407196,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 5645247500,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13724514000
	},
	&quot;YE&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 11945,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 2159,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 56.484497,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 807057,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Jemen&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 2.1114502,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 2.7475743,
		&quot;population&quot;: 38222878,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 1050202,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 1298654
	},
	&quot;YT&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 42027,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 187,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 612.55444,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Mayotte&quot;,
		&quot;population&quot;: 305279
	},
	&quot;ZA&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 4073151,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 102595,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 1644.7195,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 21038796,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Suid-Afrika&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 33.727688,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 38.81303,
		&quot;population&quot;: 62378417,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 24210952,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 41798812
	},
	&quot;ZM&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 349892,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 4078,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 202.35266,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 9213802,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Zambië&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 45.719406,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 58.113445,
		&quot;population&quot;: 20152935,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 11711565,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13615707
	},
	&quot;ZW&quot;: {
		&quot;cases&quot;: 266436,
		&quot;deaths&quot;: 5740,
		&quot;deaths_per_million&quot;: 357.2082,
		&quot;fully_vaccinated&quot;: 5662119,
		&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Zimbabwe&quot;,
		&quot;percent_fully_vaccinated&quot;: 35.236153,
		&quot;percent_vaccinated&quot;: 46.83461,
		&quot;population&quot;: 16069061,
		&quot;total_vaccinated&quot;: 7525882,
		&quot;vaccine_doses&quot;: 13935112
	}
}</text>
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    <title>Moi, un noir</title>
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      <text bytes="7914" sha1="tc8f82742g2o8mex17j1k35uh7sfq4q" xml:space="preserve">{{TITELAANSIG|''Moi, un noir''}}
{{Inligtingskas rolprent
|naam=Moi, un noir
|beeld=
|onderskrif= 
|regisseur=[[Jean Rouch]]
|produksieleier=Pierre Braunberger&lt;br /&gt;Roger Felytoux
|draaiboekskrywer=André Lubin
|kinematografie=Jean Rouch
|redigeerder=Marie-Josèphe Yoyotte&lt;br /&gt;Catherine Dourgnon
|speeltyd=73 minute
|land=[[Ivoorkus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Frankryk]]
|taal=[[Frans]]
|bruto=
}}
'''''Moi, un noir''''', &quot;'''Ek, 'n swart [persoon]'''&quot;; is 'n [[Franse]] etnofiksierolprent uit 1958, geregisseer deur [[Jean Rouch]]. Die [[rolprent]] speel af in [[Abidjan]], [[Ivoorkus]].

==Opsomming==
Die film beeld jong immigrante uit [[Niger]] wat hul land verlaat het om werk te kry in die Ivoorkus, in die Treichville-woonbuurt van Abidjan, die hoofstad. Hierdie immigrante woon in onheil in Treichville, jaloers op die aangrensende kwartiere van ''The Plateau'' (die sake- en nywerheidsdistrik) en die ou Afrika-kwartier van Adjame. Hierdie jong immigrante is Oumarou Ganda (wat homself uitbeeld onder die skuilnaam van Edward G. Robinson, 'n bynaam wat hy aanneem weens sy verafgoding van die gelyknamige filmster), Petit Tourè (wat homself as Eddie Constantine uitbeeld), Alassane Maiga (Tarzan), Amadou Demba (Élite), Seydou Guede (Posman), en Karidyo Daoudou (Petit Jules).

Die film volg 'n week in hierdie immigrante se lewens, wat die lyn tussen hul karakters se roetines en hul eie vervaag. Tarzan, Eddy Constantine en Edward G. Robinson soek elke oggend werk in Treichville in die hoop om die 20 frank te kry wat 'n bak sop hulle kos. Hulle verrig handearbeid as dokwerkers.

Snags drink hulle hul hartseer in kroeë weg terwyl hulle droom oor hul geïdealiseerde lewens as hul &quot;fliek&quot; alter-ego's, alternatiewelik as 'n [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]-agent, 'n rokjagter vrygesel, 'n suksesvolle [[Boks|bokser]], en is hulle selfs in staat is om op te staan teen die wit [[Kolonialisme|kolonialiste]] wat hulle vroue verlei. Hierdie droomagtige reekse word in 'n poëtiese modus verfilm.&lt;ref&gt;Bill Nichols, Introduction to documentary, 2nd Edition. Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-253-33954-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elke dag word ingelei deur ‘n stem van die alwetende verteller (deur Jean Rouch), wat 'n universalistiese tematiese afstand bied aan die rolprent se gebeure. Die rolprent is geboekstaaf deur 'n vertelling gerig aan beide Petit Jules en die gehoor van Edward G. Robinson wat met liefde terugkyk op sy kinderdae in Niger en tot die gevolgtrekking kom dat sy lewe sy drome werd is.

==Verfiliming==
Die verfilmingsproses vir ''Moi, un noir'' was nogal uniek: Jean Rouch het nege maande&lt;ref&gt;Jean Paul Colleyn. Jean Rouch: Cinéma Et Anthropologie. Institut National de l’Audiovisuel. Paris: Cahiers Du Cinéma, 2009. {{ISBN|9782866425432}}&lt;/ref&gt;  tussen sy etnografiese onderwerpe deurgebring en hulle toegelaat om hul eie storie op 'n baie persoonlike manier te vertel, wat inherent die reëls van die veld uitdaag.

Jean Rouch het nie met 'n spesifieke idee in die vervaardiging van hierdie rolprent ingegaan nie, en verkies om soveel as moontlik beeldmateriaal vas te vang om 'n narratief met sy onderwerpe te struktureer. Baie tonele in die film is toevallig tydens lang aaneenlopende skote vasgevang.&lt;ref&gt;Conversations with Jean Rouch. Dir. Ann McIntosh. Documentary Educational Resources, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt;

Met die maak van die rolprent was Jean Rouch verbaas oor hoeveel sy onderwerpe bereid was om te openbaar oor hul lewensdrome en aspirasies, en het gevind dat sy &quot;flink kamera&quot;-tegniek hom 'n paspoort na vryheid bied, wat hom in staat stel om sirkels te navigeer wat hy nie gedroom het om te integreer nie.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Henley. The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2009. {{ISBN|9780226327150}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gevolglik het hy sy liggewig 16 mm Kodachrome-kamera in elke sosiale omgewing ingebring.

Nadat Jean Rouch en sy onderwerpe ooreengekom het dat hulle genoeg beeldmateriaal vasgelê het, het hulle die dialoog in 'n ateljee in die ''Musée de l'Homme'' in [[Parys]], [[Frankryk]], opgeneem wat hy oor die straatgeraas rondom Abidjan geplaas het. Hierdie asinchroniese klankeffekte gebore uit praktiese beperkings het gehelp om by te dra tot die &quot;droomagtige&quot; atmosfeer van baie tonele in die film.&lt;ref&gt;Conférence by Jean-Louis Comolli : ''A History of Cinema under a Documentarian Influence : Moi, un Noir''. http://archives-sonores.bpi.fr/index.php?urlaction=doc&amp;id_doc=2742 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002622/http://archives-sonores.bpi.fr/index.php?urlaction=doc&amp;id_doc=2742 |date= 2 Februarie 2015 }} (in Frans)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Historiese konteks==
Hierdie film is vrygestel te midde van die dekolonisasiebeweging in [[Niger]], en dra 'n waarskynlik sterk aanklag van die deurdringende aard van die ikone van die Westerse kultuur op die psige van Afrika saam. Die fliek se redigering kombineer Afrika-uitbeeldings van Westerse eienskappe rondom Treichville met hul deurdringende invloed op die onderwerpe se droomlewens. As 'n Fransman was Jean Rouch deeglik bewus van die swaar kulturele verantwoordelikheid wat op hom geplaas is om die lewe vir die immigrante van Niger vas te vang.&lt;ref&gt;Jean Rouch. &quot;Liberté, égalité, Fraternité, Et Puis Après?&quot; Interview by Serge Daney. Institut National de l’Audiovisuel. 22 Apr. 1990. http://www.ina.fr/video/00489846 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132508/http://www.ina.fr/video/00489846 |date=24 September 2015 }} (in Frans)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kritiek ==
Terwyl Jean Rouch sy Afrika-onderwerpe hul eie storie laat aanbied, bly 'n aantal van sy redigeerbesluite omstrede. Hy is daarvan beskuldig dat hy hulle uitgebuit het en hulle onder 'n mikroskoop deur sy neerbuigende kameralens gehou het.&lt;ref&gt;Jean Paul Colleyn. Jean Rouch: Cinéma Et Anthropologie. Institut National de l’Audiovisuel. Paris: Cahiers Du Cinéma, 2009. {{ISBN|9782866425432}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verder het sommige van sy medewerkers hom as te diktatoriaal gevind in die redigeerproses, in teenstelling met sy baie oop houding terwyl hy beeldmateriaal vasgelê het. &lt;ref&gt;Edgar Morin. Preface. Jean Rouch: Cinéma Et Anthropologie. Institut National de l’Audiovisuel. Paris: Cahiers Du Cinéma, 2009. {{ISBN|9782866425432}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Nalatenskap ==
Die rolprent is met groot lof ontvang en word beskou as invloedryk in die bekendstelling van die Franse ''New Wave''-beweging. Dit is bekroon met die 1958 Louis Delluc-prys.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/anecdote_gen_cfilm=2414.html|title=Moi un noir &gt; Secrets de tournage|language=French|work=AlloCiné|publisher=Tiger Global|accessdate=2013-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oumarou Ganda, wat Edward G. Robinson in hierdie rolprent vertolk het, het voortgegaan om een van Afrika se hoofrolprentmakers te word. Hierdie rolprent het die baanbreker in die gebruik van evokatiewe springsnitte en nie-professionele akteurs, twee eienskappe wat [[Jean-Luc Godard]] sou gebruik om sy film ''Breathless'' te maak en die Franse Nuwe Golf te vorm. Godard het aangevoer dat die film &quot;ongekende vlakke van waarheid wat op film vasgevang is&quot; bereik het in 'n Maart 1959-uitgawe van die tydskrif ''Arts'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cip-idf.org/article.php3?id_article=2140|title=Projections du 4 juin|date=30 May 2005|website=CIP-IDF.org|language=fr|access-date=26 Maart 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  en later het ''Moi, un Noir'' as sy vierde gunsteling rolprent van die jaar geplaas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/godard.html|title=Jean-Luc Godard's Top Ten Lists 1956-1965|access-date=28 Mei 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120152600/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/critics/godard.html|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* {{IMDb title|0051942}}

{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Franse rolprente]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alpine F1-span</title>
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      <text bytes="26217" sha1="aljek1mxfvk9ny0wl5fjeid4el898j5" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Logo of alpine f1 team 2022.png|raamloos|regs|Die span se logo sedert 2022]]
[[Lêer:Renault RS01 Arnoux 2007.jpg|duimnael|Renault F1 RS01 van [[René Arnoux]].]]
[[Lêer:Jarno Trulli 2003.jpg|duimnael|[[Jarno Trulli]] in die Renault F1 R203]]
'''Alpine F1-span''', wat meeding as '''BWT Alpine F1 Team''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.media.alpinecars.com/news/bwt-and-alpine-f1-team-combine-forces-in-strategic-partnership-aimed-at-sustainability-drive-50ef-989c5.html|title=BWT and Alpine F1 Team combine forces in strategic partnership aimed at sustainability drive|date=11 Februarie 2022|website=Alpinecars.com|access-date=11 Februarie 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is 'n Formule Een-vervaardiger wat hul debuut gemaak het aan die begin van die [[2021 Formule Een-seisoen|2021 Formule Een Wêreldkampioenskapseisoen]]. Diie span was voorheen bekend as die [[Renault F1]]-span en in besit van die Franse motormaatskappy [[Renault|Groupe Renault]]. Die span is hernoem vir 2021 om Renault se sportmotorhandelsmerk, Alpine, te bevorder en dien steeds as Renault se fabriekspan. Die onderstel en bestuurskant van die span is gebaseer in Enstone, [[Oxfordshire]], Engeland, en die enjinkant van die span was gebaseer in Viry-Châtillon, 'n voorstad van [[Parys]], Frankryk. Sedert die [[2026 Formule Een-seisoen]] word daar egter van die [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] M17 E Performance 1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6-hibriedenjin]] gebruik gemaak.

== Wedrengeskiedenis ==

=== 2021-seisoen ===
Alpine F1-span het die tweemalige wêreldkampioen, [[Fernando Alonso]], gekontrakteer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|title=Fernando Alonso Joins Renault For 2021 Formula 1 Season|website=Eurosport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133019/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2020|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; om [[Daniel Ricciardo]] wat die Renault-span verlaat het te vervang,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/01/changing-gear-daniel-ricciardo-leaves-renault-for-mclaren/|title=Daniel Ricciardo Leaves Renault for McLaren|website=The Checkered Flag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103100041/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/01/changing-gear-daniel-ricciardo-leaves-renault-for-mclaren/|archive-date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; en [[Esteban Ocon]] is behou uit die 2020 Renault-span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ocon-would-welcome-alonso-as-renault-f1-team-mate-in-2021-4981530/4981530/|title=Ocon would welcome Alonso as Renault F1 team-mate in 2021|website=Autosport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830233201/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ocon-would-welcome-alonso-as-renault-f1-team-mate-in-2021-4981530/4981530/|archive-date=30 August 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Alpine-motor het in hierdie jare van 'n Renault-hibriedenjin gebruik gemaak.&lt;ref name=&quot;F1Announcement&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.renault-alpine-f1-team-2021.7eY84dCU9MythQjcYG8T45.html|title=Renault to rebrand as Alpine F1 Team in 2021|date=6 September 2020|website=Formula 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906091902/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.renault-alpine-f1-team-2021.7eY84dCU9MythQjcYG8T45.html|archive-date=6 September 2020|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renault se spanbaas, Cyril Abiteboul, het aangekondig dat hy sal vertrek namate Renault na Alpine oorgeskakel het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/f1-cyril-abiteboul-leaves-renault-ahead-of-rebranding-as-alpine-for-2021-season/0199d065-6136-4bb1-9591-4e43cd382af5|title=F1 team principal Cyril Abiteboul leaves Renault ahead of rebranding as Alpine|last=|first=|date=12 January 2021|website=Wide World of Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114114738/https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/f1-cyril-abiteboul-leaves-renault-ahead-of-rebranding-as-alpine-for-2021-season/0199d065-6136-4bb1-9591-4e43cd382af5|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abiteboul is vervang deur Davide Brivio, wat voorheen vir Suzuki in MotoGP gewerk het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12473/12190417/alpine-f1-sign-ex-motogp-boss-davide-brivio-as-new-racing-director|title=Alpine F1 sign ex-MotoGP boss Davide Brivio as new racing director|website=Sky Sports|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alpine se eerste ren het geëindig met Alonso wat gedwing is om te onttrek, nadat puin in die luginlate sy motor laat oorverhit het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/04/alpine-f1-team-left-empty-handed-following-the-bahrain-grand-prix/|title=Alpine F1 Team left empty handed following the Bahrain Grand Prix.|last=Butler|first=Jasmine|date=1 April 2021|website=The Checkered Flag|language=en-GB|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927093021/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/04/alpine-f1-team-left-empty-handed-following-the-bahrain-grand-prix/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ocon is deur Aston Martin-jaer, [[Sebastian Vettel]], getref.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/video.2021-bahrain-grand-prix-vettel-crashes-into-the-back-of-ocon.1696505131132939404.html|title=2021 Bahrain Grand Prix: Vettel crashes into the back of Ocon|website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten spyte van 'n teleurstellende begin, kon Alpine wel in die volgende vyftien wedrenne punte aangeteken,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/teams/alpine/results|title=Alpine (Sky Sports)|website=SkySports|language=en|access-date=30 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; insluitend 'n oorwinning vir Ocon in die [[2021 Hongaarse Grand Prix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.ocon-beats-vettel-to-claim-shock-maiden-victory-in-action-packed-hungarian.4Ewxz6olluqX7Y4E1U8NOq.html|title=2021 Hungarian Grand Prix race report &amp; highlights: Ocon claims shock maiden victory in action-packed Hungarian Grand Prix as Vettel disqualified from P2|website=www.formula1.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801152535/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.ocon-beats-vettel-to-claim-shock-maiden-victory-in-action-packed-hungarian.4Ewxz6olluqX7Y4E1U8NOq.html|archive-date=1 Augustus 2021|access-date=5 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit was die eerste oorwinning vir 'n Franse bestuurder wat 'n Franse motor bestuur het wat deur 'n Franse enjin aangedryf is, sedert [[Alain Prost]] se triomf by die Oostenrykse Grand Prix in 1983 met 'n Renaultmotor.&lt;ref name=&quot;FOM Hungarian GP Facts and Stats 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.hungarian-gp-facts-and-stats-ocon-secures-first-french-triple-since-prost.5XbTbqY86QtN09qWP0wbKh.html|title=Hungarian GP Facts &amp; Stats: Ocon secures first French triple since Prost – and there's a new record for Alonso|last=Kelly|first=Sean|date=1 Augustus 2021|website=Formula One website|publisher=Liberty Media|access-date=5 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alonso was ook op die podium in die [[2021 Katarse Grand Prix]], nadat hy vyfde gekwalifiseer het, maar derde weggespring het weens [[Max Verstappen|Verstappen]] en [[Valtteri Bottas|Bottas]] wat elk 'n roosterstraf ontvang het.

== Formule Een-resultate ==
{{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}}
===2021 – hede===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:80%;&quot;
|-
!Jaar
!Onderstel&lt;br/&gt;en bande
!Enjin
!Renjaers
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!Punte
!Plek
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2021 Formule Een-seisoen|2021]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A521&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=3|[[Renault]] E-Tech 21 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2021 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2021 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2021 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|POR}}
| [[2021 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2021 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2021 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2021 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|FRA}}
| [[2021 Stiermarkse Grand Prix|STI]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Lêer:Flag of Steiermark.svg|20px]]
| [[2021 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2021 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2021 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2021 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]‡ &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2021 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2021 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2021 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|RUS}}
| [[2021 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|TUR}}
| [[2021 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2021 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2021 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2021 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2021 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2021 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef| '''155'''
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef| '''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{ES-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Fernando Alonso]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 17
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 4
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 11
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 16
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 18&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#ffdf9f&quot;| 3
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#ffffbf&quot;| 1
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 5
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 4
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2022 Formule Een-seisoen|2022]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A522&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=3|[[Renault]] E-Tech RE22 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2022 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2022 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2022 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2022 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2022 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2022 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2022 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2022 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2022 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2022 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2022 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2022 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|FRA}}
| [[2022 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2022 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2022 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2022 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2022 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2022 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2022 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2022 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2022 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2022 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef|'''173'''
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef|'''4'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{ES-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Fernando Alonso]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|&lt;sup&gt;'''6'''&lt;/sup&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|4
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2023 Formule Een-seisoen|2023]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| A523&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Renault]] E-Tech RE23 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2023 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2023 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2023 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2023 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2023 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2023 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2023 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2023 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2023 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2023 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2023 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2023 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2023 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2023 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2023 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2023 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2023 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2023 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2023 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2023 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2023 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''120'''
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=ffdf9f|3
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|&lt;sup&gt;'''7'''&lt;/sup&gt; 6
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=ffdf9f|3
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|4
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[2024 Formule Een-seisoen|2024]]
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Alpine A524&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Renault]] E-Tech RE24&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2024 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2024 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2024 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2024 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2024 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|CHN}}
| [[2024 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2024 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2024 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2024 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2024 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2024 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2024 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2024 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2024 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2024 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2024 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2024 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2024 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2024 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2024 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2024 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2024 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2024 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''65'''
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=ffffff|DNS
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
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|bgcolor=ffdf9f|&lt;sup&gt;'''7'''&lt;/sup&gt;3
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfdfdf|2
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|-
|align=left|{{AU-VLAG}} [[Jack Doohan]]
|bgcolor=|
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=4| [[2025 Formule Een-seisoen|2025]]
|rowspan=4| Alpine A525&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=4| [[Renault]] E-Tech RE25&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2025 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2025 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CHN}}
| [[2025 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2025 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2025 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2025 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2025 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2025 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2025 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2025 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2025 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2025 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2025 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2025 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2025 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2025 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2025 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2025 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2025 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2025 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2025 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2025 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2025 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2025 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''22'''
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''10'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; style=&quot;color:white&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DSQ&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|-
|align=left|{{AU-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Jack Doohan]]
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=|
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|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
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|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
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|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
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|-
|align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
|bgcolor=|
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|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=ffffff|&lt;small&gt;DNS&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=cfcfff|20
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2026 Formule Een-seisoen|2026]]*
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A526&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] M17 E Performance&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t h]]
|
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CHN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''16*'''
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''5*'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
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|-
|align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
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|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!Jaar
!Onderstel&lt;br/&gt;en bande
!Enjin
!Renjaers
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
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!Punte
!Plek
|} 
* &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Die renjaer het nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het.
* ‡ Halwe punte is in België toegeken in 2021 omdat daar minder as 75% van die wedren afgelê is weens hewige reën.
* '''*''' Seisoen is nog aan die gang.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

[[Kategorie:Formule Een-vervaardigers]]</text>
      <sha1>aljek1mxfvk9ny0wl5fjeid4el898j5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889618</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Wedrengeskiedenis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="26214" sha1="k95xqitl5fy5o8hn5nibe1bxkppwd3u" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Logo of alpine f1 team 2022.png|raamloos|regs|Die span se logo sedert 2022]]
[[Lêer:Renault RS01 Arnoux 2007.jpg|duimnael|Renault F1 RS01 van [[René Arnoux]].]]
[[Lêer:Jarno Trulli 2003.jpg|duimnael|[[Jarno Trulli]] in die Renault F1 R203]]
'''Alpine F1-span''', wat meeding as '''BWT Alpine F1 Team''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.media.alpinecars.com/news/bwt-and-alpine-f1-team-combine-forces-in-strategic-partnership-aimed-at-sustainability-drive-50ef-989c5.html|title=BWT and Alpine F1 Team combine forces in strategic partnership aimed at sustainability drive|date=11 Februarie 2022|website=Alpinecars.com|access-date=11 Februarie 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is 'n Formule Een-vervaardiger wat hul debuut gemaak het aan die begin van die [[2021 Formule Een-seisoen|2021 Formule Een Wêreldkampioenskapseisoen]]. Diie span was voorheen bekend as die [[Renault F1]]-span en in besit van die Franse motormaatskappy [[Renault|Groupe Renault]]. Die span is hernoem vir 2021 om Renault se sportmotorhandelsmerk, Alpine, te bevorder en dien steeds as Renault se fabriekspan. Die onderstel en bestuurskant van die span is gebaseer in Enstone, [[Oxfordshire]], Engeland, en die enjinkant van die span was gebaseer in Viry-Châtillon, 'n voorstad van [[Parys]], Frankryk. Sedert die [[2026 Formule Een-seisoen]] word daar egter van die [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] M17 E Performance 1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6-hibriedenjin]] gebruik gemaak.

== Wedrengeskiedenis ==

=== 2021-seisoen ===
Alpine F1-span het die tweemalige wêreldkampioen, [[Fernando Alonso]], gekontrakteer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|title=Fernando Alonso Joins Renault For 2021 Formula 1 Season|website=Eurosport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133019/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2020|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; om [[Daniel Ricciardo]] wat die Renault-span verlaat het te vervang,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/01/changing-gear-daniel-ricciardo-leaves-renault-for-mclaren/|title=Daniel Ricciardo Leaves Renault for McLaren|website=The Checkered Flag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103100041/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/01/changing-gear-daniel-ricciardo-leaves-renault-for-mclaren/|archive-date=3 January 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; en [[Esteban Ocon]] is behou uit die 2020 Renault-span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ocon-would-welcome-alonso-as-renault-f1-team-mate-in-2021-4981530/4981530/|title=Ocon would welcome Alonso as Renault F1 team-mate in 2021|website=Autosport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830233201/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ocon-would-welcome-alonso-as-renault-f1-team-mate-in-2021-4981530/4981530/|archive-date=30 August 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Alpine-motor het in hierdie jare van 'n Renault-hibriedenjin gebruik gemaak.&lt;ref name=&quot;F1Announcement&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.renault-alpine-f1-team-2021.7eY84dCU9MythQjcYG8T45.html|title=Renault to rebrand as Alpine F1 Team in 2021|date=6 September 2020|website=Formula 1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906091902/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.renault-alpine-f1-team-2021.7eY84dCU9MythQjcYG8T45.html|archive-date=6 September 2020|access-date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renault se spanbaas, Cyril Abiteboul, het aangekondig dat hy sal vertrek namate Renault na Alpine oorgeskakel het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/f1-cyril-abiteboul-leaves-renault-ahead-of-rebranding-as-alpine-for-2021-season/0199d065-6136-4bb1-9591-4e43cd382af5|title=F1 team principal Cyril Abiteboul leaves Renault ahead of rebranding as Alpine|last=|first=|date=12 January 2021|website=Wide World of Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114114738/https://wwos.nine.com.au/motorsport/f1-cyril-abiteboul-leaves-renault-ahead-of-rebranding-as-alpine-for-2021-season/0199d065-6136-4bb1-9591-4e43cd382af5|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abiteboul is vervang deur Davide Brivio, wat voorheen vir Suzuki in MotoGP gewerk het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12473/12190417/alpine-f1-sign-ex-motogp-boss-davide-brivio-as-new-racing-director|title=Alpine F1 sign ex-MotoGP boss Davide Brivio as new racing director|website=Sky Sports|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alpine se eerste ren het geëindig met Alonso wat gedwing is om te onttrek, nadat puin in die luginlate sy motor laat oorverhit het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/04/alpine-f1-team-left-empty-handed-following-the-bahrain-grand-prix/|title=Alpine F1 Team left empty handed following the Bahrain Grand Prix.|last=Butler|first=Jasmine|date=1 April 2021|website=The Checkered Flag|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927093021/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2021/04/alpine-f1-team-left-empty-handed-following-the-bahrain-grand-prix/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ocon is deur Aston Martin-jaer, [[Sebastian Vettel]], getref.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/video.2021-bahrain-grand-prix-vettel-crashes-into-the-back-of-ocon.1696505131132939404.html|title=2021 Bahrain Grand Prix: Vettel crashes into the back of Ocon|website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website|language=en|access-date=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten spyte van 'n teleurstellende begin, kon Alpine wel in die volgende vyftien wedrenne punte aangeteken,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/teams/alpine/results|title=Alpine (Sky Sports)|website=SkySports|language=en|access-date=30 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; insluitend 'n oorwinning vir Ocon in die [[2021 Hongaarse Grand Prix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.ocon-beats-vettel-to-claim-shock-maiden-victory-in-action-packed-hungarian.4Ewxz6olluqX7Y4E1U8NOq.html|title=2021 Hungarian Grand Prix race report &amp; highlights: Ocon claims shock maiden victory in action-packed Hungarian Grand Prix as Vettel disqualified from P2|website=www.formula1.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801152535/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.ocon-beats-vettel-to-claim-shock-maiden-victory-in-action-packed-hungarian.4Ewxz6olluqX7Y4E1U8NOq.html|archive-date=1 Augustus 2021|access-date=5 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit was die eerste oorwinning vir 'n Franse bestuurder wat 'n Franse motor bestuur het wat deur 'n Franse enjin aangedryf is, sedert [[Alain Prost]] se triomf by die Oostenrykse Grand Prix in 1983 met 'n Renaultmotor.&lt;ref name=&quot;FOM Hungarian GP Facts and Stats 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.hungarian-gp-facts-and-stats-ocon-secures-first-french-triple-since-prost.5XbTbqY86QtN09qWP0wbKh.html|title=Hungarian GP Facts &amp; Stats: Ocon secures first French triple since Prost – and there's a new record for Alonso|last=Kelly|first=Sean|date=1 Augustus 2021|website=Formula One website|publisher=Liberty Media|access-date=5 Augustus 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alonso was ook op die podium in die [[2021 Katarse Grand Prix]], nadat hy vyfde gekwalifiseer het, maar derde weggespring het weens [[Max Verstappen|Verstappen]] en [[Valtteri Bottas|Bottas]] wat elk 'n roosterstraf ontvang het.

== Formule Een-resultate ==
{{F1 bestuurders resultate legende (weergawe 4)}}
===2021 – hede===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:80%;&quot;
|-
!Jaar
!Onderstel&lt;br/&gt;en bande
!Enjin
!Renjaers
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!Punte
!Plek
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2021 Formule Een-seisoen|2021]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A521&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=3|[[Renault]] E-Tech 21 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2021 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2021 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2021 Portugese Grand Prix|POR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|POR}}
| [[2021 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2021 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2021 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2021 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|FRA}}
| [[2021 Stiermarkse Grand Prix|STI]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Lêer:Flag of Steiermark.svg|20px]]
| [[2021 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2021 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2021 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2021 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]‡ &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2021 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2021 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2021 Russiese Grand Prix|RUS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|RUS}}
| [[2021 Turkse Grand Prix|TUR]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|TUR}}
| [[2021 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2021 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2021 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2021 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2021 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]] &lt;br /&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2021 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef| '''155'''
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef| '''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{ES-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Fernando Alonso]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 17
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 4
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 11
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 6
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 16
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 18&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#ffdf9f&quot;| 3
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#ffffbf&quot;| 1
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 7
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 14
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 10
|bgcolor=&quot;#efcfff&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=&quot;#cfcfff&quot;| 13
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 8
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 5
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 4
|bgcolor=&quot;#dfffdf&quot;| 9
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2022 Formule Een-seisoen|2022]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A522&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=3|[[Renault]] E-Tech RE22 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2022 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2022 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2022 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2022 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2022 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2022 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2022 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2022 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2022 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2022 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2022 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2022 Franse Grand Prix|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|FRA}}
| [[2022 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2022 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2022 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2022 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2022 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2022 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2022 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2022 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2022 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2022 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef|'''173'''
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=efefef|'''4'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{ES-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Fernando Alonso]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|&lt;sup&gt;'''6'''&lt;/sup&gt;5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|4
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2023 Formule Een-seisoen|2023]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| A523&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Renault]] E-Tech RE23 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2023 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2023 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2023 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2023 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2023 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2023 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2023 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2023 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2023 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2023 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2023 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2023 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2023 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2023 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2023 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2023 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2023 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2023 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2023 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2023 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2023 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2023 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|
|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''120'''
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=ffdf9f|3
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|&lt;sup&gt;'''7'''&lt;/sup&gt; 6
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=ffdf9f|3
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|4
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|
|
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[2024 Formule Een-seisoen|2024]]
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Alpine A524&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Renault]] E-Tech RE24&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2024 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2024 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2024 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2024 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2024 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|CHN}}
| [[2024 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2024 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Emilia-Romagna (de facto).svg|20px|Vlag van Emilia-Romagna]]
| [[2024 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2024 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2024 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2024 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2024 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2024 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2024 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2024 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2024 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2024 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2024 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2024 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2024 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2024 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2024 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br /&gt;{{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2024 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''65'''
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=ffffff|DNS
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=ffdf9f|&lt;sup&gt;'''7'''&lt;/sup&gt;3
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Esteban Ocon]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|12
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=dfffdf|9
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18{{Pictogram vinnigste ronde}}
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfdfdf|2
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|-
|align=left|{{AU-VLAG}} [[Jack Doohan]]
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=4| [[2025 Formule Een-seisoen|2025]]
|rowspan=4| Alpine A525&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=4| [[Renault]] E-Tech RE25&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t]]
|
| [[2025 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
| [[2025 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CHN}}
| [[2025 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
| [[2025 Bahreinse Grand Prix|BHR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BHR}}
| [[2025 Saoedi-Arabiese Grand Prix|SAU]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SAU}}
| [[2025 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
| [[2025 Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix|EMI]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2025 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
| [[2025 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
| [[2025 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
| [[2025 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
| [[2025 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
| [[2025 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
| [[2025 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
| [[2025 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
| [[2025 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
| [[2025 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
| [[2025 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
| [[2025 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
| [[2025 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
| [[2025 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
| [[2025 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
| [[2025 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
| [[2025 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''22'''
|rowspan=4 bgcolor=efefef| '''10'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; style=&quot;color:white&quot;| &lt;small&gt;DSQ&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|5
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=dfffdf|8
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|-
|align=left|{{AU-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Jack Doohan]]
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=efcfff|&lt;small&gt;DNF&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|&lt;!--plus sprint--&gt;
|bgcolor=|
|-
|align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|13
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=ffffff|&lt;small&gt;DNS&lt;/small&gt;
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|18
|bgcolor=cfcfff|11
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|19
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|17
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|15
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=cfcfff|20
|-style=&quot;border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[2026 Formule Een-seisoen|2026]]*
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Alpine A526&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Pirelli}}
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] M17 E Performance&lt;br/&gt;1.6 [[V6-enjin|V6]] [[turboaanjaer|t h]]
|
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUS}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CHN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|JPN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Miami, Florida.svg|20px|rand]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|CAN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MON}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Barcelona-Katalonië Grand Prix|BKT]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Catalonia.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Katalonië]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AUT}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|GBR}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|BEL}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|HUN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|NED}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] &lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ITA}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|ESP}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|AZE}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|SIN}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|VSA}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|MEX}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Bandeira_da_cidade_de_São_Paulo.svg|20px]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag of Las Vegas, Nevada.svg|20px|rand|Vlag van Las Vegas]]
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]]&lt;br/&gt; {{vlagikoon|QAT}}
|bgcolor=| [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Beeld:Flag_of_Abu_Dhabi.svg|20px]]
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''16*'''
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=efefef| '''5*'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{FR-VLAG}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Pierre Gasly]]
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=dfffdf|6
|bgcolor=dfffdf|7
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|-
|align=left|{{AR-VLAG}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
|bgcolor=cfcfff|14
|bgcolor=dfffdf|10
|bgcolor=cfcfff|16
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|bgcolor=|
|-style=&quot;border-top:3px solid #aaaaaa&quot;
!Jaar
!Onderstel&lt;br/&gt;en bande
!Enjin
!Renjaers
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!Punte
!Plek
|} 
* &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Die renjaer het nie die Grand Prix voltooi nie, maar is geklassifiseer omdat hy meer as 90% van die ren voltooi het.
* ‡ Halwe punte is in België toegeken in 2021 omdat daar minder as 75% van die wedren afgelê is weens hewige reën.
* '''*''' Seisoen is nog aan die gang.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

[[Kategorie:Formule Een-vervaardigers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Red Bull Powertrains</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>389658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889686</id>
      <parentid>2759491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
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      <origin>2889686</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2288" sha1="b3k78z095ugbdy6iovvzosuefs1llfj" xml:space="preserve">'''Red Bull Powertrains''' (RBPT) is 'n Formule 1-produksiemaatskappy wat deur die [[Oostenryk]]se [[Red Bull GmbH]] besit word. Dietrich Mateschitz, Helmut Marko en Christian Horner het die maatskappy op 16 Februarie 2021 gestig&lt;ref&gt;[https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/13204421 Red Bull Powertrains opgericht]&lt;/ref&gt; deur die [[Honda Racing F1|Honda]]-ontwikkelde Formule 1-enjins met ingang van die 2022-seisoen oor te neem, nadat dit duidelik geword het dat die Japannese vervaardiger aan wedrenne gaan onttrek ná 2021.

In 2022 het Honda steeds die kragbronne aanmekaargesit en ondersteuning gebied vir renaktiwiteite, voordat Red Bull Powertrains vanaf 2023 volle verantwoordelikheid vir hul werking oorgeneem het.

== Geskiedenis ==
In Februarie 2021 het Red Bull Advanced Technologies 'n eksklusiewe ooreenkoms vir Formule 1-enjins met Honda onderteken. Die Honda-enjins is aangekoop en herdoop na Red Bull Powertrains, en is vanaf 2022 aan twee spanne gelewer wat in Formule 1 meeding, [[Red Bull Racing]] en [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] (tans onder die naam [[Racing Bulls]]).

Op 23 April 2021 is Ben Hodgkinson as tegniese direkteur van Red Bull Powertrains aangestel;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12475/12284741/red-bull-hire-ben-hodgkinson-from-mercedes-to-lead-new-powertrains-division-in-sign-of-long-term-intent|title=Red Bull neem Ben Hodgkinson oor van Mercedes|access-date=14 Desember 2021|work=Sky Sports|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hodgkinson was sedert 2017 die hoof van meganiese ingenieurswese by Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains. 

Op 6 Mei het Red Bull die verkryging van nog vyf voormalige Mercedes-enjinwerknemers aangekondig: Steve Blewett (Red Bull-enjinproduksiedirekteur), Omid Mostaghimi (hoofenjin, elektronika en KERS), Pip Clode (hoof van meganiese ontwerp vir KERS), Anton Mayo (hoof van binnebrandenjinontwerp) en Steve Brodie (leier van binnebrandenjinbesigheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/formula1/mercedes-red-bull-f1-news-b1843153.html|title=Red Bull neem nog vyf medewerkers van Mercedes oor|access-date=14 Desember 2021|date=6 Mei 2021|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

[[Kategorie:Formule Een-vervaardigers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>LOT Polish Airlines</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>390336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889590</id>
      <parentid>2814360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
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      <origin>2889590</origin>
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      <text bytes="8465" sha1="bk3r81p8g3vh8vitrtp2bpscarobfvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Lugredery
| airline = LOT Polish Airlines &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT''&lt;/small&gt;
| logo = LOT wordmark.svg
| image = &lt;!-- LOT_Polish_Airlines.svg --&gt;
| image_size = 200
| IATA = LO
| ICAO = LOT
| callsign = LOT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=JO 7340.2K - Contractions - Including Change 1|url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7340.2K_CHG_1_dtd_12_31_20.pdf|website=Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=20 April 2021|page=3-1-66|date=20 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| founded = {{Start date and age|1928|12|29|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://corporate.lot.com/pl/en/history|title=History|work=lot.com|access-date=31 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| hubs = [[Warskou Chopin-lughawe]]
| focus_cities = 
| frequent_flyer = Miles &amp; More
| alliance = [[Star Alliance]]
| subsidiaries = LOT Charters
| fleet_size = 86
| destinations = 150&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.lot.com/pl/en/connections|title=Network|website=LOT.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parent = Polish Aviation Group
| num_employees = 
| key_people = Rafał Milczarski, [[HUB]]
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} PLN 4.798 miljard (2017)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;pasazer article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pasazer.com/news/39099/analiza,wynikow,finansowych,lot,u,za,2017,r.html|title=Pasazer.com: Analiza wyników finansowych LOT-u za 2017 r.|website=Pasazer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| profit = {{increase}} PLN 354 miljoen (2017)
| operating_income = {{increase}} PLN 273 miljoen (2017)
| net_income = {{increase}} PLN 288 miljoen (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;pasazer article&quot;/&gt;
| assets = {{increase}} PLN 5.228 miljard (2017)
| equity = {{increase}} PLN 394 miljoen (2017)
| website = {{url|www.lot.com}}
}}
'''Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT''' is 'n vlagdraer-[[lugredery]] gebaseer in [[Pole]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/752786/LOT-Polish-Airlines-the-flag-carrier-of-Poland|title=Behance|access-date=6 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het 5 000 werknemers en bedien 120 roetes. Die tuisbasis is die [[Warskou Chopin-lughawe]].

Die naam ''Polskie Linie Lotnicze'' beteken Poolse lugredery, ''LOT'' beteken 'die vlug' in [[Pools]].

== Geskiedenis ==
Die lugredery is op [[29 Desember]] [[1928]] gestig deur al die private lugrederye in Pole in 'n nasionale lugredery saam te smelt.
LOT was 'n stigterslid van IATA en bly een van die wêreld se oudste lugrederye in bedryf.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://corporate.lot.com/pl/en/history|title=History|work=lot.com|access-date=31 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die eerste vliegtuie wat deur LOT gebruik is, was die Junkers F.13 en Fokker F.VII's met die eerste internasionale diens na [[Wene]], Oostenryk, wat op 2 Augustus 1929 gevlieg is.&lt;ref name=&quot;sam2-12&quot;&gt;Jońca, Adam (1985). ''Samoloty linii lotniczych 1919-1930'', p.12-13 (in Pools)&lt;/ref&gt;

Met 'n vloot van 75 vliegtuie teen 2021, is LOT Polish Airlines die 18de grootste operateur in Europa en bedien meer as 120 bestemmings regoor Europa, Asië en Noord-Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Bestemmings ==
Die meeste van die bestemmings word bereik vanuit sy spilpunt by Warskou Chopin-lughawe.&lt;ref name=&quot;staralliance.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.staralliance.com/en/about/airlines/lot-polish_airlines/#|title=LOT Polish Airlines – Star Alliance|access-date=24 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;up-gauge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://airwaysnews.com/blog/2014/06/03/lot-polish-airlines-eyes-up-gauge-to-737-max-and-a320neo-and-touts-787-improvement/|title=LOT Polish Airlines Eyes Up-Gauge to 737 MAX and A320neo and Touts 787 Improvement|work=Airchive|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405122446/http://airwaysnews.com/blog/2014/06/03/lot-polish-airlines-eyes-up-gauge-to-737-max-and-a320neo-and-touts-787-improvement/|archive-date=5 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedert 2018 het LOT 'n sekondêre internasionale spilpunt by Budapest Ferenc Liszt Internasionale Lughawe in Hongarye, waar dit gereeld geskeduleerde vlugte na New York en Seoel bedryf. LOT Charters is die lugredery se volfiliaal wat namens Poolse toeroperateurs huurvlugte aanbied deur LOT se hooflynvloot te gebruik.

Polish Airlines LOT het 'n digte [[Europa|Europese]] netwerk, bo en behalwe vir sy vlugte in [[Asië]], die [[Midde-Ooste]] en Noord-Amerika. LOT is sedert 2003 'n lid van Star Alliance.

;Kodedeelooreenkomste
LOT Polish Airlines het kodedeelooreenkomste met die volgende rederye:&lt;ref name=&quot;CAPA LOT profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://corporate.lot.com/pl/en/partnerships-alliances |title=LOT Polish Airlines partnership |website=corporate.lot.com |access-date=24 Mei 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Aegean Airlines]]
* [[Aeroflot]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Aeroflot / LOT Polish expands codeshare network from July 2019 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285275/aeroflot-lot-polish-expands-codeshare-network-from-july-2019/ |access-date=8 July 2019 |work=Routesonline |date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Air Astana]]
* [[airBaltic]]
* [[Air Canada]]
* [[Air China]]
* [[Air India]]
* [[Air Moldova]]
* [[Air New Zealand]]
* [[All Nippon Airways]]
* [[Asiana Airlines]]
* [[Austrian Airlines]]
* [[Croatia Airlines]]
* [[EgyptAir]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|title=EGYPTAIR / LOT Polish Airlines begins codeshare partnership from Nov 2017|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/275862/egyptair-lot-polish-airlines-begins-codeshare-partnership-from-nov-2017/|access-date=22 November 2017|work=Routesonline|date=22 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[El Al Israel Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/282156/el-al-lot-polish-airlines-begins-codeshare-service-from-late-dec-2018/|title=El Al / LOT Polish Airlines begins codeshare service from late-Dec 2018|website=Routesonline}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lufthansa]]
* [[Luxair]]
* [[Scandinavian Airlines]]
* [[Singapore Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=LOT Polish Airlines plans Taipei codeshare service from late-Nov 2018 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/281724/lot-polish-airlines-plans-taipei-codeshare-service-from-late-nov-2018/ |access-date=28 November 2018 |work=Routesonline |date=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Swiss International Air Lines]]
* [[TAP Air Portugal]]
* [[Turkish Airlines]]
* [[United Airlines]]
{{div col end}}

== Vloot ==
Die vloot van LOT Polish Airlines het in Maart 2020 uit die volgende vliegtuie bestaan: &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.planespotters.net/airline/LOT-Polish-Airlines LOT Polish Airline vlootdetail]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:LOT_Polish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_SP-LSC_(Proud_of_Polish_Independence_Polish_side)_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg|duimnael|'n Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner van LOT nader JF Kennedy-lughawe.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Vliegtuig
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |In diens
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bestelling
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Passasiers
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;&quot; |Opmerkings
|-
!&lt;abbr title=&quot;Business Class&quot;&gt;B&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;abbr title=&quot;Premium Economy/Economy Plus&quot;&gt;P&lt;/abbr&gt;
!&lt;abbr title=&quot;Economy Class&quot;&gt;E&lt;/abbr&gt;
!Totaal
!Ref.
|-
|Airbus A220-100
|0
|20
|
|
|
|125
|—
|
|-
|Airbus A220-300
|0
|20
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;Variabel&quot;&gt;Var&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;Variabel&quot;&gt;Var&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;Variabel&quot;&gt;Var&lt;/abbr&gt;
|149
|—
|—
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]]
|7
|—
|18
|18
|148
|184
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/boeing-737-800-lot-polish-airlines-planes&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737 MAX 8]]
|18
|13
|20
|18
|138
|176
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/boeing-737-max-8-lot-polish-airlines-planes&lt;/ref&gt;
|Vliegverbod
|-
|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8]]
|8
|2
|18
|21
|213
|252
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/dreamliner-787&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|[[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-9]]
|7
|—
|24
|21
|249
|294
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/dreamliner-787-9&lt;/ref&gt;
|SP-LSC vlieg in 'Poolse onafhanklikheid' tema
|-
|Embraer 170
|5
|—
|5
|12
|48
|65
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/embraer-170-airplane-description&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|Embraer 175
|15
|—
|7
|16
|52
|75
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/embraer-175&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|Embraer 190
|8
|—
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;Variabel&quot;&gt;Var&lt;/abbr&gt;
|106
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/embraer-190&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|Embraer 195LR
|16
|—
|10
|12
|80
|102
|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lot.com/us/en/embraer-195-description&lt;/ref&gt;
|—
|-
|Embraer 195 E@
|3
|—
|
|
|
|136
|
|
|-
!Totaal
!86
!550
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
!
|}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Lugrederye]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24197" sha1="7p5ezyo9e8o9c756u4ckqu5c9kfky3g" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Beethoven_3.jpg|alt=painting of young white man, clean shaven, with shortish dark hair|duimnael| Beethoven toe hy aan die vierde simfonie begin werk het]]
'''Simfonie No. 4''' in B-mol-majeur, op. 60, is die vierde gepubliseerde [[simfonie]] deur [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]. Dit is in 1806 gekomponeer en is in Maart 1807 vir die eerte keer uitgevoer tydens 'n privaat konsert in Wene aan die huis van prins Lobkowitz. Die eerste openbare optrede was in die Burgteater in Wene in April 1808.

Die simfonie bestaan uit vier bewegings. Dit is oorwegend opgewek, maar word oorskadu deur die gewigtiger derde en vyfde simfonieë wat dit voorafgegaan en gevolg het: die [[Symfonie No. 3 in E-mol, Opus 55, &quot;Eroica&quot;(Beethoven)|Derde Simfonie ''(Eroica)'']] en die baie beroemde Vyfde. Hoewel latere komponiste soos [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]] en [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]] die werk baie bewonder het, het musiekliefhebbers dit nie so goed geken soos die ''[[Simfonie nr. 3 in E-mol, Opus 55, &quot;Eroica&quot; (Beethoven)|Eroica]]'', die Vyfde en ander Beethoven-simfonieë nie.

== Agtergrond ==
Beethoven het die somer van 1806 op die landgoed van sy beskermheer, prins Lichnowsky, in [[Silesië]] deurgebring. In September het Beethoven en die prins besoek afgelê by graaf Franz von Oppersdorff in die nabygeleë Oberglogau. Die graaf het 'n privaat orkes gehad, en Beethoven is vereer met 'n uitvoering van sy [[Simfonie Nr. 2 in D-majeur, Opus 36 (Beethoven)|Tweede Simfonie]], wat vier jaar tevore gekomponeer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;kemp&quot;&gt;Kemp, Linsday. Notas by die LSO-stel LSO0098D&lt;/ref&gt; Kort daarna het Oppersdorff die komponis 'n aansienlike bedrag aangebied om 'n nuwe simfonie vir hom te komponeer.{{Refn|Die fooi word velerwys as &quot;350 floryne&quot; en &quot;500 gulde&quot; beskryf.&lt;ref name=g97&gt;Grove, bl. 97&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, bl. 1426&lt;/ref&gt; Beethoven het later 'n afsonderlike fooi van 1 500 gulde van die uitgewer Wiener Kunst- und Industrie-Comptoir ontvang. Dié som het die publikasieregte vir sowel die Vierde Simfonie as die Vierde Klavierkonsert, die drie strykkwartette no. 7 tot 9 (opus 59; die Rasumovski-kwartette), die Viiolkonsert en die Coriolanus-overture ingesluit. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/23342823 &quot;Early Music Copyrights: Did They Matter for Beethoven and Schumann?&quot;], &lt;ref&gt;''International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music'' 43, no. 2 (2012), bl. 265–302 {{subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}}

Beethoven het gewerk aan wat later sy Vyfde Simfonie sou wees. Hy kon dit moontlik oorweeg het om dié simfonie ter vervulling van die opdrag aan die graaf voor te lê. Daar is verskillende teorieë oor waarom (as dit waar sou wees) Beethoven dit nie gedoen het nie. Volgens George Grove het die finansiële druk Beethoven gedwing om sy Vyfde en Sesde Simfonie (''Pastoraal)'' gesamentlik aan aan prins Lobkowitz en graaf Razumovsky te bied.&lt;ref name=&quot;g97&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 97&lt;/ref&gt; Ander kommentators voer egter aan dat 1) die Vierde in wese voltooi was nog vóór Oppersdorff sy opdrag gegee het&lt;ref name=&quot;nypo&quot;&gt;[https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/program-notes/1819/Beethoven-Symphony-No-4.pdf?la=en &quot;Symphony No. 4 in B-flat major, Op. 60 Ludwig van Beethoven&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623115008/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/program-notes/1819/Beethoven-Symphony-No-4.pdf?la=en |date=23 Junie 2022 }}, New York Philharmonic. Geraadpleeg op 25 Augustus 2019&lt;/ref&gt; of 2) dat Beethoven nog nie gereed gevoel het om met &quot;die radikale en emosioneel veeleisende Vyfde&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;kemp&quot;&gt;Kemp, Linsday. Notas by die LSO-stel LSO0098D&lt;/ref&gt; voort te gaan nie, of 3) dat die graaf, met sy duidelike voorliefde vir die meer [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn-agtige]] klank van die Tweede Simfonie, eerder 'n ander werk in soortgelyke trant aangespoor het.

Die werk is opgedra aan &quot;die Silesiese edelman graaf Franz von Oppersdorff&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Netl, bl. 262&lt;/ref&gt; Hoewel Oppersdorff die eerste ses maande vir die eksklusiewe regte op dié werk betaal het, het sy orkes nie die eerste uitvoering gelewer nie.{{Refn|Beethoven moes aan Oppersdorff skryf en verskoning aanbied vir die verbreking van hul ooreenkoms. Dit is onbekend of Oppersdorff se orkes die werk ooit uitgevoer het.&lt;ref&gt;Rodda, Richard [https://www.kennedy-center.org/artist/composition/3742 &quot;Symphony No. 4 in B-flat major, Op. 60&quot;], Kennedy Center. Geraadpleeg op 25 August 2019&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}} Die simfonie is vir die eerste keer in Maart 1807 uitgevoer tydens 'n privaat konsert in Wene aan die huis van prins Lobkowitz, een van Beethoven se ander beskermhere.&lt;ref name=&quot;stein&quot;&gt;Steinberg, bl. 19–24&lt;/ref&gt; Die eerste openbare optrede het in April 1808 in die Burgteater in Wene plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;cso&quot;&gt;Huscher, P. [https://cso.org/uploadedfiles/1_tickets_and_events/program_notes/061010_programnotes_beethoven_symphony4.pdf &quot;Ludwig van Beethoven – Symphony No. 4 in B-flat Major, Op. 60&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620230832/https://cso.org/uploadedFiles/1_Tickets_and_Events/Program_Notes/061010_ProgramNotes_Beethoven_Symphony4.pdf |date=20 Junie 2010 }}, Chicago Simfonieorkes. Geraadpleeg op 25 Augustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Die orkespartye is reeds in Maart 1809 gepubliseer, maar die volledige partituur eers in 1821.&lt;ref name=&quot;g96&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 96&lt;/ref&gt; Die manuskrip, wat vir 'n tyd lank deur [[Felix Mendelssohn]] besit is,&lt;ref name=&quot;g97&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 97&lt;/ref&gt; is nou in die [[Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin|Berlynse Staatsbiblioteek]] en kan aanlyn gesien word.&lt;ref&gt;[https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN656104112&amp;PHYSID=PHYS_0006&amp;DMDID= &quot;Beethoven, Ludwig van: Sinfonien; orch; B-Dur; op.60, 1806&quot;], Berlynse Staatsbiblioteek. Geraadpleeg op 26 Augustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Instrumentasie ==
Die simfonie is gekomponeer vir fluit, 2 [[Hobo|hobo's]], 2 [[Klarinet|klarinette]] in B-mol, 2 [[Fagot|fagotte]], 2 [[Horing (blaasinstrument)|Franse horings]] in B-mol en E-mol, 2 [[Trompet|trompette]] in onderskeidelik B-mol en E-mol, [[Keteltrom|keteltromme]] en strykers.&lt;ref name=&quot;g96&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 96&lt;/ref&gt; Dit neem gewoonlik tussen 30 en 35 minute om dit uit te voer.{{Refn|Buiten die tempo's wat deur die onderskeie musici gehandhaaf word, word die uitvoertyd ook beïnvloed deur die besluit om die herhaling van die uiteensetting in die eerste beweging te speel. Dit het tipies 'n verskil van sowat 2½ minute tot gevolg. Voorbeelde hiervan wat in die &quot;Opname&quot;-afdeling genoem word, sluit in Klemperer en Monteux, wat beide die herhaling insluit en wie se eerste bewegings onderskeidelik 12:28 en 12:37 lank is. In teenstelling daarmee neem dié van Toscanini en Von Karajan, wat beide die herhaling uitsluit, onderskeidelik 9:57 en 9:55 minute in beslag. Die totale speeltyd van die simfonie in di♪0 vier opnames is onderskeidelik 35:49, 34:10, 29:59, en 31.09 .&lt;ref&gt;Notas by CD-stelle Parlophone 0724356679559 (2003), Decca 00028948088942 (2015), Parlophone 5099972333457 (2013), en DG 00028947771579 (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}}

== Ontleding ==
Oor die algemeen is die simfonie sonnig en vrolik, met ligte instrumentasie wat sommige luisteraars aan die simfonieë van [[Joseph Haydn]] mag herinner. Beethoven het 'n dekade tevore onder Haydn gestudeer.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 97–99&lt;/ref&gt; In 'n kommentaar op die simfonie meld Grove dat Haydn – hy het nog geleef toe dié nuwe simfonie vir die eerste keer uitgevoer is – die werk moontlik te robuus vir sy smaak gevind het. Die Vierde Simfonie staan in skrille kontras met die styl van Beethoven se [[Symfonie No. 3 in E-mol, Opus 55, &quot;Eroica&quot;(Beethoven)|Derde Simfonie (die ''Eroica'')]], en dit word soms oordonder deur dié grootse voorganger{{Refn|Die Eroica se vier bewegings bestaan uit onderskeidelik 691, 247, 442 en 473 mate; dié van die Vierde Simfonie bestaan uit onderskeidelik 498, 104, 397 en 355 – wat beteken dat die Vierde 499 mate minder as sy voorganger het.&lt;ref&gt;Lockwood, bl. 80&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}} en sy vurige opvolger, die Vyfde.&lt;ref name=&quot;g97&quot;&gt;Grove, p. 97&lt;/ref&gt;

=== I. Adagio – Allegro vivace ===
{{listen|type=music|filename=Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 4 in b flat major, op. 60 - i. adagio - allegro vivace.ogg|title=1st movement: Allegro vivace}}
Die eerste beweging is in 2/2-tyd. Net soos dié van Beethoven se [[Simfonie No. 1 in C-majeur, Opus 21 (Beethoven)|Eerste]], [[Simfonie Nr. 2 in D-majeur, Opus 36 (Beethoven)|Tweede]] en Sewende Simfonie, het dit 'n stadige inleiding. [[Leonard Bernstein]] het dit beskryf as 'n &quot;mysterious introduction which hovers around minor modes, tip-toeing its tenuous weight through ambiguous unrelated keys and so reluctant to settle down into its final B{{music|flat}} major.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAVt299d6kY&amp;list=PL94868467DC29BAAD&amp;index=4 &quot;Leonard Bernstein Discusses Beethoven's Fourth Symphony&quot;]. You Tube. Geraadpleeg op 26 Augustus 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Dit begin in B-mol-mineur met 'n lae B-mol wat pizzicato en [[Dinamika (musiek)|pianissimo]] deur die strykers gespeel word. Daarna volg 'n lang akkoord deur die blasers, terwyl die strykers langsaam in die mineur rondbeweeg.

Dié vreedsame inleiding is 38 mate lank en word gevolg deur 'n fortissimo-herhaling van die F-akkoord, wat die eerste tema (allegro vivace) van die hoofbeweging (in sonatevorm) inlei, wat deur Grove beskryf is as die vrolikheid self, en hoogs oorspronklike vrolikheid:&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 105&lt;/ref&gt;

Die tweede tema is – in die woorde van Donald Tovey – 'n gesprek tussen die fagot, hobo en fluit.&lt;ref name=&quot;t51&quot;&gt;Tovey, bl. 51&lt;/ref&gt; Die ontwikkelingsgedeelte neem die toonaard na 'n afgeleë B-majeur voordat dit na die tonika B-mol terugkeer. Die rekapitulasie en koda volg die konvensionele klassieke vorm.&lt;ref name=&quot;t51&quot; /&gt;

=== II. Adagio ===
{{listen|type=music|filename=Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 4 in b flat major, op. 60 - ii. adagio.ogg|title=2nd movement: Adagio}}
Die tweede beweging, in 3/4-tyd (E-mol-majeur), is 'n stadige rondo. Die ritmiese figuur van die openingstema duur voort en ondersteun die hele beweging:

Tovey beskryf die eerste episode (of tweede tema) as 'n nog subtieler melodie:

Die hooftema keer in 'n uitgebreide variasie terug, gevolg deur 'n middelepisode en die verskyning van die gevarieerde hooftema, wat nou deur die fluit gespeel word. 'n Gewone rekapitulasie word gevolg deur 'n koda wat 'n finale sinspeling van die hooftema is. Die keteltromme bring die beweging tot 'n einde met 'n laaste verskyning van die ritmiese tema waarmee die beweging begin het.

=== III. Scherzo-trio: Allegro vivace ===
{{listen|type=music|filename=Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 4 in b flat major, op. 60 - iii. allegro vivace.ogg|title=3rd movement: Allegro vivace}}
Dié beweging (ook in 3/4-tyd en in B-mol-majeur) word as Menuetto aangedui in die meeste gedrukte partiture, hoewel Beethoven dit nie so in sy oorspronklike manuskrip gemerk het nie.&lt;ref&gt;Ferraguto, bl. 157&lt;/ref&gt; Hy het dit &quot;Allegro vivace&quot; gemerk – hoewel hy dit oorspronklik &quot;Allegro molto e vivace&quot; gemerk het, het hy later die &quot;molto&quot; in sy handgeskrewe manuskrip verwyder.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 118&lt;/ref&gt; Sy [[Metronoom|metronoommerk]] is 100 gepunteerde halfnote per minuut,&lt;ref&gt;Noorduin, bl. 297&lt;/ref&gt; 'n tempo wat onmoontlik vir 'n tradisionele minuet sou wees.&lt;ref&gt;Malloch, W. 1993. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3128295 &quot;The Minuets of Haydn and Mozart: Goblins or Elephants?&quot;], ''Early Music'' 21 (3):437–444.&lt;/ref&gt; Haydn het vroeër gewens dat &quot;iemand ons sou wys hoe om 'n nuwe minute te skep&quot;, en in hierdie simfonie (soos in die Eerste) het Beethoven die wese van die minuet van sy voorgangers versaak, die tempo verhoog, die formele en verouderde fatsoen deurbreek en uit 'n blote dansdeuntjie 'n scherzo voortgebring.&lt;ref name=&quot;g12&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 12&lt;/ref&gt;

In die Vierde Simfonie (en later in die Sewende) het Beethoven verder van die tradisionele menuet-trio-menuet-vorm afgewyk deur die trio ná die tweede weergawe van die scherzo-gedeelte te herhaal en die scherzo dan wéér vir 'n derde keer te herhaal.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 121&lt;/ref&gt; Die finale herhaling van die scherzo word verkort, en die twee horings &quot;blow the whole movement away&quot; (Tovey) in die koda.

=== IV. Allegro ma non troppo ===
{{listen|type=music|filename=Ludwig van Beethoven - symphony no. 4 in b flat major, op. 60 - iv. allegro ma non troppo.ogg|title=4th movement:Allegro ma non troppo|description4=Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra, courtesy of [[Musopen]]}}
Die laaste beweging is in 2/4-tyd, ook in B-mol-majeur. Die tempomerking is Allegro ma non troppo; dit is, soos dié van die derde deel, 'n nagedagte van Beethoven: Die oorspronklike tempoaanduiding in die manuskrip is 'n ongekwalifiseerde Allegro. Die komponis het ''&quot;ma non troppo&quot;'' (&quot;maar nie te veel nie&quot;) in rooi bygeskryf.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 122&lt;/ref&gt; Die beweging is in 'n speelse styl wat die komponis ''aufgeknöpft'' (&quot;ontknoop&quot;) genoem het.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, p. 124&lt;/ref&gt;

Ná sowat 340 mate van wat Grove beskryf as 'n ''perpetuum mobile'', sluit Beethoven die simfonie af met 'n Haydn-tegniek om die hooftema teen die helfte van die tempo te speel, deur pouses onderbreek, voordat 'n finale fortissimo uitbars.&lt;ref&gt;Grove, bl. 125&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ontvangs ==
Soos wat dit in hierdie stadium van die komponis se loopbaan die gewoonte was, het die simfonie uiteenlopende menings uitgelok onder diegene wat vroeë uitvoerings gehoor het. In 1809 skryf [[Carl Maria von Weber]] (hy was nooit 'n bewonderaar van Beethoven nie):

: Aanvanklik 'n stadige beweging vol kort, onsamehangende idees teen 'n tempo van drie of vier note per kwartier; dan 'n geheimsinnige rol van die trom en 'n passasie deur die altviole, gematig deur die gepaste hoeveelheid pouses en ritardandos; en om alles af te sluit 'n siedende finale, waarin die enigste vereiste is dat daar geen idees hoef te wees wat die hoorder hoef uit te maak nie, maar baie oorgange van een toonsoort na 'n ander – Onmiddellik voort na 'n nuwe noot! Vergeet van modulasie! – bowenal, gooi reëls oorboord, want dit hou bloot 'n genie terug.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände|Morgenblatt für die gebildeten Stände]]'', Desember 1809, soos aangehaal in Grove, bl. 97&lt;/ref&gt;

Ander kritici was minder vyandiggesind en het die komponis se rykheid van idees, gewaagde oorspronklikheid en volheid van krag geprys, hoewel hulle die Vierde Simfonie en die werke wat daarmee saam bekendgestel is as &quot;rowwe diamante&quot; beskryf het.&lt;ref&gt;Aangehaal in Ferraguto, bl. 24&lt;/ref&gt; Beethoven se biograaf Anton Schindler het die Vierde later as 'n groot sukses vanuit die staanspoor onthou, hoewel latere geleerdes bedenkinge oor sy betroubaarheid uitgespreek het.&lt;ref&gt;Ferraguto, bl. 25–26&lt;/ref&gt;

Toe Beethoven se jonger tydgenoot [[Hector Berlioz]] die simfonie hoor, het hy geskryf dat die stadige beweging die werk van die [[Migael (aartsengel)|aartsengel Michael]] is, en nie dié van 'n mens nie.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, bl. 172&lt;/ref&gt; Nietemin, teen die tyd dat Berlioz 'n musiekkritikus was, is die Vierde reeds minder dikwels as die ander Beethoven-simfonieë uitgevoer. Daar word gesê dat [[Robert Schumann]] die Vierde Simfonie met 'n skraal Griekse maagd tussen twee Noorse reuse vergelyk het,{{Refn|In 'n 2012-studie van die Vierde Simfonie het die musikollog Mark Ferraguto twyfel laat wek oor of dié opmerking geredelik aan Schumann toegeskryf kan word. Ferraguto stel voor dat dit ontstaan het weens Grove se verdoeseling of verkeerde onthou van die woorde wat Schumann gebruik het.&lt;ref&gt;Ferraguto, bl.&lt;/ref&gt;|group=n}} en dit het ook 'n belangrike invloed op sy eie Eerste Simfonie gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;f45&quot;&gt;Ferraguto, bl. 45–46&lt;/ref&gt; Mendelssohn was gek oor die Vierde Simfonie en het dit uitgevoer toe hy dirigent van die Leipzig Gewandhaus-orkes was. Dié entoesiasme is egter nie deur die breër musikale publiek gedeel nie. Reeds in 1831 het 'n Britse kritikus opgemerk dat die Vierde Simfonie die minste van die eerste ses simfonieë uitgevoer word, maar dat dit vir geen van die ander vyf hoef terug te staan nie.&lt;ref&gt;''Music: Philharmonic Society'' (1831), 'n Londense letterkundetydskryf en joernaal oor die skone lettere, kunste, wetenskap edm., aangehaal in Ferraguto, bl. 12&lt;/ref&gt; In 1838 het die Franse impresario Louis-Désiré Véron die Vierde Simfonie &quot;goddelik&quot; genoem en die feit betreur dat dit in Parys nie net verwaarloos word nie, maar sleggemaak is.&lt;ref&gt;Ferraguto, bl. 12&lt;/ref&gt; In 1896 het Grove opgemerk dat die werk min aandag gekry het in sommige van die mees prominente werke oor Beethoven.&lt;ref name=&quot;g97&quot;&gt;Grove, bl. 97&lt;/ref&gt;

In die 20ste eeu het skrywers voortgegaan om die Vierde Simfonie met die ''[[Symfonie No. 3 in E-mol, Opus 55, &quot;Eroica&quot;(Beethoven)|Eroica]]'' en die Vyfde te vergelyk. In 'n studie van die Vierde deur Mark Ferraguto (2012) haal hy 'n 1994-beskrywing van die werk aan as 'n ryk, groen vallei van [[Jin en jang|yin]]-ekspressiwiteit, opgestel tussen die twee verbysterende yang-pieke van die Derde en die Vyfde.&lt;ref&gt;Ferraguto, bl. 51–52&lt;/ref&gt;

Die musikoloog Robert Greenberg van die San Francisco Conservatory of Music skryf:

: If ''any'' of Beethoven's contemporaries had written this symphony, it would be considered that composer's masterwork, and that composer would be remembered ''forever'' for this symphony, and this symphony would be played  – often – as an example of that composer's great work. As it is, for Beethoven, it is a work in search of an audience. It's the least known and least appreciated of the nine.&lt;ref&gt;Greenberg, Deel 2: Lesing 14: &quot;Symphony No. 4: Consolidation of the New Aesthetic IV&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opnames ==
Die Vierde Simfonie is al meer as 'n honderd keer in sowel ateljees as tydens konsertuitvoerings opgeneem.&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Ford, bl. 127–128&lt;/ref&gt; Vroeë opnames is meestal as enkelstelle uitgereik, soms tesame met 'n ander Beethoven-simfonie, soos die Tweede. Meer onlangs word opnames van die Vierde dikwels uitgereik as deel van volledige siklusse van die Beethoven-simfonieë.&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;im&quot;&gt;March ''et al'', bl. 120–127&lt;/ref&gt;

Monofoniese opnames wat in die era van 78 rpm- of mono-langspeelplate gemaak is, sluit in: 'n 1933-opname met Felix Weingartner wat die Londense Filharmoniese Orkes dirigeer; 'n 1939-opname deur die [[BBC Simfonieorkes]] onder leiding van [[Arturo Toscanini]]; opnames uit die 1940's onder leiding van [[Willem Mengelberg]], [[Serge Koussevitzky]] en [[Thomas Beecham|sir Thomas Beecham]], en vanaf die vroeë 1950's onder [[Georg Solti]] (1951) en [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] (1952).&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Ford, bl. 127–128&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.audaud.com/beethoven-symphony-no-4-no-7-boston-symphony-orchestra-serge-koussevitzky-pristine-audio-review-by-gary-lemco/ &quot;Beethoven: Symphony No. 4 &amp; No. 7 – Boston-simfonieorkes / Serge Koussevitzky – Pristine Audio&quot;], ''Audiophile Audition'', 24 November 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Opnames uit die [[Stereofonie|stereofoniese]] LP-era van die middel-1950's tot die 1970's sluit dié in wat deur [[Otto Klemperer]] (1957), Pierre Monteux (1959), [[Herbert von Karajan]] (1963) en Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1966) gedirigeer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Ford, bl. 127–128&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;im&quot;&gt;March ''et al'', bl. 120–127&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Stuart, Philip. [http://www.charm.rhul.ac.uk/discography/decca.html ''Decca Classical, 1929–2009''], AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music. Geraadpleeg op 22 Augustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

In die laat 1950's en vroeë 1960's was die eerste opnames gebaseer op onlangse musikologiese idees van outentieke vroeë 19de-eeuse uitvoeringspraktyk: Hermann Scherchen (1958) en René Leibowitz (1961) het uitvoerings van die simfonieë gedirigeer wat probeer het om Beethoven se metronoommerke te volg, wat tot op daardie stadium alom as onmoontlik vinnig beskou is.&lt;ref&gt;Taruskin, bl. 227–229&lt;/ref&gt; Hierdie baanbrekerpogings is in latere dekades opgevolg met opnames van uitvoerings in wat tans as outentieke styl beskou word, dikwels deur spesialisensembles op periode-instrumente of replikas daarvan, wat dan ongeveer 'n halftoon laer as die moderne konsertstemming bespeel word. Dirigente van sulke weergawes van die Vierde en ander simfonieë sluit in Christopher Hogwood (1986), Roger Norrington (1988), Frans Brüggen (1991) en John Eliot Gardiner (1994).&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Ford, bl. 127–128&lt;/ref&gt;

Meer onlangs het sommige dirigente van moderne simfonie- of kamerorkeste die Vierde Simfonie opgeneem (saam met ander Beethoven-simfonieë) deur tot 'n mindere of meerdere mate van die praktyke van dié spesialisgroepe gebruik te maak. Onder hulle tel [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]] (1992), en Sir Charles Mackerras (2007).&lt;ref name=&quot;im&quot;&gt;March ''et al'', bl. 120–127&lt;/ref&gt; In 'n meningspeiling van alle beskikbare opnames in 2015 vir BBC Radio 3 was die top- aanbevole weergawe in hierdie kategorie die Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra onder leiding van [[David Zinman]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/radio3/building_a_library/BAL_Database_2019.xlsx &quot;Building a Library Database 1999–2018&quot;], BBC. Geraadpleeg op 27 Augustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Onder dirigente van meer tradisionele opnames tel [[Leonard Bernstein]] (1980), [[Claudio Abbado]] (2000) en [[Bernard Haitink]] (2006).&lt;ref name=&quot;im&quot;&gt;March ''et al'', p. 120–127&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bronne ==
* {{cite book | last=Anderson | first= Emily| title=The Letters of Beethoven | year=1985 | volume=3|location=London | publisher=Macmillan | isbn= 978-0-333-39833-3}}
* {{cite book | last= Ferraguto | first= Mark Christopher | title= Beethoven's Fourth Symphony: Reception, Aesthetics, Performance History| year= 2012| location= Ithaca| publisher= Cornell University|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/31098/mcf29.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |oclc= 826932734}}
* {{cite book | last= Ford| first=Gary | title=RED Classical Catalogue | year=2001 | location= London| publisher=Retail Entertainment Data Publishing and Gramophone | isbn= 978-1-900105-22-4}}
* {{cite book | last= Greenberg | first= Robert | title= The Symphonies of Beethoven. Part 2 of 4| year= 2003| location= Chantilly | publisher= Teaching Company | isbn= 978-1-56585-700-1}}
* {{cite book | last= Grove | first= George| title= Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies| year= 1903| orig-year=1896| publisher= Novello|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisnine00grov/page/96| oclc= 491303365}}
* {{cite book | last= Lockwood | first= Lewis | title= Beethoven's Symphonies: An Artistic Vision| year= 2017 | location= New York | publisher= W. W. Norton | isbn= 978-0-393-35385-3}}
* {{cite book| last= March| first= Ivan| author2= Edward Greenfield| author3= Robert Layton| author4= Paul Czajkowski| title= The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music| year= 2008| location= London| publisher= Penguin| isbn= 978-0-1410-3336-5| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetore00lond| author2-link= Edward Greenfield}}
* {{cite book | last= Netl | first= Paul | title= Beethoven Handbook| year= 1976| location= New York | publisher= Frederick Ungar }}
* {{cite book | last= Noorduin | first= Marten A | title= Beethoven's Tempo Indications| year= 2016| location=Manchester | publisher= University of Manchester |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54586757/FULL_TEXT.PDF| oclc= 1064358078}}
* {{cite book | last= Steinberg | first= Michael | title= The Symphony: A Listener's Guide| url= https://archive.org/details/symphonylistener00stei | year= 1995| location= Oxford  | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-506177-2 }}
* {{cite book | last= Taruskin | first= Richard | author-link=Richard Taruskin|title= Text and Act: Essays on Music and Performance| year=1995 | location= New York | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-509458-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson|first=Oscar| title= How to Understand Music| year=1935|publisher= Dial Press|location=New York|oclc= 377014 }}
* {{cite book | last= Tovey | first= Donald | title= Symphonies and Other Orchestral Works| year= 1990 | location= Oxford and New York | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-315147-5}}

== Notas ==
{{Verwysings|groep=n}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Komposisies in B-mol-majeur]]</text>
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      <comment>2026 BHR en 2026 SAU is afgelas weens oorlog</comment>
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| group5 = [[2024 Formule Een-seisoen|2024]]
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| group7 = [[2026 Formule Een-seisoen|2026]]
| list7  = [[2026 Australiese Grand Prix|AUS]] • [[2026 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]] • [[2026 Japannese Grand Prix|JPN]] • [[2026 Miami Grand Prix|MIA]] • [[2026 Kanadese Grand Prix|KAN]] • [[2026 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]] • [[2026 Barcelona Grand Prix|BKT]] • [[2026 Oostenrykse Grand Prix|OOS]] • [[2026 Britse Grand Prix|GBR]] • [[2026 Belgiese Grand Prix|BEL]] • [[2026 Hongaarse Grand Prix|HON]] • [[2026 Nederlandse Grand Prix|NED]] • [[2026 Italiaanse Grand Prix|ITA]] • [[2026 Spaanse Grand Prix|SPA]] • [[2026 Azerbeidjanse Grand Prix|AZE]] • [[2026 Singapoerse Grand Prix|SIN]] • [[2026 Verenigde State Grand Prix|VSA]] • [[2026 Meksikostad Grand Prix|MXS]] • [[2026 São Paulo Grand Prix|SAP]] • [[2026 Las Vegas Grand Prix|LSV]] • [[2026 Katarse Grand Prix|KAT]] • [[2026 Aboe Dhabi Grand Prix|ABU]]
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    <title>Vuurvaste materiale</title>
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[[Lêer:Torpedo_car_refractory_bricks.JPG|duimnael| Vuurvaste stene in 'n torpedo-wa wat gesmelte yster vervoer]]
In [[materiaalkunde]] is  '''vuurvaste materiaal'''  'n [[materiaal]] wat bestand is teen ontbinding deur hitte, druk of chemiese aanval, en wat sterkte en vorm by hoë [[Temperatuur|temperature]] behou. Vuurvaste materiale is polikristallyn, veelfasig, anorganies, [[Niemetaal|nie-metaal]], [[Porositeit|poreus]] en heterogeen. Hulle is tipies saamgestel uit [[Oksied|oksiede]] of karbiede, nitriede ens. van die volgende elemente: [[silikon]], [[aluminium]], [[magnesium]], [[kalsium]], [[Boor (element)|boor]], [[chroom]] en [[sirkonium]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

ASTM C71 definieer vuurvaste materiale as &quot;nie-metaalmateriaal met die chemiese en fisiese eienskappe wat dit toepaslik maak vir strukture, of as komponente van stelsels, wat aan omgewings bo 538 °C blootgestel word &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;ASTM Volume 15.01 ''Refractories; Activated Carbon, Advanced Ceramics''&lt;/ref&gt;

Vuurvaste materiale word in oonde, brandoonde, verbrandingsoonde en [[Kernreaktor|reaktore]] gebruik. Vuurvaste materiale word ook gebruik om kroese en gietvorms te maak vir die giet van glas en metale en vir die oppervlakbedekking  van vlamdeflektortelsels vir vuurpyllanseringstrukture.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20130014277.pdf &quot;Refractory Materials for Flame Deflector Protection System Corrosion Control: Similar Industries and/or Launch Facilities Survey&quot;]. NASA, January 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Hedendaags gebruik die yster- en staalindustrie en metaalgietsektore ongeveer 70% van alle vuurvaste materiale wat geproduseer word.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAIMM&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
 | title= How cool are refractory materials?
 | url = http://www.saimm.co.za/download/PresidentialAddress2008.pdf
 | year = 2008
 | journal = The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
 | volume = 106
 | issue = September
 | pages = 1–16
 | access-date = 22 April 2016 
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vuurvaste materiale ==
Vuurvaste materiale moet chemies en fisies stabiel wees by hoë temperature. Afhangende van die bedryfsomgewing, moet hulle bestand wees teen termiese skok, chemies inert wees, en/of spesifieke bereike van [[termiese geleidingsvermoë]] en van die termiese uitsettingskoëffisiënt hê.

Die [[Oksied|oksiede]] van [[aluminium]] ([[Aluminiumoksied|alumina]]), [[silikon]] (silika) en [[magnesium]] (magnesia) is die belangrikste materiale wat in die vervaardiging van vuurvaste materiale gebruik word. Nog 'n oksied wat gewoonlik in vuurvaste materiale voorkom, is die oksied van [[kalsium]] (kalk). Vuurkleie word ook wyd gebruik in die vervaardiging van vuurvaste materiale.

Vuurvaste materiale moet gekies word volgens die toestande wat hulle sal ondervind. Sommige toepassings vereis spesiale vuurvaste materiale. Sirkonia word gebruik wanneer die materiaal uiters hoë temperature moet weerstaan. [[Silikonkarbied]] en [[koolstof]] ([[grafiet]]) is twee ander vuurvaste materiale wat in sommige baie hoëtemperatuurtoestande gebruik word, maar hulle kan nie in [[suurstof]]houdende omgewings gebruik word nie, aangesien hulle sal [[Redoksreaksie|oksideer]] en brand.

Binêre verbindings soos [[wolframkarbied]] of boornitried kan baie vuurvas wees. Hafniumkarbied is die mees vuurvaste binêre verbinding bekend, met 'n [[smeltpunt]] van 3890&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hugh O. Pierson|title=Handbook of chemical vapor deposition (CVD): principles, technology, and applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NF3W6zlN9WsC&amp;pg=PA206|access-date=22 April 2011|year=1992|publisher=William Andrew|isbn=978-0-8155-1300-1|pages=206–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://periodic.lanl.gov/72.shtml Hafnium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811032626/http://periodic.lanl.gov/72.shtml |date=11 August 2017 }}, Los Alamos National Laboratory&lt;/ref&gt; Die ternêre verbinding tantaal-hafniumkarbied het een van die hoogste smeltpunte van alle bekende verbindings (4215)&amp;nbsp;°C).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology: an international reference work in fifteen volumes including an index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjYLAQAAIAAJ|access-date=22 April 2011|year=1977|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-079590-7|page=360}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hafnium|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251419/hafnium|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=17 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Molibdeendisilisied het 'n hoë smeltpunt van 2030 °C en word dikwels as 'n verhittingselement gebruik.

== Gebruike ==
Vuurvaste materiale is nuttig vir die volgende aanwendings:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-materials/lecture/fourthclass/Refractories01.pdf|title=Introduction to Refractories|last=Alaa|first=Hussein|website=University of Technology - Iraq|access-date=21 Julie 2023|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120105248/https://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-materials/lecture/fourthclass/Refractories01.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

# Dien as 'n termiese versperring tussen 'n warm medium en die wand van 'n houer
# Weerstaan fisiese spanning en voorkom erosie van vaatwande as gevolg van die warm medium
# Beskerm teen korrosie
# Die verskaffing van termiese isolasie

Vuurvaste materiale het verskeie nuttige toepassings. In die metallurgiese bedryf word vuurvaste materiale gebruik om oonde, brandoonde, reaktore en ander houers uit te voer wat warm media soos metaal en slak bevat en vervoer. Vuurvaste materiale het ander hoëtemperatuurtoepassings soos gestookte verwarmers, waterstofhervormers, primêre en sekondêre hervormers van ammoniak, kraakoonde, nutsketels, katalitiese kraakeenhede, lugverwarmers en swaweloonde.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Klassifikasie van vuurvaste materiale ==
Vuurvaste materiale word op verskeie maniere geklassifiseer, gebaseer op:

# Chemiese samestelling
# Metode van vervaardiging
# Saamsmelt-temperatuur
# Vuurvastheid
# Termiese geleidingsvermoë

=== Gebaseer op chemiese samestelling ===

==== Suur vuurvaste materiale ====
Suur vuurvaste materiale is oor die algemeen ondeurdringbaar vir suur materiale, maar word maklik deur basiese materiale aangeval, en word dus saam met suur slak in suur omgewings gebruik. Dit sluit materiale soos silika-, [[Aluminiumoksied|alumina-]] en vuurklei- stene in. Belangrike reagense wat beide alumina en silika kan aanval, is hidrofluoorsuur, fosforsuur en gefluoreerde gasse (bv. HF, F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://accuratus.com/alumox.html|title=Accuratus|date=2013|website=Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3 Ceramic Properties|access-date=November 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; By hoë temperature kan suur vuurvaste materiale ook met kalk en basiese oksiede reageer.

* '''Silika vuurvaste materiale''' is vuurvaste materiale wat meer as 93% silikonoksied (SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) bevat. Hulle is suur, het hoë weerstand teen termiese skok, vloeimiddel- en slakweerstand, en hoë afsplytbestandheid. Silikastene word dikwels in die yster- en staalbedryf as oondmateriaal gebruik. ’n Belangrike eienskap van silikastene is hul vermoë om hardheid onder hoë vragte te handhaaf tot by die samesmeltpunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ispatguru.com/refractories-and-classification-of-refractories/|title=Refractories and Classification of Refractories|website=IspatGuru|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Silika vuurvaste materiale is gewoonlik goedkoper, dus geredelik wegdoenbaar. Nuwe tegnologieë is ontwikkel wat hoër sterkte en langer giettye moontlik maak met minder silikonoksied (90%) wanneer dit met organiese harse gemeng word.
* '''Sirkonia''' vuurvaste materiale bestaan hoofsaaklik uit sirkoniumoksied (ZrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) . Hulle word dikwels vir glasoonde gebruik omdat hulle 'n lae termiese geleidingsvermoë het, nie maklik deur gesmelte glas benat word nie en lae reaktiwiteit met gesmelte glas het. Hierdie vuurvaste materiale is ook nuttig vir toepassings as hoë temperatuur konstruksiemateriale.
* '''Aluminosilikaat vuurvaste materiale''' bestaan hoofsaaklik uit [[Aluminiumoksied|alumina]] (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) en silika (SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). Hulle kan halfsuur, vuurklei saamgesteld, of hoë alumina-inhoud saamgesteld wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Poluboiarinov|first=D. N.|title=Vysokoglinozemistye keramicheskie i ogneupornye materialy|year=1960|location=Moscow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Basiese vuurvaste materiale ====
Basiese vuurvaste materiale word gebruik in gebiede waar die slak en atmosfeer basies is. Hulle is stabiel teen alkaliese materiale, maar kan op sure reageer, wat belangrik is, bv. wanneer [[fosfor]] uit ru-yster verwyder word (sien Gilchrist–Thomas-proses). Die belangrikste grondmateriale behoort aan die RO-groep, waarvan magnesia (MgO) 'n algemene voorbeeld is. Ander voorbeelde sluit in dolomiet en chroom-magnesia. Vir die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu het die staalvervaardigingsproses kunsmatige [[periklaas]] (geroosterde magnesiet ) as 'n oondvoeringmateriaal gebruik.

* '''Magnesiet vuurvaste materiale''' is saamgestel uit ≥ 85% magnesiumoksied (MgO). Hulle het hoë slakweerstand teen kalk- en ysterryke slakke, sterk skuur- en korrosiebestandheid, en hoë vuurvastheid onder las, en word tipies in metallurgiese oonde gebruik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.termorefractories.com/products/refractory-bricks-blocks/magnesite-refractories.html|title=Magnesite Refractories|website=www.termorefractories.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2019-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913102943/https://termorefractories.com/products/refractory-bricks-blocks/magnesite-refractories.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Dolomiet vuurvaste materiaal''' bestaan hoofsaaklik uit kalsium-magnesiumkarbonaat. Tipies word dolomiet vuurvaste materiale in omsetter- en raffineringsoonde gebruik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ruizhirefractory.com/en/new/dolomite-Brick-and-Magnesite-Dolomite-Brick.html|title=Dolomite brick and magnesia dolomite brick|website=www.ruizhirefractory.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2020-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124175421/http://www.ruizhirefractory.com/en/new/dolomite-Brick-and-Magnesite-Dolomite-Brick.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Magnesia-chroom vuurvaste materiale''' bestaan hoofsaaklik uit magnesiumoksied (MgO) en chroomoksied (Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Hierdie vuurvaste materiale het 'n hoë vuurvastheid en het 'n hoë toleransie vir korrosiewe omgewings.

==== Neutrale vuurvaste materiale ====
Hulle word gebruik in gebiede waar die slak en atmosfeer óf suur óf basies is en chemies stabiel is teenoor beide sure en basisse. Die belangrikste grondmateriale behoort aan, maar is nie beperk tot, die R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-groep. Algemene voorbeelde van hierdie materiale is [[Aluminiumoksied|alumina]] (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), chromia (Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) en koolstof.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

* '''Koolstofgrafiet vuurvaste materiaal''' bestaan hoofsaaklik uit [[Grafiet|koolstof]] . Hierdie vuurvaste materiale word dikwels in hoogreduserende  omgewings gebruik, en hul eienskappe van hoë vuurvastheid laat hulle uitstekende termiese stabiliteit en weerstand teen slak toe.
* '''Chromiet vuurvaste materiale''' bestaan uit gesinterde magnesia en chromia. Hulle het konstante volume by hoë temperature, hoë vuurvastheid en hoë weerstand teen slak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://termorefractories.com/products/refractory-bricks-blocks/chromite-refractories.html|title=Chromite Refractories|website=termorefractories.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2019-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913152230/https://termorefractories.com/products/refractory-bricks-blocks/chromite-refractories.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Alumina vuurvaste materiale''' is saamgestel uit ≥ 50% alumina (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;).

=== Gebaseer op metode van vervaardiging ===

# Droë persproses
# Gesmelte giet
# Hand gevorm
# Gevorm (normaal, gevuur of chemies gebind)
# Ongevorm (monolities-plasties, stamp- en spuitmassa, gietbare materiaal, [[mortier]]e, droë vibrerende semente.)
# Ongevormde droë vuurvaste materiale.

==== Vorm ====
Hierdie vuurvaste materiale het standaard groottes en vorms. Hulle kan verder verdeel word in standaardvorms en spesiale vorms. Standaardvorms het afmetings waarmee die meeste vuurvaste materiaalvervaardigers saamstem en is oor die algemeen van toepassing op brandoonde  of oonde van dieselfde tipe. Standaardvorms is gewoonlik bakstene wat 'n standaardafmeting van 229 x 114 x 64 mm het en hierdie afmeting word 'n &quot;een steen-ekwivalent&quot; genoem. &quot;Steen-ekwivalente&quot; word gebruik om te skat hoeveel vuurvaste stene dit neem om 'n installasie in 'n industriële oond te maak. Daar is reekse standaardvorms van verskillende groottes wat vervaardig word om mure, dakke, boë, buise en sirkelvormige openinge, ens te kan bou. Spesiale vorms word spesifiek gemaak vir spesifieke plekke binne-in oonde en vir spesifieke brandoonde of oonde. Spesiale vorms is gewoonlik minder dig en daarom sagter as standaardvorms.

==== Ongevorm (monolitiese vuurvaste materiale) ====
Hierdie tipe is sonder definitiewe vorm en word slegs vorm gegee tydens toepassing. Hulle is beter bekend as monolitiese vuurvaste materiale. Die algemene voorbeelde is plastiekmassas, stampmassas, gietbares, spuitmassas, lapwerk-mengsels, daghas, ens.

Droë vibrasievoerings wat dikwels in induksie-oondvoerings gebruik word, is ook monolities, en word as 'n droë poeier verkoop en vervoer, gewoonlik met 'n magnesia/alumina samestelling met byvoegings van ander chemikalieë om spesifieke eienskappe te verander. Hulle vind ook meer toepassing in hoogoondvoerings, hoewel hierdie gebruik seldsaam is.

=== Gebaseer op samesmeltingstemperatuur ===
Vuurvaste materiale word in drie tipes geklassifiseer gebaseer op samesmeltingstemperatuur (smeltpunt).

* '''Normale vuurvaste materiale''' het 'n samesmeltingstemperatuur van 1580 – 1780&amp;nbsp;°C (bv Vuurklei)
* '''Hoë vuurvaste materiale''' het 'n samesmeltingstemperatuur van 1780 – 2000&amp;nbsp;°C (bv Chromiet)
* '''Super vuurvaste materiaal''' het 'n samesmeltingstemperatuur van &gt; 2000&amp;nbsp;°C (bv Sirkonia)

=== Gebaseer op vuurvastheid ===
Vuurvastheid is die eienskap van 'n vuurvaste materiaal se multifase om 'n spesifieke versagtingsgraad te bereik by hoë temperatuur sonder las, en word gemeet met 'n pirometriese keël-ekwivalent (PCE) toets. Vuurvaste materiale word geklassifiseer as: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

* '''Superdiens:''' PCE-waarde van 33–38
* '''Hoë diens:''' PCE-waarde van 30–33
* '''Tussentydse diens''' : PCE-waarde van 28–30
* '''Lae diens''' : PCE-waarde van 19–28

=== Gebaseer op termiese geleidingsvermoë ===
Vuurvaste materiale kan volgens [[termiese geleidingsvermoë]] geklassifiseer word as óf geleidend, nie-geleidend of isolerend. Voorbeelde van geleidende vuurvaste materiale is [[silikonkarbied]] (SiC) en sirkoniumkarbied (ZrC), terwyl voorbeelde van niegeleidende vuurvaste materiale silika en alumina is. Isolerende vuurvaste materiale sluit kalsiumsilikaatmateriale, kaolien en sirkonia in.

Isolerende vuurvaste materiale word gebruik om die tempo van hitteverlies deur oondmure te verminder. Hierdie vuurvaste materiale het 'n lae termiese geleidingsvermoë as gevolg van 'n hoë mate van porositeit, met 'n verlangde poreuse struktuur van klein, eenvormige porieë wat eweredig deur die vuurvaste steen versprei is om termiese geleiding te minimaliseer. Isolerende vuurvaste materiale kan verder in vier tipes geklassifiseer word:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

# '''Hittebestande''' isolasiemateriaal met toepassingstemperature ≤ 1100&amp;nbsp;°C
# '''Vuurvaste''' isolasiemateriaal met toepassingstemperature ≤ 1400&amp;nbsp;°C
# '''Hoë vuurvaste''' isolasiemateriaal met toepassingstemperature ≤ 1700&amp;nbsp;°C
# '''Ultrahoë vuurvaste''' isolasiemateriaal met toepassingstemperature ≤ 2000&amp;nbsp;°C

== Vuurvaste verankering ==
Alle vuurvaste materiale benodig verankeringstelsels soos draadgevormde ankers, gevormde metaal (byvoorbeeld heksmetaal) of keramiekteëls om die vuurvaste voerings te ondersteun. Die verankering wat vir vuurvaste materiale op dakke en vertikale mure gebruik word, is meer kritiek aangesien hulle in staat moet bly om die gewig van vuurvaste materiale te dra, selfs by  verhoogde temperature en bedryfstoestande.

Die algemeen gebruikte verankerings het sirkelvormige of reghoekige deursnee. Sirkelvormige deursnee word gebruik vir lae dikte vuurvaste materiale en hulle dra minder gewig per eenheid area; terwyl die reghoekige deursnee gebruik word vir hoë dikte vuurvaste materiale  en hoër gewig van vuurvaste materiaal per eenheid area kan ondersteun. Die aantal ankers hang af van bedryfstoestande en die vuurvaste materiale. Die keuse van 'n ankermateriaal, vorm, hoeveelheid en grootte het 'n beduidende impak op die nuttige lewensduur van die vuurvaste materiaal.

Verdeeltrogborde benodig nie metaalankers nie, maar word eerder aanmekaar geplak met 'n spesiale vuurvaste pasta en poeier. Goeie praktyk is om 'n kombinasie van pasta en poeier te gebruik om seker te maak dat die stelsel lekbestand is en bymekaar bly tydens langdurige giete.

== Sien ook ==

* [[Vuursteen]]
* Messeloond
* Vuurvas (metallurgie)

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Metallurgie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masjienleer</title>
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      <text bytes="5008" sha1="jqcjfq5k67lkqckrnwzyujangdj3wz3" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Neural network with dark background.png|duimnael|'n Illustrasie van 'n neurale netwerk.]]
{{Kunsmatige intelligensie}}
'''Masjienleer''' ('''ML''') is 'n oorkoepelende term vir die oplossing van probleme waarvoor die ontwikkeling van [[algoritme]]s deur menslike programmeerders duur sou wees. In plaas daarvan word die probleme opgelos deur masjiene te help om hul &quot;eie&quot; algoritmes te &quot;ontdek&quot;,&lt;ref name = &quot;Alpaydin2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Ethem Alpaydin | title = Introduction to Machine Learning | year = 2020 | edition = Fourth | pages = xix, 1–3, 13–18 | publisher = MIT |isbn = 978-0262043793}}&lt;/ref&gt; sonder dat dit nodig is om uitdruklik aangesê te word wat om te doen deur enige mens-ontwikkelde algoritmes.{{refn|TDie definisie &quot;sonder om eksplisiet geprogrammeer te word&quot; word dikwels toegeskryf aan Arthur Samuel, wat die term &quot;masjienleer&quot; in 1959 geskep het, maar die frase word nie woordeliks in hierdie publikasie gevind nie, en kan 'n parafrase wees wat later verskyn het. Confer &quot;Paraphrasing Arthur Samuel (1959), the question is: How can computers learn to solve problems without being explicitly programmed?&quot; in {{Cite conference |chapter=Automated Design of Both the Topology and Sizing of Analog Electrical Circuits Using Genetic Programming |conference=Artificial Intelligence in Design '96 |last1=Koza |first1=John R. |last2=Bennett |first2=Forrest H. |last3=Andre |first3=David |last4=Keane |first4=Martin A. |title=Artificial Intelligence in Design '96 |date=1996 |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |pages=151–170 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-0279-4_9 |isbn=978-94-010-6610-5 }}}} Onlangs kon generatiewe kunsmatige [[Neurale netwerk|neurale netwerke]] die resultate van baie vorige benaderings oortref.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Machine Learning? |url=https://www.ibm.com/topics/machine-learning |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=IBM |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Victor |date=2019-12-20 |title=Machine Learning for Beginners: An Introduction to Neural Networks |url=https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-for-beginners-an-introduction-to-neural-networks-d49f22d238f9 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-15 |website=Medium |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309053518/https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-for-beginners-an-introduction-to-neural-networks-d49f22d238f9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masjienleerbenaderings is gebaseer op groot [[taalmodel]]le, [[rekenaarvisie]], spraakherkenning, e-posfiltrering, [[landbou]] en [[medisyne]], waar dit ook te  duur sou wees om algoritmes te ontwikkel om die nodige take uit te voer.&lt;ref name=&quot;tvt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Junyan |last2=Niu |first2=Hanlin |last3=Carrasco |first3=Joaquin |last4=Lennox |first4=Barry |last5=Arvin |first5=Farshad |date=2020 |title=Voronoi-Based Multi-Robot Autonomous Exploration in Unknown Environments via Deep Reinforcement Learning |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3034800 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology |volume=69 |issue=12 |pages=14413–14423 |doi=10.1109/tvt.2020.3034800 |s2cid=228989788 |issn=0018-9545 |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416160303/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9244647/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi|first1=Mohsen |last2=Hugh |first2=Earl |last3=Tulpan |first3=Dan |last4=Sulik |first4=John |last5=Eskandari |first5=Milad |title=Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Plant Breeding: Predicting Yield From Hyperspectral Reflectance in Soybean? |journal=Front. Plant Sci. |volume=11 |year=2021 |pages=624273|doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.624273 |pmid=33510761 |pmc=7835636 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die wiskundige fondamente van ML word verskaf deur wiskundige optimering (wiskundige programmering) metodes. Data-ontginning is 'n verwante (parallelle) studieveld, wat fokus op verkennende data-analise deur leer sonder toesig.{{refn|Machine learning and pattern recognition &quot;can be viewed as two facets of the same field&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bishop2006&quot;&gt;{{citation|first= C. M. |last= Bishop |year=2006 |title=Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-31073-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|vii}}}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Jerome H. |title=Data Mining and Statistics: What's the connection? |journal=Computing Science and Statistics |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1998 |pages=3–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ML word veral gebruik vir die oplossing van besigheidsprobleme, wat bekend staan as voorspellings-analise. Alhoewel nie alle masjienleer statisties gebaseer is nie, is rekenaarstatistiek 'n belangrike bron vir die veld se metodes.

==Sien ook==
* [[Sintetiese data]]
* [[Versterkingleer uit menslike terugvoer]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Kunsmatige intelligensie]]
[[Kategorie:Rekenaarwetenskap]]
[[Kategorie:Masjienleer]]
[[Kategorie:Statistiek]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Voedingsfeite-etiket</title>
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      <text bytes="46448" sha1="euqwygt7teqe9o76g7pdldda8hgir74" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Table of nutrition facts on food labels}}
[[File:US Nutritional Fact Label 2.svg|thumb|'n Voorbeeld van voedingsfeite-etiket, met instruksies van die Amerikaanse voedsel- en medisyne administrasie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/PrintInformationMaterials/ucm114155.htm |title=Nutrition Facts Label Images for Download |publisher=Fda.gov |date=2011-09-23 |access-date=2013-01-26 |archive-date=2013-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307165710/http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/PrintInformationMaterials/ucm114155.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]] 
Die '''voedingsfeite-etiket''' (ook bekend as die '''voedingsinligtingpaneel''', en ander geringe variasies) is ‘n etiket wat op die meeste verpakte [[voedsel]] in baie lande vereis word, wat wys watter [[voeding]]stowwe en ander bestanddele (om te beperk en genoeg van te kry) in die kos is. Etikette is gewoonlik gebaseer op amptelike voedingsgraderingstelsels. 

Die meeste lande stel ook algemene voedingsgidse vir algemene opvoedkundige doeleindes vry. In sommige gevalle is die gidse gebaseer op verskillende dieëtdoelwitte vir verskeie voedingstowwe en ook as die etikette op spesifieke [[voedsel]]soorte.

Voedingsfeite-etikette is een van baie soorte voedseletikette wat deur regulasies vereis word en deur vervaardigers toegepas word. Hulle is vir die eerste keer in 1994  in die [[VSA]] en in 1996  in die [[Verenigde Koninkryk]] bekendgestel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The origins and evolution of Nutrition Facts labeling |url=https://www.fooddive.com/news/the-origins-and-evolution-of-nutrition-facts-labeling/507016/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Food Dive |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612230611/https://www.fooddive.com/news/the-origins-and-evolution-of-nutrition-facts-labeling/507016/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rayner |first1=Mike |last2=Scarborough |first2=Peter |last3=Williams |first3=Carol |date=2004 |title=The origin of Guideline Daily Amounts and the Food Standards Agency's guidance on what counts as 'a lot' and 'a little' |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=549–556 |doi=10.1079/PHN2003552 |issn=1368-9800 |pmid=15153261|s2cid=12280359 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suid-Afrika ==
Om Suid-Afrikaners te help om uit te vind watter kosse ongesond is wanneer hulle inkopies doen, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Ministerie van Gesondheid in April 2023 konsepvoedseletiketteringsregulasies gepubliseer. Dit sal 'n nuwe etiketteringskema instel, advertering van ongesonde kosse beperk en die gebruik van misleidende gesondheidsaansprake. Die konsepregulasies stel duideliker voedseletikette voor, wat 'n nuwe driehoek insluit wat beklemtoon dat die kos bestanddele bevat wat ongesond is. Hierdie logo's sal op die voorkant van 'n produk geplaas word.&lt;ref&gt;All Africa, ''Clearer Food Labels to Help South Africans Make Healthier Choices'', Besoek 19 November 2023, https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00087592.html.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Australië  en Nieu-Seeland==
[[Australië]] en [[Nieu-Seeland]] gebruik 'n voedingsinligtingpaneel van die volgende formaat:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''VOEDINGSFEITE INFORMASIE'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|
Porsie per pakings:

Porsie grootes: g
|-
!
!Hoeveelheid per porsie
!Hoeveelheid per 100 g
|-
| Energie ||0|| kJ (Cal)
|-
| Proteien ||0|| g
|-
| Vet, totaal || 0 || g
|-
| Versadigde - vette ||0|| g
|-
| Koolhidrate || g || g
|-
| &amp;emsp; - suikers || g || g
|-
| Sodium || mg || mg
|}

Ander items word ingesluit soos toepaslik,en die eenhede kan gevarieër word soos nodig (bv. vervang mg vir g, of mol vir mg in die ‘Natrium’-ry).  In April 2013 het die Nieu-Seelandse regering reëls ingestel oor algemene aansprake wat op voedselverpakking gemaak moet word, soos ‘laag in vet.  In Junie 2019 het die Voedselregulasiestaande Komitee (VRSK) 'n prentbenaderings voorgestel om die hoeveelheid suikers en /of bygevoegde [[suiker]] in ‘n porsie voedsel oor te dra. ‘n Eksperiment het getoon dat die etikettering van suiker-teelepels die voorneme om suikerversoete drankies te koop, verminder het.

==Kanada==
[[Lêer:NutritionFactsValeurNutritive.jpg|duimnael|'n Kanadese voedingsetiket wat inligting in beide Engels en Frans vertoon.]]
In [[Kanada]] is 'n gestandaardiseerde &quot;Voedingsfeite&quot;-etiket ingestel as deel van regulasies wat in 2003 goedgekeur is, en het verpligtend geword vir die meeste voorverpakte voedselprodukte op 12 Desember 2005. (Kleiner besighede is tot 12 Desember 2007 gegee om die inligting beskikbaar te stel. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/nutrition/index_e.html | url-status=dead | title=argiefkopie | access-date=25 Oktober 2023 | archive-date=31 Mei 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531145025/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/nutrition/index_e.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; In ooreenstemming met voedselverpakkingswette in die land, moet alle inligting, insluitend die voedingsetiket, in beide [[Engels]] en [[Frans]], die land se twee amptelike tale, geskryf word.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/bilingual/eng/1328121549968/1328121616816|title=Bilingual Labelling|first=Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Labelling and Claims|last=Directorate|website=inspection.gc.ca|date=2015-04-14|access-date=2016-08-09|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808063428/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/bilingual/eng/1328121549968/1328121616816|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die provinsie [[Québec]] het spesifieke vereistes met betrekking tot tweetalige verpakking, veral dat die Franse taal die prominente taal op produketikette moet wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Labelling of your products in Canada, and particularly Quebec: don't forget to translate!|url=https://www.lavery.ca/en/publications/our-publications/1790-labelling-of-your-products-in-canada-and-particularly-quebec-don-t-forget-to-translate-.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Lavery|date=May 2014 |language=en|archive-date=2020-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702215643/https://www.lavery.ca/en/publications/our-publications/1790-labelling-of-your-products-in-canada-and-particularly-quebec-don-t-forget-to-translate-.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanadese regulasie beheer streng die wyse waarop die voedingsfeitetabel-data  uiteengesit word. Daar is 'n verskeidenheid moontlike formate vir gebruik op 'n gegewe kosverpakking. ’n Hiërargie word gebruik om tussen die formate te kies (28 hoofformate, en 2–7 subformate vir elk). Dit lei daartoe dat standaard (vertikale) formate oorweeg word vir gebruik voor horisontale en lineêre formate. Die seleksiehiërargie laat die voedingsfeitetabel ook toe om nie meer as 15% van die fisiese pakket se beskikbare vertoonarea  te beslaan nie, maar om nooit kleiner te wees as 'n formaat wat minder as 15% van vertoonarea sal wees nie. In die praktyk kan die bepaling van die vertoonarea van 'n pakket, en die keuse van die toepaslike voedingsfeitetabel -formaat, 'n gedetailleerde berekening wees.

== China ==
[[Lêer:China nutrition facts label.png|links|duimnael|'n Voorbeeld van 'n Chinese voedingsfeite-etiket.]]
In 2011 het die [[Volksrepubliek China|Chinese]] Ministerie van Gesondheid die nasionale voedselveiligheidstandaard vir voedingsetikettering van voorverpakte voedsel (GB 28050-2011) vrygestel. Die kernvoedingstowwe wat op 'n etiket moet wees, is: proteïen, vet, koolhidrate en natrium. Energie word in kJ aangeteken. En alle waardes moet per 100g/100ml wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/General%20Rules%20for%20Nutrition%20Labeling%20of%20Prepackaged%20Foods%20_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_1-9-2013.pdf | title=General Rules for Nutrition labeling of prepackaged foods | publisher=USDA Foreign Agriculture Service | access-date=2018-03-16 | archive-date=2017-02-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201113831/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/General%20Rules%20for%20Nutrition%20Labeling%20of%20Prepackaged%20Foods%20_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_1-9-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.gsciq.gov.cn/www/ContentsDisp.asp?id=7715 | title=GB 28050-2011 (chinese) | publisher=www.gsciq.gov.cn | access-date=2018-03-16 | archive-date=2018-03-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035805/http://www.gsciq.gov.cn/www/ContentsDisp.asp?id=7715 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europese Unie en Verenigde Koninkryk ==
[[Lêer:Nutri info naranjas eu.jpg|duimnael|'n Seldsame voorbeeld van opsionele voedingsfeite op 'n etiket vir lemoene (in die EU nie verpligtend vir onverwerkte vrugte nie).]]
Die Verenigde Koninkryk het in 1996 ‘n “riglyn vir daaglikse Innames ingestel”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hierdie stelsel is in die Europese Unie aangeneem  en het ander lande se voorbeeld gevolg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oY6YAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA920 |title=1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think |date=2013 |publisher=Atria Books |isbn=978-1476705729 |editor1-last=Arp |editor1-first=Robert |page=920 |access-date=15 Februarie 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dit is gereguleer deur die Kommissie Raad van 2008/100/EG van 28 Oktober 2008 tot wysiging van die Raad se Riglyn- 90/496/EEG oor etikette vir voedsel met betrekking tot aanbevole daaglikse toelaes, energie-omskakelings faktore en definisies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:285:0009:0012:EN:PDF |title=COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2008/100/EC of 28 Oktober 2008 |publisher=EUR-Lex.europa.eu |access-date=2013-01-26 |archive-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928105722/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:285:0009:0012:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  'n Nuwe regulasie is nou van krag (Regulasie 1169/2011)&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Reg1169&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0018:0063:EN:PDF|title=REGULATION (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers|access-date=2014-11-28|archive-date=2017-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726215901/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2011%3A304%3A0018%3A0063%3AEN%3APDF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Voedingswaarde-etikettering word vanaf Desember 2016 verpligtend vir die meeste vooraf verpakte voedsel. 

In die [[Europese Unie]] word die inligting (gewoonlik in paneel formaat) volgens die &quot;ou&quot; reëls (Direktief 90/496, gewysig) meestal gemerk as &quot;Voedingswaarde&quot; (of ekwivalent in ander EU-tale). 'n Voorbeeld word onderaan getoon. Die paneel is opsioneel, maar indien voorsien, moet die voorgeskrewe inhoud en formaat gevolg word. Dit sal altyd waardes gee vir 'n vasgestelde hoeveelheid—100 g (3,5 oz) of 100 ml (3,5 imp fl oz; 3,4 US fl oz) van die produk—en dikwels ook vir 'n gedefinieerde &quot;porsie&quot;, as 'n opsie. Eerstens kom die energiewaardes, in beide kilokalorieë en kilojoules. 

Dan sal 'n uiteensetting van samestellende elemente volg: gewoonlik die meeste of al die [[proteïen]]e, koolhidrate, stysel, [[suiker]], [[vet]], [[vesel]] en [[natrium]]. Die &quot;vet&quot; syfer sal waarskynlik verder afgebreek word in versadigde en onversadigde vette, terwyl die &quot;koolhidraat&quot; syfer waarskynlik 'n subtotaal vir suikers sal gee. Met die &quot;nuwe&quot; reëls is die verpligte inligting: energie, vet, versadigde, koolhidrate, suikers, proteïene en sout, in daardie spesifieke volgorde, met opsies om hierdie lys uit te brei na: mono-onversadigde, poli-onversadigde, poliole, stysel, vesel , en vitamiene en minerale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reg1169&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0018:0063:EN:PDF|title=REGULATION (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers|access-date=2014-11-28|archive-date=2017-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726215901/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2011%3A304%3A0018%3A0063%3AEN%3APDF|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Met betrekking tot gesondheidsaansprake en voedingseise (samestellings) is dit in die EU geharmoniseer deur Regulasie 1924/2006, soos gewysig.  In November 2012 het die Europese Kommissie twee nuwe regulasies gepubliseer: Regulasie (EG) No. 1047/2012 en Verordening (EG) No.1048/2012. Sekere voedingseisgroepe soos in Regulasie (EG) No 1924/2006 moes verander word. Boonop is die gesondheidseise wat met gars-beta-gluten geassosieer word, gewysig (bv. verlaging van bloed[[cholesterol]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:310:0036:0037:EN:PDF Commission Regulation (EU) No 1047/2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027125017/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:310:0036:0037:EN:PDF |date=2013-10-27 }}, European Commission, 8 November 2012, Besoek 7 April 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:310:0038:0040:EN:PDF Commission Regulation (EU) No 1048/2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928104527/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:310:0038:0040:EN:PDF |date=2018-09-28 }}, European Commission, 8 November 2012, Besoek 7 April 2015&lt;/ref&gt; 

Binne Regulasie 1924 is daar wetlike definisies van terme soos &quot;lae vet&quot;, &quot;hoë vesel&quot;, &quot;verminderde kalorieë&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reg1924&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02006R1924-20121129&amp;qid=1417169827044&amp;from=EN|title=REGULATION (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods|access-date=2014-11-28|archive-date=2018-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122754/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02006R1924-20121129&amp;qid=1417169827044&amp;from=EN|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Alle gesondheidsaansprake is in die Europese Unie geharmoniseer. Hulle kan gebruik word as hulle deur EFSA goedgekeur is. Die lys van goedgekeurde en afgekeurde eise is op hulle nasionale gesondheids webwerf beskikbaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/nuhclaims/|title=Nutrition and Health Claims - European Commission|first=DG|last=SANTE|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=2014-11-28|archive-date=2014-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116100329/http://ec.europa.eu/nuhclaims/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Indien die volledige voedingsinligting op die pakkie gewys word, kan addisionele voedingsinligting en formate (bv. 'n verkeersliggraderingstelsel) ingesluit word, dit val buite die bestek van regulasie.

Die Verenigde Koninkryk-regulasies word voorgehou in Bylaes 6 en 7 van die Voedseletiketteringsregulasies van 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/contents/made
|publisher=The Stationery Office
|year=1996
|title=Food Labelling Regulations 1996, Schedule 7 - Nutrition Labelling
|access-date=2009-04-04
|archive-date=2013-09-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921164025/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/contents/made
|url-status=live
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Brexit===
Vanweë [[Brexit]] sal die wetgewing in Groot Brittannië afwyk van die standaarde wat in die EU gebruik word. Op 7 September 2022 is die invoer van hierdie veranderinge uitgestel tot 1 Januarie 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fdf.org.uk/fdf/what-we-do/food-labelling-and-consumer-information/|publisher=FDF (food &amp; drink federation)|title=UK Government Extending to 1 January 2024 the Transition Period for EU Related Labelling to Continue to be Permitted on the GB Market (inc. EU FBO Addresses &amp; ID Marks)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Augustus is die eerste etitekke wat &quot;not for EU&quot; lui, in die winkels in Noord-Ierland gesien. Vanaf Oktober 2023 word dit vir alle vleis en sommige melkprodukte verplig en die res van die veranderinge sal in twee fases tot en met Julie 2025 plaasvind.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/23/first-not-for-eu-labels-appear-on-supermarket-food-in-northern-ireland-brexit-asda|publisher=The Guardian|title=First ‘not for EU’ labels appear on supermarket food in Northern Ireland|year=2023|authors=Johanna Partridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hongkong==
In [[Hongkong]] is voedingsfeite etikette se reguleering by die subsidiêre wetgewing van Kos en Medikasie (Samestelling en Etikettering) (Wysiging: Vereistes vir Voedingsetikettering en Voedingseise) Regulasie 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nutritionlabel.gov.hk/ |title=Hong Kong government |publisher=Nutritionlabel.gov.hk |access-date=2014-08-01 |archive-date=2014-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803030346/http://www.nutritionlabel.gov.hk/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indië ==
In [[Indië]] het die Ministrie van Gesondheid en Gesinswelsyn op 19 September 2008, die Voorkoming van Voedselvervalsing (5de Wysiging) Reëls, in werking gestel. Dit het  verpakte voedselvervaardigers verplig om voedingsinligting en ‘n logo van die F.P.O of Agmark op hul produketikette aan te bring (Maatskappye wat verantwoordelik is vir die nagaan van voedselprodukte) om verbruikers in staat te stel om ingeligte keuses te maak terwyl hulle die item aankoop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/PFA%20Rule%20Relating%20to%20Nutritional%20Labeling%20of%20Packaged%20Food%20Implemented_New%20Delhi_India_4-3-2009.pdf |title=PFA Rule Relating to Nutritional Labeling of Packaged Food Implemented |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201100457/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/PFA%20Rule%20Relating%20to%20Nutritional%20Labeling%20of%20Packaged%20Food%20Implemented_New%20Delhi_India_4-3-2009.pdf |archive-date=1 Februarie 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Voor hierdie wysiging was die bekendmaking van voedingsinligting grootliks vrywillig, baie groot vervardigers was geneig om die internasionale praktyk te volg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=32031 |title=India: Packaged foods must list nutritional facts |publisher=Freshplaza.com |access-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324154902/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=32031 |archive-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Meksiko==
Voedselprodukte wat in [[Meksiko]] verkoop word gebruik die &quot;''Información nutrimental''” produk se etiket-standaarde, baie soortgelyk aan “Voedings Feite” in die VSA. Die amptelike Meksikaanse standaard is deur die Meksikaanse sekretaris van handel en industriële promosie geskep, wat nou deel van die Sekretaris van Ekonomie uitmaak. Dit het op 24 Januarie 1996 in werking getree&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://cronos.cta.com.mx/cgi-bin/normas.sh/cgis/despresult.p?clave=NOM-051-SCFI-1994 |title=Secretaría de Economía - Normas |access-date=2007-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114130102/http://cronos.cta.com.mx/cgi-bin/normas.sh/cgis/despresult.p?clave=NOM-051-SCFI-1994 |archive-date=2006-11-14 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; en definieër die “algemene spesifikasie vir etikettering van voedsel en gebottelde alkohol-vrye drankies”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mexicolaws.com/scfi/NOM-051-SCFI-1994.htm |title=mexicolaws.com |publisher=mexicolaws.com |access-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060025/http://www.mexicolaws.com/scfi/NOM-051-SCFI-1994.htm |archive-date=2017-09-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Singapoer==
In 1998 is die vrywillige ''Healthier Choice'' Simbool-stelsel geskep in [[Singapoer]] deur die nasionale Gesondheidsbevorderingsraad (GBR) om verbruikers in staat te stel om ingeligte voedselkeuses te maak terwyl hul kruideniersware inkopies doen. Hierdie stelsel is in 2003 na voedseloperateurs uitgebrei, wat hulle in staat gestel het om die simbool langs die geregte wat aan sy kriteria voldoen, op die spyskaart te vertoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khalife |first=Gabrielle |date=2018-08-07 |title=Healthier Ingredient Development Scheme in Singapore |url=https://www.nycfoodpolicy.org/singapore-revs-war-diabetes/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=NYC Food Policy Center (Hunter College) |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033845/https://www.nycfoodpolicy.org/singapore-revs-war-diabetes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2020 het die HPB, saam met sy ouerministerie, Ministerie van Gesondheid, ‘n nuwe verpligte graderingstelsel, Nutri-Grade vir voorafverpakte drankies, ingestel, wat die Gesonder Keuse-simbool vervang het om vetsug te bekamp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New nutrient summary labels for pre-packaged drinks to be rolled out |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/nutrient-summary-labels-pre-packaged-drinks-sugar-level-769681 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=CNA |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034424/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/nutrient-summary-labels-pre-packaged-drinks-sugar-level-769681 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Nutri-graad-stelsel is gebaseer op die suiker- en versadigde vetinhoud in drankies, en het vier graderingsvlakke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pre-packaged drinks must have new nutrition labels by end-2022, reflecting sugar and fat levels |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/prepackaged-soft-drinks-juices-beverages-sugar-saturated-fat-nutrition-grade-label-2407671 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=CNA |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034957/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/prepackaged-soft-drinks-juices-beverages-sugar-saturated-fat-nutrition-grade-label-2407671 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dit is in Desember 2022 afgedwing en sou teen die einde van 2023 op vars voorbereide drankies geplaas word.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CNA Explains: Why do some 'healthier' drinks have a poorer Nutri-Grade than soft drinks? |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/nutrigrade-healthy-drinks-grade-milk-soft-drinks-cna-explains-3301676 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=CNA |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301033614/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/nutrigrade-healthy-drinks-grade-milk-soft-drinks-cna-explains-3301676 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Verenigde State==
[[File:Proposed Nutrition Facts Label Changes (16597590667).jpg|alt=Margaret Hamburg speaks at White House about changes to Nutrition Facts labels|thumb|396x396px|FDA-kommissaris Margret Hamburg praat by 'n geleentheid in die [[Withuis]] oor voorgestelde opdaterings van die FDA se Voedingsfeite-etikette vir voedselverpakking. 27 Februarie 2014]]

In die [[Verenigde State]] lys die voedingsfeite-etiket die daaglikse waarde (%DW) of die persentasie wat in 'n porsie of 'n hele verpakking verskaf word wat aanbeveel word om nagekom te word of nie te oorskry nie in die daaglikse Amerikaanse dieet. 'n Voetnoot op die etiket dui aan  dat die % Daaglikse Waarde (DW) verwys na die persentasie wat elke voedingstof  &quot;bydra tot 'n daaglikse dieet&quot; en dat `n &quot;2 000 kalorieë dieet per dag vir algemene voedingsadvies gebruik word.&quot;

Met sekere uitsonderings, soos babakos en babaformule, word die volgende daaglikse waardes gebruik.&lt;ref&gt;Code of Federal Regulations [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;sid=ebf41b28ca63f43546dd9b6bf3f20330&amp;rgn=div5&amp;view=text&amp;node=21:2.0.1.1.2&amp;idno=21#21:2.0.1.1.2.1.1.6 101.9(c)8(iv)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613064159/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;sid=ebf41b28ca63f43546dd9b6bf3f20330&amp;rgn=div5&amp;view=text&amp;node=21:2.0.1.1.2&amp;idno=21#21:2.0.1.1.2.1.1.6 |date=2011-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dit word verwysings daaglikse inname waardes genoem en is oorspronklik gebaseer op die hoogste 1968 aanbevole dieettoelaes (ADT) vir elke voedingstof. Dit is om te verseker dat daar aan die behoeftes van alle ouderdoms- en geslagskombinasies voldoen word.  Dit is ouer as die huidige ADT van die daaglikse inname waardes. Vir [[vitamien K]], vitamien D, vitamien E, vitamien K, [[kalsium]], [[fosfor]], [[magnesium]] en [[mangaan]] is die huidige hoogste ADT's tot 50% hoër as die ouer daaglikse waardes wat in etikettering gebruik word, terwyl die aanbevole behoeftes vir ander voedingstowwe verdwyn het. 'n Tabel langs mekaar van die ou en nuwe daaglikse waardes vir volwassenes word by Reference Daily Intake verskaf. Vanaf Oktober 2010 is die enigste mikrovoedingstowwe wat op alle etikette ingesluit moet word, vitamien A, vitamien C, kalsium en yster.&lt;ref&gt;Sien [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;rgn=div8&amp;view=text&amp;node=21:2.0.1.1.2.1.1.6&amp;idno=21 21 CFR  101.9(c)(8)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813113845/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;sid=77734a162c4f7ddd997233b4d623c029&amp;rgn=div8&amp;view=text&amp;node=21:2.0.1.1.2.1.1.6&amp;idno=21 |date=2009-08-13 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Om die voedingstofvlakke in die voedsel te bepaal, kan maatskappye databasisse ontwikkel of gebruik, en dit kan vrywillig by die Amerikaanse voedsel- en medisyne administrasie (FDA) ingedien word vir hersiening.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064894.htm VII. Nutrition Labeling; Questions G1 through P8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422152820/http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064894.htm |date=2011-04-22 }}. Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide. Accessed 2010-10-08. See also [https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/ucm063113.htm Guidance for Industry: Nutrition Labeling Manual - A Guide for Developing and Using Data Bases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614152816/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/ucm063113.htm |date=2009-06-14 }} from the FDA.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Nutrient
!Daaglikse waardes vir ettiket&lt;br/&gt; (voor 2016 opgedateer)
!Hoogste aanbevole dieettoelaes (ADT)
!eenheid
|-
|[[Vitamien A]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5,000	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3,000	||[[International Unit|IU]]
|-
|[[Vitamien C]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 60	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 90	||[[milligram|mg]]
|-
|[[Thiamien|Thiamien (Vitamien B1)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.5	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.2	||mg
|-
|[[Riboflavin|Riboflavin (Vitamien B2)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.7	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.3	||mg
|-
|[[Niasien|Niasien (Vitamien B3)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 16	||mg
|-
|[[Pantoteensuur acid|Pantoteensuur acid (Vitamien B5)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5	||mg
|-
|[[Piridoksien (Vitamien B6)]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.7	||mg
|-
|[[Folaat|Folaat (Vitamien B9)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 400	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 400 ||μg
|-
|[[Biotien|Biotien (Vitamien B7)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 300	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30 ||μg
|-
|[[Sianokobalamien|Sianokobalamien (Vitamien B12)]]|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.4 ||μg
|-
|[[Vitamien D]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 400	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 600	||IU
|-
|[[Vitamien E]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15	||mg
|-
|[[Vitamien K]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 120	||[[μg]]
|-
|[[Kalsium]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1,000	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1,300	||mg
|-
|[[Yster]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 18	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 18	||mg
|-
|[[Fosfor]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1,000	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1,250	||mg
|-
|[[Jodium]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 150	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 150 ||μg
|-
|[[Magnesium]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 400	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 420	||mg
|-
|[[Sink]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 15	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11	||mg
|-
|[[Selenium]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 70	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 55 ||μg
|-
|[[Koper]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 0.9	||mg
|-
|[[Mangaan]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.3	||mg
|-
|[[Chroom]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 120	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 35 ||μg
|-
|[[Molibdeen]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 45 ||μg
|-
|[[Chloried]]	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3,400	|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2,300	||mg
|}
Daarbenewens is daar 'n vereiste dat bestanddele gelys word in volgorde van hoogste tot laagste hoeveelheid, volgens hul gewig. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.4 |title=Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 |access-date=2019-07-06 |archive-date=2019-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528123554/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Hierdie vereiste het 'n mate van buigsaamheid tydens die [[Covid-19-pandemie]].&lt;ref&gt; / website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=22 Mei 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-announces-temporary-flexibility-policy-regarding-certain-labeling-requirements-foods-humans | access-date=6 Junie 2020 | archive-date=5 Junie 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605181707/https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-announces-temporary-flexibility-policy-regarding-certain-labeling-requirements-foods-humans | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Temporary Policy for Certain Food Labeling Requirements During COVID | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | date=22 Mei 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/temporary-policy-regarding-certain-food-labeling-requirements-during-covid-19-public-health | access-date=6 Junie 2020 | archive-date=7 Junie 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607031421/https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/temporary-policy-regarding-certain-food-labeling-requirements-during-covid-19-public-health | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:FDA Nutrition Facts Label 2016.png|thumb|Die nuwe Voedingsfeite-etiket, wat sedert 2016 gebruik word.|alt=]]
Die etiket gee inhoud vir die meeste voedselprodukte onder die bepalings van die ''1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act'' (NLEA), volgens die aanbevelings van die FDA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History|url=https://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/whatwedo/history/milestones/ucm128305.htm|publisher=FDA|access-date=11 Februarie 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306132145/https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/Milestones/ucm128305.htm|archive-date=6 Maart 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dit was een van verskeie omstrede aksies wat geneem is tydens die ampstermyn van FDA-kommissaris dr. David Kessler. Die wet het voedselmaatskappye vereis om die nuwe voedseletiket op verpakte voedsel te begin gebruik vanaf 8 Mei 1994. (Vleis en pluimveeprodukte is nie deur NLEA gedek nie, alhoewel die Amerikaanse Departement van Landbou soortgelyke regulasies vir vrywillige etikettering van rou vleis en pluimvee voorgestel het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Using food labels to follow the dietary guidelines for Americans: a reference|url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/309722/|work=Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 704. United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.Saltos E, Davis C, et al.(December 1994)|access-date=2023-02-25|archive-date=2021-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315225737/https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/309722|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Voedsel wat voor daardie dag geëtiketteer is, kon die ou etiket gebruik. Dit het in 1995 op alle produkte verskyn. Die ou etiket was getiteld &quot;voedingsinligting per porsie&quot; of bloot, &quot;voedingsinligting&quot;.

Die etiket begin met 'n standaardbediening, kalorieë word tweede gelys, en dan volg 'n uiteensetting van die samestellende elemente, insluitend die % daaglikse waarde (%DW).  Totale vet, natrium, koolhidrate en proteïene word altyd gelys; die ander voedingstowwe wat gewoonlik getoon word, kan onderdruk word as hulle nul is. Gewoonlik word al 15 voedingstowwe getoon: kalorieë, kalorieë van vet, totale vet, versadigde vette, transvette, cholesterol, natrium, koolhidrate, dieetvesel, suikers, proteïene, vitamien A, vitamien C, kalsium en yster.

Produkte wat minder as 5 g vet bevat, toon hoeveelhede afgerond tot die naaste 0,5 g. Hoeveelhede minder as 0,5 g word tot 0 g afgerond. Byvoorbeeld, as 'n produk 0,45 g transvet per porsie bevat, en die pakkie bevat 18 porsies, sal die etiket 0 g transvet wys, al bevat die produk eintlik 'n totaal van 8,1 g transvet.

Benewens die voedingsetiket, kan produkte sekere voedingsinligting of gesondheidsaansprake op verpakking vertoon. Hierdie gesondheidseise word slegs deur die FDA toegelaat vir &quot;agt dieet- en gesondheidsverhoudings gebaseer op bewese wetenskaplike bewyse&quot;, insluitend: kalsium en osteoporose, veselbevattende graanprodukte, vrugte en groente en kanker, vrugte, groente en graanprodukte wat bevat vesel—veral oplosbare vesel—en die risiko van koronêre hartsiekte, vet en kanker, versadigde vette en cholesterol en koronêre hartsiekte, natrium en hipertensie, en folaat- en neuraalbuisdefekte.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Madelyn|author2=Marion Franz|author3=Joan Heins|author4=Rebecca Schafer|author5=Harold Holler|title=Food Labeling|journal=Diabetes Care|date=May 1994|volume=17|issue=5|pages=480–7|url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/17/5/480.full.pdf|access-date=28 Januarie 2014|doi=10.2337/diacare.17.5.480|pmid=8062626|s2cid=219230769|display-authors=etal|archive-date=4 Februarie 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204025803/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/17/5/480.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Die Instituut vir Geneeskunde het aanbeveel dat hierdie etikette die nuttigste voedingsinligting vir verbruikers bevat: versadigde vette, transvette, natrium, kalorieë en porsiegrootte.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase 1 Report | url = http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/Examination-of-Front-of-Package-Nutrition-Rating-Systems-and-Symbols-Phase-1-Report.aspx | publisher = Institute of Medicine | date = 2010-10-13 | access-date = 2011-01-26 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110111172009/http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Examination-of-Front-of-Package-Nutrition-Rating-Systems-and-Symbols-Phase-1-Report.aspx | archive-date = 2011-01-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In Januarie 2011 het voedselvervaardigers en kruidenierswinkels planne aangekondig om van hierdie voedingsinligting op verwerkte voedsel te vertoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Food Makers Devise Own Label Plan | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/business/25label.html?partner=rss&amp;emc=rss | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2010-01-25 | access-date = 2011-01-26 | archive-date = 2013-03-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130328185436/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/business/25label.html?partner=rss&amp;emc=rss | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die voedingsfeite-etikette verskyn tans op meer as 6,5 miljard voedselpakkies. President Bill Clinton het die Presidensiële Toekenning vir Uitnemendheid in Ontwerp vir die voedingsfeite-etiket in 1997 aan Burkey Belser en Jerold Mande uitgereik. / 
[[Lêer:FDA Nutrition Facts Label 2006.jpg|duimnael|Die oorspronklike FDA voedingsfeite-etiket, van 2006]]

Die FDA vereis nie dat enige spesifieke lettertipe in die Voedingsfeite-etiket gebruik word nie, en vereis slegs dat die etiket &quot;'n enkele maklik leesbare tipe styl moet gebruik&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-9.pdf|title=21 CFR 101.9(d)(1)(ii)(A)|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051617/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title21-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-9.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alhoewel sy voorbeeldetiket Helvetica skrif gebruik,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Examples of Revised Nutrition Facts Panel Listing Trans Fat | url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/labtr.html | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition | date = 2003-07-09 | access-date = 2007-11-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013040155/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/labtr.html |archive-date = 13 Oktober 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;  soos gereguleer deur die FDA en die USDA, is dit egter verpligtend dat sekere inligting wat in die etiket gelys word in Engels geskryf word, insluitend: naam van die produk, netto hoeveelheid, porsiegrootte en aantal porsies per pakkie, voedingsfeite, bestanddeel lys, en naam van vervaardiger of verspreider.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Davidson|first=Tish|title=Food Labeling|journal=The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition|year=2008|volume=1|pages=407–412|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830000120&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;p=GVRL&amp;sw=w&amp;asid=aadf9c6be7ccb502289438e9e6014d75|access-date=23 Januarie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Die kleinste letters moet minstens 1/16de van 'n duim lank (1,5875 millimeter) wees, gebaseer op die hoogte van 'n kleinletter &quot;o&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2012-title21-vol2/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-2|title=21 CFR 101.2 - Information panel of package form food.|website=gpo.gov|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726000924/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2012-title21-vol2/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In Januarie 2006 moes transvet onder versadigde vet gelys word. Dit was die eerste betekenisvolle verandering aan die voedingsfeite-etiket sedert dit in 1993 bekendgestel is.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23786&amp;page=2|title=Trans Fats Added To Nutrition Labels|website=MedicineNet|access-date=2016-04-15|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508071057/http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23786&amp;page=2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== 2016 Hersiening ===
In 2014 het die Amerikaanse voedsel- en medisyne administrasie vir die eerste keer in meer as 20 jaar  verskeie gelyktydige verbeterings aan voedingsetikettering voorgestel.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdanewlabel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm|title = Proposed Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label|date = 1 Augustus 2014|access-date = 15 Februarie 2015|website = U.S. Food and Drug Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101031958/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm |archive-date=2014-11-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM395422.pdf|title = Nutrition Facts Label: Proposed Changes Aim to Better Inform Food Choices|date = Februarie 2014|access-date = 15 Februarie 2015|website = Consumer Health Information|publisher = US Food and Drug Administration|archive-date = 16 Junie 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616020226/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM395422.pdf|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Die voorgestelde veranderinge was gebaseer op neigings van verbruik van voedingstowwe van openbare gesondheidsbelang.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdachanges&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/changes-nutrition-facts-label |title=Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label |date=2019-10-23 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=2019-12-19 |archive-date=2018-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506080421/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Studies het egter getoon dat die meerderheid van die Amerikaanse bevolking nie die inligting in die destyds of huidige Voedingsfeite-etikette kon verstaan nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rothman|first1=Russell L.|last2=Housam|first2=Ryan|last3=Weiss|first3=Hilary|last4=Davis|first4=Dianne|last5=Gregory|first5=Rebecca|last6=Gebretsadik|first6=Tebeb|last7=Shintani|first7=Ayumi|last8=Elasy|first8=Tom A.|date=2006-11-01|title=Patient Understanding of Food Labels: The Role of Literacy and Numeracy|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume=31|issue=5|pages=391–398|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.025|pmid=17046410}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Voedingsetiket gesyferdheid is veral laag in ouer individue, van swart en Spaanse ras/etnisiteit, wat werkloos is, buite die VSA gebore is, laer Engelse vaardigheid het, laer onderwysprestasies, laer inkomste het, of in die Suide woon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nogueira|first1=Leticia M.|last2=Thai|first2=Chan L.|last3=Nelson|first3=Wendy|last4=Oh|first4=April|date=2016-07-01|title=Nutrition Label Numeracy: Disparities and Association with Health Behaviors|journal=American Journal of Health Behavior|volume=40|issue=4|pages=427–436|doi=10.5993/AJHB.40.4.4|pmid=27338989}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Finale veranderinge het ingesluit; die verhoging van porsiegroottes om meer akkuraat te weerspieël hoeveel porsies die gemiddelde individu werklik verbruik, die verwydering van &quot;kalorieë uit vet&quot; en om eerder te fokus op die totale kalorieë en tipe vette wat in 'n produk verbruik word. Die lys van ekstra suiker wat by 'n produk gevoeg word, sowel as om die hoeveelheid [[Vitamien D]] en [[Kalium]] in 'n produk te verklaar en aanbevole daaglikse waarde hoeveelhede aan te pas.  Sommige van hierdie veranderinge het 'n groot debat tussen die voedselbedryf en openbare gesondheidsagentskappe ontketting. Die voorstel om veral suiker aan te dui wat tydens voedselproduksie bygevoeg is, is deur die FDA na vore gebring as 'n maatreël om die toename in suikerverbruik per capita in die VSA teë te werk, wat die afgelope dekades die perke oorskry het. /  Dit is deur wetenskaplike instellings en regeringsagentskappe aanbeveel. Groot Amerikaanse voedselverenigings het die etiketverandering teengekant, omdat dit dui op &quot;gebrek aan meriete&quot; en &quot;geen oorwig van bewyse&quot; om die insluiting van suiker wat by die nuwe etiket bygevoeg is, te regverdig nie. 

Die reëls vir die nuwe ontwerp is op 20 Mei 2016 gefinaliseer. Vervaardigers is aanvanklik tot 26 Julie 2018 gegee om daaraan te voldoen (of 26 Julie 2019, as hulle minder as $10 miljoen se jaarlikse voedselverkope het);  `n reëlverandering het die voldoeningsperdatum verleng tot 1 Januarie 2020 (of 1 Januarie 2021, vir kleiner verkopers).  Vir die etikettering van voedsel en dieetaanvullings word die hoeveelhede vitamiene en voedingsnodige minerale in 'n porsie uitgedruk as 'n persentasie van daaglikse waarde (%DW). Baie van die definisies van 100% Daaglikse Waarde is verander as deel van die hersiening.

=== Alkohol ===
In die Verenigde State word alkoholiese drank gereguleer deur die Alkohol- en Tabakbelasting- en Handelsburo (TBB). Vanaf 2012 vereis die TBB nie dat alkoholiese drankverpakking 'n voedingsfeite-etiket moet hê nie.  Sedert ten minste 2003 het verbruikersgroepe aangedring dat die TBB etikettering vereis wat Voedingsfeite-inligting bekend maak. Sommige bemarkingsterme, soos &quot;lig&quot; en &quot;tafelwyn&quot;, moet TBB-riglyne volg. Verpakking moet in sommige omstandighede alkoholinhoud openbaar.

Verpligte inligting op die etiket wissel volgens tipe drank, en sluit in:
* 	Handelsnaam
* 	Naam en adres van vervaardiger (óf botteleringsaanleg of hoofkwartier)
* 	Land van oorsprong indien ingevoer (vereis deur Amerikaanse doeane- en grensbeskermingsregulasies)
* 	Klas, waarvan die definisies gereguleer word (bv. [[Bier]],[[Aal]], pils, jenewer, [[Wodka]], [[Rum]], tequilla, cordial, [[Likeur]])
* 	Gesondheidswaarskuwing vir drankies 0,5% of meer alkohol per volume
* 	Netto inhoud
**  	Vir moutdrankies, moet in die Verenigde State gebruiklike eenhede wees (bv. pints of fluid ounces)
**  	Vir wyn, moet in metrieke eenhede wees, en bottels moet 50 ml, 100 ml, 187 ml, 375 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml, 1 L, 1,5 L, 3 L, of 'n groter grootte met 'n ewe aantal liters wees .
**  	Vir gedistilleerde spiritualieë, moet in metrieke eenhede wees. Bottels moet 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, 375 mL, 750 mL, 1 L of 1,75 L wees. Bottels moet 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL of 355 mL wees.

* 	Alkoholinhoud (persentasie volgens volume)
**  	Vir moutdrankies, slegs verpligtend as 'n bietjie alkohol te wyte is aan bygevoegde geure, of indien deur staatswetgewing vereis word
**  	Vir gedistilleerde spiritualieë, verpligtend
**  	Vir wyn, opsioneel
* 	Verklaring van sulfiete benodig vir wyn wat in interstaatlike (nie intrastaatlike) handel verkoop word indien 10 dpm of meer swaeldioksied
* 	Opsionele maar gereguleerde terme
**  	Vir moutdrankies: &quot;konsep&quot;, &quot;lig&quot;, &quot;lae-koolhidraat&quot;
**  	Vir wyn: druifsoort en benaming van oorsprong, wynbenaming (bv. &quot;wit&quot;, &quot;rooi&quot;, &quot;roos&quot;, &quot;tafel&quot;), wingerdbougebied, &quot;landgoed gebottel&quot;, &quot;vinted&quot;, oesjaardatum
**  	&quot;Organies&quot; (gereguleer deur USDA)
**  	Verklarings vir groot allergene

==Kafeïen==
Gesondheidsnavorsers het gevra vir die verpligte etikettering van voedselprodukte met bygevoegde [[kafeïen]], wat 'n psigo-aktiewe senuweestelselstimulant is. As dit oorverbruik word, kan kafeïen aanvalle, nierprobleme, lewerprobleme, hartaritmie veroorsaak, en die dood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmc=3777296 |title=Caffeine Content Labeling: A Missed Opportunity for Promoting Personal and Public Health |author1=Jon Kole1 |author2=Anne Barnhill |journal=Journal of Caffeine Research| year=2013 |issue=3 |volume=3 |pages=108–113 |doi=10.1089/jcr.2013.0017 |pmid=24761278}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Die Coca-Cola Maatskappy en [[PepsiCo]] het in 2007 kafeïeninhoud begin etiketteer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Labeling standards for caffeine |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/28/health/la-he-nutrition28-2009dec28 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=28 Desember 2009 |author=Elena Conis |access-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927043442/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/28/health/la-he-nutrition28-2009dec28 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Voedsel]]</text>
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    <title>Planetêre bewoonbaarheid</title>
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      <text bytes="77319" sha1="89wdjgphewhy12tf6ebl5iupef74qdk" xml:space="preserve">[[Beeld:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|240px|Om planetêre bewoonbaarheid te verstaan is deels 'n [[ekstrapolasie]] van die toestande op [[Aarde]], want dit is die enigste [[planeet]] wat sover bekend [[lewe]] onderhou.]]

'''Planetêre bewoonbaarheid''' is die mate waarin 'n [[planeet]] of [[natuurlike satelliet]] 'n omgewing kan [[Abiogenese|ontwikkel]] en handhaaf vir die bestaan van [[lewe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20150407&quot;/&gt; Lewe kan regstreeks op 'n planeet of maan ontstaan of van 'n ander planeet daarheen verplaas word deur 'n hipotetiese proses bekend as [[panspermie]].&lt;ref name='NASA strategy 2015'&gt;{{citation |last=Nasa |title=NASA Astrobiology Strategy |url=https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2016/04/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_FINAL_041216.pdf |date=October 2015 }}{{Dooie skakel|date=Januarie 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Omgewings hoef nie lewe te bevat om beskou te word as bewoonbaar nie en aanvaarde [[bewoonbare sone]]s is nie die enigste gebiede waarin lewe kan ontstaan nie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seager 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Exoplanet Habitability |journal=Science |year=2013 |last=Seager |first=Sara |volume=340 |issue=577 |pages=577–581 |doi=10.1126/science.1232226 |pmid=23641111 |bibcode=2013Sci...340..577S |s2cid=206546351 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omdat die bestaan van lewe buite die Aarde onbekend is, is planetêre bewoonbaarheid grootliks 'n [[ekstrapolasie]] van toestande op Aarde en die eienskappe van die [[Son]] en [[Sonnestelsel]] wat gunstig lyk vir lewe om te floreer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Defining and predicting sustainability | last1 = Costanza | first1 = Robert | last2 = Bernard | first2 = C. Patten | date = December 1995 | journal = Ecological Economics | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–196 | doi = 10.1016/0921-8009(95)00048-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van besondere belang is dié faktore wat komplekse, veelsellige organismes op Aarde onderhou en nie net eensellige organismes nie. Navorsing en teorieë in dié verband is 'n komponent van verskeie [[natuurwetenskap]]pe, soos [[sterrekunde]], [[Planetologie|planetêre wetenskap]] en die opkomende dissipline [[astrobiologie]].

'n Absolute vereiste vir lewe is 'n [[energie]]bron, en die idee van planetêre bewoonbaarheid sluit in dat baie ander kriteria nagekom moet word, soos [[geofisika|geofisiese]], [[Geochemie|geochemiese]] en astrofisiese kriteria, voordat 'n hemelliggaam lewe kan onderhou. [[Nasa]] het die belangrikste bewoonbaarheidskriteria bepaal as &quot;uitgebreide streke van vloeibare water,&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20150407&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dyches |first1=Preston |last2=Chou |first2=Felcia |title=The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water |url=http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/ |date=7 April 2015 |work=[[Nasa]] |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410113514/http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; toestande wat gunstig is vir die versameling van organiese molekules en energiebronne wat [[metabolisme]] handhaaf&quot;.&lt;ref name=NASA1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |title=Goal 1: Understand the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the Universe |publisher=[[NASA]] |work=Astrobiology: Roadmap |access-date=11 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117011137/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html |archive-date=17 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Augustus 2018 het navorsers berig [[water]]wêrelde kan lewe onderhou.&lt;ref name=&quot;EA-2018901&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Water worlds could support life, study says – Analysis by UChicago, Penn State scientists challenges idea that life requires 'Earth clone' |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc-wwc083018.php |date=1 September 2018 |work=EurekAlert |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date= 1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901114708/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc-wwc083018.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;APJ-20180831&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kite |first1=Edwin S. |last2=Ford |first2=Eric B. |title=Habitability of Exoplanet Waterworlds |date=31 August 2018 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=864 |issue=1 |pages=75 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aad6e0 |arxiv=1801.00748 |bibcode=2018ApJ...864...75K |s2cid=46991835 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Planets everywhere (artist’s impression).jpg|thumb|300px|links|’n Kunstenaar se voorstelling van hoe algemeen planete om sterre in die Melkweg voorkom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Planet Population is Plentiful |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1204/ |access-date=13 Januarie 2012 |newspaper=ESO Press Release |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520101521/https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1204/ |archive-date=20 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Aanduiders van bewoonbaarheid en biosignature moet vertolk word binne 'n planetêre en omgewingsverband.&lt;ref name='NASA strategy 2015'/&gt; In die bepaling van die bewoonbaarheidspotensiaal van 'n liggaam fokus studies op sy samestelling, [[Wentelbaan|wenteleienskappe]], [[atmosfeer]] en moontlike chemiese wisselwerkings. 

Belangrike stereienskappe sluit in [[Sonmassa|massa]] en [[ligsterkte]], stabiele [[Veranderlike ster|veranderlikheid]] en hoë [[Metaal (sterrekunde)|metaalinhoud]]. Rotsagtige, nat [[Aardplaneet|aardplanete]] en mane met die potensiaal van aardagtige [[chemie]] is 'n primêre fokus van astrobiologiese navorsing, hoewel alternatiewe biochemie en ander soorte hemelliggame in meer spekulatiewe bewoonbaarheidsteorieë ondersoek word. 

Die idee dat ander planete benewens die Aarde dalk lewe kan onderhou, is antiek. Dit is egter histories 'n [[filosofie]]se idee, eerder as een wat op wetenskap gegrond is. In die laat [[20ste eeu]] is twee deurbrake in die veld gedoen. Die waarneming en robotverkenning van ander planete en mane in die Sonnestelsel het kritieke inligting verskaf oor die definiëring van kriteria vir bewoonbaarheid en gelei tot aansienlike geofisiese vergelykings tussen die Aarde en ander liggame. 

Die ontdekking van [[eksoplanete]], wat in die vroeë 1990's begin het&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolszczan |first1=A. |last2=Frail |first2=D. A. |title=A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12 |journal=Nature |volume=355 |issue=6356 |pages=145–147 |date=9 January 1992 |doi=10.1038/355145a0 |bibcode=1992Natur.355..145W |s2cid=4260368 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wolszczan |first=A |title=Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR:B1257+12 |journal=Science |volume=264 |issue=5158 |pages=538–42 |date= 1994 |bibcode=1994Sci...264..538W |doi=10.1126/science.264.5158.538 |jstor=2883699 |pmid=17732735 |s2cid=19621191 }}&lt;/ref&gt; en daarna uitgebrei is, het verdere inligting verskaf vir die studie van moontlike [[buiteaardse lewe]]. Dié bevindings het bevestig dat die Son nie uniek onder [[ster]]re is in die huisvesting van planete nie en het navorsing oor bewoonbaarheid na buite die Sonnestelsel uitgebrei.

==Geskiedenis==
Hoewel die Aarde die enigste plek in die [[heelal]] is wat sover bekend lewe huisves,&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-1990&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Robert W. |title=NASA Technical Memorandum 102363 – Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe |url= https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148_1990013148.pdf |journal=Nasa |place=Lewis Research Center, Ohio |date=February 1990 |access-date=7 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Astrobiology-2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Altermann |first=Wladyslaw |editor=Seckbach, Joseph |editor2=Walsh, Maud |title=From Fossils to Astrobiology: Records of Life on Earth and the Search for Extraterrestrial Biosignatures |chapter=From Fossils to Astrobiology – A Roadmap to Fata Morgana? |date=2008 |volume=12 |isbn=978-1-4020-8836-0 |page=xvii |publisher=Springer }}&lt;/ref&gt; dui die [[bewoonbare sone]]s om ander sterre,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Horneck|first=Gerda|author2=Petra Rettberg|date=2007|title=Complete Course in Astrobiology|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-40660-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131118&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Paul |title=Are We Alone in the Universe? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/are-we-alone-in-the-universe.html |date=18 November 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; die ontdekking van duisende [[eksoplanete]] en nuwe insigte in die ekstreme habitats op Aarde waar organismes bekend as [[ekstremofiel]]e aangetref word, dat daar baie meer bewoonbare plekke in die heelal kan wees as wat voorheen geglo is.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20150106-DB&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=As Ranks of Goldilocks Planets Grow, Astronomers Consider What's Next |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/science/space/as-ranks-of-goldilocks-planets-grow-astronomers-consider-whats-next.html |date=6 January 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=6 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Op 4 November 2013 het sterrekundiges na aanleiding van data van die [[Kepler-ruimteteleskoop]] bekend gemaak daar kan in die [[Melkweg]] tot 40&amp;nbsp;miljard aardgrootte-eksoplanete in die bewoonbare sones van sonagtige sterre en [[rooidwerg]]e wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis|title=Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html |date=4 November 2013 |work=The New York Times |access-date=5 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20131031&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petigura |first1=Eric A.|last2=Howard |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars|date=31 October 2013 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110 |arxiv = 1311.6806 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11019273P |pmc=3845182 |pmid=24191033 |volume=110 |issue=48|pages=19273–19278|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sowat 11 miljard van hulle kan om sonagtige sterre voorkom.&lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes-20131104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=4 November 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die naaste sodanige planeet kan volgens wetenskaplikes 12 [[ligjare]] van die Son af wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20131104&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS-20131031&quot;/&gt; Teen Junie 2021 is altesaam 59 moontlik bewoonbare eksoplanete ontdek.&lt;ref name=&quot;phl.upr.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog|title=The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog – Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo|website=phl.upr.edu|access-date=2021-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Augustus 2021 is 'n nuwe soort bewoonbare planeet, [[Oseaanwêreld|oseaanplanete]], ontdek: &quot;warm planete wat met [[Oseaan|oseane]] bedek is en 'n [[waterstof]]ryke [[atmosfeer]] het&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHY-20210825&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=University of Cambridge|title=New class of habitable exoplanets represent a big step forward in the search for life |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-08-class-habitable-exoplanets-big-life.html |date=25 August 2021 |work=Phys.org |access-date=25 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sulke planete kan dalk binnekort deur aardgebaseerde en ruimteteleskope soos die [[James Webb-ruimteteleskoop]] bestudeer word vir biosignature.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-20210827&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Alien life could be living on big 'Hycean' exoplanets |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/58308604 |date=27 August 2021 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=27 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Estimated extent of the Solar Systems habitable zone.png|thumb|220px|Voorspellings van die bewoonbare sone van die [[Sonnestelsel]]. Die uitgebreide sone waarbinne ’n hemelliggaam vloeibare water kan hê, word in groen aangedui en die kerngebied in ’n donkerder groen.]]

==Geskikte sterstelsels==
'n Begrip van planetêre bewoonbaarheid begin met die gasheerster.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=What makes a planet habitable? |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |year=2009 |last1=Lammer |first1=H. |last2=Bredehöft |first2=J. H. |last3=Coustenis |first3=A. |last4=Khodachenko |first4=M. L. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=181–249 |doi=10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z |url=http://veilnebula.jorgejohnson.me/uploads/3/5/8/7/3587678/lammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf |access-date=2016-05-03 |bibcode=2009A&amp;ARv..17..181L |s2cid=123220355 |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235333/http://veilnebula.jorgejohnson.me/uploads/3/5/8/7/3587678/lammer_et_al_2009_astron_astro_rev-4.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die klassieke bewoonbare sone word slegs bepaal deur die ster se oppervlaktoestande. 'n Metabolisme wat nie van die sterlig afhanklik is nie, kan egter steeds buite dié sone bestaan in vloeibare water in die binnekant van die planeet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review 2009&quot;/&gt;

Onder beskerming van [[SETI]] se Projek Phoenix het die wetenskaplikes Margaret Turnbull en Jill Tarter &quot;HabCat&quot; (of die Katalogus vir Bewoonbare Sterstelsels) in 2002 ontwikkel. Die katalogus is geskep deur die uitsifting van die byna 120&amp;nbsp;000 sterre in die groter [[Hipparcos]]-katalogus in 'n kerngroep van 17&amp;nbsp;000 sterre met moontlik bewoonbare planete. Die seleksiekriteria wat gebruik is, verskaf 'n goeie beginpunt vir 'n begrip van astrofisiese faktore wat nodig is vir sulke planete.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajs.145&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Turnbull |first1=Margaret C. |first2=Jill C. |last2=Tarter |title=Target selection for SETI: A catalog of nearby habitable stellar systems |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=181–198 |date=March 2003 |url=http://skye.as.arizona.edu/~turnbull/HabCat.pdf |arxiv=astro-ph/0210675 |bibcode=2003ApJS..145..181T |doi=10.1086/345779 |s2cid=14734094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222123523/http://skye.as.arizona.edu/~turnbull/HabCat.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2006 }} &lt;/ref&gt; 

Volgens resultate wat in Augustus 2015 gepubliseer is, kan baie groot [[sterrestelsel]]s gunstiger wees vir die vorming en ontwikkeling van bewoonbare planete is kleiner stelsels soos die Melkweg.&lt;ref name=&quot;SP-20150821&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q. |title=Giant Galaxies May Be Better Cradles for Habitable Planets |url=http://www.space.com/30335-giant-galaxies-habitable-planets.html |date=21 August 2015 |work=Space.com |access-date=24 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wat 'n planeet bewoonbaar maak, is veel ingewikkelder as dat die planeet op die regte afstand van sy gasheerster is sodat water op sy oppervlak vloeibaar kan wees: Verskeie geofisiese en geodinamiese aspekte en die straling en [[plasma]]omgewing van die gasheerster kan die evolusie van planete en lewe beïnvloed indien lewe ontstaan het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review 2009&quot;/&gt; Vloeibare water is 'n noodsaaklikheid,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Giovanni|first=Modirrousta-Galian, Darius Maddalena|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1247136170|title=Of Aliens and Exoplanets: Why the search for life, probably, requires the search for water|date=2021-04-04|oclc=1247136170}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Februarie 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; maar nie die enigste kriterium vir lewe soos ons dit ken nie: Bewoonbaarheid is 'n funksie van talle omgewingstoestande.&lt;ref name='NASA strategy 2015' /&gt;

===Spektraalklas===
{{Hoofartikel|Sterreklassifikasie}}
Die [[Sterreklassifikasie|spektraalklas]] van 'n ster dui op sy [[Fotosfeer|fotosferiese temperatuur]], wat (vir [[hoofreeksster]]re) afhang van sy algehele [[massa]]. Die spektraalomvang van bewoonbare sterre word beskou as &quot;laat F&quot; of &quot;G&quot; tot &quot;middel-K&quot;. Dit stem ooreen met temperature van effens meer as 7&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] tot so min as 4&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;K (6&amp;nbsp;700&amp;nbsp;°C tot 3&amp;nbsp;700&amp;nbsp;°C). Die Son, 'n [[Sterreklassifikasie#Klas G|klas G2-ster]] by 5&amp;nbsp;777&amp;nbsp;K, val goed binne dié perke. Dit is die spektraalklas van tussen sowat 5% en 10% van sterre in die Melkweg. Sulke &quot;middelklas&quot;-sterre het 'n paar belangrike eienskappe vir planetêre bewoonbaarheid:

[[Beeld:Morgan-Keenan spectral classification.svg|thumb|300px|Dié illustrasie stel spektraaltipes van hoofreekssterre voor in kleure baie na aan die kleure wat die menslike oog sien.]]
* Hulle bestaan minstens 'n paar honderd miljoen jaar, wat beteken lewe het tyd om te ontwikkel. Baie helder hoofreekssterre soos die &quot;O&quot;-klas en baie lede van die &quot;B&quot;-klas bestaan vir korter as 500&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar en in buitengewone gevalle korter as 10&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/les1/StarTables.html |title=Star tables |publisher=California State University, Los Angeles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614211818/http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/les1/StarTables.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Lewe op Aarde het blykbaar ontstaan sowat 500&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar ná sy vorming.)
* Hulle straal genoeg hoëfrekwensie-ultravioletstrale uit om 'n belangrike atmosferiese dinamika te skep soos die vorming van [[osoon]], maar nie so baie dat [[Ioon|ionisasie]] lewe in die beginstadium kan vernietig nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kasting |first1=James F. |last2=Whittet |first2=DC |last3=Sheldon |first3=WR |date=August 1997 |title=Ultraviolet radiation from F and K stars and implications for planetary habitability |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=413–420 |bibcode=1997OLEB...27..413K |doi=10.1023/A:1006596806012 |pmid=11536831 |s2cid=9685420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hulle het genoeg straling by [[golflengte]]s wat bevorderlik vir [[fotosintese]] is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Light Absorption for Photosynthesis|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/ligabs.html|website=phy-astr.gus.edu|publisher=Georgia State University|access-date=2018-05-01|format=Graphic with references}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vloeibare water kan bestaan op die oppervlak van planete wat ver geenoeg van hulle af wentel dat hulle nie 'n [[sinchroniese rotasie]] het nie.

Sterre van klas K kan lewe dalk langer ondersteun as die Son.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0916/ |title=The violent youth of solar proxies steer course of genesis of life |last1=Guinan |first1=Edward |first2=Manfred |last2=Cuntz |date=10 August 2009 |publisher=International Astronomical Union |access-date=27 August 2009 |archive-date= 8 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025523/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0916/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of sterre van [[Sterreklassifikasie#Klas M|klas M]] (rooidwerge) of dowwer as laat [[Sterreklassifikasie#Klas K|klas K]] ook geskik is om lewe op hulle planete moontlik te maak, is dalk die belangrikste ope vraag in die hele veld van planetêre bewoonbaarheid, gegewe hulle lang lewe.
[[Beeld:Artist's Concept of Exoplanet OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b.jpg|thumb|links|240px|’n Kunstenaar se voorstelling van die planeet Gliese&amp;nbsp;581&amp;nbsp;b om Gliese&amp;nbsp;581.]] [[Gliese 581|Gliese&amp;nbsp;581&amp;nbsp;c]], 'n &quot;[[superaarde]]&quot;, is ontdek in die bewoonbare sone van 'n [[rooidwerg]] en het dalk vloeibare water. Dit kan ook wees dat 'n [[kweekhuiseffek]] dit te warm maak om lewe te onderhou. Sy buurman, Gliese&amp;nbsp;581&amp;nbsp;d, is dalk 'n waarskynliker kandidaat vir bewoonbaarheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Gliese 581: one planet might indeed be habitable |publisher=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics |date=13 December 2007 |url=http://www.aanda.org/content/view/275/42/lang,en/ |access-date=7 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2010 is die ontdekking van nog 'n planeet om die ster, Gliese&amp;nbsp;581&amp;nbsp;g, aangekondig: Dit is dalk in 'n wentelbaan tussen die ander twee planete, maar is nog onbevestig. 

In September 2012 is die ontdekking van twee planete om Gliese&amp;nbsp;163 aangekondig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simbad-20120920&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Staff |title=LHS 188 – High proper-motion Star |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=HIP+19394 |date=20 September 2012 |publisher=Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg (Strasbourg astronomical Data Center) |access-date=20 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PHL-20120829&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Méndez |first=Abel |title=A Hot Potential Habitable Exoplanet around Gliese 163 |url=http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/ahotpotentialhabitableexoplanetaroundgliese163 |date=29 August 2012 |publisher=University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (Planetary Habitability Laboratory) |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=21 Oktober 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021202448/http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/ahotpotentialhabitableexoplanetaroundgliese163 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Een van hulle, Gliese&amp;nbsp;163&amp;nbsp;c, met 'n massa van omtrent 6,9 keer dié van die Aarde en effens warmer, is vermoedelik in die bewoonbare sone van die ster.&lt;ref name=&quot;PHL-20120829&quot; /&gt;

'n Onlangse studie dui daarop dat koeler sterre wat meer lig in die [[infrarooi]] en naby-infrarooi uitstraal, warmer planete kan hê met minder ys. Dié golflengtes word deur die planete se ys en kweekhuisgasse geabsorbeer en bly warmer.&lt;ref name=&quot;red.1112902301&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112902301/cooler-stars-host-warmer-planets-071913 |title=Planets May Keep Warmer in a Cool Star System |publisher=Redorbit |date=19 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1089/ast.2012.0961| pmid = 23855332| title = The Effect of Host Star Spectral Energy Distribution and Ice-Albedo Feedback on the Climate of Extrasolar Planets| journal = Astrobiology| volume = 13| issue = 8| pages = 715–39| year = 2013| last1 = Shields | first1 = A. L. | last2 = Meadows | first2 = V. S. | last3 = Bitz | first3 = C. M.| last4 = Pierrehumbert | first4 = R. T. | last5 = Joshi | first5 = M. M. | last6 = Robinson | first6 = T. D. | bibcode = 2013AsBio..13..715S|arxiv = 1305.6926 | pmc=3746291}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 'n studie in 2020 is bevind die helfte van sonagtige sterre kan rotsagtige, moontlik bewoonbare planete hê. Die navorsers het geraam die naaste planeet in die bewoonbare sone van 'n G- of K-tipe ster is sowat 20&amp;nbsp;ligjare van die Son af, en daar is moontlik sowat 4 van hulle binne 32,6&amp;nbsp;ligjare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Center|first=By Frank Tavares NASA's Ames Research|title=About Half of Sun-Like Stars Could Host Rocky, Potentially Habitable Planets|url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1664/about-half-of-sun-like-stars-could-host-rocky-potentially-habitable-planets/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Stabiele bewoonbare sone===
{{Hoofartikel|Bewoonbare sone}}
Die bewoonbare sone (BS) is 'n ronde, hol streek om 'n ster waar planete vloeibare water op hulle oppervlak het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review 2009&quot;/&gt; 'n &quot;Stabiele&quot; BS het twee faktore. Eerstens moet die omvang van die sone nie oor tyd baie varieer nie. Alle sterre word helderder namate hulle ouer word, en dus migreer 'n BS na buite. As dit egter te vinnig gebeur, byvoorbeeld om 'n ster met 'n baie groot massa, kan die planete te kort in die BS bly vir lewe om te ontstaan. Dit is nie maklik om die omvang van 'n BS te bereken nie, want faktore soos 'n [[CNO-siklus]] kan die ligsterkte beïnvloed. Aannames oor die atmosferiese toestande en geologie het dus net so 'n groot invloed op die omvang van die sone as [[sterevolusie]]: Die voorgestelde parameters van die Son se BS het byvoorbeeld grootliks gefluktueer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kasting |first1=James F. |last2=Whitmore |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Reynolds |first3=Ray T. |date=1993 |title=Habitable Zones Around Main Sequence Stars |journal=Icarus |issue=1 |pages=108–128 |url=http://www.geosc.psu.edu/~kasting/PersonalPage/Pdf/Icarus_93.pdf |doi=10.1006/icar.1993.1010 |volume=101 |bibcode=1993Icar..101..108K |pmid=11536936 |access-date=6 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318115319/http://www.geosc.psu.edu/~kasting/PersonalPage/Pdf/Icarus_93.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tweedens moet geen liggaam met 'n groot massa, soos 'n [[gasreus]], in of naby die BS voorkom en die vorming van aardgrootteliggame verhinder nie. So lyk dit byvoorbeeld of materie in die [[asteroïdegordel]] nie planete gevorm het nie weens die [[baanresonansie]]s met [[Jupiter]]; as dié reuseplaneet verskyn het in die streek wat nou tussen die wentelbane van [[Venus]] en [[Mars]] lê, sou die Aarde feitlik vir seker nie tot sy huidige vorm ontwikkel het nie. 'n Gasreus in die BS kan egter onder die regte omstandighede bewoonbare mane hê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Darren M. |last2=Kasting |first2=James F. |last3=Wade |first3=Richard A. |date=January 1997 |title=Habitable moons around extrasolar giant planets |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/385234a0 |issue=6613 |pages=234–236 |volume=385 |pmid=9000072 |bibcode=1996DPS....28.1221W |s2cid=4233894 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lae sterveranderlikheid===
[[Beeld:Eso2003c.jpg|thumb|350px|'n Voorbeeld van die wisseling in ligsterkte van die ster [[Betelgeuse]].]]
{{Hoofartikel|Veranderlike ster}}
Veranderings in [[ligsterkte]] kom algemeen in alle sterre voor, maar die omvang daarvan wissel baie. Die meeste sterre is relatief stabiel, maar 'n aansienlike minderheid [[veranderlike ster]]re ondergaan skielike en intense toenames in ligsterkte en dus in die hoeveelheid energie wat uitgestraal word na liggame in 'n wentelbaan. Dié sterre word beskou as swak kandidate vir planete wat lewe onderhou, want die veranderings in hulle voorspelbaarheid en energie-uitset kan 'n negatiewe invloed op organismes hê: Lewende organisme wat by 'n sekere temperatuuromvang aangepas het, sal nie oorleef wanneer die temperatuur baie wissel nie. Verder gaan verhogings in ligsterkte gewoonlik gepaard met enorme dosisse [[Gammastraal|gammastrale]] en [[X-strale]] wat dodelik kan wees. Die atmosfeer van hemelliggame kan sulke uitwerkings versag, maar die atmosfeer van planete om veranderlike sterre word dalk nie gehandhaaf nie omdat die wisselings in energie-uitset dié beskermende lae voortdurend kan wegstroop.

Die Son is in dié verband, nes in baie ander, redelik goedaardig: Die wisselings tussen sy minimum en maksimum energie-uitset is rofweg 0,1% oor sy [[sonsiklus]] van 11 jaar. Daar is sterk (maar nie onbetwiste nie) bewyse dat selfs klein veranderings in die Son se ligsterkte in die historiese tydperk aansienlike uitwerkings op die Aarde se klimaat gehad het: Die &quot;Klein Ystyd&quot; van die middel van die 2de millennium kon byvoorbeeld 'n relatiewe langtermynafname in die Son se ligsterkte veroorsaak het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.atmos.washington.edu/1998Q4/211/project2/group4.htm |title=The Little Ice Age |work=Department of Atmospheric Science |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209233434/http://www.atmos.washington.edu/1998Q4/211/project2/group4.htm |archive-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'n Ster hoef dus nie 'n ware veranderlike ster te wees dat ligsterkte bewoonbaarheid nadelig beïnvloed nie. Van die bekende sonagtige sterre stem [[18 Scorpii]] baie met die Son ooreen; 'n verskil is egter die omvang van die sonsiklus, wat baie groter vir 18 Scorpii is, en dit maak lewe om dié ster waarskynlik onmoontlik&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.solstation.com/stars2/18sco.htm |title=18 Scorpii |work=solstation.com |publisher=Sol Company |access-date=11 May 2007 |archive-date=11 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311160609/http://www.solstation.com/stars2/18sco.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hoë metaalinhoud===
{{Sien ook|Metaal (sterrekunde)}}
Hoewel verreweg die meeste materiaal in 'n ster [[waterstof]] en [[helium]] is, is daar ook 'n groot verskeidenheid ander, swaarder [[element]]e (in [[sterrekunde]] word hulle [[Metaal (sterrekunde)|metale]] genoem). 'n Aansienlike hoeveelheid van die metale in 'n ster kom van die newel waaruit die ster gevorm het. 

'n Kleiner hoeveelheid metale maak die vorming van planete onwaarskynliker. Enige planeet wat wel om 'n metaalarm ster vorm, sal moontlik 'n klein massa hê en dus ongunstig vir lewe wees. [[Spektroskopie]]se studies van stelsels met eksoplanete tot dusver bevestig die verhouding tussen 'n hoë metaalinhoud en planeetvorming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Santos |first1=Nuno C. |last2=Israelian |first2=Garik |last3=Mayor |first3=Michael |date=2003 |title=Confirming the Metal-Rich Nature of Stars with Giant Planets |work=Proceedings of 12th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and The Sun |publisher=University of Colorado |url=http://origins.colorado.edu/cs12/proceedings/oral/tuesday/santosxx.pdf |access-date=11 August 2007 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415095118/http://cs12.colorado.edu/proceedings/oral/tuesday/santosxx.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié verhouding beteken ook bewoonbare stelsels sal waarskynliker voorkom om sterre van jonger generasies aangesien ouer sterre, wat in die vroeë heelal gevorm het, 'n laer metaalinhoud het.

==Planetêre eienskappe==
Aanduiders van bewoonbaarheid en biosignature moet vertolk word in 'n planetêre en omgewingsverband.&lt;ref name='NASA strategy 2015'/&gt; Of 'n planeet bewoonbaar sal wees, hang af van die reeks gebeure wat tot sy vorming gelei het. Dit kan insluit die vervaardiging van organiese molekules in [[molekulêre wolk]]e en [[Protoplanetêre skyf|protoplanetêre skywe]], die bykoms van materiale tydens en ná akkresie en die posisie van die wentelbaan in die planetêre stelsel.&lt;ref name='NASA strategy 2015'/&gt; 

[[Beeld:Earthlike moon extrasolar gas giant.jpg|thumb|240px|Die mane van sommige gasreuse kan dalk lewe huisves.&lt;ref name=&quot;moonlife&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=interview13 |title=An interview with Dr. Darren Williams |date=2000 |work=Astrobiology: The Living Universe |access-date=5 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828084412/http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=interview13 |archive-date=28 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Die belangrikste aanname vir bewoonbare planete is dat hulle 'n [[aardplaneet]] is. Sulke planete wat amper so groot soos die Aarde is, sal hoofsaaklik saamgestel wees uit [[silikaat]]rotse en sal nie die gasagtige buitelae versamel het wat om [[gasreus]]e voorkom nie. Die moontlikheid dat lewe in die buitenste wolklae van reuseplanete kan vorm, is egter nog nie vir seker uitgesluit nie. ([[Carl Sagan]] het voorgestel dat die wolke van [[Jupiter]] dalk lewe huisves.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Sagan, C. 1976&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |bibcode=1976ApJS...32..737S |doi=10.1086/190414 |title=Particles, environments, and possible ecologies in the Jovian atmosphere |date=1976 |last1=Sagan |first1=C. |last2=Salpeter |first2=E. E. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=32 |page=737|hdl=2060/19760019038 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Darling&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jupiterlife.html |title=Jupiter, life on |last=Darling |first=David |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight |access-date=6 August 2007 |archive-date=10 Februarie 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210170824/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jupiterlife.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit word egter as onwaarskynlik beskou, omdat hulle geen [[Kors (geologie)|oppervlak]] het nie en hulle [[swaartekrag]] enorm is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://motivate.maths.org/conferences/conf58/c58_talk4.shtml |title=Could there be life in the outer solar system? |date=2002 |work=Millennium Mathematics Project, Videoconferences for Schools |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=5 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die [[natuurlike satelliet]]e van reuseplanete is egter steeds geldige kandidate vir die huisvesting van lewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;moonlife&quot; /&gt;

In Februarie 2011 het die span van die [[Kepler-ruimteteleskoop]] 'n lys van 1 235 kandidate vir [[eksoplanete]] gepubliseer, insluitende 54 wat in die bewoonbare sone kan lê.&lt;ref name=borucki&gt;{{cite journal  |date=2011 |title=Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=736 |issue=1 |pages=19 |arxiv=1102.0541 |bibcode= 2011ApJ...736...19B |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19|last1=Borucki |first1=William J. |last2=Koch |first2=David G. |last3=Basri |first3=Gibor |last4=Batalha |first4=Natalie }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=98 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012133/http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=98 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2011 |title=NASA Finds Earth-size Planet Candidates in Habitable Zone, Six Planet System |date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Nasa |access-date=2 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ses van die kandidate op dié lys is kleiner as twee keer die Aarde se grootte.&lt;ref name=borucki/&gt; Geskoei op dié bevindings, voorspel die Keplerspan daar kan &quot;minstens 500&amp;nbsp;miljard&quot; planete in die Melkweg wees, waarvan &quot;minstens 500&amp;nbsp;miljoen&quot; in die bewoonbare sone lê.&lt;ref name=&quot;BorensteinS&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Seth |last=Borenstein |title=Cosmic census finds crowd of planets in our galaxy |agency=Associated Press |date=19 February 2011 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41686017 |access-date=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In die ontleding van omgewings wat bevorderlik vir lewe kan wees, word gewoonlik 'n onderskeid gemaak tussen eenvoudige, eensellige organismes soos [[Bakterie|balterieë]] en [[Archaea]], en komplekse [[Metazoa]] (diere). Eenselligheid gaan meerselligheid voor in enige hipotetiese stamboom. Waar eensellige lewe ontstaan, hoef komplekse lewe nie noodwendig te volg nie. Die planetêre eienskappe hier onder word beskou as noodsaaklik vir lewe in die algemeen, maar in elke geval vorm meersellige lewe moeiliker as eensellige lewe.

===Massa en grootte===
Planete met 'n klein [[massa]] is om twee redes swak kandidate vir lewe. Eerstens maak hulle kleiner [[swaartekrag]] dit moeilik om 'n [[atmosfeer]] te behou. Molekules bereik makliker 'n ontsnappingsnelheid en raak in die ruimte verlore weens die [[sonwind]] en botsings. Planete sonder 'n dik atmosfeer het nie die materie wat nodig is vir [[Biochemie|oerbiochemie]] nie, het min isolasie en swak hitteverspreiding oor hulle hele oppervlak ([[Mars]], met sy dun atmosfeer, is byvoorbeeld kouer as wat die Aarde sou gewees het as dit ewe ver van die Son af was) en verskaf minder beskerming teen [[meteoroïde]]s en hoëfrekwensiebestraling. 'n Atmosfeer wat minder dig as 0,006 keer dié van die Aarde is, kan ook nie water in vloeibare vorm op die planeet hou nie. Daarbenewens verminder die laer druk die omvang van die temperature waarby water 'n vloeistof is.

[[Beeld:Mars sunset PIA00920.jpg|thumb|[[Mars]], met sy verdunde atmosfeer, is koeler as wat die Aarde sou gewees het as dit op dieselfde afstand van die af Son gelê het.]]
Tweedens het kleiner planete 'n kleiner [[deursnee]] en dus 'n groter verhouding van oppervlakte tot volume. Sulke liggame is geneig om die energie vinniger te verloor wat ná hulle vorming oor is en raak [[geologie]]s dood, sonder die [[Vulkaan|vulkane]], [[aardbewing]]s en [[Plaattektoniek|tektoniese aktiwiteit]] wat die oppervlak voorsien van lewe-onderhoudende materiaal en die atmosfeer met temperatuurmoderateurs soos [[koolstofdioksied]]. Veral plaattektoniek lyk uiters belangrik, ten minste op die Aarde. Nie net hersikleer die proses belangrike chemikalieë en minerale nie, dit bevorder ook [[biodiversiteit]] deur kontinentvorming en toenemende omgewingskompleksiteit, en help die konvektiewe selle skep wat nodig is vir die opwekking van die Aarde se [[magneetveld]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ward|Ward]], pp. 191–220&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Klein massa&quot; is deels 'n relatiewe begrip. Die Aarde het 'n klein massa as dit met die gasreuse in die Sonnestelsel vergelyk word, maar dit is die grootste, wat deursnee en massa betref, en die digste van al die aardplanete. Dit is groot genoeg om slegs deur sy swaartekrag 'n atmosfeer te behou en dat sy gesmelte kern 'n hitte-enjin bly wat die diverse geologie op sy oppervlak aandryf. Mars, daarenteen, is geologies amper (of heeltemal) dood en het 'n groot deel van sy atmosfeer verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/PlateTect/heathistory.html |title=The Heat History of the Earth |work=Geolab |publisher=James Madison University |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die afleiding kan dus gemaak word dat die laer massalimiet vir bewoonbaarheid iewers tussen dié van Mars en die Aarde en [[Venus]] lê: 0,3 [[aardmassa]]s is al as 'n skeidslyn voorgestel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raymond |first1=Sean N. |last2=Quinn |first2=Thomas |last3=Lunine |first3=Jonathan I. |date=January 2007 |title=High-resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth-like planets 2: water delivery and planetary habitability |journal=Astrobiology |arxiv=astro-ph/0510285 |doi=10.1089/ast.2006.06-0126 |volume=7 |pages=66–84 |pmid=17407404 |bibcode=2007AsBio...7...66R |issue=1 |s2cid=10257401 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/895337 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Daar is egter buitengewone gevalle: [[Jupiter]] se maan [[Io (maan)|Io]] (wat kleiner as al die aardplanete is) is vulkanies aktief vanweë die swaartekragstres wat deur sy wentelbaan geskep word, en sy buurman [[Europa (maan)|Europa]] het dalk 'n vloeibare oseaan onder sy ysige kors, ook vanweë die krag wat deur Jupiter opgewek word.

'n Groter planeet het waarskynlik ook 'n groot ysterkern. Dit skep 'n magneetveld wat die planeet beskerm teen die sonwind en kosmiese straling wat andersins die atmosfeer sou wegstroop en lewende organismes met geïoniseerde deeltjies sou bombardeer. Massa is nie die enigste kriterium vir die skep van 'n magneetveld nie, want die liggaam moet ook vinnig genoeg roteer om 'n [[Dinamoteorie|dinamo-effek]] in sy kern te skep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magearth.html |title=Magnetic Field of the Earth |last=Nave |first=C. R. |work=HyperPhysics |publisher=Georgia State University |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is 'n belangrike deel van die proses.

===Wentelbaan en rotasie===
Soos met ander kriteria, is stabiliteit die grootste oorweging in die bepaling van die uitwerking van die wentelbaan en rotasie op planetêre bewoonbaarheid. [[Eksentrisiteit (sterrekunde)|Baaneksentrisiteit]] is die verhouding wat die wentelbaan se afwyking van 'n sirkelvorm beskryf. Hoe groter die eksentrisiteit, hoe groter die temperatuurwisselings op die oppervlak. Hoewel lewende organismes aanpasbaar is, kan hulle net soveel variasie uitstaan, veral as die fluktuasies oorvleuel met die vries- en kookpunt van die planeet se belangrikste biotiese oplosmiddel (wat op die Aarde water is). 

[[Beeld:OrbitalEccentricityDemo.svg|thumb|220px|links|Voorbeelde van wentelbane met verskillende eksentrisiteite.]]
As die Aarde se oseane byvoorbeeld sou wissel tussen die vries- en kookpunt, sou lewe soos ons dit ken moeilik ontwikkel het. Hoe ingewikkelder die organisme, hoe groter die sensitiwiteit vir temperatuur.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ward|Ward]], pp. 122–123.&lt;/ref&gt; Die Aarde se wentelbaan is feitlik heeltemal sirkelvormig, met 'n eksentrisiteit van minder as 0,02; ander planete in die Sonnestelsel, met die uitsondering van [[Mercurius]], se eksentrisiteit is net so klein.

Bewoonbaarheid word ook beïnvloed deur die struktuur van die planeetstelsel om 'n ster. Die evolusie en stabiliteit van sulke stelsels word bepaal deur swaartekragdinamika. Data van die eksentrisiteit van eksoplanete het die meeste navorsers verbaas: 90% se eksentrisiteit is groter as wat in die Sonnestelsel voorkom, en die gemiddelde is 'n volle 0,25.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.astrobio.net/meteoritescomets-and-asteroids/elusive-earths/ |title=Elusive Earths |last=Bortman |first=Henry |date=22 June 2005 |publisher=Astrobiology Magazine |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619031238/https://www.astrobio.net/meteoritescomets-and-asteroids/elusive-earths/ |archive-date=2021-06-19 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit beteken al val 'n planeet in die bewoonbare sone, sal dit net 'n klein deel van sy wentelbaan in die sone bly.

'n Planeet se beweging om sy [[draaias]] moet ook aan sekere standaarde voldoen. Die eerste aanname is dat 'n planeet gematigde [[seisoen]]e moet hê. As daar egter 'n klein of geen [[ashelling]] is nie, sal seisoene nie voorkom nie en sal een van die belangrikste stimulante vir 'n biosferiese dinamika afwesig wees. Die planeet sal ook kouer wees as wanneer daar 'n aansienlike helling is: As die grootste intensiteit van straling altyd binne 'n paar grade van die ewenaar is, kan warm weer nie na die pole beweeg nie en 'n planeet se klimaat sal oorheers word deur kouer polêre weerstelsels.

As 'n planeet 'n baie groot helling het, sal seisoene ekstreem wees en dit moeilik maak vir 'n biosfeer om [[homeostase]] te bereik. Die Aarde se ashelling is nou (in die [[Kwartêr]]) groter as in die verlede, en dit vind aansluiting by minder ys op die pole, warmer temperature en minder seisoenale variëteit. Wetenskaplikes weet nie of dié neiging onbepaald sal voortduur met verdere toenames in ashelling nie (sien [[Sneeubalaarde]]).

Die presiese invloede van dié veranderings kan tans net met rekenaarmodelle geraam word, en studies het gewys selfs groot hellings van tot 85 grade sluit nie lewe heeltemal uit nie, solank kontinentale oppervlakke nie seisoenaal die hoogste temperature bereik nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Planetary Tilt Not A Spoiler For Habitation |publisher=Penn State University |date =25 August 2003 |url =http://www.psu.edu/ur/2003/planetarytilt.html |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nie net die gemiddelde helling moet in ag geneem word nie, maar ook die wisselings oor tyd. Die Aarde se helling het oor 41&amp;nbsp;000 jaar gewissel tussen 21,5 en 24,5 grade. 'n Meer drastiese wisseling, of 'n baie korter tydperk, sou te groot klimaatsveranderings teweeggebring het.

Dit lyk of die [[Maan]] 'n uiters belangrike rol speel om die Aarde se klimaat te verander om sy ashelling te stabiliseer. Daar is al voorgestel 'n satelliet so groot soos die Maan is nie net behulpsaam nie, maar noodsaaklik om stabiliteit te verskaf.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lasker |first1=J. |last2=Joutel |first2=F. |last3=Robutel |first3=P. |date=July 1993 |title=Stabilization of the earth's obliquity by the moon |journal=Nature |volume=361 |issue=6413 |pages=615–617 |bibcode=1993Natur.361..615L |doi=10.1038/361615a0 |s2cid=4233758 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié mening bly omstrede.

In die geval van die Aarde, is die Maan groot genoeg en wentel dit op so 'n manier dat dit aansienlik bydra tot [[Gety|oseaangetye]], wat weer help om die groot wateroseane om te roer. Dié maankragte help nie net om te keer dat die oseane stagneer nie, maar speel ook 'n kritieke rol in die aarde se dinamiese klimaat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dorminey|first1=Bruce|title=Without the Moon, Would There Be Life on Earth?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/moon-life-tides/|website=scientificamerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|access-date=2018-05-01|date=2009-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Jordens inre-numbers.svg|thumb|220px|links|Die Aarde se binnekant: &lt;br&gt;(1) binnekern; (2) buitekern; &lt;br&gt;(3) binnemantel; (4) oorgangsone; &lt;br&gt;(5) buitemantel; (6) kors.]]
===Geologie===
Konsentrasies [[radionuklied]]e in aardplanete kan uiters belangrik wees vir die bewoonbaarheid van aardagtige planete. Sulke planete met groter hoeveelhede kom waarskynlik 'n voortdurende dinamo kort vir 'n aansienlike deel van hulle bestaan, en dié met kleiner hoeveelhede kan dikwels geologies onaktief wees. 

Planetêre dinamo's skep sterk [[magneetveld]]e wat dikwels nodig kan wees vir lewe om te ontwikkel of voortbestaan omdat hulle planete beskerm teen die sonwind en kosmiese straling. Die elektromagnetiese emissiespektra van sterre kan gebruik word om dié te identifiseer wat waarskynlik bewoonbare, aardagtige planete onderhou. Radionukliede word vermoedelik geskep deur seldsame sterprosesse soos die vereniging van [[neutronster]]re.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Woo |first1=Marcus |title=Stellar Smashups May Fuel Planetary Habitability, Study Suggests |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stellar-smashups-may-fuel-planetary-habitability-study-suggests/ |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=Scientific American |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nimmo |first1=Francis |last2=Primack |first2=Joel |last3=Faber |first3=S. M. |last4=Ramirez-Ruiz |first4=Enrico |last5=Safarzadeh |first5=Mohammadtaher |title=Radiogenic Heating and Its Influence on Rocky Planet Dynamos and Habitability |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=10 November 2020 |volume=903 |issue=2 |pages=L37 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abc251 |language=en |issn=2041-8213|arxiv=2011.04791|bibcode=2020ApJ...903L..37N |s2cid=226289878 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nog geologiese eienskappe wat noodsaaklik kan wees, is dalk sommige wat die planeet se hitte en magneetveld vorm. Van hulle is onbekend of word nie goed verstaan nie, en word ondersoek deur planetêre wetenskaplikes, geochemici en ander.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The existence of a magnetic field beyond 3.5 billion years ago is still up for debate |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-04-magnetic-field-billion-years-debate.html |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Geochemie====
Daar word algemeen aanvaar enige buiteaardse lewe wat kan bestaan, sal gebaseer wees op dieselfde basiese [[biochemie]] as die lewe op Aarde. Die vier belangrikste elemente vir lewe hier is [[koolstof]], [[waterstof]], [[suurstof]] en [[stikstof]], wat algemeen in die ruimte voorkom. Basiese biogeniese verbindings, soos baie eenvoudige [[Aminosuur|aminosure]] soos [[glisien]], is in [[meteoriet]]e en in die [[interstellêre ruimte]] gevind.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Organic Molecule, Amino Acid-Like, Found in Constellation Sagittarius |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=2008 |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080326161658.htm |access-date=20 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Diè vier elemente maak saam meer as 96% van die Aarde se [[biomassa]] uit. Koolstof het 'n ongeëwenaarde vermoë om met homself te verbind en 'n enorme verskeidenheid ingewikkelde en gevarieerde strukture te vorm, wat dit 'n ideale materiaal maak vir die ingewikkelde meganismes wat lewende selle vorm. Waterstof en suurstof, in die vorm van [[water]], is die oplosmiddel waarin biologiese prosesse plaasvind en waar die eerste reaksies plaasgevind het wat tot die ontstaan van lewe gelei het. Die energie wat vrygestel word in die vorming van kragtige [[kovalente binding]]s tussen koolstof en suurstof, beskikbaar deur die oksidasie van organiese verbindings, is die brandstof van alle ingewikkelde lewensvorme. Dié vier elemente saam maak aminosure uit, wat weer die boustene is van [[proteïen]]e, die stof van lewende weefsel. Daarbenewens is nie [[swael]] (wat nodig is vir die bou van proteïene) of [[fosfor]] (nodig vir die vorming van [[DNS]], [[RNS]] en die [[Adenosientrifosfaat|adenosienfosfate]] noodsaaklik vir [[metabolisme]]) skaars nie.

Groot hoeveelhede van 'n stof in die ruimte dui nie noodwendig op 'n groot hoeveelheid in planete nie; van die vier &quot;lewenselemente&quot; is net een, suurstof, volop in die [[aardkors]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elbio.html |title=Elements, biological abundance |last=Darling |first=David |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit kan deels verduidelik word aan die hand daarvan dat van dié elemente, soos waterstof en stikstof, en hulle eenvoudigste en algemeenste verbindings, soos [[koolstofdioksied]], [[koolstofmonoksied]], [[metaan]], [[ammoniak]] en water, gasagtig is by hoë temperature. In die warm streek naby die Son kon dié vlugtige verbindings nie 'n belangrike rol gespeel het in die geologiese vorming van planete nie. Hulle is eerder vasgevang onder die nuut gevormde korse, wat grootliks bestaan het uit rotsagtige, nievlugtige verbindings soos [[Silikondioksied|silika]] ('n verbinding van [[silikon]] en suurstof, wat die groot hoeveelheid daarvan in die aardkors verduidelik). 

Die ontgassing van vlugtige verbindings deur die eerste [[Vulkaan|vulkane]] sou bygedra het tot die vorming van die planete se [[atmosfeer]]. Vulkaniese ontgassing sou egter nie rekenskap kon gee vir die hoeveelheid water in die Aarde se oseane nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zebu.uoregon.edu/internet/l2.html |title=How did the Earth Get to Look Like This? |work=The Electronic Universe Project |publisher=University of Oregon |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Verreweg die meeste van die water – en waarskynlik koolstof – wat nodig is vir lewe moes van die buitenste Sonnestelsel gekom het, weg van die Son se hitte, waar dit ys sou gebly het. [[Komete]] wat in die vroeë jare van die Sonnestelsel se bestaan teen die Aarde gebots het, sou enorme hoeveelhede water na die Aarde gebring het, asook die ander vlugtige verbindings wat nodig is vir lewe, en sou so bygedra het tot die ontstaan van lewe op Aarde.

Hoewel daar dus rede is om te glo die vier &quot;lewenselemente&quot; behoort elders volop te wees, het 'n bewoonbare stelsel moontlik ook 'n voorraad wentelende liggame op lang termyn nodig om die nodige stowwe na die binneste planete te bring. Sonder komete sou lewe soos ons dit ken dalk nie op Aarde bestaan het nie.

===Mikro-omgewings en ekstremofiele===
{{Hoofartikel|Ekstremofiel}}
[[Beeld:Atacama.png|thumb|190px|Die [[Atacamawoestyn]] in [[Suid-Amerika]] verskaf 'n [[analogie]] vir [[Mars]] en is die ideale omgewing vir die bestudering van die grens tussen steriliteit en bewoonbaarheid.]]

'n Belangrike kwalifikasie vir kriteria vir bewoonbaarheid is dat net 'n klein deel van 'n planeet lewe hoef te onderhou. Astrobioloë ondersoek dikwels &quot;mikro-omgewings&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |title=Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life |work=Astrobiology: Roadmap |publisher=[[Nasa]] |date=September 2003 |access-date=6 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126083203/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |archive-date=26 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ekstremofiel]]e is organismes op Aarde wat in nisomgewings voorkom onder strawwe omstandighede wat gewoonlik as vyandelik vir lewe beskou word. Hulle is gewoonlik (maar nie altyd nie) eensellig en kan in watertemperature van bo 100&amp;nbsp;°C in hidrotermiese bronne oorleef.

Die ontdekking van lewe onder ekstreme omstandighede het die definisies van bewoonbaarheid gekompliseer, maar ook navorsers opgewonde gemaak omdat dit die bekende omvang van lewensomstandighede vergroot het. So kan 'n planeet wat andersins die lewe kan onderhou nie, dit wel doen in 'n diep, skaduryke skeur of 'n vulkaniese grot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Hart |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astrobio_caves_030617-1.html |title=Cave Dwellers: ET Might Lurk in Dark Places |publisher=Space.com |date=17 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620142504/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astrobio_caves_030617-1.html |archive-date=20 June 2003 |access-date=6 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Net so kan 'n terrein vol kraters 'n skuilplek bied aan primitiewe lewensvorme. Die Lawn Hill-krater in [[Australië]] word bestudeer as 'n astrobiologiese [[analogie]]. Navorsers glo die vinnige vulling met sediment het 'n beskermde mikro-omgewing geskep vir mikrobiese organismes. Soortgelyke omstandighede kon in die geskiedenis van [[Mars]] bestaan het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lindsay |first1=J |last2=Brasier |first2=M |title=Impact Craters as biospheric microenvironments, Lawn Hill Structure, Northern Australia |journal=Astrobiology |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=2006 |pages=348–363 |doi=10.1089/ast.2006.6.348 |pmid=16689651 |bibcode=2006AsBio...6..348L |s2cid=20466013 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c9796531-6943-4302-9733-8e8616adf78a }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omgewings op Aarde waar lewe &quot;onmoontlik&quot; is, is steeds nuttig vir astrobioloë omdat dit die perke definieer van wat organismes kan deurstaan. Die hartjie van die [[Atacamawoestyn]], wat algemeen as die droogste plek op Aarde beskou word, lyk of dit nie lewe kan onderhou nie en dit word juis om daardie rede deur Nasa en die ESA ondersoek: Dit verskaf 'n analogie vir Mars, en die voggradiënte aan sy kante is ideaal vir die bestudering van die grens tussen steriliteit en bewoonbaarheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Christopher |last=McKay |date=June 2002 |url=http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf |title=Too Dry for Life: The Atacama Desert and Mars |publisher=[[Nasa]] |work=Ames Research Center |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826151945/http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Ekologiese faktore===
Die twee huidige ekologiese benaderings tot die voorspelling van moontlike bewoonbaarheid gebruik 19 of 20 omgewingsfaktore, met 'n klem op die beskikbaarheid van water, temperatuur, die teenwoordigheid van voedingstowwe, 'n energiebron en beskerming teen die Son se ultraviolet en kosmiese straling.&lt;ref name='D.C.Golden'&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Schuerger|first1=Andrew C.|last2=Golden|first2=D.C.|last3=Ming|first3=Doug W.|title=Biotoxicity of Mars soils: 1. Dry deposition of analog soils on microbial colonies and survival under Martian conditions|journal=Planetary and Space Science|date=November 2012|volume=72|issue=1|pages=91–101|doi=10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.026|bibcode = 2012P&amp;SS...72...91S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Beaty&gt;{{citation |first=David W. |last=Beaty |title=Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group  |journal=Astrobiology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=677–732 |editor-last=the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) |date=14 July 2006 |url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/MEPAG_SR-SAG_final1.pdf |access-date=6 June 2013 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=2006AsBio...6..677M |doi=10.1089/ast.2006.6.677 |pmid=17067257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Alternatiewe sterstelsels==
In die bepaling van die moontlikheid van buiteaardse lewe het sterrekundiges lank gefokus op sterre soos die Son. Omdat sulke planetêre stelsels skaars blyk te wees, het hulle op ander stelsels begin konsentreer.

Daar word geglo sterre van klas F, G, K en M kan moontlik planete met lewe hê.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/|title=Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx)|website=www.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=2020-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sowat die helfte van sterre so groot soos die Son kan 'n aardplaneet hê wat dalk vloeibare water op sy oppervlak het, volgens navorsing met Nasa se Kepler-ruimteteleskoop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Center|first=By Frank Tavares NASA's Ames Research|title=About Half of Sun-Like Stars Could Host Rocky, Potentially Habitable Planets|url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1664/about-half-of-sun-like-stars-could-host-rocky-potentially-habitable-planets/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dubbelsterre===
{{Hoofartikel|Dubbelster}}
Algemene ramings is dat 50% of meer van sterre deel van [[dubbelster]]stelsels is. Dit is dalk effens oordrewe, want swaar en helder sterre is geneig om in sulke stelsels voor te kom en hulle is maklik om waar te neem en te katalogiseer. 'n Presieser ontleding dui daarop dat dowwer sterre gewoonlik alleen voorkom en dat tot twee derdes van sterre dus enkelsterstelsels is.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Most Milky Way Stars Are Single |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |date=30 January 2006 |url =http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/press/2006/pr200611.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813062958/http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/press/2006/pr200611.html |archive-date=13 August 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 June 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Alpha, Beta and Proxima Centauri (1).jpg|thumb|240px|Alpha Centauri A en B.]]
Die skeiding van twee sterre in 'n dubbelsterstelsel kan van minder as 1&amp;nbsp;[[AE]] (die gemiddelde afstand tussen die Son en die Aarde) tot verskeie honderd AE wees. In laasgenoemde geval sal die swaartekraguitwerking van die sterre op 'n planeet se kans op lewe nie groot wees nie, tensy die wentelbane baie [[Eksentrisiteit (sterrekunde)|eksentriek]] is. As die skeiding egter baie klein is, sal 'n stabiele wentelbaan onmoontlik wees, soos wanneer 'n planeet se afstand na sy primêre ster meer is as sowat 'n vyfde van sy naaste afstand van die ander ster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.solstation.com/habitable.htm |title=Stars and Habitable Planets |work=solstation.com |publisher=Sol Company |access-date=5 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628175616/http://www.solstation.com/habitable.htm |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Of planete om 'n dubbelster sal vorm, was lank onseker omdat swaartekrag met die vorming van sterre kan inmeng. Teoretiese werk deur Alan Boss by die Carnegie-instituut het gewys gasreuse kan net so maklik om dubbelsterre as om enkelsterre vorm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Planetary Systems can from around Binary Stars |publisher=Carnegie Institution |url=http://carnegieinstitution.org/news_releases/news_0601_10.html |author=Boss, Alan |date=January 2006 |access-date=5 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515225714/http://carnegieinstitution.org/news_releases/news_0601_10.html |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archivedate=15 Mei 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515225714/http://carnegieinstitution.org/news_releases/news_0601_10.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die bestudering van [[Alpha Centauri]], die naaste stergroep aan die Son, wys dubbelsterre hoef nie geïgnoreer te word in die soeke na planete met lewe nie. Centauri&amp;nbsp;A en B is op hulle naaste 11&amp;nbsp;AE van mekaar, en albei behoort stabiele bewoonbare sones te hê. 'n Studie het gewys die wentelbaan van 'n planeet binne sowat 3&amp;nbsp;AE van enige van die sterre kan redelik stabiel bly. Die bewoonbare sone oor 4,5&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar vir Centauri&amp;nbsp;A is konserwatief bereken tussen 1,2 en 1,3&amp;nbsp;AE, en dié vir Centauri&amp;nbsp;B tussen 0,73 en 0,74&amp;nbsp;AE: albei binne die sterre se stabiele sone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wiegert |first1=Paul A. |last2=Holman |first2=Matt J. |date=April 1997 |title=The stability of planets in the Alpha Centauri system |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=1445–1450 |bibcode=1997AJ....113.1445W |doi=10.1086/118360 |arxiv=astro-ph/9609106 |s2cid=18969130 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rooidwerge===
Enige planeet om 'n [[rooidwerg]] sal nader aan die ster moet wentel om temperature soos op Aarde te hê, en dit sal moontlik lei tot 'n [[sinchroniese rotasie]]. Klas M-sterre (rooidwerge) word beskou as moontlike gashere van bewoonbare planete, selfs dié met [[Opvlamster|opvlammings]] soos [[Proxima]]. Om die bewoonbaarheid van rooidwerge te bepaal, sal help om vas te stel hoe algemeen lewe in die [[Melkweg]] dalk is, want hulle maak sowat 70% tot 90% van alle sterre in die sterrestelsel uit. Daar moet egter in ag geneem word dat opvlammings die bewoonbaarheid van eksoplanete nadelig sal beïnvloed omdat dit hulle atmosfeer kan wegstroop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/ |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=www.jpl.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Grootte===
[[Beeld:Gliese 667 Cc sunset.jpg|thumb|240px|'n Kunstenaar se voorstelling van [[Gliese 667 Cc]], 'n moontlik bewoonbare planeet om 'n rooidwerg in 'n stelsel met drie sterre.]]

Sterrekundiges het rooidwerge baie jare lank uitgeskakel as moontlik gashere van bewoonbare planete. Hulle klein grootte (van 0,08 tot 0,45 [[sonmassa]]s) beteken hulle [[Kernfusie|kernreaksie]] verloop baie stadig en hulle straal baie min lig uit (van 3% tot 0,01% van sonlig). Enige planeet om 'n rooidwerg sal baie na aan die ster moet wentel om dieselfde temperature as op Aarde te hê; van 0,3&amp;nbsp;AE (net binne [[Mercurius]] se wentelbaan) tot 0,032&amp;nbsp;AE vir 'n ster soos Proxima Centauri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Habitable zones of stars |url=http://exobio.ucsd.edu/Space_Sciences/zones.htm |work=NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology |publisher=University of Southern California, San Diego |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001121121500/http://exobio.ucsd.edu/Space_Sciences/zones.htm |access-date=11 May 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (so 'n wêreld sal 'n jaar van net 6,3 dae hê). Op so 'n afstand sal die planeet 'n sinchroniese rotasie hê, waar die een kant altyd na die ster wys en die ander kant altyd weg. Die enigste manier waarop die helfte van die lewe nie sal doodkook en die ander helfte doodvries nie, sal wees as die planeet 'n atmosfeer het wat dik genoeg is om die ster se hitte van die dagkant na die nagkant te versprei, of as daar 'n gasreus in die bewoonbare sone is met 'n bewoonbare maan wat na die planeet wys in plaas van na die ster. Dit sal 'n nog ewerediger verspreiding oor die planeet tot gevolg hê. Daar is lank geglo so 'n dik atmosfeer sal keer dat lig van die ster die oppervlak bereik en dus [[fotosintese]] sal verhinder.

Navorsing het egter die moontlike teendeel bewys. Studies deur Robert Haberle en Manoj Joshi van Nasa se Ames-navorsingsentrum in [[Kalifornië]] het gewys die planeet se atmosfeer (as dit kweekhuisgasse en water insluit) hoef net 100  millibar te wees sodat die atmosfeer die hitte na die nagkant sal oordra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=M. M. |last2=Haberle |first2=R. M. |last3=Reynolds |first3=R. T. |date=October 1997 |title=Simulations of the Atmospheres of Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs: Conditions for Atmospheric Collapse and the Implications for Habitability |journal=Icarus |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=450–465 |bibcode=1997Icar..129..450J |url=http://crack.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/gillett/joshi.pdf |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814012947/http://crack.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/gillett/joshi.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is binne die vlakke wat vir fotosintese vereis word, hoewel water aan die nagkant in sekere modelle steeds gevries kan wees. 

====Ander beperkende faktore====
Die grootte van 'n ster is nie die enigste beperkende faktor vir lewe nie. Op 'n rooidwerg sal fotosintese aan die nagkant onmoontlik wees omdat die planeet daar nooit sonlig sal kry nie. Aan die dagkant, waar die son nooit opkom of ondergaan nie, sal gebiede in die skaduwees van berge altyd in die skadu wees. Fotosintese sal bemoeilik word omdat 'n rooidwerg die meeste van sy lig in die [[infrarooi]] uitstraal, terwyl [[sigbare lig]] op Aarde vir fotosintese nodig is. 

Daar is 'n moontlike positiewe kant aan dié scenario. Baie [[ekostelsel]]s op Aarde gebruik [[chemosintese]] eerder as fotosintese, en dit sal moontlik wees op 'n rooidwerg. 'n Statiese posisie van die primêre ster verwyder die nodigheid vir plante om hulle blare altyd na die ster te draai, om veranderende skadu/sonpatrone te hanteer of om te verander van fotosintese na gestoorde energie in die nag. Vanweë die gebrek aan 'n dag-nagsiklus sal veel meer energie op 'n gegewe stralingsvlak beskikbaar wees.

Rooidwerge is veranderliker en gewelddadiger as hulle stabieler, groter eweknieë. Hulle het dikwels stervlekke wat hulle uitgestraalde lig vir maande op 'n slag met tot 40% kan verminder, terwyl hulle op ander tye enorme opvlammings het wat hulle ligsterkte binne minute kan verdubbel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Croswell |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922754.200-red-willing-and-able.html |title=Red, willing and able |date=27 January 2001 |type=www.kencroswell.com/reddwarflife.html Full reprint |publisher=New Scientist |access-date=5 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sulke variasies kan baie skadelik vir lewe wees, want dit sal nie net komplekse organiese molekules kan vernietig nie, maar ook groot dele van die planeet se atmosfeer wegblaas.

Om die ondersteuning van lewe op 'n planeet om 'n rooidwerg moontlik te maak, sou 'n vinnig roterende [[magneetveld]] nodig wees om die planeet teen die opvlammings te beskerm. 'n Planeet met 'n sinchroniese rotasie roteer baie stadig en kan nie 'n geodinamo in sy kern skep nie. Die gewelddadige opvlammings in 'n rooidwerg se lewensilus duur na raming net sowat 1,2&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar. As 'n planeet egter ver genoeg van die ster af vorm om 'n sinchroniese rotasie te vermy en dan na die ster se bewoonbare sone migreer ná die onstuimige aanvanklike tydperk, sal lewe dalk kan ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AstronomyCast episode 40: American Astronomical Society Meeting, May 2007 |work=Universe Today |last1=Cain |first1=Fraser |last2=Gay |first2=Pamela |url=http://www.astronomycast.com/2007/06/episode-40-american-astronomical-society-meeting-may-2007/ |date=2007 |access-date=17 June 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Waarnemings van die 7&amp;nbsp;miljard tot 12&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar oue [[Barnard se Ster]] wys selfs ou rooidwerge kan aansienlike opvlammings hê. Daar is lank geglo Barnard se Ster het min aktiwiteit, maar in 1998 het sterrekundiges 'n intense opvlamming waargeneem.&lt;ref name=Flare&gt;{{cite web| first=Ken | last=Croswell |date=November 2005| url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2005/11/a-flare-for-barnards-star| access-date=2006-08-10 | title=A Flare for Barnard's Star| work=Astronomy Magazine | publisher=Kalmbach Publishing Co }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Lang bestaan====
Rooidwerge het een voordeel bo groter sterre wat die moontlikheid van lewe betref: hulle lang bestaan. Dit het op Aarde 4,5&amp;nbsp;miljard geduur voordat die [[mens]] ontstaan het en as huidige toestande stabiel bly, kan lewe nog vir 1&amp;nbsp;miljard&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title='The end of the world' has already begun, UW scientists say |publisher=University of Washington |url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2003/01/13/the-end-of-the-world-has-already-begun-uw-scientists-say/|author=Hines, Sandra |date=13 January 2003 |access-date=5 June 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tot 2,3&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar&lt;ref name=pnas1_24_9576&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=King-Fai |last2=Pahlevan |first2=Kaveh |last3=Kirschvink |first3=Joseph L. |last4=Yung |first4=Yuk L. |date=2009 |title=Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9576–9579 |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~kfl/paper/Li_PNAS2009.pdf |doi=10.1073/pnas.0809436106 |pmid=19487662 |pmc=2701016 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9576L |access-date=19 July 2009 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  moontlik wees. Rooidwerge bestaan biljoene&lt;!-- biljoene is reg hier --&gt; jare omdat [[kernfusie]] baie stadig plaasvind, wat beteken lewe kan baie langer bestaan.

===Klas F-sterre===
Dit is onseker of [[Sterreklassifikasie#Klas F|klas F-sterre]] (geelwitdwerge) planete met lewe sal kan hê. Hulle bestaan 3&amp;nbsp;miljard tot 8&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar (teenoor geeldwerge soos die Son se 9&amp;nbsp;miljard tot 15&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar. Hulle het ook hoër ultravioletvlakke. F0-sterre (7&amp;nbsp;400&amp;nbsp;K, 1,6&amp;nbsp;[[sonmassa]], 1,7&amp;nbsp;[[sonradius]], ~7&amp;nbsp;[[sonligsterkte]]s) word deur baie sterrekundiges beskou as die grootste en swaarste sterre wat bewoonbare planete kan hê. 

[[Beeld:Sigma Draconis.jpg|thumb|220px|σ Draconis is 'n klas K-ster.]]
'n Planeet in die bewoonbare sone wat dieselfde afstand van 'n klas F-ster af wentel as die Aarde van die Son, sal 2,5 keer ('n F9-ster) tot 7,1 keer ('n F0-ster) soveel ultravioletstraling as die Aarde kry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author1=Adam Hadhazy |date=2014-05-01 |title=Could Alien Life Cope with a Hotter, Brighter Star? |url=https://www.space.com/25716-alien-life-hotter-stars.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Space.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Klas K-sterre===
[[Sterreklassifikasie#Klas K|klas K-sterre]] (oranjedwerge) sal die nodige toestande vir lewe kan verskaf  en kan planete met 'n groter bewoonbaarheid as die Aarde hê.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=René |last2=Armstrong |first2=John |date=2014 |title=Superhabitable Worlds |journal=Astrobiology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=50–66 |arxiv=1401.2392 |bibcode=2014AsBio..14...50H |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1088 |issn=1531-1074 |pmid=24380533 |s2cid=1824897}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hulle straling in die nie-UV-spektrum is groot genoeg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Grossman|first=Lisa|title=Sun may not be a 'Goldilocks' star|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sun-may-not-be-goldilocks-star|publisher=Science News|access-date=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; om die regte temperatuur vir vloeibare water op die oppervlak van planete tot gevolg te hê. Hulle sal ook langer as die Son in die [[hoofreeks]] bly omdat hulle hulle waterstof stadiger verbrand.&lt;ref name=ShigaDavid&gt;{{cite web|last=Shiga|first=David|title=Orange stars are just right for life|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17084-orange-stars-are-just-right-for-life.html|publisher=New Scientist|access-date=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit sal 'n langer tyd toelaat vir lewe om te vorm en ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Vieru|first=Tudor|title=Life Could Easily Develop Around Orange Dwarfs|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Life-Could-Easily-Develop-Around-Orange-Dwarfs-111006.shtml|publisher=Softpedia|access-date=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Die planete se bewoonbare sone, 0,1-0,4 tot 0,3-1,3&amp;nbsp;AE,&lt;ref name=MerchantDavid&gt;{{cite web|last=Merchant|first=David|title=Orange Dwarf Stars and Life – Common?|date=18 June 2009|url=http://alienrealities.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/orange-dwarf-stars-and-life-common.html|access-date=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; na gelang van die grootte van die ster, is dikwels ver genoeg om 'n sinchroniese rotasie te voorkom, en die sonopvlammings sal klein genoeg wees dat lewe dit sal oorleef.

===Sterre met 'n groot massa===
Volgens onlangse navorsing kan baie swaar sterre, wat groter massas as ~100 sonmassas het, dalk planetêre stelsels van honderde planete so groot soos [[Mercurius]] in die bewoonbare sone hê. Sulke stelsels sal ook [[bruindwerg]]e en sterre met 'n klein massa (~0,1-0,3 sonmassa) hê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The outcome of the protoplanetary disk of very massive stars, January 2011 |journal=New Astronomy |last1=Kashi |first1=Amit |last2=Soker |first2=Noam |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2010.06.003 |bibcode=2011NewA...16...27K |date=2011 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |arxiv=1002.4693 |citeseerx=10.1.1.770.1250 |s2cid=119255193 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sterre van swaarder as 'n paar somassas sal egter te kort bestaan vir die planete om af te koel, en beslis te kort vir 'n stabiele biosfeer om te ontwikkel. Swaar sterre word dus uitgeskakel as gashere vir planete met lewe.

[[Beeld:Artist's_concept_of_PSR_B1257+12_system.jpg|thumb|220px|'n Kunstenaar se voorstelling van die planete om die neutronster Lich.]]

===Neutronsterre===
'n Bewoonbare planeet wat om 'n [[neutronster]] wentel, moet tussen een en 10 keer die massa van die Aarde hê. As die planeet ligter is, sal hy sy atmosfeer verloor. Die atmosfeer sal ook dik genoeg moet wees om die intense [[X-strale]] wat die ster uitstraal, om te skakel in hitte op sy oppervlak. Dit sal dan die regte temperatuur vir lewe hê.&lt;ref name=&quot;sta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.avaruus.fi/uutiset/astrobiologia/tutkimus-spekuloi-pulsaria-ymparoivien-planeettojen-elinkelpoisuudella.html |title=Tutkimus spekuloi pulsaria ympäröivien planeettojen elinkelpoisuudella |website=Tähdet ja avaruus; in translation &quot;Stars and space&quot; |last=Suominen |first=Mikko |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180328214430/https://www.avaruus.fi/uutiset/astrobiologia/tutkimus-spekuloi-pulsaria-ymparoivien-planeettojen-elinkelpoisuudella.html |archive-date=2018-03-28 |access-date=2022-10-07 |publisher=Tähtitieteellinen yhdistys Ursa (Ursa Astronomical Association) |publication-place=Helsinki |language=fi |trans-title=The study speculates on the viability of the planets surrounding the pulsar |issn=0355-9467}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'n Sterk genoeg magneetveld sal die planeet teen die sterk [[Sonwind|sterwinde]] beskerm en die planeet se atmosfeer vir 'n paar miljard jaar bewaar. So 'n planeet sal ook vloeibare water op sy oppervlak kan hê.&lt;ref name=&quot;sta&quot;/&gt;

==Sterre ná die hoofreeks==
Aanvanklik is geglo die [[Sterevolusie|evolusie van 'n ster]] tot 'n [[rooireus]] sal enige planeetstelsel, indien dit bestaan, onbewoonbaar maak. Nuwer navorsing dui egter daarop dat 'n ster van 1&amp;nbsp;sonmassa wat 'n rooireus word, vir miljarde jare 'n bewoonbare planeet sal kan hê op 2&amp;nbsp;AE, of vir tot 100&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar op 9&amp;nbsp;AE. Dit sal dalk genoeg tyd wees dat lewe kan ontwikkel. Ná die rooireusfase sal so 'n ster vir nog 'n miljard jaar 'n bewoonbare sone tusen 7 en 22&amp;nbsp;AE hê.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lopez2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Lopez, Bruno
 | author2=Schneider, Jean
 | author3=Danchi, William C.
 | title=Can Life Develop in the Expanded Habitable Zones around Red Giant Stars?
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | date=2005
 | volume=627
 | issue=2
 | pages=974–985
 | bibcode=2005ApJ...627..974L
 | doi=10.1086/430416|arxiv = astro-ph/0503520
| s2cid=17075384
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Latere ondersoeke het dié scenario verfyn en gewys hoe 'n bewoonbare sone vir 'n ster van 1&amp;nbsp;sonmassa kan duur van 100&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar vir 'n planeet met 'n wentelbaan soos [[Mars]] s'n tot 210&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar vir een op dieselfde afstand van die ster as wat [[Saturnus]] van die Son af is. Die maksimum tyd (370&amp;nbsp;miljoen jaar) is vir planete op die afstand van [[Jupiter]]. Planete om 'n ster van 0,5&amp;nbsp;sonmassa in soortgelyke wentelbane as Saturnus en Jupiter sal egter vir onderskeidelik 5,8&amp;nbsp;miljard en 2,1&amp;nbsp;miljard jaar in die bewoonbare sone wees. Vir sterre van 'n groter massa as dié van die Son sal dié tye aansienlik korter wees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramses2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | author=Ramirez, Ramses M.
 | author2=Kaltenegger, Lisa
 | title=Habitable Zones of Post-Main Sequence Stars
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | date=2016
 | volume=823
 | issue=1
 | pages=6
 | bibcode=2016ApJ...823....6R
 | doi=10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/6
|arxiv = 1605.04924 | s2cid=119225201
 | doi-access=free
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sien ook==
* [[Buiteaardse lewe]]
* [[Bewoonbare sone]]
* [[Geskiedenis van die Aarde]]

==Verwysings==
{{Verwysings|3}}

==Bibliografie==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|ref=Ward|author= Ward, Peter |author2=Brownlee, Donald |title=Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe|publisher= Springer|year= 2000|isbn=978-0-387-98701-9}}
{{refend}}

==Nog leesstof==
{{refbegin}}
* Cohen, Jack en Ian Stewart. ''Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life'', Ebury Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-09-187927-2}}
* (2021-01-26) Kepler-22b, the Oceanic Exoplanet - &quot;Finding a New Earth&quot;, Nasa.
* {{cite book |first=Stephen H. |last=Dole |date=1965 |title=Habitable Planets for Man |edition=1ste |publisher=Rand Corporation |url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/ |isbn=978-0-444-00092-7 }}
* Fogg, Martyn J., ed. &quot;Terraforming&quot; (entire special issue) ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society'', April 1991
* Fogg, Martyn J. ''Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments'', SAE International, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56091-609-5}}
* Gonzalez, Guillermo en Richards, Jay W. ''The Privileged Planet'', Regnery, 2004. {{ISBN|0-89526-065-4}}
* Grinspoon, David. ''Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life'', HarperCollins, 2004.
* Lovelock, James. ''Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth.'' {{ISBN|0-19-286218-9}}
* Schmidt, Stanley and Robert Zubrin, eds. ''Islands in the Sky'', Wiley, 1996. {{ISBN|0-471-13561-5}}
* Webb, Stephen ''If The Universe Is Teeming With Aliens ... Where Is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life'' New York: Januarie 2002 Springer-Verlag {{ISBN|978-0-387-95501-8}}
{{refend}}

==Skakels==
* [http://www.hzgallery.org The Habitable Zone Gallery]
* [http://phl.upr.edu/ Planetary Habitability Laboratory] (UPR Arecibo)
* [http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog] (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/ETEmain.html David Darling encyclopedia]
* [http://www.astrobio.net General interest astrobiology]
* [http://www.solstation.com Sol Station]
{{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Planetary habitability}}

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[[Kategorie:Lewe]]
[[Kategorie:Eksoplanete]]
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      <text bytes="5502" sha1="nb0p179eqc1kx3pttj8uekell8ksehi" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:The Human Library Tshirt (21874201794).jpg|duimnael|Lewende biblioteek [[t-hemp]]]]
Die '''Menslike Biblioteek''' (ook '''Lewende biblioteek''') is 'n internasionale organisasie en beweging wat die eerste keer in [[Kopenhagen]], [[Denemarke]], in 2000 begin het. Dit het ten doel om mense se vooroordele aan te spreek deur hulle te help om met diegene te praat wat hulle nie normaalweg sou ontmoet nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=The Human Library Organisation replaces pages with people|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2017/11/03/the-human-library-organisation-replaces-pages-with-people|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Mark|last1=Rice-Oxley|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=My day as Depression, a book at the Human Library|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2012/apr/08/depression-book-human-library|date=8 April 2012|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=The best way to preserve the Welfare State is to reinvent it|url=https://www.bigissue.com/latest/john-bird-the-best-way-to-preserve-the-welfare-state-is-to-reinvent-it/|newspaper=The Big Issue|date=9 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die organisasie gebruik 'n [[biblioteek]]analogie van die uitleen van mense eerder as boeke.&lt;ref name=BBC2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;huffpost&quot;&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=Inside The Event Where People Are Open Books|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/robert-bright/human-library_b_16405988.html|newspaper=HuffPost UK|date=9 Mei 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hierdie mense het &quot;vooroordeel, sosiale uitsluiting of stigma ervaar,&quot; en deelnemers kan hulle vrae vra om &quot;van die ander persoon te leer en ook hul eie vooroordele uit te daag.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;wellcome&quot;&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=Human Library|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/events/human-library-0|date=18 Augustus 2016|website=Wellcome Collection|archive-date=2018-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153904/https://wellcomecollection.org/events/human-library-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Shoaff2016 /&gt;  Die Menslike Biblioteekorganisasie is aktief in meer as 80 lande,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=Shropshire Libraries to host Human Library events to challenge stigma|url=http://shropshire.gov.uk/news/2017/12/human-library-events/|newspaper=Shropshire Council Newsroom|date=7 Desember 2017|archive-date=10 Julie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040646/http://shropshire.gov.uk/news/2017/12/human-library-events/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; waarin daar 'n paar permanente menslike biblioteke is, maar die meeste gebeur as gereelde gebeurtenisse.&lt;ref name=&quot;rd&quot;&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2018-07-09|title=The Human Library: Where the &quot;Books&quot; are People|url=https://www.rd.com/culture/human-library/|newspaper=Reader's Digest|date=2 Oktober 2017|first=Meghan|last=Jones|archive-date=2020-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417094247/https://www.rd.com/culture/human-library/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geskiedenis==
[[Lêer:NeustaedterHumanLibraryTreefort2019.png|links|duimnael|Boisean Leta Neustaedter by die Menslike Biblioteek, 'n projek van die Meridian Biblioteekdistrik, by Treefort 2019.]]
Die organisasie het in 2000 in Kopenhagen begin toe die eerste Menslike Biblioteekgeleentheid by die Roskilde-fees gehou is.&lt;ref name=&quot;rd&quot;/&gt; Die geleentheid is bestuur deur Ronni en Dany Abergel,&lt;ref name=&quot;rd&quot;/&gt; Asma Mouna, en Christoffer Erichsen, toe werksaam by die Deense jeug-NRO Stop Volden (wat vertaal word na Stop die geweld), geïnspireer deur die Amerikaanse Stop the Violence Movement. Die eerste geleentheid het vier dae gestrek met agt uur se gesprekke elke dag en meer as 1000 mense het deelgeneem.

Die volgende Menslike Biblioteek is in [[Oslo]], [[Noorweë]], aangebied deur Ronni Abergel vir die Nordiese Ministerrade se jeugvergadering &quot;''Unge I Norden''&quot;. Die geleentheid is in samewerking met Terese Mungai-Foyn voorberei en het voortgegaan om die stigting van die Noorse Menslike Biblioteek-program in 2003 te inspireer.

Die eerste permanente Menslike Biblioteek is in 2006 in Lismore, [[Australië]], gestig.&lt;ref name=Peveto2017/&gt; Vanaf 2019 het die projek gegroei tot vennote in meer as 70 lande regoor die wêreld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/Purdue-holds-annual-Human-Library--507960041.html|title=Purdue holds annual Human Library|website=WLFI News|language=en|access-date=2019-04-19|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419104709/https://www.wlfi.com/content/news/Purdue-holds-annual-Human-Library--507960041.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=Shoaff2016&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.upworthy.com/check-out-a-human-library-where-you-borrow-people-instead-of-books|title=Check out a human library, where you borrow people instead of books.|last=Shoaff|first=Morgan|website=UpWorthy|publisher=Cloud Tiger Media|date=18 February 2016|access-date=26 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=BBC2016&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37833302|title=Borrowing a 'book' at the Human Library|date=2 November 2016|publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Peveto2017&gt;{{cite web|last1=Peveto|first1=Kyle|title=Human Library connects the inquisitive with 'living books'|url=http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/entertainment_life/article_d5b65a9a-2610-11e7-9246-03aa29b3ef61.html|website=The Advocate|date=26 April 2017 |accessdate=26 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Biblioteke]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Douglas DC-4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889572</id>
      <parentid>2889222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gaius le Roux</username>
        <id>203341</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ek het die teks geredigeer.</comment>
      <origin>2889572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6718" sha1="r7oo4plx1j19ul4uio7fmp9zx4415dd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks-Vliegtuig
|naam= Douglas DC-4
|beeld= Lêer:American Airlines NC90423.jpg
|byskrif=American Airlines NC90423
|tipe=Lugdiens- en vragvliegtuig
|vervaardiger=[[Douglas Aircraft Company]]
|ontwerper=
|eerste vlug= 14 Februarie 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeing history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-4.htm |title=History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bekendstelling= 1942 met [[United Airlines]]
|vrygestel=
|onttrek= 1991
|status= In beperkte gebruik
|hoofgebruiker=
|meer gebruikers= 
|vervaardig=1942 – Augustus 1947
|aantal gebou=80&lt;ref&gt;Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996&lt;/ref&gt; DC-4 en 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54/R5D
|programkoste=
|eenheidskoste=
|ontwikkel van=
|variante met eie artikels=
}}

Die '''Douglas DC-4''' is 'n Amerikaanse skroefaangedrewe [[passasiersvliegtuig]] met vier suierenjins wat deur die [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] ontwikkel en vervaardig is. Daar is ook militêre weergawes van die vliegtuig gebou, die [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] en R5D. Die militêre weergawes is in die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebruik, hulle het ook gehelp met die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] en diens gedoen tot in die 1960's. Sedert 1945 het verskeie lugvaartmaatskappye die DC-4 bedryf. 

== Ontwerp en ontwikkeling ==
Ná toetsvlugte deur United Airlines met die DC-4E, het dit duidelik geword dat die 52-sitplekvliegtuig ondoeltreffend en onbetroubaar was om ekonomies te werk en rederye soos [[American Airlines]], Eastern, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]], [[Trans World Airlines|Trans World]] en [[United Airlines|United]] het 'n lys van verbeteringe van die ontwerp aangevra. Douglas het die nuwe vereistes geneem en 'n heeltemal nuwe, veel kleiner ontwerp, die DC-4A met 'n eenvoudiger romp wat steeds nie onder druk was nie, [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]-enjins, en 'n enkele rigtingroer en vin, geproduseer. Die driewielonderstel is behou.

Met die toetrede van die Verenigde State tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Desember 1941, het die Amerikaanse Lugmag die voorlopige bestellings van die lugdienste oorgeneem en hulle die benaming C-54 Skymaster toegeken. Die eerste C-54 het op 14 Februarie 1942 vanaf Clover Field in [[Santa Monica, Kalifornië|Santa Monica]], [[Kalifornië]] gevlieg.

Om aan militêre vereistes te voldoen, het die eerste produksievliegtuig vier bykomende brandstoftenks in die hoofkajuit gehad, wat die passasiersitplekke tot 26 verminder het. Die volgende groep vliegtuie was die eerste wat volgens militêre spesifikasies gebou is en is die C-54A genoem en met 'n sterker vloer en 'n vragdeur met 'n hystoestel en windas gebou. Die eerste C-54A is in Februarie 1943 afgelewer. Met die bekendstelling van die C-54B in Maart 1944 is die buitenste vlerke verander om geïntegreerde brandstoftenks te hou, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om twee van die kajuitenks te verwyder. Dit het weer die installering van 49 sitplekke (of 16 draagbare) moontlik gemaak. Die C-54C was 'n hibriedvliegtuig vir presidensiële gebruik; dit het 'n C-54A-romp met vier kajuitbrandstoftenks gehad en die C-54B-vlerke met ingeboude tenks om maksimum reikafstand te verseker.

Die mees algemene variant was die C-54D, wat in Augustus 1944 in diens gestel is, in wese 'n C-54B met kragtiger R-2000-11-enjins. Met die C-54E is die laaste twee kajuitbrandstoftenks na die vlerke verskuif, wat meer vrag of 44 passasiersitplekke moontlik gemaak het.

In totaal is 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54's (of R5D in diens van die Amerikaanse Vloot) vir die Verenigde State se weermag gebou tussen 1942 en Januarie 1946 en nog 79 DC-4's is ná die oorlog gebou. 'n Latere variant, met kragtiger Merlin-enjins wat dit toelaat om meer as 40% vinniger te vlieg, is in [[Kanada]] gebou as die Canadair North Star.

== Operasionele geskiedenis ==
Die DC-4/C-54 het bewys dat dit 'n gewilde en betroubare vliegtuig was, met 1 245 wat tussen Mei 1942 en Augustus 1947 gebou is, insluitend 79 na-oorlogse DC-4's. Verskeie is steeds in diens teen 2022.

Douglas het ontwikkeling van die model tydens die oorlog voortgesit ter voorbereiding vir 'n terugkeer na burgerlike lugvaartgebruik wanneer die oorlog verby was. Verkope van nuwe vliegtuie moes meeding teen 500 oorlogstydse voormalige militêre C-54's en R5D's wat op die burgerlike mark gekom het, waarvan baie deur Douglas na die DC-4-standaard omgeskakel is. Die DC-4's was 'n gunsteling van huurlugrederye soos Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines en Transocean Airlines. In die 1950's was Transocean ([[Oakland]], Kalifornië) die grootste burgerlike gebruiker van die C-54/DC-4.

Douglas het 79 nuwe DC-4's tussen Januarie 1946 en 9 Augustus 1947 vervaardig, waarvan die laaste een aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens]] afgelewer is. Drukvaste kajuite was 'n opsie, maar alle burgerlike DC-4's (en C-54's) is sonder hierdie opsie gebou.

'n Totaal van 330 DC-4's en C-54's is in die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] gebruik, wat hulle een van die mees gebruikte tipes gemaak het.

Kopers van nuutgeboude DC-4's het Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines en Western Airlines in die VSA ingesluit. Oorsese kopers was [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[IBERIA]]-lugredery, Swissair, [[Air France]], Sabena, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.&lt;ref&gt;Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.&lt;/ref&gt; Verskeie lugdienste het nuwe DC-4's gebruik om geskeduleerde trans-Atlantiese vlugte tussen [[Latyns-Amerika]] en [[Europa]] te begin. Van die vroegste was Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Iberia Airlines van Spanje (1946) en Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basiese pryse vir 'n nuwe DC-4 in 1946–47 was ongeveer £140&amp;nbsp;000-£160&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £5&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;759 in 2023). In 1960 was gebruikte DC-4's beskikbaar vir ongeveer £80&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £1&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;159 in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202687.html |title=de havilland {{!}} 1960 {{!}} 2687 {{!}} Flight Archive |journal=Flight |date=18 November 1960 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Variante ==

;DC-4
:Hoofproduk, na-oorlogs
;[[Canadair North Star]]
:Kanadese produksie van 'n [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]-aangedrewe variant met een voorbeeld aangedryf deur [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800]] enjins.

;[[Aviation Traders Carvair]]
:Britse vrag- en motorvragvliegtuig met 'n gemodifiseerde neus en verhoogde kajuit wat toelaat dat voertuie makliker gelaai kan word.

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{en-vertaal|Douglas DC-4}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Douglas-vliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Passasiersvliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Vragvliegtuie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889581</id>
      <parentid>2889572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T15:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gaius le Roux</username>
        <id>203341</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ek het teks bygevoeg.</comment>
      <origin>2889581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="20067" sha1="eywfp4szwen0kki1cg566eq7w7qxr9u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks-Vliegtuig
|naam= Douglas DC-4
|beeld= Lêer:American Airlines NC90423.jpg
|byskrif=American Airlines NC90423
|tipe=Lugdiens- en vragvliegtuig
|vervaardiger=[[Douglas Aircraft Company]]
|ontwerper=
|eerste vlug= 14 Februarie 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeing history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-4.htm |title=History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bekendstelling= 1942 met [[United Airlines]]
|vrygestel=
|onttrek= 1991
|status= In beperkte gebruik
|hoofgebruiker=
|meer gebruikers= 
|vervaardig=1942 – Augustus 1947
|aantal gebou=80&lt;ref&gt;Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996&lt;/ref&gt; DC-4 en 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54/R5D
|programkoste=
|eenheidskoste=
|ontwikkel van=
|variante met eie artikels=
}}

Die '''Douglas DC-4''' is 'n Amerikaanse skroefaangedrewe [[passasiersvliegtuig]] met vier suierenjins wat deur die [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] ontwikkel en vervaardig is. Daar is ook militêre weergawes van die vliegtuig gebou, die [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] en R5D. Die militêre weergawes is in die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebruik, hulle het ook gehelp met die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] en diens gedoen tot in die 1960's. Sedert 1945 het verskeie lugvaartmaatskappye die DC-4 bedryf. 

== Ontwerp en ontwikkeling ==
Ná toetsvlugte deur United Airlines met die DC-4E, het dit duidelik geword dat die 52-sitplekvliegtuig ondoeltreffend en onbetroubaar was om ekonomies te werk en rederye soos [[American Airlines]], Eastern, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]], [[Trans World Airlines|Trans World]] en [[United Airlines|United]] het 'n lys van verbeteringe van die ontwerp aangevra. Douglas het die nuwe vereistes geneem en 'n heeltemal nuwe, veel kleiner ontwerp, die DC-4A met 'n eenvoudiger romp wat steeds nie onder druk was nie, [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]-enjins, en 'n enkele rigtingroer en vin, geproduseer. Die driewielonderstel is behou.

Met die toetrede van die Verenigde State tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Desember 1941, het die Amerikaanse Lugmag die voorlopige bestellings van die lugdienste oorgeneem en hulle die benaming C-54 Skymaster toegeken. Die eerste C-54 het op 14 Februarie 1942 vanaf Clover Field in [[Santa Monica, Kalifornië|Santa Monica]], [[Kalifornië]] gevlieg.

Om aan militêre vereistes te voldoen, het die eerste produksievliegtuig vier bykomende brandstoftenks in die hoofkajuit gehad, wat die passasiersitplekke tot 26 verminder het. Die volgende groep vliegtuie was die eerste wat volgens militêre spesifikasies gebou is en is die C-54A genoem en met 'n sterker vloer en 'n vragdeur met 'n hystoestel en windas gebou. Die eerste C-54A is in Februarie 1943 afgelewer. Met die bekendstelling van die C-54B in Maart 1944 is die buitenste vlerke verander om geïntegreerde brandstoftenks te hou, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om twee van die kajuitenks te verwyder. Dit het weer die installering van 49 sitplekke (of 16 draagbare) moontlik gemaak. Die C-54C was 'n hibriedvliegtuig vir presidensiële gebruik; dit het 'n C-54A-romp met vier kajuitbrandstoftenks gehad en die C-54B-vlerke met ingeboude tenks om maksimum reikafstand te verseker.

Die mees algemene variant was die C-54D, wat in Augustus 1944 in diens gestel is, in wese 'n C-54B met kragtiger R-2000-11-enjins. Met die C-54E is die laaste twee kajuitbrandstoftenks na die vlerke verskuif, wat meer vrag of 44 passasiersitplekke moontlik gemaak het.

In totaal is 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54's (of R5D in diens van die Amerikaanse Vloot) vir die Verenigde State se weermag gebou tussen 1942 en Januarie 1946 en nog 79 DC-4's is ná die oorlog gebou. 'n Latere variant, met kragtiger Merlin-enjins wat dit toelaat om meer as 40% vinniger te vlieg, is in [[Kanada]] gebou as die Canadair North Star.

Namate die wêreldsituasie al hoe meer gespanne geraak het, het die Amerikaanse regering vervaardigers opdrag gegee om die voorrang aan die produksie van militêre vliegtuie te verleen; dit het Douglas ingesluit. Laasgenoemde het, voordat Amerika behoorlik tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog toegetree het, burgerlike DC-4’s ontwerp, maar die Oorlogsdepartement het in Maart 1941 begin beplan om die nege DC-4’s oor te neem wat toe in die produksieproses was.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=216, 226 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Douglas het in die somer van 1944 begin om onder andere sy Model 1009-passasierslynvliegtuig aggressief te bemark. Hierdie model kon kajuite met of sonder drukreëling hê. Die vloer van die hoofdek was nie versterk nie. United Airlines was die eerste lugredery wat die Model 1009 gekies het en het op 11 September 1944 altesaam 15 vliegtuie bestel. Die Oorlogsbateadministrasie het egter oorlogsurplus-C-54's redelik goedkoop aangebied en United het sy DC-4-1009-bestelling gekanselleer. Douglas kon net 79 van die Model 1009 verkoop. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens was een van die klante.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Operasionele geskiedenis ==
Die DC-4/C-54 het bewys dat dit 'n gewilde en betroubare vliegtuig was, met 1 245 wat tussen Mei 1942 en Augustus 1947 gebou is, insluitend 79 na-oorlogse DC-4's. Verskeie is steeds in diens teen 2022.

Douglas het ontwikkeling van die model tydens die oorlog voortgesit ter voorbereiding vir 'n terugkeer na burgerlike lugvaartgebruik wanneer die oorlog verby was. Verkope van nuwe vliegtuie moes meeding teen 500 oorlogstydse voormalige militêre C-54's en R5D's wat op die burgerlike mark gekom het, waarvan baie deur Douglas na die DC-4-standaard omgeskakel is. Die DC-4's was 'n gunsteling van huurlugrederye soos Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines en Transocean Airlines. In die 1950's was Transocean ([[Oakland]], Kalifornië) die grootste burgerlike gebruiker van die C-54/DC-4.

Douglas het 79 nuwe DC-4's tussen Januarie 1946 en 9 Augustus 1947 vervaardig, waarvan die laaste een aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens]] afgelewer is. Drukvaste kajuite was 'n opsie, maar alle burgerlike DC-4's (en C-54's) is sonder hierdie opsie gebou.

'n Totaal van 330 DC-4's en C-54's is in die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] gebruik, wat hulle een van die mees gebruikte tipes gemaak het.

Kopers van nuutgeboude DC-4's het Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines en Western Airlines in die VSA ingesluit. Oorsese kopers was [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[IBERIA]]-lugredery, Swissair, [[Air France]], Sabena, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.&lt;ref&gt;Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.&lt;/ref&gt; Verskeie lugdienste het nuwe DC-4's gebruik om geskeduleerde trans-Atlantiese vlugte tussen [[Latyns-Amerika]] en [[Europa]] te begin. Van die vroegste was Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Iberia Airlines van Spanje (1946) en Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basiese pryse vir 'n nuwe DC-4 in 1946–47 was ongeveer £140&amp;nbsp;000-£160&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £5&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;759 in 2023). In 1960 was gebruikte DC-4's beskikbaar vir ongeveer £80&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £1&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;159 in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202687.html |title=de havilland {{!}} 1960 {{!}} 2687 {{!}} Flight Archive |journal=Flight |date=18 November 1960 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Produksie van die DC-4 ==
Die totale produksie van die DC-4 en DC-4-variante het op 1244 vliegtuie te staan gekom. Dit het uit die C-54 (24), C-54A (252), C-54B (220), C-54D (380), C-54E (125), C-54G (162), XC-114 (1), YC-116 (1) en DC-4 (79) bestaan. Die C-54-variant is by die Santa Monica- en die Chicago-aanleg gebou.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=226, 308 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Die Douglas C-54A ===
Die C-54A is in Santa Monica (97 C-54A-DO’s) en Chicago (252  C-54A-DC’s) gebou. Dit was die eerste variant wat van die begin af vir militêre gebruik bedoel was en het versterkte kajuitvloere met vraghanteringsfasiliteite gehad. Daar was ’n dubbelvragdeur aan die linkerkant van die romp. Die afmetings van die vragdeur was ongeveer 2.38 meter by 1.7 meter. Voorsiening is gemaak dat voertuie met wiele in en uit die deuropening kan beweeg. Hierdie variant kon 50 troepe op voumateriaalsitplekke of 36 draagbare vervoer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=217 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10417 het met die reeksnommer 6907 in die SALM gedien en het vervolgens die registrasie ZS-NJN gehad voordat hy as 7Q-YYY met Africa Cargo Airlines geregistreer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=230, 231, 257, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10413 het as reeksnommer 6908 in die SALM gedien en was daarna 9Q-CJL met Transair Cargo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die Douglas C-54D ===
Die C-54D is as C-54D-DC’s in die Chicago-aanleg (325) en C-54D-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg (55) gebou. Altesaam 86 van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-3’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan en 22 het as Skymaster Merk I’s na die Britse Koninklike Lugmag gegaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=217, 218, 308, 318 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54E ===
Altesaam 125 eenhede van die C-54 is as C-54E-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou. Twintig van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-4’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan. Die kajuituitleg van hierdie weergawe is gemodifiseer sodat dit vinnig van vragvliegtuie na troepedraers omgeskakel kan word. Die vragweergawe kon tot ongeveer 14740 kilogram se vrag vervoer. Die passasiersweergawe kon óf 50 mense op hol materiaalsitplekke óf as personeeltransportvliegtuig 44 mense in lugrederytipe sitplekke vervoer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=218 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54E-5-DO met die konstruksienommer 27319 het die identiteitsrekord 44-9093 (eers in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep; sien ''Piston Engine Airliners''), N4989K (Phoebus Apollo het Skymaster N4989K van Contact Air verkry; die masjien is op 10 Julie 1998 in ’n kleurskema van natuurlike metaal met ’n blou neus by Phoebus Apollo se basis by die Randse Lughawe gesien) en ZS-PAI.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54G ===
Die C-54G het konstruksienommers van 35929 tot 36090 gehad. Altesaam 162 van hulle is as C-54G-DO’s in Santa Monica gebou en hulle is hoofsaaklik as troepedraers gebruik. Volgens ''Skyleaders'' is die dubbelvragdeur van hierdie variant deur een kleiner deur vervang. Dertien vliegtuie van hierdie variant is as R5D-5’s in VSA-vlootdiens gebruik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=219 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Data vir die DC-4-1009 ==
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 is aangedryf deur Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins en het ’n vlerkspan van 35.8 meter, ’n lengte van 28.6 meter, ’n hoogte van 8.38 meter en ’n vlerkoppervlakte van 445 vierkante meter gehad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=235 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Operasionele gebruik van die DC-4-1009 ==

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van Suidwes Lugdiens ===
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 is oorspronklik vir Trans Australia Airlines gebou en was toe VH-TAC geregistreer. Daarna het hy die registrasie VH-BPA by British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines gehad. Vervolgens het Qantas die vliegtuig bedryf en was hy VH-EBL geregistreer. Die vliegtuig het die individuele naam ''Ondangwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van die SAL ===
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL) se eerste Skymaster was ZS-AUA, en die tipe het in Maart 1946 aangekom en is kort daarna in gebruik geneem. Hoewel die DC-4 nie drukreëling gehad het nie, kon dit tot 61 passasiers teen 362 kilometer per uur in gemakstoelgerief vervoer. In SAL-diens het die DC-4’s die York-skroefvliegtuie op die Springbokdiens vervang en die rondvlug na Londen aansienlik korter gemaak. Die SAL het op 1 Mei 1946 met ’n DC-4-diens tussen Johannesburg en Kaapstad en op 8 Julie 1946 met een na Londen (oor Nairobi, Kartoem en Tripoli) begin. Toe die Constellation in gebruik geneem is, is die DC-4’s aan die oorsese diens onttrek maar is steeds op binnelandse en streeksdienste gebruik en het uiteindelik die Skycoach-ekonomieseklasdiens bedryf wat vanaf 25 Maart 1959 ingestel is. Die SAL het vyf DC-4’s met die registrasienommers ZS-AUA, ZS-AUB, ZS-BMF, ZS-BMG en ZS-BMH asook die C-54 met die registrasienommer ZS-BWN gehad. Nadat die DC-4’s in 1966/1967 aan diens onttrek is, is hulle na die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (SALM) oorgeplaas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Ivan |title=Winged Springboks
1934 to 1996
The aircraft of South African Airways through sixty-two years as Africa’s premier air carrier |date=1996 |publisher=Spring Air |year=1996 |isbn=0-958- 3977-4-0 |pages=11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=227 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toe die laaste DC-4-1009 (konstruksienommer 43157) op 9 Augustus 1947 na die SAL gegaan het, was dit die einde van C-54- en DC-4-produksie. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS

DC-1 through DC-7:

The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=226, 319 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Skymasters deur die SALM gebruik ===
Die SALM het verskeie Douglas Skymasters van die SAL asook van ander bronne verkry. Die eerste voormalige SAL-DC-4-1009’s is in Januarie 1966 aan die SALM afgelewer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Winston |title=85 Years of South African Air Force
1920 – 2005 |date=November 2005 |publisher=Freeworld Publications CC |year=2005 |isbn=0-958-4388-9-7 |location=Nelspruit, South Africa |pages=356 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die volgende DC-4-1009’s is van die SAL na die SALM oorgeplaas:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Registrasie    K/n                  Reeksnommer, datum                     Latere gebeure

ZS-AUA         42934             6901, 17 Januarie 1966                  na ZS-NUR

ZS-AUB         42984             6905, 29 September 1967              terug na ZS-AUB

ZS-BMF         43155             6902, 14 Januarie 1966                 na SALM-museum

ZS-BMG(1)    43156             6903, 21 Januarie 1966                 uitgebrand 24 November 1980

ZS-BMH         43157             6904, 21 Januarie 1966                 weer ZS-BMH Maart 1993

In SALM-diens was die Skymasters van 6901 tot 6908 genommer (met die voormalige SAL-vliegtuie wat van 6901 tot 6905 en die ander wat van 6906 tot 6908 genommer was). Hierdie tipe is van die begin tot die einde deur 44 Eskader bedryf. Die Skymasters is vir die vervoer van troepe en BBP’s gebruik. Vlugte is ook na die Operasionele Gebied (in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië) onderneem. Die Skymasters is aan die einde van 1992 as gevolg van die eertydse rasionaliseringsprogram uit diens gestel. Die laaste vlug van ’n SALM-Skymaster (6905) het op 3 Augustus 1994 plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-museumvereniging ===

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-BMH ====
Douglas DC-4 Skymaster ZS-BMH was die SAL se sewende museumverkryging. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig is ook voorheen deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gebruik en is op 12 Mei 1993 aan die SAL terugbesorg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://saamuseum.co.za/history/History_of_The_South_African_Airways_Museum_Society_webpage.htm|title=The South African Airways Museum Society, NPC
Preserving South Africa’s Civil Aviation History since 1986
Past, Present and Future
Volume II, Museum Aircraft|last=Austin-Williams|first=John|date=Updated 21 July 2024|website=SAA Museum
History}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was die laaste van sy soort wat gebou is en is oorspronklik in Junie 1947 op naam van die SAL geregistreer. Hierdie Skymaster is op 21 Januarie 1966 met die reeksnommer 6904 na die SALM oorgeplaas. In Februarie/Maart 1977 is die vliegtuig as ZS-BMH op naam van Safair Freighters geregistreer (hy is waarskynlik gebruikhuur). Die registrasie van die vliegtuig is op 2 Mei 1977 gekanselleer (vermoedelik het die vliegtuig na die SALM teruggegaan) en het weer die reeksnommer 6904 gekry. Ná sy diens by die SALM is die masjien weer in Maart 1993 as ZS-BMH geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-AUB ====
DC-4 ZS-AUB is op 22 Desember 1995 in die SAL- tegniese gebied by Johannesburg Internasionale Lughawe gesien – hy was vir die SAL-museum bestem. ZS-AUB is op 12 Desember 1995 op naam van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (die Historiese Vlug) geherregistreer. Die skroefvliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 42984 en sy vorige identiteite was SALM 6905 en ZS-AUB. Die eiendomsreg van ZS-AUB, die Douglas DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984, het op 25 Januarie 2001 op Transnet Beperk oorgegaan. (Soos in die Aviation Society of Africa-nuusbriewe van Januarie 1996 en Februarie 1996 en ASA News No 2/2001 gemeld.) Let daarop dat die DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984 in April 1997 ZU-ILI geword het en in Augustus 1997 weer as ZS-AUB geregistreer is. Die vliegtuig het ook die registrasie HB-ILI gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Die Douglas DC-4-1009-skroefvliegtuig met die registrasienommer ZS-AUB is in Desember 2007 aan die SAL-museumvereniging oorhandig. Die vliegtuig kon tot 50 passasiers in ’n Besigheidsklaskonfigurasie vervoer. Met sy reikafstand van meer as 3000 kilometer kon die DC-4 eksotiese bestemmings soos Sentraal- en Oos-Afrika maklik bereik. ZS-AUB is in die “Oranje Stert”-kleurskema van die 1960’s geverf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Variante ==

;DC-4
:Hoofproduk, na-oorlogs
;[[Canadair North Star]]
:Kanadese produksie van 'n [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]-aangedrewe variant met een voorbeeld aangedryf deur [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800]] enjins.

;[[Aviation Traders Carvair]]
:Britse vrag- en motorvragvliegtuig met 'n gemodifiseerde neus en verhoogde kajuit wat toelaat dat voertuie makliker gelaai kan word.

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{en-vertaal|Douglas DC-4}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Douglas-vliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Passasiersvliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Vragvliegtuie]]</text>
      <sha1>eywfp4szwen0kki1cg566eq7w7qxr9u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889583</id>
      <parentid>2889581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gaius, verwysings mag geen wit spasies (&quot;linefeeds&quot;) bevat nie---dit gee 'n foutkode in die wikisintaks</comment>
      <origin>2889583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18073" sha1="35rcsnbfzgxj38w0lfjtmb9k2peqbhh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks-Vliegtuig
|naam= Douglas DC-4
|beeld= Lêer:American Airlines NC90423.jpg
|byskrif=American Airlines NC90423
|tipe=Lugdiens- en vragvliegtuig
|vervaardiger=[[Douglas Aircraft Company]]
|ontwerper=
|eerste vlug= 14 Februarie 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeing history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-4.htm |title=History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bekendstelling= 1942 met [[United Airlines]]
|vrygestel=
|onttrek= 1991
|status= In beperkte gebruik
|hoofgebruiker=
|meer gebruikers= 
|vervaardig=1942 – Augustus 1947
|aantal gebou=80&lt;ref&gt;Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996&lt;/ref&gt; DC-4 en 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54/R5D
|programkoste=
|eenheidskoste=
|ontwikkel van=
|variante met eie artikels=
}}

Die '''Douglas DC-4''' is 'n Amerikaanse skroefaangedrewe [[passasiersvliegtuig]] met vier suierenjins wat deur die [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] ontwikkel en vervaardig is. Daar is ook militêre weergawes van die vliegtuig gebou, die [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] en R5D. Die militêre weergawes is in die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebruik, hulle het ook gehelp met die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] en diens gedoen tot in die 1960's. Sedert 1945 het verskeie lugvaartmaatskappye die DC-4 bedryf. 

== Ontwerp en ontwikkeling ==
Ná toetsvlugte deur United Airlines met die DC-4E, het dit duidelik geword dat die 52-sitplekvliegtuig ondoeltreffend en onbetroubaar was om ekonomies te werk en rederye soos [[American Airlines]], Eastern, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]], [[Trans World Airlines|Trans World]] en [[United Airlines|United]] het 'n lys van verbeteringe van die ontwerp aangevra. Douglas het die nuwe vereistes geneem en 'n heeltemal nuwe, veel kleiner ontwerp, die DC-4A met 'n eenvoudiger romp wat steeds nie onder druk was nie, [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]-enjins, en 'n enkele rigtingroer en vin, geproduseer. Die driewielonderstel is behou.

Met die toetrede van die Verenigde State tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Desember 1941, het die Amerikaanse Lugmag die voorlopige bestellings van die lugdienste oorgeneem en hulle die benaming C-54 Skymaster toegeken. Die eerste C-54 het op 14 Februarie 1942 vanaf Clover Field in [[Santa Monica, Kalifornië|Santa Monica]], [[Kalifornië]] gevlieg.

Om aan militêre vereistes te voldoen, het die eerste produksievliegtuig vier bykomende brandstoftenks in die hoofkajuit gehad, wat die passasiersitplekke tot 26 verminder het. Die volgende groep vliegtuie was die eerste wat volgens militêre spesifikasies gebou is en is die C-54A genoem en met 'n sterker vloer en 'n vragdeur met 'n hystoestel en windas gebou. Die eerste C-54A is in Februarie 1943 afgelewer. Met die bekendstelling van die C-54B in Maart 1944 is die buitenste vlerke verander om geïntegreerde brandstoftenks te hou, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om twee van die kajuitenks te verwyder. Dit het weer die installering van 49 sitplekke (of 16 draagbare) moontlik gemaak. Die C-54C was 'n hibriedvliegtuig vir presidensiële gebruik; dit het 'n C-54A-romp met vier kajuitbrandstoftenks gehad en die C-54B-vlerke met ingeboude tenks om maksimum reikafstand te verseker.

Die mees algemene variant was die C-54D, wat in Augustus 1944 in diens gestel is, in wese 'n C-54B met kragtiger R-2000-11-enjins. Met die C-54E is die laaste twee kajuitbrandstoftenks na die vlerke verskuif, wat meer vrag of 44 passasiersitplekke moontlik gemaak het.

In totaal is 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54's (of R5D in diens van die Amerikaanse Vloot) vir die Verenigde State se weermag gebou tussen 1942 en Januarie 1946 en nog 79 DC-4's is ná die oorlog gebou. 'n Latere variant, met kragtiger Merlin-enjins wat dit toelaat om meer as 40% vinniger te vlieg, is in [[Kanada]] gebou as die Canadair North Star.

Namate die wêreldsituasie al hoe meer gespanne geraak het, het die Amerikaanse regering vervaardigers opdrag gegee om die voorrang aan die produksie van militêre vliegtuie te verleen; dit het Douglas ingesluit. Laasgenoemde het, voordat Amerika behoorlik tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog toegetree het, burgerlike DC-4’s ontwerp, maar die Oorlogsdepartement het in Maart 1941 begin beplan om die nege DC-4’s oor te neem wat toe in die produksieproses was.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS DC-1 through DC-7: The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=216, 226 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Douglas het in die somer van 1944 begin om onder andere sy Model 1009-passasierslynvliegtuig aggressief te bemark. Hierdie model kon kajuite met of sonder drukreëling hê. Die vloer van die hoofdek was nie versterk nie. United Airlines was die eerste lugredery wat die Model 1009 gekies het en het op 11 September 1944 altesaam 15 vliegtuie bestel. Die Oorlogsbateadministrasie het egter oorlogsurplus-C-54's redelik goedkoop aangebied en United het sy DC-4-1009-bestelling gekanselleer. Douglas kon net 79 van die Model 1009 verkoop. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens was een van die klante.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Operasionele geskiedenis ==
Die DC-4/C-54 het bewys dat dit 'n gewilde en betroubare vliegtuig was, met 1 245 wat tussen Mei 1942 en Augustus 1947 gebou is, insluitend 79 na-oorlogse DC-4's. Verskeie is steeds in diens teen 2022.

Douglas het ontwikkeling van die model tydens die oorlog voortgesit ter voorbereiding vir 'n terugkeer na burgerlike lugvaartgebruik wanneer die oorlog verby was. Verkope van nuwe vliegtuie moes meeding teen 500 oorlogstydse voormalige militêre C-54's en R5D's wat op die burgerlike mark gekom het, waarvan baie deur Douglas na die DC-4-standaard omgeskakel is. Die DC-4's was 'n gunsteling van huurlugrederye soos Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines en Transocean Airlines. In die 1950's was Transocean ([[Oakland]], Kalifornië) die grootste burgerlike gebruiker van die C-54/DC-4.

Douglas het 79 nuwe DC-4's tussen Januarie 1946 en 9 Augustus 1947 vervaardig, waarvan die laaste een aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens]] afgelewer is. Drukvaste kajuite was 'n opsie, maar alle burgerlike DC-4's (en C-54's) is sonder hierdie opsie gebou.

'n Totaal van 330 DC-4's en C-54's is in die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] gebruik, wat hulle een van die mees gebruikte tipes gemaak het.

Kopers van nuutgeboude DC-4's het Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines en Western Airlines in die VSA ingesluit. Oorsese kopers was [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[IBERIA]]-lugredery, Swissair, [[Air France]], Sabena, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.&lt;ref&gt;Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.&lt;/ref&gt; Verskeie lugdienste het nuwe DC-4's gebruik om geskeduleerde trans-Atlantiese vlugte tussen [[Latyns-Amerika]] en [[Europa]] te begin. Van die vroegste was Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Iberia Airlines van Spanje (1946) en Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basiese pryse vir 'n nuwe DC-4 in 1946–47 was ongeveer £140&amp;nbsp;000-£160&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £5&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;759 in 2023). In 1960 was gebruikte DC-4's beskikbaar vir ongeveer £80&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £1&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;159 in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202687.html |title=de havilland {{!}} 1960 {{!}} 2687 {{!}} Flight Archive |journal=Flight |date=18 November 1960 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Produksie van die DC-4 ==
Die totale produksie van die DC-4 en DC-4-variante het op 1244 vliegtuie te staan gekom. Dit het uit die C-54 (24), C-54A (252), C-54B (220), C-54D (380), C-54E (125), C-54G (162), XC-114 (1), YC-116 (1) en DC-4 (79) bestaan. Die C-54-variant is by die Santa Monica- en die Chicago-aanleg gebou.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54A ===
Die C-54A is in Santa Monica (97 C-54A-DO’s) en Chicago (252  C-54A-DC’s) gebou. Dit was die eerste variant wat van die begin af vir militêre gebruik bedoel was en het versterkte kajuitvloere met vraghanteringsfasiliteite gehad. Daar was ’n dubbelvragdeur aan die linkerkant van die romp. Die afmetings van die vragdeur was ongeveer 2.38 meter by 1.7 meter. Voorsiening is gemaak dat voertuie met wiele in en uit die deuropening kan beweeg. Hierdie variant kon 50 troepe op voumateriaalsitplekke of 36 draagbare vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10417 het met die reeksnommer 6907 in die SALM gedien en het vervolgens die registrasie ZS-NJN gehad voordat hy as 7Q-YYY met Africa Cargo Airlines geregistreer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=230, 231, 257, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10413 het as reeksnommer 6908 in die SALM gedien en was daarna 9Q-CJL met Transair Cargo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die Douglas C-54D ===
Die C-54D is as C-54D-DC’s in die Chicago-aanleg (325) en C-54D-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg (55) gebou. Altesaam 86 van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-3’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan en 22 het as Skymaster Merk I’s na die Britse Koninklike Lugmag gegaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54E ===
Altesaam 125 eenhede van die C-54 is as C-54E-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou. Twintig van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-4’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan. Die kajuituitleg van hierdie weergawe is gemodifiseer sodat dit vinnig van vragvliegtuie na troepedraers omgeskakel kan word. Die vragweergawe kon tot ongeveer 14740 kilogram se vrag vervoer. Die passasiersweergawe kon óf 50 mense op hol materiaalsitplekke óf as personeeltransportvliegtuig 44 mense in lugrederytipe sitplekke vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

Die Douglas C-54E-5-DO met die konstruksienommer 27319 het die identiteitsrekord 44-9093 (eers in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep; sien ''Piston Engine Airliners''), N4989K (Phoebus Apollo het Skymaster N4989K van Contact Air verkry; die masjien is op 10 Julie 1998 in ’n kleurskema van natuurlike metaal met ’n blou neus by Phoebus Apollo se basis by die Randse Lughawe gesien) en ZS-PAI.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54G ===
Die C-54G het konstruksienommers van 35929 tot 36090 gehad. Altesaam 162 van hulle is as C-54G-DO’s in Santa Monica gebou en hulle is hoofsaaklik as troepedraers gebruik. Volgens ''Skyleaders'' is die dubbelvragdeur van hierdie variant deur een kleiner deur vervang. Dertien vliegtuie van hierdie variant is as R5D-5’s in VSA-vlootdiens gebruik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Data vir die DC-4-1009 ==
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 is aangedryf deur Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins en het ’n vlerkspan van 35.8 meter, ’n lengte van 28.6 meter, ’n hoogte van 8.38 meter en ’n vlerkoppervlakte van 445 vierkante meter gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Operasionele gebruik van die DC-4-1009 ==

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van Suidwes Lugdiens ===
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 is oorspronklik vir Trans Australia Airlines gebou en was toe VH-TAC geregistreer. Daarna het hy die registrasie VH-BPA by British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines gehad. Vervolgens het Qantas die vliegtuig bedryf en was hy VH-EBL geregistreer. Die vliegtuig het die individuele naam ''Ondangwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van die SAL ===
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL) se eerste Skymaster was ZS-AUA, en die tipe het in Maart 1946 aangekom en is kort daarna in gebruik geneem. Hoewel die DC-4 nie drukreëling gehad het nie, kon dit tot 61 passasiers teen 362 kilometer per uur in gemakstoelgerief vervoer. In SAL-diens het die DC-4’s die York-skroefvliegtuie op die Springbokdiens vervang en die rondvlug na Londen aansienlik korter gemaak. Die SAL het op 1 Mei 1946 met ’n DC-4-diens tussen Johannesburg en Kaapstad en op 8 Julie 1946 met een na Londen (oor Nairobi, Kartoem en Tripoli) begin. Toe die Constellation in gebruik geneem is, is die DC-4’s aan die oorsese diens onttrek maar is steeds op binnelandse en streeksdienste gebruik en het uiteindelik die Skycoach-ekonomieseklasdiens bedryf wat vanaf 25 Maart 1959 ingestel is. Die SAL het vyf DC-4’s met die registrasienommers ZS-AUA, ZS-AUB, ZS-BMF, ZS-BMG en ZS-BMH asook die C-54 met die registrasienommer ZS-BWN gehad. Nadat die DC-4’s in 1966/1967 aan diens onttrek is, is hulle na die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (SALM) oorgeplaas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Ivan |title=Winged Springboks
1934 to 1996: The aircraft of South African Airways through sixty-two years as Africa’s premier air carrier |date=1996 |publisher=Spring Air |year=1996 |isbn=0-958- 3977-4-0 |pages=11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Toe die laaste DC-4-1009 (konstruksienommer 43157) op 9 Augustus 1947 na die SAL gegaan het, was dit die einde van C-54- en DC-4-produksie. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Skymasters deur die SALM gebruik ===
Die SALM het verskeie Douglas Skymasters van die SAL asook van ander bronne verkry. Die eerste voormalige SAL-DC-4-1009’s is in Januarie 1966 aan die SALM afgelewer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Winston |title=85 Years of South African Air Force 1920 – 2005 |date=November 2005 |publisher=Freeworld Publications CC |year=2005 |isbn=0-958-4388-9-7 |location=Nelspruit, South Africa |pages=356 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die volgende DC-4-1009’s is van die SAL na die SALM oorgeplaas:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Registrasie    K/n                  Reeksnommer, datum                     Latere gebeure

ZS-AUA         42934             6901, 17 Januarie 1966                  na ZS-NUR

ZS-AUB         42984             6905, 29 September 1967              terug na ZS-AUB

ZS-BMF         43155             6902, 14 Januarie 1966                 na SALM-museum

ZS-BMG(1)    43156             6903, 21 Januarie 1966                 uitgebrand 24 November 1980

ZS-BMH         43157             6904, 21 Januarie 1966                 weer ZS-BMH Maart 1993

In SALM-diens was die Skymasters van 6901 tot 6908 genommer (met die voormalige SAL-vliegtuie wat van 6901 tot 6905 en die ander wat van 6906 tot 6908 genommer was). Hierdie tipe is van die begin tot die einde deur 44 Eskader bedryf. Die Skymasters is vir die vervoer van troepe en BBP’s gebruik. Vlugte is ook na die Operasionele Gebied (in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië) onderneem. Die Skymasters is aan die einde van 1992 as gevolg van die eertydse rasionaliseringsprogram uit diens gestel. Die laaste vlug van ’n SALM-Skymaster (6905) het op 3 Augustus 1994 plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-museumvereniging ===

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-BMH ====
Douglas DC-4 Skymaster ZS-BMH was die SAL se sewende museumverkryging. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig is ook voorheen deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gebruik en is op 12 Mei 1993 aan die SAL terugbesorg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://saamuseum.co.za/history/History_of_The_South_African_Airways_Museum_Society_webpage.htm|title=The South African Airways Museum Society, NPC Preserving South Africa’s Civil Aviation History since 1986 – Past, Present and Future |volume=II|last=Austin-Williams|first=John|date=Updated 21 July 2024|website=SAA Museum History}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was die laaste van sy soort wat gebou is en is oorspronklik in Junie 1947 op naam van die SAL geregistreer. Hierdie Skymaster is op 21 Januarie 1966 met die reeksnommer 6904 na die SALM oorgeplaas. In Februarie/Maart 1977 is die vliegtuig as ZS-BMH op naam van Safair Freighters geregistreer (hy is waarskynlik gebruikhuur). Die registrasie van die vliegtuig is op 2 Mei 1977 gekanselleer (vermoedelik het die vliegtuig na die SALM teruggegaan) en het weer die reeksnommer 6904 gekry. Ná sy diens by die SALM is die masjien weer in Maart 1993 as ZS-BMH geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-AUB ====
DC-4 ZS-AUB is op 22 Desember 1995 in die SAL- tegniese gebied by Johannesburg Internasionale Lughawe gesien – hy was vir die SAL-museum bestem. ZS-AUB is op 12 Desember 1995 op naam van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (die Historiese Vlug) geherregistreer. Die skroefvliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 42984 en sy vorige identiteite was SALM 6905 en ZS-AUB. Die eiendomsreg van ZS-AUB, die Douglas DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984, het op 25 Januarie 2001 op Transnet Beperk oorgegaan. (Soos in die Aviation Society of Africa-nuusbriewe van Januarie 1996 en Februarie 1996 en ASA News No 2/2001 gemeld.) Let daarop dat die DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984 in April 1997 ZU-ILI geword het en in Augustus 1997 weer as ZS-AUB geregistreer is. Die vliegtuig het ook die registrasie HB-ILI gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Die Douglas DC-4-1009-skroefvliegtuig met die registrasienommer ZS-AUB is in Desember 2007 aan die SAL-museumvereniging oorhandig. Die vliegtuig kon tot 50 passasiers in ’n Besigheidsklaskonfigurasie vervoer. Met sy reikafstand van meer as 3000 kilometer kon die DC-4 eksotiese bestemmings soos Sentraal- en Oos-Afrika maklik bereik. ZS-AUB is in die “Oranje Stert”-kleurskema van die 1960’s geverf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Variante ==

;DC-4
:Hoofproduk, na-oorlogs
;[[Canadair North Star]]
:Kanadese produksie van 'n [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]-aangedrewe variant met een voorbeeld aangedryf deur [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800]] enjins.

;[[Aviation Traders Carvair]]
:Britse vrag- en motorvragvliegtuig met 'n gemodifiseerde neus en verhoogde kajuit wat toelaat dat voertuie makliker gelaai kan word.

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings|3}}

{{en-vertaal|Douglas DC-4}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Douglas-vliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Passasiersvliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Vragvliegtuie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889669</id>
      <parentid>2889583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T06:09:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gaius le Roux</username>
        <id>203341</id>
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      <comment>Ek het foto's en byskrifte bygevoeg.</comment>
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      <text bytes="21103" sha1="i769699m27k81bs2zqm1xmuood17lrr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks-Vliegtuig
|naam= Douglas DC-4
|beeld= Lêer:American Airlines NC90423.jpg
|byskrif=American Airlines NC90423
|tipe=Lugdiens- en vragvliegtuig
|vervaardiger=[[Douglas Aircraft Company]]
|ontwerper=
|eerste vlug= 14 Februarie 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeing history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-4.htm |title=History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bekendstelling= 1942 met [[United Airlines]]
|vrygestel=
|onttrek= 1991
|status= In beperkte gebruik
|hoofgebruiker=
|meer gebruikers= 
|vervaardig=1942 – Augustus 1947
|aantal gebou=80&lt;ref&gt;Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996&lt;/ref&gt; DC-4 en 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54/R5D
|programkoste=
|eenheidskoste=
|ontwikkel van=
|variante met eie artikels=
}}

Die '''Douglas DC-4''' is 'n Amerikaanse skroefaangedrewe [[passasiersvliegtuig]] met vier suierenjins wat deur die [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] ontwikkel en vervaardig is. Daar is ook militêre weergawes van die vliegtuig gebou, die [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] en R5D. Die militêre weergawes is in die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebruik, hulle het ook gehelp met die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] en diens gedoen tot in die 1960's. Sedert 1945 het verskeie lugvaartmaatskappye die DC-4 bedryf. 

== Ontwerp en ontwikkeling ==
Ná toetsvlugte deur United Airlines met die DC-4E, het dit duidelik geword dat die 52-sitplekvliegtuig ondoeltreffend en onbetroubaar was om ekonomies te werk en rederye soos [[American Airlines]], Eastern, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]], [[Trans World Airlines|Trans World]] en [[United Airlines|United]] het 'n lys van verbeteringe van die ontwerp aangevra. Douglas het die nuwe vereistes geneem en 'n heeltemal nuwe, veel kleiner ontwerp, die DC-4A met 'n eenvoudiger romp wat steeds nie onder druk was nie, [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]-enjins, en 'n enkele rigtingroer en vin, geproduseer. Die driewielonderstel is behou.

Met die toetrede van die Verenigde State tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Desember 1941, het die Amerikaanse Lugmag die voorlopige bestellings van die lugdienste oorgeneem en hulle die benaming C-54 Skymaster toegeken. Die eerste C-54 het op 14 Februarie 1942 vanaf Clover Field in [[Santa Monica, Kalifornië|Santa Monica]], [[Kalifornië]] gevlieg.

Om aan militêre vereistes te voldoen, het die eerste produksievliegtuig vier bykomende brandstoftenks in die hoofkajuit gehad, wat die passasiersitplekke tot 26 verminder het. Die volgende groep vliegtuie was die eerste wat volgens militêre spesifikasies gebou is en is die C-54A genoem en met 'n sterker vloer en 'n vragdeur met 'n hystoestel en windas gebou. Die eerste C-54A is in Februarie 1943 afgelewer. Met die bekendstelling van die C-54B in Maart 1944 is die buitenste vlerke verander om geïntegreerde brandstoftenks te hou, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om twee van die kajuitenks te verwyder. Dit het weer die installering van 49 sitplekke (of 16 draagbare) moontlik gemaak. Die C-54C was 'n hibriedvliegtuig vir presidensiële gebruik; dit het 'n C-54A-romp met vier kajuitbrandstoftenks gehad en die C-54B-vlerke met ingeboude tenks om maksimum reikafstand te verseker.

Die mees algemene variant was die C-54D, wat in Augustus 1944 in diens gestel is, in wese 'n C-54B met kragtiger R-2000-11-enjins. Met die C-54E is die laaste twee kajuitbrandstoftenks na die vlerke verskuif, wat meer vrag of 44 passasiersitplekke moontlik gemaak het.

In totaal is 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54's (of R5D in diens van die Amerikaanse Vloot) vir die Verenigde State se weermag gebou tussen 1942 en Januarie 1946 en nog 79 DC-4's is ná die oorlog gebou. 'n Latere variant, met kragtiger Merlin-enjins wat dit toelaat om meer as 40% vinniger te vlieg, is in [[Kanada]] gebou as die Canadair North Star.

Namate die wêreldsituasie al hoe meer gespanne geraak het, het die Amerikaanse regering vervaardigers opdrag gegee om die voorrang aan die produksie van militêre vliegtuie te verleen; dit het Douglas ingesluit. Laasgenoemde het, voordat Amerika behoorlik tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog toegetree het, burgerlike DC-4’s ontwerp, maar die Oorlogsdepartement het in Maart 1941 begin beplan om die nege DC-4’s oor te neem wat toe in die produksieproses was.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS DC-1 through DC-7: The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=216, 226 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Douglas het in die somer van 1944 begin om onder andere sy Model 1009-passasierslynvliegtuig aggressief te bemark. Hierdie model kon kajuite met of sonder drukreëling hê. Die vloer van die hoofdek was nie versterk nie. United Airlines was die eerste lugredery wat die Model 1009 gekies het en het op 11 September 1944 altesaam 15 vliegtuie bestel. Die Oorlogsbateadministrasie het egter oorlogsurplus-C-54's redelik goedkoop aangebied en United het sy DC-4-1009-bestelling gekanselleer. Douglas kon net 79 van die Model 1009 verkoop. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens was een van die klante.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Operasionele geskiedenis ==
Die DC-4/C-54 het bewys dat dit 'n gewilde en betroubare vliegtuig was, met 1 245 wat tussen Mei 1942 en Augustus 1947 gebou is, insluitend 79 na-oorlogse DC-4's. Verskeie is steeds in diens teen 2022.

Douglas het ontwikkeling van die model tydens die oorlog voortgesit ter voorbereiding vir 'n terugkeer na burgerlike lugvaartgebruik wanneer die oorlog verby was. Verkope van nuwe vliegtuie moes meeding teen 500 oorlogstydse voormalige militêre C-54's en R5D's wat op die burgerlike mark gekom het, waarvan baie deur Douglas na die DC-4-standaard omgeskakel is. Die DC-4's was 'n gunsteling van huurlugrederye soos Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines en Transocean Airlines. In die 1950's was Transocean ([[Oakland]], Kalifornië) die grootste burgerlike gebruiker van die C-54/DC-4.

Douglas het 79 nuwe DC-4's tussen Januarie 1946 en 9 Augustus 1947 vervaardig, waarvan die laaste een aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens]] afgelewer is. Drukvaste kajuite was 'n opsie, maar alle burgerlike DC-4's (en C-54's) is sonder hierdie opsie gebou.

'n Totaal van 330 DC-4's en C-54's is in die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] gebruik, wat hulle een van die mees gebruikte tipes gemaak het.

Kopers van nuutgeboude DC-4's het Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines en Western Airlines in die VSA ingesluit. Oorsese kopers was [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[IBERIA]]-lugredery, Swissair, [[Air France]], Sabena, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.&lt;ref&gt;Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.&lt;/ref&gt; Verskeie lugdienste het nuwe DC-4's gebruik om geskeduleerde trans-Atlantiese vlugte tussen [[Latyns-Amerika]] en [[Europa]] te begin. Van die vroegste was Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Iberia Airlines van Spanje (1946) en Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basiese pryse vir 'n nuwe DC-4 in 1946–47 was ongeveer £140&amp;nbsp;000-£160&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £5&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;759 in 2023). In 1960 was gebruikte DC-4's beskikbaar vir ongeveer £80&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £1&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;159 in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202687.html |title=de havilland {{!}} 1960 {{!}} 2687 {{!}} Flight Archive |journal=Flight |date=18 November 1960 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Produksie van die DC-4 ==
Die totale produksie van die DC-4 en DC-4-variante het op 1244 vliegtuie te staan gekom. Dit het uit die C-54 (24), C-54A (252), C-54B (220), C-54D (380), C-54E (125), C-54G (162), XC-114 (1), YC-116 (1) en DC-4 (79) bestaan. Die C-54-variant is by die Santa Monica- en die Chicago-aanleg gebou.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54A ===
Die C-54A is in Santa Monica (97 C-54A-DO’s) en Chicago (252  C-54A-DC’s) gebou. Dit was die eerste variant wat van die begin af vir militêre gebruik bedoel was en het versterkte kajuitvloere met vraghanteringsfasiliteite gehad. Daar was ’n dubbelvragdeur aan die linkerkant van die romp. Die afmetings van die vragdeur was ongeveer 2.38 meter by 1.7 meter. Voorsiening is gemaak dat voertuie met wiele in en uit die deuropening kan beweeg. Hierdie variant kon 50 troepe op voumateriaalsitplekke of 36 draagbare vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10417 het met die reeksnommer 6907 in die SALM gedien en het vervolgens die registrasie ZS-NJN gehad voordat hy as 7Q-YYY met Africa Cargo Airlines geregistreer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=230, 231, 257, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10413 het as reeksnommer 6908 in die SALM gedien en was daarna 9Q-CJL met Transair Cargo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:6907 1990-03-24 FAPB 340 her 72dpi.jpg|C-54A 6907 24 Maart 1990 Pietersburg
Lêer:7qyyy 1994-04-23 FALA 097 dust shd25 600x364.jpg|C-54A 7Q-YYY 23 April 1994 Lanseria
Lêer:6908 1989-05-05 FASK 322 her 72dpi.jpg|C-54A 6908 5 Mei 1989 Swartkop
Lêer:9qcjl 1997-07-00 FALA 074 resize.jpg|C-54A 9Q-CJL Julie 1997 Lanseria
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Die Douglas C-54D ===
Die C-54D is as C-54D-DC’s in die Chicago-aanleg (325) en C-54D-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg (55) gebou. Altesaam 86 van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-3’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan en 22 het as Skymaster Merk I’s na die Britse Koninklike Lugmag gegaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Lêer:C9atf 1994-04-23 FALA 227 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|geen|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas C-54D met die konstruksienommer 10811 word op 23 April 1994 by Lanseria-lughawe as C9-ATF van Interocean Airways gesien. Die identiteitsrekord van die skroefvliegtuig is 42-72706, N-706, N4988T, C-GRYZ, C9-ATF, 3D-ATF en C9-ATF.]]

=== Die Douglas C-54E ===
[[Lêer:Zspai 2003-05-04 FAGM P5045544 cr EL 600x450.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas-vliegtuig met die konstruksienommer 27319 is oorspronklik as ’n C-54E-DO in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou, maar is later in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep.]]
Altesaam 125 eenhede van die C-54 is as C-54E-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou. Twintig van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-4’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan. Die kajuituitleg van hierdie weergawe is gemodifiseer sodat dit vinnig van vragvliegtuie na troepedraers omgeskakel kan word. Die vragweergawe kon tot ongeveer 14740 kilogram se vrag vervoer. Die passasiersweergawe kon óf 50 mense op hol materiaalsitplekke óf as personeeltransportvliegtuig 44 mense in lugrederytipe sitplekke vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

Die Douglas C-54E-5-DO met die konstruksienommer 27319 het die identiteitsrekord 44-9093 (eers in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep; sien ''Piston Engine Airliners''), N4989K (Phoebus Apollo het Skymaster N4989K van Contact Air verkry; die masjien is op 10 Julie 1998 in ’n kleurskema van natuurlike metaal met ’n blou neus by Phoebus Apollo se basis by die Randse Lughawe gesien) en ZS-PAI.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54G ===
Die C-54G het konstruksienommers van 35929 tot 36090 gehad. Altesaam 162 van hulle is as C-54G-DO’s in Santa Monica gebou en hulle is hoofsaaklik as troepedraers gebruik. Volgens ''Skyleaders'' is die dubbelvragdeur van hierdie variant deur een kleiner deur vervang. Dertien vliegtuie van hierdie variant is as R5D-5’s in VSA-vlootdiens gebruik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Lêer:9qcoc 1976-12-16 FAJS 447 shd25 her2 600x364.jpg|geen|duimnael|250x250px|Die skroefvliegtuig met die konstruksienommer 35936 is een van 162 C-54G-DO’s wat in Santa Monica gebou is.]]

== Data vir die DC-4-1009 ==
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 is aangedryf deur Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins en het ’n vlerkspan van 35.8 meter, ’n lengte van 28.6 meter, ’n hoogte van 8.38 meter en ’n vlerkoppervlakte van 445 vierkante meter gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsaub 2005-09-24 FALA 076 straicrop LR 600x400.jpg|Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins
Lêer:Zsbmh 1993-09-04 FATH ice 784 LR 600x364.jpg|alt=Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins|Vlerkspan, lengte, hoogte en vlerkoppervlakte
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Operasionele gebruik van die DC-4-1009 ==

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van Suidwes Lugdiens ===
[[Lêer:Zsigb 1977-02-05 FACT 417 her LR her 600x364.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 word op 5 Februarie 1977 as ZS-IGB van Suidwes Lugdiens by Lughawe DF Malan naby Kaapstad gesien. Die vliegtuig het die naam ''Ondangwa''.]]
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 is oorspronklik vir Trans Australia Airlines gebou en was toe VH-TAC geregistreer. Daarna het hy die registrasie VH-BPA by British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines gehad. Vervolgens het Qantas die vliegtuig bedryf en was hy VH-EBL geregistreer. Die vliegtuig het die individuele naam ''Ondangwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van die SAL ===
[[Lêer:Zsbmh 2005-09-17 FASK 6632 LR 600x400.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.]]
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL) se eerste Skymaster was ZS-AUA, en die tipe het in Maart 1946 aangekom en is kort daarna in gebruik geneem. Hoewel die DC-4 nie drukreëling gehad het nie, kon dit tot 61 passasiers teen 362 kilometer per uur in gemakstoelgerief vervoer. In SAL-diens het die DC-4’s die York-skroefvliegtuie op die Springbokdiens vervang en die rondvlug na Londen aansienlik korter gemaak. Die SAL het op 1 Mei 1946 met ’n DC-4-diens tussen Johannesburg en Kaapstad en op 8 Julie 1946 met een na Londen (oor Nairobi, Kartoem en Tripoli) begin. Toe die Constellation in gebruik geneem is, is die DC-4’s aan die oorsese diens onttrek maar is steeds op binnelandse en streeksdienste gebruik en het uiteindelik die Skycoach-ekonomieseklasdiens bedryf wat vanaf 25 Maart 1959 ingestel is. Die SAL het vyf DC-4’s met die registrasienommers ZS-AUA, ZS-AUB, ZS-BMF, ZS-BMG en ZS-BMH asook die C-54 met die registrasienommer ZS-BWN gehad. Nadat die DC-4’s in 1966/1967 aan diens onttrek is, is hulle na die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (SALM) oorgeplaas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Ivan |title=Winged Springboks
1934 to 1996: The aircraft of South African Airways through sixty-two years as Africa’s premier air carrier |date=1996 |publisher=Spring Air |year=1996 |isbn=0-958- 3977-4-0 |pages=11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Toe die laaste DC-4-1009 (konstruksienommer 43157) op 9 Augustus 1947 na die SAL gegaan het, was dit die einde van C-54- en DC-4-produksie. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Skymasters deur die SALM gebruik ===
[[Lêer:44 Sqd 1989-05-06 FASK 332 her 72dpi.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Nommer 44 Eskader het die Skymaster van die begin tot die einde van die tipe se diens in die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag bedryf.]]
Die SALM het verskeie Douglas Skymasters van die SAL asook van ander bronne verkry. Die eerste voormalige SAL-DC-4-1009’s is in Januarie 1966 aan die SALM afgelewer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Winston |title=85 Years of South African Air Force 1920 – 2005 |date=November 2005 |publisher=Freeworld Publications CC |year=2005 |isbn=0-958-4388-9-7 |location=Nelspruit, South Africa |pages=356 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die volgende DC-4-1009’s is van die SAL na die SALM oorgeplaas:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Registrasie    K/n                  Reeksnommer, datum                     Latere gebeure

ZS-AUA         42934             6901, 17 Januarie 1966                  na ZS-NUR

ZS-AUB         42984             6905, 29 September 1967              terug na ZS-AUB

ZS-BMF         43155             6902, 14 Januarie 1966                 na SALM-museum

ZS-BMG(1)    43156             6903, 21 Januarie 1966                 uitgebrand 24 November 1980

ZS-BMH         43157             6904, 21 Januarie 1966                 weer ZS-BMH Maart 1993

In SALM-diens was die Skymasters van 6901 tot 6908 genommer (met die voormalige SAL-vliegtuie wat van 6901 tot 6905 en die ander wat van 6906 tot 6908 genommer was). Hierdie tipe is van die begin tot die einde deur 44 Eskader bedryf. Die Skymasters is vir die vervoer van troepe en BBP’s gebruik. Vlugte is ook na die Operasionele Gebied (in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië) onderneem. Die Skymasters is aan die einde van 1992 as gevolg van die eertydse rasionaliseringsprogram uit diens gestel. Die laaste vlug van ’n SALM-Skymaster (6905) het op 3 Augustus 1994 plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:6901 1989-05-05 FASK 314 her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 6901 Swartkop 5 Mei 1989
Lêer:6902 1989-05-05 FASK 316 her 72dpi.jpg|DC-4 6902 Swartkop 5 Mei 1989
Lêer:6903 0000 FAGM 284 her2 72dpi.jpg|Uitgebrande 6903 by Randse Lughawe
Lêer:6904 1990-03-24 FAPB 338 her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 6904 24 Maart 1990 Pietersburg
Lêer:6905 FAWK 600 resize crop res.jpg|DC-4 6905 Oktober 1995 Waterkloof
Lêer:6905 FAWK 602 resize (2).jpg|DC-4 6905-voordeel Oktober 1995
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-museumvereniging ===

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-BMH ====
Douglas DC-4 Skymaster ZS-BMH was die SAL se sewende museumverkryging. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig is ook voorheen deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gebruik en is op 12 Mei 1993 aan die SAL terugbesorg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://saamuseum.co.za/history/History_of_The_South_African_Airways_Museum_Society_webpage.htm|title=The South African Airways Museum Society, NPC Preserving South Africa’s Civil Aviation History since 1986 – Past, Present and Future |volume=II|last=Austin-Williams|first=John|date=Updated 21 July 2024|website=SAA Museum History}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was die laaste van sy soort wat gebou is en is oorspronklik in Junie 1947 op naam van die SAL geregistreer. Hierdie Skymaster is op 21 Januarie 1966 met die reeksnommer 6904 na die SALM oorgeplaas. In Februarie/Maart 1977 is die vliegtuig as ZS-BMH op naam van Safair Freighters geregistreer (hy is waarskynlik gebruikhuur). Die registrasie van die vliegtuig is op 2 Mei 1977 gekanselleer (vermoedelik het die vliegtuig na die SALM teruggegaan) en het weer die reeksnommer 6904 gekry. Ná sy diens by die SALM is die masjien weer in Maart 1993 as ZS-BMH geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsbmh 1993-05-15 FASK ice 820 LR her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-BMH 15 Mei 1993 Swartkop
Lêer:Zsbmh 2000-09-09 FAWK 088 stof 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-BMH 9 September 2000 Waterkloof
Lêer:Zsbmh 2005-09-17 FASK 6628 cr shd25 600x400.jpg|Skycoach-embleem DC-4 ZS-BMH
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-AUB ====
DC-4 ZS-AUB is op 22 Desember 1995 in die SAL- tegniese gebied by Johannesburg Internasionale Lughawe gesien – hy was vir die SAL-museum bestem. ZS-AUB is op 12 Desember 1995 op naam van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (die Historiese Vlug) geherregistreer. Die skroefvliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 42984 en sy vorige identiteite was SALM 6905 en ZS-AUB. Die eiendomsreg van ZS-AUB, die Douglas DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984, het op 25 Januarie 2001 op Transnet Beperk oorgegaan. (Soos in die Aviation Society of Africa-nuusbriewe van Januarie 1996 en Februarie 1996 en ASA News No 2/2001 gemeld.) Let daarop dat die DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984 in April 1997 ZU-ILI geword het en in Augustus 1997 weer as ZS-AUB geregistreer is. Die vliegtuig het ook die registrasie HB-ILI gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Die Douglas DC-4-1009-skroefvliegtuig met die registrasienommer ZS-AUB is in Desember 2007 aan die SAL-museumvereniging oorhandig. Die vliegtuig kon tot 50 passasiers in ’n Besigheidsklaskonfigurasie vervoer. Met sy reikafstand van meer as 3000 kilometer kon die DC-4 eksotiese bestemmings soos Sentraal- en Oos-Afrika maklik bereik. ZS-AUB is in die “Oranje Stert”-kleurskema van die 1960’s geverf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsaub 2002-09-19 FAWK 320 stof 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-AUB 19 September 2002 Waterkloof
Lêer:Zsaub 2014-09-17 FAGM 4728 cr shd25 600x400.jpg|DC-4 ZS-AUB 17 September 2014 Randse Lughawe
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Variante ==

;DC-4
:Hoofproduk, na-oorlogs
;[[Canadair North Star]]
:Kanadese produksie van 'n [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]-aangedrewe variant met een voorbeeld aangedryf deur [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800]] enjins.

;[[Aviation Traders Carvair]]
:Britse vrag- en motorvragvliegtuig met 'n gemodifiseerde neus en verhoogde kajuit wat toelaat dat voertuie makliker gelaai kan word.

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings|3}}

{{en-vertaal|Douglas DC-4}}

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      <text bytes="21069" sha1="6nqza1xk6s2cmdfj7h4v9r5nv6bf601" xml:space="preserve">{{Infoboks-Vliegtuig
|naam= Douglas DC-4
|beeld= Lêer:American Airlines NC90423.jpg
|byskrif=American Airlines NC90423
|tipe=Lugdiens- en vragvliegtuig
|vervaardiger=[[Douglas Aircraft Company]]
|ontwerper=
|eerste vlug= 14 Februarie 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeing history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/dc-4.htm |title=History: Products: DC-4/C-54 Skymaster Transport |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|bekendstelling= 1942 met [[United Airlines]]
|vrygestel=
|onttrek= 1991
|status= In beperkte gebruik
|hoofgebruiker=
|meer gebruikers= 
|vervaardig=1942 – Augustus 1947
|aantal gebou=80&lt;ref&gt;Piston Engine Airliner Production List 1996&lt;/ref&gt; DC-4 en 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54/R5D
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Die '''Douglas DC-4''' is 'n Amerikaanse skroefaangedrewe [[passasiersvliegtuig]] met vier suierenjins wat deur die [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] ontwikkel en vervaardig is. Daar is ook militêre weergawes van die vliegtuig gebou, die [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] en R5D. Die militêre weergawes is in die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] gebruik, hulle het ook gehelp met die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] en diens gedoen tot in die 1960's. Sedert 1945 het verskeie lugvaartmaatskappye die DC-4 bedryf. 

== Ontwerp en ontwikkeling ==
Ná toetsvlugte deur United Airlines met die DC-4E, het dit duidelik geword dat die 52-sitplekvliegtuig ondoeltreffend en onbetroubaar was om ekonomies te werk en rederye soos [[American Airlines]], Eastern, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]], [[Trans World Airlines|Trans World]] en [[United Airlines|United]] het 'n lys van verbeteringe van die ontwerp aangevra. Douglas het die nuwe vereistes geneem en 'n heeltemal nuwe, veel kleiner ontwerp, die DC-4A met 'n eenvoudiger romp wat steeds nie onder druk was nie, [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasp]]-enjins, en 'n enkele rigtingroer en vin, geproduseer. Die driewielonderstel is behou.

Met die toetrede van die Verenigde State tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Desember 1941, het die Amerikaanse Lugmag die voorlopige bestellings van die lugdienste oorgeneem en hulle die benaming C-54 Skymaster toegeken. Die eerste C-54 het op 14 Februarie 1942 vanaf Clover Field in [[Santa Monica, Kalifornië|Santa Monica]], [[Kalifornië]] gevlieg.

Om aan militêre vereistes te voldoen, het die eerste produksievliegtuig vier bykomende brandstoftenks in die hoofkajuit gehad, wat die passasiersitplekke tot 26 verminder het. Die volgende groep vliegtuie was die eerste wat volgens militêre spesifikasies gebou is en is die C-54A genoem en met 'n sterker vloer en 'n vragdeur met 'n hystoestel en windas gebou. Die eerste C-54A is in Februarie 1943 afgelewer. Met die bekendstelling van die C-54B in Maart 1944 is die buitenste vlerke verander om geïntegreerde brandstoftenks te hou, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om twee van die kajuitenks te verwyder. Dit het weer die installering van 49 sitplekke (of 16 draagbare) moontlik gemaak. Die C-54C was 'n hibriedvliegtuig vir presidensiële gebruik; dit het 'n C-54A-romp met vier kajuitbrandstoftenks gehad en die C-54B-vlerke met ingeboude tenks om maksimum reikafstand te verseker.

Die mees algemene variant was die C-54D, wat in Augustus 1944 in diens gestel is, in wese 'n C-54B met kragtiger R-2000-11-enjins. Met die C-54E is die laaste twee kajuitbrandstoftenks na die vlerke verskuif, wat meer vrag of 44 passasiersitplekke moontlik gemaak het.

In totaal is 1&amp;nbsp;163 C-54's (of R5D in diens van die Amerikaanse Vloot) vir die Verenigde State se weermag gebou tussen 1942 en Januarie 1946 en nog 79 DC-4's is ná die oorlog gebou. 'n Latere variant, met kragtiger Merlin-enjins wat dit toelaat om meer as 40% vinniger te vlieg, is in [[Kanada]] gebou as die Canadair North Star.

Namate die wêreldsituasie al hoe meer gespanne geraak het, het die Amerikaanse regering vervaardigers opdrag gegee om die voorrang aan die produksie van militêre vliegtuie te verleen; dit het Douglas ingesluit. Laasgenoemde het, voordat Amerika behoorlik tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog toegetree het, burgerlike DC-4’s ontwerp, maar die Oorlogsdepartement het in Maart 1941 begin beplan om die nege DC-4’s oor te neem wat toe in die produksieproses was.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francillon |first=René |title=SKYLEADERS DC-1 through DC-7: The Douglas propliners |date=July 2011 |publisher=Haynes Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978 0 85733 157 1 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK |pages=216, 226 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Douglas het in die somer van 1944 begin om onder andere sy Model 1009-passasierslynvliegtuig aggressief te bemark. Hierdie model kon kajuite met of sonder drukreëling hê. Die vloer van die hoofdek was nie versterk nie. United Airlines was die eerste lugredery wat die Model 1009 gekies het en het op 11 September 1944 altesaam 15 vliegtuie bestel. Die Oorlogsbateadministrasie het egter oorlogsurplus-C-54's redelik goedkoop aangebied en United het sy DC-4-1009-bestelling gekanselleer. Douglas kon net 79 van die Model 1009 verkoop. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens was een van die klante.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Operasionele geskiedenis ==
Die DC-4/C-54 het bewys dat dit 'n gewilde en betroubare vliegtuig was, met 1 245 wat tussen Mei 1942 en Augustus 1947 gebou is, insluitend 79 na-oorlogse DC-4's. Verskeie is steeds in diens teen 2022.

Douglas het ontwikkeling van die model tydens die oorlog voortgesit ter voorbereiding vir 'n terugkeer na burgerlike lugvaartgebruik wanneer die oorlog verby was. Verkope van nuwe vliegtuie moes meeding teen 500 oorlogstydse voormalige militêre C-54's en R5D's wat op die burgerlike mark gekom het, waarvan baie deur Douglas na die DC-4-standaard omgeskakel is. Die DC-4's was 'n gunsteling van huurlugrederye soos Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines en Transocean Airlines. In die 1950's was Transocean ([[Oakland]], Kalifornië) die grootste burgerlike gebruiker van die C-54/DC-4.

Douglas het 79 nuwe DC-4's tussen Januarie 1946 en 9 Augustus 1947 vervaardig, waarvan die laaste een aan die [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens]] afgelewer is. Drukvaste kajuite was 'n opsie, maar alle burgerlike DC-4's (en C-54's) is sonder hierdie opsie gebou.

'n Totaal van 330 DC-4's en C-54's is in die [[Berlynse Lugbrug]] gebruik, wat hulle een van die mees gebruikte tipes gemaak het.

Kopers van nuutgeboude DC-4's het Pan American Airways, National Airlines, Northwest Airlines en Western Airlines in die VSA ingesluit. Oorsese kopers was [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[IBERIA]]-lugredery, Swissair, [[Air France]], Sabena, Cubana de Aviación, Avianca, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela (1946) en die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens.&lt;ref&gt;Berry 1967, pp. 70–73.&lt;/ref&gt; Verskeie lugdienste het nuwe DC-4's gebruik om geskeduleerde trans-Atlantiese vlugte tussen [[Latyns-Amerika]] en [[Europa]] te begin. Van die vroegste was Aerolíneas Argentinas (1946), Iberia Airlines van Spanje (1946) en Cubana de Aviación (1948).

Basiese pryse vir 'n nuwe DC-4 in 1946–47 was ongeveer £140&amp;nbsp;000-£160&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £5&amp;nbsp;544&amp;nbsp;759 in 2023). In 1960 was gebruikte DC-4's beskikbaar vir ongeveer £80&amp;nbsp;000 (gelykstaande aan £1&amp;nbsp;534&amp;nbsp;159 in 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202687.html |title=de havilland {{!}} 1960 {{!}} 2687 {{!}} Flight Archive |journal=Flight |date=18 November 1960 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Produksie van die DC-4 ==
Die totale produksie van die DC-4 en DC-4-variante het op 1244 vliegtuie te staan gekom. Dit het uit die C-54 (24), C-54A (252), C-54B (220), C-54D (380), C-54E (125), C-54G (162), XC-114 (1), YC-116 (1) en DC-4 (79) bestaan. Die C-54-variant is by die Santa Monica- en die Chicago-aanleg gebou.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54A ===
Die C-54A is in Santa Monica (97 C-54A-DO’s) en Chicago (252  C-54A-DC’s) gebou. Dit was die eerste variant wat van die begin af vir militêre gebruik bedoel was en het versterkte kajuitvloere met vraghanteringsfasiliteite gehad. Daar was ’n dubbelvragdeur aan die linkerkant van die romp. Die afmetings van die vragdeur was ongeveer 2.38 meter by 1.7 meter. Voorsiening is gemaak dat voertuie met wiele in en uit die deuropening kan beweeg. Hierdie variant kon 50 troepe op voumateriaalsitplekke of 36 draagbare vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10417 het met die reeksnommer 6907 in die SALM gedien en het vervolgens die registrasie ZS-NJN gehad voordat hy as 7Q-YYY met Africa Cargo Airlines geregistreer is.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eastwood and Roach |first=Tony and John |title=Piston-Engined Airliner Production List |date=October 2002 |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop |year=2002 |isbn=0 907178 94 4 |location=West Drayton, Middlesex, England |pages=230, 231, 257, 268 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas C-54A met die konstruksienommer 10413 het as reeksnommer 6908 in die SALM gedien en was daarna 9Q-CJL met Transair Cargo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:6907 1990-03-24 FAPB 340 her 72dpi.jpg|C-54A 6907 24 Maart 1990 Pietersburg
Lêer:7qyyy 1994-04-23 FALA 097 dust shd25 600x364.jpg|C-54A 7Q-YYY 23 April 1994 Lanseria
Lêer:6908 1989-05-05 FASK 322 her 72dpi.jpg|C-54A 6908 5 Mei 1989 Swartkop
Lêer:9qcjl 1997-07-00 FALA 074 resize.jpg|C-54A 9Q-CJL Julie 1997 Lanseria
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Die Douglas C-54D ===
Die C-54D is as C-54D-DC’s in die Chicago-aanleg (325) en C-54D-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg (55) gebou. Altesaam 86 van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-3’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan en 22 het as Skymaster Merk I’s na die Britse Koninklike Lugmag gegaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Lêer:C9atf 1994-04-23 FALA 227 her shd25 her 600x364.jpg|geen|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas C-54D met die konstruksienommer 10811 word op 23 April 1994 by Lanseria-lughawe as C9-ATF van Interocean Airways gesien. Die identiteitsrekord van die skroefvliegtuig is 42-72706, N-706, N4988T, C-GRYZ, C9-ATF, 3D-ATF en C9-ATF.]]

=== Die Douglas C-54E ===
[[Lêer:Zspai 2003-05-04 FAGM P5045544 cr EL 600x450.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas-vliegtuig met die konstruksienommer 27319 is oorspronklik as ’n C-54E-DO in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou, maar is later in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep.]]
Altesaam 125 eenhede van die C-54 is as C-54E-DO’s in die Santa Monica-aanleg gebou. Twintig van hierdie vliegtuie het as R5D-4’s na die VSA-vloot gegaan. Die kajuituitleg van hierdie weergawe is gemodifiseer sodat dit vinnig van vragvliegtuie na troepedraers omgeskakel kan word. Die vragweergawe kon tot ongeveer 14740 kilogram se vrag vervoer. Die passasiersweergawe kon óf 50 mense op hol materiaalsitplekke óf as personeeltransportvliegtuig 44 mense in lugrederytipe sitplekke vervoer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

Die Douglas C-54E-5-DO met die konstruksienommer 27319 het die identiteitsrekord 44-9093 (eers in ’n MC-54M en toe in ’n C-54M omskep), N4989K (Phoebus Apollo het Skymaster N4989K van Contact Air verkry; die masjien is op 10 Julie 1998 in ’n kleurskema van natuurlike metaal met ’n blou neus by Phoebus Apollo se basis by die Randse Lughawe gesien) en ZS-PAI.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

=== Die Douglas C-54G ===
Die C-54G het konstruksienommers van 35929 tot 36090 gehad. Altesaam 162 van hulle is as C-54G-DO’s in Santa Monica gebou en hulle is hoofsaaklik as troepedraers gebruik. Volgens ''Skyleaders'' is die dubbelvragdeur van hierdie variant deur een kleiner deur vervang. Dertien vliegtuie van hierdie variant is as R5D-5’s in VSA-vlootdiens gebruik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Lêer:9qcoc 1976-12-16 FAJS 447 shd25 her2 600x364.jpg|geen|duimnael|250x250px|Die skroefvliegtuig met die konstruksienommer 35936 is een van 162 C-54G-DO’s wat in Santa Monica gebou is.]]

== Data vir die DC-4-1009 ==
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 is aangedryf deur Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins en het ’n vlerkspan van 35.8 meter, ’n lengte van 28.6 meter, ’n hoogte van 8.38 meter en ’n vlerkoppervlakte van 445 vierkante meter gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsaub 2005-09-24 FALA 076 straicrop LR 600x400.jpg|Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins
Lêer:Zsbmh 1993-09-04 FATH ice 784 LR 600x364.jpg|alt=Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp 2SD13-enjins|Vlerkspan, lengte, hoogte en vlerkoppervlakte
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Operasionele gebruik van die DC-4-1009 ==

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van Suidwes Lugdiens ===
[[Lêer:Zsigb 1977-02-05 FACT 417 her LR her 600x364.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 word op 5 Februarie 1977 as ZS-IGB van Suidwes Lugdiens by Lughawe DF Malan naby Kaapstad gesien. Die vliegtuig het die naam ''Ondangwa''.]]
Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43067 is oorspronklik vir Trans Australia Airlines gebou en was toe VH-TAC geregistreer. Daarna het hy die registrasie VH-BPA by British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines gehad. Vervolgens het Qantas die vliegtuig bedryf en was hy VH-EBL geregistreer. Die vliegtuig het die individuele naam ''Ondangwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Die DC-4-1009 Skymaster in diens van die SAL ===
[[Lêer:Zsbmh 2005-09-17 FASK 6632 LR 600x400.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.]]
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL) se eerste Skymaster was ZS-AUA, en die tipe het in Maart 1946 aangekom en is kort daarna in gebruik geneem. Hoewel die DC-4 nie drukreëling gehad het nie, kon dit tot 61 passasiers teen 362 kilometer per uur in gemakstoelgerief vervoer. In SAL-diens het die DC-4’s die York-skroefvliegtuie op die Springbokdiens vervang en die rondvlug na Londen aansienlik korter gemaak. Die SAL het op 1 Mei 1946 met ’n DC-4-diens tussen Johannesburg en Kaapstad en op 8 Julie 1946 met een na Londen (oor Nairobi, Kartoem en Tripoli) begin. Toe die Constellation in gebruik geneem is, is die DC-4’s aan die oorsese diens onttrek maar is steeds op binnelandse en streeksdienste gebruik en het uiteindelik die Skycoach-ekonomieseklasdiens bedryf wat vanaf 25 Maart 1959 ingestel is. Die SAL het vyf DC-4’s met die registrasienommers ZS-AUA, ZS-AUB, ZS-BMF, ZS-BMG en ZS-BMH asook die C-54 met die registrasienommer ZS-BWN gehad. Nadat die DC-4’s in 1966/1967 aan diens onttrek is, is hulle na die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (SALM) oorgeplaas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Ivan |title=Winged Springboks
1934 to 1996: The aircraft of South African Airways through sixty-two years as Africa’s premier air carrier |date=1996 |publisher=Spring Air |year=1996 |isbn=0-958- 3977-4-0 |pages=11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Toe die laaste DC-4-1009 (konstruksienommer 43157) op 9 Augustus 1947 na die SAL gegaan het, was dit die einde van C-54- en DC-4-produksie. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig was ZS-BMH by die SAL geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Skymasters deur die SALM gebruik ===
[[Lêer:44 Sqd 1989-05-06 FASK 332 her 72dpi.jpg|duimnael|250x250px|Nommer 44 Eskader het die Skymaster van die begin tot die einde van die tipe se diens in die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag bedryf.]]
Die SALM het verskeie Douglas Skymasters van die SAL asook van ander bronne verkry. Die eerste voormalige SAL-DC-4-1009’s is in Januarie 1966 aan die SALM afgelewer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Winston |title=85 Years of South African Air Force 1920 – 2005 |date=November 2005 |publisher=Freeworld Publications CC |year=2005 |isbn=0-958-4388-9-7 |location=Nelspruit, South Africa |pages=356 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die volgende DC-4-1009’s is van die SAL na die SALM oorgeplaas:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Registrasie    K/n                  Reeksnommer, datum                     Latere gebeure

ZS-AUA         42934             6901, 17 Januarie 1966                  na ZS-NUR

ZS-AUB         42984             6905, 29 September 1967              terug na ZS-AUB

ZS-BMF         43155             6902, 14 Januarie 1966                 na SALM-museum

ZS-BMG(1)    43156             6903, 21 Januarie 1966                 uitgebrand 24 November 1980

ZS-BMH         43157             6904, 21 Januarie 1966                 weer ZS-BMH Maart 1993

In SALM-diens was die Skymasters van 6901 tot 6908 genommer (met die voormalige SAL-vliegtuie wat van 6901 tot 6905 en die ander wat van 6906 tot 6908 genommer was). Hierdie tipe is van die begin tot die einde deur 44 Eskader bedryf. Die Skymasters is vir die vervoer van troepe en BBP’s gebruik. Vlugte is ook na die Operasionele Gebied (in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië) onderneem. Die Skymasters is aan die einde van 1992 as gevolg van die eertydse rasionaliseringsprogram uit diens gestel. Die laaste vlug van ’n SALM-Skymaster (6905) het op 3 Augustus 1994 plaasgevind.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:6901 1989-05-05 FASK 314 her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 6901 Swartkop 5 Mei 1989
Lêer:6902 1989-05-05 FASK 316 her 72dpi.jpg|DC-4 6902 Swartkop 5 Mei 1989
Lêer:6903 0000 FAGM 284 her2 72dpi.jpg|Uitgebrande 6903 by Randse Lughawe
Lêer:6904 1990-03-24 FAPB 338 her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 6904 24 Maart 1990 Pietersburg
Lêer:6905 FAWK 600 resize crop res.jpg|DC-4 6905 Oktober 1995 Waterkloof
Lêer:6905 FAWK 602 resize (2).jpg|DC-4 6905-voordeel Oktober 1995
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-museumvereniging ===

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-BMH ====
Douglas DC-4 Skymaster ZS-BMH was die SAL se sewende museumverkryging. Hierdie skroefvliegtuig is ook voorheen deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gebruik en is op 12 Mei 1993 aan die SAL terugbesorg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://saamuseum.co.za/history/History_of_The_South_African_Airways_Museum_Society_webpage.htm|title=The South African Airways Museum Society, NPC Preserving South Africa’s Civil Aviation History since 1986 – Past, Present and Future |volume=II|last=Austin-Williams|first=John|date=Updated 21 July 2024|website=SAA Museum History}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die Douglas DC-4-1009 met die konstruksienommer 43157 was die laaste van sy soort wat gebou is en is oorspronklik in Junie 1947 op naam van die SAL geregistreer. Hierdie Skymaster is op 21 Januarie 1966 met die reeksnommer 6904 na die SALM oorgeplaas. In Februarie/Maart 1977 is die vliegtuig as ZS-BMH op naam van Safair Freighters geregistreer (hy is waarskynlik gebruikhuur). Die registrasie van die vliegtuig is op 2 Mei 1977 gekanselleer (vermoedelik het die vliegtuig na die SALM teruggegaan) en het weer die reeksnommer 6904 gekry. Ná sy diens by die SALM is die masjien weer in Maart 1993 as ZS-BMH geregistreer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsbmh 1993-05-15 FASK ice 820 LR her 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-BMH 15 Mei 1993 Swartkop
Lêer:Zsbmh 2000-09-09 FAWK 088 stof 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-BMH 9 September 2000 Waterkloof
Lêer:Zsbmh 2005-09-17 FASK 6628 cr shd25 600x400.jpg|Skycoach-embleem DC-4 ZS-BMH
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Douglas DC-4-1009 ZS-AUB ====
DC-4 ZS-AUB is op 22 Desember 1995 in die SAL- tegniese gebied by Johannesburg Internasionale Lughawe gesien – hy was vir die SAL-museum bestem. ZS-AUB is op 12 Desember 1995 op naam van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (die Historiese Vlug) geherregistreer. Die skroefvliegtuig het die konstruksienommer 42984 en sy vorige identiteite was SALM 6905 en ZS-AUB. Die eiendomsreg van ZS-AUB, die Douglas DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984, het op 25 Januarie 2001 op Transnet Beperk oorgegaan. (Soos in die Aviation Society of Africa-nuusbriewe van Januarie 1996 en Februarie 1996 en ASA News No 2/2001 gemeld.) Let daarop dat die DC-4 met die konstruksienommer 42984 in April 1997 ZU-ILI geword het en in Augustus 1997 weer as ZS-AUB geregistreer is. Die vliegtuig het ook die registrasie HB-ILI gehad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Die Douglas DC-4-1009-skroefvliegtuig met die registrasienommer ZS-AUB is in Desember 2007 aan die SAL-museumvereniging oorhandig. Die vliegtuig kon tot 50 passasiers in ’n Besigheidsklaskonfigurasie vervoer. Met sy reikafstand van meer as 3000 kilometer kon die DC-4 eksotiese bestemmings soos Sentraal- en Oos-Afrika maklik bereik. ZS-AUB is in die “Oranje Stert”-kleurskema van die 1960’s geverf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Lêer:Zsaub 2002-09-19 FAWK 320 stof 600x364.jpg|DC-4 ZS-AUB 19 September 2002 Waterkloof
Lêer:Zsaub 2014-09-17 FAGM 4728 cr shd25 600x400.jpg|DC-4 ZS-AUB 17 September 2014 Randse Lughawe
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Variante ==

;DC-4
:Hoofproduk, na-oorlogs
;[[Canadair North Star]]
:Kanadese produksie van 'n [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]-aangedrewe variant met een voorbeeld aangedryf deur [[Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800]] enjins.

;[[Aviation Traders Carvair]]
:Britse vrag- en motorvragvliegtuig met 'n gemodifiseerde neus en verhoogde kajuit wat toelaat dat voertuie makliker gelaai kan word.

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings|3}}

{{en-vertaal|Douglas DC-4}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Douglas-vliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Passasiersvliegtuie]]
[[Kategorie:Vragvliegtuie]]</text>
      <sha1>6nqza1xk6s2cmdfj7h4v9r5nv6bf601</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>82ste Golden Globe-toekenningsaand</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>423685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889660</id>
      <parentid>2886571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T22:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>223</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2889660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11951" sha1="o48y4t070c301d1dm9bte74w8625xk6" xml:space="preserve">{{Golden Globe-aand
| naam = &lt;big&gt;82&lt;/big&gt;ste Golden Globe-aand
| beeld = 
| onderskrif = 
| datum = [[5 Januarie]] [[2025]]
| plek = Die Beverly Hilton in [[Beverly Hills, Kalifornië]]
| aanbieder = Nikki Glaser
| rolprent = ''The Brutalist'' (drama); &lt;br /&gt;''Emilia Pérez'' (komedie of musiekspel)
| tvreeks = ''Shōgun'' (drama); &lt;br /&gt;''Hacks'' (musiek of komedie)
| program = 
| reeks = ''Baby Reindeer''
| meestepryse = ''Emilia Pérez'', ''Shōgun'' &lt;br&gt;(4 elk)
| benoemings = ''Emilia Pérez'' (10)
}}

Die '''82ste Golden Globe-toekenningsaand''' vir die beste rolprente en televisieprogramme van 2024 is op 5 Januarie 2025 in Die Beverly Hilton, [[Beverly Hills, Kalifornië]], gehou. Dit is deur die komediant Nikki Glaser aangebied – sy was die eerste vroulike aanbieder in die geskiedenis van die [[Golden Globes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Glaser&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=2024-08-28 |title=Nikki Glaser Named 2025 Golden Globe Host—First Host Since Jo Koy's Criticized Performance |magazine=[[Forbes]] |last=Murray |first=Conor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2024/08/28/nikki-glaser-named-2025-golden-globe-host-first-host-since-jo-koys-criticized-performance/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |editor-last=Lane |editor-first=Randall |url-access=limited |issn=0015-6914 |oclc=6465733 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die benoemdes is op 9 Desember 2024 op 'n nuuskonferensie in die Beverly Hilton deur die akteurs [[Morris Chestnut]] en [[Mindy Kaling]] aangekondig.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nominations Announced for 82nd Annual Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/nominations-announced-for-82nd-annual-golden-globes/ |date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-10 |publisher=GoldenGlobes.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Emilia Pérez'', met 10 benoemings, was die komedie of musiekstuk met die meeste benoemings in die geskiedenis van die Golden Globes, net een minder as die algehele rekord van 11 vir Robert Altman se satire ''Nashville'' in 1975 in die dramakategorie.&lt;ref name=&quot;EmiliaPérez&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=2024-12-09 |title=''Emilia Pérez'' Sets Golden Globes Record with 10 Nominations |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Couch |first=Aaron |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2025-golden-globes-emilia-perez-nominations-1236081326/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |editor-last=Moody |editor-first=Nekesa Mumbi |issn=0018-3660 |oclc=44653726 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Brutalist'' het die tweede meeste benoemings vir rolprente (7) gekry, gevolg deur ''Conclave'' met 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noms&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=2024-12-09 |title=''Emilia Pérez'' Picks Up Record-Breaking 10 Golden Globe Nominations |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |last=Richardson |first=Kalia |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/emilia-perez-record-10-golden-globe-nominations-1235197324/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |editor-last=Woods |editor-first=Sean |url-access=subscription |issn=0035-791X |oclc=969027590}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Intussen het ''The Bear'' die meeste TV-benoemings (5) gekry, gevolg deur ''Only Murders in the Building'' en ''Shōgun'', met 4 elk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |date=2024-12-09 |title=Golden Globes 2025 Nominations: ''Emilia Pérez'' Dominates Films with 10 Nods; ''The Bear'' Leads TV with Five |magazine=Variety |last1=Donnelly |first1=Matt |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/golden-globes-nominations-2025-full-list-1236236911/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |last2=Moreau |first2=Jordan |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wenners en benoemdes==
{{beeldgroep2|perrow = 2|total_width=280|align=left
|image1= Jacques Audiard Cannes 2017.jpg|caption1=Jacques Audiard.
|image2= Karla Sofia Gascon at TIFF 2024 the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg|caption2=Karla Sofia Gascón.
}}
Die ''Emilia Pérez''-ster Karla Sofía Gascón was die heel eerste [[Transgender|trans]] benoemde vir 'n Golden Globe vir toneelspel, in die kategorie beste aktrise in 'n rolprent – musiekspel of komedie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karla&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Cooper |first=Alex |date=2024-12-09 |editor-last=Guerrero |editor-first=Desiree |editor2-last=Broverman |editor2-first=Neal |title=Karla Sofía Gascón makes trans history with Golden Globe nomination |url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/karla-sofia-gascon-golden-globes |access-date=2024-12-09 |magazine=The Advocate |issn=0001-8996 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Jacques Audiard, die regisseur en skrywer van die prent, was een van die mense wat die meeste benoem is. Hy het drie benoemings gekry: vir beste regisseur, beste draaiboek en as medeliriekskrywer van die beste oorspronklike liedjie, &quot;El Mal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety&quot;/&gt;

''Emilia Pérez'' is die eerste nie-Engelse rolprent (sommige dele is wel in Engels) wat die Golden Globe vir 'n beste komedie of musiekstuk wen. ''Flow'' is die eerste [[Letties]]e fliek wat wen vir beste geanimeerde rolprent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''Flow'' by Latvian Gints Zilbalodis gets Golden Globe |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/culture/06.01.2025-flow-by-latvian-gints-zilbalodis-gets-golden-globe.a582455/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=eng.lsm.lv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Adrien Brody-61584.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Adrien Brody]]]]
[[Beeld:Fernanda Torres-68482.jpg|thumb|150px|Fernanda Torres]]
[[Beeld:Sebastian Stan-64526.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sebastian Stan]]]]
[[Beeld:Demi Moore at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 3 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Demi Moore]]]]
[[Beeld:Kieran Culkin at the 2024 New York Film Festival 2 (cropped II).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Kieran Culkin]]]]
[[Beeld:Jean Smart by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Jean Smart]]]]
[[Beeld:BansheesBFI131022 (21 of 22) (52447275762) (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Colin Farrell]]]]
[[Beeld:Jodie Foster talking to Kali Reis 2024 (cropped).png|thumb|150px|[[Jodie Foster]]]]
[[Beeld:Jessica Gunning in Outlaws 2017.jpg|thumb|150px|Jessica Gunning]]
Die wenners word eerste en in vet druk genoem, gevolg deur die ander benoemdes.

===Rolprente===
;Beste drama 
* '''''The Brutalist'''''
** ''A Complete Unknown''
** ''Conclave''
** ''Dune: Part Two''
** ''Nickel Boys''
** ''September 5''

;Beste komedie of musiekspel 
* '''''Emilia Pérez'''''
** ''Anor''
** ''Challengers''
** ''A Real Pain''
** ''The Substance''
** 'Wicked''

;Beste akteur in ’n drama 
* '''[[Adrien Brody]] – ''The Brutalist'''''
** [[Timothée Chalamet]] – ''A Complete Unknown''
** [[Daniel Craig]] – ''Queer'' 
** [[Colman Domingo]] – ''Sing Sing''
** [[Ralph Fiennes]] – ''Conclave''
** [[Sebastian Stan]] – ''The Apprentice''

;Beste aktrise in ’n drama 
* '''Fernanda Torres – ''I'm Still Here'''''
** [[Pamela Anderson]] – ''The Last Showgirl'' 
** [[Angelina Jolie]] – ''Maria''
** [[Nicole Kidman]] – ''Babygirl'' 
** [[Tilda Swinton]] – ''The Room Next Door''
** [[Kate Winslet]] – ''Lee''

;Beste akteur in ’n komedie of musiekspel 
* '''[[Sebastian Stan]] – ''A Different Man'''''
** [[Jesse Eisenberg]] – ''A Real Pain'' 
** [[Hugh Grant]] – ''Heretic''
** Gabriel LaBelle – ''Saturday Night''
** [[Jesse Plemons]] – ''Kinds of Kindness''
** [[Glen Powell]] – ''[[Hit Man]]''

;Beste aktrise in ’n komedie of musiekspel 
* '''[[Demi Moore]] – ''The Substance'''''
** [[Amy Adams]] – ''Nightbitch''
** Cynthia Erivo – ''Wicked''
** Karla Sofía Gascón – ''Emilia Pérez''
** [[Mikey Madison]] – ''Anora''
** [[Zendaya]] – ''Challengers''

;Beste manlike byspeler 
* '''[[Kieran Culkin]] – ''A Real Pain'''''
** Yura Borisov – ''Anora''
** [[Edward Norton]] – ''A Complete Unknown''
** [[Guy Pearce]] – ''The Brutalist''
** Jeremy Strong – ''The Apprentice''
** [[Denzel Washington]] – ''Gladiator II''

;Beste vroulike byspeler 
* '''Zoe Saldaña – ''Emilia Pérez'''''
** [[Selena Gomez]] – ''Emilia Pérez''
** [[Ariana Grande]] – ''Wicked''
** [[Felicity Jones]] – ''The Brutalist''
** [[Margaret Qualley]] – ''The Substance''
** [[Isabella Rossellini]] – ''Conclave''

;Beste regisseur 
* '''[[Brady Corbet]] – ''The Brutalist'''''
** Jacques Audiard – ''Emilia Pérez''
** Sean Baker – ''Anora''
** Edward Berger – ''Conclave''
** Coralie Fargeat – ''The Substance''
** Payal Kapadia – ''All We Imagine as Light''

;Beste draaiboek 
* '''Peter Straughan – ''Conclave'''''
** Jacques Audiard – ''Emilia Pérez''
** Sean Baker – ''Anora''
** [[Brady Corbet]] en [[Mona Fastvold]] – ''The Brutalist''
** [[Jesse Eisenberg]] – ''A Real Pain''
** Coralie Fargeat – ''The Substance''

;Beste oorspronklike musiek 
* '''Trent Reznor en Atticus Ross – ''Challengers'''''
** Volker Bertelmann – ''Conclave''
** Daniel Blumberg – ''The Brutalist''
** Kris Bowers – ''The Wild Robot''
** Clément Ducol en Camille – ''Emilia Pérez''
** Hans Zimmer – ''Dune: Part Two''

;Beste oorspronklike liedjie 
* '''&quot;El Mal&quot; (Clément Ducol, Camille, Jacques Audiard) – ''Emilia Pérez'''''
** &quot;Beautiful That Way&quot; (Andrew Wyatt, [[Miley Cyrus]], Lykke Li) – ''The Last Showgirl''
** &quot;Compress / Repress&quot; (Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, Luca Guadagnino) – ''Challengers''
** &quot;Forbidden Road&quot; ([[Robbie Williams]], Freddy Wexler, Sacha Skarbek) – ''Better Man''
** &quot;Kiss the Sky&quot; (Delacey, Jordan K. Johnson, Stefan Johnson, Maren Morris, Michael Pollack, Ali Tamposi) – ''The Wild Robot''
** &quot;Mi Camino&quot; (Clément Ducol, Camille) – ''Emilia Pérez''

=== Televisie ===
;Beste dramareeks 
* '''''Shōgun'''''
** ''The Day of the Jackal''
** ''The Diplomat''
** ''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Smith''
** ''Slow Horses''
** ''Squid Game''

;Beste komedie- of musiekspelreeks 
* '''''Hacks'''''
** ''Abbott Elementary''
** ''The Bear''
** ''The Gentlemen''
** ''Nobody Wants This''
** ''Only Murders in the Building''

;Beste akteur in ’n drama 
* '''Hiroyuki Sanada – ''Shōgun'''''
** [[Donald Glover]] – ''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Smith''
** [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] – ''Presumed Innocent''
** [[Gary Oldman]] – ''Slow Horses''
** [[Eddie Redmayne]] – ''The Day of the Jackal''
** [[Billy Bob Thornton]] – ''Landman''

;Beste aktrise in ’n drama 
* '''Anna Sawai – ''Shōgun'''''
** [[Kathy Bates]] – ''Matlock''
** Emma D'Arcy – ''House of the Dragon''
** [[Maya Erskine]] – ''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Smith''
** [[Keira Knightley]] – ''[[Black Doves]]''
** [[Keri Russell]] – ''The Diplomat''

;Beste akteur in ’n komedie of musiekspel 
* '''Jeremy Allen White – ''The Bear'''''
** [[Adam Brody]] – ''Nobody Wants This''
** [[Ted Danson]] – ''A Man on the Inside''
** [[Steve Martin]] – ''Only Murders in the Building''
** [[Jason Segel]] – ''Shrinking''
** [[Martin Short]] – ''Only Murders in the Building''

;Beste aktrise in ’n komedie of musiekspel 
* '''[[Jean Smart]] – ''Hacks'''''
** [[Kristen Bell]] – ''Nobody Wants This''
** [[Quinta Brunson]] – ''Abbott Elementary''
** Ayo Edebiri – ''The Bear''
** [[Selena Gomez]] – ''Only Murders in the Building''
** [[Kathryn Hahn]] – ''Agatha All Along''

;Beste minireeks of TV-prent 
* '''''Baby Reindeer'''''
** ''Disclaimer''
** ''[[Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story]]''
** ''The Penguin''
** ''Ripley''
** ''True Detective: Night Country''

;Beste manlike byspeler in 'n minireeks of TV-prent
* '''Tadanobu Asano – ''Shōgun'''''
** [[Javier Bardem]] – ''Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story''
** [[Harrison Ford]] – ''Shrinking''
** Jack Lowden – ''Slow Horses''
** Diego Luna – ''La Máquina''
** [[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]] – ''The Bear''

;Beste vroulike byspeler in 'n minireeks of TV-prent
* '''Jessica Gunning – ''[[Baby Reindeer]]'''''
** Liza Colón-Zayas – ''The Bear''
** Hannah Einbinder – ''Hacks''
** [[Dakota Fanning]] – ''Ripley''
** [[Allison Janney]] – ''The Diplomat''
** Kali Reis – ''True Detective: Night Country''

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|3}}

== Skakels ==
* [https://www.goldenglobes.com/ Golden Globes se amptelike webtuiste]
{{vertaaluit| taalafk = en| il = 82nd Golden Globe Awards}}

{{Golden Globe-aande}}

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  <page>
    <title>Xie Zhiling</title>
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{{Databoks}}
'''Xie Zhiling''' (* 8 Desember 1963) is 'n [[Volksrepubliek China|Chinese]] [[atleet]]. Sy het aan die [[Olimpiese Somerspele 1988|Olimpiese Somerspele van 1988]] deelgeneem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/66469 Xie Zhiling]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/zhi-ling-xie Zhi-Ling XIE]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Saadjie}}

{{Normdata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xie, Zhiling}}

[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1963]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]
[[Kategorie:Olimpiese deelnemers]]
[[Kategorie:Chinese atlete]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FC Red Bull Salzburg</title>
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      <text bytes="2839" sha1="o9i2vjbjcc2gd4m88x9tnii4ivadmil" xml:space="preserve">{{Sokkerklub infoboks |
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  klubnaam     = Red Bull Salzburg|
  vollenaam =  Fußballclub Red Bull Salzburg|
  stigting     = 1933 as SV Austria Salzburg|
  stadion   = 	Red Bull Arena, Wals-Siezenheim |
  kapasiteit =  30 188 |
  voorsitter = Harald Lürzer|
  afrigter  = Daniel Beichler|
  liga   = Oostenrykse Bundesliga |
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||bynaam=''Die Roten Bullen'' (Die Rooi Bulle)}}
'''Fußballclub Red Bull Salzburg''', algemeen bekend as bloot '''Red Bull Salzburg''', is 'n [[Oostenryk|Oostenrykse]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerklub]] gebaseer in Wals-Siezenheim in die deelstaat [[Salzburg (deelstaat)|Salzburg]], wat meeding in die Oostenrykse Bundesliga, die topvlug van Oostenrykse sokker. Hul tuisveld is die Red Bull Arena. Weens borgskapbeperkings staan ​​die klub bekend as '''FC Salzburg''' en dra 'n gewysigde wapen wanneer hy in [[FIFA]]- en [[UEFA]]-kompetisies speel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FC Salzburg heading to FIFA Club World Cup 2025 |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/club-world-cup/usa-2025/articles/fc-salzburg-qualify-club-world-cup-2025 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=30 August 2024 |date=18 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/teams/50030--salzburg/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812003123/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/teams/50030--salzburg/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2020 |title=FC Salzburg |website=[[UEFA]] |access-date=10 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die klub was oorspronklik bekend as SV Austria Salzburg en het onder verskeie geborgde name gespeel, insluitend SV Casino Salzburg en SV Wüstenrot Salzburg. In [[2005]] is dit verkry deur Red Bull GmbH, wat die klub hernaam het en sy tradisionele violet en wit kleure na rooi en wit verander het. Hierdie transformasie het daartoe gelei dat sommige ondersteuners 'n nuwe klub, SV Austria Salzburg, gestig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/salzburg.html|title=FC Red Bull Salzburg|website=FootballHistory.org|access-date=2025-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en Amptelike webwerf]
{{Commons-kategorie inlyn|FC Red Bull Salzburg}}

{{Normdata}}
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  <page>
    <title>Manosfeer</title>
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      <text bytes="27694" sha1="6stmeycvxtwyx62irjmnm2pgmll5ur1" xml:space="preserve">Die '''manosfeer''' is 'n verskeidenheid [[webtuiste]]s, [[blog]]s en aanlyn forums wat manlikheid, vrouehaat en teenstand teen [[feminisme]] aanwakker.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}}; {{harvp|Lumsden|2019|pp=98–99}}; {{harvp|Jane|2018|p=662}}; {{harvp|Marwick|Lewis|2017|pp=9, 13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gemeenskappe in die manosfeer sluit in sommige manlike aktivistegroepe, [[insel]]s en vadersregtegroepe. Hoewel die besonderhede van elke groep se oortuigings soms bots, stem al die groepe saam dat die gemeenskap bevooroordeeld teenoor mans is weens die invloed van feminisme en dat feminisme haat teenoor mans bevorder.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}}; {{harvp|Winter|2019|pp=51–54}}; {{harvp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|p=640}}; {{harvp|Marche|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aanvaarding van dié idees word soms in [[Engels]] beskryf as ''taking the red pill'', 'n [[metafoor]] wat uit die rolprent ''[[The Matrix]]'' kom.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Winter|2019|pp=51–54}}; {{harvp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|p=640}}; {{harvp|Marche|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die manosfeer oorvleuel met verregse en radikaalregse groepe. Dit word verbind met aanlyn teistering en is al daarvan beskuldig dat dit mans radikaliseer om vrouehaters te word en dat dit geweld teen vroue verheerlik. Sommige bronne het manosfeergebaseerde radikalisasie verbind met massamoorde wat deur vrouehaat aangewakker is.&lt;ref name=&quot;mass-shootings&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Lewis|2019}}; {{harvp|Dewey|2014}}; {{harvp|Tye|2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die manosfeer het mediadekking gekry ná verskeie skietvoorvalle en die aanlyn teisteringsveldtog teen vroue in die [[videospeletjie]]bedryf bekend as GamerGate.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Ging|2019|p=640}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|pp=1–2}}; {{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{beeldgroep2|perrow = 2 / 2|total_width=280 |align=right
|image1=Carl Benjamin 2018 (cropped).png|caption1=Carl Benjamin
|image2=Andrew Tate - James Tamim Upload (Cropped Wide Portrait).png|caption2=Andrew Tate
|image3=Roosh-daryush-valizadeh.jpg|caption3=Roosh V
|image4=Jordan Peterson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|caption4=Jordan Peterson
}}
Bekende figure in die beweging sluit verskeie beïnvloeders op die [[sosiale media]] in, soos Andrew Tate, Amrou &quot;Myron Gaines&quot; Fudl, Adin Ross, Roosh V, Carl Benjamin en Jordan Peterson.

==Geskiedenis==
Die wortels van die manosfeer lê in die mansbevrydingsbeweging van die 1970's en '80's,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Ging|2019|p=639}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=14}}; {{harvp|Ribeiro|Blackburn|Bradlyn|De Cristofaro|2021|pp=197–198}}&lt;/ref&gt; wat begin het as kritiek op die beperkende aard van tradisionele manlike [[gender]]rolle.{{sfnp|Ribeiro|Blackburn|Bradlyn|De Cristofaro|2021|pp=197–198}} In die 1970's het die opkomende mansregtebeweging mans se probleme begin toedig aan [[feminisme]] en vrouebemagtiging.{{sfnp|Ribeiro|Blackburn|Bradlyn|De Cristofaro|2021|pp=197–198}} Volgens die mediakenner Debbie Ging het die groei van die [[wêreldwye web]] die verspreiding van &quot;venynige&quot; antifeminisme, vrouehaat en verwante gewelddadige retoriek aangehelp.{{sfnp|Ribeiro|Blackburn|Bradlyn|De Cristofaro|2021|pp=197–198}}

Onlangse navorsing speur die manosfeer se moderne inkarnasie terug na aanlyn mansregteforums van die laat 1990's en vroeë 2000's.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Manoel Horta |last2=Blackburn |first2=Jeremy |last3=Bradlyn |first3=Barry |last4=Cristofaro |first4=Emiliano De |last5=Stringhini |first5=Gianluca |last6=Long |first6=Summer |last7=Greenberg |first7=Stephanie |last8=Zannettou |first8=Savvas |date=2021-05-22 |title=The Evolution of the Manosphere across the Web |url=https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18053 |journal=Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media |language=en |volume=15 |pages=196–207 |doi=10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18053 |issn=2334-0770|arxiv=2001.07600 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die ideologiese wortels daarvan strek verder terug na 20ste-eeuse aktiviste-organisasies wat beweer het mans word benadeel in skei- en toesigsake. Mettertyd het dié losweg verbinde ruimtes saamgesmelt in 'n samehangende ekostelsel wat verenig word deur gedeelde frustrasie oor waargenome onregverdighede teenoor mans, 'n ontwikkeling wat versterk is deur sosiale netwerke en aanlyn forums. Kenners meen hoëprofielfigure het dié idees deur [[blog]]s, [[YouTube]]-kanale en ander wetplatforms gewild gemaak, volgelinge versamel en gehelp om die ideologiese raamwerk te skep wat die breër gemeenskap nou vorm gee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 'Manosphere' |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/explainers/the-manosphere-explainer/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=ISD |language=en-GB }}{{Dooie skakel|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deur op dié vroeë fondamente voort te bou het die manosfeer in die vroeë 2010's momentum gekry terwyl aanlyn beïnvloeders “rooipil”-filosofieë aangewakker het – idees wat beweer die gemeenskap is stelselmatig bevooroordeeld teenoor mans – deur virale video's, [[podsending]]s en debatte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Mariel J. |last2=Karim |first2=Sabrina M. |date=2025-01-17 |title=The Manosphere and Politics |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00104140241312095 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=EN |pages=00104140241312095 |doi=10.1177/00104140241312095 |issn=0010-4140|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Volgens mediaberigte en akademiese studies het baie van dié beïnvloeders met opset omstredenheid en konfronterende taal gebruik om hulle aanhangersyfer en inkomste te vergroot. In 'n studie van Januarie 2020 is bevind sulke taktieke het vrouehaat na buite versprei en wydverspreide aanlyn haatveldtogte aangewakker. Dit het ook in sommige gevalle bygedra tot geweld teen vroue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Steele |first=Anne |title=Beyond the Manosphere: A New Wave of Popular Political Podcasts Ascends |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/beyond-the-manosphere-a-new-wave-of-popular-political-podcasts-ascends-79888876 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Beeld:Nick Fuentes screencap from July 2022 virtual debate (3x4 cropped).png|thumb|links|150px|Die Amerikaanse verregse politikus Nick Fuentes in 2022.]]
Die term &quot;manosfeer&quot;, 'n woordspel op &quot;blogosfeer&quot;, is sover bekend in 2009 die eerste keer op [[Blogspot]] gebruik.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Ribeiro|Blackburn|Bradlyn|De Cristofaro|2021|pp=197–198}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|p=15}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|pp=639–640}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is daarna gewild gemaak deur Ian Ironwood, 'n pornografiebemarker wat 'n verskeidenheid blogs en forums saamgevat het in die boek ''The Manosphere: A New Hope For Masculinity''.{{sfnp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}} Die term het 'n algemene woord geword toe nuusmedia dit begin gebruik in stories oor mans wat dade van vrouehaatgeweld, seksuele aanrandings en aanlynteistering gepleeg het.{{sfnp|Ging|2019|p=640}}

Die joernalis Emma A. Jane meen die laat 2000's tot vroeë 2010's was 'n keerpunt toe manosfeergemeenskappe van die rand van die [[internet]] na die hoofstroom beweeg het. Haar hipotese is dat dit saamgeval het met die uitvinding van Web 2.0 en die opkoms van die sosiale media, tesame met voortgesette stelselmatige vrouehaat in die patriargale kultuur. Jane skryf die manosfeer was goed gevestig teen die GamerGate-omstredenheid van 2014, en dat vrouehaattaal soos grafiese dreigemente van [[verkragting]] teen vroue in die hoofstroomredevoering gebruik is deur mans wat nie noodwendig met enige manosfeergroep geïdentifiseer het nie.{{sfnp|Jane|2018|p=667}}

Ná [[Donald Trump]] se oorwinning in die [[Amerikaanse presidentsverkiesing 2024|Amerikaanse presidentsverkiesing van 2024]] het die Associated Press berig 'n &quot;aangemoedigde&quot; manosfeer het die oorwinning gebruik &quot;om vrouehaatspot en {{nowrap|-dreigemente}} aanlyn te regverdig en versterk&quot; en dat dit nie meer net 'n aanlyn verskynsel is nie. Dit het die frase &quot;jou liggaam, my keuse&quot; uitgelig wat teen vroue gebruik is. Die frase is geskep deur die Amerikaanse verregse politieke aktivis Nick Fuentes, saam met die frase &quot;gaan terug na die kombuis&quot; en &quot;herroep die 19de&quot; (wysing van die Amerikaanse grondwet wat vroue die reg gee om te stem). Dit is miljoene kere op [[Twitter|X]] gekyk. Dit het berig die frase word nou ook vanlyn gebruik deur &quot;seuns wat dit in skole dreunsing of manstudente wat dit op universiteitskampusse gebruik&quot;. Hulle het ook 'n man uitgelig wat 'n teken op die Uiversiteit van [[Texas]] vashou wat lui: &quot;Vroue is eiendom.&quot;{{sfnp|Fernando|2024}}

==Temas en ideologie==
Die manosfeer is 'n uiteenlopende groep aanlyn gemeenskappe&lt;ref name=&quot;Diverse&quot;&gt;{{multiref2| {{harvp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|p=553}} |{{harvp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}} |{{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=1904}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; wat mansregtegroepe,&lt;ref name=&quot;MRM&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}}; {{harvp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|pp=86–87}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=2}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|pp=639, 644}}; {{harvp|Van Valkenburgh|2021|pp=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[insel]]s (involuntêre selibate),&lt;ref name=&quot;Incels&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|pp=92–93}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=2}}; {{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Men Going Their Own Way&lt;ref name=&quot;MGTOW&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=2}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|p=93}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|p=644}}; {{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; en vadersregtegroepe&lt;ref name=&quot;fathers' rights&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}}; {{harvp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}}; {{harvp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|p=546}}; {{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=2}}; {{harvp|Nicholas|Agius|2018|pp=30, 34}}&lt;/ref&gt; insluit.
Sommige groepe het botsende verhoudings met mekaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=13–16}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|pp=15–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ging skryf sommige subgroepe &quot;oordryf hulle verskille om dit te laat lyk of hulle mekaar teenstaan, ondanks die feit dat hulle filosofieë feitlik ooreenstem&quot;.{{sfnp|Ging|2019|p=644}} 

Hoewel die besonderhede van elke groep se belange soms verskil, is die algemene ideologie van manosfeergroepe die bevordering van manlikheid, antifeminisme en vrouehaat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Masculinity antifeminism misogyny&quot;&gt;{{multiref2| {{harvp|Hodapp|2017|p=8}} |{{harvp|Jane|2018|p=662}} |{{harvp|Marwick|Lewis|2017|pp=9, 13–14 }} }}&lt;/ref&gt; In besonder word feminste uitgebeeld as dat hulle manlike slagoffers van seksuele aanrandings ignoreer en valse beskuldigings van verkragting teen mans aanmoedig.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|p=546}} Volgens die joernalis Caitlin Dewey kan die hoofbeginsels van die manosfeer afgeskaal word tot (1) die korrupsie van die moderne samelewing deur feminisme, in 'n skending van inherente geslagsverskille tussen mans en vroue; en (2) die vermoë van mans om die samelewing te red of seksuele vaardigheid te verkry deur 'n hipermanlike rol te vervul en vroue te dwing om aan hulle ondergeskik te wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Dewey|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die kriminoloog Lisa Sugiura skryf die botsende groepe in die manosfeer word &quot;verenig deur die sentrale oortuiging dat vroulike waardes, aangevuur deur feminisme, die gemeenskap oorheers en 'n mannehaat-ideologie bevorder wat omvergewerp moet word&quot;.{{sfnp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}} 

===Jargon===
Die manosfeer het sy eie, besondere [[jargon]].{{sfnp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}} Die idee van mannehaat word dikwels opgehaal, beide as 'n ekwivalent van vrouehaat en 'n manier om die bestaan van geïnstitusionaliseerde seksisme te ontken.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pp=553–554}} Sugiura skryf egter &quot;daar is min getuienis dat mannehaat 'n kwessie is wat mans se lewe aantas&quot;.{{sfnp|Sugiura|2021|p=21}} Die kans is groter dat beide manlike en vroulike slagoffers van [[manslag]] deur 'n man vermoor word as deur 'n vrou. Hoewel feminisme in die manosfeer as 'n mannehaatbeweging beskryf word, is daar geen belangrike feministegroepe wat haat teenoor mans aanwakker of geweld deur vroue teen mans aanmoedig nie.{{sfnp|Sugiura|2021|p=21}}

'n Sentrale beginsel van die manosfeer is die begrip &quot;rooi pil&quot;, 'n [[metafoor]] wat uit die rolprent ''[[The Matrix]]'' kom. Dit gaan oor die begrip by mans dat die beskawing deur feminisme oorheers word en bevooroordeeld teenoor mans is.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Winter|2019|pp=51–54}}; {{harvp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|p=640}}; {{harvp|Marche|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die mans van die manosfeer glo feministe en [[politieke korrektheid]] verberg dié realiteit, en dat mans slagoffers is wat moet veg om hulleself te beskerm.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|p=546}}; {{harvp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}; {{harvp|Lewis|2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Om die manosfeer se ideologie te aanvaar is om &quot;die rooi pil te drink&quot;, en dié wat dit nie doen nie &quot;drink die blou pil&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=1–2, 12–13}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|pp=93–94}}; {{harvp|Friedland|2018|pp=126–127}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|p=640}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die skrywer Donna Zuckerberg skryf: &quot;Die rooi pil verteenwoordig 'n nuwe fase in vrouehaat. Die lede bespot en verkleineer nie net vroue nie, maar glo ook mans word in ons beskawing deur vroue onderdruk.&quot;{{sfnp|Zuckerberg|2018|p=15}}

Mans word algemeen in &quot;alfamans&quot; en &quot;betamans&quot; ingedeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Ging|2019|pp=650–651}}; {{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=109–110}}; {{harvp|Nagle|2017|pp=88–89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alfas word beskou as seksueel oorheersend en aantreklik vir vroue, wat graag seks met alfas wil hê, maar met betas sal seks hê vir finansiële voordele. In sommige groepe staan dit bekend as &quot;alpha fux beta bux&quot;.{{sfnp|Ging|2019|p=650}}

==Internetinvloed en verwante bewegings==
Die manosfeer bestaan uit 'n verskeidenheid webtuistes, blogs en aanlyn forums.{{sfnp|Hodapp|2017|p=xv}} [[Reddit]] was eens 'n gewilde plek vir sulke groepe.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|pp=2–3}}; {{harvp|Ging|2019|pp=645–646}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die laat 2010's en vroeë 2020's het Reddit egter begin stappe neem om die ekstremer manosfeersubreddits te ontmoedig. Sommige is verbied, soos /r/incels (2017), sy opvolger, /r/braincels (2018), en /r/MGTOW (Augustus 2021).{{sfnp|Thalen|2021}} Ander subreddits soos /r/TheRedPill is onder &quot;kwarantyn&quot; geplaas, wat beteken 'n waarskuwing word vertoon oor die inhoud en gebruikers moet inteken.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Jones|Trott|Wright|2020|p=2}}; {{harvp|Van Valkenburgh|2021|pp=17–18}}; {{harvp|Farrell|Fernandez|Novotny|Alani|2019|p=92}}; {{harvp|Basu|2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As gevolg hiervan het sekere gemeenskappe nuwe tuistes gekry op toegeefliker netwerke, soos Gab.{{sfnp|Basu|2020}}

Die manosfeer oorvleuel met die ideologieë van wit heerssugtiges en verregse groepe.{{sfnp|Sugiura|2021|p=23}} [[Rassisme]] en [[xenofobie]] is algemeen en waargenome bedreigings teen die [[Weste|Westerse beskawing]] is 'n gewilde onderwerp.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Lewis|2019}}; {{harvp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=2–9, 46}}; {{harvp|Nicholas|Agius|2018|p=52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Verwysings==
{{Verwysings|3}}

===Bronne===
{{refbegin|3}}
* {{cite web |last=Basu |first=Tanya |title=The 'manosphere' is getting more toxic as angry men join the incels |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/07/349052/the-manosphere-is-getting-more-toxic-as-angry-men-join-the-incels/ |website=MIT Technology Review |date=7 February 2020 |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=May 27, 2014 |title=Inside the 'manosphere' that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/05/27/inside-the-manosphere-that-inspired-santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger/ |url-access=limited |access-date=February 9, 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Tracie |last2=Fernandez |first2=Miriam |last3=Novotny |first3=Jakub |last4=Alani |first4=Harith |date=2019 |chapter=Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit |title=WebSci '19: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1145/3292522.3326045 |isbn=978-1-4503-6202-3 |s2cid=195776677 |chapter-url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/61128/1/WebScience139.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Tracie |last2=Araque |first2=Oscar |last3=Fernandez |first3=Miriam |last4=Alani |first4=Harith |title=WebSci '20: Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science |date=2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4503-7989-2 |pages=221–230 |chapter=On the use of Jargon and Word Embeddings to Explore Subculture within the Reddit's Manosphere |chapter-url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/70529/1/WebSci2020%20%281%29.pdf |doi=10.1145/3394231.3397912 |s2cid=219980233}}
* {{Cite news |last=Fernando |first=Christine |date=November 30, 2024 |title=Emboldened 'manosphere' accelerates threats and demeaning language toward women after US election |agency=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-harris-election-womens-rights-social-media-d5cea53480437ac8bf837aaa821e5681 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516052023/https://apnews.com/article/trump-harris-election-womens-rights-social-media-d5cea53480437ac8bf837aaa821e5681 |archive-date=16 May 2025 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Friedland |first=Roger |title=Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics: Cultural Sociology of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-95944-3 |editor1-last=Mast |editor1-first=Jason L. |editor2-last=Alexander |editor2-first=Jeffrey C. |location=Basingstoke, UK |chapter=Donald's Dick: A Man Against the Institutions |doi=10.1111/soin.12328 |pages=115–133 |s2cid=210440082}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ging |first=Debbie |year=2019 |title=Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=638–657 |doi=10.1177/1097184x17706401 |s2cid=149239953 |issn=1097-184X}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Goldwag |first=Arthur |date=March 1, 2012a |title=Leader's Suicide Brings Attention to Men's Rights Movement |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2012/leader%E2%80%99s-suicide-brings-attention-men%E2%80%99s-rights-movement |journal=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |issue=Spring 2012}}
* {{cite web |last=Goldwag |first=Arthur |date=May 15, 2012b |title=Intelligence Report Article Provokes Fury Among Men's Rights Activists |work=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2012/05/15/intelligence-report-article-provokes-outrage-among-mens-rights-activists/ |access-date=February 9, 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Hodapp |first=Christa |title=Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-49-852617-3 |location=Lanham, Md.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jane |first=Emma A. |date=2018 |title=Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator |journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=661–680 |doi=10.1177/1367877917734042 |s2cid=149078033 |issn=1367-8779}}
* {{Cite web |last=Janik |first=Rachel |date=April 24, 2018 |title='I laugh at the death of normies': How incels are celebrating the Toronto mass killing |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/24/i-laugh-death-normies-how-incels-are-celebrating-toronto-mass-killing |access-date=June 13, 2020 |website=Hatewatch |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=Trott |first2=Verity |last3=Wright |first3=Scott |date=2020 |title=Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment |journal=New Media &amp; Society |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1903–1921 |doi=10.1177/1461444819887141 |s2cid=210530415 |issn=1461-4448}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Helen |date=August 7, 2019 |title=To Learn About the Far Right, Start With the 'Manosphere' |website=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/08/anti-feminism-gateway-far-right/595642/ |url-access=limited |access-date=February 9, 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Lumsden |first=Karen |title=Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-03-012632-2 |editor1-last=Lumsden |editor1-first=Karen |location=Cham |editor2-last=Harmer |editor2-first=Emily |chapter={{' &quot;}}I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children&quot; Is Not a Threat. It's an Expression of a Desire': Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling, and Violence on r/MensRights |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332601717 |pages=91–115 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_4 |s2cid=182589139 |via=ResearchGate}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mamié |first1=Robin |last2=Ribeiro |first2=Manoel Horta |last3=West |first3=Robert |title=WebSci '21: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 |date=2021 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4503-8330-1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1145/3447535.3462504 |chapter=Are Anti-Feminist Communities Gateways to the Far Right? Evidence from Reddit and YouTube |arxiv=2102.12837 |s2cid=232045966}}
* {{cite news |last=Marche |first=Stephen |date=April 14, 2016 |title=Swallowing the Red Pill: a journey to the heart of modern misogyny |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/14/the-red-pillreddit-modern-misogyny-manosphere-men?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other |access-date=June 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414064914/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/14/the-red-pill-reddit-modern-misogyny-manosphere-men?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other |archive-date=April 14, 2016}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice E. |last2=Caplan |first2=Robyn |date=2018 |title=Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment |journal=Feminist Media Studies |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=543–559 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568 |issn=1468-0777 |s2cid=149246142}} 
* {{Cite report |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice |last2=Lewis |first2=Rebecca |date=May 15, 2017 |title=Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online |publisher=Data &amp; Society Research Institute |url=https://datasociety.net/library/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/ |location=New York |access-date=June 13, 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagle |first=Angela |title=Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right |publisher=Zero Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78535-543-1 |location=Alresford, UK}}
* {{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Libby |date=May 29, 2014 |title='Aggrieved entitlement' in the Isla Vista shooting |website=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/5/29/5754786/the-santa-barbara-shootings-and-angry-white-men |access-date=February 9, 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Lucy |last2=Agius |first2=Christine |title=The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-68360-7 |location=Cham}}
* {{Cite conference |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Manoel Horta |last2=Blackburn |last3=Bradlyn |first3=Barry |first2=Jeremy |last4=De Cristofaro |first4=Emiliano |last5=Stringhini |first5=Gianluca |last6=Long |first6=Summer |last7=Greenberg |first7=Stephanie |last8=Zannettou |first8=Savvas |display-authors=3 |title=The Evolution of the Manosphere Across the Web |book-title=Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media |date=2021 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=196–207 |isbn=978-1-57735-869-5 |url=https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/18053/17856 |doi=10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18053 |doi-access=free |issn=2334-0770 |publisher=Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence |location=Palo Alto, Calif. |arxiv=2001.07600v5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sugiura |first1=Lisa |title=The Incel Rebellion: The Rise of the Manosphere and the Virtual War Against Women |date=2021 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |location=Bingley, England |isbn=978-1-83982-254-4 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.1108/978-1-83982-254-420211004 |doi-access=free |chapter=The Emergence and Development of the Manosphere }}
* {{Cite web |last=Thalen |first=Mikael |date=2021-08-03 |title=Reddit bans notorious anti-feminist subreddit 'Men Going Their Own Way' |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/mgtow-subreddit-banned/ |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Daily Dot}}
* {{Cite web |last=Tye |first=Charlie |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Inside the warped world of incel extremists |url=http://theconversation.com/inside-the-warped-world-of-incel-extremists-166142 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van Valkenburgh |first=Shawn P. |date=2021 |title=Digesting the Red Pill: Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the Manosphere |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=24 |pages=84–103 |doi=10.1177/1097184X18816118 |issn=1097-184X}}
* {{cite book |last=Winter |first=Aaron |title=Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-03-012632-2 |editor1-last=Lumsden |editor1-first=Karen |location=Cham |editor2-last=Harmer |editor2-first=Emily |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_2 |chapter=Online Hate: From the Far-Right to the 'Alt-Right' and from the Margins to the Mainstream |pages=39–64}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zuckerberg |first=Donna |title=Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-674-97555-2 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=1020311558}}
{{refend}}

==Nog leesstof==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter C. |title=Hunting the Manosphere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/magazine/hunting-the-manosphere.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=13 June 2017 |issn=0028-7822 |url-access=limited }}
* {{cite news |last1=Baumgärtner |first1=Maik |last2=Höfner |first2=Roman |last3=Müller |first3=Ann-Katrin |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Marcel |date=10 Mar 2021 |title=Hatred Against Women: The Dark World of Extremist Misogyny |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-digital-hate-to-analog-violence-the-dark-world-of-extremist-misogyny-a-832ed3cb-21d1-4e84-8c28-089365e91a83 |work=Der Spiegel }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Ellis |first1=Emma Grey |title=Reddit's 'Manosphere' and the Challenge of Quantifying Hate |url=https://www.wired.com/story/misogyny-reddit-research/ |magazine=Wired |date=10 July 2019 |url-access=limited }}
* {{cite web |last1=Fountain |first1=Aaron Jr. |title=It's not just white incels. We need to talk about the Black Manosphere, too. |url=http://blackyouthproject.com/its-not-just-white-incels-we-need-to-talk-about-the-black-manosphere-too/ |website=The Black Youth Project |publisher=University of Chicago; Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=26 Mei 2025 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929060404/http://blackyouthproject.com/its-not-just-white-incels-we-need-to-talk-about-the-black-manosphere-too/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |author1=H.C. |title=What is the manosphere? |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2016/07/05/what-is-the-manosphere |newspaper=The Economist |date=25 July 2016 |url-access=limited }}
* {{cite web |last1=Rich |first1=Ben |last2=Bujalka |first2=Eva |title=The draw of the 'manosphere': understanding Andrew Tate's appeal to lost men |url=https://theconversation.com/the-draw-of-the-manosphere-understanding-andrew-tates-appeal-to-lost-men-199179 |work=The Conversation |date=12 February 2023 }}
{{refend}}

==Skakels==
{{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Manosphere}}

{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Aktivisme]]
[[Kategorie:Sosiologie]]</text>
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    <title>Lys van werke deur W. Somerset Maugham</title>
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      <text bytes="101740" sha1="rycikdvj435cxbn6nr32721c413dvnf" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Maugham facing camera.jpg|duimnael|regs]]
[[W. Somerset Maugham]] (1874&amp;nbsp;– 1965) was 'n Engelse [[dramaturg]], [[roman]]sier en skrywer van kortverhale. Hy is gebore in die Britse ambassade in Parys waar sy vader werksaam was, en is teen 10-jarige ouderdom wees gelaat.{{sfn|Connon|2004}} Hy is grootgemaak deur sy oom, wat probeer het om die jongeling te oorreed om 'n rekenmeester of pastoor te word; in pleks hiervan het Maugham opleiding ontvang as [[dokter|geneesheer]], alhoewel hy nooit op professionele vlak gepraktiseer het nie aangesien sy eerste roman, ''Liza of Lambeth'', gepubliseer is in dieselfde jaar waarin hy sy kwalifikasies voltooi het.{{sfn|Raphael|1976|pp=16–20}}

'n Jaar na die publikasie van sy eerste roman het Maugham bydraes begin lewer aan tydskrifte. Aanvanklik het dié bydraes bestaan uit kortverhale, maar hy het ook rubrieke, nie-fiksie, briewe en outobiografiese stukke geskryf. Baie van sy nie-fiksie stukke is in boekvorm gepubliseer en het 'n wye reeks onderwerpe gedek, soos reisverslae, aktuele sake, outobiografiese stukke en ''belles lettres'' (''Belles-lettres'' (Franse uitspraak: [bɛl lɛtʁ]) is 'n soort skryfwerk wat oorspronklik 'mooi' of 'fyn' skryfwerk beteken het. In die moderne, eng sin word die term toegeken aan literêre werke wat nie in die hoofkategorieë soos fiksie, poësie of drama val nie. Die frase word soms pejoratief gebruik vir skryfwerk wat fokus op die estetiese eienskappe van [[taal]], eerder as die praktiese toepassing daarvan. 'n Skrywer of skryfster van ''belles-lettres'' staan bekend as 'n belletris).&lt;ref name=&quot;Times: Obit&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Simpkins|1985|p=162}} Maugham was ook redakteur van 'n aantal werke, wat dikwels die skryf van 'n voorwoord of inleidende hoofstuk tot die werk van ander skrywers behels het. In 1903 is sy eerste toneelstuk, ''A Man of Honour'', opgevoer by die Imperial Theatre in Londen. Dit was die eerste van vele stukke vir die verhoog, en met die latere ontwikkeling van die bioskoop, is sy romans en verhale ook verwerk vir die silwerdoek.{{sfn|Sanders|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Ashley|2008|pp=62–63}}

By sy afsterwe in 1965 was Maugham, volgens sy biograaf Bryan Connon, een van die kommersieel suksesvolste [[skrywer]]s van die twintigste eeu;{{sfn|Connon|2004}} Volgens ''The Times'' was Maugham &quot;the most assured English writer of his time&quot;, en die blad het voorts geskryf dat &quot;no writer of his generation&amp;nbsp;... graced the world of English letters with more complete or more polished assurance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times: Obit&quot; /&gt;

== Romans en kortverhaalbundels ==
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 165
&lt;!-- Image 1 --&gt;
| image1    = Liza of Lambeth Front cover.jpg
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Titelblad van die eerste uitgawe van ''Liza of Lambeth'', 1897
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Romans en verhaalbundels deur Somerset Maugham
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel{{sfn|Occhiogrosso|1989|pp=214–16}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Gage CA&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Thomas|1990|pp=40–41}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Jaar van eerste &lt;br /&gt;publikasie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uitgewer van eerste uitgawe&lt;br /&gt;(Londen, tensy anders vermeld)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Verw.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Liza of Lambeth''
| 1897
| T. Fisher Unwin
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Liza of Lambeth&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Making of a Saint''
| 1898
| T. Fisher Unwin
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Making of a Saint&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Orientations''
| 1899
| T. Fisher Unwin
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Orientations&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Hero''
| 1901
| Hutchinson
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Hero&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mrs Craddock''
| 1902
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Mrs. Craddock&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Merry-Go-Round''
| 1904
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Merry-go-round&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Bishop's Apron''
| 1906
| Chapman &amp; Hall
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Bishop's Apron &quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Explorer''
| 1908
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Explorer&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Magician''
| 1908
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Magician&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Of Human Bondage''
| 1915
| George H. Doran Company, New York
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Of human bondage&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Moon and Sixpence''
| 1919
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Moon and Sixpence&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Trembling of a Leaf: Little Stories of the South Sea Islands''
| 1921
| George H. Doran Company, New York
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Trembling Leaf&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Painted Veil''
| 1925
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Painted Veil&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Casuarina Tree: Six Stories''
| 1926
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel, bestaande uit ses verhale 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Casuarina Tree&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ashenden: Or the British Agent''
| 1928
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Ashenden&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Cakes and Ale: or, the Skeleton in the Cupboard''
| 1930
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Cakes and Ale&quot; /&gt;

|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Six Stories Written in the First Person Singular''
| 1931
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Person Singular&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Book Bag''
| 1932
| Ray Long &amp; Richard R Smith Inc, New York
| Kortverhaalbundel, bestaande uit 20 verhale
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Book Bag&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Narrow Corner''
| 1932
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Narrow Corner&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ah King''
| 1933
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Ah King&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Judgement Seat''
| 1934
| Centaur Press
| Kortverhaalbundel 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Judgement Seat&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Cosmopolitans''
| 1936
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| Kortverhaalbundel 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Cosmopolitans&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Theatre''
| 1937
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Theatre&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Christmas Holiday''
| 1939
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Christmas Holiday&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Princess September and the Nightingale''
| 1939
| [[Oxford University Press|Drukpers van die Universiteit van Oxford]], Oxford
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Princess September&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Mixture as Before''
| 1940
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Mixture as Before&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Up at the Villa''
| 1941
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Up at the Villa&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Hour Before the Dawn''
| 1942
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Hour Before Dawn&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Unconquered''
| 1944
| House of Books Ltd, New York
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Unconquered&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Razor's Edge''
| 1944
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Razor's Edge&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Then and Now''
| 1946
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Then and Now&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Creatures of Circumstance''
| 1947
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Creatures of Circumstance&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Catalina''
| 1948
| Heinemann
| Roman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Calder|1990|p=193}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Quartet''
| 1948
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Quartet&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Trio''
| 1950
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel deur Maugham, verwerking vir die silwerdoek deur Maugham, R.C. Sherriff en Noel Langley
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Trio&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Encore''
| 1951
| Heinemann
| Kortverhaalbundel deur Maugham, verwerking vir die silwerdoen deur Maugham, T.E.B Clarke, Arthur Macrae en Eric Ambler
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Encore&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Publikasies in tydskrifte ==
{{multiple image
| align     = regs
| direction = vertical
| width     = 165
&lt;!-- Image 1 --&gt;
| image1    = Maugham retouched.jpg
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Maugham in 1934
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel{{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=198–215}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Datum van &lt;br /&gt;publikasie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tydskrif
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Don Sebastian&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1898|Oktober}}
| ''Cosmopolis: A Literary Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Cupid and the Vicar of Swale&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1900|Februarie|7}}
| ''Punch''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Lady Habart&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1900|Mei|9}}
| ''Punch''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Portrait&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1900|November|9}}
| ''Lady's Pictorial''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Really Nice Story&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1901|November|30}}
| ''Black and White''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Image of the Virgin&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1901|Desember|14}}
| ''Black and White''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Schiffbrüchig&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903}}
| ''The Venture''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Pro Patria&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903|Februarie}}
| ''The Pall Mall Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Man of Honour&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903|Maart}}
| ''The Fortnightly Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Point of Law&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903|Oktober}}
| ''The Strand Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Criminal&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1904|Julie|31}}
| ''Lloyd's Weekly News''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;An Irish Gentleman&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1904|September}}
| ''The Strand Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Rehearsal&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1905|Desember|6}}
| ''The Sketch''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Flirtation&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1906|Februarie|3}}
| ''Daily Mail''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Fortunate Painter and the Honest Jew&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1906|Maart|7}}
| ''Bystander''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Marriage of Convenience&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|Junie|23}}
| ''The Illustrated London News''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Making of a Millionaire&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1906|Julie}}
| ''The Lady's Realm''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Good Manners&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1907|Mei}}
| ''Windsor Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Cousin Amy&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|Maart}}
| ''The Pall Mall Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Happy Couple&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|Mei}}
| ''Cassell's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Traveller in Romance&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1909}}
| ''Printer's Pie Annual''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Mother&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1909|April}}
| ''Story-Teller''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Pygmalion at Home and Abroad&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1914|Mei}}
| ''The English Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Gerald Festus Kelly: Student of Character&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1915|Januarie}}
| ''The Studio''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mackintosh&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|November}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Miss Thompson&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|April}}
| ''The Smart Set''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Red&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|April}}
| ''Asia''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;On Writing for the Films&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|Mei}}
| ''North American Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Pool&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|September}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Honolulu&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|Oktober}}
| ''Everybody's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;My South Sea Island&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Januarie|31}}
| ''Daily Mail''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Foreign Devils&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Februarie}}
| ''Asia''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fear&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Maart}}
| ''The Century Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A City Built on a Rock&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Maart}}
| ''Youth''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Philosopher&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|April|18}}
| ''McClure's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Two Studies – Mr Pete; The Vice-Consul&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Julie|8}}
| ''Saturday Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Taipan&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|Oktober}}
| ''Pearson's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Princess and the Nightingale&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1922|Desember|1}}
| ''Pearson's Magazine'' en ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Before the Party&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1922|Desember|2}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Bewitched&quot;{{efn|Later gepubliseer as &quot;P &amp; O&quot;.{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=202}}}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Jane&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|April}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Imposters&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|November}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mayhew&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|Desember}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;German Harry&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Januarie}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Force of Circumstance&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;In a Strange Land&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Februarie}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Luncheon&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|Maart|1}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Round Dozen&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|Maart|2}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Woman Who Wouldn't Take a Hint&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|April}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Letter&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|April}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Dream&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Mei}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Outstation&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|Junie|1}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Happy Man&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|Junie|2}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Salvatore the Fisherman&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Julie}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Home From the Sea&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|September|1}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mr Know-All&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1924|September|2}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Ant and the Grasshopper&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|Oktober}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Novelist or Bond Salesman&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1925|Februarie|1}}
| ''The Bookman''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Widow's Might&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1925|Februarie|2}}
| ''Cosmopolitan''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Man Who Wouldn't Hurt a Fly&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1925|April}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Code of a Gentleman&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1925|Junie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Yellow Streak&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1925|Augustus}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Most Selfish Woman I Knew&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1925|September}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Man with a Scar&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1925|Oktober}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Great Man&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1926|Januarie|1}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The End of the Flight&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1926|Januarie|2}}
| ''Harper's Bazaar''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Another Man without a Country&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1926|Januarie|3}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;An Honest Woman&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Consul&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|April}}
| ''The Golden Book Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Creative Impulse&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|Augustus}}
| ''Harper's Bazaar''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Closed Shop&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1927|September|1}}
| ''Harper's Bazaar''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Footprints in the Jungle&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1927|September|2}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Pearls&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Advice to a Young Author&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|Maart|2}}
| ''The New York Times''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Traitor&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|September}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;One of Those Women&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|Oktober}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;His Excellency&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|November}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Hairless Mexican&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|Desember}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mr Harrington's Washing&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1928|Januarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The British Agent&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1928|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Four Dutchmen&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1928|Desember}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;In Hiding&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Januarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Derelict&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Extraordinary Sex&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Maart}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Straight Flush&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Junie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Man Who Made His Mark&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Junie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Through the Jungle&quot;
| {{dts|format=m|1929|Julie}} en Augustus 1929
| ''Britannia and Eve''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mirage&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1929|Oktober}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Marriage of Convenience&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1929|Desember|1}}
| ''The Strand Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;On the Road to Mandalay&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1929|Desember|2}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Cakes and Ale&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1930|Maart}} to Julie 1930
| ''Harper's Bazaar''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Maltreat the Dead in Fiction&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1930|November}}
| ''The Literary Digest''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Human Element&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1930|Desember}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Virtue&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Vessel of Wrath&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|April}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Maugham Discusses Drama&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Mei}}
|''The Living Age''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Arnold Bennett&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Junie}}
| ''Life and Letters''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Right Thing is the Kind Thing&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Julie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Alien Corn&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Augustus}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Door of Opportunity&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|Oktober}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Temptation of Neil MacAdam&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Narrow Corner&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1932|Oktober}} – Desember 1932
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;For Services Rendered&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1932|November|13}} – 18 Desember 1932
| ''Sunday Express''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Three Fat Women of Antibes&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|Oktober}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Buried Talent&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Best Ever&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|Mei}}
| ''International Magazine'' en ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;How I Write Short Stories&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|Julie|28}}
| ''Saturday Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Short Story&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|Oktober}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Casual Affair&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1934|November|1}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Appearance and Reality&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1934|November|2}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Voice of the Turtle&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1935|Januarie}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Gigolo and Gigolette&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1935|Maart}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Lotus Eater&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1935|Oktober}}
| ''Nash's Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;An Official Position&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|Julie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Lion's Skin&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|November}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Sanatorium&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1938|Desember}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Professional Writer&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|Januarie|29}}
| ''Saturday Review''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Doctor and Patient&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|Februarie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;You and Some More Books&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|Maart|11}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Facts of Life&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|April}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Man with a Conscience&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|Junie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Christmas Holiday&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1939|Augustus}} – November 1939
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Proof Reading as an Avocation&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|Oktober|14}}
| ''Publishers Weekly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Classic Books of America&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|Januarie|6}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Villa on the Hill&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1940|Februarie}} – April 1940
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Britain Views the French Navy&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|Julie}}
| ''The Living Age''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Refugee Ship&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|September}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Insider Story of the Collapse of France&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|Oktober}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Lion at Bay&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|November}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Reading under Bombing&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|November}}
|''The Living Age''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Give me a Murder&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|Desember|28}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;What Tomorrow Holds&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Januarie}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;They are Strange People&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Februarie}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Novelist's Flight from France&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Maart|22}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Little Things of no Consequence&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Maart|29}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;We Have Been Betrayed&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|April|5}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Escape to America&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|April|12}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Theatre&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Mei}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Mr Tomkin's Sitter&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Junie|7}}
| ''The New Yorker''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Culture that is to Come&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Augustus}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;An Exciting Prospect&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Oktober}}
| ''Reader's Digest''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Paintings I Have Liked&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Desember|1}}
| ''Life''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Hour Before Dawn&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1941|Desember}} – April 1942
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Why Do You Dislike Us?&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1942|April|11}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;To Know About England and the English&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1942|Junie|13}}
| ''Publishers Weekly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Morale Made in America&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1942|Julie}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Happy Couple&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|Februarie}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Virtue&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|April}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Unconquered&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|April|10}}
| ''Collier's''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Captain and Miss Reid&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|Junie}}
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Reading and Writing and You&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1943|Augustus|1}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;We Have a Common Heritage&quot;
| {{dts|format=my|1943|Augustus|2}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Terrorist&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|Oktober}}
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Write about What You Know&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|November}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Razor's Edge&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1943|Desember}} – Mei 1944
| ''Redbook''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;How I Like to Play Bridge&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1944|Desember}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;In Defence of Who-Done-Its&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1945|Mei|25}}
| ''Scholastic''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;What Reading Can Do For You&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1945|Augustus}}
| ''Life Story''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Colonel's Lady&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1946|Maart}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Woman of Fifty&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1946|Mei}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Function of the Writer&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1946|Mei|25}}
| ''Writer''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Then and Now&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1946|Mei}} – Junie 1946
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Behind the Story&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1946|Junie}}
| ''Wings''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Episode&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|Maart}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Point of Honour&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|Maart}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;What Should a Novel Do?&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|Maart|3}}
| ''Scholastic''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Romantic Young Lady&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|Junie|21}}
| ''Scholastic''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Gustave Flaubert and [[Madame Bovary]]&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|November}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Henry Fielding and Tom Jones&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|Desember}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Honoré de Balzac]] and Old Man Goriot&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Januarie}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Emily Brontë]] and Wuthering Heights&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Februarie}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Fjodor Dostojefski|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and the Brothers Karamazov&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Maart}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Stendhal and the Red and the Black&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|April}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Jane Austen]] and Pride and Prejudice&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Mei}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Herman Melville]] and Moby Dick&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Junie}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Charles Dickens]] and David Copperfield&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Julie}}
| ''The Atlantic Monthly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Catalina&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1948|Maart}} – Desember 1948
| ''The Windmill''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Spanish Journey&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|Augustus|11}}
| ''Continental Daily Mail''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ten Best Sellers&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|September}}
| ''Good Housekeeping''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;A Writer's Notebook&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1949|Junie}} – Augustus 1949
| ''International Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Augustus&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1949}} Winter 1949/50
| ''Cornhill Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Zurbaran&quot;
| {{dts|format=d|1950|Junie}} Somer 1950
| ''Cornhill Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;After Reading Burke&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1949}} Winter 1950/51
| ''Cornhill Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Somerset Maugham Tells a Story of the Lady from Poona&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1951|Mei|3}}
| ''News Chronicle''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Bidding Started Slowly&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1952|Junie}}
| ''The Connoisseur''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Letter to the editor
| {{dts|format=dmy|1952|Oktober|8}}
| ''John O'London's Weekly''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Looking Back on Eighty Years&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1954|Januarie|28}}
| ''The Listener''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Somerset Maugham and the Greatest Novels&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1954|Junie}} – Oktober 1954
| ''The Sunday Times''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;The Perfect Gentleman&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1955|November}}
| ''Theatre Arts Magazine''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;On Having My Portrait Painted&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|Januarie}}
| ''Horizon''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Credo of a Story Teller&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|Maart|21}}
| ''The Saturday Evening Post''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;On the Approach of Middle Age&quot;
| {{dts|format=dmy|1960|November|15}}
| ''Vogue''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Looking Back&quot;
| {{dts|format=dm|1962|Junie}} – Augustus 1962
| ''Show''
|}

== Versamelde uitgawes ==
[[Lêer:Maugham caric.jpg|duimnael|upright|Karikatuur van Maugham, onbekende datum]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Die kortverhaalbundels van W. Somerset Maugham
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel&lt;ref name=&quot;Gage CA&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Ashley|2008|pp=66–71}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Jaar van eerste &lt;br /&gt;publikasie
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uitgewer van eerste uitgawe &lt;br /&gt;(Londen, tensy anders vermeld}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Verw. 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''East and West''
| 1934
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: East and West&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Altogether''
| 1934
| Heinemann
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Altogether&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Favourite Short Stories''
| 1937
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Favorite Short Stories&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Round Dozen''
| {{sort|1939|1939}}
| The Reprint Society
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Round Dozen&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Somerset Maugham Sampler''
| 1943
| Garden City Publishing, Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Maugham Sampler&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Here and There''
| 1948
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=173}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''East of Suez''
| 1948
| Avon Publishing, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=173}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Maugham Reader''
| 1950
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Maugham Reader&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Complete Short Stories''
| 1951
| Heinemann
| Drie volumes
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Complete Short Stories&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Collected Plays''
| 1952
| Heinemann
| Drie volumes
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Collected Plays 52&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The World Over''
| 1952
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: World Over&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Selected Novels of W. Somerset Maugham''
| 1953
| Heinemann
| Drie volumes
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Selected Novels 53&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Partial View''
| 1954
| Heinemann
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Partial View&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Travel Books''
| 1955
| Heinemann
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Travel Books&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Husbands and Wives''
| 1963
| Pyramid Publications, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=177–78}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Sinners''
| 1964
| Pyramid Publications, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=1738}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Selected Prefaces and Introductions''
| 1964
| Heinemann
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Selected Prefaces and Introductions&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Maugham Twelve''
| 1966
| Heinemann
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Maugham Twelve&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Seventeen Lost Stories''
| 1969
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Lost Stories&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Maugham's Malaysian Stories''
| 1969
| Heinemann, [[Singapoer]]
| geredigeer en met 'n voorwoord deur Anthony Burgess.
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Malaysian Stories&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Traveller in Romance''
| 1984
| Anthony Blond
| Ongebundelde skrywes, 1901–64
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Traveller in Romance&quot; /&gt;
|}

== As redakteur ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Werke wat geredigeer is deur W. Somerset Maugham 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel&lt;ref name=&quot;Gage CA&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Jaar van eerste&lt;br /&gt;publikasie 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Outeur
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uitgewer van eerste uitgawe &lt;br /&gt;(Londen, tensy anders vermeld)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Verw. 
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Venture Annual of Art and Literature''
| 1903
| 
| Baillie, Londen
| Mede-redigeerder saam met Laurence Housman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Venture&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Venture Annual of Art and Literature, 1905''
| 1905
| 
| Simpkin Marshall, Londen
| Mede-redigeerder saam met Laurence Housman
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Venture&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Truth at Last''
| 1924
| Charles Hawtrey
| Little, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Charles Hawtrey&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Traveller's Library''
| 1933
| 
| Doubleday, Doran New York
| In dieselfde jaar uitgereik as ''Fifty Modern English Writers''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Traveller's Library&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Wisdom of Life: An Anthology of Noble Thoughts''
| 1938
| 
| Watts, Londen
| Met Joseph Frederick Green
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=188}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The House with the Green Shutters''
| 1938
| George Douglas
| [[Oxford University Press|Drukpers van die Universiteit van Oxford]], Oxford
| Met 'n inleiding 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Green Shutters&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Tellers of Tales: One Hundred Short Stories from the United States, England, France, Russia and Germany''
| 1939
| 
| Doubleday, Doran, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: 100 Short Stories&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Great Modern Reading: W. Somerset Maugham's Introduction to Modern English and American Literature''
| 1943
| 
| Doubleday, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Modern Reading&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''David Copperfield''
| 1948
| [[Charles Dickens]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Copperfield &quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling''
| 1948
| Henry Fielding
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Tom Jones&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Pride and Prejudice''
| 1949
| [[Jane Austen]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Pride&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Le Père Goriot''
| 1949
| [[Honoré de Balzac]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Goriot&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Wuthering Heights''
| 1949
| [[Emily Brontë]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Wuthering Heights&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Die Karamazof-broers]]''
| 1949
| [[Fjodor Dostojefski]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Karamazov&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Madame Bovary]]''
| 1949
| [[Gustave Flaubert]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Madame Bovary&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Moby-Dick]]''
| 1949
| [[Herman Melville]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Moby Dick&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Red and the Black''
| 1949
| Stendhal
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: red and black&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Oorlog en Vrede]]''
| 1949
| [[Leo Tolstoi]]
| Winston, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: War and peace&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Choice of Kipling's Prose''
| 1952
| [[Rudyard Kipling]]
| Macmillan, New York
| 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Kipling&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Toneelstukke ==
{{multiple image
&lt;!-- Essential parameters --&gt;
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 165
&lt;!-- Image 1 --&gt;
| image1    = Smith-1909-Montage.jpg
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Fotomontage van die Londense opvoering van ''Smith'', met [[Marie Lohr]] (1909)
&lt;!-- Image 2 --&gt;
| image2    = The Land of Promise (1913 play) - 1.jpg
| alt2      =
| caption2  = [[Billie Burke]] in die Broadway-opvoering van ''The Land of Promise'' (1913)
&lt;!-- Image 3 --&gt;
| image3    = Estelle-Winwood-1920-2.jpg
| alt3      =
| caption3  = [[Estelle Winwood]] in die Broadway-opvoering van ''Too Many Husbands'', die VSA-titel van ''Home and Beauty'' (1919)
&lt;!-- Image 4 --&gt;
| image4    = The-Circle-1921-2.jpg
| alt4      =
| caption4  = [[Mrs. Leslie Carter]], Ernest Lawford en John Drew jnr. in die Broadway-opvoering van ''The Circle'' (1921)
&lt;!-- Image 5 --&gt;
| image5    = Cornell-Flemyng-Emery in The Constant Wife.jpg
| alt5      =
| caption5  = [[Katharine Cornell]], [[Robert Flemyng]] en [[John Emery (akteur)|John Emery]] tydens 'n opvoering in 1953 van ''The Constant Wife''
}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Die gepubliseerde toneelstukke van W. Somerset Maugham
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel{{sfn|Sanders|1982|pp=22–23}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Datum van eerste &lt;br /&gt;opvoering
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ligging van &lt;br /&gt;eerste opvoering 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uitgewer
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Datum van &lt;br /&gt;uitgewing
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Verw.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Man of Honour''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903|Februarie|23}}
| Imperial Theatre, Londen
| Chapman &amp; Hall, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1903}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in vier bedrywe 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=35}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Lady Frederick''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1907|Oktober|26}}
| Royal Court Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1912}}
| 'n Komedie in drie bedrywe, geskryf in 1903  
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=55}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jack Straw''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|Maart|26}}
| Vaudeville Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1912}}
| 'n Klug in drie bedrywe, geskryf in 1907  
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=56}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mrs Dot''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|April|26}}
| Harold Pinter Theatre (Comedy Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1912}}
|  'n Klug in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1904 en oorspronklik getiteld ''Worthey's Estate''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=56}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Penelope''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1909|Januarie|9}}
| Harold Pinter Theatre (Comedy Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1912}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1908 en oorspronklik getiteld ''Man and Wife''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=57}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Explorer''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1908|Junie|13}}
| Lyric Theatre, Londen 
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1912}}
| 'n Melodrama in vier bedrywe; geskryf in 1899
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=58}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Tenth Man''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1910|Februarie|24}}
| Gielgud Theatre (Globe Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1913}}
| 'n Tragi-komedie in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1909
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=59}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Landed Gentry''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1910|Oktober|15}}
| Duke of York's Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1913}}
| 'n Blyspel in vier bedrywe; geskryf in 1910
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=59}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Smith''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1909|September|30}}
| Harold Pinter Theatre (Comedy Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1913}}
| 'n Blyspel in vier bedrywe; geskryf in 1909
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=60}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Land of Promise''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1913|Desember|25}}
| Lyceum Theatre, New York
| Bickers &amp; Son, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1913}}
| 'n Blyspel in vier bedrywe 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=61}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Unknown''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|Augustus|9}}
| Aldwych Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1920
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=71}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Circle''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|Maart|3}}
| Haymarket Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1919
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=72}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Caesar's Wife''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1919|Maart|27}}
| Royalty Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1918
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=78}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''East of Suez''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|September|2}}
| Her Majesty's Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in 7 tonele; geskryf in 1922
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=79}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Our Betters''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1917}}
| Hudson Theatre, New York
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1915
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=82}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Home and Beauty''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1919|Augustus|30}}
| Globe Theatre, Atlantic City
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923}}
| 'n Klug in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1917
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=83}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Unattainable''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1916|Februarie|8}}
| Noël Coward Theatre (New Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923}}
| 'n Klug in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1915
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=84 &amp; 280}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Loaves and Fishes''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1911|Februarie|24}}
| Duke of York's Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924}}
| 'n Blyspel in vier bedrywe; geskryf in 1902
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=84}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Constant Wife''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|November|1}}
| Ohio Theatre
| George H. Doran Company, New York
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe  
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=93–94}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Letter''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927|Februarie|24}}
| Playhouse Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1927}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|p=94}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Sacred Flame''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1928|November}}
| New York
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co, New York
| {{dts|format=dmy|1928}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe  
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=97–98}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Bread-Winner''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1930|September|30}}
| Vaudeville Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1930}}
| 'n Blyspel in een bedryf; geskryf 1930
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | {{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=103–04}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''For Services Rendered''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|November|1}}
| Gielgud Theatre (Globe Theatre)
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1932
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=109}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Sheppey''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|September|14}}
| Wyndham's Theatre
| Heinemann, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933}}
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1932
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|p=113}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Noble Spaniard''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1909|Maart|20}}
| Royalty Theatre
| Evans Brothers, Londen
| {{dts|format=dmy|1953}}
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1908
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |{{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=158–59}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|+ Ongepubliseerde toneelstukke deur W. Somerset Maugham
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel&lt;ref name=&quot;Gage CA&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Sanders|1982|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=307–08}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Datum van eerste &lt;br /&gt;opvoering  
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ligging van &lt;br /&gt;eerste opvoering  
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notas
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mademoiselle Zampa''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1904}}
| Avenue Theatre
| Slegs 20 opvoerings  
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Trip to Brighton''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1911}}
| Londen
| Verwerking van 'n toneelstuk deur Abel Tarride
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mrs. Beamish''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1917
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Under the Circumstances''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe  
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Keys to Heaven''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1917
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Love in a Cottage''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1918|Januarie|27}}
| Gielgud Theatre (Globe Theatre)
| 'n Blyspel in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1917
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Not To-Night, Josephine!''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Klug; geskryf in 1919
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Camel's Back''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|Oktober|29}}
| Worcester Theatre, Worcester, MA
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1924
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Road Uphill''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1924
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Force of Nature''
| 
| ''Nie opgevoer nie''
| 'n Toneelstuk in drie bedrywe; geskryf in 1928
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Mask and the Face''
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|Mei}}
| Colonial Theatre, Boston
| Verwerking van 'n toneelstuk deur Luigi Chiarelli
|}

== Nie-fiksie ==
[[Lêer:Maugham early career - switched.jpg|duimnael|upright|Maugham in sy vroeë loopbaan]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Titel{{sfn|Thomas|1990|p=41}}
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Jaar van eerste &lt;br /&gt;publikasie 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Uitgewer van eerste uitgawe&lt;br /&gt;(Londen, tensy anders vermeld)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Onderwerp
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Verw.
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Land of the Blessed Virgin: Sketches and Impressions in Andalusia''
| 1905
| Heinemann
| Reisverhaal 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Blessed Virgin&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''On a Chinese Screen''
| 1922
| Heinemann
| Reisverhaal
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: On a Chinese screen&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Gentleman in the Parlour: A Record of a Journey From Rangoon to Haiphong''
| 1930
| Heinemann
| Reisverhaal 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Parlour&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Don Fernando''
| 1935
| Heinemann
| Reisverhaal 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Don Fernando&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''My South Sea Island''
| 1936
| Heinemann
| Reisverhaal
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: South Sea&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Summing Up''
| 1938
| Heinemann
| Outobiografie
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Summing Up&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''France at War''
| 1940
| Heinemann
| Aktuele sake
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: France at War&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Books and You''
| 1940
| Heinemann
| Essays
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Books and You&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Strictly Personal''
| 1941
| Doubleday, Doran &amp; Co., Garden City, NY
| Outobiografie
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Strictly personal&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Of Human Bondage, With a Digression on the Art of Fiction''
| 1946
| US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
| Voorlegging 
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Bondage address&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Great Novelists and Their Novels''{{efn|Die uitgawe in die Verenigde Koninkryk is in 1954 gepubliseer onder die titel ''Ten Novels and Their Authors''.{{sfn|Stott|1973|pp=148–49}}}}
| 1948
| Winston, New York
| Essays
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Great Novelists&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''A Writer's Notebook''
| 1949
| Heinemann
| Belles lettres
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Writer's Notebook&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Writer's Point of View''
| 1951
| Drukpers van die [[Universiteit van Cambridge]]
| Essays
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Writer's Point&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Vagrant Mood''
| 1952
| Heinemann
| Essays
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Vagrant Mood&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Points of View''
| 1958
| Heinemann
| Essays
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Points of View&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Notas ==
{{notelist}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings
| colwidth = 25em
| refs =

&lt;ref name=&quot;Gage CA&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=W(illiam) Somerset Maugham 1874–1965|url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/GLD/hits?r=d&amp;origSearch=true&amp;o=DataType&amp;n=10&amp;l=d&amp;c=1&amp;locID=wes_ttda&amp;secondary=false&amp;u=CA&amp;t=KW&amp;s=2&amp;NA=Somerset+Maugham|work=Contemporary Authors|publisher=Gale|access-date=7 Julie 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Times: Obit&quot;&gt;
{{cite news|title=Mr. Somerset Maugham|work=The Times|issue=56507|date=17 Desember 1965|location=London|page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Altogether&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Altogether|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571045&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01007571045&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360532874&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=maugham%20altogether&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen|archive-date= 5 Julie 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705181954/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571045&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01007571045&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A(BLCONTENT)&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360532874&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=maugham%20altogether&amp;vid=BLVU1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Round Dozen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Round Dozen|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427615&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01002427615&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=3&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360599665&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Round%20Dozen&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Selected Prefaces and Introductions&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Selected Prefaces and Introductions|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01014279567&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01014279567&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360646122&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Selected%20Prefaces%20and%20Introductions&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Maugham Twelve&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Maugham Twelve|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01009025529&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01009025529&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360698297&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=A%20Maugham%20Twelve&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Malaysian Stories&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Maugham's Malaysian Stories|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01010004425&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01010004425&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360734145&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Maugham%27s%20Malaysian%20Stories&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Traveller in Romance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Traveller in Romance|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01010395373&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01010395373&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360841966&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=A%20Traveller%20in%20Romance&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Partial View&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Partial View|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01008992497&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01008992497&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=2&amp;fromLogin=true&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360043286&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Partial%20View&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;mode=Basic|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Travel Books&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Travel Books of W. Somerset Maugham|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427620&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427620&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;frbg=&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360139165&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Travel%20Books&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Selected Novels 53&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Selected Novels of W. Somerset Maugham|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427613&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427613&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360193366&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Selected%20Novels%20of%20W.%20Somerset%20Maugham&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse  biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Collected Plays 52&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Collected Plays|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427612&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427612&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=1&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360250299&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Collected%20Plays&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Complete Short Stories&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Complete Short Stories|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427611&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427611&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=30&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1407360324970&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Complete%20Short%20Stories%20maugham&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Quartet&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Quartet / stories by W. Somerset Maugham; screen plays by R.C. Sherriff|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571082&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01007571082&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_rtype&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=books&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406889735760&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=quartet&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1948&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek |access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Trio&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Trio: stories / by W.Somerset Maugham. Screen adaptation by W.Somerset Maugham, R.C. Sherrif and Noel Langley |url= http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01014279572&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01014279572&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_rtype&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;fctV=books&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406889835063&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=trio&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1950&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year |work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek |access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Encore&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Encore. Stories by W. Somerset Maugham. Screen adaptation by T. E. B. Clarke, Arthur Macrae and Eric Ambler |url= http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427618&amp;indx=9&amp;recIds=BLL01002427618&amp;recIdxs=8&amp;elementId=8&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=0&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395452654&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406890035615&amp;srt=lso01&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;lastPag=&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Encore&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=395452654&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=creator&amp;cs=frb&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=maugham&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year |work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Theatre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Theatre|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571097&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01007571097&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=8&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885713292&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Theatre&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year&amp;vl(freeText1)=1937|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse  biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Christmas Holiday&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Christmas Holiday|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427675&amp;indx=8&amp;recIds=BLL01002427675&amp;recIdxs=7&amp;elementId=7&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;frbg=395454107&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395454107&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885813193&amp;srt=rank&amp;cs=frb&amp;mode=Basic&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(freeText0)=Christmas%20Holiday&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Mixture as Before&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Mixture as Before|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427742&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427742&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406886123555&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Mixture%20as%20Before&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Up at the Villa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Up at the Villa|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427825&amp;indx=5&amp;recIds=BLL01002427825&amp;recIdxs=4&amp;elementId=4&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;frbg=395451881&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395451881&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406886195945&amp;srt=rank&amp;cs=frb&amp;mode=Basic&amp;lastPagIndx=3&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(freeText0)=Up%20at%20the%20Villa&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Razor's Edge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Razor's Edge|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571084&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01007571084&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;fctV=395451762&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406886333460&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Razor%27s%20Edge&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=395451762&amp;cs=frb&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;dum=true&amp;frbrSrt=rank|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Then and Now&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Then and Now : a novel|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571098&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01007571098&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=1&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406886530505&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Then%20and%20Now&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1946&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse  biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Creatures of Circumstance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Creatures of Circumstance|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427688&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427688&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406886610818&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Creatures%20of%20Circumstance&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Casuarina Tree&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Casuarina Tree: Six Stories|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427660&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01002427660&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=3&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;frbg=395453923&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395453923&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406884959351&amp;srt=rank&amp;cs=frb&amp;mode=Basic&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Casuarina%20Tree%3A%20Six%20Stories&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Ashenden&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ashenden; or, the British Agent|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427634&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427634&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;frbg=395453810&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395453810&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885064678&amp;srt=rank&amp;cs=frb&amp;mode=Basic&amp;lastPagIndx=4&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(freeText0)=Ashenden%3A%20Or%20the%20British%20Agent&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Cakes and Ale&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cakes and Ale: or, the Skeleton in the Cupboard|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427647&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427647&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=6&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885122923&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Cakes%20and%20Ale%3A%20or%2C%20the%20Skeleton%20in%20the%20Cupboard&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Narrow Corner&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Narrow Corner|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427757&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427757&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=9&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885209922&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Narrow%20Corner&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Ah King&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ah King. Six stories|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427632&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427632&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885348566&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Ah%20King&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1933&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Judgement Seat&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= The Judgement Seat, etc |url= http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427718&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427718&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_creator&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;fctV=Maugham%2C+W.+Somerset+%28William+Somerset%29%2C+1874-1965.&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406885427871&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=Judgment%20Seat&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year |work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Blessed Virgin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Land of the Blessed Virgin: sketches and impressions in Andalusia, etc|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427725&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427725&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=2&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;frbg=&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406881992091&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Land%20of%20the%20Blessed%20Virgin&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: On a Chinese screen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=On a Chinese Screen|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571078&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01007571078&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395451649&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882227544&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=On%20a%20Chinese%20Screen&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=395451649&amp;cs=frb&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;dum=true&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Parlour&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gentleman in the Parlour|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571066&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01007571066&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395451072&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882307126&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;lastPag=&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Gentleman%20in%20the%20Parlour&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=395451072&amp;cs=frb&amp;lastPagIndx=4&amp;dum=true&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Don Fernando&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Don Fernando : or Variations on some Spanish themes|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01007571061&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01007571061&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=3&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882405746&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Don%20Fernando&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1935&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: South Sea&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=My South Sea Island|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427756&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427756&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=5&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882477215&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=My%20South%20Sea%20Island&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Summing Up&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Summing Up. [Autobiographical reminiscences.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427802&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427802&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=10&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882563158&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=the%20Summing%20Up&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: France at War&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=France at War|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427700&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427700&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=1&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882625317&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=France%20at%20War&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Books and You&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Books and You|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427644&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427644&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406882784846&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Books%20and%20You&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Writer's Notebook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Writer's Notebook|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427831&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427831&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=8&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406883256861&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=A%20Writer%27s%20Notebook&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Writer's Point&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Writer's Point of View|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427835&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427835&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406883339504&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Writer%27s%20Point%20of%20View&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Vagrant Mood&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Vagrant Mood. Six essays|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427829&amp;indx=3&amp;recIds=BLL01002427829&amp;recIdxs=2&amp;elementId=2&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406883377527&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Vagrant%20Mood&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Points of View&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Points of View. [Essays.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427782&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427782&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=1&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=5&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406883776564&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=Points%20of%20View&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1958&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Mrs. Craddock&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mrs. Craddock|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427752&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427752&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=5&amp;dscnt=1&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=any&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723035824&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=BLL01002427752&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year&amp;vl(freeText1)=|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Merry-go-round&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Merry-go-round|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427740&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427740&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=1&amp;fctN=facet_local1&amp;rfnGrp=5&amp;frbrVersion=4&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=William+Heinemann&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723290389&amp;srt=lso01&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=creator&amp;tb=t&amp;rfnGrpCounter=5&amp;vl(freeText0)=somerset%20maugham&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=&amp;dum=true&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Bishop's Apron &quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Bishop's Apron: a study in the origins of a great family|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427641&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427641&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=2&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723389415&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Bishop%27s%20Apron&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1906&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Explorer&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= The Explorer |url= http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427691&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427691&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;fctV=395453469&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723471678&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;lastPag=&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Explorer&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=395453469&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;cs=frb&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;dum=true&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(freeText1)=1908&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year |work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Magician&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= The Magician |url= http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427734&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427734&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;fctN=facet_frbrgroupid&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=title&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;rfnGrp=frbr&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=395451509&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723573666&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;lastPag=&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Magician&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;title1=1&amp;frbg=395451509&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;cs=frb&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;lastPagIndx=1&amp;dum=true&amp;frbrSrt=rank&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year&amp;vl(freeText1)=1908&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true |work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Moon and Sixpence&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Moon and Sixpence. A novel|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427744&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427744&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;fctN=facet_creator&amp;dscnt=0&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;fctV=Maugham%2C+W.+Somerset+%28William+Somerset%29%2C+1874-1965.&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723680928&amp;mode=Basic&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Moon%20and%20Sixpence&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Painted Veil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Painted Veil|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427776&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427776&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=1&amp;fctN=facet_creator&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;frbrVersion=8&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=Maugham%2C+W.+Somerset+%28William+Somerset%29%2C+1874-1965.&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406723780670&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;tb=t&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Painted%20Veil&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=&amp;dum=true&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=30 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Liza of Lambeth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Liza of Lambeth. [A novel.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427727&amp;indx=2&amp;recIds=BLL01002427727&amp;recIdxs=1&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;fctN=facet_creator&amp;frbrVersion=5&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;fctV=Maugham%2C+W.+Somerset+%28William+Somerset%29%2C+1874-1965.&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406722264360&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;mode=Basic&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=Liza%20of%20Lambeth&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Making of a Saint&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Making of a Saint. [A tale.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427737&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427737&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;dscnt=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406722343342&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Making%20of%20a%20Saint&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Orientations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Orientations. [Short stories.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427774&amp;indx=1&amp;recIds=BLL01002427774&amp;recIdxs=0&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=2&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;frbg=&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406722421845&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(freeText0)=Orientations%20maugham&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Hero&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hero|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002427710&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01002427710&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;fctN=facet_creationdate&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=%5B-999999999+TO+1955%5D&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406722513007&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;tb=t&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20Hero&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;frbg=&amp;dum=true&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: Green Shutters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The House with the Green Shutters, etc|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true&amp;ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01000973387&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01000973387&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=3&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;frbrVersion=2&amp;fctN=facet_creationdate&amp;dscnt=1&amp;rfnGrp=1&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;fctV=%5B1930+TO+1949%5D&amp;frbg=&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406662308213&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Basic&amp;vl(488279563UI0)=any&amp;dum=true&amp;tb=t&amp;rfnGrpCounter=1&amp;vl(freeText0)=The%20House%20with%20the%20Green%20Shutters&amp;vid=BLVU1|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse bibliioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;BL: The Venture&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Venture. An annual of art and literature. Edited by Laurence Housman and W. Somerset Maugham. [Illustrated.] [no. 1, 2.]|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?ct=display&amp;fn=search&amp;doc=BLL01002855953&amp;indx=4&amp;recIds=BLL01002855953&amp;recIdxs=3&amp;elementId=0&amp;renderMode=poppedOut&amp;displayMode=full&amp;dscnt=0&amp;vl(10130439UI0)=creator&amp;frbrVersion=&amp;vl(drStartDay4)=00&amp;vl(drEndMonth4)=00&amp;scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&amp;tab=local_tab&amp;dstmp=1406662768253&amp;srt=rank&amp;mode=Advanced&amp;vl(drEndDay4)=00&amp;vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&amp;tb=t&amp;vl(41497491UI2)=any&amp;vl(freeText0)=maugham&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;vl(freeText2)=&amp;vl(drEndYear4)=Year&amp;frbg=&amp;vl(drStartMonth4)=00&amp;vl(10130438UI1)=cdate&amp;vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&amp;dum=true&amp;vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&amp;vl(46690061UI3)=all_items&amp;Submit=Search&amp;vl(drStartYear4)=Year&amp;vl(freeText1)=1903&amp;tabs=detailsTab&amp;gathStatTab=true|work=British Library Catalogue|publisher=Britse biblioteek|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Londen}}{{Dooie skakel|date=Maart 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: East and West&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=East and West|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/34027228|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Favorite Short Stories&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Favorite Short Stories of W. Somerset Maugham|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/37011011|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Maugham Sampler&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Somerset Maugham Sampler|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/43004016|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Maugham Reader&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Maugham Reader|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/50009916|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: World Over&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The World Over|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/52011799|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Lost Stories&quot;&gt;
{{cite book|title=Seventeen Lost Stories|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/69012234|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|year= 1969|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=6 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Princess September&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Princess September and the Nightingale|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/39027811 |work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Of human bondage&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Of Human Bondage|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/15016343|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Trembling Leaf&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Trembling of a Leaf: Little Stories of the South Sea Islands|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/21016317|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Person Singular&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Six Stories Written in the First Person Singular|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/unk83004491|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Book Bag&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Book-Bag|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/59055532 |work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Cosmopolitans&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Cosmopolitans|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/36005632 |work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Hour Before Dawn&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Hour Before the Dawn|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/42016456 |work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Unconquered&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Unconquered|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/45001828|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Strictly personal&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Strictly Personal|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/41018080|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Bondage address&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Of Human Bondage, With a Digression on the Art of Fiction|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/46026172|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Great Novelists&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Great Novelists and Their Novels|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/48008827|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=1 Augustus 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Kipling&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=A choice of Kipling's prose|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/52004415|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: War and peace&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=War and Peace|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49011244|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: red and black&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Stendhal's The red and the Black|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49010799|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Moby Dick&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Moby Dick; or, The white whale|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49009575|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Madame Bovary&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Madame Bovary|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49010802|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Karamazov&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The Brothers Karamazov|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49010338|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Wuthering Heights&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Wuthering Heights|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49010818|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Goriot&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Old man Goriot|url= http://lccn.loc.gov/49008518|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Pride&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Pride and Prejudice|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/49008849|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Tom Jones&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/48008368|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Copperfield &quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=David Copperfield|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/48004967|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Modern Reading&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Great Modern Reading; W. Somerset Maugham's Introduction to Modern English|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/43011679|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: 100 Short Stories&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title= Tellers of Tales; 100 Short Stories|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/39020438|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Traveller's Library&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Traveller's Library|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/33014966|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC: Charles Hawtrey&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=The truth at last from Charles Hawtrey|url=http://lccn.loc.gov/24018783|work=Library of Congress Catalogue|publisher=[[Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres]]|access-date=29 Julie 2014|location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Bronnelys ==
* {{cite journal|last=Ashley|first=Mike|title=W. Somerset Maugham|journal=The Book and Magazine Collector|publisher=Metropolis International|date=September 2008|issue=98}}
* {{cite book|last=Calder|first=Robert L.|contribution=W. Somerset Maugham|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Beum|title=Modern British Essayists|year=1990|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8103-4580-5|url=https://archive.org/details/modernbritishess00robe}}
* {{cite book|last=Occhiogrosso|first=Frank|contribution=W. Somerset Maugham|editor1-first=Bernard|editor1-last=Benstock |editor2-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Staley|title=British Mystery Writers, 1920–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/britishmysterywr77bens|url-access=registration|year=1989|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-7876-3072-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Raphael|first=Frederic|title=Somerset Maugham and His World|year=1976|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd|location=Londen|isbn=978-0-500-13059-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Charles|contribution=W. Somerset Maugham|editor1-first=Stanley|editor1-last=Weintraub |title=Modern British Dramatists, 1900–1945|year=1982|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8103-0937-1|url=https://archive.org/details/modernbritishdra10iogr}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpkins|first=Scott|contribution=W. Somerset Maugham|editor1-first=Thomas F.|editor1-last=Staley|title=British Novelists, 1890–1929|year=1985|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8103-1714-7|url=https://archive.org/details/britishnovelists36stal}}
*{{cite book|last=Stott|first=Raymond Toole|title=A Bibliography of the Works of W. Somerset Maugham|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofwo0000tool|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=Kaye &amp; Ward|location=Londen|isbn=978-0-7182-0950-6}}
* {{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Lew|title=W. Somerset Maugham|journal=The Book and Magazine Collector|publisher=Diamond Publishing Group|date=Junie 1990|issue=75}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{wikisource|works=or|W. Somerset Maugham}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=126|name=W. Somerset Maugham}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Somerset Maugham |dname=W. Somerset Maugham}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maugham, W. Somerset}}
[[Kategorie:Bibliografieë]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>3D-drukwerk</title>
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      <comment>/* Multi-materiaal 3D-drukwerk */ Stutmateriaal uitbreiding</comment>
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      <text bytes="19705" sha1="mzzp54rzngd3sz89nx4qj25vtmbb1ap" xml:space="preserve">[[Lêer:Robot_3D_print_timelapse_on_RepRapPro_Fisher.webm|duimnael| Versnelde verloop van 'n driedimensionele drukker in aksie]]
'''3D-drukwerk''', of '''toevoegende vervaardiging''', is die [[konstruksie]] van 'n [[Driedimensioneel|driedimensionele voorwerp]] vanaf 'n [[Rekenaargesteunde ontwerp|rekenaarmodel]] of 'n digitale 3D-model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|accessdate=15 July 2019|archivedate=15 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715194438/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2013/09/05/3d-printing-scales-up}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Wei |last2=Zhang |first2=Yunbo |last3=Ramanujan |first3=Devarajan |last4=Ramani |first4=Karthik |last5=Chen |first5=Yong |last6=Williams |first6=Christopher B. |last7=Wang |first7=Charlie C. L. |last8=Shin |first8=Yung C. |last9=Zhang |first9=Song |last10=Zavattieri |first10=Pablo D. |date=2015 |title=The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering |journal=Computer-Aided Design |volume=69 |pages=65–89 |doi=10.1016/j.cad.2015.04.001 |issn=0010-4485 |s2cid=33086357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ngo |first=Tuan D. |last2=Kashani |first2=Alireza |last3=Imbalzano |first3=Gabriele |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kate T. Q. |last5=Hui |first5=David |date=2018 |title=Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges |journal=Composites Part B: Engineering |volume=143 |pages=172–196 |doi=10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012 |s2cid=139464688}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daar is 'n verskeidenheid prosesse wat gebruik word waarin materiaal onder rekenaarbeheer neergelê, saamgevoeg of gestol word, gewoonlik laag vir laag. Daar is ook 'n groot keuse van materiale wat gebruik kan word, veral [[Plastiek|plastieke]]&lt;!-- Verskillende plastieksoorte. (WAT) --&gt; en [[Metaal|metale]], en kom in die vorm van filament, vloeistowwe of poeierkorrels.[[Lêer:3DBenchy_created_using_color_mixing_on_an_FDM_printer.jpg|duimnael|'n Multi-materiaal &quot;''3DBenchy''&quot; gedrukte model wat gebruik word om te toets of 'n drukker reg ingestel is. Hierdie is een van die eerste modelle wat 'n nuweling gewoonlik druk.]]In die tagtiger jare is 3D-druktegnieke net gebruik vir die produksie van funksionele of estetiese prototipes, en daar is meestal na verwys as [[Prototipe|vinnige prototipe produksie (snel prototipering) (''Rapid prototyping'')]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmg-muenchen.de/training-course/11/Additive-Manufacturing?flang=en|title=Learning Course: Additive Manufacturing – Additive Fertigung|website=tmg-muenchen.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823030140/https://www.tmg-muenchen.de/training-course/11/Additive-Manufacturing%3Fflang%3Den|archive-date=23 August 2019|access-date=23 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die presisie, herhaalbaarheid en beskikbare materiale van 3D-drukwerk neem vinnig toe, en teen 2025 word sekere 3D-drukprosesse as 'n realistiese opsies vir grootskaalse produksie van onderdele en gebruiksartikels beskou. In hierdie konteks kan die term ''toevoegende vervaardiging'' sinoniem met ''3D-drukwerk'' gebruik word.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lam |first=Hugo K.S. |last2=Ding |first2=Li |last3=Cheng |first3=T.C.E. |last4=Zhou |first4=Honggeng |date=2019-01-01 |title=The impact of 3D printing implementation on stock returns: A contingent dynamic capabilities perspective |journal=International Journal of Operations &amp; Production Management |volume=39 |issue=6/7/8 |pages=935–961 |doi=10.1108/IJOPM-01-2019-0075 |issn=0144-3577 |s2cid=211386031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Een van die belangrikste voordele van 3D-drukwerk is die vermoë om baie komplekse en geometriese vorms te maak, wat andersins onmoontlik sou wees om met die hand te konstrueer, insluitend vorms met hol dele binne, of dele met interne [[Stut (meganies)|versterking of stutte]] om gewig te verminder en minder materiaal te mors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://explainedideas.com/3d-printing/|title=3D Printing: All You Need To Know|website=explainedideas.com|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820155725/https://explainedideas.com/3d-printing/|archive-date=20 August 2022|access-date=2022-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die mees algemene 3D-drukproses in 2025 is gesmelte neersettingsmodellering (''Fused deposition modeling,'' FDM), wat 'n [[plastiek]] filament, of draad, gebruik, wat in die drukkerkop ingevoer word, gesmelt word en dan op die model neergelê word.&lt;ref name=&quot;statista1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/560304/worldwide-survey-3d-printing-top-technologies/|title=Most used 3D printing technologies 2017–2018 {{!}} Statistic|website=Statista|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302150900/https://www.statista.com/statistics/560304/worldwide-survey-3d-printing-top-technologies/|archive-date=2 March 2019|access-date=2 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terminologie ==
Die sambreelterm ''toevoeggende vervaardiging (additive manufacturing (AM))'' het in die 2000's gewild geword, omdat materiaal tot 'n model toegevoeg word om dit op te bou. Die term ''subtraktiewe vervaardiging'' is daarna as 'n retroniem geskep om na die groot versameling bestaande masjineringsprosesse te verwys wat materiaal verwyder en nie byvoeg nie. Die term ''3D-drukwerk'' het in die meeste gevalle na polimeertegnologie verwys, en die term ''toevoeggende vervaardiging'' was meer geneig om na metaalversmelting en die maak van bruikbare onderdele te verwys.

== Geskiedenis ==
[[Lêer:3 3D printed 3DBenchy models with different faults.jpg|alt=Toetsmodelle met kalibreringsfoute.|duimnael|Toetsmodelle met kalibreringsfoute.]]
Die algemene konsep en 'n akkurate beskrywing van die prosedure van 3D-drukwerk is die eerste keer deur Murray Leinster in sy 1945-kortverhaal &quot;''Things Pass By''&quot; beskryf: 

: &quot;''Maar hierdie konstruktor is beide doeltreffend en veelsydig. Ek voer magnetroniese plastiek - die goed waarvan hulle deesdae huise en skepe maak - in hierdie bewegende arm in. Dit maak tekeninge in die lug na aanleiding van tekeninge wat dit met fotoselle skandeer. Maar plastiek kom uit die einde van die tekenarm en verhard soos dit kom ... slegs na aanleiding van tekeninge''&quot; 

In 1971 het Johannes F Gottwald die ''Liquid Metal Recorder'', Amerikaanse patent No. 3596285A, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3596285A|title=US3596285A - Liquid metal recorder|website=Google Patents|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240305235746/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3596285A|archive-date=5 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; gepatenteer. Dit is 'n deurlopende metaal-toevoegingstoestel, wat bietjie soos 'n inkjet drukker werk, om 'n metaalfiguur op 'n herbruikbare oppervlak vorm. Dit blyk die eerste patent te wees wat 3D-drukwerk met vinnige prototipering en die produksie van patrone op aanvraag beskryf.

Gedurende die 1980's en 90's was die ontwikkeling sistematies en volgehoue, maar die vordering was in inkremente. Om 'n 3D-drukker in die 1980's te besit, het meer as $300,000 ($650,000 in 2016-dollar) gekos, maar die resultaat sou nie noodwendig van hoë kwaliteit wees nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/evolution-3d-printing-past-present-future-90605/|title=The Evolution of 3D Printing: Past, Present and Future|date=2016-08-01|website=3D Printing Industry|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317165528/https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/evolution-3d-printing-past-present-future-90605/|archive-date=17 March 2021|access-date=2021-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teen 1995 het die Fraunhofer-vereniging die selektiewe lasersmeltproses ontwikkel.

In die vroeë 2000's is 3D-drukkers steeds slegs meestal vir ontwikkeling en navorsing gebruik, omdat dit nog te duur was vir gewone verbruikers. In hierdie tyd het industriële gebruik beduidend toegeneem, veral in argitektuur en die mediese sektor. Hierdie modelle het nog 'n lae akkuraatheid gehad en is meestal vir toetse gebruik, eerder as vir die produksie van eindprodukte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Peng |last2=Wang |first2=Jun |last3=Wang |first3=Xiangyu |date=2016-08-01 |title=A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580516300681 |journal=Automation in Construction |volume=68 |pages=21–31 |doi=10.1016/j.autcon.2016.04.005 |issn=0926-5805 |s2cid=54037889 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2005 het entoesiaste begin om 3D-drukkers te ontwerp en planne daarvoor te versprei. Ongeveer 70% van die onderdele vir hierdie 3D-drukkers kon deur 3D-drukkers gedruk word, so jy kon 'n drukker met 'n drukker bou. Dit is oorspronklike in 2004 deur Adrian Bowyer aan die Universiteit van Bath ontwerp en die projek is ''RepRap'' (''Replicating Rapid-prototyper'') genoem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reprap.org/wiki/About|title=About - RepRap|website=reprap.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227010309/https://reprap.org/wiki/About|archive-date=27 December 2023|access-date=2023-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'n Ander projek, ''Fab@Home,'' is in 2006 deur Evan Malone en Hod Lipson begin, met die doel om 'n laekoste, oopbron vervaardigingstelsel daar te stel wat 'n gebruikersgemeenskap kon ontwikkel en deel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malone |first=Evan |last2=Lipson |first2=Hod |date=2007-01-01 |title=Fab@Home: the personal desktop fabricator kit |journal=Rapid Prototyping Journal |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=245–255 |doi=10.1108/13552540710776197 |issn=1355-2546}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meeste van die sagteware vir 3D-drukwerk wat in hierdie tyd vir die publiek beskikbaar was, was [[Oopbronsagteware|oopbron]], en kon dus vinnig versprei en verbeter word. In 2009 het die ''Fused Deposition Modeling'' (FDM) drukprosespatente verval. Dit het die deur oopgemaak vir 'n nuwe golf van nuutgestigte maatskappye, wat FDM 3D-drukkers meer toeganklik vir die algemene publiek gemaak het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Matias |first=Elizabeth |title=2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) |last2=Rao |first2=Bharat |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-8908-4331-1 |pages=551–558 |chapter=3D printing: On its historical evolution and the implications for business |doi=10.1109/PICMET.2015.7273052}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teen 2020 het die gehalte van 3D-drukkers baie verbeter en laer pryse het dit algemeen toeganklik gemaak. In 2020 kan eenvoudige drukkers van goeie gehalte vir minder as US$200 gekry word. Hierdie meer bekostigbare drukkers is gewoonlik gefuseerde deposisiemodellering (FDM) drukkers. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://formlabs.com/blog/how-to-calculate-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a 3D Printer Cost? Calculate the ROI Now|website=Formlabs|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116003953/https://formlabs.com/blog/how-to-calculate-3d-printer-cost/|archive-date=16 January 2021|access-date=2021-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lêer:Schematic_representation_of_Stereolithography.png|duimnael|Skematiese voorstelling van stereolitografie, 'n ultraviolet-verhardende akrielhars proses, soos ontwerp deur Charles Hull. 'n Liguitstralende toestel ''a)'' (laser of Digitale Lig Prossesering) skyn 'n ligstraal op die deursigtige bodem ''c)'' van 'n tenk ''b)'' gevul met 'n vloeibare fotopolimerende hars; die hele model van gestolde hars ''d)'' word stelselmatig gelig deur 'n basis ''e)'']]

== Voordele van 3D-drukwerk ==
Toevoeggende vervaardiging en 3D-drukwerk het vinnig belangrik geword in ontwerp en ingenieurswese. Dit gee ontwerpsvryheid en maak prosesse moontlik wat voorheen onmoontlik was.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weller |first=Christian |last2=Kleer |first2=Robin |last3=Piller |first3=Frank T. |date=2015-06-01 |title=Economic implications of 3D printing: Market structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527315000547 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Production Economics |volume=164 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.02.020 |issn=0925-5273 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709032946/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527315000547 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=27 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Zhaolong |last2=Wang |first2=Qinghai |last3=Liu |first3=Guangdong |date=April 2022 |title=A Review of 3D Printed Bone Implants |journal=Micromachines |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=528 |doi=10.3390/mi13040528 |issn=2072-666X |pmc=9025296 |pmid=35457833 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ben-Ner |first=Avner |last2=Siemsen |first2=Enno |date=February 2017 |title=Decentralization and Localization of Production: The Organizational and Economic Consequences of Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0008125617695284 |url-status=live |journal=California Management Review |language=en |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=5–23 |doi=10.1177/0008125617695284 |issn=0008-1256 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327075657/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0008125617695284 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voordele sluit in die vinnige maak van prototipes, die verlaging van koste, vinnige implimentering van aanpassings aan produkte en verbeterde gehalte van die finale ontwerp.&lt;ref&gt;P. Sivasankaran and B. Radjaram, &quot;3D Printing and Its Importance in Engineering - A Review&quot;, 2020 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), Pondicherry, India, 2020, pp. 1-3, {{Doi|10.1109/ICSCAN49426.2020.9262378}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Deesdae kan 3D-vervaardiging komplekse vorms met hoë presisie en akkuraatheid produseer.&lt;ref&gt;F. Auricchio, &quot;The magic world of 3D printing&quot;, 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Pavia, Italy, 2017, pp. 1-1, {{Doi|10.1109/IMWS-AMP.2017.8247328}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is veral relevant met die maak van sekere [[Vliegtuig|vliegtuigkomponente]] en [[Formule Een]] onderdele, waar komponente met unieke eienskappe produseer word wat andersins onmoontlik sou wees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Attaran |first=Mohsen |date=2017 |title=The rise of 3-D printing: The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing |journal=Business Horizons |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2017.05.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toevoeggende vervaardiging vermors minder materiaal omdat materiaal slegs bygevoeg word waar nodig, anders as tradisionele subtraktiewe metodes wat met 'n groot blok begin en oortollige materiaal wegsny.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Javaid |first=Mohd |last2=Haleem |first2=Abid |year=2021 |title=Role of additive manufacturing applications towards environmental sustainability |journal=Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=312–322 |doi=10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.07.005 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit verminder beide materiaalkoste en omgewingsimpak. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.samaterials.com/additive-manufacturing-vs-traditional-manufacturing.html|title=Additive Manufacturing vs Traditional Manufacturing|last=Trento|first=Chin|date=Dec 27, 2023|website=Stanford Advanced Materials|access-date=July 31, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elbadawi |first=Moe |last2=Basit |first2=A.W. |year=2023 |title=Energy consumption and carbon footprint of 3D printing in pharmaceutical manufacture |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=639 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122926 |pmid=37030639 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die oppervlakafwerking van 'n 3D-gedrukte onderdeel kan ondermeer verbeter word deur dit af te skuur met sandpapier. Met sommige tipes plastiek, soos akrilonitrielbutadieenstireen (ABS), kan die oppervlak glad gemaak  word deur dampprosesse met [[asetoon]] of soortgelyke oplosmiddels, of om die model daarmee af te vee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://makezine.com/2014/09/24/smoothing-out-your-3d-prints-with-acetone-vapor/|title=Smoothing Out Your 3D Prints With Acetone Vapor|last=Kraft|first=Caleb|website=Make|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324154754/http://makezine.com/2014/09/24/smoothing-out-your-3d-prints-with-acetone-vapor/|archive-date=24 March 2016|access-date=5 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tradisioneel het 3D-drukwerk gefokus op [[Polimeer|polimere]] vir drukwerk, as gevolg van die gemak van vervaardiging en hantering van polimeriese materiale. Metodes het egter vinnig ontwikkel om ook metale, voedsel soos sjokolade,  en [[keramiek]],  te druk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zadi-Maad |first=Ahmad |last2=Rohbib |first2=Rohbib |last3=Irawan |first3=A |year=2018 |title=Additive manufacturing for steels: a review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322816447 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |volume=285 |issue=1 |page=012028 |bibcode=2018MS&amp;E..285a2028Z |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/285/1/012028 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Galante |first=Raquel |last2=G. Figueiredo-Pina |first2=Celio |last3=Serro |first3=Ana Paula |year=2019 |title=Additive manufacturing of ceramics for dental applications |journal=Dental Materials |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=825–846 |doi=10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.026 |pmid=30948230 |s2cid=96434269}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/17/24074150/cocoa-press-3d-printed-chocolate|title=I printed chocolate on a 3D printer and ate it|last=Hollister|first=Sean|date=2024-02-17|website=The Verge|language=en-US|access-date=2025-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meeste prosesse is laag-vir-laag vervaardiging. Charles Hull het 'n patent in 1984 ingedien vir 'n [[Ultraviolet|UV]]-verhardende akrielhars proses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Marshall |title=Automated fabrication: improving productivity in manufacturing |date=1993 |publisher=PTR Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-119462-3 |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |pages=8, 15, 49, 95, 97 |oclc=27810960}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sommige plastieke wat algemeen in kleinskaalse drukkers gebruik word, sluit in:

* ABS (akrilonitrielbutadieenstireen)
* ASA
* PVA (Polivinielakriel) Wateroplosbaar
* BVOH
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Koolstof]]-gevulde nylon
* PLA
* PLX
* PETG
Elke nuwe laag materiaal moet bo-op ander materiaal neergelê word, dus is daar 'n beperking op die druk van onderste-bo keëls en groot horisontale gate, relatief tot die basis van die drukker. Die hoek van 'n uitwaartse oorhang kan nie meer as sowat 30° wees nie, so 'n tydelike stutraamwerk word gereeld gebruik. Dit word normaalweg van die selfde materiaal gedruk, maar is dun, met swak hegtings aan die model sodat dit maklik later afgebreek kan word. Soms word PVA as stutmeteriaal gebruik binne in 'n model van, byvoorbeeld, ABS en dan word die voltooide model in water geweek om die PVA op te los.

=== Multi-materiaal 3D-drukwerk ===
'n Nadeel van baie bestaande 3D-druktegnieke is dat slegs een materiaal op 'n slag gedruk kan word, wat baie beperkend kan wees. Multi-materiaal 3D-drukwerk probeer hierdie probleem oplos deur verskeie materiale met 'n enkele drukker te druk. 

Druk-prosesse sluit in:

* Vat-fotopolimerisasie
* Materiaalneersetting
* Bindmiddelspuiting
* Poeierbed-fusie
* Materiaal-ekstrusie
* Gerigte energie-afsetting (Laser)
* Laminering van gevormde velle
Dit is moontlik vir die gebruiker om 'n model tot op 'n punt te druk, die 3D drukker te stop en 'n invoegsel, soos 'n magneet, 'n plaatjie of 'n radiofrekwensie-identifikasie-etiket, in 'n holte binne in die model te sit, en dan voort te gaan met die drukwerk waar daar opgehou is.

== Sien ook ==
* [[Klein-bottel]]
* [[Rekenaargesteunde ontwerp]] 

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
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  <page>
    <title>Yoshua Bengio</title>
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      <text bytes="32967" sha1="c1uzkf02eu8bt8q40xdzpmhkdc5p0zj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yoshua Bengio
| image = ICLR 2025 - Yoshua Bengio 02.jpg
| caption = Yoshua Bengio by ICLR 2025 in Singapore
| birth_date = {{Geboortedatum|1964|3|5}}
| birth_place = [[Parys]], [[Frankryk]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =  
| citizenship = [[Kanada]] 
| known_for = [[Diepleer]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Kunsmatige intelligensie]]
| alma_mater = [[McGill Universiteit|McGill-universiteit]] 
| awards = 
| signature = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}
'''Yoshua Bengio''' OC OQ FRS FRSC (gebore [[5 Maart]] [[1964]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yoshua Bengio - A.M. Turing Award Laureate|url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/bengio_3406375.cfm|access-date=2020-12-15|website=amturing.acm.org|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127124119/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/bengio_3406375.cfm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is 'n Kanadese rekenaarwetenskaplike en 'n pionier van kunsmatige [[neurale netwerk]]e en [[diepleer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Knight|first1=Will|title=IBM Pushes Deep Learning with a Watson Upgrade|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/539226/ibm-pushes-deep-learning-with-a-watson-upgrade/|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=31 Julie, 2016|date=9 Julie 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nature14539&gt;{{cite Q|Q28018765}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Bergen|first1=Mark|last2=Wagner|first2=Kurt|title=Welcome to the AI Conspiracy: The 'Canadian Mafia' Behind Tech's Latest Craze|url=http://www.recode.net/2015/7/15/11614684/ai-conspiracy-the-scientists-behind-deep-learning|website=Recode|access-date=31 Julie 2016|date=15 Julie 2015|archive-date=31 Maart 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173249/https://www.recode.net/2015/7/15/11614684/ai-conspiracy-the-scientists-behind-deep-learning|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy is 'n professor aan die Université de Montréal en mede-president en wetenskaplike direkteur van die niewinsorganisasie LawZero. Hy het Mila, die Quebec Kunsmatige Intelligensie (KI) Instituut, gestig en was die wetenskaplike direkteur daarvan tot 2025.

Bengio het die 2018 ACM A.M. Turing-toekenning, dikwels na verwys as die &quot;Nobelprys vir Rekenaarkunde&quot;, saam met [[Geoffrey Hinton]] en [[Yann LeCun]], ontvang vir hul fundamentele werk oor [[diepleer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=27 Maart 2019|title=Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award|url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018|access-date=27 Maart 2019|website=Association for Computing Machinery|location=New York|archive-date=27 Maart 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123259/https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengio, Hinton en LeCun word soms na verwys as die &quot;Peetpas van KI&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/27/18280665/ai-godfathers-turing-award-2018-yoshua-bengio-geoffrey-hinton-yann-lecun|title = 'Godfathers of AI' honored with Turing Award, the Nobel Prize of computing|date = 27 Maart 2019|access-date = 9 Desember 2019|archive-date = 4 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404105023/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/27/18280665/ai-godfathers-turing-award-2018-yoshua-bengio-geoffrey-hinton-yann-lecun|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.techtimes.com/articles/240511/20190329/godfathers-of-ai-win-this-years-turing-award-and-1-million.htm|title = Godfathers of AI Win This Year's Turing Award and $1 Million|date = 29 Maart 2019|access-date = 9 Desember 2019|archive-date = 30 Maart 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154545/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/240511/20190329/godfathers-of-ai-win-this-years-turing-award-and-1-million.htm|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/03/27/google-awards-1m-turing-prize-godfathers-ai/|title = Nobel prize of tech awarded to 'godfathers of AI'|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 27 Maart 2019|access-date = 9 Desember 2019|archive-date = 14 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200414031637/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/03/27/google-awards-1m-turing-prize-godfathers-ai/|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samshead/2019/03/27/the-3-godfathers-of-ai-have-won-the-prestigious-1m-turing-prize/|title=The 3 'Godfathers' of AI Have Won the Prestigious $1M Turing Prize|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=9 Desember 2019|archive-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414050852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/samshead/2019/03/27/the-3-godfathers-of-ai-have-won-the-prestigious-1m-turing-prize/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/deep-learning-godfathers-bengio-hinton-and-lecun-say-the-field-can-fix-its-flaws/|title=Deep learning godfathers Bengio, Hinton, and LeCun say the field can fix its flaws|first=Tiernan|last=Ray|website=ZDNet|access-date=15 Februarie 2020|archive-date=3 Maart 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303114754/https://www.zdnet.com/article/deep-learning-godfathers-bengio-hinton-and-lecun-say-the-field-can-fix-its-flaws/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-27/three-godfathers-of-deep-learning-selected-for-turing-award |title=Turing Award Winners 2019 Recognized for Neural Network Research - Bloomberg |website=Bloomberg News |date=27 Maart 2019 |access-date=15 Februarie 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410143721/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-27/three-godfathers-of-deep-learning-selected-for-turing-award |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengio is die mees aangehaalde rekenaarwetenskaplike wêreldwyd (volgens beide totale aanhalings en volgens h-indeks),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best Computer Science Scientists |url=https://research.com/scientists-rankings/computer-science |accessdate=Nov 21, 2023 |website=research.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; en die mees aangehaalde lewende wetenskaplike oor alle velde (volgens totale aanhalings).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Highly Cited Researchers 2.393.028 Scientists Citation Rankings |url=https://www.adscientificindex.com/citation-ranking/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.adscientificindex.com |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119145046/https://www.adscientificindex.com/citation-ranking/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2025 het Bengio die eerste KI-navorser geword met meer as 'n miljoen Google Scholar-aanhalings. In 2024 het [[Time (tydskrif)|TIME]] Bengio ingesluit in sy jaarlikse lys van die wêreld se 100 invloedrykste mense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2024 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vroeë lewe en opvoeding ==
Bengio is in Frankryk gebore in 'n [[Jood]]se familie wat van [[Marokko]] na [[Frankryk]] geëmigreer het. Die familie het toe na [[Kanada]] verhuis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0_2&quot;/&gt; Hy het sy [[Baccalaureus Scientiae]]-graad ([[elektriese ingenieurswese]]), MSc ([[rekenaarwetenskap]]) en PhD (rekenaarwetenskap) van [[McGill Universiteit]] ontvang.&lt;ref name=mathgene&gt;{{MathGenealogy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cifar profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Yoshua Bengio|url=https://www.cifar.ca/profiles/yoshua-bengio/|website=Profiles|publisher=Canadian Institute For Advanced Research|access-date=31 Julie 2016|archive-date=15 Augustus 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815212100/https://www.cifar.ca/profiles/yoshua-bengio/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bengio is die broer van Samy Bengio,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0_2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview: The Bengio Brothers|url=https://www.eye-on.ai/ai-articles/2019/3/28/interview-the-bengio-brothers|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Eye On AI|date=28 Maart 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012033/https://www.eye-on.ai/ai-articles/2019/3/28/interview-the-bengio-brothers|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ook 'n invloedryke rekenaarwetenskaplike wat met neurale netwerke werk, wat senior direkteur van KI- en ML-navorsing by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] is.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Apple targets Google staff to build artificial intelligence team|url=https://www.ft.com/content/87054a60-dc4d-4238-a4b9-93ab48f22f56|date=2021-05-03|access-date=2024-09-13|website=Financial Times (ft.com)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Bengio-broers het 'n jaar lank in Marokko gewoon tydens hul pa se militêre diens daar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0_2&quot; /&gt; Sy pa, Carlo Bengio, was 'n apteker en 'n dramaturg; hy het 'n [[Sefardiese Jode| Sefardiese]]] teatergeselskap in Montreal bestuur wat stukke in Joods-Arabies opgevoer het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Elias|date=2019-05-08|title=À la mémoire de Carlo Bengio|url=https://www.cjnews.com/en-francais/a-la-memoire-de-carlo-bengio|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Canadian Jewish News|language=en-US|archive-date=10 April  2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012032/https://www.cjnews.com/en-francais/a-la-memoire-de-carlo-bengio|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Le théâtre juif marocain : une mémoire en exil : remémoration, représentation et transmission|url=https://archipel.uqam.ca/10786/|publisher=Université du Québec à Montréal|date=Julie 2017|place=Montréal (Québec, Canada)|degree=Thèse ou essai doctoral accepté|language=fr|first=Lalla Nouzha|last=Tahiri|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012033/https://archipel.uqam.ca/10786/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sy ma, Célia Moreno, was 'n akteur in die 1970's in die Marokkaanse teatertoneel onder leiding van Tayeb Seddiki. Sy het ekonomie in Parys gestudeer, en toe in Montreal in 1980 het sy saam met die kunstenaar Paul St-Jean l’Écran humain 'n multimedia-teatergroep gestig.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-14|title=Célia Moréno, une marocaine au Québec|url=https://mazagan24.com/2020/11/14/celia-moreno-une-marocaine-au-quebec/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Mazagan24 - Portail d'El Jadida|language=fr-FR|archive-date=12 Februarie 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212211845/https://mazagan24.com/2020/11/14/celia-moreno-une-marocaine-au-quebec/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Loopbaan en navorsing ==
Na sy PhD was Bengio 'n postdoktorale genoot by MIT (onder toesig van Michael I. Jordan) en AT&amp;T Bell Labs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengio cv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Bengio|first1=Yoshua|title=CV|url=http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/yoshua_en/cv.html|website=Département d'informatique et de recherche opérationnelle|publisher=Université de Montréal|access-date=31 Julie 2016|archive-date=6 Maart 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306021032/http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/yoshua_en/cv.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bengio is sedert 1993 'n fakulteitslid by die Université de Montréal, staan aan die hoof van die MILA (Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms) en is mededirekteur van die Learning in Machines &amp; Brains-program by die Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;cifar profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bengio cv&quot; /&gt;

Saam met Geoffrey Hinton en Yann LeCun word Bengio deur die joernalis Cade Metz beskou as een van die drie mense wat die meeste verantwoordelik was vir die bevordering van diepleer gedurende die 1990's en 2000's.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Bengio et al. het die neurale probabilistiese [[taalmodel]] bekendgestel, wat verspreide voorstellings (woordinbeddings) vir woorde aangeleer het om die &quot;vloek van dimensionaliteit&quot; in [[natuurliketaalverwerking]] te oorkom.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bengio2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bengio |first=Yoshua |last2=Ducharme |first2=Réjean |last3=Vincent |first3=Pascal |title=A Neural Probabilistic Language Model |journal=Journal of Machine Learning Research |volume=3 |year=2003 |pages=1137–1155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onder die rekenaarwetenskaplikes met 'n h-indeks van ten minste 100, was Bengio vanaf 2018 die een met die mees onlangse aanhalings per dag, volgens MILA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mila.quebec/en/2018/09/yoshua-bengio-the-computer-scientist-with-the-most-recent-citations-per-day/|title=Yoshua Bengio, the computer scientist with the most recent citations per day|date=1 September 2018|website=MILA|access-date=1 Oktober 2018|archive-date=1 Oktober 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220513/https://mila.quebec/en/2018/09/yoshua-bengio-the-computer-scientist-with-the-most-recent-citations-per-day/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/citation-rate-CS-1sept2018.html|title=Computer science researchers with the highest rate of recent citations (Google Scholar) among those with the largest h-index|date=6 September 2018|website=University of Montreal|access-date=1 Oktober 2018|archive-date=13 Oktober 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013184621/http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/citation-rate-CS-1sept2018.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vanaf Augustus 2024 het hy die hoogste Dissipline H-indeks (D-indeks, 'n maatstaf van die navorsingsaanhalings wat 'n wetenskaplike ontvang het) van enige rekenaarwetenskaplike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://research.com/scientists-rankings/computer-science|title=World's Best Computer Science Scientists: H-Index Computer Science Ranking 2023|website=Research.com|accessdate=20 Mei 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Danksy 'n 2019-artikel oor 'n nuwe RNN-argitektuur, het Bengio 'n Erdős-getal van 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zbmath.org/collaboration-distance/?a=bengio,+y&amp;b=erdos,+pal|title=Collaboration Distance - zbMATH Open|website=zbmath.org|accessdate=20 Mei 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Oktober 2016 het Bengio Element AI mede-gestig, 'n [[kunsmatige intelligensie]]-inkubator in Montreal wat KI-navorsing in werklike saketoepassings omskep.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/ai-pioneer-yoshua-bengio-launching-element-ai-deep-learning-incubator/|title=AI Pioneer Yoshua Bengio Is Launching Element.AI, a Deep-Learning Incubator|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=26 Oktober 2016|magazine=WIRED|access-date=7 September 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183122/https://www.wired.com/2016/10/ai-pioneer-yoshua-bengio-launching-element-ai-deep-learning-incubator/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die maatskappy het sy bedrywighede in November 2020 aan ServiceNow verkoop,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ServiceNow to Acquire AI Pioneer Element AI|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/servicenow-to-acquire-ai-pioneer-element-ai-846890260.html/|access-date=2023-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; met Bengio wat by ServiceNow as 'n adviseur gebly het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Element AI sold for $230-million as founders saw value mostly wiped out, document reveals|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-element-ai-sold-for-230-million-as-founders-saw-value-wiped-out/|access-date=2020-12-19|archive-date=19 Desember 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219192417/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-element-ai-sold-for-230-million-as-founders-saw-value-wiped-out/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Element AI hands out pink slips hours after announcement of sale to U.S.-based ServiceNow|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-once-touted-as-a-technology-world-beater-montreals-element-ai-sells/|access-date=2020-12-19|archive-date=14 Desember  2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214123242/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-once-touted-as-a-technology-world-beater-montreals-element-ai-sells/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bengio dien tans as wetenskaplike en tegniese adviseur vir Recursion Pharmaceuticals&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.recursionpharma.com/team-member/yoshua-bengio/|title=Yoshua Bengio - Recursion Pharmaceuticals|website=Recursion Pharmaceuticals|access-date=27 Maart 2019|archive-date=27 Maart 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145256/https://www.recursionpharma.com/team-member/yoshua-bengio/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; en wetenskaplike adviseur vir Valence Discovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.valencediscovery.com/post/yoshua-bengio-joins-valence |title=Yoshua Bengio Joins Valence Discovery as Scientific Advisor|website=Valence Discovery|access-date=9 Maart 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tydens die eerste [[KI-Veiligheidsberaad]] in November 2023 het die Britse premier [[Rishi Sunak]] aangekondig dat Bengio 'n internasionale wetenskaplike verslag oor die veiligheid van gevorderde KI sou lei. 'n Tussentydse weergawe van die verslag is in Mei 2024 by die KI Seoel-beraad gelewer en het kwessies soos die potensiaal vir kuberaanvalle en 'verlies aan beheer'-scenario's gedek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Pillay |first=Tharin |date=2024-09-05 |title=TIME100 AI 2024: Yoshua Bengio |url=https://time.com/7012890/yoshua-bengio-2/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922141112/https://time.com/7012890/yoshua-bengio-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hemmadi |first=Murad |date=2023-11-03 |title=Bengio backs creation of Canadian AI safety institute, will deliver landmark report in six months |url=https://thelogic.co/news/bengio-backs-creation-of-canadian-ai-safety-institute-will-deliver-landmark-report-in-six-months/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The Logic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-scientific-report-on-the-safety-of-advanced-ai |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die volledige verslag is in Januarie 2025 as die Internasionale KI-veiligheidsverslag gepubliseer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |last2=editor |first2=Dan Milmo Global technology |date=2025-01-29 |title=What International AI Safety report says on jobs, climate, cyberwar and more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/29/what-international-ai-safety-report-says-jobs-climate-cyberwar-deepfakes-extinction |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International AI Safety Report 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-ai-safety-report-2025 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Junie 2025 het ''[[The Guardian]]'' berig dat Bengio 'n niewinsgewende organisasie, LawZero, van stapel gestuur het, wat daarop gemik is om &quot;eerlike&quot; KI-stelsels te bou wat skadelike gedrag deur outonome agente kan opspoor en blokkeer. Die groep ontwikkel 'n stelsel genaamd Scientist AI, wat bedoel is om as 'n beskerming te dien deur te voorspel of 'n [[intelligente agent|agent]] se optrede skade kan veroorsaak. Bengio het aan die koerant gesê dat die projek se eerste doelwit was om die metodologie te demonstreer en dit dan op te skaal met ondersteuning van skenkers, regerings of KI-laboratoriums. LawZero se befondsers sluit in die Future of Life Institute en Schmidt Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Junie 2025 |title=AI pioneer announces non-profit to develop 'honest' artificial intelligence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jun/03/honest-ai-yoshua-bengio |access-date=8 Junie 2025 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Menings oor KI ===
In Maart 2023, na aanleiding van kommer wat deur KI-kundiges geopper is oor die [[Eksistensiële risiko as gevolg van kunsmatige algemene intelligensie|eksistensiële risiko van kunsmatige algemene intelligensie]], het Bengio 'n ope brief van die Future of Life Institute onderteken waarin hy versoek het dat &quot;alle KI-laboratoriums onmiddellik vir ten minste 6 maande die opleiding van KI-stelsels kragtiger as GPT-4 moet onderbreek&quot;. Die brief is deur meer as 30 000 individue onderteken, insluitend KI-navorsers soos Stuart Russell en Gary Marcus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Sigal |date=2023-03-29 |title=AI leaders (and Elon Musk) urge all labs to press pause on powerful AI |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/29/23660833/ai-pause-musk-artificial-intelligence-moratorium-chatgpt-gpt4 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Woollacott |first=Emma |title=Tech Experts - And Elon Musk - Call For A 'Pause' In AI Training |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawoollacott/2023/03/29/tech-expertsand-elon-muskcall-for-a-pause-in-ai-training/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter |url=https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Future of Life Institute |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lêer:SD 2025 - Yoshua Bengio 04 (cropped).jpg|duimnael|Bengio in 2025.]]
In Mei 2023 het Bengio in 'n onderhoud met die [[BBC]] gesê dat hy &quot;verlore&quot; gevoel het oor sy lewenswerk. Hy het sy kommer uitgespreek oor &quot;slegte akteurs&quot; wat KI in die hande kry, veral namate dit meer gesofistikeerd en kragtiger word. Hy het gevra vir beter regulering, produkregistrasie, etiese opleiding en meer betrokkenheid van regerings by die opsporing en ouditering van KI-produkte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One of the three 'godfathers of A.I.' feels 'lost' because of the direction the technology has taken |url=https://fortune.com/2023/05/31/godfather-of-ai-yoshua-bengio-feels-lost-regulation-calls/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Fortune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=AI 'godfather' Yoshua Bengio feels 'lost' over life's work |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65760449 |access-date=2023-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 'n onderhoud met die ''[[Financial Times]]'' in Mei 2023 het Bengio gesê dat hy die monitering van toegang tot KI-stelsels soos [[ChatGPT]] ondersteun sodat potensieel onwettige of gevaarlike gebruike opgespoor kan word.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Murgia |first=Madhumita |date=2023-05-18 |title=AI pioneer Yoshua Bengio: Governments must move fast to 'protect the public' |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b4baa678-b389-4acf-9438-24ccbcd4f201 |access-date=2023-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Julie 2023 het hy 'n meningartikel in ''[[The Economist]]'' gepubliseer waarin hy aangevoer het dat &quot;die [[risiko]] van 'n ramp werklik genoeg is dat aksie nou nodig is.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=One of the &quot;godfathers of AI&quot; airs his concerns |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2023/07/21/one-of-the-godfathers-of-ai-airs-his-concerns |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0013-0613}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bengio het saam met Geoffrey Hinton en ander 'n brief geskryf ter ondersteuning van SB 1047, 'n Kaliforniese KI-veiligheidswetsontwerp wat maatskappye sou vereis om modelle wat meer as $100 miljoen kos, op te lei om risikobepalings uit te voer voor ontplooiing. Hulle het beweer dat die wetgewing die &quot;absolute minimum vir effektiewe regulering van hierdie tegnologie&quot; was.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last1=Pillay |first1=Tharin |last2=Booth |first2=Harry |date=2024-08-07 |title=Exclusive: Renowned Experts Pen Support for California's Landmark AI Safety Bill |url=https://time.com/7008947/california-ai-bill-letter/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206120045/https://time.com/7008947/california-ai-bill-letter/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Letter from renowned AI experts |url=https://safesecureai.org/experts |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=SB 1047 - Safe &amp; Secure AI Innovation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808210251/https://safesecureai.org/experts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Junie 2025 het Bengio kommer uitgespreek dat sommige gevorderde KI-stelsels eienskappe soos misleiding, beloningsmanipulasie en situasionele bewustheid begin toon. Hy het dit beskryf as aanduidings van doelwitwanbelyning en potensieel gevaarlike gedrag. In 'n ''Fortune''-artikel het hy gesê dat die [[kunsmatige-intelligensie-wapenwedloop]] maatskappye aanmoedig om vermoëverbeterings bo veiligheidsnavorsing te prioritiseer. Hy het ook steun uitgespreek vir sterk regulering en internasionale samewerking om die risiko's wat deur gevorderde KI-stelsels veroorsaak word, aan te spreek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Concerns about deceptive AI |url=https://fortune.com/2025/06/03/yoshua-bengio-ai-models-dangerous-behaviors-deception-cheating-lying/ |access-date=10 Junie 2025 |website=Fortune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Toekennings en eerbewyse ===
[[Lêer:Yoshua Bengio on intelligent machines-VPRO-The Mind of the Universe.ogv|duimnael|Daar word ‘n onderhoud met Bengio gevoer vir die Nederlandse televisiereeks ''The Mind of the Universe.'']]
In 2017 is Bengio aangewys as 'n Offisier van die Orde van Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/order-of-canada2017/article35500532/ | newspaper = The Globe and Mail | title = Order of Canada honorees desire a better country | date = 30 Junie 2017 | access-date =28  Augustus 2017 | archive-date = 28 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428135458/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/order-of-canada2017/article35500532/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dieselfde jaar is hy genomineer as Lid van die Royal Society of Canada en het die Marie-Victorin Quebec-prys ontvang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Royal Society of Canada |url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/yoshua-bengio |date=December 16, 2017 |access-date=16 Desember 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412201721/https://rsc-src.ca/en/yoshua-bengio |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Prix du Quebec |url = http://www.prixduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/prix-qc/listelaureat.php?prix=Marie-Victorin&amp;ordre=anneePrix&amp;sens=-1 |date = 16 Desember 2017 |access-date = 16 Desember 2017 |archive-date = 16 Desember 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216122542/http://www.prixduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/prix-qc/listelaureat.php?prix=Marie-Victorin&amp;ordre=anneePrix&amp;sens=-1 |url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saam met Geoffrey Hinton en Yann LeCun het Bengio die 2018 Turing-toekenning gewen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

In 2020 is hy verkies as 'n Lid van die [[Royal Society]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Yoshua-Bengio-25320/|title=Yoshua Bendigo|publisher=Royal Society|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-date=27 Oktober 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027042449/https://royalsociety.org/people/Yoshua-Bengio-25320/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022 het hy die Prinses van Asturias-toekenning in die kategorie &quot;Wetenskaplike Navorsing&quot; ontvang saam met sy eweknieë LeCun, Hinton en [[Demis Hassabis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2022-geoffrey-hinton-yann-lecun-yoshua-bengio-and-demis-hassabis.html?especifica=0&amp;idCategoria=0&amp;anio=2022&amp;especifica=0|title=Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Demis Hassabis - Laureates - Princess of Asturias Awards|first=Developed with webControl CMS by Intermark|last=IT|website=The Princess of Asturias Foundation|accessdate=20 Mei 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2023 is Bengio aangewys as Ridder van die [[Legioen van Eer]], [[Frankryk]] se hoogste orde van verdienste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Guérard |first=Marc-Antoine |date=2022-03-08 |title=Professor Yoshua Bengio appointed Knight of the Legion of Honour by France |url=https://mila.quebec/en/professor-yoshua-bengio-appointed-knight-of-the-legion-of-honour-by-france/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Mila |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Augustus 2023 is hy aangestel in 'n wetenskaplike adviesraad van die [[Verenigde Nasies]] oor tegnologiese vooruitgang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=The Canadian Press |title=University of Montreal professor to join new UN technology advisory board |url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/cjad/news/university-of-montreal-professor-to-join-new-un-technology-advisory-board-1.20082185 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[CJAD]], [[Bell Media]] |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Secretary-General Creates Scientific Advisory Board for Independent Advice on Breakthroughs in Science and Technology {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sga2223.doc.htm |date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804104248/https://press.un.org/en/2023/sga2223.doc.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hy is erken as 'n 2023 ACM-genoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yoshua Bengio |url=https://awards.acm.org/award-recipients/bengio_3406375 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=awards.acm.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024 het [[Time (tydskrif)|TIME]]  Bengio ingesluit in hul jaarlikse lys van die 100 mees invloedryke mense wêreldwyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2024 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dieselfde jaar is hy bekroon met die VinFuture-prys se hoofprys saam met Hinton, LeCun, Jen-Hsun Huang en [[Fei-Fei Li]] vir baanbrekerswerk in [[neurale netwerk]]e en [[diepleer]]algoritmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;vietnamnews2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Desember 2024 |title=The VinFuture 2024 Grand Prize honours 5 scientists for transformational contributions to the advancement of deep learning |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/Society/1688552/the-vinfuture-2024-grand-prize-honours-5-scientists-for-transformational-contributions-to-the-advancement-of-deep-learning.html |website=Việt Nam News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025 is hy bekroon met die Koningin Elizabeth-prys vir Ingenieurswese saam met Bill Dally, Hinton, [[John Hopfield]], Yann LeCun, Huang en Fei-Fei Li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zXSrsKlm5A |title=The Minds of Modern AI: Jensen Huang, Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun &amp; the AI Vision of the Future |date=2025-11-06 |last=FT Live |access-date=2025-11-09 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 2025 was hy 'n ontvanger van 'n eredoktorsgraad van McGill Universiteit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=McGill announces its Spring 2025 Honorary Degree recipients |url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/mcgill-announces-its-spring-2025-honorary-degree-recipients/ |website=McGill Reporter |date=7 Mei 2025 |access-date=6 Junie 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2025 is hy aangestel as 'n Offisier van die Nasionale Orde van Quebec.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National Order of Quebec citation |url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=4093 |website=National Order of Quebec |access-date=17 Julie 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publikasies ==
* Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville: ''Deep Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)'', MIT Press, Cambridge (USA), 2016. {{ISBN|978-0262035613}}.
* {{cite arXiv |author1=Dzmitry Bahdanau|author2= Kyunghyun Cho|author3= Yoshua Bengio |title=Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate |eprint=1409.0473|class= cs.CL|year= 2014}}
* Léon Bottou, Patrick Haffner, Paul G. Howard, Patrice Simard, Yoshua Bengio, Yann LeCun: [http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/bottou-98.pdf ''High Quality Document Image Compression with DjVu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510212832/http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/bottou-98.pdf |date=May 10, 2020 }}, In: ''Journal of Electronic Imaging'', Band 7, 1998, S.&amp;nbsp;410–425 {{doi|10.1117/1.482609}}
* Bengio, Yoshua; Schuurmans, Dale; Lafferty, John; Williams, Chris K. I. and Culotta, Aron (eds.), ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22 (NIPS'22), December 7th–10th, 2009, Vancouver, BC'', Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) Foundation, 2009
* Y. Bengio, Dong-Hyun Lee, Jorg Bornschein, Thomas Mesnard, Zhouhan Lin: [https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04156 ''Towards Biologically Plausible Deep Learning''], arXiv.org, 2016
* Bengio contributed one chapter to ''Architects of Intelligence: The Truth About AI from the People Building it'', Packt Publishing, 2018, {{ISBN|978-1-78-913151-2}}, by the American futurist Martin Ford.&lt;ref name=&quot;RR1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamfalcon/2018/11/30/this-is-the-future-of-ai-according-to-23-world-leading-ai-experts/#60939b2b62f2 |title=This Is The Future Of AI According To 23 World-Leading AI Experts |last=Falcon |first=William |date=30 November 2018 |website=Forbes |access-date=20 Maart 2019 |archive-date=29 Maart 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222719/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamfalcon/2018/11/30/this-is-the-future-of-ai-according-to-23-world-leading-ai-experts/#60939b2b62f2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

{{Normdata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Bengio, Yoshua }}
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1964]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]
[[Kategorie:Kunsmatige intelligensie]]</text>
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--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel ==

Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie.

Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk:

'''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)'''

Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977.

'''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is'''

Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991

Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop

Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993

SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002

'''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat'''

Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings

Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005

Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Stulugturbine ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Daar is steun vir die vertaling &quot;stulugturbine&quot; in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met &quot;ram-air&quot; en &quot;turbine&quot; word as &quot;stulug-&quot; en &quot;turbine-&quot; vertaal.
:In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word &quot;ram jet&quot; (die simpleks) as &quot;stustraalenjin&quot; OF 'stustraalvliegtuig&quot; (ook &quot;stustraler&quot;) vertaal.
:As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir &quot;stu&quot;.
:Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal.
:Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Name van die verskillende klappe ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende:
* Plain flap
* Split flap
* Slotted flap
* Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier.
* Junkers flap
* Gouge flap
* Fairey-Youngman flap
* Zap flap
* Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]]
* Gurney flap
* Leading edge flap (leirandklap)?
* Blown flap

Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Middag, Oesjaar
:Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk.
:Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|&amp;#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Flaperon ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Ontmoet ==
{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

:Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Oefensessie ==

Hallo Gaius, jou &quot;Oefensessies&quot; kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk).

Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel ==

Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie.

Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk:

'''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)'''

Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977.

'''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is'''

Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991

Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop

Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993

SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002

'''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat'''

Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings

Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005

Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Stulugturbine ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Daar is steun vir die vertaling &quot;stulugturbine&quot; in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met &quot;ram-air&quot; en &quot;turbine&quot; word as &quot;stulug-&quot; en &quot;turbine-&quot; vertaal.
:In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word &quot;ram jet&quot; (die simpleks) as &quot;stustraalenjin&quot; OF 'stustraalvliegtuig&quot; (ook &quot;stustraler&quot;) vertaal.
:As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir &quot;stu&quot;.
:Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal.
:Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Name van die verskillende klappe ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende:
* Plain flap
* Split flap
* Slotted flap
* Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier.
* Junkers flap
* Gouge flap
* Fairey-Youngman flap
* Zap flap
* Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]]
* Gurney flap
* Leading edge flap (leirandklap)?
* Blown flap

Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Middag, Oesjaar
:Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk.
:Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|&amp;#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Flaperon ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Ontmoet ==
{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

:Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Oefensessie ==

Hallo Gaius, jou &quot;Oefensessies&quot; kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk).

Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>11pxk1h3o6fy02qxpbza821vmst7fj4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889690</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:12:38Z</timestamp>
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        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Oefensessie */ Antwoord</comment>
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      <text bytes="6020" sha1="e8y3taozes1vnvmmc30n30hzmcivkm1" xml:space="preserve">{{Welkom}}
--[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 18:35, 20 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Byvoegings by [[Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmagmuseum]]-artikel ==

Ek wil graag teks en foto’s oor die verskillende artefakte van die SALM-museum byvoeg, maar ek is nie seker of ek by die bestaande inligting en foto’s teks en foto’s moet byvoeg en of ek ’n splinternuwe inskrywing moet begin nie.

Die inhoud van die voorgestelde artikel kan in elk geval soos volg lyk:

'''Die vroeë tydperk (1976 tot 1980)'''

Hierdie gedeelte sal handel oor die Museum by Lanseria, museumvliegtuie by Snake Valley en die SALM-museum se uitstallings by Aviation Africa in Oktober 1977.

'''Lugskoue wat van 1991 tot 2008 gehou is'''

Internasionale Museumdag op 18 Mei 1991

Lugskou: die amptelike opening van die SALM-museum by Swartkop

Die eerste Museumvliegdag op 21 Augustus 1993

SALM-museum-vliegtuie by Waterkloof: Die viering van die SALM se 80ste bestaansjaar en Africa Aerospace and Defence 2000 en 2002

'''Vliegtuie en ander artefakte by Swartkop, Port Elizabeth en Ysterplaat'''

Besoek aan Swartkop op 31 Mei 2008 en moontlik ander datums: binne- en buite-uitstallings

Besoek aan Port Elizabeth op 22 November 2005

Besoek aan Ysterplaat op 2 Desember 2005 en moontlik artefakte op ander datums afgeneem [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 11:27, 17 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Stulugturbine ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek het die artikel [[Stulugturbine]] uit Engels (Ram air turbine) vertaal maar is nie 100% of die naam korrek is nie. Jou opinie asb? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 12:43, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Daar is steun vir die vertaling &quot;stulugturbine&quot; in die Konseplys Vliegtuigbouterme wat ek het. Al die samestellings met &quot;ram-air&quot; en &quot;turbine&quot; word as &quot;stulug-&quot; en &quot;turbine-&quot; vertaal.
:In die Terblanche- tegniese woordeboek wat ek het, word &quot;ram jet&quot; (die simpleks) as &quot;stustraalenjin&quot; OF 'stustraalvliegtuig&quot; (ook &quot;stustraler&quot;) vertaal.
:As mens al hierdie terme as analoë gebruik, is daar steun vir &quot;stu&quot;.
:Ek het tot onlangs net in Engels gewerk wanneer ek met lugvaartterme gewerk het. Vandat ek op die Afrikaanse Wikipedia werk, werk ek met Afrikaanse lugvaartterme. Ek is dus nog aan die begin met Afrikaans wat die lugvaart betref en leer nog. Ek moet my ongelukkig op die bronne verlaat wat ek het omdat ek tans nie veel praktiese ervaring van Afrikaanse lugvaartterme het nie. Daarom moet ek soms heelwat navorsing doen wanneer ek lugvaartterme na Afrikaans moet vertaal. Soms omskryf ek 'n term in plaas daarvan om die Engelse term in Afrikaans te vertaal.
:Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 14:41, 27 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

== Name van die verskillende klappe ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, ek soek die korrekte name vir die volgende:
* Plain flap
* Split flap
* Slotted flap
* Fowler flap - ek dink Fowlerklap kan doen hier.
* Junkers flap
* Gouge flap
* Fairey-Youngman flap
* Zap flap
* Krueger flap - bestaan reeds as [[Krueger-klap]]
* Gurney flap
* Leading edge flap (leirandklap)?
* Blown flap

Dink daaroor! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 06:47, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)

:Middag, Oesjaar
:Dis ongeveer 13:30 op Saterdag, was vanoggend in die winkels, gaan nou eers aan met eie projek. Môre kom die kleinkinders kuier; ek hoop om Maandag aan hierdie terme te werk.
:Groete [[Spesiaal:Bydraes/&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|&amp;#126;2026-13155-32]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:&amp;#126;2026-13155-32|talk]]) 11:36, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
::Dankie. Waardeer! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:38, 28 Februarie 2026 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, staak asb die gewoonte om net in hoofletters te skryf. Ons volg standaard skryf reëls. Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:25, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Flaperon ==

{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, wat sê jou slim boek is 'n Flaperon in Afrikaans? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 14:44, 1 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Ontmoet ==
{{ping|Gaius le Roux}}, kan ons more ontmoet? Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 11:37, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

:Ja, 10:00, maar waar? Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 12:41, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::Goeie naand, @[[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]]. Ek het vergeet môre, Dinsdag, 31 Maart 2026, is wasdag - so ons sal nie kan ontmoet nie. Liewer op 'n ander dag, asseblief. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 17:10, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)
::: [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]], was agter die ore ook! Groete! [[Gebruiker:Oesjaar|Oesjaar]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Oesjaar|kontak]]) 17:12, 30 Maart 2026 (UTC)

== Oefensessie ==

Hallo Gaius, jou &quot;Oefensessies&quot; kan liefs in die '''Sandput''' uitgevoer word. (Klik op die 6de duimnael in die linkerkantbalk).

Daar kan jy na hartelus eksperimenteer, sonder om teks aan 'n bestaande artikel te verander. Groete, --[[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 17:21, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:Goeie dag, @[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]]. Ek het eers probeer om in die sandput te oefen voordat ek in die teks van die bestaande artikel geoefen het. Die sandput het my ongelukkig nie toegelaat om die stappe te volg wat ek op die ou end in die bestaande teks gevolg het nie. Dit is hoekom ek in die bestaande teks in plaas van in die sandput geoefen het. Groete [[Gebruiker:Gaius le Roux|Gaius le Roux]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:Gaius le Roux|kontak]]) 05:02, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
::Jy moes 'n advokaat geword het, jy gee my grys hare! [[Lêer:Wapen van Limpopo.png|20px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Gebruiker:Aliwal2012|Aliwal2012]] 11:12, 3 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammad Marandi</title>
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      <text bytes="8122" sha1="gadh59lepo0eb6ux1kc9iolri0jib0i" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Akademikus
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|alma mater= University of Birmingham (PhD)|bekend=Ontledings op internasionale TV-kanale|naam=Mohammad Marandi&lt;br/&gt;محمد مرندی|beeld=Seyed_Mohammad_Marandi_2014-06-30.jpg|geboortedatum={{birth date and age|1966|5|14|df=yes}}|instelling=Universiteit van Teheran|geboorteplek=[[Richmond, Virginië|Richmond]], [[Virginië]], [[VSA]]|nasionaliteit={{vlagikoon|VSA}} VSA&lt;br/&gt;{{vlagikoon|Iran}} Iran|titel=Professor|beeldbeskrywing=Marandi in 2014}}
'''Seyed Mohammad Marandi''' ([[Persies]]: سید محمد مرندی; gebore [[14 Mei]] [[1966]]) is ’n [[VSA|Amerikaans]]-[[Iran|Irannese]] akademikus, intellektueel en politieke ontleder. Hy is nou verbind met die Iraannese regering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= Ofcom Upholds Iran International Complaint Against Al Jazeera | url =
https://www.iranintl.com/en/202403054856 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Iran International|date=5 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | author=Patrick Kingsley, Farnaz Fassihi and Ronen Bergman| title= Updates: Israel Strikes Iran in Retaliatory Attack | url =
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/25/world/israel-lebanon-gaza-iran  |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The New York Times|date=25 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Londense koerant Iran International beskryf hom as ’n “mondstuk” van die Iraannese regering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title= Ofcom Upholds Iran International Complaint Against Al Jazeera | url =
https://www.iranintl.com/en/202403054856 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Iran International|date=5 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | author=Ghanbarzadeh | title= Who is Mohammad Marandi, Iran’s Chief Propagandist in English? | url = https://iranwire.com/en/features/134892-who-is-mohammad-marandi-irans-chief-propagandist-in-english/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=IranWire|date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Op sy webwerf word hy beskryf as ’n “prominente Irannese verdediger van die [[Irannese Rewolusie|Islamitiese rewolusie]]”.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmarandi.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=New Book by Mohammad Marandi and Sandew Hira |url=https://mmarandi.com/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=mmarandi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IW-Ghanbarzadeh-2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ghanbarzadeh |first1=Illya |date=10 October 2024 |title=Who is Mohammad Marandi, Iran’s Chief Propagandist in English? |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/134892-who-is-mohammad-marandi-irans-chief-propagandist-in-english/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Iranwire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hy is in Richmond, [[Virginië|Virginia]], Verenigde State gebore as die seun van Alireza Marandi, wat later die dokter van die tweede opperleier van die Islamitiese Republiek van Iran, [[Ali Khamenei|Ali Chamenei]], geword het. Mohammad Marandi het op 13-jarige ouderdom na Iran verhuis, waar hy vrywillig aangebied het om te veg in die [[Iran-Irakse Oorlog|Iran–Irakse Oorlog]] teen president [[Saddam Hussein]] se Ba'athistiese regime en hy het twee Irakse chemiese wapenaanvalle oorleef.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-05 |title=Man with a Country |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/man_with_a_country/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Guernica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Loopbaan ==
Marandi het later aan die Universiteit van Birmingham in [[Engeland]] studeer, waar sy doktorale proefskrif getitel was “[[Lord Byron]], his critics and Orientalism”, wat is beskryf as ’n “reaksie op [[Edward Said]] se ''Orientalism''”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ganj-old.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/382353 Database]{{Dooie skakel|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hy dien tans as ’n professor in [[Engelse letterkunde]] en Oriëntalisme aan die Universiteit van Teheran.

As gevolg van sy goeie kennis van die Engelse taal word hy dikwels deur internasionale media geraadpleeg om sy menings oor huidige gebeure in Iran en die wêreld vanuit 'n Irannese perspektief te gee.

Marandi het as politieke en sosiale kommentator op internasionale nuusnetwerke verskyn, soos Channel 4,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/JOk4qVx_FN8?t=878|title=Israel vows to 'exact a price' as Iran launches first ever direct attack|work=Youtube|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sky News]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPRloyyJ_HY|title=Iran attack a 'major humiliation for Israeli regime' says Iranian professor|work=Youtube|date=14 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/GeBy9w5Jeuw?t=89 |title=Analysis: Can the world avoid further conflict in the Middle East? |work=Youtube |accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; PBS, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CNN]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/fareed-zakaria/video-fareed-zakaria-interviews-iranian-regime-spokesman-mohammed-marandi_8AIFxPHDn10.html%7Cthis |title=Fareed Zakaria Interviews Iranian &quot;Regime&quot; Spokesman Professor Mohammed Marandi |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |accessdate=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[BBC]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCmSNtL7xSU |title=BBC Doha Debate November 9, 2009 |work=Youtube |date=15 November 2009 |accessdate=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Al Jazeera]] en [[RT]]. Hy het ook meningstukke bygedra tot publikasies soos Al Jazeera,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seyed Mohammad Marandi {{!}} Al Jazeera News {{!}} Today's latest from Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/author/seyed_mohammad_marandi_201361681617410180 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Middle East Eye,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seyed Mohammad Marandi |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/users/seyed-mohammad-marandi |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; en Tehran Times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Marandi |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/tag/Mohammad+Marandi |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sienings ===
In 2021 is Marandi daarvan beskuldig dat hy [[Antisemitisme|antisemitiese]] opmerkings gemaak het tydens ’n onderhoud met die [[BBC]]. Die onderhoud is gekritiseer omdat dit toegelaat is, en die BBC se direkteur het later daarvoor om verskoning gevra. Onder Marandi se opmerkings was beskuldigings dat Israel ’n “etno-supremasistiese” staat is wat ’n “holocaust” in die [[Gazastrook|Gasastrook]] pleeg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cleave|first1=Iona|last2=Barton|first2=Alex|date=1 October 2024 |title= Mishal Husain failed to sufficiently challenge guest over anti-semitic conspiracies, BBC admits |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/10/01/mishal-husain-failed-challenge-guest-anti-semitism-bbc/l |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=TheTelegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Op 4 Maart 2026, tydens 'n [[Aanvalle op Iran in 2026|voortdurende bomaanvalsveldtog]] teen Iran, het hy beweer dat Iran nog nie sy mees gevorderde wapens gebruik het nie, en dat Iran die Verenigde State sou verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skcPc9HDLBU|title='Iran is not interested in negotiating with Trump' - Iranian professor Mohammad Marandi|date=4 Maart 2026|website=Channel 4 News|access-date=5 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliografie ==

*“Oppressors and Oppressed Reconsidered: A Shi‘itologic Perspective on the Islamic Republic of Iran and Hezbollah’s Outlook on International Relations” (saam met Raffaele Mauriello) in ''Islam and International Relations: Contributions to Theory and Practice'', Springer Publishing, 2015, bl. 50–71.
*“The [[Ali Chamenei|Khamenei]] Doctrine: Iran's Leader on Diplomacy, Foreign Policy and International Relations” (saam met Raffaele Mauriello) in ''Islam in International Relations: Politics and Paradigms'', Routledge, 2018, bl. 18–38.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Marandi, Mohammad}}
[[Kategorie:Irannese skrywers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1966]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
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    <title>Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan</title>
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      <comment>Bygewerk, nog besig</comment>
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      <text bytes="45553" sha1="bhb98g082r4q3iql687z2dpqwmrwyar" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Krieketspan
| naam                  = Tanzanië
| beeld                 = Kenteken van die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan.png
| byskrif               = Kenteken van die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan
| bynaam                = ''The Cows''
| konferensie           = [[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] (TCA)
| kaptein               = [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| afrigter              = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Salieg Nackerdien]], [[Imran Nackerdien]]
| toetsstatusjaar       = 
| ikr_status            = Assosiaatlid met [[Twintig20|T20I]]-status
| ikr_aansluiting       = 2001
| ikr_streek            = [[Afrikakrieketvereniging|AKV]] (Afrika)
| toetsrang             = 
| beste_toetsrang       = 
| edi-rang              = 
| beste_edi-rang        = 
| t20i-rang             = 34ste
| beste_t20i-rang       = 30ste (op 17 November 2021)
| eerste_wedstryd       = 1 Desember 1951 {{vlagikoon|Tanganjika|1923}} Tanganjika t {{vlagikoon|Kenia|koloniaal}} [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]] in [[Nairobi]]
| eerste_toets          = 
| mees_onlangse_toets   = 
| aantal_toetse         = 
| aantal_toetse_vanjaar = 
| toetsrekord           = 
| toetsrekord_vanjaar   = 
| eerste_edi            = 
| mees_onlangse_edi     = 
| aantal_edis           = 
| aantal_edis_vanjaar   = 
| edi-rekord            = 
| edi-rekord_vanjaar    = 
| wb_verskynings        = 0/14
| wb_eerste             = 
| wb_beste              = 
| wbk_verskynings       = 
| wbk_eerste            = 
| wbk_beste             = 
| kt_verskynings        = 0/10
| kt_eerste             = 
| kt_beste              = 
| eerste_t20i           = t {{vlagland|Mosambiek}} op [[Rwandese Krieketstadion]], [[Kigali]]; 2 November 2021
| mees_onlangse_t20i    = t {{vlagland|Sint Helena}} op [[Achimota Skool]], [[Accra]]; 28 Maart 2026
| aantal_t20is          = 83
| aantal_t20is_vanjaar  = 4
| t20i-rekord           = 51/29 (61,45%)&lt;br /&gt;(0 gelykop, 3 onbeslis)
| t20i-rekord_vanjaar   = 4/0&lt;br /&gt;(0 gelykop, 0 onbeslis)
| wt20-verskynings      = 0/10
| eerste_wt20           = 
| beste_wt20            = 
| wt20k-verskynings     = 3
| eerste_wt20k          = 2021
| beste_wt20k           = 4de plek (in 2025)
| h_patroon_la          = 
| h_patroon_b           = 
| h_patroon_ra          = 
| h_patroon_broek       = 
| h_linkerarm           = 
| h_liggaam             = 
| h_regterarm           = 
| h_broek               = 
| a_patroon_la          = _tan_t20i24
| a_patroon_b           = _tan_t20i24
| a_patroon_ra          = _tan_t20i24
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| a_linkerarm           = 0B75D5
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| t_patroon_broek       = 
| t_linkerarm           = 
| t_liggaam             = 
| t_regterarm           = 
| t_broek               = 
| a_titel               = Lys A- en T20I-klere
}}

Die '''Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan''' ([[Engels]]: ''Tanzania national cricket team''; [[Swahili]]: ''Timu ya kriketi ya Tanzanina''), met die bynaam “The Cows”, is die nasionale [[krieket]]span wat [[Tanzanië]] in internasionale krieket verteenwoordig. Krieket word in Tanzanië deur die [[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] (''TCA'', van Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association''; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') beheer. Tanzanië is sedert 2001 ’n assosiaatlid van die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR).&lt;ref name=&quot;IKR&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/88.html |title=Tanzania |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=2 Julie 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702002835/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/88.html |archive-date=2 Julie 2021 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saam met [[Nigeriese nasionale krieketspan|Nigerië]] is Tanzanië tradisioneel een van die ontluikende nasionale Afrikakrieketspanne na die [[Toetskrieket|toetslande]] [[Proteas|Suid-Afrika]] en [[Zimbabwiese nasionale krieketspan|Zimbabwe]], asook die gevestigde assosiaatlede [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]], [[Namibiese nasionale krieketspan|Namibië]] en [[Ugandese nasionale krieketspan|Uganda]].

Krieket in die huidige Tanzanië is in 1914 vir die eerste keer op die eiland [[Zanzibar]] deur [[Britse Vloot|Britse matrose]] gespeel en ná die Britse oorname van die vastelandse [[Tanganjika]] het krieket ook daar begin versprei. Hulle het egter eers van die vroeë 1950’s af gereeld teen ander spanne begin speel&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/367/Other_Matches.html |titel=Other matches played by Uganda |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051855/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/367/Other_Matches.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en gereeld reekse teen die plaaslike mededingers Kenia en Uganda beslis.&lt;ref name=&quot;KenHist&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |title=History of Kenyan cricket |accessdate=24 Julie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724174301/http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |archive-date=24 Julie 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van 1966 af het Tanzanië spelers beskikbaar gestel vir die gesamentlike [[Oos-Afrikaanse krieketspan|Oos-Afrikaanse span]] wat in 1989 die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span geword het.

In April 2018 het die IKR besluit om aan al sy lede volle T20I-status toe te ken. Vervolgens word al die [[Twintig20|T20I-wedstryde]] wat Tanzanië ná 1 Januarie 2019 teen ander IKR-lede speel as ’n volle T20I erken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 |title=All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=26 April 2018 |accessdate=3 Oktober 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003012749/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 |archive-date=3 Oktober 2023 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanzanië is tans (Maart 2026) 34ste op die Twintig20-wêreldranglys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/t20i |title=Men's T20I Team Rankings |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=28 Maart 2026 |accessdate=31 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beheerliggaam ==
{{Hoofartikel|Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging}}
Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') is in 1961 gestig as die Tanganjikaanse Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanganyika Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanganyika'') gestig en verantwoordelik vir die reël van krieket in Tanzanië.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://tanzaniacricket.com/about.php |title=History of TCA |publisher=[[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] |accessdate=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924192344/http://tanzaniacricket.com/about.php |archive-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001 het hulle as ’n assosiaatlid by die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR) aangesluit.&lt;ref name=&quot;IKR&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/tanzania-cricket-association |title=Tanzania Cricket Association |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dieselfde jaar het hulle by die [[Afrikakrieketvereniging]] (''Africa Cricket Association'', “ACA”) aangesluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.africacricket.com/members.php |title=Members |publisher=[[Afrikakrieketvereniging]] |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging bestuur al die Tanzanië-verteenwoordigende nasionale spanne, insluitende die mans, vroue en jeug. Hulle is ook verantwoordelik vir die bestuur en organisasie van T20I-reekse teen ander spanne, en die reël van internasionale wedstryde tuis. Daarbenewens is die TCA verantwoordelik vir inkomsteverkryging deur die verkoop van kaartjies, borgskappe en uitsaairegte, veral in verband met die Tanzaniese span.

Kinders en jongmense word reeds op skool aan krieket bekend gestel en na gelang van hul belangstelling en talent begin hulle met hul afrigting. Net soos ander krieketlande beskik Tanzanië oor ’n o/19-nasionale span wat aan die [[o/19-krieketwêreldbeker]] deelneem.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-under-19-world-cup-232496 |title=The Under-19 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Martin Williamson |date=11 Januarie 2006 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geskiedenis ==
=== Beginjare ===
Britse koloniste het krieket aan die einde van die 19de eeu na die huidige Tanzanië saamgebring en die spel is vir die eerste keer deur matrose en bemanningslede van die [[Britse Vloot]] in die destydse [[Zanzibar|Sultanaat Zanzibar]] gespeel. Nasionale wedstryde (“Amptenare t Settlers”) is van 1910 tot in 1964 gereeld beslis, maar geen interterritoriale wedstryde is gespeel nie. Ná die Britse oorname van die voormalige [[Duits-Oos-Afrika]] tydens die [[Oos-Afrika-veldtog]] as die [[Volkebond]]mandaat [[Tanganjika]] in 1919 het die spel ook op die vasteland begin versprei.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Roy Morgan |title=The Encyclopedia of World Cricket |publisher=SportsBooks Ltd |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-899807-51-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aan die begin was krieket veral langs die kus en op die eiland Zanzibar gevestig met vername ontwikkelinge in [[Dar-es-Salaam]]. Die bevolking van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] het die spel spoedig opgeneem en hulle het teen die 1930’s die meeste spelers gestel, met ’n aansienlike Europese minderheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt;

=== Oos-Afrikaanse span ===
{{Hoofartikel|Oos-Afrikaanse krieketspan}}
[[Lêer:ECACC.jpg|duimnael|Vlag van die Oos-Afrikaanse nasionale krieketspan, later Oos- en Sentraal-Afrika]]
[[Lêer:Tanganyika cricket team, early 1960s.jpg|duimnael|Die Tanganjikaanse krieketspan nadat hulle die driehoekige toernooi teen Kenia en Uganda in die vroeë 1960’s gewen het]]
In 1951 is die Oos-Afrikaanse Krieketkonferensie (Engels: ''East Africa Cricket Conference'', EACC; later die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse Krieketkonferensie, ''East and Central Africa Cricket Conference'', ECACC) gestig as die beheerliggaam van krieket in die streek. Hulle het toesig gehou oor die interkoloniale wedstryde tussen die drie stigtingslede [[Kenia]], [[Uganda]] en Tanganjika.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: a History of Its Growth and Development Throughout the World |publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode |year=1970 |location=Londen |isbn=978-0-413-27860-9 |pages=361}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in dieselfde jaar het ’n saamgestelde Oos-Afrikaanse span [[Zimbabwiese nasionale krieketspan|Rhodesië]] gehuisves.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: a History of Its Growth and Development Throughout the World |publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode |year=1970 |location=Londen |isbn=978-0-413-27860-9 |pages=359}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1951 het ’n Tanganjikaanse span vir die eerste keer in ’n driehoekige toernooi teen [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]] en [[Ugandese nasionale krieketspan|Uganda]] hul eerste internasionale wedstryde gespeel. Een jaar later is Tanganjika deur Uganda met vyf paaltjies geklop. Ongereelde wedstryde teen Kenia en Uganda is dwarsdeur die 1950’s gespeel&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt; en Zanzibar het van 1956 af ook teen Uganda gespeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1956_TZN_Uganda_in_Zanzibar_1956.html |title=Uganda in Zanzibar 1956 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135352/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1956_TZN_Uganda_in_Zanzibar_1956.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oos-Afrika se volgende gedokumenteerde wedstryd was in 1956 teen ’n besoekende [[Pakistanse nasionale krieketspan|Pakistanse span]]. Onder die kapteinskap van [[Denis Dawson]] (die broer van die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Toetskrieket|toetsspeler]] [[Ossie Dawson]]) het die Oos-Afrikane die driedaagse wedstryd met agt paaltjies verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137490.html |title=East Africa v Pakistan Cricket Writers' XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=1 Mei 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501140259/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137490.html |archive-date=1 Mei 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die volgende jaar is die Oos-Afrikane deur die besoekende Sunder-krieketklub met nege paaltjies verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137632.html |title=East Africa v Sunder Cricket Club |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113230148/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137632.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958 het ’n Suid-Afrikaanse span met spelers van ’n nie-Europese herkoms na die streek getoer en een wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika in [[Nairobi]] gespeel. Onder hul kaptein [[Malcolm Ronaldson]], ’n voormalige [[Eersterangse krieket|eersterangse]] speler vir die Oostelike Provinsie, is Oos-Afrika in dié wedstryd deur die Suid-Afrikane met sewe paaltjies verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/97/97177.html |title=East Africa v South African Non-Europeans |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119001810/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/97/97177.html |archive-date=19 November 2022 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná Tanganjika se onafhanklikwording in 1961 is die beheerliggaam Tanganjikaanse Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanganyika Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanganyika'') gestig en met die vereniging van Tanganjika met [[Zanzibar]] is dit in Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging (TCA, van Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association''; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') hernoem.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt;

Ander teenstanders het ook na Tanganjika begin toer, waaronder die [[Marylebone-krieketklub]] (MKK) in 1957&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137559.html |title=Scorecard of Tanganyika v MCC, 28 December 1957 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210132/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137559.html |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en 1963,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1963-64_TZN_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_East_Africa_1963-64.html |title=MCC in East Africa 1963/64 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133805/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1963-64_TZN_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_East_Africa_1963-64.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; asook in 1958 ’n Suid-Afrikaanse nie-Europese span (wat ook teen Zanzibar gespeel het)&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1958-59_TZN_South_African_Non-Europeans_in_East_Africa_1958-59.html |title=South African Non-Europeans in East Africa 1958/59 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133817/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1958-59_TZN_South_African_Non-Europeans_in_East_Africa_1958-59.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en in 1964 ’n [[Pakistan International Airlines]]-span.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1964_TZN_Pakistan_International_Airlines_in_East_Africa_1964.html |title=Pakistan International Airlines in East Africa 1964 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133829/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1964_TZN_Pakistan_International_Airlines_in_East_Africa_1964.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gedurende die 1960’s het Oos-Afrika verskeie toerende spanne ontmoet. In 1962 het hulle twee wedstryde teen die [[Britse Statebond|Statebond]] se krieketspan gespeel. In die eerste wedstryd in Nairobi (10 tot 12 Februarie 1962) is die Oos-Afrikane met 20 lopies geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138031.html |title=East Africa v International XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=7 Januarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124602/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138031.html |archive-date=7 Januarie 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié wedstryd word veral onthou vir ’n vinnige honderdtal deur [[Basil D'Oliveira]] in die Statebondspan se tweede beurt.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19620213.2.154 |title=D'Oliviera Hits Out |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=13 Februarie 1962 |volume=CI |issue=29746 |page=15 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die tweede wedstryd in Oktober, ook in Nairobi, het die Statebondspan Oos-Afrika met 118 lopies geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19621003.2.186 |title=Century |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=3 Oktober 1962 |volume=CI |issue=29943 |page=19 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die besoekende MKK het in 1963/64 drie wedstryde in Uganda gespeel, een in Tanganjika en sewe in Kenia. Een van dié wedstryde teen die Oos-Afrikaanse span in [[Kampala]] het die MKK met ’n beurt en 71 lopies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/26/26461.html |title=East African Invitation XI v Marylebone Cricket Club |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=9 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309234743/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/26/26461.html |archive-date=9 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1966 het Oos-Afrika by die Internasionale Krieketkonferensie (IKK; nou [[Internasionale Krieketraad]], IKR) as ’n assosiaatlid aangesluit.&lt;ref name=&quot;EACA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/10.html |title=East Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190225/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/10.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dieselfde jaar het Zambië by die jaarlikse toernooi aangesluit, wat daarmee ’n vierhoekige toernooi geword het. In Augustus 1967 het die besoekende [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indiërs]] teen Uganda met ses paaltjies en een driedaagse eersterangse wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika met agt paaltjies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/29/29058.html |title=East Africa v Indians |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=26 Januarie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072238/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/29/29058.html |archive-date=26 Januarie 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968 het ’n internasionale span van Engelse eersterangse spelers in ’n driedaagse wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika in Nairobi onbeslis gespeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138843.html |title=East Africa v International XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Januarie 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104040238/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138843.html |archive-date=4 Januarie 2022 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Junie en Julie 1972 het Oos-Afrika [[Engeland]] vir 18 wedstryde teen plaaslike spanne besoek en ’n oorwinning oor Noord-Wallis aangeteken. Geen van dié wedstryde het eersterangse status geniet nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/32/32623.html |title=North Wales v East Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105160434/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/32/32623.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die MKK het in 1973/74 weer Oos-Afrika besoek. In Desember 1973 het hulle twee wedstryde in [[Zambië]] gespeel, gevolg deur nog twee in Tanzanië en toe vier in Kenia. Hul enigste wedstryd teen die volle Oos-Afrikaanse span, wat oor eersterangse status beskik het, is deur die MKK met 237 lopies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1973-74/MCC_IN_EA/MCC_EA_18-20JAN1974.html |title=Marylebone Cricket Club in East Africa, 1973/74 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ná die nasionalisering van baie besighede in die 1970’s het baie [[Indië]]rs en [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britte]] die land begin verlaat. Krieketspelers soos [[John Solanky]], wat vir [[Glamorgan]] gespel het, was onder diegene wat die land verlaat het, waarna die krieketvlakke agteruitgegaan het. Sedert die 1970’s het die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging daarop gefokus om die spel onder Afrikane te vestig en die nasionale span bevat nou tussen 20 en 25% Afrikaspelers. Die nasionale span se vermoë het in die middel-1990’s toegeneem, toe hulle twee Afrikatoernooie in 1994 en 1995 as naaswenner afgesluit het, waarna hul vlak in die laat 1990’s effens afgeneem het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt;

Oos-Afrika is genooi om aan die eerste [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1975]] deel te neem. Hulle was naas [[Sri Lankaanse nasionale krieketspan|Sri Lanka]] een van twee nietoetspanne wat vir dié toernooi genooi is.&lt;ref name=&quot;WC75&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1975_ENG_Prudential_World_Cup_1975.html |title=World Cup 1975 |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001192305/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1975_ENG_Prudential_World_Cup_1975.html |archive-date=1 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenia het die helfte van die span se 14 spelers gestel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |title=A history of Kenyan cricket |publisher=Friends of Kenya Cricket |accessdate=24 Julie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724174301/http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |archive-date=24 Julie 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voor dié toernooi is die span se deelname egter bevraagteken, nadat Tanzanië gedreig het sy spelers te verbied om na Engeland te toer in protes teen die [[Britse en Ierse Leeus]]-[[rugby]]span se toer na Suid-Afrika onder [[apartheid]] in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19740726.2.161 |title=N.Z. cricketers to play E. Africa |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=26 Julie 1974 |volume=CXIV |issue=33596 |page=20 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die insluiting van Oos-Afrika is as ’n belangrike stap vir die toernooi beskou, aangesien die deelname van ’n Afrikaspan as nodig geag is om van dit ’n ware wêreldbekertoernooi te maak. Die twee sterkste krieketlande in Afrika, [[Suid-Afrika]] en [[Rhodesië]], het hul spelers op grond van ras gekeur en is uitgesluit as deel van die sportboikot teen Suid-Afrika, waarvolgens Oos-Afrika as Afrikaverteenwoordiger deelgeneem het. Ná opwarmingswedstryde teen [[Somerset]], [[Wallis]], [[Glamorgan]] en verskeie ander klubspanne, het hulle in die eerste rondte teen [[Engelse nasionale krieketspan|Engeland]], Indië en [[Nieu-Seelandse nasionale krieketspan|Nieu-Seeland]] gespeel, maar al drie sy wedstryde verloor.&lt;ref name=&quot;WC75&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC75_HISTORY.html |title=West Indies victory heralds a new era |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Tony Cozier |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die krieketwêreldbekertoernooi is opgevolg deur ’n eersterangse wedstryd teen Sri Lanka op die [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]] in [[Taunton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/35/35269.html |title=Scorecard of East Africa v Sri Lanka match, 23 June 1975 |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190322/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/35/35269.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1978 het die Minor Counties Krieketvereniging Kenia besoek vir sewe wedstryde, waaronder twee teen Oos-Afrika. Die eerste wedstryd met 60 boulbeurte het die Minor Counties met agt paaltjies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115799.html |title=East Africa Cricket Conference v Minor Counties |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=11 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311041401/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115799.html |archive-date=11 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ’n Beplande driedaagse wedstryd is afgelas sonder dat ’n bal geboul is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115800.html |title=East Africa Cricket Conference v Minor Counties |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=7 Oktober 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007084742/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115800.html |archive-date=7 Oktober 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oos-Afrika het aan die IKR-trofeë in 1979,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT79/ |title=ICC Trophy, 1979: England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT82/ |title=ICC Trophy, 1982: England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; en 1986 deelgeneem,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT86/ |title=1986 ICC Trophy in England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; maar hulle kon nie vir die [[krieketwêreldbeker]]toernooie in [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1979|1979]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1983|1983]] en [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1987|1987]] kwalifiseer nie.

Die jaarlikse toernooi teen Kenia en Tanganjika is voortgesit, hoewel Kenia in 1981 van die Oos-Afrikaanse span weggebreek het en voorts deur sy eie nasionale span verteenwoordig is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/16.html |title=Kenya |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Februarie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190440/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/16.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1966 is die driehoekige toernooi in ’n vierhoekige omskep, nadat Zambië aangesluit het. Tot in 1980 kon Tanzanië dié toernooi slegs een keer wen.&lt;ref name=&quot;KenHist&quot; /&gt;

=== Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span ===
{{Hoofartikel|Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse krieketspan}}
In 1989 het die Oos-Afrikaanse span homself aan die IKR onttrek&lt;ref name=&quot;EACA&quot; /&gt; en is in dieselfde jaar met die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse krieketspan vervang.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/96.html |title=East and Central Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190613/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/96.html |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié nuwe span was ’n gesamentlike span van [[Malawi]], Tanzanië, Uganda en Zambië, en hulle het in 1990 vir die eerste keer aan die IKR-trofee deelgeneem, en daarna in 1994, 1997 en 2001, maar hulle kon nie vir die krieketwêreldbekertoernooie in [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1992|1992]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1996|1996]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1999|1999]] en [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2003|2003]] kwalifiseer nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/EastandCentralAfrica/Icct/Icct_List.html |title=ICC Trophy matches played by East and Central Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=9 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009034616/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/EastandCentralAfrica/Icct/Icct_List.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== IKR-lidmaatskap ===
Net ná die IKR-trofee 2001 het Tanzanië homself aan die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span onttrek en op sy eie as ’n assosiaatlid by die IKR aangesluit&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; wat met nuwe geleenthede vir die Tanzaniese krieket gepaard gegaan het. Die nasionale span het tydens die Afrikabeker 2002 sy eerste wedstryde gespeel&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt; maar al vier sy wedstryde verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |title=2002 Africa Cup |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |accessdate=20 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320165034/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |archive-date=20 Maart 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tydens die Afrikakrieketvereniging Kampioenskap 2004, wat as ’n kwalifisering vir die IKR-trofee 2005 en daarmee vir die [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2007]] gedien het, het Tanzanië verbeter, hoewel hulle dié toernooi steeds laaste afgesluit het, maar die gasheer Zambië in die laaste wedstryd kon klop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |title=African qualifying for the 2005 ICC Trophy |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |accessdate=4 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104231113/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |archive-date=4 Januarie 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twee jaar later het die Tanzaniërs nog beter gevaar, toe hulle afdeling twee van die Wêreldkrieketliga Afrikastreek, ’n tweedevlaktoernooi onder die Wêreldkrieketliga, gewen het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/Tables/ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Division_Two_2006.html |title=Points Table for ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Division Two 2006 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Januarie 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162401/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/Tables/ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Division_Two_2006.html |archive-date=4 Januarie 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daarmee het Tanzanië afdeling drie van die Wêreldkrieketliga 2007–09 in [[Darwin]] vir die [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2011]] gehaal. Tanzanië het dié toernooi in die sesde plek beëindig, nadat hulle ’n uitspeelwedstryd teen [[Hongkongse nasionale krieketspan|Hongkong]] verloor het, waarmee hulle na afdeling vier gerelegeer is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml |title=Uganda lift Division Three title |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |author=Andrew Nixon |date=2 Junie 2007 |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170417/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008 het Tanzanië die Wêreldkrieketliga 2007–09 se afdeling vier gehuisves. Die gasheer het in die uitspeelwedstryd om die derde plek teen [[Italiaanse nasionale krieketspan|Italië]] vasgeval en daarmee vir die daaropvolgende Wêreldkrieketliga 2009–14 in dié afdeling aangebly.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2008-09-353166/tanzania-vs-italy-3rd-place-playoff-369441/match-report |title=Afghanistan claim another title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 Oktober 2008 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is in 2010 in Italië beslis, waar hulle weer in die vierde plek geëindig en daarmee in die Wêreldkrieketliga 2012 weer in dié afdeling vier gespeel het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2010-467028/nepal-vs-tanzania-3rd-place-play-off-467094/match-report |title=Cush century takes USA to title triumph |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 Augustus 2010 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tydens die in Maleisië besliste afdeling vier 2012 het die Tanzaniërs die sesde plek behaal, nadat hulle in die uitspeelwedstryd deur die gasheer geklop en na die Wêreldkrieketliga 2012–18 se afdeling vyf gerelegeer is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2012-571057/malaysia-vs-tanzania-5th-place-playoff-576419/match-report |title=Nepal crush USA in the final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 September 2012 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is ook in Maleisië aangebied en Tanzanië het in die wedstryd om die derde plek [[Nigeriese nasionale krieketspan|Nigerië]] verslaan, waarmee hulle in 2016 in dié afdeling aangebly het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-five-2013-14-722647/nigeria-vs-tanzania-3rd-place-play-off-722687/match-report |title=Jersey win WCL Division Five |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 Maart 2014 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het die Tanzaniërs slegs in die vyfde plek beëindig, waarna hulle die Wêreldkrieketliga 2017–19 in die Afrikakwalifisering 2017 begin het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-five-2016-979781/nigeria-vs-tanzania-5th-place-playoff-979841/match-report |title=Jersey bowlers tie down Oman to take Division Five title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Peter Della Penna |date=29 Mei 2016 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kleure ==
In T20I-krieket dra Tanzanië blou truie met ’n swart kleuraksent, ’n swart V-halslyn en blou broeke. Veldspelers dra ’n blou bofbalpet of ’n blou sonhoed. Die kolwers se helms is ook blou geverf. Gedurende IKR-toernooie verskyn die borg se embleem op die regter mou en die belettering ''Tanzania'' verskyn op die middel van die trui.

Die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan se bynaam is ''The Cows''.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/team-nicknames.htm |title=Cricket Team Nicknames |publisher=Topend Sports |date=November 2017 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging se kenteken toon ’n [[Masai-kameelperd]], die nasionale dier van die land.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |authors=Adam Scott Kennedy, Vicki Kennedy |title=Animals of the Serengeti, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5138-6 |oclc=873760148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuisstadions ==
{{Location map+ |Tanzanië
|caption=Ligging van Tanzaniese krieketstadions
|places=
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Annadil Burhani Ground]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=top|lat=-6.8094|long=39.28288}}
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Gymkhana Klubveld, Dar-es-Salaam|Gymkhana]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|lat=-6.8084|long=39.2904}}
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam Ground|Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=bottom|lat=-6.776012|long=39.178326}}
}}
Tanzanië beskik oor geen amptelike tuisstadion vir sy nasionale span nie. Die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan gebruik vir hul krieketwedstryde eerder ’n verskeidenheid stadions dwarsdeur Tanzanië:

{| border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#cccccc&quot;
! No. !! Stadion !! Plek !! Eerste wedstryd
|-
| 1
| [[Annadil Burhani Ground]]
| [[Dar-es-Salaam]]
| 31 Oktober 2022
|-
| 2
| [[Gymkhana Klubveld, Dar-es-Salaam|Gymkhana]]
| Dar-es-Salaam
| 21 September 2024
|-
| 3
| [[Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam Ground|Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam]]
| Dar-es-Salaam
| 21 September 2024
|}

== Spelers ==
=== Spelerstatistieke ===
Daar het altesaam 35 spelers [[Twintig20|T20I-krieket]] vir Tanzanië gespeel. Vervolgens die spelers wat vir die Tanzaniese span die meeste lopies aangeteken en die meeste paaltjies geneem het.

==== Lopies ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |T20I
|-
! scope=col | Speler
! scope=col | Tydperk
! scope=col | T20Is
! scope=col | Lopies
|-
| [[Ivan Selemani]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 68
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;640'''
|-
| [[Abhik Patwa]]
| 2021–2025
| align=center | 57
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;387'''
|-
| [[Amal Rajeevan]]
| 2022–2025
| align=center | 55
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;063'''
|-
| [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 79
| align=center | '''{{0}}913'''
|-
| [[Omary Kitunda]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 59
| align=center | '''{{0}}559'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;Korrek teen: 1 April 2026&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Paaltjies ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |T20I
|-
! scope=col | Speler
! scope=col | Tydperk
! scope=col | T20Is
! scope=col | Paaltjies
|-
| [[Ally Kimote]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 81
| align=center | '''90'''
|-
| [[Yalinde Nkanya]]
| 2022–hede
| align=center | 55
| align=center | '''71'''
|-
| [[SanjayKumar Thakor]]
| 2021–2024
| align=center | 58
| align=center | '''65'''
|-
| [[Salum Jumbe]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 66
| align=center | '''65'''
|-
| [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 79
| align=center | '''51'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;Korrek teen: 1 April 2026&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Spankapteins ===
Tot op hede was vier spelers reeds die [[Kaptein (sport)|kaptein]] vir Tanzanië tydens ’n T20I-wedstryd.&lt;ref&gt;Die tydperk verwys na die ooreenstemmende krieketseisoen waarin die eerste of laaste wedstryd van die tyd as kaptein gespeel is.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cccccc&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| T20I&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / List of Captains |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! No. !! Naam !! Tydperk
|-
| 1
| Abhik Patwa
| 2021–2025
|-
| 2
| '''Kassim Nassoro'''
| 2022–hede
|-
| 3
| Salum Jumbe
| 2024
|-
| 4
| Laksh Bakrania
| 2025
|}

== Rekords ==
=== Krieketwêreldbekerrekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1975|1975]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1979|1979]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1983|1983]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1987|1987]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1992|1992]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1996|1996]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1999|1999]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2003|2003]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2007|2007]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2011|2011]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2015|2015]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2019|2019]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2023|2023]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2027|2027]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2031|2031]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|}

=== Kampioenetrofeerekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 1998|1998]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2000|2000]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2002|2002]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2004|2004]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2006|2006]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2009|2009]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2013|2013]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2017|2017]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2025|2025]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2029|2029]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|}

=== T20I-rekord teen ander lande ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;width:600px&quot;
! Teenstander !! Wedstryde !! Gewen !! Verloor !! Gelykop !! Onbeslis !! % Gewen !! Eerste T20I-oorwinning
|-
|colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| '''t. Toetslande'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-ZW}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| '''t. Assosiaatlede'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Bahrein}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 50,00 || 8 Julie 2025
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Botswana}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 7 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Duitsland}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50,00 || 12 Julie 2025
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Eswatini}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Gambië}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Ghana}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 4 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Kameroen}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-KE}} || 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 40,00 || 17 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Koeweit}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Lesotho}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 22 September 2024
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Malawi}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 20 September 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Maleisië}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Mali}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 21 September 2024
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Mosambiek}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 2 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-NA}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-NG}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 75,00 || 17 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Rwanda}} || 18 || 16 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 88,89 || 31 Oktober 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Sierra Leone}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 3 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-UG}} || 17 || 3 || 12 || 0 || 2 || 20,00 || 19 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Vanuatu}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| '''Algeheel''' || '''83''' || '''51''' || '''29''' || '''0''' || '''3''' || '''61,45''' || 2 November 2021
|-
|colspan=&quot;9&quot;| ''Rekords volledig tot en met T20I #3792 op 28 Maart 2026. Gelykop verwys na wedstryde wat deur ’n valbyl (soos ’n Superboulbeurt) beslis is. Wenpersentasies sluit onbesliste wedstryde uit en gelykop as ’n halwe oorwinning (ongeag die valbyl).''&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=34;type=team |title=Records / Uganda / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 Maart 2026 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== T20I-wêreldbekerrekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2007|2007]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2009|2009]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2010|2010]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2012|2012]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2014|2014]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2016|2016]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2021|2021]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2022|2022]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2024|2024]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026|2026]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2028|2028]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2030|2030]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|}

== Sien ook ==
{{Portaal|Krieket|Cricket ball.svg}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Tanzania national cricket team|Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan}}
* {{en}} {{sw}} [http://www.tanzaniacricket.com/ Amptelike webwerf van die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]
* {{en}} [https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/tanzania-160 Tanzanië op ESPNcricinfo]
* {{en}} [https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/tanzania-cricket-association Tanzanië by die IKR]

{{Nasionale krieketspanne}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Krieket in Tanzanië]]
[[Kategorie:Nasionale krieketspanne van Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>bhb98g082r4q3iql687z2dpqwmrwyar</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889640</id>
      <parentid>2889598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T21:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpesBona</username>
        <id>2720</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bygewerk, nog besig</comment>
      <origin>2889640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45580" sha1="ovxo7em1xdwp9fwgmi24f7m9z2fygrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Krieketspan
| naam                  = Tanzanië
| beeld                 = Kenteken van die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan.png
| byskrif               = Kenteken van die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan
| bynaam                = ''The Cows''
| konferensie           = [[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] (TCA)
| kaptein               = [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| afrigter              = {{vlagikoon|Suid-Afrika}} [[Salieg Nackerdien]], [[Imran Nackerdien]]
| toetsstatusjaar       = 
| ikr_status            = Assosiaatlid met [[Twintig20|T20I]]-status
| ikr_aansluiting       = 2001
| ikr_streek            = [[Afrikakrieketvereniging|AKV]] (Afrika)
| toetsrang             = 
| beste_toetsrang       = 
| edi-rang              = 
| beste_edi-rang        = 
| t20i-rang             = 34ste
| beste_t20i-rang       = 30ste (op 17 November 2021)
| eerste_wedstryd       = 1 Desember 1951 {{vlagikoon|Tanganjika|1923}} Tanganjika t {{vlagikoon|Kenia|koloniaal}} [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]] in [[Nairobi]]
| eerste_toets          = 
| mees_onlangse_toets   = 
| aantal_toetse         = 
| aantal_toetse_vanjaar = 
| toetsrekord           = 
| toetsrekord_vanjaar   = 
| eerste_edi            = 
| mees_onlangse_edi     = 
| aantal_edis           = 
| aantal_edis_vanjaar   = 
| edi-rekord            = 
| edi-rekord_vanjaar    = 
| wb_verskynings        = 0/14
| wb_eerste             = 
| wb_beste              = 
| wbk_verskynings       = 
| wbk_eerste            = 
| wbk_beste             = 
| kt_verskynings        = 0/10
| kt_eerste             = 
| kt_beste              = 
| eerste_t20i           = t {{vlagland|Mosambiek}} op [[Rwandese Krieketstadion]], [[Kigali]]; 2 November 2021
| mees_onlangse_t20i    = t {{vlagland|Sint Helena}} op [[Achimota Skool]], [[Accra]]; 28 Maart 2026
| aantal_t20is          = 83
| aantal_t20is_vanjaar  = 4
| t20i-rekord           = 51/29 (61,45%)&lt;br /&gt;(0 gelykop, 3 onbeslis)
| t20i-rekord_vanjaar   = 4/0&lt;br /&gt;(0 gelykop, 0 onbeslis)
| wt20-verskynings      = 0/10
| eerste_wt20           = 
| beste_wt20            = 
| wt20k-verskynings     = 3
| eerste_wt20k          = 2021
| beste_wt20k           = 4de plek (in 2025)
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| a_patroon_b           = _tan_t20i24
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| a_patroon_broek       = 
| a_linkerarm           = 0B75D5
| a_liggaam             = 0B75D5
| a_regterarm           = 0B75D5
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| t_patroon_la          = 
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| t_broek               = 
| a_titel               = Lys A- en T20I-klere
}}

Die '''Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan''' ([[Engels]]: ''Tanzania national cricket team''; [[Swahili]]: ''Timu ya kriketi ya Tanzanina''), met die bynaam “The Cows”, is die nasionale [[krieket]]span wat [[Tanzanië]] in internasionale krieket verteenwoordig. Krieket word in Tanzanië deur die [[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] (''TCA'', van Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association''; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') beheer. Tanzanië is sedert 2001 ’n assosiaatlid van die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR).&lt;ref name=&quot;IKR&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/88.html |title=Tanzania |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=2 Julie 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702002835/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/88.html |archive-date=2 Julie 2021 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná die [[Toetskrieket|toetslande]] [[Proteas|Suid-Afrika]] en [[Zimbabwiese nasionale krieketspan|Zimbabwe]], asook die assosiaatlede [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]], [[Namibiese nasionale krieketspan|Namibië]] en [[Ugandese nasionale krieketspan|Uganda]] is Tanzanië saam met [[Nigeriese nasionale krieketspan|Nigerië]] tradisioneel een van die sterker nasionale Afrikakrieketspanne.

Krieket in die huidige Tanzanië is in 1914 vir die eerste keer op die eiland [[Zanzibar]] deur [[Britse Vloot|Britse matrose]] gespeel en ná die Britse oorname van die vastelandse [[Tanganjika]] het krieket ook daar begin versprei. Hulle het egter eers van die vroeë 1950’s af gereeld teen ander spanne begin speel&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/367/Other_Matches.html |titel=Other matches played by Uganda |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051855/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/367/Other_Matches.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en gereeld reekse teen die plaaslike mededingers Kenia en Uganda beslis.&lt;ref name=&quot;KenHist&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |title=History of Kenyan cricket |accessdate=24 Julie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724174301/http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |archive-date=24 Julie 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van 1966 af het Tanzanië spelers beskikbaar gestel vir die gesamentlike [[Oos-Afrikaanse krieketspan|Oos-Afrikaanse span]] wat in 1989 die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span geword het.

In April 2018 het die IKR besluit om aan al sy lede volle T20I-status toe te ken. Vervolgens word al die [[Twintig20|T20I-wedstryde]] wat Tanzanië ná 1 Januarie 2019 teen ander IKR-lede speel as ’n volle T20I erken.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 |title=All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=26 April 2018 |accessdate=3 Oktober 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003012749/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 |archive-date=3 Oktober 2023 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanzanië is tans (Maart 2026) 34ste op die Twintig20-wêreldranglys.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/t20i |title=Men's T20I Team Rankings |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |date=28 Maart 2026 |accessdate=31 Maart 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beheerliggaam ==
{{Hoofartikel|Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging}}
Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') is in 1961 gestig as die Tanganjikaanse Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanganyika Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanganyika'') gestig en verantwoordelik vir die reël van krieket in Tanzanië.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://tanzaniacricket.com/about.php |title=History of TCA |publisher=[[Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]] |accessdate=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924192344/http://tanzaniacricket.com/about.php |archive-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001 het hulle as ’n assosiaatlid by die [[Internasionale Krieketraad]] (IKR) aangesluit.&lt;ref name=&quot;IKR&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/tanzania-cricket-association |title=Tanzania Cricket Association |publisher=[[Internasionale Krieketraad]] |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dieselfde jaar het hulle by die [[Afrikakrieketvereniging]] (''Africa Cricket Association'', “ACA”) aangesluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.africacricket.com/members.php |title=Members |publisher=[[Afrikakrieketvereniging]] |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging bestuur al die Tanzanië-verteenwoordigende nasionale spanne, insluitende die mans, vroue en jeug. Hulle is ook verantwoordelik vir die bestuur en organisasie van T20I-reekse teen ander spanne, en die reël van internasionale wedstryde tuis. Daarbenewens is die TCA verantwoordelik vir inkomsteverkryging deur die verkoop van kaartjies, borgskappe en uitsaairegte, veral in verband met die Tanzaniese span.

Kinders en jongmense word reeds op skool aan krieket bekend gestel en na gelang van hul belangstelling en talent begin hulle met hul afrigting. Net soos ander krieketlande beskik Tanzanië oor ’n o/19-nasionale span wat aan die [[o/19-krieketwêreldbeker]] deelneem.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-under-19-world-cup-232496 |title=The Under-19 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Martin Williamson |date=11 Januarie 2006 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geskiedenis ==
=== Beginjare ===
Britse koloniste het krieket aan die einde van die 19de eeu na die huidige Tanzanië saamgebring en die spel is vir die eerste keer deur matrose en bemanningslede van die [[Britse Vloot]] in die destydse [[Zanzibar|Sultanaat Zanzibar]] gespeel. In 1890 is die eerste gedokumenteerde wedstryd op die eiland Zanzibar tussen Britse setlaars en lede van die Britse Vloot beslis.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ná die Britse oorname van die voormalige [[Duits-Oos-Afrika]] tydens die [[Oos-Afrika-veldtog]] as die [[Volkebond]]mandaat [[Tanganjika]] in 1919 het die spel ook op die vasteland begin versprei.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Roy Morgan |title=The Encyclopedia of World Cricket |publisher=SportsBooks Ltd |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-899807-51-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aan die begin was krieket veral langs die kus en op die eiland Zanzibar gevestig met vername ontwikkelinge in [[Dar-es-Salaam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Die bevolking van die [[Indiese subkontinent]] het die spel spoedig opgeneem en hulle het teen die 1930’s die meeste spelers gestel, met ’n aansienlike Europese minderheid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt;

=== Oos-Afrikaanse span ===
{{Hoofartikel|Oos-Afrikaanse krieketspan}}
[[Lêer:ECACC.jpg|duimnael|Vlag van die Oos-Afrikaanse nasionale krieketspan, later Oos- en Sentraal-Afrika]]
[[Lêer:Tanganyika cricket team, early 1960s.jpg|duimnael|Die Tanganjikaanse krieketspan nadat hulle die driehoekige toernooi teen Kenia en Uganda in die vroeë 1960’s gewen het]]
In 1951 is die Oos-Afrikaanse Krieketkonferensie (Engels: ''East Africa Cricket Conference'', EACC; later die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse Krieketkonferensie, ''East and Central Africa Cricket Conference'', ECACC) gestig as die beheerliggaam van krieket in die streek. Hulle het toesig gehou oor die interkoloniale wedstryde tussen die drie stigtingslede [[Kenia]], [[Uganda]] en Tanganjika.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: a History of Its Growth and Development Throughout the World |publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode |year=1970 |location=Londen |isbn=978-0-413-27860-9 |pages=361}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in dieselfde jaar het ’n saamgestelde Oos-Afrikaanse span [[Zimbabwiese nasionale krieketspan|Rhodesië]] gehuisves.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: a History of Its Growth and Development Throughout the World |publisher=Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode |year=1970 |location=Londen |isbn=978-0-413-27860-9 |pages=359}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1951 het ’n Tanganjikaanse span vir die eerste keer in ’n driehoekige toernooi teen [[Keniaanse nasionale krieketspan|Kenia]] en [[Ugandese nasionale krieketspan|Uganda]] hul eerste internasionale wedstryde gespeel. Een jaar later is Tanganjika deur Uganda met vyf paaltjies geklop. Ongereelde wedstryde teen Kenia en Uganda is dwarsdeur die 1950’s gespeel&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt; en Zanzibar het van 1956 af ook teen Uganda gespeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1956_TZN_Uganda_in_Zanzibar_1956.html |title=Uganda in Zanzibar 1956 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135352/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1956_TZN_Uganda_in_Zanzibar_1956.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oos-Afrika se volgende gedokumenteerde wedstryd was in 1956 teen ’n besoekende [[Pakistanse nasionale krieketspan|Pakistanse span]]. Onder die kapteinskap van [[Denis Dawson]] (die broer van die [[Suid-Afrika]]anse [[Toetskrieket|toetsspeler]] [[Ossie Dawson]]) het die Oos-Afrikane die driedaagse wedstryd met agt paaltjies verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137490.html |title=East Africa v Pakistan Cricket Writers' XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=1 Mei 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501140259/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137490.html |archive-date=1 Mei 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die volgende jaar is die Oos-Afrikane deur die besoekende Sunder-krieketklub met nege paaltjies verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137632.html |title=East Africa v Sunder Cricket Club |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113230148/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137632.html |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958 het ’n Suid-Afrikaanse span met spelers van ’n nie-Europese herkoms na die streek getoer en een wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika in [[Nairobi]] gespeel. Onder hul kaptein [[Malcolm Ronaldson]], ’n voormalige [[Eersterangse krieket|eersterangse]] speler vir die Oostelike Provinsie, is Oos-Afrika in dié wedstryd deur die Suid-Afrikane met sewe paaltjies verslaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/97/97177.html |title=East Africa v South African Non-Europeans |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119001810/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/97/97177.html |archive-date=19 November 2022 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná Tanganjika se onafhanklikwording in 1961 is die beheerliggaam Tanganjikaanse Krieketvereniging (Engels: ''Tanganyika Cricket Association'', TCA; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanganyika'') gestig en met die vereniging van Tanganjika met [[Zanzibar]] is dit in Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging (TCA, van Engels: ''Tanzania Cricket Association''; Swahili: ''Shirikisho la Kriketi Tanzania'') hernoem.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt;

Ander teenstanders het ook na Tanganjika begin toer, waaronder die [[Marylebone-krieketklub]] (MKK) in 1957&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137559.html |title=Scorecard of Tanganyika v MCC, 28 December 1957 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210132/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/137/137559.html |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en 1963,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1963-64_TZN_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_East_Africa_1963-64.html |title=MCC in East Africa 1963/64 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133805/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1963-64_TZN_Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_East_Africa_1963-64.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; asook in 1958 ’n Suid-Afrikaanse nie-Europese span (wat ook teen Zanzibar gespeel het)&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1958-59_TZN_South_African_Non-Europeans_in_East_Africa_1958-59.html |title=South African Non-Europeans in East Africa 1958/59 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133817/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1958-59_TZN_South_African_Non-Europeans_in_East_Africa_1958-59.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; en in 1964 ’n [[Pakistan International Airlines]]-span.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1964_TZN_Pakistan_International_Airlines_in_East_Africa_1964.html |title=Pakistan International Airlines in East Africa 1964 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=18 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018133829/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/TZN/1964_TZN_Pakistan_International_Airlines_in_East_Africa_1964.html |archive-date=18 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gedurende die 1960’s het Oos-Afrika verskeie toerende spanne ontmoet. In 1962 het hulle twee wedstryde teen die [[Britse Statebond|Statebond]] se krieketspan gespeel. In die eerste wedstryd in Nairobi (10 tot 12 Februarie 1962) is die Oos-Afrikane met 20 lopies geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138031.html |title=East Africa v International XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=7 Januarie 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124602/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138031.html |archive-date=7 Januarie 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié wedstryd word veral onthou vir ’n vinnige honderdtal deur [[Basil D'Oliveira]] in die Statebondspan se tweede beurt.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19620213.2.154 |title=D'Oliviera Hits Out |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=13 Februarie 1962 |volume=CI |issue=29746 |page=15 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In die tweede wedstryd in Oktober, ook in Nairobi, het die Statebondspan Oos-Afrika met 118 lopies geklop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19621003.2.186 |title=Century |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=3 Oktober 1962 |volume=CI |issue=29943 |page=19 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die besoekende MKK het in 1963/64 drie wedstryde in Uganda gespeel, een in Tanganjika en sewe in Kenia. Een van dié wedstryde teen die Oos-Afrikaanse span in [[Kampala]] het die MKK met ’n beurt en 71 lopies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/26/26461.html |title=East African Invitation XI v Marylebone Cricket Club |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=9 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309234743/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/26/26461.html |archive-date=9 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1966 het Oos-Afrika by die Internasionale Krieketkonferensie (IKK; nou [[Internasionale Krieketraad]], IKR) as ’n assosiaatlid aangesluit.&lt;ref name=&quot;EACA&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/10.html |title=East Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190225/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/10.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In dieselfde jaar het Zambië by die jaarlikse toernooi aangesluit, wat daarmee ’n vierhoekige toernooi geword het. In Augustus 1967 het die besoekende [[Indiese nasionale krieketspan|Indiërs]] teen Uganda met ses paaltjies en een driedaagse eersterangse wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika met agt paaltjies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/29/29058.html |title=East Africa v Indians |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=26 Januarie 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072238/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/29/29058.html |archive-date=26 Januarie 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968 het ’n internasionale span van Engelse eersterangse spelers in ’n driedaagse wedstryd teen Oos-Afrika in Nairobi onbeslis gespeel.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138843.html |title=East Africa v International XI |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Januarie 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104040238/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/138/138843.html |archive-date=4 Januarie 2022 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Junie en Julie 1972 het Oos-Afrika [[Engeland]] vir 18 wedstryde teen plaaslike spanne besoek en ’n oorwinning oor Noord-Wallis aangeteken. Geen van dié wedstryde het eersterangse status geniet nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/32/32623.html |title=North Wales v East Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105160434/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/32/32623.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die MKK het in 1973/74 weer Oos-Afrika besoek. In Desember 1973 het hulle twee wedstryde in [[Zambië]] gespeel, gevolg deur nog twee in Tanzanië en toe vier in Kenia. Hul enigste wedstryd teen die volle Oos-Afrikaanse span, wat oor eersterangse status beskik het, is deur die MKK met 237 lopies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1973-74/MCC_IN_EA/MCC_EA_18-20JAN1974.html |title=Marylebone Cricket Club in East Africa, 1973/74 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ná die nasionalisering van baie besighede in die 1970’s het baie [[Indië]]rs en [[Verenigde Koninkryk|Britte]] die land begin verlaat.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Krieketspelers soos [[John Solanky]], wat vir [[Glamorgan]] gespel het, was onder diegene wat die land verlaat het, waarna die krieketvlakke agteruitgegaan het. Sedert die 1970’s het die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging daarop gefokus om die spel onder Afrikane te vestig en die nasionale span bevat nou tussen 20 en 25% Afrikaspelers. Die nasionale span se vermoë het in die middel-1990’s toegeneem, toe hulle twee Afrikatoernooie in 1994 en 1995 as naaswenner afgesluit het, waarna hul vlak in die laat 1990’s effens afgeneem het.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt;

Oos-Afrika is genooi om aan die eerste [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1975]] deel te neem. Hulle was naas [[Sri Lankaanse nasionale krieketspan|Sri Lanka]] een van twee nietoetspanne wat vir dié toernooi genooi is.&lt;ref name=&quot;WC75&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1975_ENG_Prudential_World_Cup_1975.html |title=World Cup 1975 |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001192305/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1975_ENG_Prudential_World_Cup_1975.html |archive-date=1 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kenia het die helfte van die span se 14 spelers gestel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |title=A history of Kenyan cricket |publisher=Friends of Kenya Cricket |accessdate=24 Julie 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724174301/http://www.friendsofkenyacricket.org.uk/know.html |archive-date=24 Julie 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voor dié toernooi is die span se deelname egter bevraagteken, nadat Tanzanië gedreig het sy spelers te verbied om na Engeland te toer in protes teen die [[Britse en Ierse Leeus]]-[[rugby]]span se toer na Suid-Afrika onder [[apartheid]] in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19740726.2.161 |title=N.Z. cricketers to play E. Africa |publisher=[[The Press]] |date=26 Julie 1974 |volume=CXIV |issue=33596 |page=20 |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die insluiting van Oos-Afrika is as ’n belangrike stap vir die toernooi beskou, aangesien die deelname van ’n Afrikaspan as nodig geag is om van dit ’n ware wêreldbekertoernooi te maak. Die twee sterkste krieketlande in Afrika, [[Suid-Afrika]] en [[Rhodesië]], het hul spelers op grond van ras gekeur en is uitgesluit as deel van die sportboikot teen Suid-Afrika, waarvolgens Oos-Afrika as Afrikaverteenwoordiger deelgeneem het. Ná opwarmingswedstryde teen [[Somerset]], [[Wallis]], [[Glamorgan]] en verskeie ander klubspanne, het hulle in die eerste rondte teen [[Engelse nasionale krieketspan|Engeland]], Indië en [[Nieu-Seelandse nasionale krieketspan|Nieu-Seeland]] gespeel, maar al drie sy wedstryde verloor.&lt;ref name=&quot;WC75&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC75_HISTORY.html |title=West Indies victory heralds a new era |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Tony Cozier |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die krieketwêreldbekertoernooi is opgevolg deur ’n eersterangse wedstryd teen Sri Lanka op die [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]] in [[Taunton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/35/35269.html |title=Scorecard of East Africa v Sri Lanka match, 23 June 1975 |publisher=Cricket Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190322/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/35/35269.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1978 het die Minor Counties Krieketvereniging Kenia besoek vir sewe wedstryde, waaronder twee teen Oos-Afrika. Die eerste wedstryd met 60 boulbeurte het die Minor Counties met agt paaltjies gewen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115799.html |title=East Africa Cricket Conference v Minor Counties |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=11 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311041401/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115799.html |archive-date=11 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ’n Beplande driedaagse wedstryd is afgelas sonder dat ’n bal geboul is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115800.html |title=East Africa Cricket Conference v Minor Counties |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=7 Oktober 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007084742/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/115/115800.html |archive-date=7 Oktober 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oos-Afrika het aan die IKR-trofeë in 1979,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT79/ |title=ICC Trophy, 1979: England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT82/ |title=ICC Trophy, 1982: England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; en 1986 deelgeneem,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT86/ |title=1986 ICC Trophy in England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=5 Oktober 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; maar hulle kon nie vir die [[krieketwêreldbeker]]toernooie in [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1979|1979]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1983|1983]] en [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1987|1987]] kwalifiseer nie.

Die jaarlikse toernooi teen Kenia en Tanganjika is voortgesit, hoewel Kenia in 1981 van die Oos-Afrikaanse span weggebreek het en voorts deur sy eie nasionale span verteenwoordig is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/16.html |title=Kenya |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Februarie 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190440/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/16.html |archive-date=4 Februarie 2020 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1966 is die driehoekige toernooi in ’n vierhoekige omskep, nadat Zambië aangesluit het. Tot in 1980 kon Tanzanië dié toernooi slegs een keer wen.&lt;ref name=&quot;KenHist&quot; /&gt;

=== Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span ===
{{Hoofartikel|Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse krieketspan}}
In 1989 het die Oos-Afrikaanse span homself aan die IKR onttrek&lt;ref name=&quot;EACA&quot; /&gt; en is in dieselfde jaar met die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse krieketspan vervang.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/96.html |title=East and Central Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190613/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/96.html |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dié nuwe span was ’n gesamentlike span van [[Malawi]], Tanzanië, Uganda en Zambië, en hulle het in 1990 vir die eerste keer aan die IKR-trofee deelgeneem, en daarna in 1994, 1997 en 2001, maar hulle kon nie vir die krieketwêreldbekertoernooie in [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1992|1992]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1996|1996]], [[Krieketwêreldbeker 1999|1999]] en [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2003|2003]] kwalifiseer nie.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/EastandCentralAfrica/Icct/Icct_List.html |title=ICC Trophy matches played by East and Central Africa |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=9 Oktober 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009034616/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Records/EastandCentralAfrica/Icct/Icct_List.html |archive-date=9 Oktober 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== IKR-lidmaatskap ===
Net ná die IKR-trofee 2001 het Tanzanië homself aan die Oos- en Sentraal-Afrikaanse span onttrek en op sy eie as ’n assosiaatlid by die IKR aangesluit&lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; wat met nuwe geleenthede vir die Tanzaniese krieket gepaard gegaan het. Die nasionale span het tydens die Afrikabeker 2002 sy eerste wedstryde gespeel&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan&quot; /&gt; maar al vier sy wedstryde verloor.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |title=2002 Africa Cup |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |accessdate=20 Maart 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320165034/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |archive-date=20 Maart 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tydens die Afrikakrieketvereniging Kampioenskap 2004, wat as ’n kwalifisering vir die IKR-trofee 2005 en daarmee vir die [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2007]] gedien het, het Tanzanië verbeter, hoewel hulle dié toernooi steeds laaste afgesluit het, maar die gasheer Zambië in die laaste wedstryd kon klop.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |title=African qualifying for the 2005 ICC Trophy |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |accessdate=4 Januarie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104231113/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |archive-date=4 Januarie 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twee jaar later het die Tanzaniërs nog beter gevaar, toe hulle afdeling twee van die Wêreldkrieketliga Afrikastreek, ’n tweedevlaktoernooi onder die Wêreldkrieketliga, gewen het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/Tables/ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Division_Two_2006.html |title=Points Table for ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Division Two 2006 |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=4 Januarie 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162401/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/Tables/ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Division_Two_2006.html |archive-date=4 Januarie 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daarmee het Tanzanië afdeling drie van die Wêreldkrieketliga 2007–09 in [[Darwin]] vir die [[Krieketwêreldbeker 2011]] gehaal. Tanzanië het dié toernooi in die sesde plek beëindig, nadat hulle ’n uitspeelwedstryd teen [[Hongkongse nasionale krieketspan|Hongkong]] verloor het, waarmee hulle na afdeling vier gerelegeer is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml |title=Uganda lift Division Three title |publisher=[[Europese Krieketraad]] |author=Andrew Nixon |date=2 Junie 2007 |accessdate=3 Maart 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170417/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000046/004698.shtml |archive-date=3 Maart 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008 het Tanzanië die Wêreldkrieketliga 2007–09 se afdeling vier gehuisves. Die gasheer het in die uitspeelwedstryd om die derde plek teen [[Italiaanse nasionale krieketspan|Italië]] vasgeval en daarmee vir die daaropvolgende Wêreldkrieketliga 2009–14 in dié afdeling aangebly.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2008-09-353166/tanzania-vs-italy-3rd-place-playoff-369441/match-report |title=Afghanistan claim another title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 Oktober 2008 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is in 2010 in Italië beslis, waar hulle weer in die vierde plek geëindig en daarmee in die Wêreldkrieketliga 2012 weer in dié afdeling vier gespeel het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2010-467028/nepal-vs-tanzania-3rd-place-play-off-467094/match-report |title=Cush century takes USA to title triumph |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 Augustus 2010 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tydens die in Maleisië besliste afdeling vier 2012 het die Tanzaniërs die sesde plek behaal, nadat hulle in die uitspeelwedstryd deur die gasheer geklop en na die Wêreldkrieketliga 2012–18 se afdeling vyf gerelegeer is.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-four-2012-571057/malaysia-vs-tanzania-5th-place-playoff-576419/match-report |title=Nepal crush USA in the final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 September 2012 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit is ook in Maleisië aangebied en Tanzanië het in die wedstryd om die derde plek [[Nigeriese nasionale krieketspan|Nigerië]] verslaan, waarmee hulle in 2016 in dié afdeling aangebly het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-five-2013-14-722647/nigeria-vs-tanzania-3rd-place-play-off-722687/match-report |title=Jersey win WCL Division Five |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 Maart 2014 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dit het die Tanzaniërs slegs in die vyfde plek beëindig, waarna hulle die Wêreldkrieketliga 2017–19 in die Afrikakwalifisering 2017 begin het.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cricket-league-division-five-2016-979781/nigeria-vs-tanzania-5th-place-playoff-979841/match-report |title=Jersey bowlers tie down Oman to take Division Five title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=Peter Della Penna |date=29 Mei 2016 |accessdate=2 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kleure ==
In T20I-krieket dra Tanzanië blou truie met ’n swart kleuraksent, ’n swart V-halslyn en blou broeke. Veldspelers dra ’n blou bofbalpet of ’n blou sonhoed. Die kolwers se helms is ook blou geverf. Gedurende IKR-toernooie verskyn die borg se embleem op die regter mou en die belettering ''Tanzania'' verskyn op die middel van die trui.

Die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan se bynaam is ''The Cows''.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/team-nicknames.htm |title=Cricket Team Nicknames |publisher=Topend Sports |date=November 2017 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging se kenteken toon ’n [[Masai-kameelperd]], die nasionale dier van die land.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |authors=Adam Scott Kennedy, Vicki Kennedy |title=Animals of the Serengeti, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5138-6 |oclc=873760148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuisstadions ==
{{Location map+ |Tanzanië
|caption=Ligging van Tanzaniese krieketstadions
|places=
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Annadil Burhani Ground]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=top|lat=-6.8094|long=39.28288}}
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Gymkhana Klubveld, Dar-es-Salaam|Gymkhana]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|lat=-6.8084|long=39.2904}}
{{location map~|Tanzanië|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam Ground|Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=bottom|lat=-6.776012|long=39.178326}}
}}
Tanzanië beskik oor geen amptelike tuisstadion vir sy nasionale span nie. Die Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan gebruik vir hul krieketwedstryde eerder ’n verskeidenheid stadions dwarsdeur Tanzanië:

{| border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#cccccc&quot;
! No. !! Stadion !! Plek !! Eerste wedstryd
|-
| 1
| [[Annadil Burhani Ground]]
| [[Dar-es-Salaam]]
| 31 Oktober 2022
|-
| 2
| [[Gymkhana Klubveld, Dar-es-Salaam|Gymkhana]]
| Dar-es-Salaam
| 21 September 2024
|-
| 3
| [[Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam Ground|Universiteit van Dar-es-Salaam]]
| Dar-es-Salaam
| 21 September 2024
|}

== Spelers ==
=== Spelerstatistieke ===
Daar het altesaam 35 spelers [[Twintig20|T20I-krieket]] vir Tanzanië gespeel. Vervolgens die spelers wat vir die Tanzaniese span die meeste lopies aangeteken en die meeste paaltjies geneem het.

==== Lopies ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |T20I
|-
! scope=col | Speler
! scope=col | Tydperk
! scope=col | T20Is
! scope=col | Lopies
|-
| [[Ivan Selemani]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 68
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;640'''
|-
| [[Abhik Patwa]]
| 2021–2025
| align=center | 57
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;387'''
|-
| [[Amal Rajeevan]]
| 2022–2025
| align=center | 55
| align=center | '''1&amp;nbsp;063'''
|-
| [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 79
| align=center | '''{{0}}913'''
|-
| [[Omary Kitunda]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 59
| align=center | '''{{0}}559'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;Korrek teen: 1 April 2026&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Paaltjies ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |T20I
|-
! scope=col | Speler
! scope=col | Tydperk
! scope=col | T20Is
! scope=col | Paaltjies
|-
| [[Ally Kimote]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 81
| align=center | '''90'''
|-
| [[Yalinde Nkanya]]
| 2022–hede
| align=center | 55
| align=center | '''71'''
|-
| [[SanjayKumar Thakor]]
| 2021–2024
| align=center | 58
| align=center | '''65'''
|-
| [[Salum Jumbe]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 66
| align=center | '''65'''
|-
| [[Kassim Nassoro]]
| 2021–hede
| align=center | 79
| align=center | '''51'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;Korrek teen: 1 April 2026&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Spankapteins ===
Tot op hede was vier spelers reeds die [[Kaptein (sport)|kaptein]] vir Tanzanië tydens ’n T20I-wedstryd.&lt;ref&gt;Die tydperk verwys na die ooreenstemmende krieketseisoen waarin die eerste of laaste wedstryd van die tyd as kaptein gespeel is.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#cccccc&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| T20I&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=211;type=team |title=Records / Tanzania / Twenty20 Internationals / List of Captains |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! No. !! Naam !! Tydperk
|-
| 1
| Abhik Patwa
| 2021–2025
|-
| 2
| '''Kassim Nassoro'''
| 2022–hede
|-
| 3
| Salum Jumbe
| 2024
|-
| 4
| Laksh Bakrania
| 2025
|}

== Rekords ==
=== Krieketwêreldbekerrekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1975|1975]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1979|1979]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1983|1983]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1987|1987]] || ''Sien {{Cr-OA}}''
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1992|1992]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1996|1996]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 1999|1999]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2003|2003]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2007|2007]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2011|2011]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2015|2015]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2019|2019]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2023|2023]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2027|2027]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Krieketwêreldbeker 2031|2031]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|}

=== Kampioenetrofeerekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 1998|1998]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2000|2000]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2002|2002]] || Nie ’n IKR-lid nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2004|2004]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2006|2006]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2009|2009]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2013|2013]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2017|2017]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2025|2025]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[Kampioenetrofee 2029|2029]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|}

=== T20I-rekord teen ander lande ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;width:600px&quot;
! Teenstander !! Wedstryde !! Gewen !! Verloor !! Gelykop !! Onbeslis !! % Gewen !! Eerste T20I-oorwinning
|-
|colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| '''t. Toetslande'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-ZW}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| '''t. Assosiaatlede'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Bahrein}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 50,00 || 8 Julie 2025
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Botswana}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 7 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Duitsland}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50,00 || 12 Julie 2025
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Eswatini}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Gambië}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Ghana}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 4 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Kameroen}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 6 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-KE}} || 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 40,00 || 17 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Koeweit}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Lesotho}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 22 September 2024
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Malawi}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 20 September 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Maleisië}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Mali}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 21 September 2024
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Mosambiek}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 2 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-NA}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-NG}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 75,00 || 17 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Rwanda}} || 18 || 16 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 88,89 || 31 Oktober 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Sierra Leone}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100,00 || 3 November 2021
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{Cr-UG}} || 17 || 3 || 12 || 0 || 2 || 20,00 || 19 Desember 2022
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;| {{vlagland|Vanuatu}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0,00 || –
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| '''Algeheel''' || '''83''' || '''51''' || '''29''' || '''0''' || '''3''' || '''61,45''' || 2 November 2021
|-
|colspan=&quot;9&quot;| ''Rekords volledig tot en met T20I #3792 op 28 Maart 2026. Gelykop verwys na wedstryde wat deur ’n valbyl (soos ’n Superboulbeurt) beslis is. Wenpersentasies sluit onbesliste wedstryde uit en gelykop as ’n halwe oorwinning (ongeag die valbyl).''&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=34;type=team |title=Records / Uganda / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 Maart 2026 |accessdate=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== T20I-wêreldbekerrekord ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jaar!!Uitslag
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2007|2007]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2009|2009]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2010|2010]] || Nie deelgeneem nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2012|2012]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2014|2014]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2016|2016]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2021|2021]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2022|2022]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2024|2024]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2026|2026]] || Nie gekwalifiseer nie
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2028|2028]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|-
|[[T20I-wêreldbeker 2030|2030]] || {{n.v.t.}}
|}

== Sien ook ==
{{Portaal|Krieket|Cricket ball.svg}}

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|4}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
{{CommonsKategorie|Tanzania national cricket team|Tanzaniese nasionale krieketspan}}
* {{en}} {{sw}} [http://www.tanzaniacricket.com/ Amptelike webwerf van die Tanzaniese Krieketvereniging]
* {{en}} [https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/tanzania-160 Tanzanië op ESPNcricinfo]
* {{en}} [https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/tanzania-cricket-association Tanzanië by die IKR]

{{Nasionale krieketspanne}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Krieket in Tanzanië]]
[[Kategorie:Nasionale krieketspanne van Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>ovxo7em1xdwp9fwgmi24f7m9z2fygrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsjeggiese nasionale sokkerspan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889691</id>
      <parentid>2889303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T11:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
        <id>184704</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2889691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4512" sha1="jp5ohsj3zxbiru2k8k62yjkenj7ppir" xml:space="preserve">{{Sokkerklub infoboks
| beeld         = [[Lêer:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|180px]]
| klubnaam      = Tsjeggië
| vollenaam     = Tsjeggiese nasionale sokkerspan
| bynaam        = ''Nároďák'' (Die Nasionale Span)&lt;br&gt;''Repre'' (Die Verteenwoordigers)
| stigting      = 1901 (as Boheme)&lt;br&gt;1994 (as Tsjeggië)
| stadion       = Verskeie
| voorsitter    = 
| afrigter      = Miroslav Koubek
| kaptein       = Ladislav Krejčí
| konfederasie  = [[UEFA]]
| patroon_la1   = _cze26h
| patroon_b1    = _cze26h
| patroon_ra1   = _cze26h
| patroon_sh1   = _cze26h
| patroon_so1   = _cze26hl
| linkerarm1    = F6090F
| liggaam1      = F6090F
| regterarm1    = F6090F
| broek1        = 0000EC
| kouse1        = 000000
| patroon_la2   = _cze26a
| patroon_b2    = _cze26a
| patroon_ra2   = _cze26a
| patroon_sh2   = _cze26a
| patroon_so2   = _cze26al
| linkerarm2    = e9e9e9
| liggaam2      = e9e9e9
| regterarm2    = e9e9e9
| broek2        = FFFFFF
| kouse2        = FFFFFF
| beheerliggaam = ''Fotbalová asociace České republiky'' (FAČR)
}}
Die '''Tsjeggiese nasionale sokkerspan''' ([[Tsjeggies]]: ''Česká fotbalová reprezentace'') verteenwoordig die [[Tsjeggië]] in mans se internasionale [[Sokker|sokker]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Czechia |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/CZE |access-date= |website=[[FIFA]]|archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224160824/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/CZE |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Die span word beheer deur die Sokkervereniging van die Tsjeggiese Republiek (FAČR). Histories het die span aan [[FIFA]]- en [[UEFA]]-kompetisies deelgeneem as [[Boheme]] en [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Tom|last=Dunmore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j1wbp2t1usC&amp;dq=successor+football+czechoslovakia&amp;pg=PA64 |title=Historical Dictionary of Soccer |date=16 September 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7188-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UEFA EURO 2016: How all the teams qualified|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d7f910ba98e-bbb7ec4b08a2-1000--uefa-euro-2016-how-all-the-teams-qualified/|website=UEFA|date=17 November 2015|access-date=2 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=UEFA EURO 2020 contenders in focus: Czech Republic |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0266-11a2e2dcdee1-1407f519e102-1000--uefa-euro-2020-contenders-in-focus-czech-republic/ |access-date=6 January 2024|website=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UEFA EURO 2020 contenders in focus: Slovakia |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0267-11b4f13230ba-43b1683fa099-1000--uefa-euro-2020-contenders-in-focus-slovakia/|website=UEFA|date=3 March 2021|access-date=6 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who has qualified for UEFA EURO 2024?: UEFA EURO 2024 |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0286-193531eba9a8-763890f6436d-1000--who-has-qualified-for-uefa-euro-2024/|website=UEFA|date=28 December 2023|access-date=6 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsjeggo-Slowakye was een van die mees suksesvolle nasionale sokkerspanne in Europa gedurende die 20ste eeu. Die span het verskeie medaljes verower, insluitend silwer by die [[Sokker-Wêreldbeker|Wêreldbeker]] (in [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1934|1934]] en [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1962|1962]]), goud by die [[UEFA Europa-beker|Europese Kampioenskap]] (in 1976), en een keer ’n Olimpiese goue medalje (in [[Olimpiese Somerspele 1980|1980]]).

Die moderne Tsjeggiese nasionale span het sy eerste wedstryd in 1994 gespeel. Hul grootste prestasie tot dusver was ongetwyfeld die finale van die Europese Kampioenskap teen [[Duitse nasionale sokkerspan|Duitsland]] by die ou [[Wembley-stadion]] in 1996. Die span het tot dusver twee keer vir die Wêreldbekertoernooi gekwalifiseer, die mees onlangse in [[FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2026|2026]] nadat hulle Denemarke op strafskoppe verslaan het.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cd9vqyjk0e9t|title=Czech Republic 2-2 Denmark (3-1 on pens): Czech Republic reach World Cup for first time in 20 years|website=BBC Sport|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://www.fotbal.cz/ Amptelike webwerf]
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tsje-intres.html Lys van wedstryde]
{{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Bosnia and Herzegovina national association football team}}

{{Sokkersaadjie}}
{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Nasionale sokkerspanne]]
[[Kategorie:Sokker in Tsjeggië]]</text>
      <sha1>jp5ohsj3zxbiru2k8k62yjkenj7ppir</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tomahawk-missiel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889577</id>
      <parentid>2889567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:45:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>booster→anjaer; homing→tuisrigting</comment>
      <origin>2889577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16544" sha1="2xtkizxmk4yavl2akj16rwdegfg92d9" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis''
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| crew               = 
| passengers         = 
| cartridge          = 
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 
| sights             = 
| breech             = 
| recoil             = 
| carriage           = 
| elevation          = 
| traverse           = 
| blade_type         = 
| hilt_type          = 
| sheath_type        = 
| head_type          = 
| haft_type          = 
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Block IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vanaf 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseer Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Kernwapen (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 March 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruismissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon Grondgelanseerde Kruismissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre kernkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B kernkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B kernkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B kernkop wat 690 pond (310 kg) geweeg en gevul is met 265 pond (120 kg) PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner kernplofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B Gekombineerde Effekte-bomme met 287 gram (0.633 lb) Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke kernkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke af te skakel. Eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L Medium Reikwydte Lug-tot-Oppervlak Missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruismissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m (19 vt 2 duim) lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m (16 vt 0 duim) lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Nooit in diens getree nie, het US$569,000 (1999) gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon Grondlanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in Europa gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en Globale Posisioneringstelsel (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde turbowaaier-enjin wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op omgekeerd-ontwerpte kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Variante */ omgekeerd-ontwerpte--&gt;blou skakel na afkykontwerp</comment>
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      <text bytes="16561" sha1="3ma6d1uwf7n8cqvgazcbvbabivaovm4" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis''
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| crew               = 
| passengers         = 
| cartridge          = 
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 
| sights             = 
| breech             = 
| recoil             = 
| carriage           = 
| elevation          = 
| traverse           = 
| blade_type         = 
| hilt_type          = 
| sheath_type        = 
| head_type          = 
| haft_type          = 
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Block IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vanaf 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseer Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Kernwapen (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 March 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruismissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon Grondgelanseerde Kruismissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre kernkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B kernkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B kernkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B kernkop wat 690 pond (310 kg) geweeg en gevul is met 265 pond (120 kg) PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner kernplofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B Gekombineerde Effekte-bomme met 287 gram (0.633 lb) Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke kernkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke af te skakel. Eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L Medium Reikwydte Lug-tot-Oppervlak Missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruismissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m (19 vt 2 duim) lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m (16 vt 0 duim) lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Nooit in diens getree nie, het US$569,000 (1999) gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon Grondlanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in Europa gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en Globale Posisioneringstelsel (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde turbowaaier-enjin wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16570" sha1="mvw51ry3bs64o1pj4fr947bml2y3dh0" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis''
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| crew               = 
| passengers         = 
| cartridge          = 
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 
| sights             = 
| breech             = 
| recoil             = 
| carriage           = 
| elevation          = 
| traverse           = 
| blade_type         = 
| hilt_type          = 
| sheath_type        = 
| head_type          = 
| haft_type          = 
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Block IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vanaf 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseer Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk Landaanvalmissiel – Kernwapen (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 March 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruismissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon Grondgelanseerde Kruismissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre kernkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B kernkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B kernkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B kernkop wat 690 pond (310 kg) geweeg en gevul is met 265 pond (120 kg) PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner kernplofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B Gekombineerde Effekte-bomme met 287 gram (0.633 lb) Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke plofkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke te ontwrig. Dit is die eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L Medium Reikwydte Lug-tot-Oppervlak Missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruismissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m (19 vt 2 duim) lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m (16 vt 0 duim) lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Nooit in diens getree nie, het US$569,000 (1999) gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon Grondlanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in Europa gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en Globale Posisioneringstelsel (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde turbowaaier-enjin wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16543" sha1="bzvont33nmpsmcb5dsdox053zdswx9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis''
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| crew               = 
| passengers         = 
| cartridge          = 
| cartridge_weight   = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 
| sights             = 
| breech             = 
| recoil             = 
| carriage           = 
| elevation          = 
| traverse           = 
| blade_type         = 
| hilt_type          = 
| sheath_type        = 
| head_type          = 
| haft_type          = 
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Block IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vanaf 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseer Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – [[Kernwapen]] (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 Maat 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruisermissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde kruisermissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre plofkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B plofkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B plofkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B plofkop wat 310 kg geweeg en gevul is met 120 kg PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner plofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B gekombineerde effek-bomme met 287 gram Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke plofkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke te ontwrig. Dit is die eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L medium reikwydte lug-tot-grond missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruisermissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Dit het  nooit in diens getree nie en het US$569,000 (1999) per eenheid gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in [[Europa]] gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en [[Globale posisioneringstelsel]] (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde [[turbowaaiermotor]] wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889597</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-02T17:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliwal2012</username>
        <id>39067</id>
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      <comment>Skep paragrawe vir lang teksdeel</comment>
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      <text bytes="15996" sha1="bj0qufhee9fk6chuaxd40dezk6oe7aj" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis''
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Block IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedert 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseerde Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – [[Kernwapen]] (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 Maart 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruisermissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde kruisermissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre plofkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B plofkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B plofkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B plofkop wat 310 kg geweeg en gevul is met 120 kg PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner plofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B gekombineerde effek-bomme met 287 gram Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke plofkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke te ontwrig. Dit is die eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L medium reikwydte lug-tot-grond missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruisermissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Dit het  nooit in diens getree nie en het US$569,000 (1999) per eenheid gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in [[Europa]] gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en [[Globale posisioneringstelsel]] (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde [[turbowaaiermotor]] wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16069" sha1="ncgm10vwis28r7aghfym6qvb41h3x7r" xml:space="preserve">{{Inligtingskas Wapen
| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = &lt;!-- Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis'' ..........hierdie deel bestaan nog nie in die artikel nie........--&gt;
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese kruisermissiel wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Blok IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedert 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseerde Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – [[Kernwapen]] (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 Maart 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruisermissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde kruisermissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre plofkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B plofkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B plofkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B plofkop wat 310 kg geweeg en gevul is met 120 kg PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner plofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B gekombineerde effek-bomme met 287 gram Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke plofkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke te ontwrig. Dit is die eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L medium reikwydte lug-tot-grond missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruisermissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Dit het  nooit in diens getree nie en het US$569,000 (1999) per eenheid gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in [[Europa]] gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en [[Globale posisioneringstelsel]] (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde [[turbowaaiermotor]] wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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| name               = Tomahawk
| image              = [[Lêer:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|raamloos|300px]]
| image_size         = 300px
| alt                = 
| caption            = Tomahawk Blok IV-kruisermissiel tydens 'n vlugtoets (Amerikaanse Vloot).
| origin             = [[Verenigde State van Amerika|Verenigde State]]
| type               = Kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Teen-skip-missiel (Blok V &amp; TASM-variante)&lt;br /&gt;Duikbootgelanseerde kruisermissiel&lt;br /&gt;Grondaanvalsmissiel&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlak-tot-oppervlak-missiel
| is_missile         = ja
| is_UK              = 
| service            = 1983–hede
| used_by            = &lt;!-- Sien ''Operasionele geskiedenis'' ..........hierdie deel bestaan nog nie in die artikel nie........--&gt;
| wars               = 
| designer           = 
| manufacturer       = General Dynamics (aanvanklik)&lt;br /&gt;McDonnell Douglas&lt;br /&gt;Hughes Aircraft Company&lt;br /&gt;Raytheon Missiles &amp; Defense
| unit_cost          = $3,1 miljoen (1986)&lt;br /&gt;$1,87 miljoen (2017, Blok IV)&lt;br /&gt;$2,5 miljoen (2026, Blok V)&lt;br /&gt;Uitvoerprys: $4 miljoen (2023)
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 
| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 2 900 lb (±1 315 kg); 3 500 lb (±1 588 kg) met lanseeraanjaer
| length             = 18 vt 3 duim sonder aanjaer; 20 vt 6 duim met aanjaer
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 20,4 duim (±0,52 m)
| filling            = BGM-109A: W80 kernplofkop (5–200 kt TNT) (uit diens)&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109C/E: WDU-36/B eenheidskop met hoëplofstof&lt;br /&gt;BGM-109D: Submunisieverspreider met 166 bomblette
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = FMU-148 sedert TLAM Blok III
| yield              = 
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = Williams International F107-WR-402 turbowaaiervliegtuigmotor met vastebrandstof-lanseeraanjaer
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| transmission       = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = Blok II: ±1 350 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III/IV: ±900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok III D: ±700 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;Blok Vb: &gt;900 seemyl&lt;br /&gt;TASM: ±250 myl (±460 km)
| speed              = Subsonies; ongeveer Mach 0,74 (±570 mph / 917 km/h)
| guidance           = GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC, aktiewe radarteikensoeking
| steering           = 
| wingspan           = 8 vt 9 duim (±2,67 m)
| propellant         = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 30–50 m bo grondvlak
| depth              = 
| boost              = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = Mark 41 vertikale lanseerstelsel&lt;br /&gt;Torpedobuise&lt;br /&gt;Oppervlakskepe&lt;br /&gt;Duikbote&lt;br /&gt;TEL-lanseerders
| transport          = 
}}
Die '''BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM)''' is 'n [[Amerikaanse]] langafstand-, alleweer-, straalaangedrewe, subsoniese [[kruisermissiel]] wat deur die [[Amerikaanse Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Australiese Vloot]], die [[Koninklike Nederlandse Vloot]] en die [[Koninklike Britse Vloot]] in skip- en duikboot-gebaseerde landaanvalsoperasies gebruik word.

Die Tomahawk, wat ontwikkel is by die Toegepaste Fisika-laboratorium van die Johns Hopkins-universiteit onder James H. Walker naby Laurel, [[Maryland]], het in die 1970's ontstaan as 'n modulêre kruismissiel wat aanvanklik deur General Dynamics vervaardig is. Vroeë toetse van die missiel het tussen 1983 en 1993 plaasgevind, waartydens 23 kruisermissiele oor Noord-Kanada getoets is onder die &quot;Kanada-VSA Toets- en Evalueringsprogram&quot;. Die doel van die program was om die klimaat en terrein soortgelyk aan dié van die noordelike [[Sowjetunie]] te simuleer, en om die Noord-Amerikaanse Lugvaartverdedigingsbevel (NORAD) toe te laat om 'n anti-kruisermissielvermoë te ontwikkel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |date=21 Januarie 1994 |title=CRUISE MISSILE TESTING IN CANADA: THE POST-COLD WAR DEBATE |url=https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/MR/mr114-e.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die Tomahawk het ten doel gehad om in die behoefte aan 'n medium- tot langafstand-, lae-hoogte-missiel met uiteenlopende vermoëns te voorsien. Die modulêre ontwerp maak versoenbaarheid met 'n reeks kernkoppe moontlik, insluitend plofstof, submunisie en bunkerbrekers. Die Tomahawk kan 'n verskeidenheid leidingstelsels gebruik, insluitend [[GPS]], traagheidsnavigasie en terreinkontoeraanpassing. Meer as 'n dosyn variante en opgegradeerde weergawes is ontwikkel sedert die oorspronklike ontwerp, insluitend lug-, sub- en grond-gelanseer konfigurasies met beide konvensionele en [[kernwapen]]s. Die Tomahawk se vervaardigingsgeskiedenis het verskeie oorgange gesien. General Dynamics het in die 1970's as die enigste verskaffer gedien. Van 1992 tot 1994 was McDonnell Douglas die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks, wat Blok II- en Blok III-weergawes vervaardig het en baie Tomahawks volgens Blok III-spesifikasies hervervaardig het.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |last=Schlueter |first=Jim |date=9 Maart 1993 |title=McDonnell Douglas delivers its first Tomahawk cruise missile with Block III improvements |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 |location=St. Louis |publisher=McDonnell Douglas Aerospace |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=15 Februarie 2019 |archive-date=11 Oktober 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185724/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McDONNELL+DOUGLAS+DELIVERS+ITS+FIRST+TOMAHAWK+CRUISE+MISSILE+WITH...-a013126175 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1994 het Hughes Aircraft, nadat hulle General Dynamics se missielafdeling in 1992 gekoop het, McDonnell Douglas oortref om die enigste verskaffer van Tomahawks te word.&lt;ref name=hughes-gd&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=12 Mei 1992 |title=Hughes to Buy General Dynamics' Missile Business |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172317/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-fi-1957-story.html |archive-date=17 Desember 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hughes-solo&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |date=17 September 1994 |title=HUGHES WINS IN THE BATTLE FOR TOMAHAWK MISSILE CONTRACT |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217172851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/09/17/hughes-wins-in-the-battle-for-tomahawk-missile-contract/cd6eebd8-dc13-4687-be99-51387e9babb7/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'n Gesamentlike onderneming tussen Hughes en Raytheon het die missiel vervaardig van 1995 tot Raytheon se verkryging van Hughes in 1997, wat hul posisie as die enigste verskaffer verstewig het.&lt;ref name=hughes-raytheon&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mintz |first=John |date=18 Maart 1995 |title=RAYTHEON, HUGHES ELECTRONICS TO FORM JOINT MISSILE VENTURE |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217173424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/18/raytheon-hughes-electronics-to-form-joint-missile-venture/4cd3b1af-db60-45de-a478-988b202533f9/ |archive-date=17 Desember 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=raytheon-hughes&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peltz |first=James |date=17 Januarie 1997 |title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 Desember 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html |archive-date=15 Augustus 2020 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 het die Amerikaanse Departement van Verdediging 149 Tomahawk Blok IV-missiele vir $202,3 miljoen aangekoop.&lt;ref name=&quot;FY17budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |page=63 |title= United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request Program Acquisition Cost by Weapon System |publisher= Office of The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) / Chief Financial Officer |date=Januarie 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedert 2024 bly [[Raytheon]] die enigste vervaardiger van nie-kern, see-gelanseerde Tomahawk-variante.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile – Federation of American Scientists |last=Kristensen |first=Hans |orig-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Variante==
Die variante en veelvuldige opgraderings aan die missiel sluit in:
*BGM-109A Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – [[Kernwapen]] (TLAM-N) met 'n W80-kernplofkop. Uit diens gestel iewers tussen 2010 en 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |title=US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile |date=18 Maart 2013 |work=Strategic Security |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=9 Julie 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001733/https://fas.org/blogs/security/2013/03/tomahawk/ |archive-date=9 Julie 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Verslae van vroeg in 2018 meld dat die Amerikaanse Vloot oorweeg om 'n (nog onbekende tipe) kernwapen-kruisermissiel weer in diens te stel.&lt;ref name=Burgess&gt;{{cite web|url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|date=2 Februarie 2018|last=Burgess|first=Richard|title=Nuke Posture: More Flexible Response Posed for Navy Submarines|work=Sea Power|access-date=3 Februarie 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203004547/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20180202-nuke.html|archive-date=3 Februarie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde kruisermissiel (GLCM) – met 'n W84-kernplofkop; uit diens gestel in 1991 om te voldoen aan die INF-verdrag.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSIS&quot; /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti-Skeepsmissiel (TASM) – Anti-skip variant met aktiewe radar-tuisrigting; uit diens gestel in 1994 en omgeskakel na TLAM-E Blok IV-weergawe.&lt;ref name=CSIS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/|title=Tomahawk |work=Missile Threat|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=15 Junie 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109C Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – Konvensioneel (TLAM-C Blok II) met WDU-25/B unitêre plofkop wat ook op die AGM-12B Bullpup gebruik is. Die WDU-25/B plofkop het 450 kg geweeg en 171 kg Picratol en Composition H-6 plofstof bevat. Vanaf Mei 1993 is die WDU-25/B plofkop vervang deur die ligter WDU-36/B plofkop wat 310 kg geweeg en gevul is met 120 kg PBXN-107 plofstof. Die kleiner plofkop het die brandstoftenk vergroot, wat die maksimum reikafstand verhoog het. Hierdie weergawe het die benaming TLAM-C Blok III gekry.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Technical Manual Tomahawk Cruise Missile RGM/UGM-109 |url=https://info.publicintelligence.net/TomahawkManual.pdf |publisher=Program Executive Officer for Unmanned Aviation and Strike Weapons |access-date=16 Oktober 2025 |date=27 Maart 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*BGM-109D Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – verspreider (TLAM-D) met 'n submunisieverspreider wat 166 BLU-97/B gekombineerde effek-bomme met 287 gram Cyclotol-plofstof per ammunisie gedra het.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEO(U&amp;W)&quot;/&gt;
*Kit 2 Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel – met 'n unieke plofkop wat gebruik word om elektrisiteitsnetwerke te ontwrig. Dit is die eerste keer gebruik in die [[Golfoorlog]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War |date=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk landaanvalmissiel (TLAM-E Blok IV) – verbeterde weergawe van die TLAM-C Blok III.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Ook genoem Taktiese Tomahawk, 'n term wat nou ook ander variante insluit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/Tomahawk|title=Tomahawk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok V (TLAM)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Va (MST)
*RGM/UGM-109E Blok Vb (JMEWS)
*AGM-109H/L medium reikwydte lug-tot-grond missiel (MRASM) – 'n korter reikwydte, turbostraal-aangedrewe lug-gelanseerde kruisermissiel met konvensionele nie-kernplofkoppe bedoel vir die VSA-lugmag en die vloot. AGM-109H vir die VSA-lugmag, 5.84 m lank, met TERCOM-onderweg- en DSMAC-terminale leiding, en 'n vrag van aanloopbaankrater-submunisie vir gebruik teen vliegvelde. AGM-109L vir die Amerikaanse vloot, 4.87 m lank, met 'n unitêre plofkop vir gebruik teen skepe of hoëwaarde-landteikens, en 'n beeldvormende infrarooisoeker en dataskakel.{{sfn|Pretty|1983|p=201}} Dit het  nooit in diens getree nie en het US$569,000 (1999) per eenheid gekos.&lt;ref name=&quot;USN fact file&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 |title= Fact File: Tomahawk Cruise Missile |first= Dan |last= Petty |publisher= The US Navy |access-date= 8 Oktober 2015 |archive-date= 27 Augustus 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170827150407/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&amp;tid=1300&amp;ct=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;   
BGM-109G Gryphon grondgelanseerde Kruisermissiele (GLCM) en hul vragmotoragtige lanseervoertuie is by basisse in [[Europa]] gebruik; hulle is uit diens onttrek om te voldoen aan die 1987 Intermediêre-afstand Kernkragverdrag.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt; Baie van die anti-skip weergawes is aan die einde van die [[Koue Oorlog]] in TLAM's omskep.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt; Die Blok III TLAM's wat in 1993 in diens getree het, kan verder vlieg met hul nuwe [[turbowaaiermotor]]&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  en [[Globale posisioneringstelsel]] (GPS) ontvangers gebruik om meer presies te tref.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Blok III TLAM-C's behou die Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) II navigasiestelsel, wat drie soorte navigasie moontlik maak: slegs GPS, wat vinnige missiebeplanning moontlik maak, met 'n mate verminderde akkuraatheid, slegs DSMAC, wat langer neem om te beplan, maar terminale akkuraatheid is ietwat beter; en GPS-ondersteunde missies wat DSMAC II en GPS-navigasie kombineer vir die grootste akkuraatheid.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;  Blok IV TLAM's het 'n verbeterde [[turbowaaiermotor]] wat hulle in staat stel om beter brandstofverbruik te kry en snelhede tydens vlug te verander.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV TLAM's kan beter rondhang en het elektro-optiese sensors wat intydse gevegskade-assessering moontlik maak.&lt;ref name=Burgess /&gt;  Die Blok IV's kan 'n nuwe teiken tydens vlug kry en kan 'n beeld, via satkom, onmiddellik voor impak oordra om te help bepaal of die missiel op teiken is en die waarskynlike skade van die aanval.&lt;ref name=CSIS /&gt;

Babur, 'n kernwapen-bekwame kruisermissiel wat deur die Nasionale Verdedigingskompleks (NDC) in [[Pakistan]] ontwikkel is, gebaseer op [[afkykontwerp|omgekeerd-ontwerpte]] kopieë van Tomahawk-missiele wat deur Pakistanse intelligensie herwin is na 'n Amerikaanse aanval in [[Afghanistan]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharif |first=Arshad |date=2005-08-12 |title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/152009/pakistan-test-fires-its-first-cruise-missile |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
{{Normdata}}

[[Kategorie:Wapentuig]]
[[Kategorie:Ammunisie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bowkeria</title>
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    <id>459731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889573</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:34:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe genus.</comment>
      <origin>2889573</origin>
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      <text bytes="914" sha1="b9r5ibkant97ujubdt1mf201dk5u37y" xml:space="preserve">{{Outomatiese taksoboks
|image =
|image_caption =
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|taxon = Bowkeria
|authority = Harv., (1859)
|subdivision_ranks = Spesies
|subdivision = &lt;center&gt;[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]&lt;/center&gt;
|synonyms =
}}
'''''Bowkeria''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[struik]]e tot [[Boom|bome]] wat behoort tot die [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] Stilbaceae. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]].

== Spesies ==
Daar is drie [[spesie]]s wat tot die genus hoort:&lt;ref&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37477-1 Plants of the World Online]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thode&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz&lt;/small&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria| ]]</text>
      <sha1>b9r5ibkant97ujubdt1mf201dk5u37y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889574</id>
      <parentid>2889573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ai!</comment>
      <origin>2889574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="913" sha1="ra06xi02djto7mobjwiy263c21jidmc" xml:space="preserve">{{Outomatiese taksoboks
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|authority = Harv., (1859)
|subdivision_ranks = Spesies
|subdivision = &lt;center&gt;[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]&lt;/center&gt;
|synonyms =
}}
'''''Bowkeria''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[struik]]e en [[Boom|bome]] wat behoort tot die [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] Stilbaceae. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]].

== Spesies ==
Daar is drie [[spesie]]s wat tot die genus hoort:&lt;ref&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37477-1 Plants of the World Online]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thode&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz&lt;/small&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria| ]]</text>
      <sha1>ra06xi02djto7mobjwiy263c21jidmc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889575</id>
      <parentid>2889574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="965" sha1="5a3e614e2ccpwq3fd431xyqur1x5z2s" xml:space="preserve">{{Outomatiese taksoboks
|image = Bowkeria verticillata.jpg
|image_caption = ''Bowkeria verticillata''
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Bowkeria
|authority = Harv., (1859)
|subdivision_ranks = Spesies
|subdivision = &lt;center&gt;[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]&lt;/center&gt;
|synonyms =
}}
'''''Bowkeria''''' is 'n [[genus]] van [[struik]]e en [[Boom|bome]] wat behoort tot die [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] Stilbaceae. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]].

== Spesies ==
Daar is drie [[spesie]]s wat tot die genus hoort:&lt;ref&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37477-1 Plants of the World Online]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thode&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz&lt;/small&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria| ]]</text>
      <sha1>5a3e614e2ccpwq3fd431xyqur1x5z2s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889628</id>
      <parentid>2889575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="982" sha1="256fh8ny3mufofa50tlp9ici7kteyfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Outomatiese taksoboks
|image = Bowkeria verticillata.jpg
|image_caption = ''Bowkeria verticillata''
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Bowkeria
|authority = Harv., (1859)
|subdivision_ranks = Spesies
|subdivision = &lt;center&gt;[[#Spesies|Sien teks]]&lt;/center&gt;
|synonyms =
}}
'''''Bowkeria''''' (skulpblombosse) is 'n [[genus]] van [[struik]]e en [[Boom|bome]] wat behoort tot die [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] Stilbaceae. Die genus is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]].

== Spesies ==
Daar is drie [[spesie]]s wat tot die genus hoort:&lt;ref&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37477-1 Plants of the World Online]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria citrina]]'' &lt;small&gt;Thode&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria cymosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Bowkeria verticillata]]'' &lt;small&gt;([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz&lt;/small&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria| ]]</text>
      <sha1>256fh8ny3mufofa50tlp9ici7kteyfy</sha1>
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    <title>Bespreking:Bowkeria</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>2889576</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T13:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
      <sha1>2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bowkeria citrina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889585</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe spesie met foto's.</comment>
      <origin>2889585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1308" sha1="7o4ytgnw6ib4wqimoa9vpjpu7ctu117" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Geelskulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria citrina
| authority = Thode, (1922)
| synonyms =
}}
Die '''geelskulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria citrina'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en [[Mpumalanga]], tussen [[Groenvlei, KwaZulu-Natal|Groenvlei]], [[Wakkerstroom]] en [[Lüneberg]], voor. Die spesie het 'n [[voorkomsgebied]] van slegs 277&amp;nbsp;km² en blom van November tot Junie.

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 1305.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0162.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0164.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0167.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0169.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0180.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-2 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799842-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/85aef86b-9766-4348-92e1-86949b036c44 Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-citrina PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|citrina]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>7o4ytgnw6ib4wqimoa9vpjpu7ctu117</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889611</id>
      <parentid>2889585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:43:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1414" sha1="2a4mgvr0yxz5ni91ni6ojc0atax7rjc" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Geelskulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria citrina
| authority = Thode, (1922)
| synonyms =
}}
Die '''geelskulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria citrina'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en [[Mpumalanga]], tussen [[Groenvlei, KwaZulu-Natal|Groenvlei]], [[Wakkerstroom]] en [[Lüneberg]], voor. Die spesie het 'n [[voorkomsgebied]] van slegs 277&amp;nbsp;km² en blom van November tot Junie. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672.1. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 1305.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0162.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0164.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0167.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0169.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0180.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-2 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799842-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/85aef86b-9766-4348-92e1-86949b036c44 Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-citrina PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|citrina]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>2a4mgvr0yxz5ni91ni6ojc0atax7rjc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889613</id>
      <parentid>2889611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Galery */ Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1447" sha1="c63lg4yikgh0bqkssk08n448yhtioww" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Geelskulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria citrina
| authority = Thode, (1922)
| synonyms =
}}
Die '''geelskulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria citrina'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en [[Mpumalanga]], tussen [[Groenvlei, KwaZulu-Natal|Groenvlei]], [[Wakkerstroom]] en [[Lüneberg]], voor. Die spesie het 'n [[voorkomsgebied]] van slegs 277&amp;nbsp;km² en blom van November tot Junie. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672.1. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 1305.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0162.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0164.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0167.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0169.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0180.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-2 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799842-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/85aef86b-9766-4348-92e1-86949b036c44 Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-citrina PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|citrina]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>c63lg4yikgh0bqkssk08n448yhtioww</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889614</id>
      <parentid>2889613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Galery */ Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1510" sha1="3lp79nvg4e7atw50ayak7gm12vtdy1l" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Geelskulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria citrina
| authority = Thode, (1922)
| synonyms =
}}
Die '''geelskulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria citrina'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[Endemie (ekologie)|endemies]] aan [[Suid-Afrika]] en kom in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] en [[Mpumalanga]], tussen [[Groenvlei, KwaZulu-Natal|Groenvlei]], [[Wakkerstroom]] en [[Lüneberg]], voor. Die spesie het 'n [[voorkomsgebied]] van slegs 277&amp;nbsp;km² en blom van November tot Junie. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672.1. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 1305.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0162.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0164.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0167.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0169.jpg
Bowkeria citrina 1DS-II 4-0180.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]]

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-2 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799842-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/85aef86b-9766-4348-92e1-86949b036c44 Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-citrina PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|citrina]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>3lp79nvg4e7atw50ayak7gm12vtdy1l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategorie:Bowkeria</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>459734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889586</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe kategorie</comment>
      <origin>2889586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="59" sha1="bsgk4ocyg0xavndo17f19u6yrumcip7" xml:space="preserve">{{Broodkrummels}}
{{Hoofartikel}}

[[Kategorie:Stilbaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>bsgk4ocyg0xavndo17f19u6yrumcip7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geelskulpblombos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459735</id>
    <redirect title="Bowkeria citrina" />
    <revision>
      <id>2889587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aanstuur</comment>
      <origin>2889587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="aa41muep2i7x37zyg5swfpb7t4ra3nn" xml:space="preserve">#AANSTUUR [[Bowkeria citrina]]</text>
      <sha1>aa41muep2i7x37zyg5swfpb7t4ra3nn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bespreking:Bowkeria citrina</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>459736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889588</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T16:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
      <sha1>2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sjabloon:Landdata Tanganjika</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>459737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SpesBona</username>
        <id>2720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe sjabloon</comment>
      <origin>2889599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="398" sha1="9v3fmruj23vp9jrp8uyf3yjamnilz4y" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|land vertoondata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Tanganjika
| vlag alias = Flag of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg
| vlag alias-1923 = Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961).svg
| grootte = {{{grootte|}}}
| naam = {{{naam|}}}
| altskakel = {{{altskakel|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = 1923
| verwant1 = Tanzanië
| verwant2 = Zanzibar
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>9v3fmruj23vp9jrp8uyf3yjamnilz4y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bowkeria cymosa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889605</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe spesie met foto's.</comment>
      <origin>2889605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1392" sha1="i9tk2ifa33o3kjkcbq61boq7vfvheu0" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Noordelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria cymosa
| authority = [[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]], (1890)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria calceolarioides'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''noordelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria cymosa'') is 'n [[struik]] ok klein [[boom]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inhees]] aan [[Eswatini]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria cymosa - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00548.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1320.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1383.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1385.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1387.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4143.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-3 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799843-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/45c84988-b842-489a-a9e1-459a2dcda45c Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-cymosa PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|cymosa]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>i9tk2ifa33o3kjkcbq61boq7vfvheu0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889606</id>
      <parentid>2889605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:34:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ai!</comment>
      <origin>2889606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1393" sha1="30o1t2etvlc6wd0irdw413lj9mx0xk2" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Noordelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria cymosa
| authority = [[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]], (1890)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria calceolarioides'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''noordelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria cymosa'') is 'n [[struik]] ok klein [[boom]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria cymosa - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00548.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1320.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1383.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1385.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1387.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4143.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-3 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799843-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/45c84988-b842-489a-a9e1-459a2dcda45c Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-cymosa PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|cymosa]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>30o1t2etvlc6wd0irdw413lj9mx0xk2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889607</id>
      <parentid>2889606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:37:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe spesie met foto's.</comment>
      <origin>2889607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1433" sha1="amynkh3wyvz2n9lzz75sstk9qughfyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Noordelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria cymosa
| authority = [[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]], (1890)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria calceolarioides'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''noordelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria cymosa'') is 'n [[struik]] ok klein [[boom]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt; Die spesie blom van November tot April.

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria cymosa - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00548.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1320.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1383.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1385.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1387.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4143.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-3 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799843-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/45c84988-b842-489a-a9e1-459a2dcda45c Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-cymosa PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|cymosa]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>amynkh3wyvz2n9lzz75sstk9qughfyz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889608</id>
      <parentid>2889607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:37:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1433" sha1="tlg1bkjil27n9ly7rfpzpq3dv0gposi" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Noordelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria cymosa
| authority = [[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]], (1890)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria calceolarioides'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''noordelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria cymosa'') is 'n [[struik]] of klein [[boom]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt; Die spesie blom van November tot April.

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria cymosa - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00548.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1320.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1383.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1385.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1387.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4143.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-3 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799843-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/45c84988-b842-489a-a9e1-459a2dcda45c Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-cymosa PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|cymosa]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>tlg1bkjil27n9ly7rfpzpq3dv0gposi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889615</id>
      <parentid>2889608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:47:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Galery */ Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1496" sha1="m6mmyisxwjencrz94bf1a6x7kffajl5" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Noordelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria cymosa
| authority = [[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]], (1890)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria calceolarioides'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''noordelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria cymosa'') is 'n [[struik]] of klein [[boom]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Eswatini]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[Limpopo]] en [[Mpumalanga]] voor. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 672. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt; Die spesie blom van November tot April.

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria cymosa - Flora park - Cologne, Germany - DSC00548.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1320.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1383.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1385.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4-1387.jpg
Bowkeria cymosa 1DS-II 4143.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]]

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-3 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799843-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/45c84988-b842-489a-a9e1-459a2dcda45c Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-cymosa PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|cymosa]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Eswatini]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>m6mmyisxwjencrz94bf1a6x7kffajl5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noordelike skulpblombos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459739</id>
    <redirect title="Bowkeria cymosa" />
    <revision>
      <id>2889610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:40:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="9vz7lgalgvha9zepant1ha2cu55cy59" xml:space="preserve">#AANSTUUR [[Bowkeria cymosa]]</text>
      <sha1>9vz7lgalgvha9zepant1ha2cu55cy59</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bespreking:Bowkeria cymosa</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>459740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889612</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T18:44:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
      <sha1>2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bowkeria verticillata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe spesie met foto's.</comment>
      <origin>2889622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1805" sha1="p5y51cowqw057zglup97k82k97ys1bm" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Suidelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria verticillata
| authority = ([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz, (1906)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria gerrardiana'' &lt;small&gt;Harv. ex Hiern&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria natalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Schinz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria simplicifolia'' &lt;small&gt;MacOwan&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria triphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria velutina'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichocladus verticillatus'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''suidelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria verticillata'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Oos-Kaap]] en [[Vrystaat]] voor. Die spesie blom van November tot April. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 673. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria verticillata, a, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata, b, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata, c, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata 1.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata 3.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]]

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-9 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799849-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/d43603b0-e0a4-4dff-b6d2-0bf232c94f2d Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-verticillata PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|verticillata]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>p5y51cowqw057zglup97k82k97ys1bm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889623</id>
      <parentid>2889622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:10:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Skakel</comment>
      <origin>2889623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1823" sha1="av6lrp4gcxumbrbsvjccjnimval11h4" xml:space="preserve">{{Spesieboks
| status = 
| status_system = iucn3.1
| name = Suidelike skulpblombos
| image =
| taxon = Bowkeria verticillata
| authority = ([[Christian Friedrich Ecklon|Eckl.]] &amp; [[Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher|Zeyh.]]) Schinz, (1906)
| synonyms =* ''Bowkeria gerrardiana'' &lt;small&gt;Harv. ex Hiern&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria natalensis'' &lt;small&gt;Schinz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria simplicifolia'' &lt;small&gt;[[Peter MacOwan|MacOwan]]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria triphylla'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Bowkeria velutina'' &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trichocladus verticillatus'' &lt;small&gt;Eckl. &amp; Zeyh.&lt;/small&gt;
}}
Die '''suidelike skulpblombos''' (''Bowkeria verticillata'') is 'n [[struik]] wat deel van die Stilbaceae [[Familie (biologie)|familie]] is. Die [[spesie]] is [[inheems]] aan [[Lesotho]] en [[Suid-Afrika]]. In Suid-Afrika kom die spesie in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Oos-Kaap]] en [[Vrystaat]] voor. Die spesie blom van November tot April. Die boom se FSA-nommer is 673. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Bowkeria verticillata, a, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata, b, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata, c, Kaapsehoop.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata 1.jpg
Bowkeria verticillata 3.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Sien ook ==
* [[Alfabetiese lys van Suid-Afrikaanse bome]]

== Verwysings ==
{{verwysings}}

== Bronnelys ==
* [https://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1059-9 REDLIST Sanbi]
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:799849-1 Plants of the World]
* [https://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/search/detail/d43603b0-e0a4-4dff-b6d2-0bf232c94f2d Biodiversityadvisor]
* [https://pza.sanbi.org/bowkeria-verticillata PlantZAfrica]

{{Taksonbalk}}

[[Kategorie:Bowkeria|verticillata]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Lesotho]]
[[Kategorie:Flora van Suid-Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>av6lrp4gcxumbrbsvjccjnimval11h4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suidelike skulpblombos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459742</id>
    <redirect title="Bowkeria verticillata" />
    <revision>
      <id>2889624</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aanstuur</comment>
      <origin>2889624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="o1zly382r6ka0b8bxu4m0czfs5eopa1" xml:space="preserve">#AANSTUUR [[Bowkeria verticillata]]</text>
      <sha1>o1zly382r6ka0b8bxu4m0czfs5eopa1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bespreking:Suidelike skulpblombos</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>459743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889625</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
      <sha1>2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bespreking:Bowkeria verticillata</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>459744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889626</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Verbeter</comment>
      <origin>2889626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv" xml:space="preserve">{{Kop van besprekingsbladsy}}
{{Bladtrekke}}</text>
      <sha1>2v27w7bebgol2ym1cn6ibpmrzbxwbzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Skulpblombosse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459745</id>
    <redirect title="Bowkeria" />
    <revision>
      <id>2889629</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-02T19:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Oesjaar</username>
        <id>7467</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aanstuur</comment>
      <origin>2889629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="lrd1sewrhc6b6g4c68ckv7dvberuogt" xml:space="preserve">#AANSTUUR [[Bowkeria]]</text>
      <sha1>lrd1sewrhc6b6g4c68ckv7dvberuogt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gebruikerbespreking:D. Rakhu Ramai</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>459746</id>
    <redirect title="Gebruikerbespreking:Gladiosa epoch" />
    <revision>
      <id>2889664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T03:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>200923</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mfield het bladsy [[Gebruikerbespreking:D. Rakhu Ramai]] na [[Gebruikerbespreking:Gladiosa epoch]] geskuif: Bladsy is outomaties geskuif na hernoeming van gebruiker &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/D. Rakhu Ramai|D. Rakhu Ramai]]&quot; na &quot;[[Spesiaal:CentralAuth/Gladiosa epoch|Gladiosa epoch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2889664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="08p56z0abw5sps2447gu5ttxihpw0n3" xml:space="preserve">#AANSTUUR [[Gebruikerbespreking:Gladiosa epoch]]</text>
      <sha1>08p56z0abw5sps2447gu5ttxihpw0n3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antonín Panenka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889677</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T08:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
        <id>184704</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe bladsy geskep met '{{Infobox football biography | name      = Antonín Panenka | image = [[Lêer:Antonín Panenka 2019 (cropped).jpg|240px]] | caption = Panenka in 2019 | fullname = Antonín Panenka | height = 1,78 m | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|12|2}} | birth_place = [[Praag]], [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] | position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler | currentclub = [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]] (chairman) | youthyears1 =   1958–1967 | youthclubs1 =   Bohemians 1905|...'</comment>
      <origin>2889677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2962" sha1="alpnud9krhgkcrvkj64s2rjulp4a6gt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name      = Antonín Panenka
| image = [[Lêer:Antonín Panenka 2019 (cropped).jpg|240px]]
| caption = Panenka in 2019
| fullname = Antonín Panenka
| height = 1,78 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Praag]], [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler
| currentclub = [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]] (chairman)
| youthyears1 =   1958–1967
| youthclubs1 =   [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| years1 =  1967–1981
| years2 =  1981–1985
| years3 =  1985–1987
| years4 =  1987–1989
| years5 =  1989–1991
| years6 =  1991–1993
| clubs1 =  [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| clubs2 =  [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]
| clubs3 =  [[SKN St. Pölten|VSE St. Pölten]]
| clubs4 =  [[SK Slovan HAC|SK Slovan Wien]]
| clubs5 =  ASV Hohenau
| clubs6 =  Kleinwiesendorf
| caps1 =  230
| caps2 =  127
| caps3 =  50
| caps4 =  54
| caps5 =  8
| caps6 =  
| totalcaps = 469
| goals1 =  76
| goals2 =  63
| goals3 =  31
| goals4 =  25
| goals5 =  6
| goals6 =  
| totalgoals =  201
| nationalyears1 =   1973–1982&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Antonin Panenka – International Appearances|publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/panenka-intl.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationalteam1 =   [[Tsjeggo-Slowaakse nasionale sokkerspan|Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| nationalcaps1 =    59  
| nationalgoals1 =   17
}}
'''Antonín Panenka''' (gebore [[2 Desember]] [[1948]]) is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] voormalige professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as ’n aanvallende middelvelder gespeel het. Hy het die grootste deel van sy loopbaan by die Tsjeggo-Slowaakse klub Bohemians Praag deurgebring voordat hy tydperke by verskeie Oostenrykse klubs gehad het, insluitend Rapid Wien.

Panenka het [[UEFA Europa-beker|UEFA Euro 1976]] saam met Tsjeggo-Slowakye gewen en bekendheid verwerf vir sy wendestrafskop in die eindstryd se strafdoelskiet teen [[Duitse nasionale sokkerspan|Wes-Duitsland]], waar hy met ’n sagte, geligte skop reg in die middel van die doel aangeteken het terwyl die doelwagter wegduik. Hierdie styl van strafskop staan nou bekend as ’n “panenka”. Sedert 1976 is daar talle pogings aangewend om die Panenka na te boots, sommige suksesvol en ander onsuksesvol, insluitend in kritieke wedstrydwen-momente soos internasionale bekerfinaals.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120628113325/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 June 2012 |title= The cult of the Panenka penalty |work= FIFA.com |date= 25 June 2012 |access-date= 3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Panenka, Antonín}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerspelers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1948]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
      <sha1>alpnud9krhgkcrvkj64s2rjulp4a6gt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2889678</id>
      <parentid>2889677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T08:35:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
        <id>184704</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2889678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2964" sha1="9dbwlav5x8jvmr2fcp7zw7nandugnme" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name      = Antonín Panenka
| image = [[Lêer:Antonín Panenka 2019 (cropped).jpg|240px]]
| caption = Panenka in 2019
| fullname = Antonín Panenka
| height = 1,78 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Praag]], [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler
| currentclub = [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]] (voorsitter)
| youthyears1 =   1958–1967
| youthclubs1 =   [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| years1 =  1967–1981
| years2 =  1981–1985
| years3 =  1985–1987
| years4 =  1987–1989
| years5 =  1989–1991
| years6 =  1991–1993
| clubs1 =  [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| clubs2 =  [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]
| clubs3 =  [[SKN St. Pölten|VSE St. Pölten]]
| clubs4 =  [[SK Slovan HAC|SK Slovan Wien]]
| clubs5 =  ASV Hohenau
| clubs6 =  Kleinwiesendorf
| caps1 =  230
| caps2 =  127
| caps3 =  50
| caps4 =  54
| caps5 =  8
| caps6 =  
| totalcaps = 469
| goals1 =  76
| goals2 =  63
| goals3 =  31
| goals4 =  25
| goals5 =  6
| goals6 =  
| totalgoals =  201
| nationalyears1 =   1973–1982&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Antonin Panenka – International Appearances|publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/panenka-intl.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationalteam1 =   [[Tsjeggo-Slowaakse nasionale sokkerspan|Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| nationalcaps1 =    59  
| nationalgoals1 =   17
}}
'''Antonín Panenka''' (gebore [[2 Desember]] [[1948]]) is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] voormalige professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as ’n aanvallende middelvelder gespeel het. Hy het die grootste deel van sy loopbaan by die Tsjeggo-Slowaakse klub Bohemians Praag deurgebring voordat hy tydperke by verskeie Oostenrykse klubs gehad het, insluitend Rapid Wien.

Panenka het [[UEFA Europa-beker|UEFA Euro 1976]] saam met Tsjeggo-Slowakye gewen en bekendheid verwerf vir sy wendestrafskop in die eindstryd se strafdoelskiet teen [[Duitse nasionale sokkerspan|Wes-Duitsland]], waar hy met ’n sagte, geligte skop reg in die middel van die doel aangeteken het terwyl die doelwagter wegduik. Hierdie styl van strafskop staan nou bekend as ’n “panenka”. Sedert 1976 is daar talle pogings aangewend om die Panenka na te boots, sommige suksesvol en ander onsuksesvol, insluitend in kritieke wedstrydwen-momente soos internasionale bekerfinaals.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120628113325/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 June 2012 |title= The cult of the Panenka penalty |work= FIFA.com |date= 25 June 2012 |access-date= 3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Panenka, Antonín}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerspelers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1948]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
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        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
        <id>184704</id>
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      <text bytes="2967" sha1="km44sj52wa2aka56a1xqu2jg3ax95cm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name      = Antonín Panenka
| image = [[Lêer:Antonín Panenka 2019 (cropped).jpg|240px]]
| caption = Panenka in 2019
| fullname = Antonín Panenka
| height = 1,78 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Praag]], [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| position = Aanvallende middelveldspeler
| currentclub = [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]] (voorsitter)
| youthyears1 =   1958–1967
| youthclubs1 =   [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| years1 =  1967–1981
| years2 =  1981–1985
| years3 =  1985–1987
| years4 =  1987–1989
| years5 =  1989–1991
| years6 =  1991–1993
| clubs1 =  [[Bohemians 1905|Bohemians Praag]]
| clubs2 =  [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]]
| clubs3 =  [[SKN St. Pölten|VSE St. Pölten]]
| clubs4 =  [[SK Slovan HAC|SK Slovan Wien]]
| clubs5 =  ASV Hohenau
| clubs6 =  Kleinwiesendorf
| caps1 =  230
| caps2 =  127
| caps3 =  50
| caps4 =  54
| caps5 =  8
| caps6 =  
| totalcaps = 469
| goals1 =  76
| goals2 =  63
| goals3 =  31
| goals4 =  25
| goals5 =  6
| goals6 =  
| totalgoals =  201
| nationalyears1 =   1973–1982&lt;ref name=&quot;RSSSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Antonin Panenka – International Appearances|publisher=The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/panenka-intl.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nationalteam1 =   [[Tsjeggo-Slowaakse nasionale sokkerspan|Tsjeggo-Slowakye]]
| nationalcaps1 =    59  
| nationalgoals1 =   17
}}
'''Antonín Panenka''' (gebore [[2 Desember]] [[1948]]) is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] voormalige professionele [[Sokker|sokkerspeler]] wat as ’n aanvallende middelvelder gespeel het. Hy het die grootste deel van sy loopbaan by die Tsjeggo-Slowaakse klub Bohemians Praag deurgebring voordat hy tydperke by verskeie Oostenrykse klubs gehad het, insluitend Rapid Wien.

Panenka het [[UEFA Europa-beker|UEFA Euro 1976]] saam met Tsjeggo-Slowakye gewen en bekendheid verwerf vir sy wendestrafskop in die eindstryd se strafdoelskiet teen [[Duitse nasionale sokkerspan|Wes-Duitsland]], waar hy met ’n sagte, geligte skop reg in die middel van die doel aangeteken het terwyl die doelwagter wegduik. Hierdie styl van strafskop staan nou bekend as ’n “panenka”. Sedert 1976 is daar talle pogings aangewend om die Panenka na te boots, sommige suksesvol en ander onsuksesvol, insluitend in kritieke wedstrydwen-momente soos internasionale bekereindstryde.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120628113325/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/features/news/newsid=1655278/index.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 June 2012 |title= The cult of the Panenka penalty |work= FIFA.com |date= 25 June 2012 |access-date= 3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

{{Normdata}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Panenka, Antonín}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerspelers]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1948]]
[[Kategorie:Lewende mense]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Slavia Praag</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>459748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:30:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
        <id>184704</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nuwe bladsy geskep met ''''Slavia Praag''' is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerklub]] in [[Praag]]. Gestig in 1892 as ’n literêre en fietsryklub, is hulle die tweede mees suksesvolle klub in die [[Tsjeggiese Republiek]] sedert die opbreek van [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historická tabulka|url=https://www.chanceliga.cz/tabulka/2019/historicka|work=Chance Liga|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hulle speel in die ''1. česká fotbalová lig...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2040" sha1="5yi6jgi4ec8ll3b5r15vo5203t2gmwo" xml:space="preserve">'''Slavia Praag''' is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerklub]] in [[Praag]]. Gestig in 1892 as ’n literêre en fietsryklub, is hulle die tweede mees suksesvolle klub in die [[Tsjeggiese Republiek]] sedert die opbreek van [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historická tabulka|url=https://www.chanceliga.cz/tabulka/2019/historicka|work=Chance Liga|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hulle speel in die ''1. česká fotbalová liga'', die topafdeling in die Tsjeggië. Hulle neem deel aan die Praagse [[Derby (sport)|derby]] teen [[Sparta Praag]], die mees prominente rivaal in Tsjeggiese sokker. Slavia het 22 liga-titels, 11 Tsjeggiese bekers en die Mitropa Beker in 1938 gewen. Die klub het sedert die stigting van die Tsjeggiese liga in 1993 ook agt liga-titels verower. Hulle het ook die halfeindrondte van die 1995/96 [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Beker]] bereik en gekwalifiseer vir die [[UEFA Champions League]] in 2007/08 vir die eerste keer in hul geskiedenis. In 2019 het Slavia die kwarteindrondte van die 2018/19 [[UEFA Europa League]] bereik en ook gekwalifiseer vir die 2019/20 [[UEFA Champions League]] groepfase vir die tweede keer in hul geskiedenis. Hulle het weer die Europa League kwarteindrondte in 2020/21 bereik. In die titelwennerseisoen van die 2020/21 het die span ’n hele seisoen onoorwonne voltooi en ’n Tsjeggiese rekord opgestel vir die langste onoorwonne topvlakliga-reeks van 54 wedstryde tussen 2020 en 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NEPORAŽENÍ 582 dnů. Série, na kterou se nezapomene|url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|work=Slavia.cz|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017152807/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benewens hul manspan, het Slavia Praag ook reserwe-, jeug- en vrouespanne.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://slavia.cz Amptelike klubwerf]

{{Sokkersaadjie}}
{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerklubs]]</text>
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        <id>184704</id>
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      <text bytes="3257" sha1="mby6ntqiu6fywpxnyc4joob4hknqag8" xml:space="preserve">{{Sokkerklub infoboks
| beeld        = SK Slavia Praha full logo.svg
| klubnaam     = Slavia Praag
| vollenaam    = Sportovní klub Slavia Praha – fotbal a.s.
| bynaam       = ''Červenobílí'' (Die Rooi en Witte)&lt;br /&gt;''Sešívaní'' (Die Gesyde)&lt;br /&gt;''Slávisté'' (Die Slaviste)
| stigting     = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1892}}
| stadion      = [[Fortuna Arena]], Praag
| kapasiteit   = 19,370
| president    = Jaroslav Tvrdík
| eienaar      = [[Pavel Tykač]]
| afrigter     = [[Jindřich Trpišovský]]
| liga         = Tsjeggiese Eerste Liga
| seisoen      = 2024/25
| posisie      = 1ste van 16 (kampioene)
| patroon_la1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_b1   = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_ra1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_sh1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_so1  = _slaviapraha2526hl
| linkerarm1   = FFFFFF
| liggaam1     = FFFFFF
| regterarm1   = FFFFFF
| broek1       = FFFFFF
| kouse1       = FFFFFF
| patroon_la2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_b2   = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_ra2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_sh2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_so2  = _slaviapraha2526al
| linkerarm2   = 000000
| liggaam2     = 000000
| regterarm2   = 000000
| broek2       = 000000
| kouse2       = 000000
}}
'''Slavia Praag''' is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerklub]] in [[Praag]]. Gestig in 1892 as ’n literêre en fietsryklub, is hulle die tweede mees suksesvolle klub in die [[Tsjeggiese Republiek]] sedert die opbreek van [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historická tabulka|url=https://www.chanceliga.cz/tabulka/2019/historicka|work=Chance Liga|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hulle speel in die ''1. česká fotbalová liga'', die topafdeling in die Tsjeggië. Hulle neem deel aan die Praagse [[Derby (sport)|derby]] teen [[Sparta Praag]], die mees prominente rivaal in Tsjeggiese sokker. Slavia het 22 liga-titels, 11 Tsjeggiese bekers en die Mitropa Beker in 1938 gewen. Die klub het sedert die stigting van die Tsjeggiese liga in 1993 ook agt liga-titels verower. Hulle het ook die halfeindrondte van die 1995/96 [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Beker]] bereik en gekwalifiseer vir die [[UEFA Champions League]] in 2007/08 vir die eerste keer in hul geskiedenis. In 2019 het Slavia die kwarteindrondte van die 2018/19 [[UEFA Europa League]] bereik en ook gekwalifiseer vir die 2019/20 [[UEFA Champions League]] groepfase vir die tweede keer in hul geskiedenis. Hulle het weer die Europa League kwarteindrondte in 2020/21 bereik. In die titelwennerseisoen van die 2020/21 het die span ’n hele seisoen onoorwonne voltooi en ’n Tsjeggiese rekord opgestel vir die langste onoorwonne topvlakliga-reeks van 54 wedstryde tussen 2020 en 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NEPORAŽENÍ 582 dnů. Série, na kterou se nezapomene|url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|work=Slavia.cz|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017152807/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benewens hul manspan, het Slavia Praag ook reserwe-, jeug- en vrouespanne.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://slavia.cz Amptelike klubwerf]

{{Sokkersaadjie}}
{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerklubs]]</text>
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      <id>2889682</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-03T09:39:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vryheid vir Suid-Afrika</username>
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      <text bytes="3320" sha1="1u66dqzghkatnrfsv5f1m6j9jmr8dvp" xml:space="preserve">{{Sokkerklub infoboks
| beeld        = [[Lêer:Slavia-symbol-nowordmark-RGB.png|150px]]
| klubnaam     = Slavia Praag
| vollenaam    = Sportovní klub Slavia Praha – fotbal a.s.
| bynaam       = ''Červenobílí'' (Die Rooi en Witte)&lt;br /&gt;''Sešívaní'' (Die Gesyde)&lt;br /&gt;''Slávisté'' (Die Slaviste)
| stigting     = {{Start date and age|1892|df=yes}} as ''ACOS (Akademický cyklistický odbor Slavia)''
| stadion      = Fortuna Arena, [[Praag]]
| kapasiteit   = 19 370
| president    = Jaroslav Tvrdík
| eienaar      = Pavel Tykač
| afrigter     = Jindřich Trpišovský
| liga         = Tsjeggiese Eerste Liga
| seisoen      = 2024/25
| posisie      = 1ste van 16 (kampioene)
| patroon_la1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_b1   = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_ra1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_sh1  = _slaviapraha2526h
| patroon_so1  = _slaviapraha2526hl
| linkerarm1   = FFFFFF
| liggaam1     = FFFFFF
| regterarm1   = FFFFFF
| broek1       = FFFFFF
| kouse1       = FFFFFF
| patroon_la2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_b2   = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_ra2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_sh2  = _slaviapraha2526a
| patroon_so2  = _slaviapraha2526al
| linkerarm2   = 000000
| liggaam2     = 000000
| regterarm2   = 000000
| broek2       = 000000
| kouse2       = 000000
}}
'''Slavia Praag''' is ’n [[Tsjeggië|Tsjeggiese]] professionele [[Sokker|sokkerklub]] in [[Praag]]. Gestig in 1892 as ’n literêre en fietsryklub, is hulle die tweede mees suksesvolle klub in die [[Tsjeggiese Republiek]] sedert die opbreek van [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]] in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historická tabulka|url=https://www.chanceliga.cz/tabulka/2019/historicka|work=Chance Liga|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hulle speel in die ''1. česká fotbalová liga'', die topafdeling in die Tsjeggië. Hulle neem deel aan die Praagse [[Derby (sport)|derby]] teen [[Sparta Praag]], die mees prominente rivaal in Tsjeggiese sokker. Slavia het 22 liga-titels, 11 Tsjeggiese bekers en die Mitropa Beker in 1938 gewen. Die klub het sedert die stigting van die Tsjeggiese liga in 1993 ook agt liga-titels verower. Hulle het ook die halfeindrondte van die 1995/96 [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Beker]] bereik en gekwalifiseer vir die [[UEFA Champions League]] in 2007/08 vir die eerste keer in hul geskiedenis. In 2019 het Slavia die kwarteindrondte van die 2018/19 [[UEFA Europa League]] bereik en ook gekwalifiseer vir die 2019/20 [[UEFA Champions League]] groepfase vir die tweede keer in hul geskiedenis. Hulle het weer die Europa League kwarteindrondte in 2020/21 bereik. In die titelwennerseisoen van die 2020/21 het die span ’n hele seisoen onoorwonne voltooi en ’n Tsjeggiese rekord opgestel vir die langste onoorwonne topvlakliga-reeks van 54 wedstryde tussen 2020 en 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NEPORAŽENÍ 582 dnů. Série, na kterou se nezapomene|url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|work=Slavia.cz|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017152807/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=18766|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Benewens hul manspan, het Slavia Praag ook reserwe-, jeug- en vrouespanne.

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [https://slavia.cz Amptelike klubwerf]

{{Sokkersaadjie}}
{{Normdata}}
[[Kategorie:Tsjeggiese sokkerklubs]]</text>
      <sha1>1u66dqzghkatnrfsv5f1m6j9jmr8dvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gebruikerbespreking:~2026-20669-92</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>459749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2889689</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-03T10:58:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OutoModerator</username>
        <id>183924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kennisgewing van outomatiese terugrol op [[YouTube]]</comment>
      <origin>2889689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="994" sha1="5s0unv0bemyypojqujqyb9obfmtqevs" xml:space="preserve">== April 2026 : OutoModerator het jou wysiging teruggerol ==

Hallo! Ek is [[User:OutoModerator|OutoModerator]], 'n outomatiese stelsel wat 'n [[Masjienleer|masjienleermodel]] gebruik om potensiële slegte wysigings te identifiseer en terug te rol om te verseker dat Wikipedia vertroubaar en betroubaar bly. Ongelukkig het ek een van jou [[Special:Diff/2889688|onlangse wysigings]] teruggestel na [[YouTube]].
* Omdat die model wat ek gebruik nie perfek is nie, rol dit soms goeie wysigings terug. As jy glo dat die verandering wat jy gemaak het konstruktief was, [[//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebruiker:OutoModerator/Vals_positiewe?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;nosummary=true&amp;preload=Gebruiker:OutoModerator/Vals_positiewe/Preload&amp;preloadparams%5B%5D=2889687&amp;preloadparams%5B%5D=YouTube|rapporteer dit asseblief hier]].
* [[:mw:Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Leer meer]] oor my sagteware.
[[Gebruiker:OutoModerator|OutoModerator]] ([[Gebruikerbespreking:OutoModerator|kontak]]) 10:58, 3 April 2026 (UTC)</text>
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