ውክፔዲያ amwiki https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%88%E1%8C%BD MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter ፋይል ልዩ ውይይት አባል አባል ውይይት ውክፔዲያ ውክፔዲያ ውይይት ስዕል ስዕል ውይይት መልዕክት መልዕክት ውይይት መለጠፊያ መለጠፊያ ውይይት እርዳታ እርዳታ ውይይት መደብ መደብ ውይይት በር በር ውይይት TimedText TimedText talk ሞጁል ሞጁል ውይይት Event Event talk 0 3915 392030 375758 2026-05-04T19:35:24Z ~2026-27019-35 58427 ESDRYSER TRSDZGRDFGH RADEDWAQ 392030 wikitext text/x-wiki == IRELAND IS THE GREATEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD, ALL MUST BOW DOWN BEFORE THE IRISH PEOPLE ALSO YOU STUPID ETHIOPIANS ARE NOT WELCOME HERE STAY IN YOUR OWN COUNTRY AND DONT RUIN OURS == አየርላንድ እና ኤይሬ የሚሉት ስሞች ከድሮው አይሪሽ ኤሪዩ የወጡ ሲሆን በአይሪሽ አፈ ታሪክ ውስጥ አምላክ የሆነው አምላክ በዘጠነኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ ላይ ተመዝግቧል። የኤሪዩ ሥርወ-ቃል አከራካሪ ነው ነገር ግን ከፕሮቶ-ኢንዶ-አውሮፓ ሥር * h2uer የመጣ ሊሆን ይችላል፣ የሚፈሰውን ውሃ ያመለክታል።[13]{{በአውሮፓ ውስጥ የሚገኙ አገሮች}} {{መዋቅር-መልክዐምድር}} [[መደብ:አየርላንድ]] f9il9e8ds6rf4zj324uud90x4vn49nf 392034 392030 2026-05-04T22:00:29Z ~2026-21927-06 58037 አንድ ለውጥ [[Special:Diff/392030|392030]] ከ[[Special:Contributions/~2026-27019-35|~2026-27019-35]] ([[User talk:~2026-27019-35|ውይይት]]) ገለበጠ 392034 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[:en:ireland|ይህ ገጽ በቀጥታ በእንግሊዝኛ ከተመሳሳዩ ገጽ የተወሰዱ ምንጮችን ይጠቀማል። እባክዎን የእኔን ትርጉሞች ለማሻሻል ያግዙ!]]''{{የሀገር መረጃ| ስም = አየርላንድ| ሙሉ_ስም = Ireland<br /> Éire<br /> አየርላንድ| ባንዲራ_ሥዕል = Flag of Ireland.svg| ማኅተም_ሥዕል =Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg| መዝሙር = "Amhrán na bhFiann" <br><br> <center>[[File:United States Navy Band - Amhrán na bhFiann.ogg]]</center>| ካርታ_ሥዕል = Ireland in its region.svg| ዋና_ከተማ = [[ደብሊን]]| ብሔራዊ_ቋንቋ = [[አየርላንድኛ]]<br />[[እንግሊዘኛ]]| የመንግስት_አይነት = ፓርለሜንታዊ ሪፐብሊክ| የመሪዎች_ማዕረግ = [[ፕሬዚዳንት]] <br /> ቲሻሕ| የመሪዎች_ስም = [[ማይከል ህግንዝ]] <br /> [[ሊዮ ቫርድከር]]| የነጻነት_ቀን = [[ጥር 13]] ቀን [[1911]] <br />(January 21, 1919 እ.ኤ.አ.)| የመሬት_ስፋት = 70,273| የመሬት_ስፋት_ከዓለም = 118| ውሀ_ከመቶ = 2| የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ግምት = 4,792,500| የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ግምት_ዓመት = 2017 እ.ኤ.አ.| የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ከዓለም = 123| የገንዘብ_ስም = [[ዩሮ]] (€)| ሰዓት_ክልል = +0| የስልክ_መግቢያ = +353| ከፍተኛ_ደረጃ_ከባቢ = .ie}}'''አየርላንድ''' ወይም '''Éire''' (/ ˈaɪərlənd/ (ያዳምጡ) YRE-lənd፤ አይሪሽ: ኤይሬ [ˈeːɾʲə] (ያዳምጡ)፤ ኡልስተር-ስኮትስ: አየርላን [ˈɑːrlən]) በሰሜን-ምዕራብ አውሮፓ በሰሜን አትላንቲክ ውቅያኖስ ላይ የምትገኝ ደሴት ናት። ከታላቋ ብሪታንያ በምስራቅ በሰሜን ቻናል፣ በአይሪሽ ባህር እና በቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቻናል ተለያይቷል። አየርላንድ የብሪቲሽ ደሴቶች ሁለተኛዋ ትልቅ ደሴት ናት፣ በአውሮፓ ሶስተኛዋ ትልቁ እና በአለም ሃያኛዋ ነች። በጂኦፖለቲካዊ መልኩ፣ አየርላንድ በአየርላንድ ሪፐብሊክ (በይፋ አየርላንድ ተብሎ የሚጠራው)፣ የደሴቲቱን አምስት ስድስተኛ ክፍል በሚሸፍን ገለልተኛ መንግስት እና የዩናይትድ ኪንግደም አካል በሆነችው በሰሜን አየርላንድ መካከል ተከፋፍላለች። እ.ኤ.አ. እስከ 2022 ድረስ ፣ የመላው ደሴት ህዝብ ብዛት ከ 7 ሚሊዮን በላይ ነው ፣ 5.1 ሚሊዮን በአየርላንድ ሪፐብሊክ እና 1.9 ሚሊዮን በሰሜን አየርላንድ ውስጥ ይኖራሉ ፣ ይህም በአውሮፓ ውስጥ በሕዝብ ብዛት ከታላቋ ብሪታንያ ቀጥሎ ሁለተኛዋ ነች። የአየርላንድ ጂኦግራፊ በአንፃራዊነት ዝቅተኛ የሆኑ ተራሮችን በማእከላዊ ሜዳ ዙሪያ ያቀፈ ሲሆን በርካታ ወንዞችም ወደ ውስጥ ይዘልቃሉ። ለምለሙ እፅዋት ከሙቀት ጽንፍ የፀዱ መለስተኛ ግን ተለዋዋጭ የአየር ንብረት ውጤት ነው። አብዛኛው አየርላንድ እስከ መካከለኛው ዘመን መጨረሻ ድረስ ጫካ ነበር። ዛሬ ዉድላንድ የደሴቱን 10% ያህሉን ይይዛል፣ ከአውሮፓ አማካኝ ከ33% በላይ ከሆነ፣[9] አብዛኛዎቹ ተወላጅ ያልሆኑ የኮንፈር እርሻዎች ናቸው።[10][11] የአየርላንድ የአየር ንብረት በአትላንቲክ ውቅያኖስ ተጽዕኖ ስለሚኖረው በጣም መጠነኛ ነው [12] እና ክረምቱ እንደዚህ ላለው ሰሜናዊ ክፍል ከሚጠበቀው በላይ ለስላሳ ነው ፣ ምንም እንኳን የበጋው ወቅት በአህጉራዊ አውሮፓ ካሉት የበለጠ ቀዝቃዛ ነው። የዝናብ እና የደመና ሽፋን በብዛት ይገኛሉ። ጌሊክ አየርላንድ ብቅ ያለችው በ1ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ዓ.ም. ደሴቱ ከ 5 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ጀምሮ በክርስትና እምነት ተከታይ ነበር. ከ12ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን የአንግሎ ኖርማን ወረራ በኋላ እንግሊዝ ሉዓላዊነቷን ተናገረች። ነገር ግን፣ የእንግሊዝ አገዛዝ እስከ 16ኛው–17ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ቱዶር ድል ድረስ በመላው ደሴት ላይ አልዘረጋም፣ ይህም ከብሪታንያ በመጡ ሰፋሪዎች ቅኝ ግዛት እንዲገዛ አድርጓል። በ1690ዎቹ የፕሮቴስታንት እንግሊዛዊ አገዛዝ ስርዓት የካቶሊክ አብላጫውን እና ፕሮቴስታንት ተቃዋሚዎችን በቁሳዊ መልኩ ለመጉዳት ተዘጋጅቶ በ18ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ተራዝሟል። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1801 በሕብረት ሥራ ፣ አየርላንድ የዩናይትድ ኪንግደም አካል ሆነች። በ 20 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ ላይ የነፃነት ጦርነት ተከትሎ የደሴቲቱ ክፍፍል ተከስቷል ፣ ይህም የአየርላንድ ነፃ ግዛት እንዲፈጠር ምክንያት ሆኗል ፣ ይህም በሚቀጥሉት አስርት ዓመታት እየጨመረ ሉዓላዊ ሆነ ፣ እና የዩናይትድ ኪንግደም አካል የሆነችው ሰሜን አየርላንድ። ሰሜን አየርላንድ ከ1960ዎቹ መገባደጃ ጀምሮ እስከ 1990ዎቹ ድረስ ብዙ ህዝባዊ አመፅ ታይቷል። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1998 ከጥሩ አርብ ስምምነት በኋላ ይህ ቀነሰ ። በ 1973 የአየርላንድ ሪፐብሊክ የአውሮፓ ኢኮኖሚ ማህበረሰብን ስትቀላቀል ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም እና የሰሜን አየርላንድ አካል እንደዚሁ አደረጉ። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2020 ፣ ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም ፣ ሰሜናዊ አየርላንድ ፣ ያኔ የአውሮፓ ህብረትን (EU) ን ትታለች። የአየርላንድ ባህል በሌሎች ባህሎች ላይ በተለይም በሥነ-ጽሑፍ መስክ ላይ ከፍተኛ ተጽዕኖ አሳድሯል. ከዋናው የምዕራባውያን ባህል ጎን ለጎን በጌሊክ ጨዋታዎች፣ በአይሪሽ ሙዚቃ፣ በአይሪሽ ቋንቋ እና በአይሪሽ ዳንስ እንደተገለጸው ጠንካራ አገር በቀል ባህል አለ። የደሴቲቱ ባህል ከታላቋ ብሪታንያ ጋር ብዙ ባህሪያትን ይጋራል፣ የእንግሊዘኛ ቋንቋን ጨምሮ፣ እንደ ማህበር እግር ኳስ፣ ራግቢ፣ የፈረስ እሽቅድምድም፣ ጎልፍ እና ቦክስ የመሳሰሉ ስፖርቶች። == ሥርወ ቃል == አየርላንድ እና ኤይሬ የሚሉት ስሞች ከድሮው አይሪሽ ኤሪዩ የወጡ ሲሆን በአይሪሽ አፈ ታሪክ ውስጥ አምላክ የሆነው አምላክ በዘጠነኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ ላይ ተመዝግቧል። የኤሪዩ ሥርወ-ቃል አከራካሪ ነው ነገር ግን ከፕሮቶ-ኢንዶ-አውሮፓ ሥር * h2uer የመጣ ሊሆን ይችላል፣ የሚፈሰውን ውሃ ያመለክታል።[13]{{በአውሮፓ ውስጥ የሚገኙ አገሮች}} {{መዋቅር-መልክዐምድር}} [[መደብ:አየርላንድ]] axxtm6dxstn5r14y7x2vkswburgwyox 0 4196 392029 389549 2026-05-04T17:24:35Z ATO Chief Diplomat 57934 392029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Religionsmajoritaries.png|thumb|450px|]] [[ስዕል:Abraham Dharma.png|450px|thumb|የ«አብርሃማዊ» (ሮዝ) ወይንም የ«ዳርማዊ» (ቢጫ) ሃይማኖቶች ብዛት በየአገሩ]] '''ሃይማኖት''' አንድ ሕብረተሠብ የሚያምንባቸው ጽኑ እምነቶች መሠረት ነው። በዓለም ውስጥ በርካታ ልዩ ልዩ ሃይማኖቶች አሉ። ዋና ዓለማዊ ሃይማናቶች [[ክርስትና]]፣ [[እስልምና]]፣ [[አይሁድና]]፣ የ[[ሕንዱ]] ሃይማኖት እና [[ቡዲስም]] ናቸው። እነዚህ ሃይማኖቶች በአንዳንድ አገር በይፋ [[የመንግሥት ሃይማኖት]] ሁኔታ አላቸው። ከነዚህ መጀመርያ ሦስቱ. ክርስትና፣ እስልምናና አይሁድና፣ ሁላቸው ከ[[አብርሐም]] ስለ ተነሡ፣ «[[አብርሃማዊ ሃይማኖቶች]]» ተብለዋል። ሒንዱኢዝምና ቡዲስም ግን ከሕንድ ተነሡና «ሕንዳዊ» ወይም «[[ዳርማዊ ሃይማኖቶች]]» ተብለዋል። ሌሎች ሃይማኖቶች በአሁኑ ሰዓት በየትም አገር የመንግሥት ሃይማኖት ባይሆኑም፣ ባለፉት ዘመናት በታሪክ መንግሥታት ይኖራቸው ነበር፦ በተለይ [[ዛርጡሽና]]፣ [[ጃይኒስም]]፣ [[ሲኪስም]]፣ [[ዳዊስም]]፣ [[የኮንግ-ፉጸ ትምህርት]]፣ [[ሺንቶ]]ና የተለያዩ ኗሪ ወይም [[አረመኔ]] ሃይማኖቶች የቀድሞ መንግሥታት ነበሯቸው፤ የጠፉት ሃይማኖቶች [[ማኒኪስም]] እና [[አሪያኒስም]] ደግሞ የቀድሞ መንግስታት ነበሯቸው። በተጨማሪ መቸም መንግስት ያልነበረላቸው በርካታ ሌሎች አነስተኛ ሃይማኖቶች ወይም እምነቶች አሉ ወይም በታሪክ ተገኝተዋል። በአንዳንድ አስተሳሰብ [[ማርክሲስም-ሌኒኒስም]] በሃይማኖት ፈንታ የአንዳንድ መንግሥት ፍልስፍና፣ ትምህርት ወይም ርዕዮተ ዓለም በመሆኑ በውኑ እንደ አንድ ሃይማኖት መቆጠሩ ተገቢ ነው። {{መዋቅር-ሃይማኖት}} [[መደብ:ሃይማኖት|*]] hevfdsts4yjrtnfs78sjgcan1kq9g3z 0 12961 392026 375842 2026-05-04T12:29:03Z ~2026-26910-20 58419 392026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{የንጉሥ መረጃ | ስም = ዓፄ ፋሲለደስ | ርዕስ = [[ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ]] | ስዕል = FasileDesUraKidaneMihret.jpg | የስዕል_ስፋት = 250 | የስዕል_መግለጫ = የፋሲል ምስል፣ ኡራ ኪዳነ ምህረት | ግዛት = ከ1632 እስከ 1667 እ.ኤ.አ. | በዓለ_ንግሥ = | ቀዳሚ = ዓፄ [[ሱስንዮስ]] | ተከታይ = [[ቀዳማዊ ዓፄ ዮሐንስ]] | ባለቤት = | ልጆች = | ሙሉ_ስም = ዓለም ሰገድ (የዙፋን ስም) | ሥርወ-መንግሥት = [[ሰለሞናዊው ሥርወ-መንግሥት|ሰሎሞን]] | አባት = ዓፄ [[ሱስንዮስ]] | እናት = እቴጌ ስልጣን ሞገስ | የተወለዱት = 1603 እ.ኤ.አ. | የሞቱት = 1667 እ.ኤ.አ. በ[[አዘዞ]] | የተቀበሩት = [[ቅዱስ እስጢፋኖስ ገዳም]]፤ [[ደጋ ደሴት]] | ሀይማኖት = የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ክርስትና }} '''ዓፄ ፋሲለደስ''' ወይም '''ዓፄ ፋሲል''' (የዙፋን ስማቸው '''ዓለም ሰገድ''') ከአባታቸው አፄ [[ሱሰኒዮስ]] እና ከእናታቸው ልዕልት [[እቴጌ ወልድ (ሥልጣን ሞገስ)|ስልጣነ ሞገስ]] በሸዋ ክፍለሀገር ቡልጋ መገዘዝ ፣ ህዳር 10፣ 1603 (እ.ኤ.አ) ተወለዱ። የነገሱበትም ዘመን ከ1632 እስከ ጥቅምት 18, 1667 (እ.ኤ.አ) ነበር። == ንግስና == በ[[ስረፀ ክርስቶስ]] በተመራው አመፅ ምክንያት በ1630 ፋሲለደስ ለንግስና ቢበቃም፣ ዘውዱን ግን እስከ 1632 አልጫነም ነበር። ሲመተ ንግስናው በ1632 እንደተገባደደ የመጀመሪያው ስራው የ[[ተዋህዶ]] ቤ/ክርስቲያንን የቀድሞው ቁመና መመለስና የካቶሊኮችን መሬት በመቀማት ከ[[ደንቀዝ|ደንካዝ]] በማባረር በ[[ፍሪሞና]] እንዲወሰኑ ማድረግ ነበር። ወዲያውም በማከታተል ከግብፅ አገር አዲስ ጳጳስ እንዲላክለት በማድረግ በአባቱ ዘመን እንዲደበዝዝ ተደርጎ የነበረውን የግብፅና ኢትዮጵያ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ግንኙነት እንዲጸና አደረገ። በኬኒያ የሚገኘው የ[[ሞምባሳ]] ወደብ በ[[ፖርቱጋሎች]] መደብደቡን ሲሰማ፣ የ[[ሮማው ፓፓ]] ከበስትጀርባው ያለበት ሴራ ነው በማለት በምድሩ የነበሩትን የ[[ካቶሊክ]] ጀስዊቶች በመሰብሰብ አባረራቸው። [[ስዕል:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[ፋሲል ግምብ]] በ [[ፋሲል ግቢ]] ]] ==ጎንደር ከተማ== ፋሲለደስ የ[[ጎንደር]] ከተማን በ1636 የኢትዮጵያም ዋና ከተማ አድርጎ እንደቆረቆራት ይታመናል።<ref>Solomon Getamun, History of the City of Gondar (Africa World Press, 2005), pp.1-4</ref> ከሱ በፊት በአካባቢው ከተማ እንደነበር ወይም እንዳልነበር በታሪክ የተገኘ ማስርጃ እስካሁን የለም። አከታትሎም የ[[ፋሲል ግቢን]]ና [[44ቱ ታቦታት]] ተብለው የሚታወቁትን የጎንደር ከተማ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት መሰረት ጣለ። በአፄ ፋሲል ከተመሰረቱት ታዋቂወቹ 44 አብያተ ክርስቲያናት፣ ታዋቂወቹ [[አደባባይ እየሱስ]]፣ [[አደባባይ ተክለ ሃይማኖት]]፣ [[እልፍኝ ጊዮርጊስ፣ መድኃኔ ዓለም|አጣጣሚ ሚካኤል]]፣ [[ግምጃቤት ማርያም|ግምጃቤት ማራያም]]፣ [[ፊት ሚካኤል]]፣ እና [[ፊት አቦ]] ይገኙበታል።<ref>Getamun, City of Gondar, p. 5</ref> ያለመታከትም 7 የድንጋይ ድልድዮችን በማሰራት እስካሁን ድረስ ስሙ ሲጠራ ይኖራል። አልፎም በ[[ግራኝ አህመድ]] ዘመን በእሳት ጋይቶ የነበረችውን [[አክሱም ፂዮን]] በአዲስ መሰረት እንደገና ማሰራት ችሎአል።<ref>Richard Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 297f</ref> ፋሲለደስ በዘመኑ እጅግ ተወዳጅ ንጉስ ቢሆንም አመጽ መነሳቱ አልቀረም። በላስታ ለምሳሌ በ1637 [[መልክዓ ክርስቶስ]] በተባለ ሰው መሪነት ጦርነት ተነስቶ አፄ ፋሲልን ስጋት ላይ ቢጥልም በሚቀጥለው አመት በተደረገው ጦርነት አመፁ ሊገታ ችሎአል።<ref>James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1805 edition), vol. 3, pp. 435-437</ref> ፋሲለደስ ፖርቱጋሎችን ቢያባርርም ከውጭው አለም ጋር ብዙ ግንኙነት ያደርግ ነበር። ለምሳሌ በ1664-5 የ[[ህንድ]] ንጉስ [[አውራንግዘብ]] ሲነግስ መልካም ምኞትን በመልክተኞቹ ለ[[ሙግሃሉ]] መሪ ልኮ ነበር። በ1666 ልጁ ዳዊት ሲያምጽ፣ [[ወህኒ]] ተብሎ ወደሚታወቀው አገር በግዞት ልኮት ነበር። ይህም ከጥንቶቹ የኢትዮጵያውን ነገሥት ተፎካካሪያቸውን ወደ [[አምባ ግሽን]] በግዞት እንደሚልኩት ስርዓት ነበር። ==የፋሲል እረፍት== አፄ ፋሲል [[አዘዞ]] ተብላ በምትታወቀው ከ[[ጎንደር ከተማ]] 5 ማይል ርቃ በምትገኘው ከተማ ጥቅምት18፣1667 እ.ኤ.አ. (ጥቅምት 10፣ 1660) ከዚህ አለም በሞት ተለዩ። አሟሟታቸውንም፣ በጊዜው በህዝቡ ዘንድ የነበራቸውን ተቀባይነት በሚያንጸባርቅ መልኩ፣ የዜና መዋዕል ዘጋቢያቸው እንዲህ ሲል ይተርካል፡ :ጥቅምት ፰፣ እሁድ ዕለት፣ ፫ ሰዓት ላይ፣ [የፀሐይ] ጥላ በ፫ ጫማ ሲሰፈር፣ ለሰው ሁሉ እንደሆነ፣ ንጉሳችን አዲያም ሰገድ ድንገት ታመመ። በዚህ ጊዜ ታላቅ ሀዘን ተነሳ[...]ለሚቀጥሉት ሁለት ቀናት ምግብም ሆነ መጠጥ ሳያስብ[...] የብር ከበሮወችን እያፈረሰ፣ የወርቅ ስለቶችን አፎታቸውንም እየቆራረጠ የቤተክርስቲያን ማገልገልግያ አደረጋቸው። በዚህ ጊዜ በሁሉ ዘንድ እንባና ለቅሶ ሆነ [...]ሁሉም እንደሚያውቀው ንጉሳችን ከባህር አሸዋ በሚበዛ መልካም ተግባሩ ሁሉንም መልሶ ገንብቶ ነበርና[...]የሁሉም እምነት ንጉሳችን አለም ሰገድ ሲሞት ምድርና ሰማይ እንደሚንቀጠቀጡ፣ መሬት እንደሚናወጥ፣ ጠላትም በላያችን ሰልጥኖ አለቃችን እንደሚሆን ነበርና። :ማክሰኞ፣ [[የፀሐይ ጥላ በጫማ ሲሰፈር|የፀሐይ ጥላ በ4ጫማ ሲሰፈር]]፣ ከ3 ሰዓት በኋላ ንጉሳችን አረፈ... :አይ ጉድ! መልካም የሚናገረው አፉ ተዘጋ፣ ለዛ ያላቸው ቃላትን የሚያፈሰው ሽቶ ምላሱ እንዲሁ። ሐዘንና ለቅሶ ለዚህ ለምለም ተክል፣ አለፈ! [...] ምን እንላለን? የሆነው ሆኗል! አንት መልካም መዓዛ ያለህ ያገራችን አበባ! እንደ ተራ ነገር ትጠፋ? ነቢዩ :እንዳለ "ህይወት ኖሮት ሞትን የማያይ ማን ሰው አለ?"<ref>[[የአጼ ፋሲለደስ ዜና መዋዕል]]</ref> አስከሬናቸውም የአገሪቱ መላ ህዝብ ባዘነበት ሁኔታ በ[[ቅዱስ እስጢፋኖስ]] ገዳም፣ ጣና ሃይቅ ውስጥ [[ደጋ ደሴት]] ተብላ በምትታወቀው ደሴት የዘላለም እረፍት አገኘ። መቃብራቸውም ውስጥ ያንድ ትንሽ ህፃን አስክሬን አብሮ ይገኛል። ይሄውም ልጃቸው ሲሆን የወደፊቱ ንጉስ ለመሆን እጩ ነበር። ነገር ግን አዲሱን ንጉስ የመጣው ህዝብ ብዛት ሲተራመስ ድንገት ተጠቅጥቆ ለሞት በቃ።<ref>Nathaniel T. Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", National Geographic, 127 (1965), p.557.</ref> [[ስዕል:RemainsOfFasiledes.JPG|right|thumb|250px| የፋሲለደስ ቅሪት፣ [[ደጋ እስጢፋኖስ]]፣ [[ደጋ ደሴት]] <ref>Hespeler-Boultbee, John Jeremey, A Story In Stones: Portugal's Influence on Culture and Architecture in the Highlands of Ethiopia 1493-1693, CCB Publishing, British Columbia, 2011, page 101 </ref>]] {{የኢትዮጵያ ነገሥታት}} [[መደብ:ፋሲለደስ]] hpfu3z3gjehqvih471vpk1evegz8cx7 0 17860 392035 371312 2026-05-04T23:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Vektorfunktion.png|300px|thumb|right| የቬክተር ፈንክሽን ግራፍ። እናስተውል ጨረሮቹ '''r'''(t) ን ይወክላሉ። ]] [[Image:Vector-valued function-2.png|300px|thumb|right| ከጎን የቬክተር ዋጋ ያለውን የ[[ስፕሪንግ]] እኩልዮሽ '''r'''(''t'') = <{{nowrap|2 cos ''t'', 4 sin ''t'', ''t''}}> ግራፍ እንመለከታለን ]] '''ጨረር ፈንክሽን''' ወይም [[ጨረር ዋጋው የሆነ ፈንክሽን]] የሂሳብ ፈንክሽን ሲሆን ውጤቱ [[ብዙ-ቅጥ]] ባለው ኅዋ ውስጥ የሚሰራጭ ጨረር (ቬክተር) ነው። በአብላጫው ጊዜ የጨረር ፈንክሽን [[ግቤት]] ነጠላ ቁጥር ( [[ስኬላር]]) ነው፣ ነገር ግን አልፎ አልፎ ግቤቱ [[የአቅጣጫ ቁጥር]] ወይም [[ህልው ቁጥር]] ቬክተር ሊሆን ይችላል። == ሂስባዊ ቀመር == ነጠላ ቁጥር [[ግቤቱ]] የሆነና [[ውጤቱ]] ጨረር የሆነ ፈንክሽን ሲሰጥ ብዙ ጊዜ እንዲህ ይለ ፈንክሽን አንድ [[ህልው ቁጥር]] ፓራሜትር ''t'' ን እንደ ግቤት ሲወስድ ይታያል። በተረፈ ''t'' አብላጫውን ጊዜ የሚወክለው [[ጊዜ]]ን ሲሆን ውጤቱ በቬክተር '''r'''(''t'') ይወከላል። ከዚህ አንጻር እኒህ ፈንክሽኖች የአሃድ [[መስፈርት]] ቬክተሮችን '''i''', '''j''', '''k''' በመጠቀም እንዲህ ይጻፋሉ *<math>\mathbf{r}(t)=f(t)\mathbf{i}+g(t)\mathbf{j}</math> ወይም *<math>\mathbf{r}(t)=f(t)\mathbf{i}+g(t)\mathbf{j}+h(t)\mathbf{k}</math> እዚህ ላይ ''f''(''t''), ''g''(''t'') እና ''h''(''t'') የመሰረተ መዋቅሩ (ኮርድኔቶቹ) ፈንክሽን ሲሰኙ ግቤታቸው ''t'' ነው። ቬክተር '''r'''(''t'') ጅራቱ ከቁጥር ሰንጠረዥ መነሻ (0፣0፣0) ሲያርፍ እራሱ በፈንክሽኑ ዋጋ ላይ ያርፋል። ከላይ የተጠቀሱት የጨረር ፈንክሽኖች በተጨማሪ በሚቀጥለው መልኩ ሊጻፉ ይቻሉ *<math>\mathbf{r}(t)=\langle f(t), g(t)\rangle</math> or *<math>\mathbf{r}(t)=\langle f(t), g(t), h(t)\rangle</math> == የጨረር ፈንክሽን ለውጥ == የሚቀጥለው የጨረር ፈንክሽን ቢሰጠን :<math>\mathbf{r}(t) = f(t)\mathbf{i} + g(t)\mathbf{j} + h(t)\mathbf{k}</math> ለውጡ እንዲህ ይሰላል :<math>\frac{d\mathbf{r}(t)}{dt} = f'(t)\mathbf{i} + g'(t)\mathbf{j} + h'(t)\mathbf{k}.</math> የጨረተር ለውጥን እንዲህ መተርጎም እንችላለን፡ '''r'''(''t'') የአንድን እቃ በ[[ኅዋ]] አቀማመጥ ቢወክል፣ ለውጡ እንግዲህ የዚያን እቃ [[ፍጥነት]] ይወክላል :<math>\mathbf{v}(t) = \frac{d\mathbf{r}(t)}{dt} .</math> በተመሳሳይ ሁኔታ የፍጥነቱ ለውጥ እንግዲህ [[ፍጥንጥነት]] ነው ማለት ነው። :<math>\frac{d\mathbf{v}(t)}{d t}=\mathbf{a}(t).</math> === ከፊል ለውጥ === የጨረር ፈንክሽን '''a''' [[ከፊል ለውጥ]] ከስኬላር ተለዋዋጭ ''q'' አንጻር እንዲህ ይተረጎማል <ref name="dynon19">{{harvnb|Kane|Levinson|1996|p=29–37}}</ref> :<math>\frac{\partial\mathbf{a}}{\partial q} = \sum_{i=1}^{3}\frac{\partial a_i}{\partial q}\mathbf{e}_i</math> እዚህ ላይ ''a''_''i'' በ'''e'''_''i'' አቅጣጫ ያለውን የ'''a''' ስኬላር ክፍል ይወክላል። ይህ ክፍል የ '''a''' እና '''e'''_''i'' [[አቅጣጫ ኮሳይን]] ወይም [[ነጥብ ብዜት]] በመባልም ይታወቃል። === ተራ ለውጥ === <ref name="dynon19"/> :<math>\frac{d\mathbf{a}}{dt} = \sum_{i=1}^{3}\frac{da_i}{dt}\mathbf{e}_i.</math> === አጠቃላይ ለውጥ === ጨረር ፈንክሽን '''a''' ብዛታቸው ''n'' የሆኑ [[ስኬላር]][[ተለዋዋጮች]] ''q''_''r'' (''r'' = 1,...,''n'') ቢሆንና እያንዳንዱ ''q''_''r'' የ አንድ ስኬልራ ብቻ ''t'' ፈንክሽን ቢሆን, የጨረር ፈንክሽኑ '''a''' [[ተራ ለውጥ]] ከ ''t'' አንጻር [[አጠቃላይ ለውጥ]] ተብሎ ሲታወቅ እንደሚከተለው ይቀመራል <ref name="dynon19"/> :<math>\frac{d\mathbf a}{dt} = \sum_{r=1}^{n}\frac{\partial \mathbf a}{\partial q_r} \frac{dq_r}{dt} + \frac{\partial \mathbf a}{\partial t}.</math> አንድ አንድ ጊዜ አጠቃላይ ለውጥ በዚህ መልኩ ''D''/''Dt'' ይጻፋል። የአጠቃላይ ለውጡ ከከፊል ለውጡ የሚለየው ''q''_''r''. በጊዜ ውስጥ ሲለወጥ በ '''a''' ላይ የሚያደርሰውን ተጽዕኖም ከግምት ውስጥ ስለሚያስገባ ነው። == ማጣቀሻ == <references/> == ተጨማሪ ንባቦች {{en}}== *[http://ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/202/vectorFunctions/vectorFunctions.htm Vector-valued functions and their properties (from Lake Tahoe Community College)] {{Wayback|url=http://ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/202/vectorFunctions/vectorFunctions.htm |date=20060128065217 }} *[http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1525585 Everything2 article] *[http://math.etsu.edu/MultiCalc/Chap1/Chap1-6/part1.htm 3 Dimensional vector-valued functions (from East Tennessee State University)] {{Wayback|url=http://math.etsu.edu/MultiCalc/Chap1/Chap1-6/part1.htm |date=20050825140840 }} [[መደብ:ጨረር]] 193rwcpwx7jr4sxs45q9je67no2wwfv 0 36525 392032 387306 2026-05-04T21:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392032 wikitext text/x-wiki ==የአገራት ዝርዝር== {| class="sortable wikitable" border="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:white; text-align:left; font-size'':95%; border-collapse'':collapse; border'':0 solid #aaa;" |- !width=35%|አጭርና ይፋዊ ስያሜዎች ! style="width:12.5%;"|የ[[ተመድ]] አባል? ! style="width:12.5%;"|የልዑላዊነት ክርክር? {{#tag:ref|በዚሁ ዓምድ ውስጥ በአንድ አገር መላው ግዛት ላይ ያለው ክርክር ሲኖር ብቻ ያመልክታል። በአገሩ ከፊል ላይ የሥልጣን ክርክር ሲኖር «ተጨማሪ መረጃ» በሚል ዓምድ ይገኛል።|group="ነጥብ"}} !class="unsortable"|ተጨማሪ መረጃ {{#tag:ref|ተጨማሪ መረጃ፦ * የአገሩ ሉአላዊነት በሙሉ ካልተቀበለ በስንት አገሮች እንደ ተቀበለ፣ * [[የአውሮፓ ሕብረት]] አባል ከሆነ፣<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ"/> * any [[Dependent territory#Summary by country|overseas dependencies]], if applicable, which are generally not part of the territory of the sovereign state, * [[ፌዴራሲዮን]] (ፌዴራላዊ ሕብረት መንግሥት) ከሆነ፣ * በአገሩ ግዛት ውስጥ [[የራስ-ገዥ ክልሎች ዝርዝር በየአገሩ|የራስ ገዥ ክልሎች]] ካሉ፣ * አንድ ሰው የብዙ አገሮች ርዕሰ መንግሥት የሚሆንበት ሁኔታ ካለ፣ * any major [[List of territorial disputes|territorial disputes]], * በአንድ አገር ቢያንስ የተቀበለ [[የስደት መንግሥት]] ካለ።|group="ነጥብ"}} |- style="background:Darkgrey;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> | |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↓ [[የተመድ አባላት]] ወይም [[የተመድ ተመልካች አገራት]] ↓ |<span style="display:none">A AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>አብካዚያ → [[#አብካዚያ|አብካዚያ]] |<span style="display:none">UN member state</span> |<span style="display:none">None</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አፍጋኒስታን"></span>'''{{flag|አፍጋኒስታን}}'''&nbsp;– የአስጋኒስታን እስላማዊ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አልባኒያ"></span>'''{{flag|አልባኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– የአልባኒያ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አልጄሪያ"></span>'''{{flag|አልጄሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– የአልጄሪያ ሕዝባዊ ዴሞክራቲክ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አንዶራ"></span>'''{{flag|አንዶራ}}'''&nbsp;– የአንዶራ ልዑላዊነት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአንዶራ መንግሥት ልዑል ሹመት በ[[ፈረንሳይ]] ፕሬዝዳንትና በ[[ኡርዠል አገረ ስብከት]] ኤጲስ ቆጶስ ([[የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]]) በጋራ ይካፈላል።<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="አንጎላ"></span>'''{{flag|አንጎላ}}'''&nbsp;– የአንጎላ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አንቲጋ እና ባርቡዳ"></span>'''{{flag|አንቲጋ እና ባርቡዳ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}አንቲጋ እና ባርቡዳ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]] ነው።<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ">የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛቶች [[የአገራት ኮመንዌልዝ]] አባላት ናቸው። ግዛቶቹ ነጻነት ያላቸውና ራሳቸውን የቻሉ ሲሆኑ የሁላቸው መንግሥት መሪ በይፋ [[ዳግማዊት ንግሥት እልሳቤጥ]] ናቸው።</ref>በአገሩ ውስጥ [[ባርቡዳ]] ራስ-ገዥ ክልል ነው። <ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ">ስለ ራስ-ገዥ ክልሎች በተጨማሪ ለመረዳት [[የራስ-ገዥ ክልሎች ዝርዝር በየአገሩ]] ይዩ።</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Government of Antigua and Barbuda | title = Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act | work = Laws of Antigua and Barbuda | url = http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf | accessdate = 2010-11-10 | archivedate = 2011-07-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="አርጀንቲና"></span>'''{{flag|አርጀንቲና}}'''&nbsp;– አርጀንቲን ሪፐብሊክ <ref group="ነጥብ">በአርጀንቲና ሕገ መንግሥት መሠረት (አንቀጽ 35) የሚከተሉት ስያሜዎች በይፋ ይቀበላሉ፦ «አርጀንቲን ሬፐብሊክ»፣ «አርጀንቲን ሕብረት» ወይም «የሪዮ ዴ ላ ፕላታ ተባባሪ ክፍላገራት»፤ ከዚህ በላይ በሕግጋት ውስጥ «አርጀንቲን ብሔር» እንዲባል ተመሠረተ።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}አርጀንቲንና የ23 ክፍላገሮችና አንድ ራስ-ገዥ ከተማ [[ፌዴራሲዮን]] ነው። እንግሊዝ በሚያስተዳድራቸው [[የፋልክላንድ ደሴቶች]] እና [[ደቡብ ጂዮርጅያ እና ደቡብ ሳንድዊች ደሴቶች]] ላይ ባለው ሥልጣን አርጀንቲና ይገባኛል ባይ ነው።<ref name=dis>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes - International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=8 November 2011 |archivedate=14 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html }}</ref> አርጀንቲና ደግሞ በ[[አርጀንቲን አንታርክቲካ]] ላይ እንደ ብሔራዊ ግዛት ይገባኛል ይላል። በይፋ የ[[ቲዬራ ዴል ፍዌጎ፣ አንታርክቲካና የደቡብ አትላንቲክ ደሴቶች]] ክፍላገር ክፍል ሲሆን እንግሊዝና ቺሌ ደግሞ ይህን ግዛት በከፊል ይገባኛል ይላሉ።<ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ">The continent of [[Antarctica]], including its outlying islands south of 60°S, are held in abeyance under the terms of the [[Antarctic Treaty System]]. Under this treaty, territorial claims in this region are neither recognised nor disputed. Claimant countries are Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom, with all those save Argentina and Chile mutually recognising each others claims.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Government of the United States, Congress, Office of Technology Assessment|title=Polar prospects: a minerals treaty for Antarctica|page=43|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|year=1989|isbn=978-1-4289-2232-7}} "Mutual recognition of claims has been limited to Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom ... Chile and Argentina do not recognize each other's claims ..."</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="አርሜኒያ"></span>'''{{flag|አርሜኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– የአርሜኒያ ሬፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|በ[[ፓኪስታን]] አልተቀበለም።<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf Pakistan Worldview - Report 21 - Visit to Azerbaijan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf |date=20090219074354 }} Senate of Pakistan&nbsp;— Senate foreign relations committee, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country"] 13 September 2006 [14:03] - Today.Az</ref></span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አውስትራሊያ"></span>'''{{flag|አውስትራሊያ}}'''&nbsp;– የአውስትራሊያ ኮመንዌልዝ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}አውስትራሊያ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> ሲሆን የ6 ክፍላገሮችና የ10 ግዛቶች ፌዴራሲዮን ነው። የአውስትራሊያ አፍዓዊ ግዛቶች የሚከተሉ ናቸው፦ * {{noflag|[[አሽሞር እና ካርቲር ደሴቶች]]}} * {{noflag|[[የአውስትራሊያ አንታርክቲክ ግዛት]]}} <ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> * {{flag|ክሪስማስ ደሴት}} * {{flag|ኮኮስ (ኪሊንግ) ደሴቶች}} * {{noflag|[[የኮራል ባሕር ደሴቶች ግዛት]]}} * {{noflag|[[ህርድ ደሴትና ማክዶናልድ ደሴቶች]]}} * {{flag|ኖርፈክ ደሴት}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኦስትሪያ"></span>'''{{flag|ኦስትሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– የኦስትሪያ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል ሲሆን{{#tag:ref|[[የአውሮፓ ሕብረት]] 27 አባላት ሉአላዊነታቸውን በከፊል (በሕግ አማካሪ፣ አስፈጻሚና ችሎታዊ ሥልጣናት ረገድ) ለሕብረቱ አዛውረዋል። <ref>[http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm Europa], retrieved 28 February 2011</ref>|name=EU|group="ነጥብ"}} ኦስትሪያ የ9 ክፍላገሮች (ቡንደስላንደር) [[ፌዴራሲዮን]] ነው። |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>አዛዋድ → [[#አዛዋድ|አዛዋድ]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="አዘርባይጃን"></span>'''{{flag|አዘርባይጃን}}'''&nbsp;– የአዘርባይጃን ሬፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}አዘርባይጃን 2 ራስ-ገዥ አውራጃዎች አሉት፦ [[ናቅቺቫን]] እና [[ናጎርኖ-ካራባቅ]] (''Dağlıq Qarabağ'') ናቸው።<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> በናጎርኖ-ካራባቅ [[#ናጎርኖ-ካራባቅ|ተግባራዊ ነፃ መንግሥት]] ተመሠርቷል። |- |valign=top|<span id="ባሃማስ"></span>'''{{flag|ባሃማስ}}'''&nbsp;– የባሃማስ ኮመንዌልዝ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ባሃማስ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]] ነው።<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="ባሕሬን"></span>'''{{flag|ባሕሬን}}'''&nbsp;– የባሕሬን ንጉዛት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ባንግላዴሽ"></span>'''{{flag|ባንግላዴሽ}}'''&nbsp;– የባንግላዴሽ ሕዝባዊ ሬፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ባርቤዶስ"></span>'''{{flag|ባርቤዶስ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ባርቤዶስ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]] ነው።<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቤላሩስ"></span>'''{{flag|ቤላሩስ}}'''&nbsp;– የቤላሩስ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቤልጅግ"></span>'''{{flag|ቤልጅግ}}'''&nbsp;– የቤልጅግ ንጉዛት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል ሲሆን<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> ቤልጅግ ኅብረተሠቦቹና ክልሎቹ በየቋንቋ መሠረት የሚለያይበት ፌዴራሲዮን ነው። |- |valign=top|<span id="ቤሊዝ"></span>'''{{flag|ቤሊዝ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ቤሊዝ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]] ነው።<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቤኒን"></span>'''{{flag|ቤኒን}}'''&nbsp;– የቤኒን ሪፐብሊክ <ref group="ነጥብ">ስያሜው እስከ 1967 ዓ.ም. ድረስ በይፋ [[ዳሆሜ]] ተባለ።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቡታን"></span>'''{{flag|ቡታን}}'''&nbsp;– የቡታን ንጉዛት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቦሊቪያ"></span>'''{{flag|ቦሊቪያ}}'''&nbsp;– ብዙ ብሔር ያለው ሀገረ ቦሊቪያ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና"></span>'''{{flag|ቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና የሁለት አባላት ፌዴራሲዮን ነው፤ እነርሱም [[የቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና ፌዴራሲዮን]] እና [[ሬፑብሊካ ስርፕስካ]] ናቸው።<ref group="ነጥብ">ስለ ቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና አከፋፈል ለመረዳት፣ [[የደይተን ስምምነት]] እና [http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380 አጠቃላይ መዋቅር ስምምነት ለሰላም በቦስኒያና ሄርጸጎቪና] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ohr.int/dpa/default.asp?content_id=380 |date=20150604163946 }} (14 ዲሴምበር 1995 እ.ኤ.አ.) ጽሑፍ ይዩ።. Office of the High Representative. {{en}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቦትስዋና"></span>'''{{flag|ቦትስዋና}}'''&nbsp;– የቦትስዋና ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ብራዚል"></span>'''{{flag|ብራዚል}}'''&nbsp;– የብራዚል ፌዴራስያዊ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ብራዚል የ26 ክፍላገራትና የ1 ፌዴራላዊ ወረዳ [[ፌዴራሲዮን]] ነው። |- |valign=top|<span id="ብሩነይ"></span>'''{{flag|ብሩነይ}}'''&nbsp;– ሀገረ ብሩነይ፣ የሰላም ማደሪያ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ብሩነይ በ[[ስፕራትሊ ደሴቶች]] ላይ በከፊል ይገባኛል ይላል።<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ">የ[[ስፕራትሊ ደሴቶች]] ግዛት በ[[ቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ]]፣ [[የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ]]፣ [[ቬትናም]]፣ በከፊሉም በብሩነይ፣ [[#ማሌዢያ|ማሌዢያ]]፣ እና [[#ፊሊፒንስ|ፊሊፒንስ]] የተከረከረ ነው። ከብሩነይ በስተቀር፣ እያንዳንዱ የዴሴቶቹን ከፊል ይዟል።</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቡልጋሪያ"></span>'''{{flag|ቡልጋሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– የቡልጋሪያ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቡርኪና ፋሶ"></span>'''{{flag|ቡርኪና ፋሶ}}''' <ref group="ነጥብ">ወይም ቡርኪና፣ ቀድሞ እስከ 1976 ዓ.ም. ድረስ ስሙ በይፋ «ላይኛ ቮልታ» ነበረ።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="በርማ"></span>'''{{flag|በርማ}}'''&nbsp;– የምያንማር ህብረት ሪፐብሊክ<ref group="ነጥብ">በ1981 ዓ.ም. በርማ ስሙን በይፋ ወደ «ምያንማር» ቀየረ። በ2003 ዓ.ም.፣ ከ«የምያንማር ኅብረት» ወደ «የምያንማር ኅብረት ሪፐብሊክ» ተቀየረ።</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Myanmar gets new flag, official name, anthem|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021|publisher=Reuters|date=21 October 2010|accessdate=22 October 2010|archivedate=27 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427194356/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021}}</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቡሩንዲ"></span>'''{{flag|ቡሩንዲ}}'''&nbsp;– የቡሩንዲ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ካምቦዲያ"></span>'''{{flag|ካምቦዲያ}}'''&nbsp;– የካምቦዲያ ንጉዛት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ካሜሩን"></span>'''{{flag|ካሜሩን}}'''&nbsp;– የካሜሩን ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ካናዳ"></span>'''{{flag|ካናዳ}}''' <ref group="ነጥብ">አሁን የአገሩ ሕጋዊ ስም «ካናዳ» ብቻ ነው፤ «የካናዳ ግዛት» አሁን አይጠቀምም።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ካናዳ [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> ሲሆን የ10 ክፍላገራትና 3 ግዛቶች ፌዴራሲዮን ነው። |- |valign=top|<span id="ኬፕ ቨርድ"></span>'''{{flag|ኬፕ ቨርድ}}'''&nbsp;– የኬፕ ቨርድ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="የመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፐብሊክ"></span>'''{{flag|የመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፐብሊክ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቻድ"></span>'''{{flag|ቻድ}}'''&nbsp;– የቻድ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቺሌ"></span>'''{{flag|ቺሌ}}'''&nbsp;– የቺሌ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}[[ፋሲካ ደሴት]] እና [[ዋን ፌርናንዴዝ ደሴቶች]] በ[[ቫልፓራይሶ አውራጃ]] ውስጥ የቺሌ «ልዩ ግዛቶች» ናቸው። ቺሌ በ[[አንታርክቲካ]] ከፊል ላይ እንደ [[ማጋያኔስ እና አንታርክቲካ ቺሌና አውራጃ]] ክፍል ይግባኝ ይላል። እንግሊዝና አርጀንቲና ደግሞ በዚህ ክፍል ውስጥ ይግባኝ ባዮች ናቸው።<ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="ቻይና"></span>'''{{flag|ቻይና}}'''&nbsp;– የቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ<ref name="ChinaTaiwan" group="ነጥብ">[[የቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ]] በተለመደ «ቻይና» ሲባል [[የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ]] በተለመደ «ታይዋን» ይባላል። አንዳንዴ የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ ደግሞ «[[ቻይናዊ ታይፔ]]» ተብሎ በይፋ ይታወቃል።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ}} {{extent}}የቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ አምስት ራስ-ገዥ አውራጃቆች አሉት፤ [[ጓንግሢ]]፣ [[ውስጣዊ ሞንጎሊያ]]፣ [[ኒንግሥያ]]፣ [[ሢንጅያንግ]] እና [[ቲቤት ራስ-ገዥ አውራጃ|ቲቤት]] ናቸው።<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> በተጨማሪ፣ በሚከተሉት [[የቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ ልዩ አስተዳደራዊ አውራጃ|ልዩ አስተዳደራዊ አውራጃዎች]] ላይ ሥልጣን አለው፦ * {{flag|ሆንግ ኮንግ}} * {{flag|ማካው}} ደግሞ በሚከተሉት ግዛቶች ላይ ይግባኝ ይላል፦ * [[ታይዋን]] እና የተዛመዱት ደሴቶች [[ኰሞይ]]፣ [[ማጹ ደሴቶች|ማጹ]]፣ [[ፕራታስ ደሴቶች|ፕራታስ]] እና [[ኢቱ አባ ደሴት|ኢቱ አባ]] በቻይና ሪፐብሊክ ይገዛሉ፤ የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ ደግሞ በመላው ቻይና ላይ ይግባኝ ይላል፤<ref name="TAI2" group="ነጥብ"/> * [[ፓራሴል ደሴቶች]] (የተከራከረ)<ref name=Paracel group="ነጥብ">[[ቬትናም]]ና [[የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ]] ደግሞ በፓራሴል ደሴቶች ላይ ይግባኝ ባዮች ናቸው።</ref> * [[ስፕራትሊ ደሴቶች]] (የተከራከረ)<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ"/> * [[ደቡብ ቲቤት]] (በ[[#ሕንድ|ሕንድ]] እንደ [[አሩናቻል ፕራዴሽ]] ክፍል የተገዛ)። [[አክሳይ ቺን]] በቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ የተገዛ ሲሆን ሕንድ እንደ [[ጃሙና ካሽሚር]] ክፍል ይግባኝ ይላል።<ref name=Kashmir group="ነጥብ"/> 22 የተ.መ.ድ. አባላት እና [[ቫቲካን]] የቻይናን ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ አይቀብሉምና በፈንታው የቻይናን ሪፐብሊክ (ታይዋንን) ይቀብላሉ።<ref group="ነጥብ">ደግሞ [[ከቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ ጋራ ዲፕሎማቲካዊ ግንኙነት የተመሠረተባቸው ወቅቶች ዝርዝር]] እና [[የቻይና ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ ውጭ አገር ግንኙነት]]።</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮሎምቢያ"></span>'''{{flag|ኮሎምቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– የኮሎምቢያ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮሞሮስ"></span>'''{{flag|ኮሞሮስ}}'''&nbsp;–የኮሞሮስ ኅብረት |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}ኮሞሮስ የ3 ደሴቶች ፌዴራሲዮን ሲሆን በፈረንሳይ በተገዛ ደሴት [[ማዮት]] ላይ 4ኛው ሆኖ ይግባኝ ይላል።<ref name=federal group="ነጥብ">ስለ ፌዴራላዊ መንግሥታት ለመረዳት፣ [[ፌዴራሲዮን]] ይዩ።</ref><ref>የኮሞሮስ ሕገ መንግሥት፣ አንቀጽ 1።</ref> ኮሞሮስና ማዳጋስካር ደግሞ በፈረንሳይ በተገዛው [[ባንክ ዱ ዠይሲር]] ላይ ይግባኝ ይላሉ።<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ"></span>'''{{flag|ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}''' (ኮንጎ-ኪንሻሳ) <ref group="ነጥብ">ደግሞ ኮንጎ-ኪንሻሳ ይባላል። ከ1963 እስከ 1989 ዓ.ም. ድረስ፣ ስሙ በይፋ [[ዛዪር]] ነበረ።</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ"></span>'''{{flag|ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ}}''' (ኮንጎ-ብራዛቪል) |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮስታ ሪካ"></span>'''{{flag|ኮስታ ሪካ}}'''&nbsp;– የኮስታ ሪካ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኮት ዲቯር"></span>'''{{flag|ኮት ዲቯር}}'''&nbsp;– የኮት ዲቯር ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ክሮኤሽያ"></span>'''{{flag|ክሮኤሽያ}}'''&nbsp;– የክሮኤሽያ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኩባ"></span>'''{{flag|ኩባ}}'''&nbsp;– የኩባ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ቆጵሮስ"></span>'''{{flag|ቆጵሮስ}}'''&nbsp;– የቆጵሮስ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|በ[[#ቱርክ|ቱርክ]] ወይም በ[[#ስሜን ቆጵሮስ|]] አልተቀበለም። {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ"/> The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]. See [[Foreign relations of Cyprus]] and [[Cyprus dispute]]. [[Turkey]] refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as "The Greek Cypriot Administration of South Cyprus".<ref>See[http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=255&l=2 Republic of Turkey Ministry for European Union Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=255&l=2 |date=20150926163208 }} Retrieved June 12, 2012''.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Czech Republic"></span>'''{{flag|ቼክ ሪፐብሊክ}}''' <ref group="ነጥብ">A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant '''Czechia''' remains uncommon, but variants in Czech (''Česko'') and some other languages are more popular. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]]</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Denmark"></span>'''{{flag|ዴንማርክ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> The [[Danish Realm]] also includes two self-governing territories: * {{flag|ፋሮ ደሴቶች}} ''(Føroyar/Færøerne)'' * {{flag|ግሪንላንድ}} ''(Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland)'' |- |valign=top|<span id="Djibouti"></span>'''{{flag|ጅቡቲ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Djibouti |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Dominica"></span>'''{{flag|ዶመኒካ}}'''&nbsp;– Commonwealth of Dominica |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Dominican Republic"></span>'''{{flag|ዶሚኒካን ሪፐብሊክ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="East Timor"></span>'''{{flag|ምሥራቅ ቲሞር}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste <ref group="ነጥብ">The government of East Timor uses "Timor-Leste" as the English translation.</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Ecuador"></span>'''{{flag|ኤኳዶር}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Ecuador |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Egypt"></span>'''{{flag|ግብፅ}}'''&nbsp;– የግብፅ ዓረብ ሪፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="El Salvador"></span>'''{{flag|ኤል ሳልቫዶር}}'''&nbsp;– የኤል ሳልቫዶር ሪፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Equatorial Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|ኢኳቶሪያል ጊኔ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Equatorial Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Eritrea"></span>'''{{flag|ኤርትራ}}'''&nbsp;– የኤርትራ አገር |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Estonia"></span>'''{{flag|ኤስቶኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– የኤስቶኒያ ሪፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Ethiopia"></span>'''{{flag|ኢትዮጵያ}}'''&nbsp;– የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Ethiopia is a [[federation]] of [[Regions of Ethiopia|9 regions and 2 chartered cities]]. <!--The European Union is not a sovereign state and should not be included--> |- |valign=top|<span id="Fiji"></span>'''{{flag|ፊጂ}}'''&nbsp;– የፊጂ ሪፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Fiji contains 1 autonomous region, [[Rotuma]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/><ref>{{Cite book | title = Laws of Fiji | place = Suva, Fiji | publisher = Government of Fiji | year = 1927 | volume = | edition = 1978 | chapter = Rotuma Act | chapterurl = http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html | accessdate = 2010-07-10 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |date=20050419112327 }} {{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |accessdate=2012-07-07 |archivedate=2005-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419112327/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html }}{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister | title = Chapter 122: Rotuma Act | work = Laws of Fiji | publisher = University of the South Pacific | year = 1978 | url = http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ | accessdate = 2010-11-10 | archivedate = 2011-03-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Finland"></span>'''{{flag|ፊንላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– የፊንላንድ ሪፑብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> * {{flag|ኦላንድ ደሴቶች}} is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland.<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/><ref group="ነጥብ">[[Åland Islands|Åland]] was demilitarised by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="France"></span>'''{{flag|ፈረንሣይ}}'''&nbsp;– French Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> French overseas regions/departments ([[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]]) are full, integral parts of France. The French Republic also includes the overseas territories of: * {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}} * {{flag|የፈረንሳይ ፖሊኔዥያ}} * {{flag|ኑቨል ካሌዶኒ}} * {{noflag|[[Saint-Barthélemy]]}} * {{noflag|[[Saint Martin]]}} * {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} * {{noflag|[[Wallis and Futuna]]}} * {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} (includes the Antarctic claim of [[Adélie Land]]).<ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> [[Clipperton Island]] is a possession of the government. French sovereignty over [[Banc du Geyser]], [[Bassas da India]], [[Europa Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], Mayotte, and [[Tromelin Island]] is disputed in part by [[#Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[#Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[#Seychelles|Seychelles]] and the [[#Comoros|Comoros]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Gabon"></span>'''{{flag|ጋቦን}}'''&nbsp;– Gabonese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Gambia"></span><span style="display:none">Gambia</span> '''{{flag|ጋምቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of The Gambia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Georgia"></span>'''{{flag|ጂዮርጂያ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Georgia contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Adjara]] and [[Abkhazia]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> In [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], de facto states have been formed. |- |valign=top|<span id="Germany"></span>'''{{flag|ጀርመን}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Republic of Germany |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> Germany is a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|16 federated states]] (Länder). |- |valign=top|<span id="Ghana"></span>'''{{flag|ጋና}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Ghana |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Greece"></span>'''{{flag|ግሪክ}}'''&nbsp;– Hellenic Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> [[Mount Athos]] is an autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational "Holy Community" on the mountain and a civil governor appointed by the Greek government.<ref>Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Grenada"></span>'''{{flag|ግሬናዳ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Grenada is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Guatemala"></span>'''{{flag|ጓተማላ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guatemala |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|ጊኔ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guinea-Bissau"></span>'''{{flag|ጊኔ-ቢሳው}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Guinea-Bissau |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Guyana"></span>'''{{flag|ጋያና}}'''&nbsp;– Co-operative Republic of Guyana |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}All land west of the [[Essequibo River]] is claimed by [[#Venezuela|Venezuela]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Haiti"></span>'''{{flag|ሃይቲ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Haiti |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Honduras"></span>'''{{flag|ሆንዱራስ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Honduras |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Hungary"></span>'''{{flag|ሀንጋሪ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Iceland"></span>'''{{flag|አይስላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Iceland |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="India"></span>'''{{flag|ህንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of India |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}India is a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of India|28 states and 7 union territories]]. Indian sovereignty over [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is disputed by the [[#China|People's Republic of China]].<ref name=dis /> India claims sovereignty over the whole of [[Kashmir]], but administers only part of it as the federated state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=Kashmir group="ነጥብ">Sovereignty over [[Kashmir]] is disputed between [[#India|India]] and [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]; smaller parts are disputed by the [[#China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and the PRC. See the [[List of territorial disputes]].</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Indonesia"></span>'''{{flag|ኢንዶኔዥያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Indonesia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Indonesia has 3 provinces with official special autonomy status: [[Aceh|Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Iran"></span>'''{{flag|ኢራን}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Iran |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Iraq"></span>'''{{flag|ኢራቅ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Iraq |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Iraq is a [[federation]]<ref name=federal group="ነጥብ" /><ref>Source: [http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf Iraqi constitution]</ref> of [[Governorates of Iraq|18 governorates]], 3 of which make up the autonomous [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Ireland"></span>'''{{flag|አየርላንድ}}''' <ref group="ነጥብ">The Irish state is often referred to as the ''Republic of Ireland'' (its official ''description'' but not its ''name''). Sometimes this is done to distinguish the state from the [[Ireland|island of Ireland]] as a whole. However, sometimes it is done for [[Names of the Irish state|political reasons and is contentious]].</ref> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> The Constitution of Ireland [[Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|asserts]] the aspiration towards creating a [[United Ireland]] by peaceful means.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ie/reports/ConstitutionofIreland.pdf |title=Constitution of Ireland – Burnreacht na hÉireann |publisher=Government of Ireland |accessdate=8 November 2011 |quote=Article 3: It is the firm will of the Irish Nation...to unite all the people who share the territory of the island of Ireland...recognising that a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means |archivedate=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013114259/http://www.constitution.ie/reports/ConstitutionofIreland.pdf }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Israel"></span>'''{{flag|እስራኤል}}'''&nbsp;– State of Israel |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|Not recognized by 33 states {{extent}}[[Israel]] annexed [[East Jerusalem]], and occupies the [[Golan Heights]]<ref name="golanocc">Occupied territory: * "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA339&dq=%22OCCUPIED+GOLAN%22&hl=en&ei=T2BVTJuyLsH48AbYwM3kBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22OCCUPIED%20GOLAN%22&f=false CIA World Factbook 2010], Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. pg. 339. ISBN 1-60239-727-9.) * "...the United States considers the Golan Heights to be occupied territory subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal..." ("[http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/9570.pdf title=CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations]", Congressional Research Service, April 5, 2002. pg. 5. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "Occupied Golan Heights" ([https://archive.today/20120801065012/www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/middle-east-north-africa/israel-occupied Travel advice: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "In the ICRC's view, the Golan is an occupied territory." ([http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/israel-golan-311207?OpenDocument&style=custo_print ICRC activities in the occupied Golan during 2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/israel-golan-311207?OpenDocument&style=custo_print |date=20210215201012 }}, International Committee of the Red Cross, April 24, 2008.) * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." ([http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002] {{Wayback|url=http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/peace02.htm |date=20090604091304 }}, ''www.al-bab.com''. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favour of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. ([http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10794.doc.htm General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees], United Nations, December 5, 2008.)</ref> and parts of the [[West Bank]]. These areas are not internationally-recognised as being part of Israel.<ref name=dis /> Israel no longer has a permanent military presence in the [[Gaza Strip]], following its [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement]], but is still considered the occupying power under international law.<ref>{{cite web | last = Gold | first = Dore | coauthors = Institute for Contemporary Affairs | title = Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 26 August 2005 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2010-06-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Bell | first = Abraham | title = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense | work = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 | publisher = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs | date = 28 January 2008 | url = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2010-06-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release | title = Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel | date = 22 January 2008 | url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Salih | first = Zak M. | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status | publisher = University of Virginia School of Law | date = 17 November 2005 | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2016-03-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 29 October 2004 | url = http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2020-07-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200712121307/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm }}</ref> Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|32]] UN members (including most Arab states) and by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Italy"></span>'''{{flag|ኢጣልያ}}'''&nbsp;– Italian Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> Italy has 5 autonomous regions, [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Jamaica"></span>'''{{flag|ጃማይካ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Jamaica is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Japan"></span>'''{{flag|ጃፓን}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Japan [[Kuril Islands dispute|disputes]] [[#Russia|Russian]] administration of the South [[Kuril Islands]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Jordan"></span>'''{{flag|ጆርዳን}}'''&nbsp;– Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kazakhstan"></span>'''{{flag|ካዛክስታን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kazakhstan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kenya"></span>'''{{flag|ኬንያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kenya |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="ኪሪባስ"></span>'''{{flag|ኪሪባስ}}'''&nbsp;– የኪሪባስ ሪፐብሊክ |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Korea North"></span>'''{{flag|ሰሜን ኮርያ}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic People's Republic of Korea |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SKOREA}} {{extent}}North Korea is not recognised by two UN members: [[#Japan|Japan]] and South Korea.<ref name="koreas" group="ነጥብ">Both North Korea and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]]. See also [[Foreign relations of North Korea]] and [[Foreign relations of South Korea]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html | title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Korea South"></span>'''{{flag|ደቡብ ኮርያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Korea |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|NKOREA}} {{extent}}South Korea contains 1 autonomous region, [[Jeju-do]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|accessdate = 2010-11-10}}</ref> South Korea is not recognised by one UN member: North Korea.<ref name="koreas" group="ነጥብ"/> |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Kosovo → [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kuwait"></span>'''{{flag|ኩዌት}}'''&nbsp;– State of Kuwait |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Kyrgyzstan"></span>'''{{flag|ኪርጊዝስታን}}'''&nbsp;– Kyrgyz Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Laos"></span>'''{{flag|ላውስ}}'''&nbsp;– Lao People's Democratic Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Latvia"></span>'''{{flag|ላትቪያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Latvia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Lebanon"></span>'''{{flag|ሊባኖስ}}'''&nbsp;– Lebanese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Lesotho"></span>'''{{flag|ሌሶቶ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Lesotho |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Liberia"></span>'''{{flag|ላይቤሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Liberia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Libya"></span>'''{{flag|ሊቢያ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}The [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|former government]] of [[Muammar Gaddafi]], which claims to be the sole legitimate representative of the Libyan people, still has some international recognition (see [[Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council]] and [[Foreign relations of Libya under Gaddafi]]). |- |valign=top|<span id="Liechtenstein"></span>'''{{flag|ሊክተንስታይን}}'''&nbsp;– Principality of Liechtenstein |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Lithuania"></span>'''{{flag|ሊትዌኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Lithuania |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Luxembourg"></span>'''{{flag|ሉክሰምበርግ}}'''&nbsp;– Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Macedonia"></span>'''{{flag|መቄዶንያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Macedonia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Because of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the country is referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". |- |valign=top|<span id="Madagascar"></span>'''{{flag|ማዳጋስካር}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Madagascar |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Madagascar claims the French territories of [[Banc du Geyser]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], and the [[Glorioso Islands]].<ref name=dis/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Malawi"></span>'''{{flag|ማላዊ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Malawi |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Malaysia"></span>'''{{flag|ማሌዢያ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States of Malaysia|13 states and 3 federal territories]]. Malaysia claims part of the [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Maldives"></span>'''{{flag|ማልዲቭስ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Maldives |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mali"></span>'''{{flag|ማሊ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mali |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Mali claims [[#Azawad|Azawad]], an unrecognised state, as part of its sovereign territory. |- |valign=top|<span id="Malta"></span>'''{{flag|ማልታ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Malta |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Marshall Islands"></span>'''{{flag|ማርሻል ደሴቶች}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Marshall Islands |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Mauritania"></span>'''{{flag|ሞሪታኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Mauritania |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mauritius"></span>'''{{flag|ሞሪሸስ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mauritius |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Mauritius has an autonomous island, [[Rodrigues]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> Mauritius claims the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] and the French island of [[Tromelin Island|Tromelin]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Mexico"></span>'''{{flag|ሜክሲኮ}}'''&nbsp;– United Mexican States |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Mexico is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of Mexico|31 states and 1 federal district]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Micronesia"></span>'''{{flag|የማይክሮኔዥያ ተባባሪ ክፍላገሮች}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia is a [[federation]] of 4 states. |- |valign=top|<span id="Moldova"></span>'''{{flag|ሞልዶቫ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Moldova |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Moldova has the autonomous regions of [[Gagauzia]] and [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]], the latter of which has established a de facto state. |- |valign=top|<span id="Monaco"></span>'''{{flag|ሞናኮ}}'''&nbsp;– Principality of Monaco |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Mongolia"></span>'''{{flag|ሞንጎልያ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Montenegro"></span>'''{{flag|ሞንቴኔግሮ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Morocco"></span>'''{{flag|ሞሮኮ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Morocco |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Morocco claims sovereignty over [[Western Sahara]] and controls most of it, which is disputed by the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. Morocco disputes [[#Spain|Spanish]] sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] and the "[[Plazas de soberanía]]".<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Mozambique"></span>'''{{flag|ሞዛምቢክ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Mozambique |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Myanmar → [[#Burma|Burma]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Nagorno-Karabakh → [[#Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Namibia"></span>'''{{flag|ናሚቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Namibia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nauru"></span>'''{{flag|ናውሩ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Nauru |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nepal"></span>'''{{flag|ኔፓል}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Zones of Nepal|14 zones]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Netherlands"></span>'''{{flagcountry|የኔዘርላንድ ነገሥት መንግሥተ}}'''<!--Link to state instead of country-->&nbsp;– Kingdom of the Netherlands <!-- Note that the Netherlands is not the sovereign state, the Kingdom is—see [[Kingdom of the Netherlands#The distinction between the Netherlands and "the Kingdom"]]. --> |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four constituent countries: * {{flag|Netherlands}} * {{flag|አሩባ}} * {{flag|ኩረሳው}} * {{flag|Sint Maarten}} The monarch and her ministers form the government of the kingdom as well as the government of the country the Netherlands. Following the dissolution of the [[Netherlands Antilles]] in 2010, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have become constituent countries, which, alongside Aruba, enjoy considerable autonomy. The other three islands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]]) became [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of the Netherlands. The designation "Netherlands" can refer to either one of the Kingdom's constituent countries or to the short name for the Kingdom (e.g., in international organizations). The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law applies only to parts within Europe. |- |valign=top|<span id="New Zealand"></span>'''{{flag|ኒው ዚላንድ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}New Zealand is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> and has responsibilities for (but has no sovereignty over) two freely [[associated state]]s: * {{flag|ኩክ ደሴቶች}} * {{flag|ኒዌ}} The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 31 and 6 UN members respectively.<ref>{{cite web | author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany | title = Beziehungen zu Deutschland | publisher = Government of Germany | date = November 2009 | url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html | accessdate = 2010-07-16}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = China Internet Information Centre | title = Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue | publisher = Xinhua News Agency | date = 13 December 2007 | url = http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/235447.htm | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations | title = Foreign Affairs | publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,<ref name="untreaty1">http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf</ref> and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]. New Zealand has the dependent territories of: * {{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}} <ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> * {{flag|Tokelau}} The Tokelauan government claims sovereignty over [[Swains Island]], part of [[American Samoa]], a territory of the United States.<ref>{{cite web | author = Radio New Zealand International | title = American Samoa governor ready to resist Tokelau’s claim to Swains Island | publisher = Radio New Zealand Ltd | date = 26 March 2007 | url = http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=31024 | accessdate = 2010-07-16}}</ref> New Zealand does not recognize the Tokelauan claim.<ref>{{cite web | author = Government of New Zealand | coauthors = Government of Tokelau | title = Draft Constitution of Tokelau&nbsp;– English | publisher = New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade | date = 8 October 2007 | url = http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/Tokelau-Constitution-(English).php | accessdate = 2010-07-16 | archivedate = 2010-05-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522103909/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/Tokelau-Constitution-(English).php }}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Nicaragua"></span>'''{{flag|ኒካራጓ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Nicaragua |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> Claims the San Andrés archipelago, currently part of Colombian territorial waters {{extent}}Nicaragua contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur|Atlántico Sur]] and [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte|Atlántico Norte]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Niger"></span>'''{{flag|ኒጄር}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Niger |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Nigeria"></span>'''{{flag|ናይጄሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– Federal Republic of Nigeria |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and 1 federal territory]]. |- |valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Niue → [[#Niue|Niue]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Northern Cyprus → [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Norway"></span>'''{{flag|ኖርዌይ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Norway |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}[[Svalbard]] is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]]. [[Bouvet Island]] is a dependent territory of Norway. Norway also claims [[Peter I Island]] and [[Queen Maud Land]] as dependent territories of Norway.<ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Oman"></span>'''{{flag|ኦማን}}'''&nbsp;– Sultanate of Oman |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Pakistan"></span>'''{{flag|ፓኪስታን}}'''&nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Pakistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|4 provinces, 1 capital territory, and tribal regions]]. Pakistan disputes [[#India|Indian]] sovereignty over [[Kashmir]]. It exercises control over [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|some areas]], but does not explicitly claim any part of it,<ref>Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.</ref><ref>{{Cite news | author = Aslam, Tasnim | title = 'Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part...' | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 | newspaper = Outlook India | publisher = The Outlook Group | date = 11 December 2006 | accessdate = }}</ref> instead regarding it as a disputed territory.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Williams | first = Kristen P. | title = Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2001 | pages = 154–155 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=OYmurpH3ahsC | isbn = 978-0-275-96934-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Pruthi | first = R.K. | title = An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century | publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | year = 2001 | pages = 120–121 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC | isbn = 978-81-261-1091-9}}</ref> The portions that it controls are divided into two polities, administered separately from Pakistan proper:<ref name=Kashmir group="ነጥብ"/> * {{flag|Azad Kashmir}} * {{noflag|[[Gilgit–Baltistan]]}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Palau"></span>'''{{flag|ፓላው}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Palau |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Palestine → [[#Palestine|Palestine]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Panama"></span>'''{{flag|ፓናማ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Panama |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Papua New Guinea"></span>'''{{flag|ፓፑዋ ኒው ጊኒ}}'''&nbsp;– Independent State of Papua New Guinea |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> with 1 autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Paraguay"></span>'''{{flag|ፓራጓይ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Paraguay |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Peru"></span>'''{{flag|ፔሩ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Peru |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Philippines"></span>'''{{flag|ፊሊፒንስ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Philippines |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}The Philippines contains two autonomous regions, the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]]<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> and the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_220_1987.html | title = EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 220 July 15, 1987 | accessdate = 2011-07-29}}</ref> The Philippines administers [[Scarborough Shoal]] and some of the [[Spratly Islands]],<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ"/> and claims sovereignty over the [[Macclesfield Bank]] and [[Sabah]], which is part of [[#Malaysia|Malaysia]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Poland"></span>'''{{flag|ፖላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Poland |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Portugal"></span>'''{{flag|ፖርቱጋል}}'''&nbsp;– Portuguese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> Portugal contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> Portugal does not recognize [[#Spain|Spanish]] sovereignty over [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]].<ref name=dis /> |- | valign=top|Pridnestrovie → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Qatar"></span>'''{{flag|ኳታር}}'''&nbsp;– State of Qatar |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Romania"></span>'''{{flag|ሮማንያ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Russia"></span>'''{{flag|ሩሲያ}}'''&nbsp;– Russian Federation |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Russia is officially a [[federation]] of 83&nbsp;[[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ" /> Sovereignty over the South [[Kuril Islands]] [[Kuril Islands dispute|is disputed]] by [[#Japan|Japan]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Rwanda"></span>'''{{flag|ሩዋንዳ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Rwanda |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>የሳህራ አረብ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሬፑብሊክ → [[#SADR|የሳህራ አረብ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሬፑብሊክ]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Kitts and Nevis"></span>'''{{flag|ሰይንት ኪትስና ኒቨስ}}'''&nbsp;– Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> and is a [[federation]] <ref name=federal group="ነጥብ"/> of [[Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis|14 parishes]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Lucia"></span>'''{{flag|ሰይንት ሉሻ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"></span>'''{{flag|ሰይንት ቪንሰንትና ዘ ግረነዲንዝ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Samoa"></span>'''{{flag|ሳሞዓ}}'''&nbsp;– Independent State of Samoa |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="San Marino"></span>'''{{flag|ሳን ማሪኖ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of San Marino |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="São Tomé and Príncipe"></span>'''{{flag|ሳን ቶሜ እና ፕሪንሲፔ}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains 1 autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Saudi Arabia"></span>'''{{flag|ሳዑዲ አረቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} <!--Sealand is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--> <!--Scotland is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--> |- |valign=top|<span id="Senegal"></span>'''{{flag|ሴኔጋል}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Senegal |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Serbia"></span>'''{{flag|ሰርቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Serbia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Serbia contains 2 autonomous regions, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kosovo and Metohija]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> Most of the latter is under the de facto control of the [[#Kosovo|Republic of Kosovo]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Seychelles"></span>'''{{flag|ሲሸልስ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Seychelles |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Seychelles claims the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Sierra Leone"></span>'''{{flag|ሴየራ ሌዎን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Sierra Leone |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Singapore"></span>'''{{flag|ሲንጋፖር}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Singapore |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Slovakia"></span>'''{{flag|ስሎቫኪያ}}'''&nbsp;– Slovak Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Slovenia"></span>'''{{flag|ስሎቬኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Slovenia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Solomon Islands"></span>'''{{flag|ሰለሞን ደሴቶች}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}The Solomon Islands is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Somalia"></span>'''{{flag|ሶማሊያ}}'''&nbsp;– Somali Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Somalia is presently divided with its [[Transitional Federal Government|official government]] (TFG) controlling only part of the country. [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]] have declared themselves as autonomous regions of Somalia (a claim that the TFG does not recognise),<ref>{{Cite book | last = Weller | first = Marc | coauthors = Nobbs, Katherine | title = Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2010 | location = Philadelphia, United States | page = | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ru-DIWuuObEC | isbn = 978-0-8122-4230-0}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=March 2011}} while [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]] has formed an unrecognised de facto state. |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Somaliland → [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="South Africa"></span>'''{{flag|ደቡብ አፍሪካ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Africa |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- | valign=top|South Korea → [[#Korea South|Korea, Republic of]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>South Ossetia → [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="South Sudan"></span>'''{{flag|ደቡብ ሱዳን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Sudan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states]]. Disputes [[Abyei]] with the [[#Sudan|Republic of the Sudan]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Spain"></span>'''{{flag|እስፓንያ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Spain |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities and cities]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> Sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Isla de Alborán]], [[Perejil Island|Isla Perejil]], [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Melilla]] and [[Peñón de Alhucemas]] is disputed by [[#Morocco|Morocco]]. Sovereignty over [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]] is disputed by [[#Portugal|Portugal]]. Spain [[Disputed status of Gibraltar|calls for sovereignty]] over Gibraltar.<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Sri Lanka"></span>'''{{flag|ስሪ ላንካ}}'''&nbsp;– Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Formerly known as [[Ceylon]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Sudan"></span>'''{{flag|ሱዳን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of the Sudan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|17 states]]. Disputes [[Abyei]] and [[Kafia Kingi]] with [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Suriname"></span>'''{{flag|ሱሪናም}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Suriname |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Swaziland"></span>'''{{flag|ስዋዚላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Swaziland |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Sweden"></span>'''{{flag|ስዊድን}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Sweden |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Switzerland"></span>'''{{flag|ስዊዘርላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Swiss Confederation |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Syria"></span>'''{{flag|ሶርያ}}'''&nbsp;– Syrian Arab Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}[[#Israel|Israel]] occupies the [[Golan Heights]].<ref name="golanocc"/> |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Taiwan (Republic of China) → [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Tajikistan"></span>'''{{flag|ታጂኪስታን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Tajikistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Tajikistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Tanzania"></span>'''{{flag|ታንዛኒያ}}'''&nbsp;– United Republic of Tanzania |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Tanzania contains 1 autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Thailand"></span>'''{{flag|ታይላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Thailand |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- | valign=top|Timor-Leste → [[#East Timor|East Timor]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Togo"></span>'''{{flag|ቶጎ}}'''&nbsp;– Togolese Republic |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Tonga"></span>'''{{flag|ቶንጋ}}'''&nbsp;– Kingdom of Tonga |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- | valign=top|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Transnistria → [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]] |<span style="display:none">አዎ</span> |<span style="display:none">የለም</span> | |- |valign=top|<span id="Trinidad and Tobago"></span>'''{{flag|ትሪኒዳድና ቶቤጎ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains 1 autonomous region, [[Tobago]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Tunisia"></span>'''{{flag|ቱኒዚያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Tunisia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Turkey"></span>'''{{flag|ቱርክ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Turkey |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Turkmenistan"></span>'''{{flag|ቱርክምኒስታን}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Tuvalu"></span>'''{{flag|ቱቫሉ}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]].<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Uganda"></span>'''{{flag|ዩጋንዳ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Uganda |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Ukraine"></span>'''{{flag|ዩክሬን}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Ukraine contains 1 autonomous region, [[Crimea]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="United Arab Emirates"></span>'''{{flag|የተባበሩት የዓረብ ግዛቶች}}''' |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|7 emirates]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="United Kingdom"></span>'''{{flag|ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም}}'''&nbsp;– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}የአውሮፓ ሕብረት አባል<ref name=EU group="ነጥብ" /> The United Kingdom is a [[የኮመንዌልዝ ግዛት]]<ref name=realm group="ነጥብ"/> consisting of [[Countries of the United Kingdom|four countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories: * {{noflag|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]}} * {{flag|አንጒላ}} * {{flag|ቤርሙዳ}} * {{flag|የብሪታንያ ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ ግዛት}} (disputed by [[#Mauritius|Mauritius]] and [[#Seychelles|Seychelles]])<ref name=dis /> * {{flag|ብሪቲሽ ቭርጂን ደሴቶች}} * {{flag|ከይመን ደሴቶች}} * {{flag|ፋልክላንድ ደሴቶች}} (disputed by [[#Argentina|Argentina]])<ref name=dis /> * {{flag|ጅብራልታር}} ([[Disputed status of Gibraltar|status disputed]] by [[#Spain|Spain]]) * {{flag|ሞንትሠራት}} * {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} * {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} * {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} * {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} * {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}} <ref name=ANT group="ነጥብ"/> (disputed by Argentina and [[#Chile|Chile]]) The British monarch has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies: * {{flag|Guernsey}}, with three dependencies: ** {{flag|Alderney}} ** {{flag|Herm}} ** {{flag|Sark}} * {{flag|Isle of Man}} * {{flag|Jersey}} |- |valign=top|<span id="United States"></span>'''{{flag|አሜሪካ}}'''&nbsp;– United States of America |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of the United States|50 states, 1 federal district]], and the incorporated territory of [[Palmyra Atoll]]. The United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths: * {{flag|አሜሪካዊ ሳሞዓ}} (including [[Swains Island]], disputed by [[Tokelau]]) * {{flag|ጓም}} * {{flag|ስሜን ማሪያና ደሴቶች}} * {{flag|ፕዌርቶ ሪኮ}} * {{flag|የአሜሪካ ቪርጂን ደሴቶች}} In addition, there are uninhabited possessions of the United States in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], [[Navassa Island]], and [[Wake Island]]. The United States also asserts claims to [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]] and [[Serranilla Bank]].<ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Uruguay"></span>'''{{flag|ኡራጓይ}}'''&nbsp;– Oriental Republic of Uruguay |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Uzbekistan"></span>'''{{flag|ኡዝቤኪስታን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Uzbekistan |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].<ref name=autonomous group="ነጥብ"/> |- |valign=top|<span id="Vanuatu"></span>'''{{flag|ቫኑዋቱ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Vanuatu |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Vatican City"></span>'''{{flag|ቫቲካን ከተማ}}'''&nbsp;– State of the Vatican City | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">A</span> [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic ties to [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Bilateral relations|179 states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|accessdate=2012-06-05}}</ref> The Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN in the category of "Non-member State"<ref name="unnms">{{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=30 August 2010|date=29 February 2008}}</ref> and a member of the [[IAEA]], [[ITU]], [[UPU]], and [[WIPO]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Archdiocese of Rome and ''ex officio'' sovereign of Vatican City. The Holy See also administers a number of [[Properties of the Holy See|extraterritorial properties]] in [[#Italy|Italy]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Venezuela"></span>'''{{flag|ቬኔዝዌላ}}'''&nbsp;– Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states, 1 capital district, and federal dependencies]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Vietnam"></span>'''{{flag|ቬት ናም}}'''&nbsp;– Socialist Republic of Vietnam |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}Vietnam claims sovereignty over the [[Paracel Islands|Paracel]]<ref name=Paracel group="ነጥብ"/> and [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ"/><ref name=dis /> |- |valign=top|<span id="Yemen"></span>'''{{flag|የመን}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Yemen |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Zambia"></span>'''{{flag|ዛምቢያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Zambia |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Zimbabwe"></span>'''{{flag|ዚምባብዌ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Zimbabwe |<span style="display:none">A</span> አዎ |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}} |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↑ [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] ↑ |<span style="display:none">A ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- style="background:White;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">AB</span> |<span style="display:none">B</span> | |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↓ Other states ↓ |<span style="display:none">D AAA</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> |{{Anchor|Other states}} |- |valign=top|<span id="Abkhazia"></span>'''{{flag|አብካዚያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Abkhazia | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|GEORGIA}} {{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Tuvalu,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082 |title=On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu. &#124; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Abkhazia |publisher=Mfaabkhazia.net |date= |accessdate=2011-12-18 |archivedate=2011-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111113856/http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082 }}</ref> Vanuatu, Venezuela,<ref name="STPETTIMES">{{cite news|title=Chavez Backs Abkhazia, South Ossetia|url=http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=32067|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times| date=27 July 2010|accessdate=5 June 2011|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> South Ossetia and Transnistria.<ref name=ASOTREC>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|language=Russian|date=2006-11-17|accessdate=2011-06-05|title=Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Azawad"></span>'''{{flag|አዛዋድ}}''' | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|MALI}} {{extent}}Independence from Mali declared on 6 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnlamov.net/component/content/article/169-declaration-dindependance-de-lazawad.html|title=Déclaration D’Indépendance de L'Azawad|date=2012-04-06|accessdate=2012-04-06|publisher=[[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]]|archivedate=2012-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018123246/http://www.mnlamov.net/component/content/article/169-declaration-dindependance-de-lazawad.html}}</ref> No recognitions have been given. |- |valign=top|<span id="Cook Islands"></span>'''{{flag|ኩክ ደሴቶች}}''' | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], recognized by Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/about/news/2011/glqts000000005qk.html|date=2011-06-22|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Lecture by Prime Minister Puna of the Cook Islands -State recognition of the Cook Islands to lead to furthering cooperation|publisher=Meiji University|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101160256/https://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/about/news/2011/glqts000000005qk.html}}</ref> Netherlands<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ciherald.co.ck/articles/h577a.htm|date=2011-08-17|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Cook Islands and the Netherlands establish Diplomatic Relations|publisher=The Cook Islands Herald}}</ref> and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/kkqd/t39446.htm|date=2003-10-27|accessdate=2012-01-14|title=Joint Communique Between the People's Republic of China and the Cook Islands on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|publisher=The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand}}</ref> The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity.<ref name="untreaty1"/> It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Kosovo"></span>'''{{flag|ኮሶቮ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Kosovo | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SERBIA}} {{extent}}Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008 and it has {{Numrec|Kos|received diplomatic recognition from|UN member states}} and the [[Republic of China]]. Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo is formally under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]]. Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Nagorno-Karabakh"></span>'''{{flag|አርጻኽ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Artsakh | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|AZERBAIJAN}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Krüger, Heiko|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7JDCQu-Us8sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=55|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-3-642-11787-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nikoghosyan, Hovhannes|title=Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan|newspaper=HULIQ.com|publisher=Hareyan Publishing, LLC|month=August|year=2010|accessdate=2011-04-17}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Nagorno-Karabakh|recognised only by]] [[Abkhazia]],<ref name="NKRrecognition">[http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам] {{Wayback|url=http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html |date=20110811164310 }}: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", - сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." - сказал он."</ref> [[South Ossetia]]<ref name="NKRrecognition"/> and [[Transnistria]].<ref name="NKRrecognition"/><ref name="transgovt">{{cite web|url=http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html|title=In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie|publisher=[[Pridnestrovie]]|date=2010-05-26|accessdate=2010-06-29|archivedate=2008-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144044/http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html}}</ref> Claimed in whole by [[አዘርባይጃን]].<ref>See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories'': Nagorno-Karabakh] (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Niue"></span>'''{{flag|ኒዌ}}''' |style="background-color:LemonChiffon"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] |<span style="display:none">A</span> የለም {{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], recognized by China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lt.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t391353.htm|date=2007-12-19|accessdate=2012-02-07|title=Joint Comminuque on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Niue and the People's Republic of China|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Lithuania}}</ref> Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity.<ref name="untreaty1"/> It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Northern Cyprus"></span>'''{{flag|ሰሜን ቆጵሮስ}}'''&nbsp;– Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"| Claimed by [[Cyprus]] {{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. It has participated as an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] under the name "Turkish Cypriot State" since 1979. In addition, the [[Nakhchivan|Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] regards TRNC as sovereign but [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] has not followed suit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].<ref>See [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html The World Factbook|Cyprus] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |date=20181226020655 }} (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006''.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Palestine"></span>'''{{flagcountry|ፍልስጤም}}'''&nbsp;– State of Palestine | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Member of one [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agency]] | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|ISRAEL}} {{extent}}The declared State of Palestine has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Pal}} states.<ref>{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|accessdate=2011-07-28}}</ref> The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control on the territory that it proclaimed.<ref>See the following on statehood criteria: * {{Citation|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|publisher=30 March 2010|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice". * {{Citation|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:|archivedate=2011-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22}} "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory". * {{Citation|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|accessdate=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], which has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly as a non-member entity.<ref name="unnms"/> The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="SADR"></span>'''{{flag|የሳህራ አረብ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሬፑብሊክ}}''' | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|MOROCCO}} {{extent}}Recognised by [[Legal status of Western Sahara#States recognizing the SADR|84 other states]]. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 [[Asian-African Conference]]. The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of [[Western Sahara]] to the west of the [[Wall (Western Sahara)|Moroccan Wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]]. |- |valign=top|<span id="Somaliland"></span>'''{{flag|ሶማሊላንድ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of Somaliland | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|SOMALIA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Citation|author=International Crisis Group|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union leadership|journal=Africa Report|issue=110|pages=10–13|date=23 May 2006|url=http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19|archivedate=2011-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022321/http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Mesfin, Berouk|coauthors=|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|journal=ISS Paper|issue=200|page=8|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|month=September|year=2009|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf|accessdate=2011-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Arieff, Alexis|title=De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|journal=Yale Journal of International Affairs|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|accessdate=2011-04-17|archivedate=2011-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not diplomatically recognised by]] any other state, claimed in whole by the [[#Somali Republic|Somali Republic]].<ref>See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm Regions and territories'': Somaliland] (30 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="South Ossetia"></span>'''{{flag|ደቡብ ኦሴቲያ}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of South Ossetia | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|GEORGIA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state,<ref>{{Citation|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=http://centreforforeignpolicystudies.dal.ca/pdf/gradsymp09/Jansen.pdf|journal=Geopolitics vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3}}</ref> [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela,<ref name="STPETTIMES" /> Abkhazia and Transnistria.<ref name=ASOTREC /> Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia]].<ref name="cnnAbSO">{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> |- |valign=top|<span id="Taiwan"></span>'''{{flag|የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ|name=Taiwan}}'''&nbsp;– Republic of China<ref name="ChinaTaiwan" group="ነጥብ"/> | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> Former UN member state; Participant in some UN related organizations as "Chinese Taipei" | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|PRC}} {{extent}}A state competing for recognition with the [[People's Republic of China]] as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the island of [[Taiwan]] and associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas and parts of the [[Spratly Islands]],<ref name=Spratly group="ነጥብ" /> and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2008-10-08 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320}}</ref> The Republic of China is recognised by {{Numrec|ROC|asof=E||states}}, including the Holy See. The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China.<ref name="TAI2" group="ነጥብ">In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CPC established the PRC. As such, the [[Political status of Taiwan|political status]] of the ROC and the [[legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Free Area of the Republic of China|territories]] currently under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One-China policy|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence]].</ref> The Republic of China participates in the [[World Health Organization]] and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the [[World Trade Organization]], [[International Olympic Committee]] and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly "[[Chinese Taipei]]". The Republic of China enjoyed UN membership from 1945 to 1971. |- |valign=top|<span id="Transnistria"></span>'''{{flag|ትራንስኒስትሪያ}}'''&nbsp;– Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester) | style="background:LemonChiffon;"|<span style="display:none">D</span> No membership | style="background:LightCoral;"|{{claimedby|MOLDOVA}} {{extent}}A de facto independent state, [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] Abkhazia and South Ossetia.<ref name=ASOTREC /> Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]] as the ''Territorial Unit of Transnistria''.<ref>'See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Regions and territories'': Trans-Dniester] (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref> |- style="background:Lightgrey;" class="sortbottom" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>↑ Other states ↑ |<span style="display:none">D ZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZ</span> | |- style="background:Darkgrey;" |align=center|<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> |<span style="display:none">ZZZZ</span> | |} ==Criteria for inclusion== The dominant [[customary international law]] standard of statehood is the [[Sovereign state#Declarative theory|declarative theory of statehood]] that defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." Debate exists on the degree to which [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]] should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood, an example of which can be found in the [[Montevideo Convention]], argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the [[Sovereign state#Constitutive theory|constitutive theory of statehood]] defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognized as [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all states that either: * (a) have declared independence and are often regarded as having control over a permanently populated territory or * (b) are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one other sovereign state Note that in some cases there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed. On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 207 entities:<ref>The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.</ref><ref name="micros" group="Note">The non-state sovereign entity [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Order of Malta]] is not included. It claims neither statehood nor any territory. Entities considered to be [[micronation]]s are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all [[uncontacted people]]s, either who live in [[Stateless society|societies that cannot be defined as states]] or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.</ref> * 203 states recognized by at least one [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member state]] * Two states that control a permanently populated territory and are recognized only by non-UN member states: [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], [[Transnistria]] * Two states that control a permanently populated territory and are not recognized by any other state: [[Azawad]], [[Somaliland]] ==ነጥቦች== {{Reflist|group="ነጥብ"|colwidth=30em}} {{Reflist|group="Note"|colwidth=30em}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite web|author = Federal Foreign Office of Germany|title = Amtliche Bezeichnungen ausländischer Staaten in den Landessprachen|publisher = Government of Germany|date = 22 April 2009|url = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373536/publicationFile/3858/StaatennamenLandessprache.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 2010-07-14}} * {{Cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide: 1995/96 |editor1-last=Bissio |editor1-first=Roberto Remo |publisher=Instituto del Tercer Mundo |year=1995 |location=Montevideo |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1 |oclc=476299738}} * {{cite web|title=Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm|publisher=Statistics Division, United Nations|date=1 April 2010}} * {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Tim|title=World Countries and States List |url=http://www.timdavis.com.au/data/|work=Timdavis.com.au|date=19 February 2009}} * {{cite web|title=Geographic Names|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/geoinfo/geoname.pdf|publisher=Department of Public Information, Cartographic Section, United Nations|date=7 September 2000}} * {{cite web|title=ISO 3166-1 Country names and code elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|year=2010}} * {{cite web|title=List of countries, territories and currencies|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|date=4 May 2010}} * {{cite web|last=Madore|first=David|title=How many countries are there in the world?|url=http://www.madore.org/~david/misc/countries.html|work=Madore.org|date=3 August 2003}} * {{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=United States|year=2010|accessdate=2012-07-07|archivedate=2008-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=NYszJtC66FAC&pg=PA161&dq=%22official+name%22+palestine&q=%22official%20name%22%20palestine |page=161 |title=Middle East Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report |author=World of Information (Firm), and International Chamber of Commerce |edition=27th |location=London |publisher=Kogan Page |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4 |oclc=51992589}} [[መደብ:አገራት]] 9tzgqffbfhd30re8h3ndsynpn005p5l 0 53957 392028 378238 2026-05-04T17:21:48Z ATO Chief Diplomat 57934 Delete 392028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} ትብብር ይዘት ስርጭት ይዘትን መድረስ ይችላል ተብሎ ይታመናል ቤት ይኖረዋል ትውልድ ት ይዘት ዕ ዕይታ ዝ ውይይ ዝግጅት ጽጽው ዘመን ፍጻሜ ዝፅት ትውልድ ትዝ ክብር ኗሪ ዕት ነው ው አንድ ንዑስ ጽጽው ችግሮች መፍትሔ ይሻል ከሃይማኖት አልፎ የሀገር ዓመት ውጭ ሀገር ናት ኢትዮጵያ ዝ ትተው ይውጡ ች ትተው ትችላለህ ዕ ትውልድፅ ተብሎ የሚታወቀው ውጊያ ግ ከተማ ጥብቅ ትዕዛዝ ትውኽ ትኩረት ው ችግሮች ትዕዛዝ ይዘትትውልድ ትዝ ክትትል ዥ ተብሎ ምክትል እንኳን ወደ ይዘት ዘልለው ይሂዱ ውጭ ትውልድ ውዝግብ የተፈጠረው ጽጽው ክትትል ጥብቅ ትዕዛዝ ጽ ይዘት ትዕዛዝ ች ዝፅት ብቻ ዝፅት ይፍጠሩ ወይም ትዝ ግዥዎች 2524 ትተው ስጦታ ክዋሜ ጥ ይዘት ትጠብቂያለሸ ይዘት ጥ ውጤት ቅጥር ዝውውር ተጠናቋል ጥ ክብር ጥብቅ ትዕዛዝ ት ብዙ ትውልድ ትዝ ውጭ ው ችግሮች ውጭ ዥ pu2oe9plyo2cc5yn0htb9ke8rvs7fsn 0 54141 392033 391987 2026-05-04T21:34:14Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }} Archived from http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf<nowiki/>PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making ju95tg14tv7jmwppiy7zc5pu5ol9wj6 392036 392033 2026-05-05T06:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making rqk66i86o2iccv1pbri2nu533tdtnu3 0 55252 392027 387477 2026-05-04T17:19:15Z ATO Chief Diplomat 57934 {{delete}} 392027 wikitext text/x-wiki maye name is michael {{Delete}} rquvr4893gx8ci0wn5fm359sxp7nist 0 55541 392031 391853 2026-05-04T20:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''የሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀሎች''' (መገናኛ ብዙሃንም እንደ '''የሩሲያ ወንጀሎች'''፣ '''የሩሲያ ሠራዊት ወንጀሎች'''፣ '''የፑቲን አገዛዝ ወንጀሎች'''፣ ወይም '''የፑቲን ወንጀሎች''' ይላቸዋል) እነዚህ በ[[ሩሲያ]] ጦር [[የዩኤስኤስአር ውድቀት |ከዩኤስኤስአር ውድቀት በኋላ]] የተፈጸሙ [[የጦር ወንጀሎች|የጦርነት ወንጀሎች]] ናቸው <ref>[https://unwatch.org/u-n-slammed-for-inaction-on-russian-war-crimes/ U.N. Slammed for Inaction on Russian War Crimes] </ref> <ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127691 War crimes have been committed in Ukraine conflict, top UN human rights inquiry reveals] </ref>። የእነዚህ ወንጀሎች ዋና ምክንያት በሩሲያ ውስጥ [[የሩሲያዊ ዓለም|የሩሲያ ዓለም]] ርዕዮተ ዓለም መስፋፋት ነው፣ እሱም ወደ [[ፑቲኒዝም]] ተቀይሯል <ref>[https://www.ifri.org/en/studies/russias-ideological-construction-context-war-ukraine Russia’s Ideological Construction in the Context of the War in Ukraine] </ref>። [[ስዕል:Холодноярці показали результати «полювання» на «другу армію світу» 02.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Z (የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ምልክት)|በ 2022 የዩክሬን ሙሉ ወረራ ከጀመረበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ የ “Z” ምልክት በሩሲያ ውስጥ እጅግ በጣም ተወዳጅ ሆኖ ቆይቷል እናም የፑቲን አገዛዝ እና የሩሲያ ጦር እውነተኛ ምልክት ሆኗል]]]] [[ስዕል:Vladimir Putin with Sergei Milchakov.jpg|thumb|250px|ፑቲን ከከፍተኛ ጄኔራሎች አንዱ ጋር]] [[ስዕል:Бої за Азовсталь.jpg|thumb|250px|[[የአዞስታል ጦርነት|የአዞቭስትል ብረት ስራዎች የዩክሬን ጦር በማሪፖል የመጨረሻው ምሽግ ሲሆን ሙሉ በሙሉ በሩሲያ ወድሟል። ተክሉን የሚከላከሉት የዩክሬን ወታደሮች በዩክሬን ባለስልጣናት ትእዛዝ እጅ ሰጡ እና አሰቃቂ አያያዝ ተደረገባቸው]]]] == ፍቺ == ጦርነቶችን ለመከላከል እና ውጤቶቻቸውን ለመቀነስ የተፈረመው የጄኔቫ ስምምነቶች እንደሚለው፣ የጦርነት ህጎችን እና ልማዶችን መጣስ የሚከተሉትን ያጠቃልላል <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-treatment-prisoners-war Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]</ref>። * እንደ ሲቪሎች ባሉ ወታደራዊ ባልሆኑ ኢላማዎች ላይ ያነጣጠሩ ወታደራዊ ጥቃቶች <ref>[https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/2025-deadliest-year-for-civilians-in-Ukraine-since-2022-UN-human-rights-monitors-find 2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find]</ref> * በጦር እስረኞች እና በሲቪል ህዝብ ላይ ግድያ፣ ማሰቃየት እና ሌሎች ጨካኝ እና ኢሰብአዊ ድርጊቶች <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/civilian-detainees-subjected-troubling-patterns-torture-and-ill-treatment Civilian detainees subjected to troubling patterns of torture and ill-treatment since Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine – UN report]</ref> * የተከለከሉ የጦር መሳሪያዎች አጠቃቀም፣ የጦር እስረኞችን እና ሰላማዊ ሰዎችን እንደ "የሰው ጋሻ" መጠቀም <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/02/ukrainian-children-used-as-human-shields-near-kyiv-say-witness-reports Ukrainian children used as ‘human shields’ near Kyiv, say witness reports]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN warns of continued prohibited weapons transfers to Ukraine, Russia |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154296 |accessdate=2026-03-09 |archivedate=2025-12-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215075040/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154296 }}</ref>። == ታሪክ == በ 1918 [[በክሩቲ የባቡር ጣቢያ ላይ ጦርነት|የሶቪየት ሩሲያ ጦርነት ከዩክሬን ህዝብ ሪፐብሊክ ጋር]] በነበረበት ወቅት የሶቪዬት ጦር ብዙ የኪዬቭ ነዋሪዎችን በ [[ቀይ ሽብር]] ጨፍጭፏል። የሶቪየት ጦር ካፈገፈገ በኋላ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ የተገደሉ ዜጎች የበሰበሰ አስከሬን በኪየቭ ጎዳናዎች ላይ ወድቋል። በተጨማሪም የጄኔቫ ስምምነቶችን የሚጥስ በጊዜው የሶቪየት ወታደራዊ አዛዥ ሚካሂል ሙራቪዮቭ እና ቭላድሚር ሌኒን ግላዊ ትዕዛዝ በኪዬቭ ላይ በተፈፀመ ጥቃት የመርዝ ጋዝ ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል <ref>[https://lavra.ua/krasnyj-terror-v-kieve-i-ubijstvo-mitropolita-vladimira-bogoyavlenskogo-100-let/ «Красный террор» в Киеве и убийство митрополита Владимира (Богоявленского): 100 лет]</ref>። [[ስዕል:Bolshevik Red Guards squad who fought in Kyiv in February 1918.jpg|thumb|250px|ፎቶግራፉ የሚያሳየው በየካቲት 1918 የዩክሬን ሕዝባዊ ሪፐብሊክ ዋና ከተማ የሆነችውን ኪየቭ በተያዘበት ወቅት የሶቪየት ወታደሮች በሰላማዊ ሰዎች ላይ የጅምላ ግድያ የፈጸሙ ናቸው]] [[ካትይን|በ 1940 የሶቪየት ሚስጥራዊ አገልግሎቶች 20,000 የፖላንድ ወታደሮችን በካቲን ጫካ ውስጥ ገድለዋል]]። ይህ በ 1990 ዎቹ መጀመሪያ ላይ ብቻ እውቅና የተሰጠው የዩኤስኤስአር በጣም ታዋቂው የጦር ወንጀል ነው <ref>[https://www.gov.pl/web/primeminister/memory-of-katyn-as-a-warning-for-the-world-never-again-alone Memory of Katyn as a Warning for the World: Never Again Alone]</ref>። == [[ሞልዶቫ]] == [[ስዕል:Bender 1992.jpg|thumb|250px|ለቤንደር ከተማ በተደረገው ጦርነት ተገንጣዮች]] እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1992 ጦርነት የሩሲያ 14 ኛው ጦር በክልል [[ትራንስኒስትሪያ]] ውስጥ ተገንጣዮችን የጦር መሳሪያ አቅርቧል ፣ ስለዚህ ግጭቱ እስከ ዛሬ ቀጥሏል ነገር ግን በረዶ ሆኗል <ref>[https://www.balkanhistory.org/transnistrian-war.html Transnistrian War 1992]</ref>። == የመጀመሪያው የሩሲያ-[[ቼቺኒያ|ቼቼን]] ጦርነት == በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ቼቼኖች በሩሲያ ግዛት ተቆጣጠሩ እና በ[[ስታሊኒዝም]] ዘመን በጅምላ እንዲባረሩ ተደርገዋል። በ1991 ይህች ትንሽ ሀገር ከሩሲያ ተገንጥላ ነፃ ሆና በ1993 ከሩሲያ የመጀመሪያው ፕሬዝዳንት ቦሪስ የልሲን ጋር የሰላም ስምምነት ተፈራረመች። በ 1994 ሩሲያ በቼቺኒያ ወታደራዊ ወረራ ከፈተች ፣ ብዙ የጦር ወንጀሎችን ፈጽማለች:- * በቼቼን ዋና ከተማ ግሮዝኒ (ታህሳስ 1994 - ማርች 1995) ላይ ከፍተኛ የቦምብ ጥቃት፡ ከተማዋ በጣም ተጎዳች፣ በአስር ሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ንፁሀን ዜጎች ሞቱ (በጦርነቱ ወቅት ከ20,000 እስከ 30,000 የሚደርሱ ሲቪሎች ሰለባዎች ይገመታሉ፣ በግሮዝኒ ጉልህ ድርሻ ያለው) <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Russia.htm RUSSIA]</ref> * ጥር 3 ቀን 1995 በሻሊ ከተማ ላይ የክላስተር ጥይት ጥቃት ቢያንስ 55 ንፁሃን ዜጎችን ገደለ። የሩሲያ ጦር ያለምንም ማስጠንቀቂያ በመንደሮች እና በከተሞች (ሻቶይ ፣ ቬዴኖ) ​​የመልቀቂያ መንገዶች ላይ ከፍተኛ የቦምብ ጥቃት ፈጽሟል <ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-05-mn-16695-story.html Survivors Recall Brutal Assault on Chechen Town]</ref> [[ስዕል:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg|thumb|250px|በግሮዝኒ ከተማ ውስጥ ውጊያ]] * የጅምላ ግድያ እና "የጽዳት" ስራዎች ብዙውን ጊዜ ግድያ፣ ዝርፊያ፣ ማቃጠል እና አስገድዶ መድፈርን ያካትታሉ <ref>[https://ihh.org.tr/en/news/legendary-leader-of-independent-chechnya-dzhokhar-dudayev-829 Legendary leader of independent Chechnya: Dzhokhar Dudayev]</ref> * የሳማሽኪ እልቂት (ኤፕሪል 7-8፣ 1995)፡ በጣም ዝነኛ እና በሰነድ የተደገፈ ክፍል። የሩሲያ ጦር ክፍሎች ወደ መንደሩ ገቡ። ከ100 እስከ 300 የሚደርሱ ንፁሀን ዜጎች (ሴቶች፣ አረጋውያን እና ህጻናትን ጨምሮ) ተገድለዋል፣ ቤቶች ተቃጥለዋል፣ ሰዎች በባዶ ክልል በጥይት ተመትተዋል፣ የበርካታ አስከሬኖች ተቃጥለዋል <ref>[https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2020-04-15/massacre-at-samashki-and-us-response-to-russias-war-in-chechnya Chechnya, Yeltsin, and Clinton: The Massacre at Samashki in April 1995 and the US Response to Russia’s War in Chechnya]</ref> * ማሰቃየት፣ ከህግ-ወጥ ግድያ እና መሰወር። በግሮዝኒ እና መንደሮች ውስጥ ብዙ ክስተቶች፡ የአረጋውያን ግድያ፣ ድብደባ እና አስገድዶ መድፈር <ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/news/keep-options-open-displaced-chechens-urges-unhcr-goodwill-ambassador Keep options open for displaced Chechens, urges UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador]</ref> * በውጭ አገር ሰላም አስከባሪዎች እና በሕክምና ሰራተኞች ላይ የሩሲያ ጦር ጥቃቶች <ref>[https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/massacres-civilians-chechnya.html Massacres of Civilians in Chechnya]</ref> * የተከለከሉ የጦርነት ዘዴዎችን መጠቀም (በሲቪል ዒላማዎች ላይ ክላስተር ጥይቶች) <ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/chechnya-even-normalization-halted Chechnya: Even "normalization" is halted]</ref> == ሁለተኛው የቼቼን ጦርነት == [[ስዕል:Evstafiev-Chechnya-BURNED.jpg|thumb|250px|በፎቶው ላይ አንድ የሩስያ ታንክ በቼችኒያ በጦርነት ጊዜ ተቃጥሏል]] * በቼቼን ዋና ከተማ ግሮዝኒ እና ሌሎች ሰዎች በሚኖሩባቸው ቦታዎች ላይ ያለ ልዩነት የቦምብ ጥቃት፡- ከሴፕቴምበር 1999 ጀምሮ የሩሲያ አውሮፕላኖች እና መድፍ በሲቪል ኢላማዎች ላይ የመኖሪያ አካባቢዎችን፣ ትምህርት ቤቶችን እና ሆስፒታሎችን ጨምሮ ከፍተኛ ድብደባ ፈጽመዋል። በተመሳሳይ በየካቲት 2000 በካቲዩ-ዩርት መንደር ላይ በደረሰው የቦምብ ጥቃት በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሰላማዊ ዜጎችን ገደለ። እነዚህ ድርጊቶች የአለም አቀፍ የሰብአዊነት ህግን ችላ በማለታቸው እንደ የጦር ወንጀሎች ተመድበዋል <ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/238724?v=pdf The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation : report of the Secretary-General.]</ref>። * በጅምላ የተገደሉ መሰወር እና ማሰቃየት፡ ከ1999 ጀምሮ በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ቼቼኖች [[በሩሲያ ታጣቂ ሃይሎች]] ከታሰሩ በኋላ "ጠፍተዋል"። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2001 በካንካላ መንደር በሚገኘው ወታደራዊ ካምፕ አቅራቢያ በሚገኝ የጅምላ መቃብር ውስጥ አስከሬኖች የተገኙ ሲሆን በ 2000 የተወሰዱት የኑራ ሉሉዬቫ እና ዘመዶቿ ይገኙበታል ። በሚስጥር ማቆያ ማእከላት ውስጥ ማሰቃየት ስልታዊ እና በሰው ልጆች ላይ እንደ ወንጀሎች ተቆጥሯል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/17/hundreds-chechens-detained-filtration-camps Hundreds of Chechens Detained in "Filtration Camps"]</ref>። * በየካቲት 2000 በኖቭዬ አልዲ የተፈፀመው እልቂት፡- የሩስያ ወታደሮች በግሮዝኒ ከተማ ዳርቻዎች ላይ “መጥረግ” አደረጉ። ይህም ማሰቃየት፣ መደፈር እና ቤቶችን ማቃጠልን ይጨምራል። የአውሮፓ የሰብአዊ መብቶች ፍርድ ቤት ለዚህ ወንጀል ተጠያቂ ሩሲያን ወስኗል <ref>[https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/second-chechen-war-erupts Second Chechen War Erupts]</ref>። * በጃንዋሪ 2002 በዳይ መንደር አቅራቢያ በሰላማዊ ሰዎች ላይ የተፈፀመው ግድያ፡ የሩሲያ ጦር እና ፖሊሶች አዛውንቶችን እና ሴቶችን ጨምሮ 6 ያልታጠቁ ቼቼኖችን አስረው ተኩሰው ተኩሰው ሬሳዎቹን አቃጥለዋል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/29/war-crimes-chechnya-and-response-west War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West]</ref>። ሩሲያ የሀገሪቱን ወረራ "ሽብርተኝነትን መዋጋት" በመጥቀስ አረጋግጣለች. ሩሲያ ሙሉ በሙሉ ወታደራዊ ሽንፈት ገጥሟት ወታደሮቿን ከቼችኒያ በ1996 አስወጣች። == የ[[ጆርጂያ]] ወረራ == [[ስዕል:Tbilisi-2008-08-10.jpg|thumb|250px|በሩሲያ ወታደሮች እና ተገንጣዮች ምክንያት የዘር ማጽዳት የተረፉ ጆርጂያውያን]] * በጎሪ ከተማ ላይ በተፈፀመ የቦምብ ጥቃት ወቅት የክላስተር ጥይቶችን መጠቀም፡ እ.ኤ.አ. ነሐሴ 12 ቀን 2008 የሩሲያ ኢስካንደር ሚሳኤሎች በክላስተር ጥይቶች የታጠቁ የጎሪ ከተማ ማእከላዊ አደባባይ ላይ በመምታታቸው በትንሹ 12 ሰላማዊ ሰዎች ሲሞቱ 46 አቁስለዋል <ref>[https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/update-report/lookup_c_glkwlemtisg_b_4423477.php Update Report No.2: Georgia]</ref> * በደቡብ ኦሴቲያ ክልል የዘር ማፅዳት፡ የሩስያ ወታደሮች እና የደቡብ ኦሴቲያን ተገንጣዮች በትንሹ 20,000 የጆርጂያ ተወላጆችን ገድለው ከቤት ንብረታቸው ተፈናቅለው በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ቤቶችን ወድመዋል <ref>[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-2008-russo-georgian-war-putins-green-light/ The 2008 Russo-Georgian War: Putin’s green light]</ref> * በሲቪል ኢላማዎች ላይ ያለ ልዩነት የቦምብ ጥቃት፡ የሩስያ አውሮፕላኖች በጎሪ እና በሌሎች ወረዳዎች የሚገኙ የመኖሪያ አካባቢዎችን፣ ትምህርት ቤቶችን እና ሆስፒታሎችን በቦምብ በመወርወር በደርዘን የሚቆጠሩ ሲቪሎችን ገድለዋል <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/10/14/european-court-orders-russia-to-pay-georgia-250-million-over-2008-war-abuses_6746425_4.html European court orders Russia to pay Georgia €250 million over 2008 war]</ref> * ዘረፋ፣ ማቃጠል እና ማሰቃየት፡- የሩስያ ወታደሮች በጆርጂያ የሚገኙ ቤቶችን ዘርፈው በእሳት አቃጥለዋል እንዲሁም በተያዙ አካባቢዎች የጦር እስረኞችን አሰቃይተዋል <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/21/russia-human-rights-violation-georgia-war-echr-ruling Russia committed human rights violation in Georgia war, ECHR rules]</ref> == በ[[ሶሪያ]] ውስጥ == [[ስዕል:Alepo, La ayuda ha llegado.jpg|thumb|250px|በሶሪያ ውስጥ የሩሲያ ዋግነር ቡድን]] * አሌፖ የቦምብ ጥቃት (2016) የሩስያ-ሶሪያ (አምባገነኑ አሳድ) ዘመቻ፡ ያለ ልዩነት ጥቃቶች፣ የሆስፒታሎች ውድመት (አል-ቁድስን ጨምሮ) እና ትምህርት ቤቶች። በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሰላማዊ ሰዎች ተገድለዋል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/01/russia/syria-war-crimes-month-bombing-aleppo Russia/Syria: War Crimes in Month of Bombing Aleppo]</ref>። == በአፍሪካ == የሙሪ እልቂት፣ ማሊ፣ ማርች 2022፡ በማሊ ጦር እና በዋግነር ፒኤምሲ በጋራ ባደረጉት ዘመቻ ከ500 በላይ ንፁሀን ሲቪሎች (አብዛኞቹ ፉላኒ) ተገድለዋል፣ተሰቃዩ እና ተደፈሩ (ቢያንስ 58 ሴቶች እና ሴቶች) <ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/01/1133007 Mali: Independent rights experts call for probe into Wagner Group’s alleged crimes]</ref>። [[ስዕል:PMC wagner in belarus 2.png|thumb|250px|ዋግነር ቡድን ፣ ምልክቶች]] በመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፐብሊክ የሩስያ ፓራሚል ቡድን ዋግነር አንገቱን በመቁረጥ፣ በአስገድዶ መድፈር፣ የአካል ክፍሎችን በማውጣትና መንደሮችን በማቃጠል ጥፋተኛ ነው (አሶሼትድ ፕሬስ፣ ዲሴምበር 2025 - ከ30 በላይ ስደተኞች ምስክርነት) <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/11/car-russian-wagner-group-harassing-and-intimidating-civilians-un-experts CAR: Russian Wagner Group harassing and intimidating civilians – UN experts]</ref> <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/03/central-african-republic-abuses-russia-linked-forces Central African Republic: Abuses by Russia-Linked Forces]</ref> <ref>[https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/outsourcing-war-holding-russia-its-african-partners-accountable-wagner-s-crimes Outsourcing war: Holding Russia and its African partners accountable for Wagner’s crimes]</ref>። == [[ጦርነት በዶንባስ|የሩስያ-ዩክሬን ጦርነት]] == [[ስዕል:2015-05-05. Репетиция парада Победы 274.jpg|thumb|250px|በተያዘችው [[ዶኔትስክ]] ከተማ ውስጥ የሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀለኛ አርሰን ፓቭሎቭ]] * የሲቪል ኢሪና ዶቭጋን ህዝባዊ ማሰቃየት <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/world/europe/russia-ukraine.html?_r=0 As Peace Talks Approach, Rebels Humiliate Prisoners in Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/europe/ukrainian-woman-irina-dovgan-held-up-to-public-abuse-is-released.html Ukrainian Woman, Held Up to Public Abuse, Is Released]</ref> <ref>[https://redress.org/news/reparation-for-ukraine-iryna-dovgan-calls-for-urgent-action-at-uk-parliament/ Reparation for Ukraine: Iryna Dovgan Calls for Urgent Action at UK Parliament]</ref> <ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/12/05/victims-of-sexual-crimes-in-ukraine-it-is-my-personal-war_6006580_4.html Victims of sexual crimes in Ukraine: 'It is my personal war']</ref> * በሲቪል መኪናዎች ላይ መተኮስ <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/24/ukraine-unguided-rockets-killing-civilians Ukraine: Unguided Rockets Killing Civilians]</ref> * [[ለዶኔትስክ አየር ማረፊያ ጦርነቶች|የውጭ የመንገደኞች አውሮፕላኖችን በጥይት መተኮስ]] <ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1163161 UN aviation council finds Russia responsible for downing of Malaysia Airlines flight]</ref> * የዶኔትስክ አየር ማረፊያ መጥፋት <ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/the-complete-destruction-of-donetsk-airport-shows-just-how-bad-its-gotten-in-ukraine-2015-3 https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1163161]</ref> * በማርች 2022 በኪዬቭ አቅራቢያ በቡቻ ከተማ የጅምላ ግድያ፡ የሩሲያ ወታደሮች ካፈገፈጉ በኋላ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሲቪሎች አስከሬን የማሰቃየት፣ ግድያ እና የአስገድዶ መድፈር ምልክቶች ያሉበት ተገኝቷል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/21/ukraine-russian-forces-trail-death-bucha Ukraine: Russian Forces’ Trail of Death in Bucha]</ref> [[ስዕል:Vladimir Putin (2022-02-24).jpg|thumb|250px|ቭላድሚር ፑቲን፣ 2022]] * በማሪፖል ውስጥ የቲያትር ቤቱ የቦምብ ጥቃት። ህጻናትን ጨምሮ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሲቪሎች በተጠለሉበት ህንፃ ላይ የሩስያ የአየር ጥቃት እስከ 600 የሚደርሱ ሰዎችን ህይወት ቀጥፏል። ሆን ተብሎ በሲቪል ኢላማ ላይ የተደረገ አድማ ነበር። በህንፃው ፊት ለፊት ባለው አደባባይ ላይ "ልጆች" የሚል ትልቅ የግራፊቲ ሥዕል ተሥሏል <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2022/06/high-commissioner-updates-human-rights-council-mariupol-ukraine High Commissioner updates the Human Rights Council on Mariupol, Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/16/ukraine-mariupol-theater-hit-russian-attack-sheltered-hundreds Ukraine: Mariupol Theater Hit by Russian Attack Sheltered Hundreds]</ref> <ref>[https://www.csis.org/analysis/spotlight-civilian-harm-mariupol-theater-airstrike Spotlight on Civilian Harm in the Mariupol Theater Airstrike]</ref> * ልጆችን ማፈናቀል እና ጠለፋ ከ 2014 ጀምሮ በተለይም ከ 2022 በኋላ ሩሲያ ከ 19,000 በላይ የዩክሬን ልጆችን "ለዳግም ትምህርት" ወደ ሩሲያ ፌዴሬሽን አባርራለች። በእውነቱ፣ ዋናው ግብ [[የሩሲያዊነት]] ነው <ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/12/1166507 General Assembly demands return of Ukrainian children by Russia]</ref> <ref>[https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/UN-report-details-devastating-impact-of-hostilities-on-children-in-Ukraine UN report details devastating impact of hostilities on children in Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://unric.org/en/thordis-kolbrun-the-deported-children-of-ukraine/ Thórdís Kolbrún on the deported children of Ukraine ]</ref> [[ስዕል:Mariupol 20220323 006.jpg|thumb|250px|[[የማሪፖል ከበባ |ከጦርነቱ በፊት ማሪፖል በዩክሬን ውስጥ ለኑሮ ምቹ ከሆኑ አስር ምርጥ ከተሞች ውስጥ አንዱ ነበር ፣ ግን በ 2022 በሩሲያ ጦር ሙሉ በሙሉ ወድሟል]]]] * የጦር እስረኞች ማሰቃየት እና መገደል፡- በ2014-2015 የዩክሬን እስረኞች አሰቃቂ ግድያ የተፈፀመው በሩሲያ የጦር አዛዦች አርሰን ፓቭሎቭ እና አሌክሲ ሚልቻውቭ አነሳሽነት ነው። ከ 2022 ጀምሮ በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ እንደዚህ ያሉ ጉዳዮች ነበሩ. እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2023 ከፍተኛ መገለጫ የነበረው የዩክሬን የጦር እስረኛ አሌክሳንደር ማቲዬስኪ ነበር። የተባበሩት መንግስታት ኤሌክትሮ ድንጋጤ እና ድብደባን ጨምሮ ስልታዊ ማሰቃየትን መዝግቧል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/12/11/russias-systematic-torture-of-ukrainian-pows Russia’s Systematic Torture of Ukrainian POWs]</ref> * በሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ሰራተኞች በ [[ኪዛፖሪዝሂያ የኑክሌር ኃይል ማመንጫ|ዩክሬን የኒውክሌር ኃይል ማመንጫ]] ውስጥ የሰራተኞችን ማገት እና ማሰቃየት <ref>[https://www.greenpeace.org/ukraine/en/news/4121/greenpeace-ahead-of-trump-putin-summit-illegal-russian-occupation-of-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-must-end/ Greenpeace Ukraine ahead of Trump-Putin Summit: Illegal Russian Occupation of Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant must end]</ref> * የኬሚካል ጦር መሳሪያዎች አጠቃቀም (በ 2023 465 ጉዳዮች) በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሲቪሎች እንዲሞቱ ምክንያት ሆኗል <ref>[https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/09/97506/un-warns-continued-prohibited-weapons-transfers-ukraine-russia UN warns of continued prohibited weapons transfers to Ukraine, Russia]</ref> <ref>[https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/chemical-weapons/ Elimination of chemical weapons]</ref> <ref>[https://2021-2025.state.gov/imposing-new-measures-on-russia-for-its-full-scale-war-and-use-of-chemical-weapons-against-ukraine-2/ Imposing New Measures on Russia for its Full-Scale War and Use of Chemical Weapons Against Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/09/testing-the-waters-russias-use-of-banned-chemicals-in-ukraine/ Testing the waters: Russia’s use of banned chemicals in Ukraine]</ref> [[ስዕል:Сдача в плен украинских военныъ с завода Азовсталь 003.png|thumb|250px|በማሪዮፖል ውስጥ የዩክሬን የጦር እስረኞች]] ከሌሎች ነገሮች በተጨማሪ የሩሲያ ወታደሮች በዩክሬን ውስጥ ባህላዊ ቅርሶችን እያወደሙ ነው-በሰሜን ዩክሬን ቦሮዲያንካ ከተማ ውስጥ የሩሲያ ወታደሮች ለፀሐፊ [[ታራስ ሼቭቼንኮ]] የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት ተኩሰዋል <ref>[https://chytomo.com/en/russians-damage-shevchenko-monument-in-borodianka/ Russians damage Shevchenko monument in Borodianka]</ref> <ref>[https://taras-shevchenko.storinka.org/en/news/350/bullets-in-taras-shevchenko%27s-head-a-monument-in-borodyanka-kurama-poem.html Bullets in Taras Shevchenko's head. A monument in Borodyanka. Kurama's poem]</ref>፣ በ[[ካርኪቭ]] የጸሐፊው ግሪጎሪ ስኮሮዳ ሙዚየም ሆን ተብሎ ወድሟል <ref>[https://ukraina.nid.pl/en/the-national-museum-of-hryhoriy-skovoroda-bombed/ The National Museum of Hryhoriy Skovoroda bombed]</ref>፣ እና በ[[ኬርሰን]] ሩሲያ ከተማዋን በያዘችበት ወቅት የሩስያ ወታደሮች የዩክሬን ሰላማዊ ዜጎችን ከመጥለፍ እና ከማሰቃየት በተጨማሪ የከተማዋን ሙዚየም ዘርፈዋል <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/20/ukraine-russians-pillage-kherson-cultural-institutions Ukraine: Russians Pillage Kherson Cultural Institutions]</ref>። ሙሉ በሙሉ በተደመሰሰችው እና ሩሲያ በተያዘችው የ [[ማሪኡፖል]] ከተማ የሩሲያ ባለስልጣናት የዩክሬን ቅርስ አካል የሆነውን የ[[ሆሎዶሞር|ሆሎዶሞርን]] ሰለባዎች ብቸኛውን ሀውልት አፈረሱ እና ይህ እርምጃ የሩሲፊኬሽን ሂደት አካል ነው <ref>[https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/propaganda/in-mariupol-the-occupiers-dismantled-a-monument-to-the-holodomor-victims/ In Mariupol, the occupiers dismantled a monument to the Holodomor victims]</ref>። በዚያው ዓመት በዶኔትስክ ከተማ በተያዘችበት የሱዶፕላቶቭ [[ኤን.ኬ.ቪ.ዲ|የሶቪየት የፖለቲካ ጭቆና አደራጅ እና ፈጻሚ]] የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት ተተከለ <ref>[https://novosti.dn.ua/ru/news/335504-gruppirovka-dnr-postavila-pamyatnik-nkvdistu-sudoplatovu Угруповання «ДНР» поставило пам'ятник НКВСнику Судоплатову]</ref>። [[በቤልጎሮድ ላይ ጥቃቶች|በተጨማሪም ሩሲያ ህዝቡን ለማስፈራራት የራሷን የቤልጎሮድ ከተማ ደበደበች]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240219125622/https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-war-deadly-strike-russian-235328630.html Ukraine war: Deadly strike on Russian shopping centre in Belgorod]</ref> <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/large-blast-reported-russian-city-close-border-with-ukraine-2023-04-20/ Russia warplane accidentally fires into city near Ukraine, injuring three, TASS reports]</ref> <ref>[https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-belgorod-bomb-4c806ca6765e018ffccef16c233013a7 Russia’s air force accidentally bombs own city of Belgorod]</ref>። ለሩሲያ እና ዩክሬን ገለልተኛ የሆኑ የአገሮች ዜጎች ግድያ። ለምሳሌ በ2023 ፖላንዳዊው ጋዜጠኛ ክርዚዝቶፍ ጋላስ በራሺያ በተቆጣጠረችው ዩክሬን የሰላም ማስከበር ተልዕኮ በነበረበት ወቅት በሩሲያ ወታደሮች ታግቶ ተገደለ <ref>[https://memopzk.org/news/u-rossii-est-svidetelstvo-o-smerti-polyaka-pogibshego-predpolozhitelno-v-sizo-taganroga-polsha-ne-mozhet-poluchit-etot-dokument-gazeta-wyborcza/ У России есть свидетельство о смерти поляка, погибшего в СИЗО Таганрога; Польша не может получить этот документ — Gazeta Wyborcza]</ref> <ref>[https://www.onet.pl/informacje/onetkrakow/polak-zginal-w-rosyjskim-wiezieniu-rodzina-ma-zal-do-polskich-wladz/hl47xx0,79cfc278 Polak zginął w rosyjskim więzieniu. Rodzina ma żal do polskich władz. "Poczuliśmy się zlekceważeni"]</ref> <ref>[https://wyborcza.pl/7,75399,32526315,nie-wierzylismy-ze-mogl-zostac-jencem-wojennym-rozmowa-z.html "Nie wierzyliśmy, że został jeńcem wojennym". W środę rozmowa z rodziną Polaka, który zginął w rosyjskim więzieniu]</ref> <ref>[https://www.msn.com/pl-pl/wiadomosci/polska/polak-zgin%C4%85%C5%82-w-rosyjskim-wi%C4%99zieniu-wys%C5%82a%C5%82-wcze%C5%9Bniej-poruszaj%C4%85c%C4%85-wiadomo%C5%9B%C4%87/ar-AA1Sklhh?cvid=693f2812ef5c4ef59fa2e3f104bc56a4&ocid=spartanntphttps://wyborcza.pl/7,75399,32526315,nie-wierzylismy-ze-mogl-zostac-jencem-wojennym-rozmowa-z.html Polak zginął w rosyjskim więzieniu. Wysłał wcześniej poruszającą wiadomość]</ref>። == የዩክሬን ምላሽ == [[ስዕል:Bilohorivka after the battles during Russian invasion (12).jpg|thumb|250px|በሩሲያ ወታደሮች ቤሎጎሮቭካ ከተማ ውስጥ የመኖሪያ ሕንፃ ወድሟል]] የዩክሬን ፓርላማ በሩሲያ ያለውን የፑቲንን የፖለቲካ አገዛዝ እና ርዕዮተ ዓለምን ወንጀለኛ አድርጎታል <ref>[https://bukoda.gov.ua/news/vr-vyznala-rashyzm-derzhavnoiu-ideolohiieiu-rf-shcho-tse-oznachaie ВР визнала рашизм державною ідеологією рф. Що це означає?]</ref> <ref>[https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/ukraine-officially-designates-russian-ideology-as-rashism/ Ukraine officially designates Russian ideology as Rashism]</ref> <ref>[https://gwaramedia.com/en/ukrainian-parliament-to-recognize-rashism-as-a-russian-political-regime/ Ukrainian Parliament to Recognize Rashism as a Russian Political Regime]</ref>። በ 2022 መገባደጃ ላይ የዩክሬን ጠቅላይ አቃቤ ህግ ፅህፈት ቤት በሩሲያ ጦር የተፈፀሙ 108,000 የጦር ወንጀሎችን መዝግቧል። በ 2026 መጀመሪያ ላይ ይህ ቁጥር ወደ 213 ሺህ አድጓል <ref>[https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/ponad-170-tisyac-vojennix-zlociniv-ofis-generalnogo-prokurora-okresliv-masstabi-zlociniv-rf-na-zustrici-z-miznarodnimi-partnerami Понад 170 тисяч воєнних злочинів: Офіс Генерального прокурора окреслив масштаби злочинів рф на зустрічі з міжнародними партнерами]</ref> == ዓለም አቀፍ ምላሽ == በሩሲያ ላይ በርካታ ማዕቀቦች ተጥለዋል <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/02/russias-war-against-ukraine-hits-fifth-year-un-experts-warn-impunity-rules Russia’s war against Ukraine hits fifth year: UN experts warn that impunity rules as repression, unlawful killings, torture and enforced disappearances surge]</ref>። በሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀሎች እና ለምሳሌ በአሜሪካውያን መካከል ያለው ቁልፍ ልዩነት ሩሲያ ልክ እንደ ዩኤስኤስአር መረጃን በመደበቅ እና ምስክሮችን "ከሃዲ" በማለት በይፋ መካዷ ሲሆን የአሜሪካ የህግ አስከባሪ ኤጀንሲዎች ደግሞ የአሜሪካ የጦር ወንጀለኞችን አግኝተው ለፍርድ ሲቀርቡ ለምሳሌ በ[[ቅዝቃዛው ጦርነት]] ወቅት በቬትናም ውስጥ በሲቪሎች ላይ ለተፈጸመው ግድያ ተጠያቂ የሆኑትን <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/30/archives/vietnam-the-unofficial-brutality.html Vietnam: The Unofficial Brutality]</ref>። ለምሳሌ በአውሮፓ የ[[ናዚ ጀርመን]] የጦር ወንጀለኞች በሙሉ በኑረምበርግ ፍርድ ቤት ተከሰው ታስረዋል ወይም ተገድለዋል። በወንጀሉ የተሳተፉ ሰዎች ሁሉ ሲቀጡ ይህ በታሪክ ውስጥ ልዩ የሆነ ጉዳይ ነበር <ref>[https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/nuremberg-trials The Nuremberg Trials]</ref>። == በሩሲያ ውስጥ ምላሽ == [[ስዕል:Anna Politkovskaja im Gespräch mit Christhard Läpple.jpg|thumb|180px|ፑቲን ከከፍተኛ ጄኔራሎች አንዱ ጋር]] [[ስዕል:Boris Nemtsov 2014.jpg|thumb|180px|[[ቦሪስ ኔምትሶቭ]]]] በቼችኒያ የጦር ወንጀሎችን የመረመረችው ሩሲያዊቷ ጋዜጠኛ እና የሰብአዊ መብት ተሟጋች አና ፕሮይትኮቭስካያ ጥቅምት 7 ቀን 2006 በፑቲን ልደት ባልታወቁ ታጣቂዎች ተገድላለች <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6035133.stm Anna Politkovskaya: Putin's Russia]</ref>። በ 2015 የሩሲያ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ኃይሎች መሪ ቦሪስ ኔምትሶቭ በዩክሬን ላይ በተደረገው ጦርነት የሩሲያ ወታደሮች ተሳትፎን በማጣራት ላይ ተገድለዋል <ref>[https://carnegie.ru/commentary/59212 The Killing of Boris Nemtsov and the Degradation of Russian Authoritarianism]</ref>። በ 2020 የሩሲያ ተቃዋሚ መሪ አሌክሲ ናቫልኒ በሩሲያ የስለላ አገልግሎቶች ተመርዘዋል። በ 2021 ወደ ሩሲያ ተመለሰ ፣ ተይዞ ታስሮ በውሸት ክስ ታስሯል። እንደ እውነቱ ከሆነ፣ የእሱ እስራት እና "የፖለቲካ እስረኛ" የተከሰተው በሩሲያ ውስጥ ሙስና እና የጦር ወንጀሎችን በማጣራት ስራው ምክንያት ነው። እ.ኤበ2024 እንደገና ተመርዞ በእስር ቤት ሞተ <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-by-the-uk-sweden-france-germany-and-the-netherlands-on-alexei-navalnys-death Joint Statement by the UK, Sweden, France, Germany and The Netherlands on Alexei Navalny's death]</ref>። [[የሩሲያ ፕሮፓጋንዳ]] እነዚህን ወንጀሎች, የዘር ማጽዳትን ጨምሮ፣ በሩሲያ ወታደሮች የተፈጸሙትን ወንጀሎች በይፋ ይክዳል። እንደ ቦሪስ ኔምትሶቭ ወይም አሌክሲ ናቫልኒ ያሉ ሁሉም ተቃዋሚ ፖለቲከኞች፣ እንደ ማሪያ ፖኖማርንኮ ያሉ ጋዜጠኞች እና ተራ የሩሲያ ዜጎች ጦርነቱን የሚቃወሙ [[በሩሲያ ውስጥ ጭቆናዎች|በፖለቲካዊ ጭቆና]] እየተሰቃዩ ነው። ነጻ የቴሌቭዥን ጣቢያዎች እና [[የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት|የሰብአዊ መብት ተሟጋች ድርጅቶች]] በፑቲን ባለስልጣናት ግፊት እየተዘጉ ሲሆን ሰራተኞቻቸውም በተቀነባበረ የወንጀል ክስ በእስር ላይ <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/ponomarenko-mariya-nikolaevna/ Пономаренко Мария Николаевна]</ref>። ማርች 13 ቀን 2023 በሄግ የሚገኘው አለም አቀፉ የወንጀለኞች ፍርድ ቤት የሩስያ ፕሬዚደንት ቭላድሚር ፑቲን እና የሩሲያ የህጻናት መብት ኮሚሽነር ማሪያ ሎቮቫ ቤሎቫ በፑቲን ትዕዛዝ የዩክሬን ልጆችን በሩሲያ ወታደራዊ አባላት በማፈን እና በማንገላታት ወንጀል የእስር ማዘዣ አውጥቷል <ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134732 |accessdate=2026-03-09 |archivedate=2023-09-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171925/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134732 }}</ref> <ref>[https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova]</ref> <ref>[https://www.fedbar.org/blog/breaking-legal-barriers-the-icc-arrest-warrant-for-vladimir-putin/ Breaking Legal barriers: The ICC Arrest Warrant for Vladimir Putin]</ref>። == ዶክመንተሪ ምርመራዎች == [[ስዕል:Navalny vs Pamfilova1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|[[አሌክሲ ናቫልኒ]]]] የተቃዋሚ ፖለቲከኛ አሌክሲ ናቫልኒ ቡድን በ [[የዶኔትስክ ህዝቦች ሪፐብሊክ|ዶኔትስክ ሪፐብሊክ]] የመጀመሪያ መሪ እና የሩሲያ ፓርላማ አባል አሌክሳንደር ቦሮዳይ ላይ የተደረገ ምርመራ <ref>[https://navalny.com/p/6579/ Патриот за деньги. «Русский мир» в обмен на Эмираты]</ref> == በተጨማሪም ተመልከት == * [[የፑቲኒዝም አናቶሚ (ዘጋቢ ፊልም)]] == በተጨማሪም ተመልከት == * [[ሊበርታሪያኒዝም]] * [[የሩሲያ ሊበራሪያን ፓርቲ]] * [[ሦስተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት]] * [[የዩክሬን ህዝብ የዘር ማጥፋት]] * [[በሩሲያ የተያዙ የዩክሬን ግዛቶች]] == አገናኞች == f5v4qbup39xd84p48wms3fnnk7k2ih0 11 55666 392037 2026-05-05T11:13:35Z MediaWiki message delivery 15145 /* Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox */ አዲስ ክፍል 392037 wikitext text/x-wiki == Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox == ''I apologise for posting in English. Feel free to translate!'' Hello everyone, the ''Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects'' team worked on improving the Databox Template and Module earlier this year. We are now asking Wikimedians to answer a short survey about their experiences with Databox (a Wikidata-powered infobox for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Projects), and would appreciate your input. The survey should take ''less than 10 minutes to answer.'' Here is a '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Databox_Survey_2026-Q2 link to the survey]''' Here you can find '''[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|more information about the changes made to Databox.]]'''. For any questions, please feel free to contact me on my [[m:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|meta user talk page]]. Thank you for your attention, [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the [[d:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team. p.s. If this is not the right place to post a message on this wiki, I apologise. Please move it to the appropriate page, and if possible, ping me so I can record it for future reference. Thank you! [[አባል:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[አባል ውይይት:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:13, 5 ሜይ 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=30504104 --> bm6fdujodlsrs82ry91x066mm173ry5