ውክፔዲያ amwiki https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%88%E1%8C%BD MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter ፋይል ልዩ ውይይት አባል አባል ውይይት ውክፔዲያ ውክፔዲያ ውይይት ስዕል ስዕል ውይይት መልዕክት መልዕክት ውይይት መለጠፊያ መለጠፊያ ውይይት እርዳታ እርዳታ ውይይት መደብ መደብ ውይይት በር በር ውይይት TimedText TimedText talk ሞጁል ሞጁል ውይይት Event Event talk 0 13695 392362 380266 2026-06-15T17:20:51Z Getahun w 57763 /* የስራ ዝርዝር */ 392362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል: SemahegnB.jpg| right|400px|thumb| ሰማኸኝ በለው]] ''' ሰማኸኝ በለው''' የ[[ኢትዮጵያ]] ታዋቂ ዘፋኝ ሲሆን ብዙ ዘመናዊ የ[[ሙዚቃ]] ስራወችን በማቅረብ ይታወቃል። == የህይወት ታሪክ ==ሰለሞን == የስራ ዝርዝር ኧረ ምኑን ሰጠሽ፣ ኧረ ባላገር፣ ደቦት እንሥራ፣ ዲስካው፣ ዝናቡን፣ ዘገኛ == == ማጣቀሻወች == {{መዋቅር}} [[መደብ:የኢትዮጵያ ዘፋኞች]] fjz8t1okrlwqiihebbee8uyw75eh59l 0 52689 392364 379672 2026-06-15T19:08:54Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ሺራ [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ዝ መሀመድ ኤ [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ፕሪል 2017 ጠፍቷል ዳር [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ኩሽ ሁ [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ኔታ 2019 ተመልሷል ዜ [[መደብ:Articles with hCards]] ግነት ደቡብ አፍሪካ  '''ሺራዝ ሞሃመድ''' በኤፕሪል 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|last=Head|first=Tom|date=2020-01-03|title=Shiraaz Mohamed: Kidnapped SA journalist 'returns home'|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-shiraaz-mohamed-back-home-south-africa/|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2022-08-24|archivedate=2022-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821101728/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-shiraaz-mohamed-back-home-south-africa/}}</ref> ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋመ ጊፍት ኦፍ ዘ ሰጭዎች የተባለ ቡድን በፈቃደኝነት ሲሰራ በሶሪያ በተፈፀመው አፈና የሚታወቅ ደቡብ አፍሪካዊ አክቲቪስት እና ጋዜጠኛ ነው። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2017 እንደ ፎቶ ጋዜጠኛ ወደ ሶሪያ ተጓዘ እና ወደ ቱርክ ድንበር ለመጓዝ ሲሞክር በዳርኩሽ <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Sefularo|first=Masechaba|title=Reports: Journalist Shiraaz Mohamed free from captivity in Syria|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/12/15/reports-journalist-shiraaz-mohamed-free-from-captivity-in-syria|language=en|accessdate=2022-08-24|archivedate=2022-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821101546/https://ewn.co.za/2019/12/15/reports-journalist-shiraaz-mohamed-free-from-captivity-in-syria}}</ref> ተይዟል። እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2019 ከአሳሪዎቹ አምልጦ ወደ ቤቱ ተመልሶ ከቤተሰቡ ጋር ተቀላቅሏል። <ref name="auto1" /> == መያዝ == ሺራዝ መሀመድ በ2017 <ref>{{Cite web|last=Head|first=Tom|date=2019-12-15|title=Shiraaz Mohamed: SA journo kidnapped in Syria free after daring 'escape'|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-shiraaz-mohamed-escapes-syria-kidnap/|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2022-08-24|archivedate=2022-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821101734/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-shiraaz-mohamed-escapes-syria-kidnap/}}</ref> 2017 ዳርኩሽ ውስጥ ከሁለት አሽከርካሪዎች ጋር በ [[እስላማዊው መንግሥት|ISIS]] ሚሊታንቶች ተይዟል። ሾፌሮቹ ወዲያው ሊፈቱ ነው፣ ነገር ግን መሐመድ እንደ መደራደር እንዲውል ተደረገ። እነዚህ ሚሊታንቶች ፍላጎታቸውን ለማረጋገጥ በ2019 የህይወት ማረጋገጫ ቪዲዮ አውጥተዋል። ለእነሱም ብር; ለእስር የተለቀቁት 1.5 ሚሊዮን ዶላር (25490100.00 RAND) ተሰጥቷል። <ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiraaz Mohamed's captors split on whether to release him or continue to pursue ransom|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/shiraaz-mohameds-captors-split-on-whether-to-release-him-or-continue-to-pursue-ransom-20190514|language=en-US}}</ref> ቡድኑ ከዚህ ገንዘብ ምንም መግዛት አልቻለም። ሞሃመድ በታህሳስ 2019 ማምለጥ ችሏል፣ እና በ2020 የዚህን ተሞክሮ ዘገባ አቅርቧል። == ማምለጥ == ሺራዝ በታህሳስ 2019 ከምርኮ ማምለጥ ችሏል። ይህ ማምለጫ ግን ከሙከራው ውጪ አልተሳካም። እ.ኤ.አ. በታህሳስ 14 ቀን 2019 መሐመድ ወደ ተቀመጠበት ማከማቻ ውስጥ የአየር ፍሰት ከሚያስገኝ ከብረት ፍርግር ውስጥ መውጣት ችሏል <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Merwe|first=Jana van der|title=Hostage journalist Shiraaz Mohamed speaks about his escape from Syria for the first time|url=https://www.news24.com/you/News/Local/hostage-journalist-shiraaz-mohamed-speaks-about-his-escape-from-syria-for-the-first-time-20201216|language=en-US}}</ref> ። ከዚህ በኋላ መሐመድ በአንዲት ትንሽ መንደር ውስጥ ያሉ የአካባቢውን ነዋሪዎች ከማግኘታቸው በፊት በቀጣዮቹ ቀናት አስቸጋሪ ቦታዎችን ብዙ "ተራሮችን" ጨምሮ ማለፍ ችሏል። ከአካባቢው ነዋሪዎች ጋር ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ያደረጋቸው ጥቂት ግጥሚያዎች በመጠኑም ቢሆን በጥላቻ የተሞላ ነበር - ይህም መሐመድ ስለ አረብኛ በቂ እውቀት ስለሌለው እና ታፍኖ መወሰዱን ለመናገር ፈቃደኛ ባለመቻሉ ነው። <ref name="auto" /> ሆኖም ከተወሰነ ጊዜ በኋላ ለፖሊስ ያሳወቁትን አንዳንድ “ወዳጆች” ግለሰቦችን አገኘ፤ እሱም በእርግጥ መያዝ አረጋግጧል። ከዚያም ሞሃመድ ወደ ቱርክ ተጓጓዘ እና ከተወሰነ ጊዜ በኋላ የቱርክ የስለላ ድርጅት በተሳካ ሁኔታ ወደ ደቡብ አፍሪካ ሊመልሰው ቻለ እና ከቤተሰቦቹ ጋር ተገናኘ። <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-03|title=Abducted South African journalist Shiraaz Mohamed returns home|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50981653|access-date=2022-08-21}}</ref> == ዋቢዎች == # ኃላፊ፣ ቶም (2020-01-03)። "ሺራዝ መሀመድ፡ ታፍኖ የተወሰደው የኤስ.ኤ. ጋዜጠኛ "ወደ ቤቱ ተመለሰ"። ደቡብ አፍሪካዊው. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። # ሰፉላሮ፣ ማሴቻባ "ሪፖርቶች፡ ጋዜጠኛ ሺራዝ መሀመድ ከሶሪያ እስራት ነፃ ወጡ" ewn.co.za. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። # ኃላፊ፣ ቶም (2019-12-15)። "ሺራዝ መሀመድ: ኤስኤ ጆርኖ በሶሪያ ውስጥ ከድፍረት 'ማምለጥ' በኋላ ታፍኗል። ደቡብ አፍሪካዊው. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። # "የሺራዝ መሀመድን ያጋቱት ልቀቁት ወይም ቤዛውን መቀጠል አለመቀጠላቸው ተለያይተዋል። ዜና24. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። # መርዌ፣ ያና ቫን ደር "የታገቱት ጋዜጠኛ ሺራዝ መሀመድ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ከሶሪያ ማምለጡን ተናግሯል" አንቺ. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። # በደቡብ አፍሪካ ታፍኖ የነበረው ጋዜጠኛ ሺራዝ መሀመድ ወደ ሀገሩ ተመለሰ። የቢቢሲ ዜና. 2020-01-03. 2022-08-21 ተመለሰ። [[መደብ:የታገተው ደቡብ አፍሪካ ሰው።]] [[መደብ:የደቡብ አፍሪካ አክቲቪስት]] [[መደብ:ደቡብ አፍሪካዊ ጋዜጠኛ]] [[መደብ:በህይወት ያለ ሰው]] gdhf0g1njbt2sgthlfky95wk5vst00k 0 54141 392361 392358 2026-06-15T14:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 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Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making dpfhfttuw521xk9htlylbopcahjeu1a 392365 392361 2026-06-15T23:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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'''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making 9hwxc7qmqz8u36goadgz0zu97hkro78 0 55522 392363 391540 2026-06-15T17:27:46Z CommonsDelinker 186 ፋይሉ «Iraq,_Saddam_Hussein_(222).jpg» ከCommons ምንጭ በ[[c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] ዕጅ ጠፍቷል! ምክንያቱም፦ per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Iraq, Saddam Hussein (222).jpg|]] 392363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''የጦር ወንጀሎች''' (እንዲሁም '''የጦር ወንጀል''') ይህ [[ጦርነት]]ን ለመቀስቀስ ሁኔታዎችን እና የጦርነት ተዋጊዎችን ባህሪ የሚገዛ ዘመናዊ የአለም አቀፍ ህግ አካል የሆኑትን የጦርነት ህጎች እና ልማዶችን መጣስ ነው። የጦርነት ሕጎች እንደ የመንግሥት ሉዓላዊነት፣ ሥራ እና ሌሎች ዓለም አቀፍ የሕግ ቃላት ያሉ ጽንሰ-ሐሳቦችን ይገልፃሉ። በተጨማሪም የውትድርና ሠራተኞችን፣ የጦር እስረኞችን፣ ሲቪሎችን፣ ወዘተ መብቶችን የሚመለከቱ ድንጋጌዎችን ይዘዋል። [[ስዕል:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|250px|የመጀመሪያው የጄኔቫ ስምምነት በስዊዘርላንድ በ1864 ተፈርሟል]] የጦር ወንጀሎች የዘር ማጥፋት፣ በሰብአዊነት ላይ የሚፈጸሙ ወንጀሎች እና የጥቃት ወንጀሎችን የሚያካትቱት አለም አቀፍ ወንጀሎች አንዱ ነው። አብዛኞቹ ምሁራን ይህ ቃል ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ሁለተኛ አጋማሽ ላይ በ 1864 የጄኔቫ ስምምነቶች የቆሰሉ እና የታመሙ ወታደሮችን ሁኔታ እንዲሁም የጦርነትን ደንቦች የሚቆጣጠሩ ሌሎች በርካታ ሰነዶች ሲወጡ ያምናሉ። በመጀመሪያዎቹ የጦርነት ዘዴዎችን የሚቆጣጠሩ እና የሚገድቡ ህጎች በግብፅ በ3ኛው ሺህ ዓመት ከክርስቶስ ልደት በፊት እና በኋላም በሌሎች ግዛቶች እንደታዩ ልብ ሊባል ይገባል <ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-treatment-prisoners-war Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]</ref>። == የታወቁ የጦር ወንጀሎች == === [[የፖላንድ-ሊቱዌኒያ ኮመንዌልዝ]] === በኦርቶዶክስ ዩክሬን ህዝብ ስልታዊ አፈና ምክንያት በተፈጠረው [[ክመልኒትስኪ አመፅ|በቦህዳን ክሜልኒትስኪ መሪነት የዩክሬን ህዝብ ብሔራዊ የነጻነት ጦርነት]] ወቅት የፖላንድ ጦር በዩክሬን ሲቪል ህዝብ ላይ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ የቅጣት ወረራዎችን ፈጽሟል ይህም በህዝቡ ትውስታ ውስጥ ረጅም ጊዜ ቆየ <ref>[ ]</ref>። === [[ፈረንሳይ]] === በ19ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ በነበሩት የናፖሊዮን ጦርነቶች የፈረንሳይ ጦር ብዙ ሰፈሮችን አቃጥሏል፣ ጉድጓዶችን መርዟል እና በጦርነት እስረኞች ላይ ከፍተኛ ጭካኔ ፈጽሟል <ref>[https://www.jnsm.com.ua/cgi-bin/m/tm4.pl?Month=09&Day=23 Битва під Пилявцями]</ref>። === [[ቱርክ|የኦቶማን ኢምፓየር]] === [[ስላቮች|በደቡብ ስላቪክ ሀገራት]] ላይ ለዘመናት ከተፈጸመው ወንጀሎች በተጨማሪ የኦቶማን ኢምፓየር በ20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ ላይ የአርመን የዘር ማጥፋት በመባል የሚታወቁትን ተከታታይ የጦር ወንጀሎች ፈጽሟል <ref>[https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/09/05/un_resolution/13427 The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, initiated by Armenia, marking the 10th Anniversary of the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of Genocide]</ref>። === [[የሩሲያ ግዛት]] === በ18ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን መገባደጃ ላይ የፖላንድ-ሊቱዌኒያ ኮመንዌልዝ በተከፋፈለበት ወቅት የሩስያ ወታደሮች በአሌክሳንደር ሱቮሮቭ ትእዛዝ በፖላንድ ዋና ከተማ ዋርሶ አቅራቢያ በሚገኝ አንድ ሰፈር 20,000 ንጹሃን ዜጎች የሞቱበት የጅምላ ግድያ ፈጽመዋል። የሩሲያ ፈረሰኞችም የጨቅላ ጨቅላዎችን አስከሬን በሳባ ወግተው የሞቱትን ለወላጆቻቸው አሳይተዋል <ref>[https://weaponews.com/history/65364297-the-prague-massacre-1794.html “The Prague massacre” 1794]</ref>። === [[ናዚ ጀርመን]] === [[ስዕል:Festzug Schonheit u Freude zur 5 Reichstagung der Kraft durch Freude KdF Hamburg 1939 Eine der Fahnengruppen Herolde Fahnentrager Hakenkreuze Postkarte Broschek Nazi Germany propaganda parade postcard swastika banners flag bearers No kn.jpg|thumb|250px|ናዚ ስዋስቲካ]] በናዚ ዘመን በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ ከፍተኛውን የጦር ወንጀሎች የፈፀመችው ጀርመን [[ማጎሪያ ካምፕ|በማጎሪያ ካምፖች]] ውስጥ በጦርነት እስረኞች ላይ ስቃይ እና ሙከራዎችን አድርጋለች <ref>[https://unwcc.org/ Human Rights after Hitler: the story of the UNWCC]</ref>። === ሶቪየት ሩሲያ === [[ስዕል:Штурм Києва 1918.jpg|thumb|250px|በሶቪየት ወታደሮች በኪዬቭ ላይ የቦምብ ጥቃት]] [[የሶቪየት-ዩክሬን ጦርነት|ከዩክሬን ህዝብ ሪፐብሊክ ጋር በተደረገው ጦርነት]] የሶቪየት ሩሲያ ወታደሮች በሌኒን ትዕዛዝ በየካቲት 1918 ኪየቭን በመርዝ ጋዝ ወረሩ እና ወደ ከተማዋ ሲገቡ በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሰላማዊ ሰዎችን ገድለዋል. የሶቪየት ወታደሮች ወደ ኋላ ከተመለሱ በኋላ የከተማው ጎዳናዎች በበሰበሰ አስከሬን ተሞልተዋል፣ ይህ የ[[ቀይ ሽብር]] ፖሊሲ በጣም አስከፊ መገለጫ ነበር <ref>[http://www.arei-journal.pl/articles/display/71 The Bolshevik Expansion and Occupation of Ukraine (December 1917 – February 1918)]</ref>። === [[ሶቪዬት ሕብረት]] === [[ስዕል:Katyn cmentarz 03.jpg|thumb|250px|በካትቲን ውስጥ የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት]] በጣም ታዋቂው የሶቪየት ጦርነት ወንጀል በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ አቃቤ ህግ የጦር እስረኞች በ[[ካትይን|ካትቲን]] ጫካ ውስጥ የተገደሉ ናቸው። የሶቪየት [[የፖለቲካ ጭቆና|ፖለቲካዊ ጭቆና]] አካል ነበር <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Katyn-Massacre Katyn Massacre]</ref>። === [[ዩክሬን]] === [[ስዕል:Lipniki massacre.jpg|thumb|250px|የፖላንድ ሲቪሎችን ገደለ]] ምንም እንኳን ዩክሬናውያን ለብዙ መቶ ዓመታት በመሬታቸው ላይ ቢኖሩም ዩክሬን ሁል ጊዜ በአውሮፓ ፣ በሙስሊም እና በሩሲያ ሥልጣኔ መስቀለኛ መንገድ ላይ ስለነበረች ሕይወታቸው በጣም ከባድ ነበር ፣ ስለሆነም የዩክሬን መንግሥት በአንጻራዊ ሁኔታ ዘግይቶ ነበር የተቋቋመው። ቀደም ባሉት ጊዜያት በምዕራብ ዩክሬን በሚገኙ ፖላንዳውያን መካከል የፀረ-ዩክሬን ስሜት ተስፋፍቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1920 ከሶቪየት ሩሲያ ጋር በተደረገው ጦርነት ፖላንድ የቀድሞ አጋሯን [[የዩክሬን ህዝቦች ሪፐብሊክን]] ትታ ምዕራብ ዩክሬንን ተቀላቀለች። የዩኤስኤስ አር አብዛኛው ዩክሬን ተቆጣጠረ እና በ 1932-1933 [[ሆሎዶሞር]] ተከስቶ በወቅቱ የዩክሬን ህዝብ ግማሹን ገደለ። ይህ በእንዲህ እንዳለ በ1930ዎቹ ፖላንድ በምእራብ ዩክሬን የዩክሬን ቋንቋን የማጥፋት ፖሊሲን ተከትላ ነበር። እ.ኤ.አ. [[የቮልሊን እልቂት|በ 1943 የዩክሬን ብሄራዊ ጦር አባላት እና የፖላንድ ፓርቲ አባላት በፖል እና ዩክሬናውያን ላይ የጋራ እልቂት ፈጽመዋል]]። በፖላንድ እና በዩክሬን ይህ ክስተት እንደ የጦር ወንጀል ብቻ ሳይሆን በፖላንዳውያን ላይ የዘር ማጥፋት ድርጊትም እውቅና አግኝቷል <ref>[https://volhyniamassacre.eu/ Volhynia Massacre]</ref>። === [[ጃፓን]] === [[ስዕል:Photos of survivors in Nanjing Massacre (flickr9106319989).jpg|thumb|250px|ከናንጂንግ እልቂት የተረፉ ሰዎች ፎቶግራፎች]] ከቻይና ጋር በተደረገው ጦርነት ጃፓን የናንጂንግ ጭፍጨፋ ፈጽማለች <ref>[https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/documents-nanjing-massacre Documents of Nanjing Massacre]</ref>። === [[የተባበሩት የአሜሪካ ግዛቶች]] === [[ስዕል:My Lai massacre.jpg|thumb|250px|ፎቶው በአሜሪካ ወታደሮች የተገደሉ የቬትናም ዜጎችን ያሳያል]] በ19ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን አጋማሽ ላይ፣ በአሜሪካ የእርስ በርስ ጦርነት ወቅት፣ ሁለቱም የአሜሪካ እና የኮንፌዴሬሽን ወታደሮች እርስ በእርሳቸው ዘግናኝ ጭካኔ የተሞላበት እና እንዲያውም የበለጠ ጨካኝ በሆኑ የአሜሪካ ተወላጆች ላይ ፈጽመዋል <ref>[https://www.npr.org/2022/04/16/1093212495/the-u-s-does-not-recognize-the-jurisdiction-of-the-international-criminal-court The U.S. does not recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court]</ref>። በመጋቢት 1968 በ[[ቬት ናም|ቬትናም]] ወረራ ወቅት የአሜሪካ ወታደሮች በሶንግ ማይ መንደር እንደ አስገድዶ መድፈር፣ ጭካኔ የተሞላበት የአካል ማጉደል እና በደርዘን የሚቆጠሩ ሲቪሎችን ግድያ ፈፅመዋል <ref>[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/hugh-thompson-lai-massacre/ March 16, 1968: Mỹ Lai Massacre and Hugh Thompson]</ref>። === [[ጣሊያን]] === [[አንደኛው የኢትዮጵያና ጣሊያን ጦርነት|በኢትዮጵያ ላይ በተደረገው ጦርነት]] የጣሊያን ጦር በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሰላማዊ ዜጎችን ገደለ <ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/international-law-of-war-war-crimes-in-ethiopia-and-italys-imperial-misrecollection-at-the-end-of-empire-19461950/268C3AD99463113F17F332F92D14F84D International Law of War, War Crimes in Ethiopia, and Italy's Imperial Misrecollection at the End of Empire, 1946–1950]</ref>። === [[ፋርስ]] === ኢራን የጦር እስረኞችን በመግደል ትታወቃለች <ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/01/16/iran-growing-evidence-of-countrywide-massacres Iran: Growing Evidence of Countrywide Massacres]</ref>። === [[ሰርቢያ]] === [[ስዕል:Srebrenica Massacre - Massacre Victim 2 - Potocari 2007.jpg|thumb|200px|በስሬብሬኒካ የዘር ማጥፋት ሰለባዎች መካከል የአንዱ የራስ ቅል]] የስሬብሬኒካ እልቂት የተፈፀመው [[በዩጎዝላቪያ መፍረስ ጊዜ ጦርነቶች|የዩጎዝላቪያ መፍረስ]] በነበረበት ወቅት ሲሆን በሰላማዊ ዜጎች ላይ ከተፈጸሙት እጅግ ዘግናኝ ወንጀሎች አንዱ ተደርጎ ይወሰዳል <ref>[https://www.un.org/en/observances/srebrenica-genocide-commemoration-day/about About the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica]</ref>። === [[ሩሲያ]] === [[ስዕል:Mariupol 20220323 004.jpg|thumb|250px|[[የማሪፖል ከበባ|በማሪዮፖል ከሚገኙት በርካታ ሕንፃዎች አንዱ በሩሲያ ጦር ተደምስሷል። በሩሲያ የአየር ድብደባ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ነዋሪዎች በአፓርታማዎቻቸው ውስጥ በአንድ ሌሊት በእሳት ተቃጥለዋል]]]] [[ፑቲኒዝም|በቭላድሚር ፑቲን ዘመን፣ ዘመናዊቷ ሩሲያ በ21ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን እጅግ አሰቃቂ የጦር ወንጀሎችን ፈጽማለች]]። ከ 2014 [[ክራይሚያ መቀላቀል|ክራይሚያ ከተቀላቀለ በኋላ]]፣ ጀምሮ የሩሲያ ጦር [[ጦርነት በዶንባስ|በዶንባስ ጦርነት]] ወቅት ከፈጸሙት እጅግ አስከፊ የጦር ወንጀሎች መካከል ከተሞችን ማውደም ፣ ሽብርተኝነት ፣ ማሰቃየት እና የዩክሬን የጦር እስረኞች እና ሰላማዊ ሰዎች እንደ ኢሪና ዶቭጋን ያሉ ግድያዎች ይገኙበታል <ref>[https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/four-years-of-the-full-scale-war-the-price-russia-pays-for-its-aggression-against-ukraine Four years of the full-scale war: the price russia pays for its aggression against Ukraine]</ref>። በ2022 ሩሲያ ዩክሬንን ከወረረች ወዲህ የዚህ አይነት ወንጀሎች ቁጥር በመቶ ሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ደርሷል። [[የዩክሬን ህዝብ የዘር ማጥፋት|ዓለም አቀፉ ማህበረሰብ እነዚህን ክስተቶች በዩክሬን ህዝብ ላይ የዘር ማጥፋት ወንጀል ብሎ ጠርቶታል]] <ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kremlin-editorial-ukraine-identity-1.6407921 A Kremlin paper justifies erasing the Ukrainian identity, as Russia is accused of war crimes]</ref>። == ታዋቂ እና በጣም አደገኛ የጦር ወንጀለኞች == [[ስዕል:Nikolay Aleksandrovich Shchors (1895 - 1919).jpg|thumb|170px|ኒኮላይ ሽኮርስ፣ የሶቪየት ወታደራዊ መሪ፣ ከቀይ ሽብር አዘጋጆች አንዱ <ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/09/18/the-cult-of-the-red-terror-executioner-lives-on-a82501 The Cult of the Red Terror Executioner Lives On]</ref>]] [[ስዕል:Hideki Tojo 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|በሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት ወቅት በጃፓን በጣም ታዋቂው የጦር ወንጀለኛ Hideki Tojo <ref>[https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/tokyo-war-crimes-trial Tokyo War Crimes Trial]</ref>]] [[ስዕል:WWII, Europe, Germany, "Nazi Hierarchy, Hitler, Goering, Goebbels, Hess", The Desperate Years p143 - NARA - 196509.jpg|thumb|250px|አዶልፍ ሂትለር እና የውስጠኛው ክበብ <ref>[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/238.html National Archives Collection of World War II War Crimes Records]</ref>]] [[ስዕል:Vladimir Putin at award ceremonies (2022-12-08) 08.jpg|thumb|250px|ቭላድሚር ፑቲን እና ውስጣዊው ክበብ <ref>[https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/war-crimes-ukraine War crimes, Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47762 War Crimes in Ukraine]</ref> <ref>[https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine/holding-russia-accountable_en Holding Russia accountable]</ref>]] == የጦር ወንጀሎች መንስኤዎች == ለተግባራዊነታቸው ዋና ምክንያት የተለያዩ አገሮች የፖለቲካ ርዕዮተ ዓለም ነው። ከእነዚህ ውስጥ በጣም አደገኛ የሆኑት አክራሪ እስላማዊነት፣ [[ናዚዝም]] እና [[የሩሲያዊ ዓለም|የሩሲያዊ ዓለም]] ናቸው። [[ስዕል:House of Friendship of Peoples of Tatarstan (2023-04-11) 08.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Z (የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ምልክት)|የ "Z" ምልክት የፑቲን አገዛዝ ምልክት ነው፣ በዓለም ዙሪያ በሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ጥቃት ደጋፊዎች በዩክሬን ላይ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል እና በብዙ አገሮች ውስጥ የተከለከለ]]]] በ 2022 አንድ የሩሲያ የዜና ወኪል በሩሲያ የፖለቲካ ሳይንቲስት [[ሩሲያ ከዩክሬን ጋር ምን ማድረግ አለባት?]] አንድ ጽሑፍ አሳተመ። ሥራው ከታተመ በኋላ ደራሲው በሩሲያ ሽልማት ተሰጥቷል እና በዓለም በጣም ተፈላጊ ሰዎች ዝርዝር ውስጥ ተጨምሯል <ref>[https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/2025-deadliest-year-for-civilians-in-Ukraine-since-2022-UN-human-rights-monitors-find 2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find]</ref> <ref>[https://democratic-integrity.eu/the-methodology-of-the-russian-world/ The Methodology of the “Russian World” as the Technological Foundation for Ukrainophobia]</ref> <ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2017.1407921 “Russian World” Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of “Spheres of Influence”]</ref>። == በተጨማሪም ተመልከት == * [[የሩሲያዊነት]] * [[ሊበርታሪያኒዝም]] * [[የፖለቲካ እስረኞች]] * [[የሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀሎች]] * [[ሦስተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት]] * [[የሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት የጦር ወንጀሎች]] == አገናኞች == 1cl85q6tufuz5385k4guv8eb32rgbx2