Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 133 230894 210815 2026-06-20T00:01:25Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 230894 wikitext text/x-wiki Sēo '''dȳfung''' gēo ƿæs hlēapung in ƿætre, ac nū hit oft is [[sund]] under ƿætre mid sierƿunge þe giefþ lyft tō ǣðmienne under ƿætre. And þēos sierƿung oft nū hātte [[scuba]], þe cƿōm of [[Nīwenglisc sprǣc|Nīƿengliscum]] "Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus". And æt fruman "SCUBA" segde [[America|Americiscra]] gūþfroggamanna ǣðmungsierƿunga. And sume habbaþ micle lyftfatu and se dȳfere ǣðmaþ of þǣm lyftfæte and ūt in ƿæter. And þēos sierƿunge hātaþ in Nīƿenglisce "open circuit", and hit ēac oft hātte "aqualung". And [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]] and Gagnan macodon þone ǣrestne ''aqualung'' in gēare 1942. And mǣste hit ƿæs āna for geƿeorce oþþæt in gēare 1953 se ''National Geographical Magazine'' ƿrāt fore ƿorulde ymb Sciptogan Cousteaus geƿeorce under sǣ æt Grand Congloué īege neam [[Marseilles]] þǣr ƿæs eald scip þe sanc þenden [[Rōm]] ricsode Europam, and forþȳ sƿīðe manige ƿriton tō him tō āscianne hƿǣr man mihte bycgan ''aqualung''. And gēo se ''aqualung'' oþþe ''air scuba'' næs sƿā man nū siehþ ƿunelīc on sǣrīmum, ac his lyftƿieldend (''regulator'', '' demand valve'') ƿæs micel and behindan þæs dȳferes healse, and oft mid tƿǣm lyftfatum. And oft nū þis ealde cynn scuban hātte se tƿēgra pīpa scuba. [[Biliþ:Aqualungers2 00.jpg|thumb|right|Biliþ þæs tƿēgra pīpa scuba-searƿes]] And sume habbaþ lȳtle oxygenfatu and se dȳfere ǣðmaþ of poccan and eft ongēan in poccan, and his līc nimþ oxygen and māra oxygen cymþ of fæte, and his līc macaþ þone carbon dioxide, and in þǣre ǣðmungsyrƿunge is fæt full þæs sodalīmes þe iteþ þisne carbon dioxide, and forþȳ se dȳfere ne macaþ (bubbles), and mæg sƿimman micle lengra under sǣ mid ǣðmungsierƿunge mid samum geƿihte. And þēs sierƿunge hātaþ eftǣþmendas and in Nīƿenglisce ''rebreathers'' oþþe ''closed circuit''. And nū sind eftǣðmendas þe misciaþ nitrogen oþþe helium in þā ǣðmunge, sƿā hātte 'nitrox' and 'heliox' and 'trimix', tō þæs þe man mæg dȳfan dēopora þonne mid ungemiscodum oxygene. And þū mæg sēon maniga gelīcnessa sƿilcra [http://www.nobubblediving.com hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040926163809/http://nobubblediving.com/ |date=2004-09-26 }} . [http://www.buckrogers.demon.co.uk/salvmove.gif Hēr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040731072002/http://www.buckrogers.demon.co.uk/salvmove.gif |date=2004-07-31 }} is lȳtel āstȳriende biliþ dȳferes mid þǣm lȳtlan oxygeneftǣðmende Salvus þe [[Siebe Gorman]] gēo macode in [[Lunden]]e, and mid him man mihte dȳfan (oþþe ƿeorcan in atorlyfte) healf stunde oþþe lȳtle lengre, and hit is sƿīðe unhefig, and se dȳfere miht sƿimman sƿā īeþ sƿā ēan sierƿunge. And hēr is grēat gelīcnesse and in hire be hȳþƿætre geƿeorctoga bebīedeþ. [[Biliþ:Dockside1.jpg|thumb|left|dȳferas æt porte]] [[Biliþ:Chariot5_cdba2_fl_00.jpg|thumb|right]] And sƿilce dȳferas oft hātton [[froggamenn]], for þǣm þe on hira fōtum hīe habbaþ scōs þe sind sƿā þā fēt froggan, and þēs hātton finnas. On ƿinstran sīdan siehþ man tƿēgen froggamenn þe rīdaþ in hȳðe dierne under ƿætere on [[rīdungfȳrramm]]e. Man macode ǣrest þis cynn froggamannberendes in Italiam for gūðe in gēare 1939 and þā Italiscan froggamenn nemnedon hit ''maiale'', þe segþ 'sƿīn', for þǣm þe him ƿǣron þā ǣrestan sƿīðe earfoþlīce to stȳrienne. Ac in Brytene nemnede man hit ''manned torpedo'' oþþe ''human torpedo'', oþþe oft ''chariot'', þe segþ 'ƿīgcræt'. And man mæg sēon þrēo þisra in [http://www.edencamp.co.uk/ Eden Camp] þe is nēah Mæðeltūne ({{lang-en|Malton}}) on [[Eoforwīcscīr|Eoforƿīcscīr]]e on Englum. Hīe habbaþ þone Bryttiscan eftǣðmend [http://www.nobubblediving.com/cdba.htm CDBA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017063750/http://nobubblediving.com/cdba.htm |date=2004-10-17 }} þe [[Siebe Gorman]] macode, þe segþ in Nīƿenglisce "Clearance Diver's Breathing Apparatus", and in [[Bryten]]es scipfyrde ''clearance diver'' is scipfyrdisc dȳfere þe dȳfeþ to ƿeorcanne and ne tō feohtanne. [[Biliþ:Twegendyferas.jpg|thumb|right|Tƿēgen froggamenn mid IDA71]] Man siehþ tƿēgen froggamenn mid þǣm [[Russland|Russiscan]] eftǣðmende [http://www.nobubblediving.com/ida-71.htm IDA71] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210803/http://www.nobubblediving.com/ida-71.htm |date=2009-06-10 }}, and ān hira rīdeþ þone Russiscan dȳfereberend [http://www.nobubblediving.com/protei.htm Protei 5]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011015658/http://www.nobubblediving.com/protei.htm |date=2004-10-11 }}. And hēr sind [[commons:File:IDA71_3_on_beach.jpg|þrēo dȳferas mid þǣm IDA71]]. == Ūtanƿearde bendas == # [http://www.bsac.com bsac.com ƿebbstede] # [http://www.bsac.org bsac.org ƿebbstede] {{aganflocc}} [[Flocc:Searucræft]] [[Flocc:Sund]] ejpzxptkmsofaope733wewrjtriabx5 0 7981 230898 226797 2026-06-20T07:07:42Z Johnsoniensis 64422 /* Westwealas */ 230898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox scir |biliþ=2006-07-08.Port Isaac, Cornwall, England.JPG |biliþ gewrit=Isaachȳð on Cornweallum |landscite=Cornwall Brit Isles Sect 6.svg }} '''Cornwēalas''' ([[Cornisċ sprǣċ|Cornisċ]] ''Kernow'') is sūþwesterne dǣl [[Bryten]]e. Hit is Brytene westsūþmest [[scīr]]. [[Tamer]] ēa bedǣleþ Cornwēalas fram [[Defenascīr]]e; þȳ is Cornwēalas be wætre eall bebogen; þæt is brim be norðan and be sūðan, and Tamer ēa is be ēasten. [[Penwihtsteort]] is se westmesta stede þæs landweardan dǣles þǣre scīre and is þæt onginn þǣre fare ofer ealle Brytene "fram Penwihtsteorte oþ grēatne Iohannes". Begeondan him licgaþ [[Syllīega]]. ==Westwealas== In gēardagum hātton Cornwēalas Westwealas. Hiere reord, [[Cornisċ sprǣċ|Cornisċ]], is gesibb þǣm Wiliscan reorde. Mænige Cornwēalas teallaþ þe hīe ne sindon Engle ac Bretwealas, and þe Cornwēalas nis sōþlīce on Englalande. [[Ymele:Sawyer 951 Charter Cnut to Burhwold Bishop of Cornwall, Landrake and Tinnell in Landulph, Cornwall AD 1018 (back)).jpg|thumb|left|Cnut - Burhwold]] {{Bysen:Engla Sċīra}} {{Bysen:Bretta Sċīra}} g5qwowqs0p13cbnsctxa4ox2vjbvl3g 0 10374 230895 211226 2026-06-20T00:09:08Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 230895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Lech Walesa - 2009.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Lech Walesa (2009)]] '''Lech Wałęsa ''' (geboren on þǣm 29 dæge Hāligmōnaðes 1943) is Polisc wealdsēcend and ǣr gebundengyldes cræftes and menniscra rihta wyrcend. Hē efnestaðolode Soliditary (''Solidarność''), þæs Sofietan geþoftscipes forma ānstandende gebundengyld cræftes, feng þā Nobel Hēahgiefe Friðes on 1983, and weorcode tō [[Foresittend Polalandes|þǣm Foresittende Polalandes]] from þǣm 1990 gēare oþ þæt 1995 gēar.<ref name=CNNCwar>{{cite news | title= CNN Cold War - Profile: Lech Walesa |work= CNN|url= http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/walesa/|accessdate = 2007-08-19}}</ref> == Līf and weorcstǣr == Wałęsa wæs geboren in [[Popowo on Gminan Tłuchowe|Popowe]] on [[Polaland]]e, on þǣm nigon and twentigoðan dæge Hāligmōnaðes 1943. Hē wæs gerǣred on earmum cynne and his fæder wæs trēowwyrhta. He mētte forman scole and cræfta scole in Popowe, fore þe hē mētte [[Leninscipgeard]] on [[Gdańsk]]e (''Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina'', nū ''Stocznia Gdańska'') tō spearcawyrcendum cræftmenn on 1970. In 1969 hē wīfode [[Danuta Wałęsa|Danute Gołośe]], and se tēam nū hæfþ eahta cildru<ref name="CNNCwar"/>. His sunu [[Jaroslaw Walesa|Jarosław Wałęsa]] wæs gegylda Polalandes Sejmes (læsse hūs þæs Poliscan gemōtes); nū is gegylda Europisces Gemōtes. Lech Wałęsa is ǣfæst [[Rēmisc Cirice|Rēmisc Crīsten]], and hafaþ gesægd þæt his gelēafa ā helpode him under Solidarityes hefigum tīmum. == Seoh ēac == * [[Polaland]] * [[Ceald Wīg]] == Bōcwrītung == * [http://www.salon.eu.sk/article.php?article=826&searchPhrase=chwin God must have parachuted him to Earth, by Stefan Chwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814123244/http://www.salon.eu.sk/article.php?article=826&searchPhrase=chwin |date=2014-08-14 }} On Nīwum Englisce, ǣrost forþsend in Tygodnik Powszechny, in þǣm Æfterran Ȝēolan þæs 2008 ȝēares == Frumtrahas == {{Reflist|2}} == Ūtwearda helncan == === Sihþwritu === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121124120429/http://www.ilw.org.pl/english/download/filmy/pds.mpg Signing of the Gdansk Agreement] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121124120400/http://www.ilw.org.pl/english/download/filmy/zprp.mpg Presidential Inauguration] === Ōðera ūtwearda helncan === * [http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2008/09/lech-walesa-shipyard New Statesman interview with Lech Walesa] by [[Mark Seddon]] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1983/press.html The Nobel Peace Prize 1983] * [http://polskaludowa.com/dzwiek/nagrania/Walesa_Gdansk80_1.mp3 Wałęsa speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131001031/http://polskaludowa.com/dzwiek/nagrania/Walesa_Gdansk80_1.mp3 |date=2016-01-31 }} - mp3 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061027140229/http://www.geocities.com/peace_888grom/walesa-lecture.html Lech Walesa – Nobel Lecture] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4194204.stm BBC interview with Lech Walesa] on the 25th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity * [http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=42,8,8&vid=060109e Interview on WTTW] * [http://www.ilw.org.pl/ Lech Wałęsa Institute] * [http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/2002/sepoct/15.30.html The Shaming of Lech Walesa: Why the defeater of communism finds himself defeated by ex-communists--and why he and the American public haven't noticed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190827/http://www.ctlibrary.com/bc/2002/sepoct/15.30.html |date=2016-03-04 }} Agnieszka Tennant, Books & Culture magazine, 2002 [[Flocc:Tydras on þǣm 1943 ȝēare]] d28v6sttt9gip8qobilpn4ktj3nrvac 0 10713 230897 229958 2026-06-20T00:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 230897 wikitext text/x-wiki {|align="right" |- |[[Ymele:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|left|100px|Landscipes fana]] |[[Ymele:Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|right|100px|Landscipes Cassock of Geatwe]] |} {{clearright}} [[Ymele:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands location detail.svg|right|thumb|200px|Suþgeorgie and þara Sūþsandwicieglanda stede]] '''Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland''' sindon [[Bryttisc landbūnes|Bryttisc ofersǣ landscipe]] in þæm sūðernum Garsecge. Hie sindon feorr and unƿæstmbǣre flocc of īegena, hƿǣrin sindon '''Sūþgeorgia''' and ƿrǣsen of lǣssa īega, þā '''Sūþsandƿic Īegland'''. Mǣst þāra īegena, þā astigað steāpe of brime, sind dynige. On dūne sindon þās īega mid īse and snaƿe āƿā beƿrægode. Sūþgeorgia is 104 mīla lang and 23 mīla brād and is þæs landscipes mǣste īeg. Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland licað ymbe 323 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie. Eall þære landscipes land is 1,507 feoƿerscite-mīla.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html CIAs ‘’World Factbook’’ 2002]</ref> Þās īege nabbaþ ne landfolc and hiera begengan sind sē Bryttisc Leodƿeard Gerēfa, Underærendþegnung Gerēfa, ūþƿitan, and folgeras þæs [[Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge|Bryttisca Antarctisca Geondsceaƿung]] þā gehealdaþ ūþƿitena ƿicu æt [[Fugolīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Fugolīege]] and æt [[Ēadweard Cyning Næss|Ēadƿeard Cyning Næss]] (þæm hēafodstōl), and ēac [[boldæfþēcræften]] bigengeras æt nēam [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]]. Þæt [[Geānede Cynerīce]] onsprǣc rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1775 and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande in 1908. Sē landscipe "Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland" gestaþolde man in 1985. Ǣr ƿæron þās īege dǣlas þāra [[Folcland Īegland]] Gerēflanda. [[Argentina]]þēod macode crafinge ofer Sūþgeorgie in 1927, and ofer þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum in 1938. Hie getimbrodon scipheresƿic on [[Thila-īeg]]e in þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglande of 1976 oð 1982 þær sē [[Cynelica Sciphere]] flīemede hit. Argentinisc dǣdas on Sūþgeorgie begann þā [[Folcland Gewinn|Folcland Geƿinn]]e in 1982, hƿǣrin Argentinisc þrēat scorte ofersæt þæt Īegland. Oððæt ðe Argentina ƿæs in þæm ƿige sigeleas, noþylǣs giet onspricð hē rīce ofer Sūþgeorgie and þæm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum. == Sūþgeorgia == [[Biliþ:Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Middel Sūþgeorgia: [[Cumbraland Byht]]; [[Geþacasteort]] mid [[Ēadweard Cyning Cofa|Ēadƿeard Cyning Cofa]]n ([[Grytviken]]); [[Allardycebeorgas]] mid [[Pagetbeorg]]e topp (NASA biliþ).]] Sūþgeorgia līþ æt {{Coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|display=inline,title}} and hiere stōƿ is 1,450 mīla<Sup>2</Sup>. Hēo is dynig and unƿæstmbǣre. Endleofon muntas standað to ofer 6,500 fōtum hēah, hiera beorhliþ gegrufen mid dēopum īsēa, hƿǣrof is [[Fortuna Īsflōd]] sēo mǣste. Hiere hēasta topp is [[Pagetbeorg]] in þæm [[Allardycebeorgas|Allardycebeorgflocce]] æt 9,626 fōtum. Hƿælhuntena ƿicu ƿeorcodon under bōcum gegiefen be þæm Ealdormenn þæm [[Folcland Īegland]]um. Seofon ƿicu ƿæron on þæm īege, ealle in hæfnum on þæm norðrīman: * [[Anlafes Æþelinges Hæfen]] (1911–1931) * [[Leþ Hæfen]] (1909–1965) * [[Stromnæss, Sūþgeorgia|Stromnæss]] (1907–1931, scipbōtgeard oð 1960/1961) * [[Husvik]] (1907 on scipe, landfæst ƿic 1910–1960, ne ƿeocode 1930–1945) * [[Grytviken]] (1904–1964) * [[Godthul]] (1908–1929, nīƿung landfæstes ƿices, mægenƿeorc on scipe) * [[Garsecg Hæfen, Sūþgeorgia|Garsecg Hæfen]] (1909–1920) Þær endede hƿælhuntoþ þās ƿicu forlāt man. Būton fēa gebeogode boldas, to bysene þæt boldæfþēcræften and sēo cirice æt Grytvikne, eall is nū hrēorige. === Lǣssa Īega === Lǣssa īega be Sūþgeorgieīege sind: [[Biliþ:1989 Grytvikken hg.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Grytviken]].]] * [[Annenkovīeg]] * [[Fugolīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Fugolīeg]] * [[Cooperīeg]] * [[Gærsīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Gærsīeg]] * [[Pickersgillīega]] * [[Wilcumanīega|Ƿilcumanīega]] * [[Willisīega|Ƿillisīega]] * [[Þrīnesīeg, Sūþgeorgia|Þrīnesīeg]] Ēac sind þās lytlan clūdas mid Sūþgeorgie flocce: * [[Scræf Clūdas, Sūþgeorgia|Scræf Clūdas]] 119 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege * [[Blæc Clūd, Sūþgeorgia|Blæc Clūd]] 105 mīla be ƿest-norþƿestan Sūþgeorgie þære īege and 10 mīla be sūþēastan Scræf Clūdum * [[Clerke Clūdas]] 35 mīla be ēast-sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie þære īege. == Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland == [[Biliþ:Montagu Island Satellite Photograph.jpg|thumb|right| Montaguīeg on NASA biliþe]] Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sind 11 īega (būton lytla ūtƿearda īega and clūdas), hƿǣrof mæst sind dūnas þe mid fyre aspringaþ. Be norþƿestan Zavodovski-Īege is Geborga Sceald, undersǣ berstendu beorg. Hie sind boga sē arecceþ of norþan to sūþan betƿuh 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, ymbe 350 mīla to 500 mīla be sūþēastan Sūþgeorgie. Þā norþernmestan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda sind þā "[[Traversayīega]]" and "[[Candelmæssanīega]]". Þā sūþernmestan sind [[Sūþern Thila]]. Þā þrie mǣstan īegland, [[Saundersīeg]], [[Montaguīeg]] and [[Brycgstōwīeg|Brycgstōƿīeg]], licað betƿux þæm tƿǣm. Þās Īegslanda hēasta stede is Belindabeorg (4,495 fēt) on Montaguīege. Þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland sindon ābūrod. Selfƿeorcende geƿiderƿicu sind on Thila-īege and Zavodovski-īege. === Īega === Þā mægnan þāra Sūþsandƿic Īeglanda of norðan oð sūðan sind: ''[[Traversayīega]]:'' * [[Zavodovski-īeg]] 56°18′S 27°34′W * [[Leskovīeg]] 56°40′S 28°08′W * [[Visokoi-īeg]] 56°42′S 27°13′W ''[[Candelmæssanīega]]:'' * [[Candelmæssanīeg]] 57°05′S 26°39′W * [[Vindicationīeg]] 57°06′S 26°47′W ''[[Middle Īega, Sūþsandwic Īegland|Middle Īega]]: * [[Saundersīeg]] 57°48′S 26°28′W * [[Montaguīeg]] 58°25′S 26°23′W * [[Brycgstōwīeg|Brycgstōƿīeg]] 59°03′S 26°30′W ''[[Sūþern Thila]]:'' * [[Bellingshausenīeg]] 59°25′S 27°05′W * [[Cōcīeg, Sūþsandwic Īegland|Cōcīeg]] 59°26′S 27°09′W * [[Thila-īeg]] 59°27′S 27°18′W * [[Vysokaya Balc]] 59°43′S 27°58′W == Stǣr == === Sūþgeorgia === [[Biliþ:Cook-1777.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Landscite be Iacobus Cook (1777, sūð æt þæm heafde)]] Sūþgeorgia þæt īegland secgþ man ƿæs ærrest in 1675 geseon be Anthony de la Roché, [[Lunden]] mangere, and manig ealde landscitas nemnaþ hit ''Roche Īegland''. In 1775 ymbeseglode [[Iacobus Cook]] Sciphlāford þā īege and lendede (sē ƿæs sē ǣrrsta mann sē on þære īege lendede). He bespæc þā īege for [[Grēate Bryten Cynerīce|Brytene]] and nemnde hie Georgiaīege ("the Isle of Georgia") for [[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|Georgie III]] Cyninge. Bryttisc gerec ƿæs in Sūþgeorgie gestaðoled in 1843 under bēc. [[Biliþ:South georgia Islands map-en.svg|thumb|350px|right|Stǣrlice and todæges tūnas on Sūþgeorgie]] Geond þæm 19. gearhundrede ƿæs Sūþgeorgia seolchuntan ƿic. In þæm 20. gearhundrede ƿæs is hƿælhuntan ƿic oð hƿælhuntoð endede in 1965. Sēo ǣrrste landfæste hƿælhuntena ƿic, and sēo ǣrrste ƿonung, ƿæs æt [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]] gestaðolede in 1904 be Norþmann Carl Anton Larsen. Þis ƿic ƿeorced oð 1965. Æfter tīde ƿæron seofon hƿælhuntena ƿicu on þæm īeglande. Þær hƿeorfede [[Uenus]] fore þaere Sunnan in 1882, sæt Germanisc færeld æt Cynelic Byht on þære īege sūþēasternum ecge. Of 1905 ƿeorcede þæt [[Argentinisce Gewidere Ambihthūs|Argentinisce Geƿidere Ambihthūs]] mid þæm gerēfan to heoldenne þæt geƿiderhaƿunghūs æt [[Grytviken|Grytvikne]] under Bryttiscum landbōc niedum þæs hƿælhuntoþƿices, oð 1949. In 1908 geaf Ēadƿeard VII Cyning furðru bōc to gestaðolienne ƿeardlage for his agnungum in þæm sūþernum Garsecge. Þeos bōc ƿæs be Sūþgeorgie, [[Sūþorcanege|Sūþorcanegum]], [[Sūþhjaltland]]um, þǣm Sūþsandƿic Īeglandum, and [[Grahamland]]. (Þēs onspræc ƿæs in 1917 geastrecced ēac to dāl [[Antarctica|Antarctice]] oþ þone [[Sūþende þære eaxe]].) Of 1909 þegnungƿic and ƿonung ƿæron getimbrod æt Ēadƿeard Cyning Næsse on Sūþgeorgie, nēah [[Grytviken]] hƿælhuntoþƿic. Hēahfæstu stōƿlicu Bryttiscu toþegnung and onƿondend burgealdor hæfde lahgeƿrit of ealla þinga in þæm landscipe, þæt ƿæs þær geraced sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland. Ymbe 1912 feng man þone mæstan hrān, sƿa secgþ man, þe ā feng man, sē ƿæs [[hæwenhwæl|hæƿenhƿæl]] 110 fēt lang, and ƿæs gebrohted to lande æt Grytvikne.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 Sūþgeorgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 |date=2011-05-16 }}, Hwælhuntoþ Boldæfþēcræften, Sandefjord, Norþweg</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm |date=2009-12-12 }}, Sūþgeorgia Befæstscipe</ref> In Eastermōnaþ 1916 ƿeardon [[Ernest Shackleton]] and his menn þæs [[Woruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færeld|Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færeld]] aseten on [[Elpendīeg]]e, ymbe 800 mīla be sūþƿestan Sūþgeorgie. Shackleton and fīf gesiþas selglodon ūt in lyltum bāte to findenne fullæst, and on 10 Þrimilcemōnaþ, æfter miclum yðfare, hie lendedon æt Hacunes Cyninges Byht on Sūþgeorgie sūþrīman. Þrīe bād æt þæm Byht, hƿilum Shacketon and tƿegen gisiþas astigodon ofer þāra beorgum 22 mīla to aræccenne fullæst æt [[Stromnæs, Sūþgeorgia|Stromnæsse]] hƿælhuntena ƿice. Þæs færeldes lāf, tƿegen and tƿeontig menn þā hæfde abād on Elpendīege, eall āhreddede hē. In þæm Æfterrum Gēola 1922, during his later [[Shackleton–Rowett Færeld|Shackleton–Roƿett Færeld]], forþferde Shackleton on his scipe be Sūþgeorgie. He līþ gebyged æt Grytvikne. Argentinacynn macode crafing for Sūþgeorgie in 1927.<ref>R.K. Headland, ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> Binnan þæm [[Ōðru Woruldgūþ|Ōðrum Ƿoruldgūþe]], sendede sē [[Cynelica Sciphere]] ƿæpned mangeres scip to Sūþgeorgie and Antarctisce gesunde ƿið [[Germania|Germaniscum]] flotmenn, and ēac onsteallode tƿegen feoƿer-ynce staþ gunnas (þā bitt) þe beorgedon Cumbraland Byht and Stromnæs Byht, mid Norðmenn of þæm hƿælhuntum sƿa ƿerod. Þæt ƿic æt Ēadƿaerd Cyning Næsse ƿeax sƿa āspyrungƿic in 1949/1950 under þære [[Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge|Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung]] (sē ƿæs oþ 1962 þāra Folcland Īegland Gerēflanda Geongsceaƿung). [[Biliþ:Grytviken church.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Cirice æt Grytvikne.]] Þā forman dǣdas þære [[Folcland Gewinn|Folcland Geƿinn]]e ālumpon on 19 Hreþmōnaþ 1982 þær [[Argentina|Argentinisc]] feðaflocc, þā gebrudgon þe hie ƿæron īsernspilling mangeras, ofersæton þæt eald hƿælhuntoþƿic æt Leþ Hæfne on Sūþgeorgie. On 3 Eastermōnaþ þās feðan onfeahton and ofersæton Grytviken. Bryttisc þrēat eftfōn þā īege on 25 Eastermōnaþ. Of 1985, Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland aƿurþon sƿa Folcland Īeglanda Gerēfland and ƿurdon ætgædre nīƿ landscipe. Þæt Ēadƿeard Cyning Gāra ƿic hæfde gebeon gemannod æfter þæm gūðe, ac sē ƿerod abeag in 2001 and on þæm stede timbrode sēo [[Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceawung|Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceaƿung]] hiere āgan ƿicstōƿ, and þes abitt. === Sūþsandƿic Īegland === [[Biliþ:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Biliþ geƿeorced be Frank Hurley on þæm [[Woruldrīces Geondantarctiscan Færeld|Ƿoruldrīces Geondantarctisca Færelde]] ]] Þā sūþernan eahta īega þæs Sandƿic Īegena flocc afūnden [[Iacobus Cook]] Sciphere in 1775, oððæt ðe hē hogode ðe þā sūþernmestan þreo īega ƿæron ān, genemned [[Sūþern Thila]]; in 1820 [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] fūnd þe þās ƿæron ānlīpe īega <ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, p. 157], William James Mills, 2003</ref>). Bellingshausen fūnd ēac þā norþernan þrēo īega in 1819. Cook geaf þære īegum þone naman Sandƿicland (''Sandwich Land'') æfter þæm [[Iohannes Montagu, 4th Eorl of Sandwic|Feoƿerþan Eorl of Sandƿic]], Forma Hlāford þæs Scipheretoganern. Þæt ƿord "Sūþ" namon hie forþæm þe man mōt hie tōcnāƿan of þæm Sandƿic Īeglandum þæs [[Sericus Garsecg]]es se nū heteþ man [[Hawaii|Haƿaii]]. Þæt [[Geānede Cynerīce]] nam þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in his rīce be þære 1908 bēc, hƿǣrin þā īega mid oðrum īegum and Antarticiscum landum sƿa þā Folcland Īegland Gerēfland. Argentina onspræc þā Sūþsandƿic Īegland in 1938, and beclypede Bryttisc onstinge in the Īegum. Of 25 Æfterra Gēola 1955 oþ sumer 1956 heald [[Argentina]] hereƿic ''Teniente Esquivel'' æt Ferguson Bihte on Thila-īege sūþēasternan sǣrīman. Of 1976 oþ 1982, heald Argentina sciphereƿic ''Corbeta Uruguay'', in þære ilcan īege leoƿe. Oððæt ðe Bretƿare afūndon þis Argentinisc hereƿic in 1978, and sprǣc mid þæm Argentiniscan leodƿeard ƿiþ him, næfre mid sæcce cƿōm Bretenþeod ƿiþ þæm ƿice oþ æfter þæm [[Folcland Gūþ]]e. Þæt ƿic flīemed sē Cynelica Sciphere on 20 Seremōnaþ 1982. <!-- ==Climate== [[Biliþ:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|NASA satellite image of South Georgia Island covered with snow.]] [[Biliþ:Wave Clouds from South Sandwich Islands.jpg|thumb|The South Sandwich Islands conspire with air currents to make wave patterns in clouds.]] The permanently cold sea maintains a cold maritime climate on the islands, and the weather is very variable and harsh.{{Citation needed|date=Æfterra Gēola 2008}} Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around 0°C (32°F) in winter (Weodmōnaþ) and 8°C (46°F) in summer (Æfterra Gēola). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about −5°C (23°F) and rarely dip below −10°C (14°F). Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about 1500&nbsp;mm (59&nbsp;in), much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible in any month. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about 300m. Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a much more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. During [[foehn wind|mountain wind]] conditions, the winds blow straight up the western side and straight down the eastern side of the mountains and become much warmer and drier; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|23.5|C|0|abbr=on}} at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm Extreme Temperatures Around the World]</ref> The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current|Antarctic Current]]. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and [[iceberg]]s are common.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm South Georgia official website – environment – ocean]</ref> Sea temperatures drop to {{convert|0|C|0|abbr=on}} in late Weodmōnaþ and rise to around {{convert|4|C|0|abbr=on}} only in early Eastermōnaþ. The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being further south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of Þrimilcemōnaþ to late Blotmōnaþ (even longer at their southern end).<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> ==Politics== Executive power is vested in [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|The Queen]] and is exercised by the [[Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[Nigel Haywood]]; he became Commissioner on 16 October 2010. A Senior Executive Officer (Martin Collins) deals with policy matters and is also Director of SGSSI Fisheries, responsible for the allocation of fishing licences. An Executive Officer (Richard McKee) deals with administrative matters relating to the territory. There is also an Environmental Officer (Darren Christie). The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' Government. As there are no permanent inhabitants on the islands, there is no [[legislative council]] and no elections are held. The UK Foreign Office manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[Liberation Day]] on Seremōnaþ 14. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 Winterfylleþ 1985), the manner in which its government is directed, and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations in 2001 to 2005; see in particular ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57.<ref>[http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 Winterfylleþ 2005)</ref> Although its government is entirely directed by the UK Foreign Office, it was held that its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department; thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. ==Economy== [[Biliþ:Stamp South Georgia 1963 4d.jpg|right|200px|thumb|This postage stamp depicting a [[fin whale]] was issued in 1963.]] As there are no native inhabitants, economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of UK£3.9 million, 90% of which is derived from fishing licences (2002 figures).<ref>[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ Commonwealth Secretariat website]</ref> Other sources of revenue are the sale of [[postage stamps]] and coins, [[tourism]] and customs and harbour dues. ===Fiscoð=== Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[Patagonian toothfish]], [[Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. In 2001, the South Georgia government received a certificate from the [[Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, which certifies that they met the MSC's environmental standards and places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{cite |title="Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!" |author=[[Whole Foods Market]] |publisher=Whole Foods Market |date=2006}}</ref> ===Tourism=== Tourism has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the islands (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. Cruise ships often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the Antarctic Peninsula. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbors of South Georgia and even the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. {{Citation needed|date=Blotmōnaþ 2007}} The island has also featured in the [[Warren Miller (director)|Warren Miller]] video 'Storm'. ===Postage stamps=== A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them very popular with [[Topical stamp collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine first day cover sets from 16 Hreþmōnaþ 1982 available. These stamps were stamped actually at the South Georgia Post Office, all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was torched, but these four sets were saved and brought back to the UK by Dr Robert Headland, BAS, who kept a diary during his captivity. Upon his return to the UK the diary was typed up and subsequently published, the typist of the manuscript was given the Insects set as payment. ===Currency=== The [[pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used swa swa in þæm [[Geānlǣhtan Cynerīce|Geānlǣhte Cynerīce]]. ==Blōman and Dēor == {| |- style="vertical-align:top;" | [[Biliþ:Giant petrel.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Southern Giant Petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] | [[Biliþ:Colony of aptenodytes patagonicus.jpg|200px|thumb|120,000 [[King Penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[Salisbury Plain, South Georgia|Salisbury Plain]].]] | [[Biliþ:Wonder albat.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Wandering Albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |} The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[Scotia Sea]] Islands tundra [[ecoregion]]. Native vegetation on South Georgia is limited to [[grass]]es, [[moss]]es, [[lichen]]s, [[fern]]s and a few other small flowering plants. A number of other introduced species have become naturalised. There are no trees or shrubs. South Georgia supports a great number of sea birds, including [[albatross]], a large colony of [[King Penguins]] and [[penguin]]s of various other species, along with [[petrel]]s, [[prion (bird)|prions]], [[shag (bird)|shags]], [[skua]]s, [[gull]]s and [[tern]]s. There is one songbird which is unique to the archipelago, the [[South Georgia Pipit]], and a duck, the [[South Georgia Pintail]]. [[Pinniped|Seal]]s are frequent on the islands, and [[whale]]s may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[reindeer]], introduced early in the 20th century, live on South Georgia, along with [[brown rat]]s and [[mouse|mice]]. The latter have destroyed tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks, and scientists plan to eradicate the rats over four years starting 2011. It will be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece |title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats |last1=Hastings |first1=Chris |date=7 Hreþmōnaþ 2010 |work=Times Online |accessdate=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html |title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt |last1=Connor |first1=Steve |date=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010 |work=The Independent |accessdate=8 Hreþmōnaþ 2010}}</ref> ==Military== Æfter þære [[Folcland Gūþ]]e in 1982, a full-time Brittisc herewic wæs gestaþoled æt [[Ēadweard Cyning Gāra]]n on Sūþgeorgie. This was scaled down during the 1990s, and @the last werod @left Sūþgeorgie in Hreþmōnaþ 2001, þær getimbrode sēo [[Bryttisce Antarctisce Geondsceawung]] nīw wic for selfe. The main British military facility in the region is at [[RAF Mount Pleasant]] (and [[Mare Harbour]]) on [[Ēastfolcland]]e. Other than that, a handful of British naval vessels patrol the region. They visit South Georgia a few times each year, sometimes deploying small patrols of infantry. Flights by RAF [[C-130 Hercules]] and [[Vickers VC10]] aircraft occasionally patrol the territory. [[HMS Endurance (A171)|HMS ''Endurance'']], þæt is@patrol scip þæs Brittiscan [[Cynelica Sciphere|Cynelican Scipheres]], operates in Sūþgeorgie brime during part of most sūþernan summer seasons. Hit dōþ hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for þære Bryttiscan Antarctiscan Geondsceawunge, high-profile film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[BSES Expeditions]]. --> == Glēsing == {{Reflist}} * George Forster, ''A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 (2 vols.) '', London, 1777. * R.K. Headland, ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. == Ūtƿeard hlencas == {{sisterlinks|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} ;Leodweard * [http://www.sgisland.gs/ South Georgia government website]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229023107/http://www.sgisland.gs/ |date=2021-12-29 }} ; General information * {{CIA World Factbook link|sx|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Polar_Regions/Antarctic/South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands}} * {{wikiatlas|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} ; Elleswis * [http://www.southgeorgiaassociation.org/ South Georgia Association website] * [http://www.sght.org/ South Georgia Heritage Trust] * [http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28h%29South_Georgia_webcam?useskin= Live picture from the South Georgia webcam] * [http://www.southgeorgia.ru/ South Georgia Information (Russian website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117102201/http://www.southgeorgia.ru/ |date=2009-11-17 }} * [http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Operation-Paraquat.html Operation Paraquat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902204508/http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Operation-Paraquat.html |date=2014-09-02 }} * [http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/South-Georgia.html Argentine invasion of South Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014125543/http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/South-Georgia.html |date=2007-10-14 }} * [http://www.sgwiki.gs/ South Georgia Wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117151506/http://sgwiki.gs/ |date=2010-01-17 }} {{kml}} {{-}} {{SGSSI}} {{Þæs Cyninges Sundorscīra þæs Geānedan Cynerīces}} {{aganflocc}} [[Flocc:Bryttisce ofersæwisce landscipas]] jfydf2rajhq0kcax5iwcfx6g1qt4rhq 0 11708 230896 222285 2026-06-20T00:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 230896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Zealandia topography.jpg|thumb|right|Se andƿlita þæs Nīƿsǣlandƿorulddǣles. Þā līnlican hrycgas licgende benorþnorþƿestan and besūþƿestan [[Nīwum Sǣlande|Nīƿum Sǣlande]] onƿeg fram him and ne sind geþōht dǣl þæs [[worulddǣl|ƿorulddǣl]]es ƿesan, ne sind ge [[Australia]] (on oferran ƿystran dǣle), ge [[Fiji]], ge [[Vanuatu]] (on oferran middlene).<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/figures/figure8.1.html|title=Figure 8.1: New Zealand in relation to the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates|work=The State of New Zealand’s Environment 1997|year=1997|accessdate=2007-04-20|archivedate=2005-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118085745/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/ser1997/html/figures/figure8.1.html}}</ref>]] [[Biliþ:Zealandia-Continent map en.svg|thumb|right|Landscēte þæs sūðernan dǣles þæs Nīƿsǣlandƿorulddǣles]] Þæt '''Nīƿsǣlandƿorulddǣl''' (on [[Nīwum Englisce|Nīƿum Englisce]] hit hāteþ '''Zealandia''') is nēan undersuncen [[worulddǣl|ƿorulddǣl]] oþþe [[worulddǣlincel|ƿorulddǣlincel]] þe sanc æfter hit ƿæs tōdǣled onƿeg fram [[Antarctica|Antarctice]] and þǣræfter ēac fram [[Australia|Australie]].<ref name="Te Ara">{{cite web|author=Keith Lewis|coauthors=Scott D. Nodder and Lionel Carter|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/1/en|title=Zealandia: the New Zealand continent|work=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=2007-01-11|accessdate=2007-02-22|archivedate=2013-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725204749/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sea-floor-geology/page-1}}</ref> His mǣste dǣl (93 hundoðan his) is gīet nū suncen under þǣm [[Sericus Gārsecge]]. Þæt Nīƿsǣlandƿorulddǣl is 3,500,000 fēoƿerscētra þūsendmetera æfter brǣdo, þe is māre þonne [[Grēnland]] oþþe [[India]], and nēan hæfþ brǣdu sƿā grēat sƿā Australia be healfe. Hit is ungeƿunelīce nearu, lecgende fram [[Nīwre Calidonie|Nīƿre Calidonie]] on norðernum dǣle oþ Nīƿes Sǣlandes underandnorðisca īega on his sūðernan dǣle (þe is fram þǣre 19 sūþernan belīne on landhīehþe oþ þā 56 sūðernan belīne on landhīehþe,<ref name="Te Ara"/> þe is nēan gelīc þǣre feornesse betƿeox [[Haiti]] and [[Hudsunuhȳð]]e oþþe betƿeox [[Sudan]]e and [[Swēoland|Sƿēoland]]e in þǣm [[Norðernan Healftrendele]]. [[Nīwe Sǣland|Nīƿe Sǣland]] is þæt mǣste dǣl þæs Nīƿsǣlandƿorulddǣles onbūfan þǣre [[sǣ]]; [[Nīwe Caledonia|Nīƿe Caledonia]] is þæt ōðer dǣl æfter brǣdu on him. == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Sericus Gārsecg]] [[Flocc:Nīwe Sǣland]] eyripdx8tth6hdiyw9d5s8uxifk8y05 0 13224 230892 170527 2026-06-19T13:28:53Z ~2026-35727-47 140203 230892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Uncia uncia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Snāƿlafor]] '''Cattas''' ''s article analyzes the short story "Tiurmaida" by Hasan Al Banna through the perspective of feminist literary criticism, focusing on the representation of women's struggles against patriarchal pressure and oppressive social systems. Using liberal feminism, social feminism, and Marxist feminism theories, this research explores how the F•1 character Tiurmaida reflects resistance to patriarchal norms, women's subordination, and the search for self-identity amid suffering. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a structural feminist approach. The analysis examines intrinsic elements of the short story that represent gender oppression, symbolic violence, and women's emancipation struggles. The findings show that this short story critiques Batak social and cultural structures that limit women's freedom through customary practices such as the prohibition of mangidolong (requesting divorce), pressure to remarry, and the double burden as a wife caring for a mentally ill husband while being the breadwinner. Tiurmaida is portrayed as a resilient woman trapped in an exploitative patriarchal system, where she must work hard breaking stones while bearing social stigma and family neglect. This research contributes to contemporary Indonesian feminist literary studies by revealing how literature can serve as a medium for social criticism of gender injustice in traditional society.'' == Unduhannx == * cnēoress [[flǣscetende dēor|flǣscetendra dēora]]. Þēah þe mann cann [[hūscatt]] betst, þǣr sind ēac maniȝ cynn ƿildra catta. Þǣr sind tƿā undercnēoressa heora: [[panðer]]as ([[]]n, [[tiger|tiȝeras]], [[m]]as, and [[Ƿīnlendisc panðer|Ƿīnlendisce panðeras]]) and [[læssa catt|læssan cattas]].pgȜēaro ƿæs þǣr ēac þridde undercnēoress catta, þā [[seaxtōþcatt]]as. Hīe ƿuniaþ inlendisclīce on ǣlcum [[worulddǣl|ƿorulddǣle]] [[pennsi|Sūþlande]] and [[Antarctica|Sūþeaxlande]]. Būton [[lēo]]m and ƿildum hūscattum ƿuniaþ cattas ānlēpȝe. [[kkk:Cattas]] h5p83cu0p9cltrp1ms7l8mgwdldb37a 0 16627 230893 220723 2026-06-19T23:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 230893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{English}} [[File:BloomsdayDavyByrnes.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Bloomesdæg glīƿmenn ūt Davy Byrne's elehūse]] '''Bloomesdæg''' ({{lang-en|Bloomsday}}) is gemynding þærin mōt man begellan þæs līfes [[James Joyce]] Īrisc ƿritere and þes dæg is gemearcod in ælcum geare on þæm 16. dæge monaþes. On þissum dæge eftlibbað menn þa belimpas þa þærof ƿrāt Joyce in his bēc ''[[Ulysses (bōc)|Ulysses]]''. Eall se spell þære bēc takes place on 16 Seremōnaþ 1904 in [[Difelin]]e and his underburgum and forþæm heoldeþ man Bloomesdæg on þæm ilcan dæg in ælcum geare 16 June in þære byrig. Þæs dæges naman is on þære bēc heafodman, Leopold Bloom. Joyce cēas the date 16 Seremōnaþ 1904 forþæm þe on þæm dæge fōr he ūt couting [[Nora Barnacle]] heo ƿæs later his brȳd; hie ƿadedon to [[Ringsend]] Difelin suburb. ==Forma Bloomesdæg begellung== Se ærresta geƿrit ymbe Bloomesdæge find man in epistol be Joyce to Miss Ƿeaver of 27 Seremōnaþ 1924: ''"There is a group of people who observe what they call Bloom's day - 16 June."''<ref>Stuart Gilbert, ed., ''Letters of James Joyce,'' New York 1957, p. 216</ref> On þæm dæg fiftige geare æfter 50th anniversary þære bēc belimpum gegædrede John Ryan (artist, critic, elehūsƿeard and staðolere of [[Envoy, A Review of Literature and Art|Envoy magazine]]) and [[Brian O'Nolan]] bōcƿritere mid hiera frēondum for dæglang pilgrimage andlang þone ''Ulysses'' ryne. Mid him ƿæron [[Patrick Kavanagh]], [[Anthony Cronin]], Tom Joyce (se ƿæs tōþlæcce and James Joyces gesƿēor) and AJ Leventhal (Bōcere of [[Þrines Felwascipe on Difeline|Þrinesse Felƿascipe on Difeline]]). Hie hæfde Ryan tƿone mearhgetogne ƿægnas, of þæm ealdtīdes ƿīsan þærin fōron Bloom and his friend in ''Ulysses'' þe hie drīfen to þæm earman Paddy Dignames byrgen. Þes frēonhēap sōhtede to farenne ymbe þære byrig þurh eall þone dæg, þe hie begaþ in turn þā stedas þæræt belamp þing in þære bēc, and þe hi enden be nihte in þæm burgstede þe ǣr ƿæs Difelines [[sceandhūs]]ena ende, sƿylce stede nemnede Joyce 'Nihttūn'. Se fare ƿæs forscrāf healfƿeg, þan þā ƿerige menn eode in þæt Bailey elehūs and abādon in þæm hūs in druncenne and geflīte. Þæt ''Bailey'' hūs Ryan then owned. In 1967 installed he þær þā duru to No. 7 Ecclesstrǣte (Leopold Bloomes strǣtduru), æfter þe he hæfde rescued it from demolition. ==Bloomsday belimpas== [[File:BloomsdayGtGeorgeSt.jpg|thumb|left|Street party in North Great George's Street, 2004]] In Difelin befealdaþ se dæg missenlice þing ūt bōccræfte on on him sind ''Ulysses'' bōcrǣdinga and plegas, [[elehūsrȳn]]as and oþra belimpas, and micel is be þæm [[James Joyce Centre]] berēnod, þæt stent in þære Norþ Micelgeorgiusstrǣte (North Great Greorge Street). Oft geƿǣdað menn hie in [[Ēadweardyld|Ēadƿeardyld]]e hrægle to begellenne Bloomesdæg, and þærin folgað hie Bloomes ryne ymbe Difelin be mearcum to bysene Davy Byrne's elehūs. Sum mann hæfþ in his mōde gedihted hele bōcrǣding þære helum bēc and þis meaht læstan oþer healf dæg. On þæm Sunnandæg in 2004 beforan þæm hundteontigoþa "geardæg" þāra spelles belimpa, cƿōmon 10,000 menn on Difelines ƿunenda for frēom, open-air, full [[Full breakfast|Irish breakfast]] on [[O'Connell Street]] consisting of [[sausage]]s, [[rashers]], [[toast]], [[bean]]s, and [[black pudding|black]] and [[white pudding]]s. [[File:James_Joyce_Tower_and_Museum2.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Rǣding fram f ''Ulysses'' James Joyce Torr and Museum]] "Every year hundreds of Dubliners dress as characters from the book ... as if to assert their willingness to become one with the text. It is quite impossible to imagine any other masterpiece of modernism having quite such an effect on the life of a city."<ref name="Kiberd on Bloomsday">{{cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/jun/16/jamesjoyce-classics | title=Ulysses, modernism's most sociable masterpiece | publisher=Guardian.co.uk | date=16 June 2009 | accessdate=28 June 2011 | author=Kiberd, Declan}}</ref> On Bloomsday 1982, Joyces cennundæges hundteontigoþa eardæg, sand [[RTÉ]] ungebrōcen 30-hour dramatic performance of the entire text of ''Ulysses'' on radio. ==Ungarland== Siððan 1994 hæbbaþ [[Ungerland|Ungere]] in [[Szombathely]] haefþ man begoll Bloomesdæg forþæm þe is seo burg se cenningstōƿ of Leopold Bloomes fæder, Virág Rudolf, emigrant Ungarisc Iudea. Þis is gedōn æt þæm [[Iseum]], [[Isis]] tempules lāf sēo is of [[Rōmānisc Rīce|Rēmiscum yldum]], and æt þæm ''Blum-mansion'', begollen to Joyce siððan 1997, æt 40–41 Fő-strǣt, and þis hūs ƿæs ǣr geagen be Iudisc cynn be naman Blum. <!-- ==Popular cultural references== ''[[The Producers (film)|The Producers]]'' 1968 film be [[Mel Brooks]], [[Gene Wilder]]'s character is called Leo Bloom, an homage to Joyce's character and in the musical [[The Producers (2005 film)|2005 version]], in the evening scene at the [[Bethesda Fountain]] in Middeledisc ascað Leo "When will it be Bloom's day?". However, in the earlier scene in which Bloom first meets Max Bialystock, the office wall calendar shows that the current day is 16 June, indicating that it is, in fact, Bloomsday. *''[[Before Sunrise]]'' 1995 film be [[Richard Linklater]] hæfþ ealle his events on 16 Seremōnaþ. *In 2009 an episode of the cartoon ''[[The Simpsons]]'', "[[In the Name of the Grandfather]]", featured the family's trip to Difelin and [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa's]] reference to Bloomsday. [[File:james joyce by Brian Whelan.jpg|thumb|upright=.50|James Joyce by [[Brian Whelan]]]] --> == Ūtƿearda hlenca == * [http://www.rosenbach.org/bloomsdaycentral/ Bloomsday Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425002200/http://www.rosenbach.org/bloomsdaycentral/ |date=2012-04-25 }} * [http://www.jamesjoyce.ie/ James Joyce Centre, Dublin, Ireland] * [[National Public Radio|NPR]]: [http://www.npr.org/features/feature.php?wfId=1959559 Celebrating the 'Bloomsday' Centennial] * [http://www.WildGeeseSeattle.org/Joyce/Bloomsday/ Seattle Bloomsday readings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409165153/http://www.wildgeeseseattle.org/Joyce/Bloomsday/ |date=2016-04-09 }} * [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane's]] annual [[Lilac Bloomsday Run]] - [http://www.bloomsdayrun.org/ http://www.bloomsdayrun.org/] * [http://www.bloomsdaynyc.org/ BloomsdayNYC - A collection of Bloomsday events in the greater New York City area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613163318/http://www.bloomsdaynyc.org/ |date=2014-06-13 }} * [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/11/books/11bloom.html Stream of Conviviality For Leopold Bloom's Day - New York Times, 10 June 2010] * [[BBC News Online|BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3812973.stm Fans descend on Joyce's Dublin], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3811171.stm Celebrations mark Joyce centenary], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/04/entertainment_bloomsday_celebrations/html/1.stm In pictures: Bloomsday celebrations] * [http://www.amseverino.com.br Bloomsday Santa Maria - RS (Brazil): A literary party since 1994] * [http://www.oficcinamultimedia.com.br/bloomsday.htm Bloomsday Belo Horizonte - MG (Brazil): Celebrated by the Group Oficcina Multimedia since 1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226072802/http://www.oficcinamultimedia.com.br/bloomsday.htm |date=2010-02-26 }} * [http://www.rosenbach.org/bloomsday The Rosenbach Museum & Library (Philadelphia)]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701083358/http://rosenbach.org/bloomsday |date=2014-07-01 }} * [http://www.bloomsdaymusic.com The Bloomsday Band (San Francisco)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922221219/http://www.bloomsdaymusic.com/ |date=2006-09-22 }} * [http://www.bloomsdaypittsburgh.org Pittsburgh's 20th anniversary celebration of Bloomsday] *Front door to No. 7 Eccles Street [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pubs-last-orders-close-door-on-literary-legend-1567937.html] *First Bloomsday [http://members.ozemail.com.au/~maelduin/firstbloom.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053716/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~maelduin/firstbloom.html |date=2016-03-04 }} *Photo: Cronin, Ryan and Flann O'Brien setting off from Martello tower [http://multitext.ucc.ie/images/thumbnails/1210.jpg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126054559/http://multitext.ucc.ie/images/thumbnails/1210.jpg |date=2012-01-26 }} *Photo: Ryan, Kavanagh, Cronin, Brian O’Nolan, Tom Joyce [http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3449/3383079828_245ee5c9b8.jpg] ==Frūman== {{Reflist}} [[Flocc:Īrisc bōccræft]] 4rwv783ybdu84vwix0culq93a2czyfw